sense of, you know, hope in the midst of suffering. and i just wanted to play a short, a little bit of one of the spirituals that i grew up with. it ' s called " were you there? " and i want to play just a little bit of it here as sung by one of the 20th century ' s, you know, most beautiful voices, marion anderson. and this recording comes from 1947. ( soundbite of song, " were you there? " ) ms. marion anderson ( musician ) : ( singing ) were you there when they crucified my lord? were you there when they crucified my lord? oh. martin : first of all, did you sing this? ms. sperry : oh, absolutely. every good friday, you were guaranteed to sing it at the service where you would meditate on the words passion, because what you ' re being called to do is exactly what she says. put yourself there. were you there? ( soundbite of song, " were you there? " ) ms. anderson : ( singing ) were you there when they crucified my lord? ms. sperry : can you put yourself in that place? can you imagine what you would feel? can you wonder if you would be the person who ran away? or the person who stayed at the foot of the cross and carried the body to the tomb and what would you feel? that ' s what the services these days are about. put you there so you can just embrace that emotion and that feeling. to call yourself to be the person who stays. martin : and then, finally, mary elizabeth, i don ' t know if you can offer some insight into this, but the celebration of easter, of course, centers on the faith, but also the bunnies, the jelly beans, the marshmallow peeps, you know. there are certain rituals that a lot of people are familiar with. do you have any idea why - where do the easter bunny and the easter egg hunt came from and if you can add any insight into jelly beans and marshmallow peeps, that would also be welcome. ms. sperry : well, easter is a spring event and as christianity spread through the roman empire and then through even the farther regions, they didn ' t want to just make people abandon everything they had always known, so they incorporated their rituals. well, most non - christian cultures have some sort of fertility rights in the spring. eggs are an obvious symbol


through even the farther regions, they didn ' t want to just make people abandon everything they had always known, so they incorporated their rituals. well, most non - christian cultures have some sort of fertility rights in the spring. eggs are an obvious symbol of fertility. so people would exchange eggs and have egg - based foods and things like that. rabbits for fairly obvious reasons are symbols for fertility. they tend to breed in prodigious numbers. and so they become a symbol of easter. jelly beans, marshmallow peeps, i don ' t think we can give those religious significance. but they are very sugary. martin : you can ' t help me with those. ms. sperry : they are very sugary. and so, the foods of easter were all the things you weren ' t allowed to eat during lent. martin : i ' ve been talking about the rituals of easter with mary elizabeth sperry of the united states conference of catholic bishops. she was kind enough to join us in our washington, d. c. studios. happy easter to you. thank you for joining us. ms. sperry : happy easter. martin : before we end our faith matters segment for today, i just want to play some tape because this easter sunday is also the anniversary of marion anderson ' s historic concert at the lincoln memorial in 1939. that was the one that was offered her after she was denied the stage at washington ' s constitution hall because of her race. still, you may know, she sang this song. ( soundbite of song, " my country, ' tis of thee " ) ms. anderson : ( singing ) my country, ' tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, for thee we sing. land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim ' s pride. from every mountainside, let freedom ring. ( soundbite of applause ) martin : once again, that was marion anderson singing on the steps of the lincoln memorial on easter sunday, 1939. npr transcripts are created on a rush deadline by a contractor for npr, and accuracy and availability may vary. this text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. please be aware that the authoritative record of npr ' s programming is the audio.


courtesy of mica thomas mulloy a metro light rail train rolls by the devine legacy apartment building along central avenue in phoenix. the energy - efficient complex includes 65 " urban style " apartments. it ' s been a record hot summer in many cities across the nation. phoenix is no exception. this sonoran desert metropolis already records more days over 100 degrees than any other major u. s. city. now, climate models predict phoenix will soon get even hotter. a hotter future may mean a more volatile environment — and along with it, natural disasters, greater pressure on infrastructure, and an increased physical toll on city residents. while some city planners around the country discuss ways to mitigate climate change, planners in phoenix assume that change is already under way. now, they are working to prepare the phoenix metro area, and its approximately 4 million residents, for a new reality. ' how are we gonna live here? ' the view is bleak from john larsala ' s front drive in west phoenix. the tree in front of the house is dead, and the grass is dead, too. in fact, there ' s no grass at all anymore. on a household income of $ 18, 000 a year, larsala can ' t afford the water charges required to keep his yard green. " all these trees are dying, because i can ' t put water on it, " he says. so larsala ' s children and their friends play basketball in the barren yard. that is, until june comes around and the blazing phoenix summer finally forces everyone inside. john larsala struggles to keep his family cool during the phoenix summer. the shade trees in his front yard have died because he cannot afford to water them. john larsala struggles to keep his family cool during the phoenix summer. the shade trees in his front yard have died because he cannot afford to water them. peter o ' dowd / kjzz for three months, larsala will shut the doors and windows tight. to save money, he soaks his kids in a cool bath and delays using the air conditioning until just before bedtime. " whether you are inside or whether you are outside, the heat costs you money, " larsala says. when told that climate scientists predict the state will get even hotter in the future, larsala is taken aback. " it ' s going to be hotter than what it is right now? who gonna live here? how are we gonna live here? " sustained heat waves ahead phoenix actually suffers from two heat problems. one is a product of


one has " everything to do with managing without having to use a lot of extra energy and power. " to do that, meunier says planners could encourage 10 times as many people to live around phoenix ' s light - rail stations. getting more use out of the system would take cars — and heat — off the street. these people would also live in taller buildings. meunier says desert cities in yemen, for example, take advantage of tall buildings to shade narrow streets. " it ' s crucially important. i mean, not being exposed to the direct sun ' s rays makes a great big difference, " he says. instead of exposed front yards and backyards, older desert cities employ well - ventilated courtyards, meunier says. mediterranean cities paint roads and rooftops white to reflect sunlight. it ' s the way phoenix has been built, meunier says, that will make its residents vulnerable to rising temperatures. " i ' m not arguing that we should all live at a higher density, " meunier says. " what i am arguing is that there ' s a lot to be gained by having more of us live at higher density. " learning to build better for meunier ' s ideas to become reality, developers will have to make the choice to build differently. some of them already have. take the city ' s light rail north about three miles, and you can get a close - up view of how buildings like meunier envisions might actually work. courtesy of mica thomas mulloy felicia mcmullen has lived in the energy - efficient devine legacy apartment building in central phoenix since december. felicia mcmullen has lived in the energy - efficient devine legacy apartment building in central phoenix since december. courtesy of mica thomas mulloy the devine legacy is a housing complex designed for people with lower incomes. right next to the rail line, every window is dual - paned, and the building is also superinsulated. together, those features make a typical devine legacy unit 40 percent more energy efficient. walking through the front gate leads you to a courtyard. four - story buildings rise up on either side of you. there ' s shade everywhere, and a breeze moves through the space. even on a 113 - degree day in phoenix, it feels much cooler. " having a cool place to live is more important to me than food, " says resident felicia mcmullen. before she moved here, mcmullen says she was sick and stressed.


113 - degree day in phoenix, it feels much cooler. " having a cool place to live is more important to me than food, " says resident felicia mcmullen. before she moved here, mcmullen says she was sick and stressed. she sometimes spent $ 300 a month to cool her suburban home. now, mcmullen says, " i don ' t have that problem. " her last electric bill was $ 60 — and the stress is gone. ernesto fonseca, a planner who specializes in sustainable communities, helped test devine legacy ' s energy use before it opened late last year. he considers the complex a small victory in what may someday be a more complicated effort to stay cool. " people in extreme climates learn to live with it, " fonseca says. " and that ' s part of a resilient society. " fonseca thinks a lot about this idea of resilience. he says it means that people who live in phoenix must do more than try to solve the causes of escalating temperatures — they must also learn to withstand the changes as they happen. because, as fonseca says, " we don ' t have a choice. " peter o ' dowd works with the public radio collaborative fronteras. read more from their series " heat wave. "


stratigraphy of permian rocks ( continued ) bone spring limestone the bone spring limestone is the oldest formation exposed in the guadalupe and delaware mountains. it forms a bench of varying height along the west - facing escarpment of the mountains, which is fringed on the west by alluvial deposits or outcrops of down - faulted rocks. ( for views of typical exposures see pl. 5 ; for map relations, pl. 3. ) the formation passes beneath the surface in the southern delaware mountains, south of the area described, but across the salt basin to the southwest is extensively exposed and forms the upper three - fourths of the east - facing escarpment of the sierra diablo. 46 the formation was named by blanchard and davis, 47 but it had previously been recognized by both shumard48 and girty49 as the " basal black limestone " ( member 4 of shumard ' s section ). the type locality is in the lower course of bone canyon below bone spring, on the west side of the guadalupe mountains 1 mile northwest of el capitan, where there are characteristic exposures of several hundred feet of its upper beds. the formation is several thousand feet thick, as shown by the sections on plate 8. on the promontory of the delaware mountains 18 miles south of el capitan, 1, 500 feet of beds were measured ( section 49 ), and at a point 2 miles north of bone spring 1, 700 feet ( section 7 ), but at neither place is the base exposed. in the sierra diablo, measured sections show a combined thickness for the bone spring and underlying hueco of about 3, 000 feet ( section 45 ). this agrees closely with the 3, 123 feet recorded in the updike well near el capitan ( section 47 ). in the delaware mountains to the south, which in permian time were a part of the delaware basin, the formation is evidently much thicker, for in the anderson and prichard well the combined thickness of bone spring and hueco limestones, including the beds exposed above the top of the well, totals 4, 540 feet ( section 48 ). according to adams, 50 in this part of the section several faults may have been drilled through, as " chunks of rocks showing slickensides were bailed from the hole. " judgment must be reserved as to whether the possible faults have materially altered the amount of thickness, but they should be kept in mind as a possible source of error. the bone spring is composed almost entirely of


light brown and of fine - grained particles. at several places, layers as much as 10 feet thick of platy, fine - grained, calcareous sandstone are interbedded with the black limestones. two specimens of the sandstone, one from a point 2 - 1 / 2 miles south - southeast of el capitan and the other from the mouth of black canyon farther south, were studied under the microscope by ward smith. the grains have a maximum diameter of 0. 2 millimeter and lie in a calcite matrix. they consist chiefly of quartz, with some microcline and plagioclase, and a small but noteworthy amount of zircon, tourmaline, and apatite. these are the more stable minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. a mile south of bone canyon, several thin conglomerate layers containing black limestone pebbles are interbedded in the black limestone ( sec. 17, pl. 13 ). one of these beds locally attains a thickness of 4 feet and contains boulders several feet across of light - gray, fossiliferous limestone similar to that of the victorio peak gray member as developed a few miles to the north. apparently some erosion of this contemporaneous, light - gray limestone was taking place at the time the black limestones were being deposited. near bone spring, the upper part of the black limestone contains lenticular masses of poorly bedded, gray, granular limestone as much as 50 feet thick ( secs. 15a and 16a, pl. 13 ). one such mass exposed on the escarpment face not far south of the mouth of bone canyon seems to lie in a channel in the underlying black limestone. other masses have a moundlike upper surface, against which the succeeding beds overlap. they contain the heads of massive bryozoans, and also numerous productids and other brachiopods like those in the victorio peak gray member nearby. at least some of these lenticular masses were small reef deposits. structural features in the black limestone the black limestones are thinly and evenly bedded. in the vicinity of bone canyon and farther south, however, most of the exposures when viewed as a mass show a great irregularity of stratification, so much so that at nearby points the dip is quite different in direction and amount. this irregularity results from two types of structural features, described below. the first type is found in the vicinity of bone canyon. here, the black limestone is divided into numerous wedge - shaped and basin -


dip is quite different in direction and amount. this irregularity results from two types of structural features, described below. the first type is found in the vicinity of bone canyon. here, the black limestone is divided into numerous wedge - shaped and basin - shaped masses as much as 100 feet thick. the strata within each mass are parallel but the masses themselves are separated by sloping planes of contact from other masses of similar lithologic character in which the strata are differently inclined. 54 in some places, gently dipping strata overlie more steeply tilted strata, and in other places the overlying strata have the steeper dips. the upper beds are generally parallel to the plane of contact beneath, and the lower beds are cleanly truncated. none of the limestones near the planes of contact is contorted, and none contains any breccia or conglomerate ; the overlying limestones rest directly on the underlying. at one or two places, however, the smoothness of the contact is broken by small pockets in the underlying beds, which are filled by limestone like that above and below. a typical exposure of such features is shown in plate 11, a, in which a pocket like that noted above can be seen on one of the surfaces. the features are shown also on the sections accompanying plate 9, especially in the enlarged sketch on the left, and in figures a and b, accompanying plate 13. the area in which they occur is shown on plate 7, a. these features are strikingly exposed in bone canyon, and in shumard canyon, 55 the next valley to the north. they are found also for somewhat more than a mile south of bone canyon, but are absent beyond. they are absent also north of shumard canyon, where the bedding planes in the black limestone are straight and parallel. in shumard canyon, the lower part of the overlying thicker - bedded victorio peak gray member contains a few similar structural features, but the angle of divergence between the overlying and the truncated beds is less than that in the beds beneath. in this canyon, the victorio peak itself is truncated and overlain by basin - shaped remnants of the cutoff shaly member ( sec. cc ', pl. 9 ). the second type of structural feature, a remarkable contortion of the black limestone beds, is known only in the area south of el capitan, where it can be seen in the upper layers of the black limestone, the oldest beds exposed in the district. these features have not been


a remarkable contortion of the black limestone beds, is known only in the area south of el capitan, where it can be seen in the upper layers of the black limestone, the oldest beds exposed in the district. these features have not been described in previous publications, although they may have been seen by geologists, and confused with the features of the other type near bone canyon. a typical exposure of this second type of feature is shown in plate 11, b, and the area in which they occur on plate 7, a. in many places the canyons that drain across the black limestone bench cut through steep to overturned or recumbent folds, involving 10 to 20 feet of beds. accompanying the folds are small thrust faults. in places the contorted rocks pass into masses of sheared, wrinkled, and rolled lenses of limestone. the general trend of the folds and thrusts is between east - northeast and west - northwest, but the direction of overturning is either northward or southward. numerous furrows and slickensides of the same trend as the folds groove the bedding planes, both in the contorted rocks and in rocks not otherwise conspicuously disturbed. wherever they are exposed the strata beneath any set of contorted beds are little disturbed. many of the contorted beds are truncated, and overlain by gently dipping strata. whether the upper strata lie unconformably on the lower or have been thrust over them cannot be determined with certainty. the contortion has not modified the broader features of the strata, for toward the south the contorted beds stand in cliff - making members that can be traced continuously for long distances. both sets of structural features are relatively ancient, for the tilted beds, planes of contact, and thrusts are in many places cut cleanly through by vertical joints of probable tertiary age, some of which are shown on plate 11, b. the features near bone canyon were interpreted by baker56 as thrust slices. darton and reeside57 and later geologists, however, have regarded the truncated surfaces in this neighborhood as local unconformities, and the whole feature as a sort of gigantic cross - beddings58 formed during the time of deposition. this latter interpretation seems best to fit the facts, as the basinlike form of some of the masses and the pockets along some of the planes of contact more closely resemble sedimentary than tectonic features. further, similar truncated surfaces higher up, which separate the victorio peak from the cutoff member, seem clearly to be local


of some of the masses and the pockets along some of the planes of contact more closely resemble sedimentary than tectonic features. further, similar truncated surfaces higher up, which separate the victorio peak from the cutoff member, seem clearly to be local unconformities. such unconformities do not necessarily mean emergence of the sea bottom ; they may have been caused by submarine currents. the features farther south are certainly the result of some sort of deformation, but i am inclined to believe that they also were formed during or shortly after the time of bone spring deposition. the intensity of the contortion and the small thickness of the beds involved suggests that they were deformed under a relatively thin overburden, and that the beds retained a certain plasticity at the time of deformation. they must have been sufficiently consolidated, however, to have been grooved and slickensided. the deformation might have been caused by a sliding of one part of the newly deposited beds over another, causing the beds between to crumple. 59 some of the flat - lying beds that truncate contorted beds may have slid in this manner. ( see p. 27. ) cutoff shaly member south of el capitan, the black limestone bench is separated from the first sandstone ledges of the brushy canyon formation above by a slope 50 to 150 feet high, carved from shales, sandstones, and thin limestones, of which a typical exposure is shown on plate 14, b. these beds are classed as an upper member of the bone spring limestone, and tentatively correlated with the cutoff shaly member of the bone spring, which is found in the northern part of the area studied. near el capitan, however, the beds thin out and disappear, so that the actual connection to the north cannot be traced. the cutoff member of the southern area is well exposed in brushy canyon, not far south of united states highway no. 62 ( sec. 36, pl. 6 ). the member consists of black, platy, siliceous shale and shaly sandstone, with a few intercalated sandstone beds in the upper part, and many thin beds of compact gray or black limestone. at some localities, the various constituents are very irregularly interbedded. in brushy canyon, one of the limestone beds develops locally into a mass 15 feet thick and contains abundant brachiopods, mollusks, and other fossils. the thinner limestones contain little else than fusulinids, and many are


where it comes to an end. the outcrops near cutoff mountain appear farther to the left, and form the cuestas below point 5443 and elsewhere. stratigraphic sections of the formation north of bone canyon are shown on the left half of plate 6, numbers 1 to 14. victorio peak gray member the black limestones are exposed for only a few miles north of bone canyon and pass from view beyond. most of the exposed part of the formation in this district belongs to the victorio peak gray member, a succession of thick - bedded, gray limestones 800 feet thick, which are the northward equivalent of the upper part of the black limestones. the member is named for victorio peak, 60 a high point on the sierra diablo escarpment southwest of the guadalupe mountains. a correlation of the rocks assigned to the member in the two areas seems assured, because in addition to a similarity of the faunas, the member at the northwest end of the sierra diablo is divisible into three parts that are identical with its three divisions in the guadalupe mountains. ( compare secs. 46 and 7, pl. 8. ) here, as in the guadalupe mountains, it rests on black limestone and is overlain by the cutoff shaly member. on the high ridge between shumard and shirttail canyons, 61 about a mile north of bone spring, two well - marked divisions in the member are recognized. ( see sec. 10, pl. 6 ; for structure of the ridge, see sec. bb ', pl. 9. ) the lower division, resting with gradational contact on the black limestone, consists of 350 feet of gray - brown, fine - grained, dolomitic limestone in beds several feet thick. in shumard canyon, many layers of thin bedded, hackly limestone are interbedded. here erosion has carved the limestone of the division into picturesque, serrated walls and pinnacles, which are shown in the lower left - hand part of plate 12, b. the division commonly contains widely spaced, large, subspherical chert nodules, and in many beds fragmental remains of fossils. in shirttail canyon, several layers of light - brown, fine - grained sandstone are interbedded in the lower part. the upper division of the victorio peak member on the ridge between shumard and shirttail canyons is a light - gray, nondolomitic, noncherty, thick - bedded calcitic limestone 160


in the lower part. the upper division of the victorio peak member on the ridge between shumard and shirttail canyons is a light - gray, nondolomitic, noncherty, thick - bedded calcitic limestone 160 feet thick, which contains various productids and other brachiopods. the following analyses of limestones from the victorio peak gray member were made : analyses, in percent, of limestones from the victorio peak member insoluble residues : 1, dark brownish, carbonaceous, consisting of clay and finely divided quartz, some of which is perhaps authigenic ; 2, dark brown, carbonaceous, with large garnet particles, some of which are well - rounded, and also red tourmaline, quartz, and chalcedony ; 3, brown, with quartz, chalcedony, microcline, and coarse garnet. the two divisions of the victorio peak gray member disappear south of shumard canyon. the lower division extends as far as a ravine between shumard and bone canyons, where it intergrades abruptly with black limestone, as shown in figure a, plate 13. the upper division is cut off southward by pre - brushy canyon ( delaware mountain ) erosion. in the northern branches of shumard canyon its beds are truncated by a smooth surface, sloping 15° southeast, against which the sandstones of the brushy canyon formation overlap ( sec. bb ', pl. 9 ). in the southern branches the upper division extends as a rapidly thinning wedge, which is locally overlain by basin - shaped remnants of the cutoff shaly member. the black limestone exposed in bone canyon is of the same age as the lower division of the victorio peak member a little to the north, and the lenticular masses of gray, granular limestone which it contains are considered as outliers of the victorio peak deposits. no equivalent of the upper division is present here. crude tracing of the ledges suggests, however, that black limestone beds younger than any in bone canyon come in beneath the brushy canyon formation to the south, as indicated diagrammatically on plate 7, a. they are probably equivalent to the upper division of the victorio peak member to the north. north of shirttail canyon, the lower division of the victorio peak member, which is not widely exposed, is separated from the upper division by a middle division 100 feet thick of slope - making, thin - bedded, light - gray or white


north of shirttail canyon, the lower division of the victorio peak member, which is not widely exposed, is separated from the upper division by a middle division 100 feet thick of slope - making, thin - bedded, light - gray or white limestone, with much buff, fine - grained, calcareous sandstone interbedded. ( shown on secs. 5 and 7, pl. 6. ) the upper division is calcitic, light gray, noncherty, and thick - bedded. ( see chemical analysis no. 3, above. ) its upper layers contain numerous poorly preserved fusulinids and productid shells. cutoff shaly member in shumard canyon in the southern branches of shumard canyon, resting unconformably on both the lower and upper divisions of the victorio peak member, and overlain unconformably by the brushy canyon formation, are small remnants of poorly fossiliferous beds which are probably equivalent to the cutoff member to the north. two divisions are present, separated by an unconformity. the older one, composed of thin - bedded, black, cherty limestone, is exposed at only one place, near the head of the south fork of the canyon. it lies in a steep - sided basin carved in the victorio peak limestone, which it fills to a thickness of 90 feet. the younger division crops out somewhat more widely in the branches of the canyon, and consists of thin - bedded black limestone, weathering to ashen - gray, hackly fragments, interbedded with platy siliceous shale. they closely resemble the limestones and shales of the cutoff member as developed farther north. the younger division is well exposed on the ridge south of the mouth of shumard canyon, where it reaches a thickness of 60 feet. 62 the outcrops of the two divisions of the cutoff shaly member in shumard canyon are shown on the geologic map, plate 9, and their structure on the accompanying section cc '. the basin - shaped remnant of the lower division stands out prominently on the nearest ridge in the center of the panorama, plate 12, b. the lower division is included in section 12a, and the upper in section 13a of plate 6. cutoff shaly member tn north part of area in the northern part of the area studied, the victorio peak gray member is overlain, apparently conformably, by 230 feet of shales and limestones which crop out on


of plate 6. cutoff shaly member tn north part of area in the northern part of the area studied, the victorio peak gray member is overlain, apparently conformably, by 230 feet of shales and limestones which crop out on slopes above the limestone cliffs. they form the cutoff member, which is named for exposures on the west slope of cutoff mountain about 1, 000 feet below its summit ( sec. 1, pl. 6 ). 63 the member consists of thin - bedded, dense limestone of black, buff, or gray color, weathering to dove - gray or ashen, hackly, conchoidal fragments. some of the lower beds contain irregular masses of black chert. in the upper part, much platy black siliceous shale, brown sandy shale, and soft sandstone is interbedded. the member contains few fossils ; some pelecypod imprints were seen in the upper part west of cutoff mountain. about half a mile north of shirttail canyon, the southeastward extending outcrop of the cutoff member comes to an end. at this place an erosion surface slopes southward across the truncated edges of the cutoff beds, with sandstones of the brushy canyon formation overlapping northward against it, as shown diagrammatically on plate 7, a. to the south, the brushy canyon beds rest directly on the victorio peak member. correlation of the typical cutoff shaly member of the north part of the area with the shales and limestones at the top of the bone spring limestone farther south is tentative because only the beds to the south contain fossils in any abundance. the rocks of the different areas are similar lithologically, however, and all are included in the cutoff shaly member in this report. bone spring flexure a study of the region south of el capitan reveals no unusual features near the bone spring - brushy canyon contact. the black limestones, which project as a low bench at the base of the mountains, are overlain without apparent break by the interbedded shales, limestones, and sandstones of the cutoff member. they are followed in turn by the sandstone ledges of the brushy canyon formation of the delaware mountain group, as in section 36, plate 6. a view to the north along the western side of the mountains, however, shows that the limestone bench rises to a much greater height in this direction, without a similar rise in the overlying sandstone ledges ( as shown in


36, plate 6. a view to the north along the western side of the mountains, however, shows that the limestone bench rises to a much greater height in this direction, without a similar rise in the overlying sandstone ledges ( as shown in pl. 5, a ). at the bone spring - brushy canyon contact in bone canyon a few miles to the north, in the area of higher - standing limestone, the cutoff member is not found. instead, the upper surface of the black limestone is channeled and is overlain by coarse conglomerate, which contains fragments derived from the limestone. 64 besides these fragments the conglomerate contains cobbles and boulders of gray limestone unlike any rock exposed here or to the south. the conglomerate grades upward into typical sandstones of the brushy canyon formation, as shown in section 15, plate 13. a view of the relations farther north can be had from the crest of the succeeding ridge ( pl. 12, b ). looking down into shumard canyon, the next large drainage beyond bone canyon, one can see the contact of the limestone and sandstone on the walls of the tributary gorges ; it rises from a position beneath the observer to one several hundred feet above him on the farther wall. on the farther wall the black limestones are overlain by gray limestones which stand in a high projecting bench. these gray limestones constitute the victorio peak member and are the source of the boulders to the south. 65 brown sandstone ledges of the succeeding brushy canyon formation can be traced along the slopes above the limestone, rising less steeply northward than the limestone - sandstone contact. one group of them in middle distance, in the north fork of shumard canyon, is seen to overlap abruptly against the sloping surface. near the point where the sandstones overlap, one can find innumerable ripple marks on their bedding surfaces, suggesting that the sandstones were laid down near a shore. the shore itself, the sloping surface of the gray limestones, is a smooth face, cut across the edges of gently tilted beds. the sandstones contain no embedded detritus derived from the shore as they do at bone canyon to the south. perhaps this area stood higher on the sea bottom so that the detritus was swept away, and deposited lower down the slope, as at bone canyon. north of el capitan the bone spring limestone is thus flexed into a position much higher than to the south. on the north side of shumard canyon the limestone stands 2, 000 feet higher than it


down the slope, as at bone canyon. north of el capitan the bone spring limestone is thus flexed into a position much higher than to the south. on the north side of shumard canyon the limestone stands 2, 000 feet higher than it does south of el capitan, and 1, 000 feet higher than it does in bone canyon nearby. this uplift is only mildly shared by the overlying sandstones, and seems to have been largely completed before they were laid down. the upraised limestones were being eroded in early delaware mountain time, and the brushy canyon formation of that group overlaps their sloping surface. the overlap is so great that 1, 000 feet of beds, the entire brushy canyon formation, is cut out between bone canyon and a point 2 miles to the north. the fold produced by this pre - delaware mountain uplift is known as the bone spring flexure. the feature was named by blanchard and davis, 66 who called it the bone springs arch. it would seem from their paper that they considered the feature to be anticlinal, and to have a similar, opposing flank to the north. this view was contested at the time by de ford. 67 my work has failed to disclose a north flank to the feature and the term flexure is therefore used instead of arch. a good general view of the flexure can be seen in the panorama, plate 5, b, which shows the bone spring limestone rising from a low position below el capitan to a high position below shumard peak, beyond which the beds flatten out northward. the structure of the beds shown in this view is given in section kk ', plate 17. a closer view of the exposures in shumard canyon is shown on plate 12, b. the relations of the overlying and underlying beds to the flexure is shown on the map and sections of plate 9, and structure contours on the upraised surface of the bone spring limestone on the inset of figure 6. some details near bone canyon the broader stratigraphic relations of the bone spring limestone and delaware mountain group are clear, but near bone and shumard canyons local complexities tend to obscure them and deserve further explanation. the peculiar, cross - bedded structure of the black limestones, and the basins cut into the victorio peak gray member and filled by the cutoff shaly member have already been described. to produce them, uplift and erosion must have taken place on the flexure before bone spring time


the black limestones, and the basins cut into the victorio peak gray member and filled by the cutoff shaly member have already been described. to produce them, uplift and erosion must have taken place on the flexure before bone spring time came to an end. the conglomerates interbedded in the black limestone south of bone canyon, which are similar to those in the overlying brushy canyon formation, lend support to this idea, for they contain fragments not only of black, but also of gray limestone, and thus were not derived entirely from the break - up of the beds next beneath them. along the unconformity below the cuttoff member, the victorio peak member is deeply eroded, and the break seems more important than those in the black limestones below. in places along shumard canyon, this unconformity is more prominently exposed than that between the cutoff and the sandstones above. this instance is local, however, and the general relations indicate that the younger unconformity is the major one. the apparent trend of the bone spring flexure is east and west, at right angles to the northward trending outcrops, for most of the observable uplift and overlap take place in a northward direction, along the outcrop. closer scrutiny of the rather narrow belt of outcrop, however, indicates that the actual trend of the flexure is north - northeast. the limestones on each west - projecting ridge rise higher than they do in the heads of the canyons to the east ( inset, fig. 6 ), and a westward overlap of the overlying sandstones and conglomerates can be observed on the walls of bone and other canyons ( pl. 13, fig. b ). overlying the conglomerates near bone spring is a bed of gray - brown, dolomitic limestone which closely resembles the limestones of the lower division of the victorio peak member, which lies at about the same altitude to the north. this forms the 28 - foot interval in section 15, plate 13. it might be mistaken for a tongue of the lower division projecting into and intergrading with the sandstones of the brushy canyon formation were it not that on the south side of the next ravine north of bone canyon it can be found overlapping the similar, older, gray - brown limestones ( as shown at point 14b, pl. 9, and on fig. a, pl. 13 ) with the unconformable contact clearly exposed. moreover


bone canyon it can be found overlapping the similar, older, gray - brown limestones ( as shown at point 14b, pl. 9, and on fig. a, pl. 13 ) with the unconformable contact clearly exposed. moreover, beneath the limestone bed in bone canyon, the conglomerate contains fragments of the upper division of the victorio peak member as well as of the lower division, thus proving that the bed is much younger than the lower division. lloyd 68 considers that " the lower part of the sandstone series [ brushy canyon ] merges laterally with the gray limestone [ victorio peak ] just as the upper part merges into the lower part of the capitan. " his interpretation is based chiefly on the apparent relations of the limestone bed here referred to. this interpretation is not accepted in this report. relations north and south of flexure south of the bone spring flexure there appears to be a continuous, gradational sequence from the black limestones of the bone spring, through the shales of the cutoff member, into the sandstones of the brushy canyon formation. deposition probably was nearly continuous from one formation to the other in this region. the gray limestones of the victorio peak member are not present between the black limestones and the cutoff member, but they are not believed to be missing on account of erosion ; instead, during victorio peak time, black limestone was probably being deposited south of the flexure while the gray limestone was being deposited north of it. north of the flexure, the unconformity between the bone spring limestone and the delaware mountain group is not evident, and the strata of the two units lie parallel. the beds next beneath the contact belong to the cutoff shaly member of the bone spring, and those next above the contact to the sandstone tongue of the cherry canyon formation. near the north edge of the flexure, however, the cutoff member below has been eroded away. also, on the flexure, a great thickness of beds older than the sandstone tongue wedge in below the cherry canyon formation, and constitute the brushy canyon formation ( pl. 7, a ). the absence of the latter north of the flexure indicates that a great, but nonevident break separates the bone spring limestone and delaware mountain group in that region. invertebrate fossils occur in various degrees of abundance in all the members of the bone spring limestone. in general, the faunas of all the members are similar, but there are some differences which appear to


and delaware mountain group in that region. invertebrate fossils occur in various degrees of abundance in all the members of the bone spring limestone. in general, the faunas of all the members are similar, but there are some differences which appear to be related to differences in lithologic facies of the enclosing rocks. considered as a whole, the fauna is closely related to that in the overlying guadalupe series, although of slightly more primitive character. it has few resemblances to that of the underlying hueco, and still fewer resemblances to that of the pennsylvanian beneath the hueco. some of the fossils from the black limestone beds of the formation were described by girty69 in 1908, and the general aspect of the fauna of the victorio peak member was reviewed by him in 1926. 70 some brachiopods from the formation in the delaware mountains and the sierra diablo were described by king71 in 1931. the present investigation has furnished much additional information on the fauna, which is summarized below. in this and succeeding discussions of the fossils of the guadalupe mountains section, information on the fusulinids is based on the work of dunbar and skinner, 72 and that on the cephalopods on the work of miller and furnish. 73 these studies, which to a great extent were based on collections made during the present survey, have already been published. information on the other groups of fossils, particularly on the brachiopods, gastropods, and pelecypods, is based on the work of the late g. h. girty, who was able to complete in manuscript a rather long summary of the collections shortly before his death in 1939. this summary, quoted in this report, is of particular value because it links the pale ontological and stratigraphic ideas of his earlier work, in 1908, with the ideas obtained by other geologists from more detailed subsequent field work and collecting. throughout his summary, girty makes frequent comparisons between the faunas as he knew and described them in 1908 and faunas as they are revealed by the present larger collections. because of the fact that this report is primarily a description of the physical stratigraphy of the southern guadalupe mountains, because of the large size of the available collections, and because of the preliminary nature of the ideas on many of the fossil groups, it does not seem desirable at this place to include the customary fossil lists. instead, in the summary written by dr. girty, the important features of each fauna are discussed


of the preliminary nature of the ideas on many of the fossil groups, it does not seem desirable at this place to include the customary fossil lists. instead, in the summary written by dr. girty, the important features of each fauna are discussed, and only incidental reference is made to specific localities. a similar plan is followed in summarizing the results of dunbar and skinner and of miller and furnish, although the actual localities of their collections have been given in their publications. although this method of presentation has some disadvantages, it is believed to have advantages for immediate purposes that outweigh the disadvantages. it is hoped that stratigraphers and paleontologists will find use for the material as it is given. although the summary by dr. girty quoted herein was completed shortly before his death, he was unable to edit the manuscript in the manner he had contemplated ; in its original state it was essentially a rough draft. in order to prepare it for publication, therefore, it was edited by p. b. king and j. s. williams. king condensed and rearranged certain parts, so that as here given they are not exactly as written by girty, although the original meaning and style are retained. williams reviewed the terminology of the genera and species, which were not everywhere consistent in the several parts of the manuscript. where discrepancies were found an attempt was made to determine the usage actually preferred by girty at the time of writing. most of his preferences could be determined from statements in the manuscript itself, but supplementary evidence was obtained by examination of other notes and manuscripts written by girty that were available to williams. throughout the summary by girty, the generic assignments given by him are retained, and no attempt has been made to incorporate generic changes that have appeared since girty ' s death in 1939. in connection with the generic terminology as used, girty comments as follows on that of the brachiopods. the generic names used for the fusulinids are those employed by dunbar and skinner in their publication of 1937, and those for the ammonoids are those employed by miller and furnish in their publication of 1940. black limestone beds in most of the black limestone beds fossils are scarce, being represented by only occasional specimens. in a few layers, which are generally lenticular or nodular, and somewhat more granular than the rest of the rock, they are more abundant, and from these layers most of the known fauna has been obtained.


represented by only occasional specimens. in a few layers, which are generally lenticular or nodular, and somewhat more granular than the rest of the rock, they are more abundant, and from these layers most of the known fauna has been obtained. slight differences exist between the fossil assemblages in the different beds. in some, brachiopods predominate, in others gastropods, pelecypods, and cephalopods. according to dr. girty, the differences between the assemblages are not fundamental. one of the most striking features of the black limestone fauna is the abundance of ammonoids at numerous localities. nearly all the collections that have been studied, however, came from exposures near or a short distance north of the crossing of the outcrop by united states highway no. 62 ( localities 2920, 2967, 7413, 7691, 7720, and 8596 ). these ammonoids belong mainly to three species : paraceltites elegans girty, texoceras texanum ( girty ), and peritroehia erebus girty. at one locality ( 7720 ) there is also agathiceras cf. a. girtyi bose, and at another ( 7701 ), perrinites hilli tardus miller and furnish. 74 the genus perrinites, although rare in the guadalupe mountains, is an abundant and characteristic fossil of the type leonard series in the glass mountains, with which the bone spring limestone is correlated. according to miller, a striking feature of the ammonoid specimens collected from the black limestone is that nearly all retain the living chamber, a fragile structure that is usually missing from specimens from other beds and other areas. this suggests that the shells were deposited in unusually quiet water. associated with the ammonoids are occasional nautiloids, which were represented in girty ' s original collections by metacoceras shumardianum ( girty ). in the later collections miller and furnish75 have identified the same species, and in addition, titainoceras sp., " orthoceras " sp., and stearoceras? sp. by contrast with the ammonoids, fusulinids are nearly absent from the black limestone, although they are abundant in the gray victorio peak limestone to the north, where ammonoids are absent ( compare fig. 11 ). their rarity in the black limestone contrasts with their


fusulinids are nearly absent from the black limestone, although they are abundant in the gray victorio peak limestone to the north, where ammonoids are absent ( compare fig. 11 ). their rarity in the black limestone contrasts with their abundance in most other beds of the guadalupe mountains section. within the area studied they have so far been observed at only one locality in the black limestone ( 7923 ) in a canyon a mile south of bone canyon. here the black limestone contains schwagerina setum dunbar and skinner, which is also found in the probably contemporaneous victorio peak limestones not far to the north. 76 at the point of the delaware mountains, 18 miles south of el capitan, r. e. king in 1928 collected the genus parafusulina from the black limestone. regarding the remaining, much greater part of the fauna, dr. girty reports as follows : victorio peak gray member fossils are abundant in many beds of the victorio peak gray member, but are not always easy to collect, because of the hardness of the rock, and, in places, because of subsequent dolomitization or silicification. the material obtained during the present investigation therefore consists of a relatively small number of collections. dr. girty states that many of the specimens in these collections are so fragmentary that they can be identified only by careful comparisons, if at all. according to dr. girty, the faunas of the member closely resemble those of the black limestone beds, and are distinguished more by the absence of forms that are present in the black limestone, than by the introduction of novel or instructive elements. many of the collections consist entirely of brachiopods, and especially of the larger productids and spiriferoids. the fauna differs notably from that of the black limestone beds in the almost complete absence of cephalopods. no ammonoids have been found, and only one nautiloid ( a tainoceras according to a. k. miller ). the fauna differs from that of the black limestone also in the rather great abundance of fusulinids in certain beds in the upper division ( fig. 11, a ). they belong to two species, schwagerina setum dunbar and skinner, and parafusulina fountaini dunbar and skinner. the lower division of the victorio peak member is represented by only one collection, made on the south bank of shumard canyon at its entrance ( locality 7725 ). for


and skinner, and parafusulina fountaini dunbar and skinner. the lower division of the victorio peak member is represented by only one collection, made on the south bank of shumard canyon at its entrance ( locality 7725 ). for it dr. girty gives the following provisional list, with several indeterminate forms omitted. the upper division of the victorio peak gray member is somewhat better represented by collections. the material from each locality is rather scanty, however, and the specific representations are mostly confined to two or three specimens. the largest collections were obtained on the crest of the ridge between shumard and shirttail canyons, whose summit stands at 6, 402 feet ( locality 7690 ). regarding the fauna of the upper division, dr. girty writes : cutoff shaly member as will be recalled, the name cutoff shaly member is given to discontinuous sets of beds at the top of the bone spring limestone, which are exposed in three general districts : the northwest part of the area, from which the name is derived ; in shumard canyon, not far from bone spring, where it is separable into two divisions ; and along the base of the delaware mountains in the southern part of the area. in all of these districts, the member contains some fossils, but the collections which have been made so far are too scanty to furnish much information on the correlation of the beds in the different districts. fossils are least abundant in the northwestern exposures, from which the member is named, and in the main part of the member only a poorly preserved imprint of a pelecypod was seen ( locality 7650 ). some of the black limestone beds near the base, however, contain many small brachiopod shells, but they have not been collected or studied. several miles north of the new mexico line, the member contains rather abundant specimens of chonetes ( locality 7727 ). only one collection was made in the member in the shumard canyon area. this collection was obtained from a lens of massive limestone interbedded in the black limestones of the lower division of the member on the south side of the south fork of shumard canyon ( locality 7675 ). regarding it, dr. girty writes : fossils are more numerous in the cutoff shaly member in the southern part of the area, west of the delaware mountains. here, many of the thin limestone beds contain fusulinids, which belong to an undetermined


plate 7, b ), the wolfcamp and leonard epochs were fully as long and as important as the succeeding guadalupe epoch, whose rocks are more completely exposed in the area of this report. facies and provinces during leonard time ( as represented by the bone spring limestone ), and probably during wolfcamp time ( as represented by the hueco limestone and other beds ), two unlike facies were deposited in the guadalupe mountains region. deposits of the one are black, petroliferous, shaly limestone, and of the other are light - gray, thick - bedded to massive limestone. the two facies tended to persist in separate areas, which correspond closely to the provinces of permian time shown on figures 3 and 16, a. thus, the black limestone facies characterizes the southeast part of the guadalupe mountains region, or delaware basin of figure 16, a, and the gray limestone facies characterizes the northwest part, or northwestern shelf area of that figure. the basin appears to have been a negative feature, with a marked tendency toward subsidence ; the shelf was more positive, and either remained stable or did not subside as much. during leonard time, the boundary between the provinces lay along the bone spring flexure of the guadalupe mountains which, it will be recalled, is bent down southeastward toward the basin area. black limestone facies in the delaware basin conditions throughout the whole of leonard time were nearly uniform and the black limestones were laid down in successive beds without the admixture of much other material. deposits representing this facies consist mainly of calcium carbonate, impregnated with bituminous material which imparts to them their characteristic color. there is also some argillaceous matter and a small amount of primary silica. parts of the deposit are thinly laminated by light and dark bands in such a manner as to suggest that the amount of organic matter in the sea water fluctuated from seasonal or other causes, and that the water was sufficiently quiet for the material to be laid down in successive layers on the bottom. evidently the sea bottom during the time of deposition was not favorable to life, as great thicknesses of strata are nearly unfossiliferous. in many of the fossiliferous lenses, ammonoids are the chief fossils, and these animals were probably free - swimming organisms whose shells dropped to the bottom after death. the associated brachiopods and mollusks, which were certainly bottom - dwellers, are of a relatively few species, and fusulinids are absent. this general imp


animals were probably free - swimming organisms whose shells dropped to the bottom after death. the associated brachiopods and mollusks, which were certainly bottom - dwellers, are of a relatively few species, and fusulinids are absent. this general impoverishment, however, is not absolute, for some collections within the black limestone contain specimens of productids, spiriferoids, and other brachiopods that are abundant in the gray limestone facies. further, the trilobites that have been found are not specialized forms but belong to the same species as those found elsewhere in the region in quite different types of deposits. perhaps the less - specialized animals were occasional migrants into an environment that on the whole was not favorable to them. the black limestones were evidently laid down in quiet water. the bituminous material with which they were impregnated could not have been preserved unless there was little circulation of the water and such a lack of oxygen near the bottom that organic matter was deposited faster than it decayed. these assumed conditions are confirmed by the general poverty of bottom - dwelling organisms in the fauna, and the relative abundance of ammonoids, which swam nearer the surface. quiet water conditions near the bottom are further indicated by the presence in the ammonoid specimens of the fragile living chamber, which would have been destroyed if the shells had accumulated in agitated water. the conditions just outlined closely resemble those under which the black shales of earlier paleozoic systems presumably formed. 78 quiet - water conditions during deposition of black shale and limestone deposits do not necessarily indicate the depth of water under which the beds accumulated. there is, however, some evidence to indicate that the beds in the bone spring limestone were deposited in deep water. relations at the bone spring flexure, outlined below, suggest that the water was deeper to the southeast, in the black limestone area, than to the northwest, in the gray limestone area. moreover, the gray limestone deposits seem to have accumulated in agitated water, and it is difficult to see how such differences of deposition could have existed unless there had been also a difference in depth. further, the delaware basin or area of black limestone deposits, received a greater thickness of sediments during leonard time than the shelf area or area of gray limestone deposits. this greater thickness indicates that the basin area subsided more than the shelf area, and thereby entrapped more sediments. it is possible that subsidence was so rapid that sedimentation did not entirely keep pace with it, and the sea floor stood lower in the basin than


that the basin area subsided more than the shelf area, and thereby entrapped more sediments. it is possible that subsidence was so rapid that sedimentation did not entirely keep pace with it, and the sea floor stood lower in the basin than on the shelf ( sec. a, pl. 7, b ). the black limestone deposits are notably poor in sand and other, coarser, clastics. the few thin, interbedded sandstone layers are very fine grained and consist of the more resistant minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. evidently these sands were transported from a distant source. in its lack of coarser clastic material the black limestone contrasts markedly with the deposits of the guadalupe series ( delaware mountain group ) that succeeded them, and also with contemporaneous deposits of the leonard series in the glass mountains, 79 on the southeast side of the delaware basin ( fig. 13, b and c ). in the glass mountains, the deposits include sandstones and conglomerates derived from the erosion of older paleozoic rocks of the newly uplifted marathon folded belt. evidently they were not spread far northwestward into the basin. the few sandstone beds in the black limestone might have been derived from this source, but the fact that similar sandstones are interbedded in the gray limestone toward the northwest suggests that at least some of the sand also probably came from the opposite direction. in the marginal area, between the delaware basin and the northwestern shelf area, deposits of the black limestone and gray limestone facies interfinger. during the last half of leonard ( bone spring ) time, the gray victorio peak member was spread out on the shelf area, extending as far southeastward as the edge of the delaware basin, where it apparently intergraded with black limestone. during the first half of leonard time, black limestones extended for several miles farther northwestward toward the shelf, underneath the gray victorio peak beds. in the guadalupe mountains, exposures of the black limestone do not extend deeply enough to indicate their relations to the shelf area. in the sierra diablo, however, they are replaced near the shelf by limestone reefsa part of the gray limestone facies. they overlap shelfwards on a surface of unconformity that separates the leonard from the underlying wolfcamp series. in the guadalupe mountains, the southeastern edge of the gray victorio peak limestones follows the upper part of the bone spring flexure. this relation of depositional facies to a tectonic feature is probably more than accidental, and


a wide extent along the northwest edge of the delaware basin ( fig. 16, a ). during late leonard and early guadalupe time, it certainly extended southwestward for some distance, as indicated by certain relations at the north end of the sierra diablo. here outliers of the cherry canyon, or middle formation of the delaware mountain group lie directly on the bone spring limestone, just as they do northwest of the flexure in the guadalupe mountains ( pl. 7, a ). the flexure is probably buried under the salt basin deposits east of the outliers, for farther east, in the delaware mountains, the cherry canyon is separated from the bone spring limestone by the full thickness of the brushy canyon or lower formation of the delaware mountain group. gray limestone facies the gray limestone deposits ( victorio peak gray member ) north of the bone spring flexure were probably laid down in shallower, clearer, better aerated water than the black limestones. their moderately thick beds include layers, traceable for relatively long distances, that were spread out in broad sheets. they are thus unlike the irregularly bedded, massive limestone deposits higher in the section, which have the form of reefs. the victorio peak deposits are better designated as limestone banks than as limestone reefs. the area of gray limestone deposition was a more favorable environment for life than the black limestone area. the many large, thick - shelled productids, spiriferoids, and other brachiopods found in the gray limestone probably found favorable living conditions in clear, shallow waters. the abundance of fusulinids in the gray limestones contrasts with their absence in the black limestones. conversely, ammonoids which are abundant in the black facies are absent in the gray ( fig. 11 ). it is possible that ammonoids originally lived in both areas, and in the gray limestone area their shells were largely destroyed in the agitated water and were not embedded in the sediments. support for this suggestion is found in the fact that the nautiloids, whose life habits were similar to those of ammonoids but whose shells were stronger, are represented in the collections from both areas. last updated : 28 - dec - 2007


outside firewood is prohibited in prince william forest park, unless it is certified usda ' bug free ' firewood. dead and downed wood may be collected from designated areas for use while in the park. help us protect the forest from invasive species! warm wet spring = more ticks please check yourself and your pets for ticks continually during and after your visit. ticks are less prevelent if you stay on trail or in mowed areas. wearing light colored clothing helps you spot them before the attach. temp. closure c - loop bathroom due to sequestration cuts, the c - loop bathroom at oak ridge campground will remain closed. please use the b - loop restroom, a short walking distance away. we apologize for the inconvenience. white - tailed deer can be found throughout prince william forest park. they one of the shier members of the deer family and can be identified by white fur that is found on the underside of their tail. they wag their tail from side to side when they are nervous or fleeing. white - tailed deer are extremely swift and can run through thick forests at speeds of 30 mph. their coats are reddish in the summer months, and in the winter their fur turns grayer, helping them blend in during the more colorless winter months. the male deer, or buck, grows a new set of antlers every spring. their antlers have a velvet coating on them which protects it during growth. the deer will rub the velvet off by rubbing their antlers on trees. the males use their antlers to fight each other during the fall mating season. by late winter, their antlers fall off, only to be replaced by a new set of antlers the following spring. all members of the deer family, such as, elk and moose, lose their antlers every year. antlers are a bone and not a horn. animals that have horns, such as goats, cattle and bison, never lose them and they do not form branches. in fact, antlers are one of the fastest growing tissues in the animal kingdom, as they may grow up to ½ an inch each day. this has led scientists to study the growth rate of antlers, to unlock the mysteries of fast growing cancer cells. did you know? prince william forest park protects the federally threatened orchid isotria medeoloides, small whorled pogonia, of which several colonies have been identified in the park.


february 4, 2002 mathematics in science and engineering the rapid pace of discovery in science and engineering depends on the mathematical and statistical sciences. these sciences are often invisible partners - - encapsulated in research tools like algorithms, models and software packages. these tools, for example, help make sense of the complex processes that drive climate change. topology illuminates how magnetic fields and fluid flows interact in the plasma within stars. and mathematical modeling plays a key role in developing micro, nanoscale and optical devices. the mathematical sciences are also critical to training a mathematically literate workforce for the future. technology - based industries rely on large numbers of college graduates well - versed in mathematics, science and engineering. businesses rely increasingly on computer control systems, electronic data management, business forecasting models and modern economic theory. the national science foundation ( nsf ) is the primary supporter of u. s. academic research in the mathematical sciences. as the role of mathematics expands in science and society, the resources devoted to three key areas - - fundamental mathematical research, collaborations between mathematics and other disciplines, and mathematics education - - must expand to support the nation ' s scientific, technical and commercial enterprises. to address these challenges, nsf has made increased investment in the mathematical sciences a priority area. nsf ' s division of mathematical sciences invested $ 151 million in fiscal 2002, and additional investments came from other nsf programs. the division has requested $ 182 million in the fiscal 2003 budget. a $ 60 million nsf - wide investment has been designated for the three key areas of research, collaborations and education. these public investments in mathematical sciences will support nearly 2, 000 individual investigators and teams, 300 postdoctoral scholars and 1, 300 graduate students, while complementing the math and science partnerships that also seek to improve education and training. nsf supports three world - class national research institutes : the institute for mathematics and its applications ( university of minnesota, minneapolis ), institute for pure and applied mathematics ( university of california, los angeles ), and the mathematical sciences research institute ( berkeley, calif. ). the institute for advanced study ( princeton, n. j. ) and the national center for atmospheric research ( boulder, colo. ) provide additional postdoctoral training. nsf also supports the new banff international research station ( alberta, canada ), a us - canadian center for sharing information, forming collaborations and advancing research in the mathematical sciences in north america. vertical integration in higher education nsf ' s effort to strengthen math education and training included an investment of almost


station ( alberta, canada ), a us - canadian center for sharing information, forming collaborations and advancing research in the mathematical sciences in north america. vertical integration in higher education nsf ' s effort to strengthen math education and training included an investment of almost $ 16 million in fiscal year 2002 for the vertical integration of research and education ( vigre ) in the mathematical sciences. vigre awards help math departments carry out innovative programs in which undergraduates, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and faculty support each other in research and educational activities. the increasing integration of scientific disciplines has led to numerous partnerships in the mathematical sciences. in fiscal 2002, nsf teamed with the defense advanced research projects agency to enable research in computational and algorithmic representations of geometric objects. computational geometry has proven to be a rich area of research with numerous applications in computer graphics, robotics and computer - aided design ( cad ). research in this area is expected to improve engineering design, the modeling of physical systems and cartography. nsf has also joined the national institute for general medical sciences, of the national institutes of health, in a program to employ the mathematical sciences in medical - related biological research. the opportunities include advances in evolutionary theory, statistical approaches to the search for genes, predictive models of the cellular state, improved algorithms for use in medical imaging, and simulations of systemic responses to burns and other injury. within nsf, the division of mathematical sciences has teamed with the directorate for geosciences to increase collaborations in areas of mutual interest. initial projects will focus on problems of scale, such as how mathematical models of physical phenomena differ at different time scales or distance scales. m. mitchell waldrop, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 7752 firstname. lastname @ example. org the national science foundation ( nsf ) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2012, its budget was $ 7. 0 billion. nsf funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2, 000 colleges, universities and other institutions. each year, nsf receives about 50, 000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11, 500 new funding awards. nsf also awards about $ 593 million in professional and service contracts yearly. get news updates by email useful nsf web sites : nsf home page : http : / / www. nsf. gov nsf news : http : / / www. nsf. gov / news / for the news media : http : / /


exhibition exposes sex slavery at nazi camps february 26, 2009 " they told us we were in the camp brothel, that we were the lucky ones. we would eat well and have enough to drink. if we behaved and fulfilled our duties nothing would happen to us. " so begins the wrenching account of frau w., a prisoner of the nazi concentration camp ravensbrueck north of berlin who between mid - 1943 and december 1944 was forced to work as a sex slave for her fellow detainees. her story forms the centrepiece of a new exhibition at ravensbrueck about the fate of women pressed into prostitution between 1942 and 1945, like asia ' s " comfort women " during world war ii. but rather than servicing soldiers, the camp prostitutes were the brainchild of ss chief heinrich himmler to increase productivity among forced labourers and try to keep homosexuality from " breaking out " among their ranks. their numbers were far smaller than the tens of thousands of " comfort women " kidnapped across asia to serve japanese troops. but ravensbrueck centre director insa eschebach said the at least 200, predominantly german women who were enslaved also endured paralysing trauma, shame and scorn in an until now largely " taboo " chapter of european history. most of the sex workers were taken from the women ' s camps at ravensbrueck and auschwitz to brothels at 10 camps in germany and the nazi - occupied eastern territories. the vast majority were imprisoned for " anti - social " behaviour - - a crime arbitrarily defined under hitler to include prostitutes but also women with suspect political ties or relationships with jews. prisoners given a privileged place in the camp hierarchy - - exhibition curator michael sommer estimates about one percent of the forced labourers - - could " buy " up to a quarter of an hour with a prostitute for two reichsmarks from the pittance they earned in the nazi - run factories. a fraction of that amount was credited to women ' s camp accounts which they could use for food when it was available. " the sex work was organised very bureaucratically, " said sommer, showing prisoner files with the code 998 signifying a prostitute and vouchers used by men allowed to visit the camp brothel. no jews worked at the brothels or were allowed to patronise them, and separate facilities were created for camp guards. prostitutes were regularly tested for sexually transmitted diseases to avoid outbreaks at the camps. pregnancies ended in forced abortions. " the irony was that while the nazis tried to regulate prostitution in


##ise them, and separate facilities were created for camp guards. prostitutes were regularly tested for sexually transmitted diseases to avoid outbreaks at the camps. pregnancies ended in forced abortions. " the irony was that while the nazis tried to regulate prostitution in german cities, they institutionalised it at the camps, " sommer said. some women " volunteered " for service in the brothels, which were heated and had slightly better hygienic conditions, after being promised early release from the degrading and life - threatening conditions of the camps. others only learned of their fate when the first patrons were ushered in. another woman whose testimony is featured in the exhibition, identified only as frau b., said each woman worked in a small room where she received up to 10 men in two hours. " there was a spy hole and sometimes the guards would peek in and sneer, " she said. " but you know, we were so numb that we just thought, ' get stuffed, you bastards. ' " although the months in the brothel left her permanently scarred, frau b. said the men who visited her were " decent " by and large. " they had also been locked up for years and were happy to have human contact, " she said. sometimes, the men just wanted to talk. many political prisoners boycotted the brothels. communists at buchenwald were convinced the bordellos would be used by the ss to spy on prisoners. although nearly all the sex workers survived until the camps ' liberation, there is scant evidence any were released for service rendered. after the war, most of the german sex workers kept their trauma silent out of shame, while foreign victims feared being seen as " collaborators ". none received recognition from the german state as victims of sex slavery or compensation for their ordeal. few, if any, are still alive today. eschebach noted that sex slavery has only been recognised as a war crime under international law since 2002 and said the more recent occurrences of mass rape in bosnia and rwanda, as well as the demands of " comfort women " for justice, had prompted more research in germany. the exhibition can be seen at ravensbrueck until march 8, and will make three more stops in germany before opening in rome in 2010. ( to read original article, visit this sydney morning herald link )


history of flight use your browsers ' back ' function to return to synopsisreturn to query page on january 1, 1995, about 1252 eastern standard time, a cozy mk iv, n5037, built by charles h. larson, crashed while on approach to land at the wauchula municipal airport, wauchula, florida, while on a 14 cfr part 91 personal flight. visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time and no flight plan was filed. the airplane was substantially damaged and the pilot and one passenger were fatally injured. one passenger sustained serious injuries and one passenger sustained minor injuries. the flight originated from the avon park municipal airport, avon park, florida, about 1240. an individual who was monitoring the wauchula airport common traffic advisory frequency 122. 9 due to a gyrocopter fly - in, heard an occupant in n5037 announce that the flight was on left downwind for runway 18, " close in. " he advised that person that there were numerous gyrocopters in the area and in turn advised the gyrocopter pilots by visual signal to stay clear of the fixed wing airplane. he observed the airplane turn left base and the occupant asked about the fuel supply on the airport. he then heard the individual announce that the flight was on final approach to runway 18, which he thought the airplane was low. the individual in n5037 did not mention any problem with the airplane or engine and the witness stated that the engine was operating normally. another witness also observed n5037 on the downwind leg for runway 18 stated that the airplane appeared to be low. he observed the airplane turn left base to final and while on final approach, the airplane appeared to be low. while on final approach he observed a flash of light just before the airplane nosed over. he then lost sight of the airplane due to obstructions. he also stated that he was too far away to hear the engine. information pertaining to the pilot is contained in the ntsb factual report - aviation. information pertaining to the airplane is contained in the ntsb report - aviation. information pertaining to the weather is contained in the ntsb factual report - aviation. an individual in the airplane announced his traffic pattern positions on the common traffic advisory frequency. the airport is not certificated under 14 cfr part 139 and has a 4, 000 - foot asphalt runway designated 18 / 36, which is a visual runway as defined by 14 cfr part 77. 2. unmarked power lines parallel both


frequency. the airport is not certificated under 14 cfr part 139 and has a 4, 000 - foot asphalt runway designated 18 / 36, which is a visual runway as defined by 14 cfr part 77. 2. unmarked power lines parallel both sides of a road which is located north of the approach end of runway 18. the road is nearly perpendicular to the runway near the airport. according to the orlando, florida, faa airports district office, the power line was not required to be marked. wreckage and impact examination of the accident site revealed a cable on the ground adjacent to the airplane. the wreckage was upright with the nose landing gear separated. the right wing fuel tank was damaged resulting in fuel leakage ; however, the tank was found to contain about 1 gallon of fuel when drained. the left wing fuel tank which was not damaged was drained revealing that it contained about 10 gallons. examination of the drained fuel revealed no evidence of contamination. the fuel selector was found to be positioned to the right tank. examination of the flight controls revealed no evidence of preimpact failure or malfunction. examination of the ellison throttle body injection unit revealed that the throttle was at idle. the carburetor heat was determined to be on. examination of the nose landing gear which was separated revealed evidence that the static line contacted it about 17 inches up from the swivel assembly. there was also evidence that the static line contacted both main landing gear near the juncture of the fuselage. the engine with engine mount and propeller attached were removed from the airframe and placed on a stand. the engine was started and found to operate normally. medical and pathological post - mortem examination of the pilot and right front seat passenger were performed by alexander melamud, m. d., district ten, medical examiner. the cause of death for both was listed as multiple injuries. toxicological analysis of specimens of the pilot was performed by the wuesthoff memorial hospital laboratory. the results of analysis of urine tests were positive for caffeine, nicotine, and nicotine metabolite. the results were negative for cannabinoids, cocaine metabolite, opiates, benzodiazepines, and salicylate. the results were positive in the blood for caffeine. the results of blood analysis were negative for cannabinoids, cocaine metabolite, opiates, salicylate, benzodiazepines, and volatiles. glucose ( 1 mg / dl ) was detected in vi


environmental assessments at the cnsc - an environmental assessment ( ea ) is a planning tool to identify and minimize the possible environmental effects of a proposed project, conducted before the project is allowed to proceed. - in accordance with the canadian environmental assessment act and its regulations, cnsc manages eas to make sure nuclear projects are safe for the environment. - the cnsc ’ s ea process is slightly different than ea processes at other federal departments and agencies because our commission tribunal makes most ea decisions. - the cnsc manages approximately 25 eas every year. - eas provide an opportunity for public and aboriginal participation, which can strengthen the quality of an ea. in this fact sheet what is an environmental assessment? what are the different types of environmental assessment? what is a review panel? what triggers an environmental assessment? what type of cnsc projects need an environmental assessment? why is an environmental assessment important? what is looked at during an environmental assessment? what is the cnsc ’ s regulatory process? how are the provinces and territories involved in an environmental assessment? how is the scope of an environmental assessment determined? what is an environmental impact statement? what does the cnsc do with the results of the technical studies and environmental impact statement? who makes the decision on the environmental assessment? can a proponent begin undertaking project activities immediately following a positive ea decision? does the proponent have to carry out the project exactly as proposed in the ea? how does the cnsc ensure the environment is protected during project activities? how and when do the public and aboriginal groups get involved? what is participant funding? an environmental assessment ( ea ) is a planning tool that federal departments and agencies use to identify the possible environmental effects of a proposed project and to determine if those effects can be mitigated. an ea is conducted before a project is allowed to proceed. when considering certain licensing decisions, the canadian nuclear safety commission ( cnsc ) has ea obligations and responsibilities under the canadian environmental assessment act ( ceaa ), which is the basis for federal eas in canada. there are three types of eas : screenings, comprehensive studies and review panels. each offers a systematic approach to documenting the environmental effects of a proposed project and determining the need to eliminate or minimize ( mitigate ) the adverse effects if any, to modify the project plan or to recommend further assessment. a screening is usually conducted for projects that are unlikely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. a comprehensive study is typically conducted for a large, complex project with the potential for significant adverse environmental effects and that may also generate significant public interest or


recommend further assessment. a screening is usually conducted for projects that are unlikely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. a comprehensive study is typically conducted for a large, complex project with the potential for significant adverse environmental effects and that may also generate significant public interest or concern. a proposed project can be referred to a review panel or mediator if it is determined it will likely have significant adverse environmental effects, if its potential effects are uncertain, or if public concern warrants a referral. a review panel is a group of experts who are selected for their knowledge and expertise to conduct an ea and submit recommendations to the minister of the environment and to the responsible authority ( ra ) for their consideration in subsequent decision - making. the ra is the federal department or agency that has a regulatory role with respect to the project and must ensure that the ea is completed. a joint review panel is used for a project that requires a decision from the federal government and another level of government or government agency, such as the cnsc. typically, a joint review panel is established under a memorandum of understanding that is reviewed by the public before it is finalized. under the ceaa, an ea is triggered when a federal department or agency : - proposes a project - provides financial assistance to an applicant ( proponent ) - sells, leases or otherwise transfers the control or administration of federal land - provides a licence, permit or approval for the cnsc, an ea is typically triggered because a licence must be amended, approved or issued. these licences can be to prepare, construct, operate, decommission or abandon a site. for the cnsc, an ea may be conducted for the following typical projects : - nuclear power plants - heavy water production plants - uranium mines and mills - processing and research facilities - radioactive waste management facilities the ea process provides a coordinated, thorough review of environmental, socio - economic and cultural issues associated with a proposed project. an ea enables the decision maker to consider environmental factors, as well as the views of potentially affected aboriginal groups and the public, and therefore could help minimize or avoid potential adverse environmental effects. an ea can also determine alternative actions, methods or locations, and other means of carrying out a project to help minimize any potential adverse environmental effects. eas provide an opportunity for public and aboriginal participation. groups and / or individuals can provide important information on local and traditional knowledge about a proposed project ’ s site and potential environmental effects, as well as voice concerns and ask questions. this in turn, strengthens the quality of the ea. eas consider environmental features or


or individuals can provide important information on local and traditional knowledge about a proposed project ’ s site and potential environmental effects, as well as voice concerns and ask questions. this in turn, strengthens the quality of the ea. eas consider environmental features or qualities that a community values. this involves assessing both environmental components ( i. e. air, water and land ) and human components ( i. e. human health, traffic and aboriginal interests ). the cnsc ’ s ea process is slightly different than ea processes at other federal departments and agencies, because the commission tribunal makes most ea decisions. when a proponent submits a licence application for the cnsc ’ s consideration, the cnsc must determine if an ea is required and if so, decide on the type of ea ( screening, comprehensive study or review panel ) to be conducted. if an ea is required, the ea decision must happen before any licensing action. the cnsc is responsible for ensuring an ea is carried out and the commission tribunal is responsible for determining if a project is likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. as the ra, the cnsc notifies other federal departments and agencies to determine if they have a responsibility to conduct an ea ( they would also be a ra ) or can contribute expert knowledge or information. a federal department or agency that contributes expert knowledge or information is called a federal authority ( fa ). the cnsc ensures that all its licensing decisions under the nuclear safety and control act and ea decisions under the canadian environmental assessment act uphold the honour of the crown and consider aboriginal peoples ’ potential or established aboriginal or treaty rights pursuant to sections 35 of the constitution act, 1982 ( together, the aboriginal interests ). the cnsc ensures that provincial and territorial departments are notified of the proposed project, as both federal and provincial / territorial ea legislation may apply. most provinces and territories have ea cooperation agreements with the federal government that aim to prevent duplication by ensuring a project is subject to only one ea that will enable both levels of government to meet legal requirements. insofar as its statutory functions allow, the cnsc supports a whole - of - government approach to aboriginal consultation, with an aim to coordinating consultative efforts with other federal, provincial, and / or territorial regulatory departments and agencies through a one - window approach, with respect to ea and licensing activities. the cnsc, other potential ras and fas determine how the ea will be conducted and the scope of what should be assessed, including issues and impacts that are likely to be important. the project scope, factors to be considered in


and licensing activities. the cnsc, other potential ras and fas determine how the ea will be conducted and the scope of what should be assessed, including issues and impacts that are likely to be important. the project scope, factors to be considered in the ea, and the scope of these factors are outlined in the scoping information document produced by cnsc staff. the commission tribunal reviews and approves the scoping information document. once the commission tribunal approves the scoping information document, the proponent uses it to conduct technical studies, from which it develops an environmental impact statement ( eis ). the technical studies and eis consider the proposed project ’ s implications and ensure that any measures to protect the environment as a result of the project are implemented. the proponent submits the results of the technical studies and eis to the cnsc for analysis and evaluation to ensure the eis is adequate, accurate and complete. based on the comments, the eis is accepted or revised, or additional studies are carried out. the cnsc prepares a screening report or a comprehensive study report ( csr ) that summarizes the findings of the technical studies and eis. these documents contain cnsc staff recommendations to the commission tribunal about the outcome of the ea ( if there are expected adverse environmental effects that are likely to be significant ), along with additional mitigation measures and follow - up programs that may be required. the screening report or csr is made available for public comment on the cnsc ’ s web site ( nuclearsafety. gc. ca ) and on the canadian environmental assessment agency ’ s web site ( ceaa. gc. ca ). additionally, the cnsc directly sends project documentation to potentially impacted aboriginal groups for review and requests information relating to any potential adverse impacts on potential or established aboriginal or treaty rights. all comments received from the public and aboriginal groups are part of the public record and the cnsc thoroughly reviews all submissions. public comments and concerns along with explanations of how each was addressed in the screening report or csr. these comments are issued to assist the commission tribunal, the proponent and other ras in evaluating the environmental acceptability of the project. once the review of the environmental impact information is complete for a screening report or csr, a decision is made by the responsible authority on whether the project is likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. decisions on screenings are made by the commission tribunal. decisions on comprehensive studies are made by the minister of the environment. when there is a review panel, the panel makes recommendations


the responsible authority on whether the project is likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. decisions on screenings are made by the commission tribunal. decisions on comprehensive studies are made by the minister of the environment. when there is a review panel, the panel makes recommendations to the minister of the environment who then makes the ea decision. no. before the proponent can undertake any project activities that are within the scope of the ea, a positive licensing decision is required. it is up to the proponent to submit all necessary documentation in order to fulfill cnsc licensing requirements before a licensing decision can be made. only after a positive licensing decision is made can the proponent begin work. no. the ea is a planning tool. as project activities may only be conceptual at the ea stage, changes in project activities may occur during the detailed design stage. the cnsc licence and compliance process ensures any changes are within the bounds of the ea prior to their authorization and commencement. following the completion of the ea, the cnsc licensing process identifies the appropriate licence conditions required to ensure adequate monitoring to protect the environment during project activities. for an existing licence, this is often achieved through revisions to existing licence conditions, site programs and facility manuals, which must be adhered to in accordance with the site licence. the cnsc requires licensees to report to the cnsc on an annual basis ( in some cases monthly or quarterly ) on the monitoring results of site programs, including the mitigation measures undertaken. the cnsc may also require specific project activities that were identified in the ea as having the potential to cause negative environmental effects to be monitored and reported in an annual ea follow - up report. in addition to respecting regulatory limits, licensees are required to implement the “ as low as reasonable achievable ” ( alara ) principle in decision making and normal operations. the alara principle is a commitment to keeping radiation exposure and dose levels to as low as reasonably achievable, social and economic factors being taken into account. at the beginning of the ea process, the cnsc identifies members of the public, aboriginal groups and not - for - profit organizations who may be affected by a proposed project or who may have an interest in a project, and determines the need for consultation. during the screening and comprehensive study ea processes, the public and aboriginal groups may participate in one or more of the following activities : - review of the scoping information document produced by cnsc staff - review of the eis and technical documents produced by the proponent - review of the screening report or comprehensive study report


tv linked to sleep problems in kids if your little one is having trouble sleeping you may want to take a closer look at the television shows they ' re watching. a new study by seattle children ' s research institute found young kids who stuck to educational, non - violent cartoons got a better night ' s sleep than those who watch shows designed for older kids. researchers followed more than 500 seattle area families with kids between 3 and 5 years old for 18 months. the preschoolers who watched shows like curious george and sesame street were able to get to sleep faster and had fewer nightmares and woke up less often. researchers found switching to educational games and apps had similar effects on children ' s sleep. get your daily d - dose we certainly have enjoyed lots of sunshine lately. but here in the northwest we know our days of basking in the sun are limited. that ' s why many of us are low on vitamin d. our main source of it comes from the sun ' s rays. vitamin d builds strong bones ; helps keep the heart healthy, and fights infection by boosting the immune system. researchers at boston children ' s hospital tested the vitamin d levels in more than 500 children. 40 % of those kids had a vitamin d deficiency. researchers found those youngsters became more severely ill compared to children who had enough vitamin d. study authors recommend that severely ill kids admitted to the hospital be screened for risk factors caused by vitamin d deficiency. olympic sized lessons if you ' ve been glued to the olympics like i have, you ' ve seen some amazing stories of courage, determination, and good sportsmanship. take for instance the persistence embodied in south african oscar pistorius. born without the main bones in his lower legs - - - his parents encouraged him to always do his best. he came in 7th in his heat in the 400 in london, and did not qualify for the finals. still, he made history and said he ' ll cherish the memories all his life. then there ’ s the resilience of michael phelps, carrying a heavy mantel, trying to win more medals than any other olympian and staying strong even in defeat. sports bring so many great lessons to our lives about winning and losing and dealing with pressure. and the olympics create the perfect storyline for parents to share these lessons with their children. it ' s the sort of thing we should all remember about games and life. tune in to northwest families wednesday mornings during the 10 a. m show and thursday mornings during the 8 a. m. show on nwcn. you can


the american musicals project at the new - york historical society explores crucial eras in american history, coupling the power and emotional energy of american musical theater masterworks with extraordinary primary resources from our exhibitions and collections. just for homeschoolers : units include westward expansion, world war ii, american declaration of independence, slavery through post - reconstruction, and the progressive era. find out more about american musicals project class for homeschooled students! sign up today! just for teachers : bring american musicals project materials into your classroom! the new - york historical society is proud to offer interactive open - enrollment workshops for teachers of all grade levels. participants learn exciting strategies for integrating musical clips and primary sources in the classroom. all workshops run from 4 : 30 - 6 : 30 pm and cost $ 15 each ( members pay $ 10 ). advanced registration is required. enroll today! teacher workshop schedule : | thursday 10 / 18 / 2012 | | antebellum slavery : big river | | wednesday 11 / 14 / 2012 | | the gold rush : paint your wagon | | tuesday 12 / 4 / 2012 | | women ’ s suffrage and abolition : bloomer girl | | thursday 1 / 17 / 2013 | | reconstruction : showboat | | wednesday 2 / 13 / 2013 | | westward expansion : oklahoma! | | wednesday 3 / 6 / 2013 | | the progressive era : fiorello! | | thursday 4 / 11 / 2013 | | the great depression : annie and street scene | | wednesday 5 / 8 / 2013 | | wwii : on the town, south pacific, this is the army | | wednesday 6 / 12 / 2013 | | post - war new york : west side story |