to these dispensations, the real theological significance can be seen in four basic tenets which underlie classic dispensational teaching. dispensationalism maintains : - a fundamental distinction between israel and the church, i. e. there are two peoples of god with two different destinies, earthly israel and the spiritual church, ^ ^ - a fundamental distinction between the law and grace, i. e. they are mutually exclusive ideas, ^ ^ - the view that the new testament church is a parenthesis in god ' s plan which was not foreseen by the old testament, ^ ^ and - a distinction between the rapture and the second coming of christ, i. e. the rapture of the church at christ ' s coming " in the air " ( 1 thess. 4 : 17 ) precedes the " official " second coming ( to the earth ) by 7 years of tribulation. these tenets are supposedly derived from the dispensationalists ' insistence on " consistent literalism " in their hermeneutic, especially in the literal interpretation of ot prophecies regarding israel. ^ ^ crucial to the dispensationalist reading of biblical prophecy, drawn principally from daniel and revelation, but also, to some degree, from ezekiel, is the assertion that the jewish temple will be rebuilt on the temple mount as a precursor to the lord returning to restore the earthly kingdom of israel centered on jerusalem. the dispensational movement was therefore fueled by the re - establishment of the state of israel in 1948. it has grown in popularity particularly since 1967, coinciding with the arab - israeli six day war, and a few years later in 1970 with the publication of hal lindsey ' s blockbuster book the late great planet earth. dispensationalism teaches that the second coming of jesus christ will be a physical event, by which a world - wide kingdom will be established in human history, geographically centered in jerusalem. dispensationalists teach that the second coming will be a two step process. in the first step, christ returns to resurrect the blessed dead and rapture the living believers from the earth. after this, a seven year period of tribulation occurs, climaxing in the battle of armageddon. in the second step, christ intervenes at the battle of armageddon and establishes a literal 1000 - year millennial kingdom on earth. as such, some dispensationalists are often associated


- acts dispensationalism other varieties of dispensationalism include the " acts - 28 dispensationalism " of e. w. bullinger ( 1837 - 1913 ) and the acts - 13, or mid - acts, dispensationalists, represented by j. c. o ' hair, c. r. stam ( things that differ ), and charles f. baker ( a dispensational theology ). the latter group also refers to itself as " the grace movement. " these varieties are discussed in the main article on hyper - dispensationalism. - ↑ ryrie, c. c., dispensationalism ( moody press, 1995 ), 39 - 40. - ↑ scofield, c. i., rightly dividing the word of truth, ch. 6, pp. 34, 36. - ↑ walvoord, j., the millennial kingdom ( zondervan, 1959 ) 227. - ↑ ryrie, c. c., dispensationalism today ( moody press, 1965 ) 97. - ↑ zola levitt and dr. thomas mccall, " the distinctions between the church and israel are purposely blurred, and the doctrine seems to move in the direction of amillennialism which, of course, does away with the pre - tribulation rapture, the whole millennial kingdom, the importance of modern israel and virtually all of the basics of accurate eschatological teaching. they claim to be dispensationalists, but have gutted dispensationalism of some of its most important concepts. " the levitt letter february 2000 : volume 22, number 2. - bass, clarence b. backgrounds to dispensationalism ( baker books, 1960 ) isbn 0801005353 - blaising, craig a., and darrell l. bock. dispensationalism, israel and the church : the search for definition ( zondervan, 1992 ) isbn 0310346118 - blaising, craig a., and darrell l. bock. progressive dispensationalism ( bridgepoint, 1993 ) isbn 156476138x - boyer, paul. when time shall be no more : prophecy belief in modern american culture ( harvard university press, 1992 ) isbn 0674951298 - crutchfield, larry. origins of dispensationalism


##138x - boyer, paul. when time shall be no more : prophecy belief in modern american culture ( harvard university press, 1992 ) isbn 0674951298 - crutchfield, larry. origins of dispensationalism : the darby factor ( rowman & littlefield, 1991 ) isbn 0819184675 - dewitt, dale sumner. dispensational theology in america during the twentieth century : theological development and cultural context ( grace bible college, 2002 ) isbn 0912340118 - feinberg, john s. continuity and discontinuity : perspectives on the relationship between the old and new testaments ; essays in honor of s. lewis johnson, jr. ( crossway books, 1988 ) isbn 0891074686 - mangum, r. todd, and lanier burns. the dispensational - covenantal rift : the fissuring of american evangelical theology from 1936 to 1944 ( paternoster, 2007 ) isbn 1842273655 - ryrie, charles c. dispensationalism ( moody, 1965 ; 1995 ) isbn 080242256x / isbn 0802421873 - saucy, robert. the case for progressive dispensationalism ( zondervan, 1993 ) isbn 0310304415 - covenant theology - new covenant theology - plymouth brethren - charles c. ryrie - c. i. scofield - john nelson darby - dispensationalism, by gordon h. clark - dispensationalism ( from monergism. com ) - modern dispensationalism, by oswald t. allis - dispensationalism - a reformed evaluation, by ligon duncan - dispensations by gary kukis - the history of dispensationalism, by kevin hartley - is dispensationalism biblical?, by nathan pitchford - what is dispensationalism?, by michael j. vlac - understanding dispensationalists, by vern poythress - things that differ : the fundamentals of dispensationalism, by cornelius r. stam - bible truth, by charles f. baker


the world war ii sb2c - 4 helldiver that was discovered last year by two fishermen using a humminbird fishfinder was pulled aug. 20 from the lower otay lake reservoir. submerged in nearly 90 feet of water, the plane was ditched due to engine problems by navy pilot e. d. frazar on may 28, 1945. the relic was nicknamed by crew members " the big - tailed beast, " as it was difficult to fly and crashed often. the plane weighed 11, 000 pounds empty and more than 16, 600 pounds loaded, and could reach up to 281 mph with a range of 1, 110 miles. neither frazar nor his backseat gunner joseph metz were injured that day, although both have since passed away. the helldiver was ordered into large - scale production in 1940 and made its first flight dec. 18. on nov. 11, 1943, it went into action participating in a heavy raid on the major japanese base of rabaul. plans to extract the helldiver were delayed one day, according to general manager and diver taras lyssenko of a & t recovery, who oversaw the project. " the biggest challenge was having to deal in a biodome, " lyssenko said. " we also had to follow city rules that wouldn ' t allow us to work under our conditions. " diver keith pearson has worked with a & t for more than 20 years and said it ' s important to always be prepared for alternate plans. " this plane was completely buried in water with only a foot or two of visibility, " he said. pearson said it was like going in blind. " salvaging is not a science, it ' s an art, " lyssenko said. according to lyssenko, the value of the helldiver is around $ 500, 000. a significant amount of money is saved because retired veterans volunteer their time to work on restoring and salvaging the plane. jim kidrick, president and ceo of the san diego air & space museum, said the significance of the helldiver is that it ' s a rarity. " i believe there are only about five left in the world, " he said. " it ' s like one piece to a huge puzzle. we are very fortunate to have a community of world - class restorers, " kidrick said. developed to replace the douglas sbd dauntless, the helldiver was a carrier - based dive - bomber aircraft produced for the united states navy


( 3 of 3 ) a more inclusive view is also found in a biblical author ( or authors ) thought by many scholars to be writing shortly after the exile the priestly source. the priestly source, or p, uses internationally communal language and writes not just of god ' s covenant with israel but of an " everlasting covenant between god and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth. " a zero - sum, isolationist worldview had moved israel from polytheism to belligerent monotheism, but now, as israel ' s environment grew less threatening, belligerence was turning out not to be an intrinsic part of monotheism. between second isaiah ' s angry exilic exclamations and p ' s more congenial voice, israel had segued from an exclusive to an inclusive monotheism. a millennium later, this same dynamic swings between zero - sum and non - zero - sum would have a similar impact on islamic monotheism, moving it back and forth between belligerence and tolerance. muhammad ' s preaching career started in mecca around 613 c. e., and he seems to have had hopes of drawing jews and christians into a common faith. in the koran which muslims consider the word of god as spoken by muhammad the prophet ' s followers are told to say to fellow abrahamics, " our god and your god is one. " this hope of playing a win - win game shows up in overtures to jews in particular, made mainly after muhammad moved to the city of medina and became its political and religious leader. muhammad decided his followers should have an annual 24 - hour fast, as jews did on yom kippur. he even called it yom kippur at least he used the term some arabian jews were using for yom kippur. the jewish ban on eating pork was mirrored in a muslim ban. muhammad also told his followers to pray facing jerusalem. he said god, in his " prescience, " chose " the children of israel... above all peoples. " as for christians : having denounced polytheists who believed allah had daughters, muhammad couldn ' t now embrace the idea that jesus was god ' s son. but he came close. he said jesus was " the messiah... the messenger of god, and his word... a spirit from him. " god, according to the koran, gave jesus the gospel and " put into the hearts of those who followed him kindness and compassion


was " the messiah... the messenger of god, and his word... a spirit from him. " god, according to the koran, gave jesus the gospel and " put into the hearts of those who followed him kindness and compassion. " muhammad ' s ecumenical mission seems to have failed. certainly, he sensed rejection from christians and jews. a koranic verse captures his disillusionment. " o believers! take not the jews or christians as friends. they are but one another ' s friends. " once you ' re convinced that non - zero - sum collaboration isn ' t in the cards, the bonhomie dries up. in his new, zero - sum mode, muhammad changed the direction of prayer from jerusalem to mecca. according to islamic tradition, he expelled three tribes of jews from medina and killed the adult males in the third tribe, which was suspected of collaborating with meccans in a battle against medina. still, in the end, christians and jews get a favored place in islamic tradition as " people of the book. " the koran repeatedly says they ' re eligible for salvation. within years of muhammad ' s death in 632, islamic leaders started conquering lands far and wide. this imperial expansion gave birth to the doctrine of jihad, which mandates battle against unbelievers with the aim of conversion. but once the conquering was done, muslim leaders found that trying to compel uniform belief in a multinational empire was a lose - lose game. doctrines granting freedom of worship to christians and jews emerged promptly. and later, such freedom would also be granted to buddhists and polytheists. meanwhile, the doctrine of jihad would be dulled through amendment. and the notion of a " greater jihad " struggle within oneself toward goodness would arise and be attributed to muhammad himself. as in israel after the exile, the abrahamic god, having found himself in a multiethnic milieu rife with non - zero - sumness, underwent moral growth. in neither case had the growth been smoothly progressive, and in both cases, there would be backsliding. still, in both cases, god spent enough time in benevolent mode to leave the scriptures littered with odes to tolerance and understanding, verses that modern believers can focus on, should they choose. will they so choose? maybe the code embedded in the scriptures can help. the key, it suggests, is to arrange things so that relations between muslims and jews are conspicuously non - zero - sum. sometimes this may mean engineering the non -


. will they so choose? maybe the code embedded in the scriptures can help. the key, it suggests, is to arrange things so that relations between muslims and jews are conspicuously non - zero - sum. sometimes this may mean engineering the non - zero - sumness for example, strengthening commerce between israel and the palestinian territories. other times it will mean highlighting a non - zero - sum dynamic that already exists emphasizing, for example, that continued strife between israelis and palestinians will be lose - lose ( as would escalated tensions between the " muslim world " and the " west " more broadly ). enduring peace would be win - win. this peace would also have been foretold. isaiah ( first isaiah, not the isaiah of the exile ) envisioned a day when god " shall arbitrate for many peoples " and " nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. " and in a koranic verse dated by scholars to the final years of muhammad ' s life, god tells humankind that he has " made you into nations and tribes, so that you might come to know one another. " this happy ending is hardly assured. it can take time for people, having seen that they are playing a non - zero - sum game, to adjust their attitudes accordingly. and this adaptation may never happen if barriers of mistrust persist. but at least we can quit talking as if this adaptation were impossible as if intolerance and violence were inevitable offshoots of monotheism. at least we can quit asking whether islam or judaism or any other religion is a religion of peace. the answer is no. and yes. it says so in the bible, and in the koran.


moon light world map the map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. the white dot symbolizes the position of the moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. view day and night map - the bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on tuesday, may 8, 2012 at 04 : 30 : 00 utc. - the sun ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the sun will be at its zenith ( directly overhead ) in relation to an observer. - the moon ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the moon. fraction of moon illuminated : 94 % position of the moon on tuesday, may 8, 2012 at 04 : 30 : 00 utc the moon is at its zenith at these coordinates : | latitude : | | 21° 43 ' | | south | | longitude : | | 38° 24 ' | | west | the ground speed of the movement is currently 413. 05 meters / second, 1487. 0 km / hour, 924. 0 miles / hour or 802. 9 knots. the table below shows the moon position compared to the time and date above : | time | | longitude difference | | latitude difference | | total | | 1 minute | | 0° 14 ' 22. 3 " | | 15. 40 mi | | west | | 0° 00 ' 00. 3 " | | 0. 01 mi | | south | | 15. 40 mi | | 1 hour | | 14° 22 ' 17. 8 " | | 923. 71 mi | | west | | 0° 00 ' 12. 3 " | | 0. 24 mi | | south | | 923. 70 mi | | 24 hours | | 14° 50 ' 54. 8 " | | 954. 34 mi | | east | | 0° 38 ' 19. 3 " | | 43. 94 mi | | north | | 957. 45 mi | locations with the moon near zenith the following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. | vitoria | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 255 km | | 158 miles | | 138 nm | | nw | | niteroi | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 502 km | | 312 miles | | 271 nm | | w


tue 1 : 30 am | | 255 km | | 158 miles | | 138 nm | | nw | | niteroi | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 502 km | | 312 miles | | 271 nm | | wsw | | rio de janeiro | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 512 km | | 318 miles | | 276 nm | | wsw | | belo horizonte | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 613 km | | 381 miles | | 331 nm | | wnw | | sao paulo | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 871 km | | 541 miles | | 470 nm | | wsw | | salvador | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 968 km | | 602 miles | | 523 nm | | n | | brasilia | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 1195 km | | 742 miles | | 645 nm | | wnw | | recife | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 1553 km | | 965 miles | | 839 nm | | nne | | fortaleza | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 1988 km | | 1235 miles | | 1073 nm | | n | | asuncion | | tue 12 : 30 am | | 2002 km | | 1244 miles | | 1081 nm | | wsw | related time zone tools


miscellaneous changes to java. net worth mentioning : noteworthy bug fixes : a bug existed in jdk1. 0. 2 where one could not create an inetaddress out of a ip address string ( e. g., " 22. 214. 171. 124 " ) if a corresponding host name ( e. g., " java. sun. com " ) could not be found. this resulted in an unknownhostexception. the bug is fixed in jdk1. 1. additionally, when an inetaddress is created from an ip address, the corresponding hostname is not looked up until specifically requested ( via inetaddress. gethostname ( ) ), as a performance enhancement. - serversocket / datagramsocket close ( ) a bug existed in jdk1. 0. 2 where the close ( ) method of serversocket and datagramsocket were synchronized. the result was that if one thread were blocked indefinitely in datagramsocket. receive ( ) or serversocket. accept ( ), another thread couldn ' t break the blocking thread out by calling close ( ). this is fixed in jdk1. 1 by making the close ( ) methods unsynchronized. there was a bug in jdk1. 0. 2 where the methods on urlconnection : etc, did not work. these are fixed in jdk1. 1. binding to local port / address : - socket, serversocket, datagramsocket these classes has overloaded constructors for binding to a specific local address and port. this is useful and necessary for applications like proxy servers that operate on multi - homed machines, and need particular control over which network interfaces are used. - the multicastsocket class was moved from package sun. net into the core api of java. net. - jdk1. 1 introduces a new class, httpurlconnection which extends urlconnection, and provides additional functionality specific to - ability to use all of the request methods with http / 1. 1, like : - control over whether to follow http redirects. last modified : thu dec 5 15 : 09 : 54 pst


this year, may 28 will be memorial day, a government holiday and a day sometimes thought of as the official beginning of summer, with labor day marking the end of summer. memorial day will be a day of family picnics and barbecues, parades, many flags unfurled, the indianapolis 500 auto race, fireworks, baseball games and ceremonies most everywhere. this will include wreath laying and, of course, the annual national memorial day observance to honor america ' s fallen military servicemen and women that will be held at arlington national cemetery. also, there will be a presidential armed forces wreath - laying ceremony at the tomb of the unknowns. this day is a day of remembrance of those who have died in our nation ' s service - this says it all. you see, sometimes, maybe we forget the real meaning of this holiday as we partake in some good old family outings and feasts. are we forgetting those who have fallen for the cause of our country and the true meaning of this sacred holiday? they say that many americans seem to have forgotten the traditions of this day. some towns and cities no longer hold parades. some think that this is a day of honoring all deaths. every family gathering and picnic or whatever the occasion may be on this day should at least have a moment of silence and thanks for those brave men and women who have departed this world in the service of their country, making it possible for all of us to survive. any living veteran and present service person should be given a simple thank you just for their service alone. most of us seniors can remember it being called decoration day. it was originally proclaimed on may 5, 1868, by gen. john logan and was first observed on may 30, 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of both union and confederate soldiers at arlington national cemetery. as they say, the first state to officially recognize the holiday was new york in 1873. waterloo, n. y., was the official birthplace. by 1890, it was recognized by all of the northern states. the south refused to acknowledge the day until after world war i, when the holiday changed to honoring any americans who died fighting in any wars. moina michael was so inspired by the poem " in flanders field " by john mccrae, who wrote his poem while serving in the canadian expeditionary force during world war i, that she replied with her own poem, " we shall keep the faith. " " we cherish, too, the poppy red that grows on fields where valor led, it seems to signal


while serving in the canadian expeditionary force during world war i, that she replied with her own poem, " we shall keep the faith. " " we cherish, too, the poppy red that grows on fields where valor led, it seems to signal to the skies, that blood of heroes dies. " she was the one who conceived the idea to wear red poppies in honor of those who died serving the nation during war. she was also the first to wear one. in 1922, the veterans of foreign wars became the first veterans organization to nationally sell poppies. two years later, their buddy poppy program was selling artificial poppies made by disabled veterans. should we even need to be reminded of the true meaning of memorial day? locally, we can all be proud. there will be many observances, ceremonies and parades on memorial day in many towns and cities in our valley. all veterans groups will be present, plus auxiliaries, scouts, trustees, marching bands, lawmakers, military leaders and military personnel. and, of course, our grand old flag will be flying high with pride. so if you would on memorial day, enjoy your family and the picnics and barbecues, horse shoes and baseball games, but please have a moment of silence and thought to those who have passed on and served so valiantly making this country the greatest of them all.


named as a place to stay by & national geographic episode 13 season 4 weather in trinity trinity charms visitors on at least two accounts. many newcomers are struck by the natural beauty of the area, a magnificent harbour and the splendid maritime setting. others are touched by a powerful sense of history ( old worldliness ) and the pride of place instilled by the cultural landscape. trinity is a community whose personality has been largely shaped by the sea. the harbour has been proclaimed as one of the best in newfoundland, even one of the finest in the world. the harbour not only provided abundant shelter and good holding ground, but was also spacious. it was once claimed to hold the entire british navy. trinity harbour has provided access to and refuge from the north atlantic since the early 16th century when it was first used by european fishermen. west countrymen from england began using it as a summer station in the migratory fishery in the 1570s, and in 1615 richard whitbourne ( later sir richard ) held a court of the admiralty, the first of its kind in the new world. since then trinity has been the scene of many other significant historical events. - the above is an excerpt from gordon handcock ' s " the story of trinity ", a publication of the trinity historical society the merchants from poole in the early newfoundland fishery the most prominent merchants were from the seaport of poole, dorset, england. ships sailed from poole to newfoundland with salt and provisions, then carried dried and salted fish to europe and then returned to poole with wine, olive oil, and salt. in the late 16 - hundreds poole merchants had settled in bay verds [ now bay de verde ] near old perlican on the east side of trinity bay. however, the harbour of old perlican is broad and open and not easily defended. under pierre le moyne d ' iberville the french attacked and burned many of the buildings in 1697. fearing further attacks through the early 1700s the taverners, who were prominent poole merchants, relocated their major premises to trinity ’ s safer harbour. the lesters were also a poole merchant family and were related, through marriage, to the taveners. they established at trinity in the 1750s. as well they were prominent in a number of other communities in trinity bay buying newfoundland codfish and providing settlers with supplies and provisions. they also employed many men cutting wood, trapping furs, and sealing. by 1793 benjamin lester owned 20 ships, the largest fleet operated by an english - newfoundland merchant in the eighteenth century. benjamin


newfoundland codfish and providing settlers with supplies and provisions. they also employed many men cutting wood, trapping furs, and sealing. by 1793 benjamin lester owned 20 ships, the largest fleet operated by an english - newfoundland merchant in the eighteenth century. benjamin ’ s daughter amy married george garland and, with time, george garland assumed more direct responsibility for the trade. after 1819, the firm became george garland and sons. the end of the napoleonic wars and the conclusion of the war of 1812 ended britain ' s monopoly over the newfoundland fisheries. poole ' s newfoundland trade decreased and, within a decade, most merchants had ceased trading. george garland operated his business until 1825. the ryan brothers the garland buildings were leased to various firms until 1900 when the ryan brothers acquired the site and operated until 1952. james and dan ryan belonged to the bonavista family of ryan merchants. under the management of their youngest brother edmund the firm ' s chief goal, in trinity, was to profit from supplying trinity and conception bay schooners that were involved in the labrador fishery. the garland / ryan store in trinity was one of the first ryan buildings to be restored during the present era of historic reconstruction. visitors to the bonavista peninsula can now view many ryan buildings, some of which have been only recently restored. trinity harbour today during periods up until the late 1980 ’ s trinity was sustained largely by aspects of the fisheries and business families such as the vokey shipbuilders and bartlett ’ s plumbing and electrical. however, outport newfoundland fell on hard times with the close of the cod fishery in 1992. during the following decade ships were built, in trinity, for a newly emerging crab fishery and there was diversification in the rural economy. now the trinity area, also known as the trinity bight, is home to theatre and a number of businesses that either serve visitors or are committed to providing new buildings and restoring historic properties.


mexia, jose antonio mexia, jose antonio ( 1800 – 1839 ). jose antonio mexia, mexican military officer, the son of pedro mexia and juana josefa hernandez was, by his own account, born in 1800 in jalapa, although contemporary mexican historians alleged that he was a native of cuba. the deaths of his father and brother in the mexican war of independence forced him to seek refuge in the united states, where he acquired such proficiency in the english language that in november 1822 texas governor jose felix trespalacios named him interpreter for a cherokee indian delegation to mexico city. in 1823 and 1824 he served as secretary of the state congress of tamaulipas, and from 1825 to 1827 as collector of customs in tuxpan. in 1825 – 27 he took an active part in the growth of york rite masonry, and, after 1827, in the affairs of the federalist party. after serving briefly as a captain in the army in 1823, he again entered active service in 1827, when he was named to the staff of gen. vicente guerrero. thereafter he received several promotions - to lieutenant colonel in 1828, to colonel in 1829, and to brigadier general in 1832. mexia served in the united states as secretary of the mexican legation from november 1829 to march 1831. while in the united states he became an agent and lobbyist for the galveston bay and texas land company. as a supporter of antonio lopez de santa anna during the popular disturbances of 1832 in mexico he led liberal army in its capture of matamoros. after the anahuac disturbances in june 1832, he led the so - called mexia ' s expedition to texas to suppress what was thought to be the beginnings of a rebellion. stephen f. austin and other texas leaders convinced him that the settlers were loyal to mexico. while a senator from the state of mexico in 1834, mexia joined federalist forces that rose in protest against santa anna ' s assumption of dictatorial powers. after a two - month campaign, mexia surrendered in the state of jalisco and was ordered into exile by santa anna. in new orleans he devoted most of the next year to organizing and outfitting a volunteer force of some 160 men ( most of whom were from the united states ), who sailed under his command in the tampico expedition of november 1835. with the survivors of this abortive attack on tampico he landed in texas in december. after failing to win the support of texas leaders for his proposal to attack matamoros, he returned


in the tampico expedition of november 1835. with the survivors of this abortive attack on tampico he landed in texas in december. after failing to win the support of texas leaders for his proposal to attack matamoros, he returned to new orleans. during his final three years in exile, mexia traveled to cuba and central america for the new orleans export - import company of which he was a partner. he was involved also in negotiating an agreement for the construction of a nicaraguan canal. tempted to return to mexico by the resurgence of the federalists late in 1838, he landed in tampico on january 3, 1839, and joined gen. jose de urrea as second in command. four months later, on may 3, 1839, at acajete, near puebla, urrea ' s undermanned forces were routed by government troops. mexia was captured and executed by a firing squad on the same day on orders of santa anna. in the eyes of his countrymen he had been guilty of unpardonable treason in bringing foreign adventurers into the country. in mexico city on august 5, 1823, mexia married charlotte walker, the twenty - two - year - old, english - born daughter of christopher and elizabeth ( cove ) walker. charlotte died of typhus in mexico city on september 25, 1864. two of the children of this marriage were closely associated with the development of northeastern texas during the last half of the nineteenth century. the first of these, maria adelaida matilda, was born at tuxpan on august 27, 1826. by april 8, 1848, she had married george louis hammeken, an american of danish extraction who was involved in the building of a mexican railroad in the 1850s. adelaida died in mexico city on december 22, 1878. the second of the children, enrique guillermo antonio mexia, was born in mexico city in january 1829. after a career in the mexican military, he managed his and his sister ' s vast estates near the site of present mexia, texas. he died in mexico city on september 19, 1896. in november 1833 the state of coahuila and texas granted mexia ' s daughter adelaida and his son enrique separate titles to eleven - league tracts of land in limestone, freestone, and anderson counties. in 1871 the houston and texas central townsite company named the town of mexia for enrique and the mexia family, thus perpetuating the mexia name in texas geography as well as texas history. eugene


dr. r. scott clark, professor of historical theology at westminster seminary california, has quite a challenging post about musical instruments in worship : “ could instruments be idols? ” he points out two major problems with the use of musical instruments in worship. the first is that since “ instruments and music are affective ” in our worship “ experience, ” they should not really be considered as a “ circumstance ” but an “ element ” of worship. these terms are related to the regulative principle of worship, and you can read what they mean in dr. clark ’ s article. the second is that “ the only biblical ground for instruments also entails the sacrifice of animals. ” most of us do not realize that in scriptures, instruments were played in worship only when the old testament temple sacrifices were being offered. over the last several years of working with pastors in the philippines, i have seen the transformation of a couple of churches with fully - equipped bands ( keyboard, guitars, and drums ) – one to a keyboard - only worship ( they can ’ t afford a piano ), and the other to an acapella - singing congregation. against the current evangelical thinking, much of early, medieval, and reformation church history bears much evidence against musical instruments in worship because they saw musical instruments in connection with old testament temple worship. according to church historian philip schaff, organs were not introduced to the church until the 8th century, and they did not become generally used in the churches until the 18th century. church leaders throughout history were against the use of instruments in worship. here ’ s a sampling of what they said : clement of alexandria : “ leave the pipe to the shepherd, the flute to the men who are in fear of gods and intent on their idol worshiping. such musical instruments must be excluded from our wingless feasts, for they are more suited for beasts and for the class of men that is least capable of reason than for men … but as for us, we make use of one instrument alone : only the word of peace by whom we a homage to god, no longer with ancient harp or trumpet or drum or flute which those trained for war employ ” ( 190 a. d., the instructor, p. 130 ). eusebius of caesarea : “ of old at the time those of the circumcision were worshipping with symbols and types it was not inappropriate to send up hymns to god with the psalterion and cithara and to do this on sabbath days … we render our hymn with a


the time those of the circumcision were worshipping with symbols and types it was not inappropriate to send up hymns to god with the psalterion and cithara and to do this on sabbath days … we render our hymn with a living psalterion and a living cithara with spiritual songs. the unison voices of christians would be more acceptable to god than any musical instrument. accordingly in all the churches of god, united in soul and attitude, with one mind and in agreement of faith and piety we send up a unison melody in the words of the psalms ” ( 3rd - 4th century, commentary on psalms 91 : 2 - 3 ). augustine : “ musical instruments were not used. the pipe, tabret, and harp here associate so intimately with the sensual heathen cults, as well as with the wild revelries and shameless performances of the degenerate theater and circus, it is easy to understand the prejudices against their use in the worship ” ( 354 a. d. ). chrysosthom : “ david formerly sang songs, also today we sing hymns. he had a lyre with lifeless strings, the church has a lyre with living strings. our tongues are the strings of the lyre with a different tone indeed but much more in accordance with piety. here there is no need for the cithara, or for stretched strings, or for the plectrum, or for art, or for any instrument ; but, if you like, you may yourself become a cithara, mortifying the members of the flesh and making a full harmony of mind and body ” ( exposition of psalms 41, 381 - 398 a. d. ). thomas aquinas : “ our church does not use musical instruments, as harps and psalteries, to praise god withal, that she may not seem to judaize ” ( bingham ’ s antiquities, vol. 3, page 137, 13th century ). martin luther : “ the organ in the worship is the insignia of baal … the roman catholic borrowed it from the jews ” ( mcclintock & strong ’ s encyclopedia, volume vi, page 762, 16th century ). john calvin : “ musical instruments in celebrating the praises of god would be no more suitable than the burning of incense, the lighting of lamps, and the restoration of the other shadows of the law. the papists therefore, have foolishly borrowed, this, as well as many other things, from the jews


would be no more suitable than the burning of incense, the lighting of lamps, and the restoration of the other shadows of the law. the papists therefore, have foolishly borrowed, this, as well as many other things, from the jews. men who are fond of outward pomp may delight in that noise ; but the simplicity which god recommends to us by the apostles is far more pleasing to him ( 16th century, commentary on psalm 33 ). john girardeau : “ the church, although lapsing more and more into deflection from the truth and into a corrupting of apostolic practice, had not instrumental music for 1200 years ( that is, it was not in general use before this time ) ; the calvinistic reform church ejected it from its service as an element of popery, even the church of england having come very nigh its extrusion from her worship. it is heresy in the sphere of worship ” ( instrumental music, p. 179, 19th century ). charles spurgeon : “ ‘ praise the lord with harp. ’ israel was at school, and used childish things to help her to learn ; but in these days when jesus gives us spiritual food, one can make melody without strings and pipes … we do not need them. that would hinder rather than help our praise. sing unto him. this is the sweetest and best music. no instrument is like the human voice ” ( 19th century, commentary on psalm 42 ).


apple ipm home apple scouting manual ipm final reports insect and mite pests san jose scale there are two main problems with control of this insect : 1 ) the insect is very small and so goes unnoticed until large populations have built up ; and 2 ) the insect spends much of its life cycle under a protective cover or scale. therefore, timing of insecticide applications becomes of paramount importance. san jose scale the adults are very small and the female does not fly. males will emerge about mid - may and seek out females. mating occurs and then, about early to mid june, live young ( called crawlers ) are born. these tiny yellow insects move over the tree in a seemingly random pattern until they locate a suitable site. once located, the crawler sticks its mouthparts into the tree and secretes a waxy shell over its body. from this point on, female scales will not move. males will remain in one location until maturity at which time, they will seek out females and begin the cycle again. scout : scale, if sampled, will be monitored by 2 methods ( 1 ) adult traps will be monitored for about two months in early spring. ( 2 ) known scale infestations will be watched for appearance of the crawler stage. crawlers can be easily detected by wrapping a small amount of black electrical tape with the sticky side out around a branch. report the date crawlers are first seen. action threshold : any scale calls for an application during crawler movement. see appendices for pheromone trapping and degree day modeling information. apple ipm web site created by kerry kirk - 2001 - maintained by pat dillon


dictionary results for commoner | 1. commoner - noun · a person who holds no title synonym ( s ) : common _ man, common _ person hypernym ( s ) : person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul 2. common - adjective · belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole ; public ; " for the common good " ; " common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community " 3. common - adjective · having no special distinction or quality ; widely known or commonly encountered ; average or ordinary or usual ; " the common man " ; " a common sailor " ; " the common cold " ; " a common nuisance " ; " followed common procedure " ; " it is common knowledge that she lives alone " ; " the common housefly " ; " a common brand of soap " 4. common - adjective · common to or shared by two or more parties ; " a common friend " ; " the mutual interests of management and labor " 5. common - adjective · commonly encountered ; " a common ( or familiar ) complaint " ; " the usual greeting " 6. common - adjective · being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language ; " common parlance " ; " a vernacular term " ; " vernacular speakers " ; " the vulgar tongue of the masses " ; " the technical and vulgar names for an animal species " synonym ( s ) : vernacular, vulgar 7. common - adjective · of or associated with the great masses of people ; " the common people in those days suffered greatly " ; " behavior that branded him as common " ; " his square plebeian nose " ; " a vulgar and objectionable person " ; " the unwashed masses " synonym ( s ) : plebeian, vulgar, unwashed 8. common - adjective · of low or inferior quality or value ; " of what coarse metal ye are molded " - shakespeare ; " produced... the common cloths used by the poorer population " 9. common - adjective · lacking refinement or cultivation or taste ; " he had coarse manners but a first - rate mind " ; " behavior that branded him as common " ; " an untutored and uncouth human being " ; " an uncouth soldier - - a real tough guy " ; " appealing to the vulgar taste for violence " ; " the vulgar display of the newly rich " synonym ( s ) : coarse, rough - cut, uncouth, vulgar 10. common - adjective · to be


atrioventricular ( av ) block is defined as a delay or interruption in the transmission of an impulse, either transient or permanent, from the atria to the ventricles due to an anatomic or functional impairment in the conduction system. the conduction can be delayed, intermittent, or absent. the commonly used terminology includes first degree av block ( slowed conduction without missed beats ), second degree av block ( missed beats, often in a regular pattern, eg, 2 : 1, 3 : 2, or higher degrees of block ), and third degree or complete av block. in second degree av block, some atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles. wenckebach described progressive delay between atrial and ventricular contraction and the eventual failure of an atrial beat to reach the ventricles. mobitz subsequently divided second degree av block into two subtypes, as determined by the findings on the electrocardiogram ( ecg ) : - mobitz type i av block, in which progressive pr interval prolongation precedes a non - conducted p wave. - mobitz type ii av block, in which the pr interval remains unchanged prior to a p wave that suddenly fails to conduct to the ventricles. - advanced second degree av block, in which two or more consecutive p waves are non - conducted. in contrast to third degree or complete heart block, however, some p waves continue to be conducted to the ventricle. mobitz type i ( wenckebach ) av block will be reviewed here. mobitz type ii av block and the etiology of av block are discussed separately. ( see " second degree atrioventricular block : mobitz type ii " and " etiology of atrioventricular block ". ) av block : type i versus type ii for patients with second degree av block with a ratio of atrial to ventricular conduction that is not 2 : 1, the pr interval on the standard ecg can be used to distinguish mobitz type i and mobitz type ii av block :


heart disease : considering cold relief colds and the flu can be serious for people with heart disease. not only are you at risk for pneumonia, but it ’ s hard to tell whether your symptoms are a sign of a cold or of worsening heart failure. and if you do have a cold, you may not be able to take over - the - counter ( otc ) medicines to help you feel better. drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or diclofenac, for example, also called nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ), can cause you to retain fluid and make your heart failure worse. also, many otc cold medicines, including nasal sprays, contain decongestants like phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline, and naphazoline, that can raise blood pressure and interfere with prescription medicines. prevention is the best medicine for a cold or the flu. ask your health care provider about when and how to get a flu and pneumonia vaccine. avoid contact with people who have colds, and wash your hands often. if you feel a cold coming on, talk with your health care provider. he or she can evaluate your symptoms and may recommend a pain reliever like acetaminophen, which is not an nsaid. also ask about cold medicines that don ’ t contain decongestants. the bottom line : always talk with your health care provider before taking any new medicine.


researchers identify mechanism that maintains stem - cell readiness dallas – may 31, 2012 – an immune - system receptor plays an unexpected but crucially important role in keeping stem cells from differentiating and in helping blood cancer cells grow, researchers at ut southwestern medical center report today in the journal nature. “ cancer cells grow rapidly in part because they fail to differentiate into mature cells. drugs that induce differentiation can be used to treat cancers, ” said dr. chengcheng “ alec ” zhang, assistant professor in ut southwestern ’ s departments of physiology and developmental biology. “ our research identified a protein receptor on cancer cells that inhibits differentiation, and knowing the identity of this protein should facilitate the development of new drugs to treat cancers. ” the family of proteins investigated in the study could help open a new field of biology integrating immunology with stem cell and cancer research, he added. “ the receptor we identified turned out to be a protein called a classical immune inhibitory receptor, which is known to maintain stemness of normal adult stem cells and to be important in the development of leukemia, ” he said. stemness refers to the blood stem cells ’ potential to develop into a range of different kinds of cells as needed, for instance to replenish red blood cells lost to bleeding or to produce more white blood cells to fight off infection. once stem cells differentiate into adult cells, they cannot go back to being stem cells. current thinking is that the body has a finite number of stem cells and it is best to avoid depleting them, dr. zhang explained. prior to this study, no high - affinity receptors had been identified for the family of seven proteins called the human angiopoetic - like proteins. these seven proteins are known to be involved in inflammation, supporting the activity of stem cells, breaking down fats in the blood, and growing new blood vessels to nourish tumors. because the receptor to which these proteins bind had not been identified, the angiopoetic - like proteins were referred to as “ orphans, ” he said. the researchers found that the human immune - inhibitory receptor lilrb2 and a corresponding receptor on the surface of mouse cells bind to several of the angiopoetic - like proteins. further studies, dr. zhang said, showed that two of the seven family members bind particularly well to the lilrb2 receptor and that binding exerts an inhibitory effect on the cell, similar to a car ’ s brakes. in the case of stem cells, inhibition keeps them in their stem state. they retain their


members bind particularly well to the lilrb2 receptor and that binding exerts an inhibitory effect on the cell, similar to a car ’ s brakes. in the case of stem cells, inhibition keeps them in their stem state. they retain their potential to mature into all kinds of blood cells as needed but they don ’ t use up their energy differentiating into mature cells. that inhibition helps stem cells maintain their potential to create new stem cells because in addition to differentiation, self - renewal is the cells ’ other major activity, dr. zhang said. he stressed that the inhibition doesn ’ t cause them to create new stem cells but does preserve their potential to do so. in future research, the scientists hope to find subtle differences between stem cells and leukemia cells that will identify treatments to block the receptors ’ action only in leukemia. other ut southwestern researchers involved in the study from the departments of physiology and developmental biology include postdoctoral researchers dr. changhao cui, dr. xiaoli chen, dr. chaozheng zhang, dr. hoangdinh huynh, and dr. xunlei kang ; senior research associates robert silvany and jiyuan li ; and graduate student xuan wan. researchers from the department of immunology include former technician alberto puig canto and dr. e. sally ward, professor of immunology. former ut southwestern researchers include lead author and former instructor of physiology dr. junke zheng, now at shanghai jiao tong university school of medicine in shanghai, china ; dr. masato umikawa, now at the university of ryukyus in okinawa, japan ; dr. huan - you wang, now at the university of california, san diego ; and dr. jingxiao ye, now at ut dallas. dr. shu - hsia chen, from mount sinai school of medicine in new york city, also collaborated in the study. the study received funding from the national institutes of health ; the american society of hematology junior faculty award ; march of dimes basil o ’ connor scholar award ; the department of defense ; the cancer prevention and research institute of texas ; and the gabrielle ’ s angel foundation. visit www. utsouthwestern. org / cancer to learn more about ut southwestern ’ s clinical services in cancer.


taking it home, session 12 : humor ( sandpaper ) in " toolbox of faith, " a tapestry of faith program in today ' s session... today ' s toolbox of faith topic is humor and the tool of the day is sandpaper. the sandpaper symbolizes humor, a tool which smoothes the rough edges of life. in this session, participants engaged in and reflected on humor and laughter, and examined their place in helping us survive and enjoy the life we are given. we emphasized that humor can be an affirmation of life and a source of inner spiritual strength that helps us connect to others and look honestly at ourselves. we explored humor to illustrate that : - unitarian universalism is a faith that will help you be affirmed in life and connected to all beings through laughter - unitarian universalism values respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part ( seventh principle ) - unitarian universalism affirms the direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life. ( first source ). the children examined the difference between humor that is cruel — such as jokes based on stereotypes — and humor that opens us up to healing laughter. we emphasized that humor can heal when we laugh with others, and can harm when we laugh at others. explore the topic together. talk about... can you think of times when you have encountered humor as an affirmation of life, or to teach or learn a lesson? can you share an example? have you experienced humor that is cruel? what happened? what do you think about humor as a religious tool? have you ever experienced humor in this way? extend the topic together. try... share laughter and humor in as many ways as you can together, by playing silly games, making faces, reading humorous stories out loud, and enjoying humorous family anecdotes. if you notice a moment when you are using humor to soften some pain in life — even a small hurt or disappointment — point this out to your child. find out if there is a laughter club in your area and join in for a session. for information and a directory of local laughter clubs, visit the dr. kataria school of laughter yoga website. on the website, find some laughter exercises. go together to the scholastic books website and use dav pilkey ' s name change - o - chart to make silly names


birds dive for food despite sub - zero temperatures on the upper chena river in the heart of a cold winter, a songbird appeared on a gravel bar next to gurgling water that somehow remained unfrozen in 20 - below zero air. then the bird jumped in, disappeared underwater, and popped up a few feet upstream. the bird continued snorkeling and diving against the current of the stream, which is so far north that in december direct sunlight never touches it, instead bathing only the tops of spruce trees with a ruby light. soon, two other dark birds with bodies the size of tennis balls landed near the other. bending from their knees, they bobbed up and down and then all three jumped into the stream. it seemed crazy behavior for a cold winter day, but swimming is how american dippers make their living, even here in alaska, where they range as far north as the brooks range. mary willson, a biologist, ecologist and consultant from juneau, might be the only alaska researcher who has studied the american dipper. she has pulled on her chest waders to follow dippers on waterways near juneau ’ s road system, and she ’ s gotten to know a bit of the character of what she calls “ a very cool bird. ” the dipper often feeds while flying underwater, using the liquid as it does another fluid, air. the birds also snorkel, swimming on the surface with their heads below the water surface. they sometimes pick up rocks on stream bottoms to find food underneath. dippers depend on clean, open water. in very cold places, the birds appear at openings in ice caused by water upwelling, and dippers can dive through one hole in the ice and emerge from another one. near juneau, dippers sometimes appear at deltas where streams flow into the ocean. dippers eat aquatic and flying insects and are skilled enough to catch small fish, willson said. she has seen a dipper with four tiny fish in its beak at once. another time, she witnessed a dipper catching a four - inch fish called a sculpin. “ it had to beat that one on the rocks until it was in enough pieces to eat. ” willson thinks the dippers can survive the transition from 32 - degree water to subzero air because of their feathers, which are denser than other songbirds ’, and large oil glands near the base of their tails. they dip their beaks in the oil glands and wipe oil on their feathers,


- degree water to subzero air because of their feathers, which are denser than other songbirds ’, and large oil glands near the base of their tails. they dip their beaks in the oil glands and wipe oil on their feathers, perhaps to keep themselves waterproof. dippers also have flaps that cover their nostrils while diving. and, according to the birder ’ s handbook by paul ehrlich, david dobkin, and darryl wheye, “ these birds are able to forage on the bottom of streams in which the current is too fast and the water too deep for people to stand. ” nobody knows how dippers survive the cold, dark winter in northern alaska and the yukon. willson said scientists have studied the effects of severe winters on the similar european dipper, which ranges above the arctic circle in scandinavia. they have found that extreme cold spells kill many of the birds. she wonders how dippers in the far north don ’ t perish in the frigid air temperatures and during the long nights between the three - to - four hours of twilight. “ they are visual hunters, ” she said. “ in the pits of winter, they ’ d have to hurry - scurry to get enough food in the time where there ’ s light to hunt. ” ( since the late 1970s, the university of alaska fairbanks ’ geophysical institute has provided this column free in cooperation with the uaf research community. ned rozell is a science writer for the geophysical institute. this column first appeared in 2006. )


| catechism of the catholic church | intratext - text ii. the sacrament of holy orders in the economy of salvation the priesthood of the old covenant 1539 the chosen people was constituted by god as " a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. " 6 but within the people of israel, god chose one of the twelve tribes, that of levi, and set it apart for liturgical service ; god himself is its inheritance. 7 a special rite consecrated the beginnings of the priesthood of the old covenant. the priests are " appointed to act on behalf of men in relation to god, to offer gifts and sacrifices for sins. " 8 1540 instituted to proclaim the word of god and to restore communion with god by sacrifices and prayer, 9 this priesthood nevertheless remains powerless to bring about salvation, needing to repeat its sacrifices ceaselessly and being unable to achieve a definitive sanctification, which only the sacrifice of christ would accomplish. 10 1541 the liturgy of the church, however, sees in the priesthood of aaron and the service of the levites, as in the institution of the seventy elders, 11 a prefiguring of the ordained ministry of the new covenant. thus in the latin rite the church prays in the consecratory preface of the ordination of bishops : god the father of our lord jesus christ, by your gracious word you have established the plan of your church. from the beginning, you chose the descendants of abraham to be your holy nation. you established rulers and priests and did not leave your sanctuary without ministers to serve you.... 12 1542 at the ordination of priests, the church prays : lord, holy father,... when you had appointed high priests to rule your people, you chose other men next to them in rank and dignity to be with them and to help them in their task.... you extended the spirit of moses to seventy wise men.... you shared among the sons of aaron the fullness of their father ' s power. 13 1543 in the consecratory prayer for ordination of deacons, the church confesses : almighty god.... you make the church, christ ' s body, grow to its full stature as a new and greater temple. you enrich it with every kind of grace and perfect it with a diversity of members to serve the whole body in a wonderful pattern of unity. you established a threefold ministry of worship and service, for the glory of your name. as ministers of your tabernacle you chose the sons of


and perfect it with a diversity of members to serve the whole body in a wonderful pattern of unity. you established a threefold ministry of worship and service, for the glory of your name. as ministers of your tabernacle you chose the sons of levi and gave them your blessing as their everlasting inheritance. 14 the one priesthood of christ 1544 everything that the priesthood of the old covenant prefigured finds its fulfillment in christ jesus, the " one mediator between god and men. " 15 the christian tradition considers melchizedek, " priest of god most high, " as a prefiguration of the priesthood of christ, the unique " high priest after the order of melchizedek " ; 16 " holy, blameless, unstained, " 17 " by a single offering he has perfected for all time those who are sanctified, " 18 that is, by the unique sacrifice of the cross. 1545 the redemptive sacrifice of christ is unique, accomplished once for all ; yet it is made present in the eucharistic sacrifice of the church. the same is true of the one priesthood of christ ; it is made present through the ministerial priesthood without diminishing the uniqueness of christ ' s priesthood : " only christ is the true priest, the others being only his ministers. " 19 two participations in the one priesthood of christ 1546 christ, high priest and unique mediator, has made of the church " a kingdom, priests for his god and father. " 20 the whole community of believers is, as such, priestly. the faithful exercise their baptismal priesthood through their participation, each according to his own vocation, in christ ' s mission as priest, prophet, and king. through the sacraments of baptism and confirmation the faithful are " consecrated to be... a holy priesthood. " 21 1547 the ministerial or hierarchical priesthood of bishops and priests, and the common priesthood of all the faithful participate, " each in its own proper way, in the one priesthood of christ. " while being " ordered one to another, " they differ essentially. 22 in what sense? while the common priesthood of the faithful is exercised by the unfolding of baptismal grace - a life of faith, hope, and charity, a life according to the spirit -, the ministerial priesthood is at the service of the common priesthood. it is directed at the unfolding of the baptismal grace of all christians. the ministerial priesthood is a means by which christ unceasing


charity, a life according to the spirit -, the ministerial priesthood is at the service of the common priesthood. it is directed at the unfolding of the baptismal grace of all christians. the ministerial priesthood is a means by which christ unceasingly builds up and leads his church. for this reason it is transmitted by its own sacrament, the sacrament of holy orders. in the person of christ the head... 1548 in the ecclesial service of the ordained minister, it is christ himself who is present to his church as head of his body, shepherd of his flock, high priest of the redemptive sacrifice, teacher of truth. this is what the church means by saying that the priest, by virtue of the sacrament of holy orders, acts in persona christi capitis : 23 it is the same priest, christ jesus, whose sacred person his minister truly represents. now the minister, by reason of the sacerdotal consecration which he has received, is truly made like to the high priest and possesses the authority to act in the power and place of the person of christ himself ( virtute ac persona ipsius christi ). 24 christ is the source of all priesthood : the priest of the old law was a figure of christ, and the priest of the new law acts in the person of christ. 25 1549 through the ordained ministry, especially that of bishops and priests, the presence of christ as head of the church is made visible in the midst of the community of believers. 26 in the beautiful expression of st. ignatius of antioch, the bishop is typos tou patros : he is like the living image of god the father. 27 1550 this presence of christ in the minister is not to be understood as if the latter were preserved from all human weaknesses, the spirit of domination, error, even sin. the power of the holy spirit does not guarantee all acts of ministers in the same way. while this guarantee extends to the sacraments, so that even the minister ' s sin cannot impede the fruit of grace, in many other acts the minister leaves human traces that are not always signs of fidelity to the gospel and consequently can harm the apostolic fruitfulness of the church. 1551 this priesthood is ministerial. " that office... which the lord committed to the pastors of his people, is in the strict sense of the term a service. " 28 it is entirely related to christ and to men. it depends entirely on christ and on his unique priesthood ; it has been instituted for the good


committed to the pastors of his people, is in the strict sense of the term a service. " 28 it is entirely related to christ and to men. it depends entirely on christ and on his unique priesthood ; it has been instituted for the good of men and the communion of the church. the sacrament of holy orders communicates a " sacred power " which is none other than that of christ. the exercise of this authority must therefore be measured against the model of christ, who by love made himself the least and the servant of all. 29 " the lord said clearly that concern for his flock was proof of love for him. " 30... " in the name of the whole church " 1552 the ministerial priesthood has the task not only of representing christ - head of the church - before the assembly of the faithful, but also of acting in the name of the whole church when presenting to god the prayer of the church, and above all when offering the eucharistic sacrifice. 31 1553 " in the name of the whole church " does not mean that priests are the delegates of the community. the prayer and offering of the church are inseparable from the prayer and offering of christ, her head ; it is always the case that christ worships in and through his church. the whole church, the body of christ, prays and offers herself " through him, with him, in him, " in the unity of the holy spirit, to god the father. the whole body, caput et membra, prays and offers itself, and therefore those who in the body are especially his ministers are called ministers not only of christ, but also of the church. it is because the ministerial priesthood represents christ that it can represent the church.


history plastic as invention is attributed to leo hendrik baekeland sold the first one called bakelite in 1909. throughout the twentieth century the use of plastic became extremely popular and came to replace other traditional materials in both the domestic, industrial and comercial. propiedades and features plastic bags coca - cola bottle plastic. plastics are composed of organic macromolecules substances called polymers. these polymers are large groups of monomers linked by a chemical process called polymerization. plastics provide the necessary balance of properties that can not be achieved with other materials such as : color, light weight, nice touch and resistance to environmental degradation and biologica. de fact, plastic refers to a condition of the material, but not material itself : synthetic polymers commonly called plastics are actually synthetic materials that can reach the plastic state, ie when the material is viscous or fluid, and has properties of resistance to mechanical stress. this state is reached when the material becomes solid plastic state usually by heating, and is ideal for different production processes and that this state is when the material can be handled in the forms that exist today. so the word plastic is a way to refer to synthetic materials capable of entering into a plastic state, but plastic is not necessarily the group of material that is routinely referred palabra. son characteristic properties of most plastics, but not always met in certain special plastic : they are cheap ( they have a low cost in the market ). densidad. existen they have low permeable and impermeable plastic material, dissemination of materials electricos. son termoplasticos. son insulating thermal insulation, but most do not elevadas. su resist burning temperatures contaminante. son is resistant to corrosion and be at the intemperie. resisten many factors are recycled quimicos. algunos better than others, they are not biodegradable or easy to trabajar. procesos easy reciclar. son development the first part of the production of plastics is the production of polymers in the chemical industry. today, the recovery of post - consumer plastic is also essential. part of the industry - finished plastic directly used as grain or resin. more often, they use various forms of molding ( injection, compression, rotation, inflation, etc.. ) or the extrusion of profiles or wires. part of the largest plastics processing machinery is made in a plastics horneadora. clasificacion you can qualify for the plastics into several categories : according to


, inflation, etc.. ) or the extrusion of profiles or wires. part of the largest plastics processing machinery is made in a plastics horneadora. clasificacion you can qualify for the plastics into several categories : according to the base monomer this classification is considered the origin of the monomer which partly polimero. naturales production : they are polymers whose monomers are derived from natural products with certain characteristics, eg, cellulose, casein, and rubber. in two of these examples there are others which come plastics : cellulose derivatives are : the celluloid, cellophane and rubber products cellon. los are rubber and ebonita. sinteticos : those that can be traced man - made products, mainly derived from its conduct in relation to petroleo. segun calor. termoplasticos a thermoplastic is a plastic which, at room temperature is plastic or deformable, melts to a liquid when heated and hardens a glassy state when cooled sufficiently. most thermoplastics are high molecular weight polymers, those with associated chains via weak van der waals forces ( polyethylene ) ; strong dipole - dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, or even stacked aromatic rings ( polystyrene ). thermoplastic polymers differ from thermosetting polymers that after being heated and molded to form they can overheat and other objects, as in the case of thermoset or thermoduric, its shape after cooling does not change and the preferred fire.. its physical properties change gradually if they melt and mold several veces. los are : cellulosic resins : derived from cellulose, the material component of the woody part of plants. belongs to this group rayon. polietilenos and derivatives used as raw materials for ethylene obtained from oil cracking, discussed later, produces various monomers like vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl chloride, etc.. this part of pvc, polystyrene, methacrylate, etc. derivados of proteins : they belong to this group, nylon and perlon, obtained from the rubber diamidas. derivados : examples of this group called commercially pliofilmes, obtained by adding rubber hydrochlorides hydrochloric acid polymers caucho. termoestables the thermosetting plastics are materials once they have undergone the process of heating - melting - solid


group called commercially pliofilmes, obtained by adding rubber hydrochlorides hydrochloric acid polymers caucho. termoestables the thermosetting plastics are materials once they have undergone the process of heating - melting - solidification and training, they become rigid materials do not melt again. generally for their recovery from a phenol aldehido. polimeros : plastics are hard, insoluble and infusible but if used during manufacture an excess of phenol, obtained termoplasticos. resinas epoxi. resinas melaminicas. baquelita. aminoplasticos : polymers urea and derivatives. belongs to this group melamina. poliesteres : resins from esterification of polyols, which are commonly used in varnishes. if the acid is in excess, we obtain the synthesis reaction termoplasticos. segun they may be classified according to the reaction that produced the polymer : polymers addition always involve breaking or opening of a monomer binding to allow the formation of a chain. as the molecules are longer and heavier paraffinic wax becomes harder and more tenacious. example : 2n h2c = ch2? [ - ch2 - ch2 - ch2 - ch2 - ] npolimeros condensation are those in which the reaction takes place between the reactive functional groups present in the monomers. must have at least two groups reactive monomer to give continuity to the chain. example : r - cooh + r ' - oh? r - co - or ' + h2o. polimeros formed by stages the polymer chain is gradually growing as long as monomers available, adding one monomer at a time. this category includes all carothers condensation polymers and also some other small molecules that do not liberate but build up gradually, such as trained poliuretanos. polimeros chain reaction each individual chain polymer is formed at high speed and then becomes inactive, despite being surrounded by its molecular structure monomero. segun. amorphous are amorphous plastics in which the molecules do not submit any order, are arranged randomly without responding to any order. with no order between chains are created some gaps through which light passes, therefore amorphous polymers are transparentes. semicristalinos the semi - crystalline polymers have areas with some kind of order with amorphous areas. in this case to have an order there are fewer gaps between chains


through which light passes, therefore amorphous polymers are transparentes. semicristalinos the semi - crystalline polymers have areas with some kind of order with amorphous areas. in this case to have an order there are fewer gaps between chains so no light passes unless they have a thickness pequeno. cristalizables as the cooling rate can be lowered ( rapid cooling ) or increase ( slow cooling ) the percentage of crystallinity of a semicrystalline polymer, however, an amorphous polymer, crystallinity although not present cooling rate is extremely lenta. segun the market another way to classify it according to availability and the market sector it supplies. commodities they are those who have a manufacture, availability, and global demand, have a range of international prices and do not require high technology for its manufacturing and engineering procesamiento. de are the materials used in very specific virtually created to serve a particular function, they require specialized technology to manufacturing or processing and relative price alto. elastomeros or rubbers elastomers are characterized by their high elasticity and the ability to stretch and rebound, recovering its original form a after withdrawing the force that deformed. they include natural and synthetic rubber, among the latter are neoprene and polybutadiene. elastomers are materials of large molecules which after being deformed at room temperature, recover more of its size and geometry to be released the force that plastic deformo. codificacion there are a variety of plastics and to classify them there a coding system shown in table 1. the products bear a mark that is the international symbol for recycling with the corresponding code in the middle by material especifico. tabla 1. international code for the different plastics. plastic type : polyethylene terephthalate high density polyethylene polyvinyl chloride low density polyethylene polypropylene polystyrene common uses electrico. aplicaciones used as insulation in industrial and consumer products. ( packaging, garbage bags,... ). construction, plumbing, insulation foam, polystyrene, etc. industrias number : engine parts, body, toys, luggage, sporting goods, textiles, etc. in electricos. reciclaje artifacts. baskets for classification of waste that could be reciclados. es easy to see how plastic waste, eg packaging of liquids such as cooking oil, are not likely to be ass


, etc. in electricos. reciclaje artifacts. baskets for classification of waste that could be reciclados. es easy to see how plastic waste, eg packaging of liquids such as cooking oil, are not likely to be assimilated back into nature, because his material takes approximately degradarse. ante 500 years this fact has been established recycling such plastic products, which mainly consisted of collecting them, cleaning, sorting by type of material and melt again for further use as feedstock, alternative or substitute for other productos. de molding this way mankind has found a way as to avoid contamination of products depending on its composition, materials or components are not easily disposed of convencional. plastico reciclado. reciclar plastico. se can save large amounts of nonrenewable natural resources when the production processes used materials " recycled. " renewable resources like trees, can also be saved. the use of recycled products reduces energy consumption. when you use less fossil fuels would generate less co2 and thus will be less acid rain and reduce the effect invernadero. en the financial side, one can say that recycling can generate many jobs. it takes a great work force to collect the materials suitable for recycling and for classification. a good recycling process is able to generate income. for the foregoing reasons, it is imperative to improve and introduce new technologies in terms of recovery processes for plastics and seek a solution to this problem so harmful to society and that every day is increasing environmental deterioration. the following sections are considered the design of a smelter for low density polyethylene, its use, its features, recommendation and impact will provide the biodegradable comunidad. plasticos in the late twentieth century the price of oil dropped, and fell just as interest in biodegradable plastics. in recent years this trend has reversed as well be an increase in the price of oil, has been a growing realization that oil reserves are being depleted at an alarming rate. within this context, there is a marked increase in scientific and industrial interest in research to produce biodegradable plastics or pdes ( environmentally degradable polymers and plastics ). the manufacture of biodegradable plastics from natural materials, is one of the great challenges in various sectors, industrial, agricultural, and materials for various services. against this background, research involving the plastics obtained from other sources have taken a new momentum and the polyhydroxyalkanoates are highly prometedora.


the great challenges in various sectors, industrial, agricultural, and materials for various services. against this background, research involving the plastics obtained from other sources have taken a new momentum and the polyhydroxyalkanoates are highly prometedora. la as an alternative replacement of current plastics for biodegradable plastics is a means by which the polluting effect of those, would be diminished in the environment. biodegradable plastic waste can be treated as organic waste in the tanks and remove devices, where the degradation takes place in periods of time. the meager biodegradable polymers can be classified as follows : polymer extracted or removed directly from biomass : polysaccharides as starch and cellulose. proteins such as casein, keratin, and colageno. polimeros produced by chemical synthesis using classical biological monomers renovables. polimeros sources produced by microorganisms, bacteria producing native or modified geneticamente. dentro the last category are biodegradable plastics produced by bacteria in this group found the phas and polylactic acid ( pla ). the phas due to their origin from renewable sources and the fact of being biodegradable, are called " doubly green polymers. " the pla, natural monomer produced by fermentative pathways from elements rich in sugars, cellulose and starch, is polymerized by man. bioplastics have identical physicochemical properties and the thermoplastic polymer made from petroleum, but once placed in favorable conditions, biodegradan. acido polylactide ( pla ). starch is a natural polymer, a high carbohydrate that synthesized during photosynthesis plants that serves as an energy reserve. cereals such as corn and wheat contain large amounts of starch and are the main source for the production of pla. bioplastics produced from this polymer has the characteristic of a resin that can be injected, extruded and production of this biopolymer termoformarse. la begins with starch extracted from corn, then microorganisms transform it into a smaller molecule of lactic acid or 2 hydroxy - propionic ( monomer ), which is the raw material that polymerizes to form chains, with a molecular structure similar to the products of petrochemical origin, which are joined together to form a plastic called pla is one of pla. el biodegradable


), which is the raw material that polymerizes to form chains, with a molecular structure similar to the products of petrochemical origin, which are joined together to form a plastic called pla is one of pla. el biodegradable plastics currently most studied, is available on the market since 1990. it is used in the manufacture of transparent bottles cold drinks, food packaging trays, and many other aplicaciones. polihidroxialcanoatos. historia. los phas are usually produced by gram - negative bacteria, although gram - positive bacteria are also producing a lesser scale. the first pha discovered was the phb, which was described at the pasteur institute in 1925 by microbiologist lemoigne who observed the production of phb by bacillus megaterium. subsequently, in 1958 wildinson macrae and bacillus megaterium noted that the polymer accumulated when glucose / nitrogen in the culture medium was not observed in equilibrium and its degradation when there was lack or deficiency of carbon or energy sources. from this fact, pha inclusions were found in a wide range of bacterial species. at present about 150 different known polihidroxialcanoatos. la phb first patent was requested in the united states by j. n. baptist in 1962. in 1983 there were two major events, first was the discovery by de smet, a strain of pseudomonas oleovorans ( atcc 29 347 ) producing phb, and running the first production was the first commercial use biopoliester. a copolymer formed by monomers of four and five - carbon, known as phb and phv, respectively, this product is known commercially as " biopol " generated using ralstonia eutropha, from glucose and propionic acid. this bioplastic at present and is synthesized from a single carbon source in recombinant bacteria, and has a high potential for biodegradability and thermomechanical properties better than the general puro. en phb phas are insoluble in water, biodegradable, nontoxic, therefore one of the main benefits gained from the application of phas is environmental. the use of these products, reduce dependence on oil from the plastic industry, causes a decrease of solid waste reduction and observe the emission of gases that cause the effect invernadero. los points of interest regarding applications bioplastics, according to the ib


of these products, reduce dependence on oil from the plastic industry, causes a decrease of solid waste reduction and observe the emission of gases that cause the effect invernadero. los points of interest regarding applications bioplastics, according to the ibaw ( international working group and biodegradable polymers ) focus on the areas of packaging, medicine, agriculture and disposable products. however, with the advancement of this industry has expanded the use of biomaterials applied in : cell phones, computers, audio and video devices. according to this information has been established that 10 % of plastics currently used in the electronics industry can be replaced by biopolimeros. problemas related to recycling in modern life the plastic has been a phenomenon of undoubted importance. today man lives surrounded by plastic objects in previous centuries were not necessary for everyday life. plastics are manufactured to meet the demands of a wide variety of applications, resulting in a vast industry where civilization should be called the civilization of plastic, due to the decisive role played by this material in their development, improvement of conditions of human life and the rapid growth of science and tecnologia. en general, people have little knowledge about what is a plastic, how to get, what kinds of plastics and its applications, we are transformation processes of the same. this information is important for those working in the marketing of plastics, and industrial production or processing of plastic, or just curious about the matter. thus arises as a need in this project show a significant proportion of the population of the serious consequences of misuse of plastic that goes from the manner of collection, to the processes used to reciclarlos. cabe noted that the plastic is a substance very important for the development of the industry and its natural or synthetic material containing as essential ingredients organic substances of high molecular mass polimero. asi call itself arises as a problem associated with environmental pollution often waste product of plastics and high low density. currently, these plastics are widely used commercially as containers or wrappers, food substances or articles which are discarded into the environment after use. obviously the disposal of these plastics into the environment with serious consequences for communities such as diseases among which is the dengue produced by the accumulation of garbage and sewage stagnation they serve as mosquito breeding sites white legs. among other important consequences can be mentioned are the blockages of sewers. in addition to this the disposal of these plastic materials into the environment causes decreased beautification of some areas, facilities, municipalities, cities and estados.


sites white legs. among other important consequences can be mentioned are the blockages of sewers. in addition to this the disposal of these plastic materials into the environment causes decreased beautification of some areas, facilities, municipalities, cities and estados. muchas of the advantages of plastic products becomes a disadvantage when it comes to either discard the packaging because it is decarteble or when we throw plastic objects because they are well roto. si plastics could be reused or recycled in the most part, the fact is that today these wastes are a difficult problem, mainly in large cities. it is really a costly and complex for the municipalities responsible for the collection and disposal of waste and that the amount of packaging you must add the volume plastics representan. por characteristics create problems in the collection, transfer and disposal final. some data are alerting us to this. for example, a truck with a capacity to carry 12 tons of common waste, transported only 6 or 7 tons of compacted plastic, and only 2 plastic without compactar. dentro of total disposable plastic will now trash is emphasized in the recent years, the sustained increase in pet containers, primarily from disposable bottles of table water, oils and alcoholic and non alcoholic. the firms have been replacing glass containers for returnable plastic at first, and then non - returnable. this decision implies a permanent change in the composition of the waste. in uruguay this process has accelerated since mid - 1996, worsened in 1997 when, in addition, many glass containers of glass became descartable. de this way, it is clear that the abandonment of these materials into the environment represents a serious environmental problem. therefore, there is the concern of developing a team with the ability to recover these plastics that have been discarded by society, which are considered non reusables. de purpose thus arises as to design a computer that uses induction heat melting the polyethylene low density are held in the same, once fused, bonded and become liquid discharges into a mold to develop other products to be used in other material aplicaciones. un candidate to replace oil is hemp, usable all uses petrochemicals, but it is also 100 % biodegradable and highly recyclable. from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia jump to : navigation, search the term plastic in its broader meaning applies to substances of different structures that lack a fixed point of boiling and held over a temperature range elasticity and flexibility properties that allow mold them and adapt to different forms and applications


free encyclopedia jump to : navigation, search the term plastic in its broader meaning applies to substances of different structures that lack a fixed point of boiling and held over a temperature range elasticity and flexibility properties that allow mold them and adapt to different forms and applications. however, in the narrow sense, is that denotes certain types of synthetic materials obtained by polymerization phenomena or artificial propagation of carbon atoms in the long molecular chains of organic compounds derived from petroleum and other natural substances. the word plastic was originally used as an adjective to denote a degree of mobility and easy to acquire some form, meaning that remains in the term plasticity. the invention of the first plastic arises as a result of a competition held in 1860, when the u. s. manufacturer of billiard balls and collard phelan offered a reward of $ 10, 000 who get a substitute for natural ivory, for the manufacture of billiard balls. one of the people who competed was the american inventor john wesley hyatt, who developed the film dissolving cellulose ( natural material ) in a solution of camphor and ethanol. while hyatt did not win the prize, got a very marketable product that would be vital for the further development of the film industry of late nineteenth - s. in 1909 american chemist leo hendrik baekeland belgian origin synthesized a polymer of high commercial interest, from molecules of phenol and formaldehyde. it gave the name of bakelite and was the first totally synthetic plastic ever, was the first of a series of synthetic resins, which revolutionized modern technology by starting the " plastic era. " throughout the twentieth century the use of plastic became extremely popular and came to replace other materials in both the domestic, industrial and commercial. in 1920 there was an event that would set the pace in the development of plastics. the german chemist hermann staudinger ventured that they were in fact composed of giant molecules or macromolecules. efforts to test these claims initiated many scientific research that produced enormous advances in this part of chemistry. properties and characteristics plastics are organic substances formed by macrocells called polymers. these polymers are large groups of monomers linked by a chemical process called polymerization. plastics provide the necessary balance of properties that can not be achieved with other materials such as : color, light weight, nice touch and resistance to environmental and biological degradation. in fact, plastic refers to a condition of the material, but not the material itself : the synthetic polymers commonly called plastics are actually synthetic materials that can reach the plastic state


: color, light weight, nice touch and resistance to environmental and biological degradation. in fact, plastic refers to a condition of the material, but not the material itself : the synthetic polymers commonly called plastics are actually synthetic materials that can reach the plastic state, ie when the material is viscous or fluid, and no resistance properties to mechanical stress. this state is reached when the material becomes solid plastic state usually by heating, ideal for different production processes and that this state is when the material can be handled in the forms that exist today. so the word plastic is a way to refer to synthetic materials capable of entering into a plastic state, but plastic is not necessarily the group of everyday materials to which this word refers. the properties and characteristics of most plastics ( though not always fulfilled in certain special plastics ) are these : * easy to work and shape, * have a low production cost, * have low density * tend to be waterproof, * good electrical insulators, * acceptable acoustic insulation, * good thermal, although most can not withstand very high temperatures * resistant to chemical corrosion and many factors ; * some are not biodegradable or easily recyclable, and if they are burned, are highly polluting. the first part of the production of plastics is the production of polymers in the chemical industry. today, the recovery of post - consumer plastic is also essential. part of the industry - finished plastic directly used as grain or resin. more often, they use various forms of molding ( injection, compression, rotation, inflation, etc.. ) or the extrusion of profiles or wires. part of the largest plastics processing is done on a machine horneadora. classification of plastics according to the base monomer this classification is considered the origin of the monomer from which part of the polymer production. * natural : these are polymers whose monomers are derived from natural products with certain characteristics, eg, cellulose, casein, and rubber. in two of these examples there are other plastic which is obtained from : or cellulose derivatives are : the celluloid, cellophane and cellon. o rubber products are the rubber and ebonite. * synthetic : those that have their origin in man - made products, mainly petroleum products such as polyethylene bags according to their behavior in heat a thermoplastic is a plastic that, at room temperature, is plastic or deformable, it becomes a liquid when heated and hardens into a glassy state when cooled sufficiently. most


##ethylene bags according to their behavior in heat a thermoplastic is a plastic that, at room temperature, is plastic or deformable, it becomes a liquid when heated and hardens into a glassy state when cooled sufficiently. most thermoplastics are high molecular weight polymers, those with associated chains via weak van der waals forces ( polyethylene ) ; strong dipole - dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, or even stacked aromatic rings ( polystyrene ). thermoplastic polymers differ from thermosetting polymers that after being heated and molded to form they can overheat and other objects, as in the case of thermoset or thermoduric, its shape after cooling does not change and the preferred fire.. its physical properties change gradually if they melt and shape several times. the main ones are : * cellulosic resins : derived from cellulose, the material component of the woody part of plants. belongs to this group rayon. * polyethylenes and derivatives used as raw materials for ethylene obtained from oil cracking, discussed later, allows for different monomers such as vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl chloride, etc.. this part pvc, polystyrene, acrylic, etc.