- best practice in mathematics classrooms : past versus present : lisa brooks - the five proficiencies of mathematics : research into action : carolyn moore - number sense in the primary grades : cheryl wozniak - the importance of conceptual understanding in mathematics : the " why " and not just the " how " : beth minor - thinking smart about assessment : lessons from the ies practice guide − response to intervention in mathematics : dr. ben clarke - speaking from the center ring : meeting and surpassing expectations : frank albano - rti and mathematics instruction : dr. marcy stein - math is fun : problems + puzzles = meets the challenge : viken hovsepian - from high school to college and the workforce : why can ' t we all get along? : dr. james milgram we will explore best practice as it pertains to teaching mathematics. we will also discuss standards driven instruction. the focus will be on applying skills in a new way to provide meaningful experiences for our students. in this highly engaging, humorous, and interactive workshop, participants analyze the revised bloom ' s taxonomy to identify characteristics of higher order thinking questions. after evaluating student work samples, participants simulate cooperative learning activities across math strands with conceptual depth while celebrating diversity and differentiation. in the book, adding it up, published by the national research council, five mathematical proficiencies have been identified which parallel the five elements of reading. in this session, the five proficiencies which include : conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, strategic competence, adaptive reasoning, and productive disposition will be defined and demonstrated ; with participants engaging in exploring and discussing their meanings and value. additionally participants will receive a copy of the executive summary entitled : helping children learn mathematics. number sense is critical for proficiency in mathematics at the elementary level and readiness for algebra in the future. in this session, participants will explore : - number sense : what is it? why it is so important? why do we need to start in kindergarten? - easy to use activities that can be implemented in any classroom. - use of mathematical modeling, reasoning, and justification in the development of number sense. how do we help children develop a deep understanding of the math world they live in? this session will provide participants with the opportunity for hands - on engagement in understanding the development of mathematical concepts spanning the grade levels. these mathematical ideas will help children as they move from concrete representation in the real world to more abstract representation − while having fun! investigate some of the pivotal phases of understanding and how the " same old math " really is changing for 21st century


grade levels. these mathematical ideas will help children as they move from concrete representation in the real world to more abstract representation − while having fun! investigate some of the pivotal phases of understanding and how the " same old math " really is changing for 21st century learners! the purpose of this session will be to cover in - depth the assessment related recommendations in the ies practice guide : assisting students struggling with mathematics : response to intervention ( rti ) for elementary and middle schools. the presentation will provide a review of the suggested practices for schools implementing rti screening and progress monitoring systems, potential roadblocks to implementation, and strategies to overcome common challenges. the systems and philosophy discussed in this session can be applied to both struggling general education students and students with learning disabilities. we ' ll discuss how empowering students by involving them in their own data collection and analysis can equip them to become personally involved in planning and executing their own intervention. learn how to show students to use inquiry to identify new skills and previously taught concepts necessary for mastery. participants see how associated data can show a positive trend when the approach is applied over multiple years and throughout the system within a school. today ' s classrooms offer many challenges due to the diversity of students ' needs. if you face similar challenges individually, school - wide or district wide, join this session for a new perspective. in this session, dr. stein will review major research findings in the area of mathematics instruction and discuss how those findings can inform instructional practice. she will provide an overview of the critical features of instructional strategies that are designed to improve the mathematics performance of academically diverse students. finally, dr. stein will discuss how to use research in the development of evaluation criteria for examining and selecting evidence - based instructional curriculum materials, including intervention programs. in this session, participants will experience unique ideas that are highly adaptable as well as fun - filled and exciting and provide access to rigor and conceptual understanding in a fun way. use them for warm - ups or during lessons to engage students. presenter will share techniques to explain concepts based on mathematical underpinnings and to use practical pedagogy that will build, strengthen, and maintain math comprehension. this session will deal with global competitiveness as it applies to students in the united states and those of other high achieving countries. it will compare the current math high school expectations and how they prepare us students for the collegiate and professional / technological standards of mathematics. the alignment of the new core mathematics standards ' alignment to these expectations will be discussed.


warning : strftime ( ) [ function. strftime ] : it is not safe to rely on the system ' s timezone settings. you are * required * to use the date. timezone setting or the date _ default _ timezone _ set ( ) function. in case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. we selected ' america / new _ york ' for ' edt / - 4. 0 / dst ' instead in / home / medhelp / public _ html / 3rdparty / smarty / libs / smarty _ compiler. class. php on line 409 the respiratory system normal vital signs for an average : male, female, child & infant. it should also be noted that body temperature reflects that of taken orally, not rectal. one of the most important vital signs is the patient ' s blood pressure : the amount of pressure that the surging blood exerts against the arterial walls. blood pressure ( bp ) is an index of the efficiency of the complete circulatory system. the sphygmomanometer ( blood pres - sure cuff ) is the instrument used to measure blood pressure. blood pressure normally varies with the age, sex, and medical history of an individual. the usual guide for systolic pressure in the male is 100 plus the individual ' s age, up to 140 - 150 mm hg. normal diastolic pressure in the male is 66 - 90 mm hg. both the systolic and the diastolic pressures are 8 - 10 mm hg lower in the female than in the male. blood pressure is reported as systolic / diastolic as in 120 / 80 mm hg ( millimeters of mercury ) the result of contraction of the heart which forces blood through the arteries is called systolic pres - sure. the result of relaxation of the heart between contractions is called diastolic pres - sure. all patients should be taught how to take blood pressures, but many do not realize that it is not unusual for a patient ' s blood pressure to vary from 24 to 34 mm hg ( both diastolic and systolic ) between the first reading at the accident scene and the reading at the hospital emergency room. the blood pressure may actually change as a result of medication, but the problem may be the sphygmomanometer, the person taking it, or both! blood pressure readings


first reading at the accident scene and the reading at the hospital emergency room. the blood pressure may actually change as a result of medication, but the problem may be the sphygmomanometer, the person taking it, or both! blood pressure readings may also fluctuate from the right to the left arm for a number of reasons. record the pressure accurately so that the receiving physician can tell how much it has changed since you first saw the patient. to take a blood pressure : - fasten the cuff of the sphygmomanometer on either arm above the elbow. apply the cuff on the arm one inch above the anterior crease of the elbow with the bladder can - centered over the brachial artery, then wrap snugly. ( proper size of bp cuff is deter - mined as follows : bladder of the cuff should cover one half ( 1 / 2 ) of the arm cir - conference. if not, a larger or smaller bp cuff will need to be used. ) - now inflate the cuff rapidly with the rubber bulb while palpating the radial pulse until it cannot be felt. make a mental note of the reading ( as this may be the only bp recorded ). this is known as the pulse obliteration method. without stopping, continue to inflate the cuff to 30 mm above the level where the pulse was obliterated ( cannot be felt ). - apply the stethoscope. place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the brachial artery at the antecubital fossa ( artery on the medial anterior surface ). the diaphragm may be held with the thumb. deflate the cuff at approximately 2 mm per second ( faster if skill permits ), watching the mercury column or needle indicator drop. - record as the systolic level the point on the gauge when you hear the first pulse sounds. - continue releasing air from the bulb. re - cord the diastolic level as the last sound is heard. the point at which the pulse sounds disappear is the diastolic pressure. continue to deflate slowly for at least 10 mm. \ note : slow pulses require slower - than - normal rates of deflation. - record the limb on which the bp was taken. record the position of the person when the bp was taken if other than supine. record the size of the cuff if other than standard. if, in an emergency situation, a bp cuff and stethoscope were not available, you could quickly


record the position of the person when the bp was taken if other than supine. record the size of the cuff if other than standard. if, in an emergency situation, a bp cuff and stethoscope were not available, you could quickly establish an idea of the approximate blood pressure by palpating the different pulses and using the following rule of thumb : if the radial pulse is palpable, the blood pressure is at least 80 systolic. if the brachial pulse is palpable, the blood pressure is at least 70 systolic. if the femoral pulse is palpable, the blood pressure is at least 60 systolic. if the carotid pulse is palpable, the blood pressure is at least 50 systolic. to assess a patient ' s pulse, you can auscultate at the heart ' s apex with a stethoscope or palpate a peripheral pulse with your fingers. although either method can determine heart rate [ beats per minute ], auscultation proves superior for assessing heart rhythm ( regularity ). you can palpate or auscultate the pulse in various locations. [ for an illustration of these locations, see locating pulse sites ]. typically, you assess the radial pulse because of its easy accessibility. to do this, palpate the radial artery with the pads of your index and middle fingers for 60 seconds while compressing the artery gently against the radial bone. don ' t use your thumb because it has a pulse of its own that you could confuse with the patient ' s pulse. although some practitioners count the pulse for 15 seconds and multiply by 4, avoid this practice, especially if the patient doesn ' t have a normal heart rate and rhythm. if you have trouble distinguishing a faint peripheral pulse from your own pulse, check another site. amplitude and rhythm as you obtain the pulse rate, also assess pulse amplitude and rhythm. document pulse amplitude ( which reflects the strength of left ventricular contractions ) by using a numerical scale or a descriptive term. different health care facilities may use numerical scales that differ slightly. if you use a numerical scale, make sure it corresponds to the one used in your facility or by your colleagues. the scale below, along with the corresponding descriptions of pulse amplitude, is among the most commonly used. remember, only + 2 describes a normal pulse. - + 3 = bounding - readily palpable, forceful, not easily obliterated by finger - pressure - + 2 = normal - easily pal


amplitude, is among the most commonly used. remember, only + 2 describes a normal pulse. - + 3 = bounding - readily palpable, forceful, not easily obliterated by finger - pressure - + 2 = normal - easily palpable and obliterated only by strong finger - pressure - + 1 = weak or thready, hard to feel and easily obliterated by slight finger - pressure - o = absent - not discernible when you assess pulse rhythm, you evaluate the regularity of the electrical conduction of the heart. check the rhythm as you count the pulse rate for 60 seconds. normally, rhythm should be regular, with roughly the same interval between pulsations. if you detect an irregular rhythm, describe its pattern. also auscultate the apical area and palpate the radial area simultaneously to identify a potential pulse deficit [ difference between the two pulse rates ]. a pulse deficit occurs when a premature heartbeat can ' t produce the wave of blood needed to fill the arteries - thus, peripheral radial artery pressure is too low to palpate every heartbeat. to calculate a pulse deficit, have another nurse record one pulse rate while you. respiration. when assessing respiration, focus on the rate, depth, and rhythm of each breath. to determine the respiratory rate, count the number of respirations for 60 seconds. ( one respiration consists of an inspiration and an expiration. ) do this as unobtrusively as possible - a patient who knows that you ' re counting respirations may inadvertently alter the rate. in one unobtrusive method, hold the patient ' s wrist against his chest or abdomen as if checking the pulse rate. if respirations are too shallow to see a rise and fall of the chest wall, hold the back of your hand next to the patient ' s nose and mouth to feel expirations. to estimate respiratory depth, observe the chest as it rises and falls, and assess the effort required to breathe. respirations should be quiet and easy. note any abnormal breath sounds, such as wheezing. describe respirations as shallow, moderate, or deep. as you assess the respiratory rate and depth, note the respiratory rhythm, or pattern. irregular rhythms in children or adults, such as blot ' s or cheyne - stokes respirations, commonly result from neurologic disorders. the first step of basic life support is to : actually determine whether the patient is breathing on his own. in some cases this will be evident


as blot ' s or cheyne - stokes respirations, commonly result from neurologic disorders. the first step of basic life support is to : actually determine whether the patient is breathing on his own. in some cases this will be evident, such as when a patient is gasping. at other times, you will need to carefully assess the patient ' s condition. to quickly determine whether the patient is breathing, follow these steps : - find out if the patient is conscious. gently try to arouse him by shaking his shoulder, leg, or foot. speak loudly to him. if he does not respond, lightly scratch the palm of his hand with a pin or needle, or rub his sternum with your knuckles. if he does not respond to pain, he is unconscious. - position the patient on his back. do this only if cervical or spinal injury can be ruled out and if the patient is not already lying on his back. if you suspect spinal injury, determine respirations and heartbeat if possible, then find help and roll the patient as a unit ( head and neck in alignment ) onto his back. - open the airway. head tilt this is the most important step in opening the airway. place the palm of one hand on the patient ' s forehead. apply firm, backward pressure, tipping the patient ' s head backward as far as possible. additional assistance is gained by using either the neck lift or chin lift, performed with the other hand. it has been known for twenty years that head tilt - chin lift offers a better opening of the airway than head tilt - neck lift. the american heart association has not emphasized this for fear of confusing the issue. the 1979 national conference on cpr recognized that the chin lift is superior in some ways and may eventually supersede the neck lift ; however, the proven efficacy of the head tilt - chin lift and worldwide acceptance of this sequence was also appreciated. it was recommended that : - the two techniques be accepted as alternatives - chin lift be emphasized as having certain advantages that may eventually make it the approach of choice ; have had a previous episode of pulmonary embolism with the answers to these questions, you should obtain a general idea of the patient ' s problem. the physical assessment will enable you to check your hypotheses and gain further information. by the time you complete the history, you will already have some important information about the patient ' s physical signs. did he appear anxious, uncomfortable, in distress! did his dyspnea cause him difficulty in


and hands grasping at the throat & neck ( classic ) cricothyrotomy consists of the insertion of a knife through the cricothyroid membrane. a horizontal incision of less than one - half inch is usually performed. the handle of the knife is inserted into the incision and rotated 90 " to maintain the patency of the opening, but it is usually necessary to insert a tubular device such as a small leg, 4 mm internal diameter ) endotracheal tube or metal cannula. this may be attached to a bag - valve or other such device for providing positive - pressure ventilation with high oxygen concentrations. this should only be performed by a trained & qualified person. remember to call 911 remember! brain death can occur after only 4 minutes. medical & trauma common poisonous plants if you should come in contact with these plants : wash with soap and water being careful not to spread the affected area to the eyes or face, or any other part of your body. wash your clothes thoroughly. appearance of plant : slightly glossy green leaves, growing in groups of three ; flowers and berries, when present, are greenish - white ; grows as either a trailing vine or erect shrub ; most common in eastern and central united states. symptoms of reaction : initial redness of affected area, followed by development of bumps and blisters ; oozing lesions appear and crust over ; severe itching accompanies symptoms ; symptoms appear anywhere from four to seventy - two hours after exposure and are usually self - limiting. emergency care : wash skin and clothing with soap and water, making sure all sap is removed ; wipe skin with solution of 70 percent alcohol ; in self - care use wet compresses of cold water, boric acid, or liquid aluminum acetate to relieve inflammation while lesions are oozing ; use calamine location to relieve itching ; obtain allergy shots if you are in constant contact with plants or if symptoms are severe. appearance ofplant : green leaves, slightly glossy, shaped like oak leaves ; plant usually grows in shrub like clusters ; found on west coast of the north american continent. symptoms of reaction : same as for poison ivy. emergency care : same as for poison ivy. appearance of plant : found chiefly in uninhabited areas, such as swamps and damp mountain terrain ; leaves grow singly, and are veined ; berries are green and drooping ( harmless sumac have erect, red berries ) ; grows as a tree, achieving heights of five to six feet. symptoms of reaction : same as for poison ivy


; leaves grow singly, and are veined ; berries are green and drooping ( harmless sumac have erect, red berries ) ; grows as a tree, achieving heights of five to six feet. symptoms of reaction : same as for poison ivy. emergency care : same as for poison ivy. potentially poisonous insects all insects below, including bees and wasps, can cause a severe allergic reaction ( anaphylactic shock ) in some people if bitten or stung. if you start to feel an allergic reaction coming on, call 911 immediately. symptoms of anaphylactic shock : severe itching, redness or blotching of the skin, breathing problems, a choking sensation in your throat, light - headiness, swelling of the hands, face and extremities, nausea and vomiting, and in some cases a feeling of impending doom. patients susceptible to bee stings and or have had anaphylactic shock in the past, should carry a bee sting kit. the kit contains a syringe filled with epinephrine 1 : 1000 and usually a tablet of some sort of antihistamine. contact your doctor to get a prescription for one if you think you are susceptible. ticks are small arthropods belonging to the spider class ( arachnids ) that feed on blood and transmit diseases, such as lyme disease, tularemia, and rocky mountain spotted fever, through their bites. the prolonged bite of a certain female tick can cause ascending paralysis, a condition in which a toxin in the tick ' s saliva affects the motor neurons. the paralysis usually begins in the legs, which is usually the site of the bite. in severe cases, this can lead to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and can be fatal. ticks are found in grass and weeds and attach themselves to the exposed skin of the host. as the female tick engorges herself with blood, she swells and turns red or purple in color. the male tick generally remains unchanged. there are two categories of ticks : hard ticks and soft ticks. hard ticks have a hard shield on their back and may attach themselves to the host for days. soft ticks are nocturnal and attach themselves to the host for short periods of time. ticks should be encouraged to drop off by placing a drop of alcohol or ether on the tick or coating it with petroleum or nail polish. if a tick is pulled off forcibly, its mouthparts may be left behind and cause infection. lice are small insects, about 1 / 8th


off by placing a drop of alcohol or ether on the tick or coating it with petroleum or nail polish. if a tick is pulled off forcibly, its mouthparts may be left behind and cause infection. lice are small insects, about 1 / 8th of an inch ( 3 mm ) in length, that feed on blood. three species of lice affect humans : pediculosis humanus capitis ( head lice ), pediculosis humanus corpus ( body lice ), and phthirus pubis ( pubic lice, commonly known as crabs ). lice cause dermatitis ( severe skin irritation and inflammation ) and, in some cases, transmit disease. the microorganisms that cause typhus, lapsing fever, and trench fever are transmitted to human hosts through the saliva of the lice. the pediculosis capitis lice infest and feed on blood from the scalp. they infest people of all social classes. the lice are transferred form person to person through contact with infested hair or use of a comb, towel, hats, and hair ornaments of an infected person. the bites cause severe itching and scratching can lead to a secondary infection. the adult lice live for several weeks. the adult females lay eggs, called nits, that are firmly attached to the shaft of the hair. the eggs hatch in about two weeks. head lice can be treated with lotions or shampoos containing malathion or carbaryl, which kill the lice and nits ( eggs ). the dead lice and nits must be removed with a special comb. the pediculosis corpus lice infest the entire body. they infest people who do not change and launder their clothes regularly and do not practice good hygiene. when the lice feed on the blood of the host, they leave small red marks that itch. scratching may lead to a secondary bacterial infection. body lice often transmit epidemic diseases. the lice are transferred from person to person through infested clothing or bedding. the lice live in the seams. proper hygienic practices and laundering clothes with very hot water ( 140 degrees fahrenheit - 60 degrees celsius ) will kill the lice, although the nits remain viable for as long as a month. they hatch when they come into contact with body heat. body lice can be treated with lotions containing malathion or carbaryl, which kill the


kill the lice, although the nits remain viable for as long as a month. they hatch when they come into contact with body heat. body lice can be treated with lotions containing malathion or carbaryl, which kill the lice and their nits ( eggs ). the dead lice and nits must be removed with a special comb. the phthirus pubis lice infest the area of the genitals causing severe irritation. they are passed from person to person through sexual contact or from infested clothing and linen. this form of lice is often referred to as crabs because of their crab - like claws. pubic lice can be treated with lotions or shampoos containing malathion or carbaryl, which kill the lice and nits ( eggs ). the dead lice and nits must be removed with a special comb. prolonged use of these chemicals, however, can cause irritation to these sensitive areas of skin. an infested person ' s sexual partner should also be treated. after consulting with your doctor or pharmacist for the best treatment plan, remember to use the delousing agents exactly as directed. the usual steps are : thoroughly scrub the infected area ; apply the medication and leave it on for the recommended amount of time ; rinse the area to remove the medicine ; when the hair is dry comb out the nits with a nit comb ; and repeat the treatment in another week to kill any newly hatched eggs that survived. it is important to consult your physician or pharmacist before using any over - the - counter drugs or treatments. they will be able to advise you on proper usage and can warn you of possible side effects and contraindications. chiggers, also called harvest mites or red mites, are the larvae of trombicula mites and are found among the grass and weeds. mites are arachnids, small eight - legged animals. they are less than 1 / 20 of an inch ( 1. 2 mm ) long. mites attach themselves to exposed parts of the skin of the host and feed on the blood. the mouthparts are specially adapted for piercing the skin. when they bite, they promote an allergic reaction that causes a swelling about a half - inch in diameter that itches. the swelling may develop into a blister. chiggers stick to the skin and cause irritation and severe itching. fleas are small insects, only about 0


reaction that causes a swelling about a half - inch in diameter that itches. the swelling may develop into a blister. chiggers stick to the skin and cause irritation and severe itching. fleas are small insects, only about 0. 1 inches in length. they are of the order siphonaptera and feed solely on the blood of mammals and birds. more than two hundred different species of fleas can be found in the united states. fleas cause irritation to the skin through their bite. they have specially adapted mouths to puncture the skin of the host and feed on the blood. the bites cause temporary pain and itching, although some people have a severe allergic reaction to them. flea bites are characterized by a rash or small red blotches and bumps at the site of the bites. scratching the rash can lead to secondary bacterial infection. in some instances, fleas transmit disease, such as bubonic plague, and murine typhus, through their bites. the virus that causes bubonic plague is carried by rats and transmitted to humans by fleas, specifically the xenopsylla cheopis flea. the bubonic plague killed millions of people during the middle ages. advancements in sanitation methods, pest control, and better public hygiene practices have reduced the episodes of plague caused by fleas. the flea pulex irritans is a species of fleas parasitic on the skin of humans. it is a host to the larval stage of dipylidium caninum, a species of tapeworm found primarily in dogs. the larva and, thus, the tapeworm is passed on to humans by the fleas. the flea ingests the larvae by feeding on the blood of an infected dog. the larvae are passed to the human host through the saliva of the flea when it bites the new host. the larvae enter the bloodstream of the human host and travel to the lungs. they then ascend the respiratory tract to the mouth where they are swallowed. the larvae mature in the intestine and compete with the host for nutrients. the adult female deposits eggs in the intestine. the eggs are excreted with feces, although some enter the bloodstream and begin the cycle again. other insects shown above ( such as the black widow spider ) can cause you to become very sick, and with the brown recluse spider, a very dangerous ulceration can occur. seek medical attention as soon as possible! deer tick ' s can carry lyme disease


such as the black widow spider ) can cause you to become very sick, and with the brown recluse spider, a very dangerous ulceration can occur. seek medical attention as soon as possible! deer tick ' s can carry lyme disease. have your doctor check you for lyme disease if you have been bitten by a tick. for poisonous bites or stings, a constrictive band can be placed apx 2 inches above the bite making sure that it is tight enough to only limit venous blood flow. you can check this by making sure that you can place your pinky finger snugly under the constricting band. if you can not slide your finger under! the band is to tight. a constricting band can be made from a piece of string or clothing material. remember do not use a tourniquet. first - degree burns are caused by a flash, a flame, or the sun. they are the most common and the most minor of all burns. the skin surface is dry ; no blisters or swelling occur. the skin is reddened and extremely painful, but the epidermal layer is the only one affected. first - degree burns heal in two to five days with no scarring. peeling of the outer epidermal layer usually occurs, and some temporary discoloration may result. second - degree burns result from contact with hot liquids or solids, flash or fame contact with clothing, direct fame from fires, and contact with chemical substances. the skin appears moist and mottled, and it ranges in color from white to cherry red. the burned area is extremely painful. the epidermis and dermal layers of skin are usually burned, and damage may result to some fat domes of the subcutaneous ( fatty tissue lust under the skin ) layer. second - degree burns are considered minor if they involve less than 15 percent of the body surface in adults and less than 10 percent in children. fifteen to 30 percent of adult body surface and 10 to 20 percent of a child ' s body surface indicates a moderate second degree burn. the burn is also considered moderate if it involves the face, hands, feet, or genital area. a second - degree burn is considered critical if it involves more than 30 percent of the total body surface in an adult and 20 percent in a child. healing of a minor second - degree burn usually requires five to twenty - one days. if infection occurs, healing time is extended to over thirty - five days, and the burn is con -


body surface in an adult and 20 percent in a child. healing of a minor second - degree burn usually requires five to twenty - one days. if infection occurs, healing time is extended to over thirty - five days, and the burn is con - sidered third - degree. third - degree, or full - thickness burns, are the most serious, resulting from contact with hot liquids or solids, flame, chemicals, or electricity. the skin becomes dry and leathery ; charred blood vessels are often visible. the skin is a mixture of colors : white ( waxy - pearly ), dark ( khaki - mahogany ), and charred. the patient feels little or no pain, because the nerve endings have been destroyed. hair pulls out easily with no pain. the burn extends through all dermal layers and can involve subcutaneous layers, muscles, organs, and bone. third - degree burns are considered minor if they occur on less than 2 percent of the body surface. moderate burns involve 2 to 10 per - cent of the body surface. third - degree burns are classified as critical if they occur on more than 10 percent of the total body surface, if there is any involvement of the face, hands, feet, or genital area, or if the burns are caused by chemicals or electricity. third - degree burns that cover large areas usually require skin grafting and take months or years to heal completely ; small areas require weeks. - do not put anything on the burn. tell the caller that under no circumstance should grease, oil, ointment, butter, or any other substance be applied to the burn. - remove all clothing and jewelry from the burned area. instruct the caller not to pull off any item that is sticking to the skin but to remove any clothing or jewelry that might be dangerous if swelling should occur. also make sure that any jewelry that might conduct heat is removed promptly. - immediately immerse the burned area in cool water. in addition to providing pain relief, cool water can stop the spread of the heat damage to surrounding tissues. make sure that the patient does not get immersed in ice water - - the rapid temperature extreme can cause severe complications. direct application of ice to the burn can cause frostbite and complicate the severity of the burn. tell the caller to halt the application of cool water after thirty minutes. further treatment by immersion is ineffective and may actually lead to complications, such as causing a chill that may induce shock. - leave the burn uncovered if possible. stress that the burn will


tell the caller to halt the application of cool water after thirty minutes. further treatment by immersion is ineffective and may actually lead to complications, such as causing a chill that may induce shock. - leave the burn uncovered if possible. stress that the burn will heal more rapidly and more completely if it is not covered. if a dressing is necessary, tell the caller to apply only a clean ( sterile if possible ) cloth and to leave it as loose as possible. applying constricting bandages will further damage the burned area and may even tear burned skin loose from the body. - give the patient emergency care for shock. even if the patient manifests no signs and symptoms of shock, have him lie down, drink fluids, and stay warm. such a course of action may prevent any shock that may occur after the burn incident. if the burn is not severe enough to require medical attention or hospitalization, make sure that the patient receives the best care possible, and instruct the caller to consult his physician if any complications occur. if the burn is severe enough to require hospitalization or close medical attention or even if you think that it might require such care, get the patient to the hospital as quickly as possible. latest article : optic nerve all vision relies on the optic nerve and its ability to relay the images our eyes detect to our brains for processing. there are twelve paired nerves that relay information from the body to the brain and the optic nerve is the second pair of this twelve. thus, it is frequently referred to as cranial nerve ii. the optic nerve is a part of the body ' s central nervous system. as...


medieval london guilds interesting history, facts and information about the life of the people who lived in england during the medieval times medieval london guilds london was the biggest and most important city during the medieval times and era. the medieval london guilds played a major role in the lives of the people in the city. the members of the medieval guilds became powerful. the guilds controlled the way in which trade was conducted in the town. the members of the guilds also became involved with civic duties and were appointed to important and influential positions in the community. the chief spokesman of the guilds became the mayor of london the leading delegates of the guilds became the aldermen of london the other members of the guilds became the burghers of london the guilds effectively ran the city and controlled commerce. each guild had its own hall and their own coat of arms, but there was also the guildhall ( 1411 - 1440 ) where representatives of all the various london guilds met together. the word “ guild ” derives from the saxon “ gilden ” meaning " to pay " and refers to the subscription paid to the guilds by their members. other words associated with the term guild include association, society, brotherhood, company, fellowship, fraternity and livery. medieval craft guilds medieval merchant guilds names of medieval london guilds the list of names of medieval london guilds provides an insight in the many jobs and occupations which were available to the people of london during the medieval times and era. the names of some of the medieval london guilds included the following : armourers & brasiers ( armour - makers and workers in brass ) barbers ( also surgeons and dentists ) bowyers ( longbow makers ) chandlers ( candle makers ) cordwainers ( workers in fine leather ) curriers ( dressers of tanned leather ) farriers ( shoers of horses ) fletchers ( arrow makers ) girdlers ( girdles and belts as clothing ) loriners ( stirrups and other harness for horses ) mercers ( general merchants ) pattenmakers ( makers of wooden clog - style footwear ) scriveners ( writers of court letters and legal documents ) tallow chandlers ( candle makers ) wax chandlers ( candle makers ) woolmen ( winders and packers of wool ) it is interesting to note that many of the streets in london were named after the particular trade which practiced there. these names have survived to the modern day and include names such as bread street, mlk street, pudding


winders and packers of wool ) it is interesting to note that many of the streets in london were named after the particular trade which practiced there. these names have survived to the modern day and include names such as bread street, mlk street, pudding lane and threadneedle street. the major towns of medieval england had a guildhall. a guildhall is a building historically used by guilds for meetings. a deed of 1369 refers to the " gildaule ", and a charter of 1439 states that " pleas happening in the said borough... shall be pleaded and holden in the guildhall there, before the mayor and bailiffs for the time being ". the name for guildhall occurs in early records as " gialle, " " gihalle, " " guyhalle, " " gihale, " " guihalle, " " gyhale, " " gilda aula, " " gildaula, " " gyhalda, " and " gildaule " and is derived from " gild " meaning payment or " gildan " meaning to pay. the guildhall would be the appointed place where the burgesses would " yield " or pay their taxes, hence another name for guildhall - " yeldehall ". the purpose of the guildhall building was to conduct the commercial business of the guilds. it was also used for the civic and administrative duties of the guilds and its members including the mayor who also held the post of chief magistrate in the later period of the middle ages. the great hall of the london guildhall was second in size only to that of the king ' s hall at westminster. the mayor of london even sat on a dais as the king did in his hall. medieval london guilds - ceremonial livery the medieval guilds of london had their own ceremonial livery. the formal name for the london guilds are livery companies. this referred to the elegant apparel, called livery, that medieval london guild members wore on special and ceremonial occasions. the livery clothing was adopted by the medieval london guilds in the reign of king edward iii ( 1312 - 1377 ). the clothes, or livery, worn by the guild merchants were extremely important as they identified the merchants with a specific guild and distinguished their members from one another. the guild merchants wore their livery when they marched in parades and processions and attended ceremonies and other royal gatherings during the medieval times and era. women and medieval guilds there were women in medieval guilds. a law called


their members from one another. the guild merchants wore their livery when they marched in parades and processions and attended ceremonies and other royal gatherings during the medieval times and era. women and medieval guilds there were women in medieval guilds. a law called ' femme sole ' allowed women to trade in their own right in the case of a widow continuing her husband ' s craft. the whole family were involved in the craft guilds helping the craft guild member who was the head of the family. a wife, daughter or son would work accordingly in the trade of the family. women were therefore able to take over the trade upon the death of a husband. medieval london guilds - candle making guilds / soapmakers guilds candle makers were called chandlers in the medieval times of the middle ages. there were two types of candle making guilds - the wax candle makers and the tallow candle makers. the tallow candle makers were made with animal fat and therefore closely associated with butchers or skinners. the tallow candle makers also became soapmakers, although it is unclear whether there was a seperate medieval ages soapmakers guild. the tallow candles were much cheaper, leading to chandlers laws being passed regulating the percentage of a candle which could be tallow. rich people used the wax candles and poor people used the tallow candles. the wax candle makers, made predominantly from beeswax, were often quite wealthy due to the constant demand for their product. the church was one of their best customers. the incidence of widows taking over the family business and access to the candle making guilds was high due to the profits made in such a business. medieval london guilds the medieval times website provides interesting facts, history and information about these great people and important historical events which scatter the medieval history books including medieval london guilds. the medieval times sitemap provides full details of all of the information and facts about the fascinating subject of the lives of the people who lived during the historical period of the middle ages. the content of this article on medieval life and times provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework for history courses and history coursework.


atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, non - contagious, chronic skin disorder that involves scaly and itchy rashes. is also called eczema, dermatitis or word ‘ dermatitis ’ means inflammation of the skin and ‘ atopic ’ refers to diseases that are hereditary and often occur together. people with atopic dermatitis often have a family history of asthma, hay fever or eczema. atopic dermatitis is very common in all parts of the world. the disease can occur at any age but most often affects infants and small children. it may start as early as age 2 - 6 months, but many people outgrow it by early adulthood. it is also known as infantile eczema, when it occurs in people living in urban areas and in climates with low humidity are at an increased risk for developing atopic dermatitis. cause of atopic dermatitis is not well understood. hypersensitivity reaction in the skin may cause atopic dermatitis. is characterized by inflammation, itching and scaling of the skin. atopic dermatitis is often referred to as the ‘ itch that rashes ’ because the itching starts first, and the skin rash appears follows due to the scratching. dermatitis responds well to home. proper skin care reduces the need for medicines. topical creams and oral antihistamines can be used to suppress the symptoms.


[ < gallery home | latest images | top 100 | submit picture > ] < < previous picture | next picture > > | scilly / lyonesse | [ 720 x 536 jpg ] unless otherwise stated, this image is the copyright of the submitter. contact them for permission to reproduce it. more than 500 neolithic and bronze age sites have been excavated in the isles of scilly. with another 30 or so only accessible at the lowest tides, how many more are permanently submerged? once a single island ( with the exception of agnes and annet ) did the inundation of scilly give rise to the legend of lyonesse? the isles of scilly were formerly one island and many archaeological sites now lie beneath the sea. excavations have only been possible at the lowest tides and there are certain to be more sites permanently under water ( there are more than 500 sites above the high water line ). normally submerged sites that have been excavated include : 10 hut circles, 7 cists and graves, 4 field wall enclosures and 12 other occupational sites and partial exposures in eroding cliffs. there is a persistent legend that the lost land of lyonesse once stretched from scilly to land ' s end. this realm was said to be the home of tristan who went on to woo iseult etc. the capital of lyonesse was the city of lions and was built around the hill which is now the treacherous reef of the seven stones. one night a huge wave ( tsunami? ) swept over lyonesse and only one man escaped. this was trevilian who galloped ahead of the flood on a white horse and survived to found the cornish trevelyan family. there are many field walls and hut circles to be seen at the lowest tide when it is possible to walk from samson to bryher and from bryher to tresco. in roman times, all of the islands were one ( variously referred to as sylina insula and siluram insulam - singular, not plural ie the scilly island ) with the exception of st agnes and annet. this has given rise to the legend that scilly is a remnant of the lost land of lyonesse. the legend further relates that the rest of lyonesse lies beneath the sea between scilly and lands end and over towards the lizard. there really is a submerged forest in mount ' s bay and fishermen have reported seeing the tops of houses near the longships lighthouse. the legend is further related in cheryl straffon


between scilly and lands end and over towards the lizard. there really is a submerged forest in mount ' s bay and fishermen have reported seeing the tops of houses near the longships lighthouse. the legend is further related in cheryl straffon ' s excellent guide to ancient sites on the isles of scilly ( meyn mamvro ). whatever else may lie beneath the waves, there are the remains of hundreds of shipwrecks awaiting the marine archaeolgist. | love the scillies my spiritual home the land of the blessed worked there several years in the 60s and tripped on bants carn and innisigen burial chambers in the old days was 1 island for sure always been a spiritual place but now icecaps are melting the sea levels are rising take to the high ground remember atlantis and noahs flood keep the faith | | tony roth | | similar stories about the maya in the yucatan. the faith is kept. | | john hext - fremlin | | i am looking for http : / / consciousevolution. com / rennes / arthurchapter5. htm ; please find this page as soon as you can as i am interested in it and if you can ' t then why has the page been removed? firstname. lastname @ example. org | | this fantastic pic was only rated ' 5. 74 ', and i tried to change it to ' 10 ', but it only went up to ' 6. 01 '.. why should that be? is it because, once rated, that rate cannot be altered without a false ( lower ) result appearing? | | nope - it ' s the average rating - of 15 votes the average is now 6. 1. if you keep coming back to a pic, once each day, you can up or down its rating if you choose! | | very good. this photo is difficult to take because of the light level. and also if you waited a few more minutes it would be completely dark. | | exceptional depth to the cloudscape and the dark exposure, is very good, to enhance the wonderful, neolithic atmosphere of your piece, thorgrim. excellent and informative descriptons ( which you sometimes don ' t get on photos ). i ' ve also given this the maximum points. | to post comments first you must register! megalithic portal egallery, images of megaliths and prehistoric sites worldwide, free to view.


any natural deposit forming a part of the earth ' s crust, whether consolidated or not, including sand, earth, clay, etc., when in natural beds. a naturally formed substance consisting of one or more minerals. solid piece of geological material. may be a mineral or a gem or a leaverite. an aggregate of one or more minerals that forms an appreciable part of the lithosphere. any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of earth ' s crust. see igneous rock, metamorphic rock, mineral, sedimentary rock. a well - consolidated or lithified assemblage of grains of one or more minerals. rocks are formed through igneous including hydrothermal, sedimentary, or metamorphic processes. a combination of mineral matter of various compositions a hard mass consisting of minerals. ( 4 ) naturally formed, solid mass of one or more minerals, amorphous inorganic matter or organic matter. see also lithify. material made of an aggregate of minerals formed from solidified magma ( igneous rock ), by the recrystallization of pre - existing rocks ( metamorphic rock ) or from accumulations of mineral, rock or fossiliferous fragments or chemical elements ( sedimentary rock ). a consolidated aggregate, naturally occurring, of mineral grains consisting of one or more mineral species ( minerals and / or mineraloids ) and having some degree of chemical and mineralogic constancy. rocks are classified by mineral and chemical composition ; the texture of the constituent particles ; and also by the processes that formed them. popular a rock is an aggregate of minerals, sometimes together with non - crystalline ( i. e., non - mineral ) natural materials. a naturally formed material composed of one or more minerals. a naturally formed aggregate of an indefinite mixture of naturally occurring substances, mainly minerals. its composition may vary in containment of minerals and organic substances, and are never exact. a rock is a solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals or mineral - like materials ( such as volcanic glass ). a naturally formed aggregate of usually inorganic materials from within the earth. natural collection of minerals in the solid state ; usually hard and consisting of one, two, or more mineral varieties a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter ; " he threw a rock at me " a gift from nature, not a man - made creation a material made of one or more minerals a mineral, or aggregate of minerals, that forms an essential part of the earth ' s crust a mineral or mixture of minerals a mineral


rock at me " a gift from nature, not a man - made creation a material made of one or more minerals a mineral, or aggregate of minerals, that forms an essential part of the earth ' s crust a mineral or mixture of minerals a mineral which has undergone extreme weathering and become very hard and compacted an aggregate ( a combination ) of one or more minerals an assemblage of minerals a natural aggregate of different or the same minerals a naturally formed combination of two or more minerals, either consolidated or not ( except soil ), with some degree of mineralogical consistency a naturally formed solid material that makes up the earth ' s crust a solid, cohesive, aggregate or one or more minerals a solid, solid matter can be picked up and carried around without having to place it in a special container a solid thing, at least on our time scale any naturally formed aggregate of one or more minerals, such as granite, shale, or marble. rocks are made of different kinds of minerals, or broken pieces of crystals, or broken pieces of rocks. some rocks are made of the shells of once - living animals, or of compressed pieces of plants. rocks are divided into three basic types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, depending upon how they were formed. more details... a naturally occurring mineral substance cohesively bound by chemical bonds and forming the basic structure of the earth ' s crust. a relatively hard substance, naturally formed from minerals or petrified matter ; can be grouped as one of three types - - igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary. rock is a hard natural substance made up of one or more minerals. e. g. limestone. lithified combination of one or more minerals, or lithified undifferentiated material ( e. g. obsidian ), or lithified organic matter ( e. g. coal ) natural aggregates of one or more minerals. a general term applied to the consolidated mineral materials which form the principal part of the crust of the earth an integral part of the earth ' s crust composed of an aggregate of grains of one or more minerals. ( stone is the commercial term applied to quarry products. ) consolidated or unconsolidated solid mineral matter an aggregate of interlocking or attached grains, each of which is typically composed of a single crystalline mineral. it is a term for an indefinite mixture of naturally occurring substances, mostly minerals. the composition may vary in containment of minerals and organic substances, and they are never exact. a rock is an aggregation of solid


is typically composed of a single crystalline mineral. it is a term for an indefinite mixture of naturally occurring substances, mostly minerals. the composition may vary in containment of minerals and organic substances, and they are never exact. a rock is an aggregation of solid matter, a random conglomerate of minerals. the earth ' s crust is made of rock. there are three types of rock : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. petrology is the scientific study of rocks. 1. geologically, any natural mass of earth material that has appreciable extent. 2. in engineering, solid natural material that requires mechanical or explosive techniques for removal. 3. in the quarry industries, the term stone is more common and means firm, coherent, relatively hard earth material. a naturally occurring material composed of one mineral or, more often, a combination of minerals naturally hardened and consolidated into a solid mass. " a consolidated or unconsolidated aggregate of minerals or organic materials ". ( oxford dictionary of earth sciences ). rocks can be made of a single type of mineral, or more than one mineral. for example, limestone is made ( mostly ) of calcite and quartzite is made just of quartz. granite is made up of three main minerals : quartz, feldspar and mica. a solid mixture of one or more minerals description mixture of minerals rocks a combination of 2 or more minerals which have been joined either by heat, temperature, pressure, or chemical changes a solid, made of one or more minerals a solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more crystalline minerals. a coherent, naturally occurring solid, consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass. any naturally formed, solid aggregate of one or more minerals. an aggregate of minerals or organic matter, which may be consolidated or unconsolidated. a rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and / or mineraloids. the earth ' s crust ( including the lithosphere ) and mantle are formed of rock.


to put or fix before, or at the beginning of, another thing ; as, to prefix a syllable to a word, or a condition to an agreement. that which is prefixed ; esp., one or more letters or syllables combined or united with the beginning of a word to modify its signification ; as, pre - in prefix, con - in conjure. an affix attached before a base word or root, as re - in reprint. see also affix. cp. suffix. a substring at the beginning of a given string. the leading digits of a telephone number. if you dial either one or a few digits before a phone number - - a prefix - - you can relay certain things to the phone company, such as needing assistance, etc. a number that subscribers must enter to send a fax to a fax endpoint several contexts, for example in phone numbers, 00, to indicate that the following digits are an international phone number. ‰ view the first part of a pathname the name of the disk and, if you like, the name of a subdirectory. applications that ask you to type a pathname usually let you set a prefix so you don ' t have to type the complete pathname every time you want to work with a document on a particular disk or in a particular subdirectory. once the prefix is set, all you do is type the rest of the pathname. a prefix is used as the first part of certain kinds of name. a prefix is either a function call or a name. a host record field. an optional string which follows the host name in a midgard targeted url. it may be seen as a prefix to the requested page or as a suffix to the host name. different prefixes enable separate virtual hosts with the same host name and port number. item name prefixes can be used for two purposes. grouping items for validation. having more than one item on the screen with the same display name. the network - specific portion of a cidr address. the prefix identifies the network routing information, such as the network address or subnet information. an ip address and network mask a set of network addresses that a given route covers


the entire last chapter was devoted to the mills of millburn because of their great importance and influence on the economic and social development of millburn of the 19th century. however, while the early 19th century captains of industry were establishing their mills and factories, the ordinary folks of the community were living out their lives ; going about their routine daily tasks ; and gradually completing the foundations of the settlement which had been begun almost one hundred years before. the mills, naturally, brought an influx of new families seeking work here, although as transportation became simpler, some of the employes commuted to their jobs from outlying towns. long before people began referring to the northern section of springfield as " millville " or " milltown ", other reference names were used for it. the name " vauxhall " was commonly used around the time of the revolution. attention was called to its use in newspaper advertisements in a previous chapter. army reports generally meant millburn when they spoke of " the roads to vauxhall ", in back of springfield. the name was particularly used for the building at 40 main street ( present address ) where the rev. james caldwell, set up, according to legend, his quartermaster headquarters during the war, but why, or by whom it was named it not now known. it would seem obvious that it was named by some english citizen for the famous vauxhall of london, a popular entertainment place in the 17th century, and it is possible that the vauxhall or vaux hall here, was built as a meeting place for social occasions. this opinion is, of course, only a guess at an explanation. however, the building must have been important enough for many people to know it, and use it as a point of geographical description ; such as, " the road to the vaux hall. " the only road running east of the present millburn center was for many years called " vauxhall road, " and its later extension west of the center was called " washington avenue. " both are now " millburn avenue. " another of millburn ' s ancient names was " rum brook. " cider was an important product of every settlement, and " jersey lightnin ' " the fermented form of cider, was produced in great quantities. every river had its cider presses and evidently the rahway river was no exception. sometimes, it is said, that the discarded mash, dumped into the river, could be smelled and tasted, and so " rum brook " was an apt designation for the village


cider presses and evidently the rahway river was no exception. sometimes, it is said, that the discarded mash, dumped into the river, could be smelled and tasted, and so " rum brook " was an apt designation for the village on the shores of the piquant stream. in the " budget, " a millburn newspaper, in its issue of august 4, 1886, there appears an obituary of mrs. esther mcchesney, who had just died at the age of 91 years. the obituary reads that she was born, and resided in millburn all her life, or " in rum brook, as it was then called. " the name " riverhead " appears without explanation in some history books as an old name for millburn. this name for millburn does actually appear on a map of jefferson village ( maplewood ) made in 1815, by cyrus durand, who lived nearby, and the name is certainly understandable as a literal description of a center in 1783, and it was also a stage coach stop and important gathering place for social life and news. on may 27, 1793, the new jersey legislature set off from the townships of elizabeth and newark certain lands to be henceforth known as " the township of springfield " in which township, of course, millburn was included, so that at last the community had its own legal name? springfield. on april 14, 1794, its own own government was set up in the inn of abraham woolley. many old millburn names appear in the list of the first governing officials? baldwin, morehouse, denman, wade, squier, lyon, and meeker. however, no post office was established until 1801 and people were still dependent on the traveler or stagecoach driver for their mail. it was the custom for the post office at elizabeth to advertise in the new jersey journal that it was holding mail for the addresses, who could wither call for it personally, or have it picked up by an obliging friend. in 1801 the first chartered turnpike in new jersey was created, known as " the morris turnpike. " subscriptions were sold at the rate of $ 25. 00 a share, subscription books to receive same being kept open at private homes in morristown, newton and the home of joseph lyons in elizabeth. a deposit payment of only $ 1. 00 was required. for the first time the inhabitants and the millowners had a good road to the cities if they were willing to pay toll. of course, many circ


of joseph lyons in elizabeth. a deposit payment of only $ 1. 00 was required. for the first time the inhabitants and the millowners had a good road to the cities if they were willing to pay toll. of course, many circumvented the payment of toll by " shunning the pike " and roads to this day known as " shunpike " roads became very popular. one of these roads is still located south of the morris turnpike in springfield and is still called " shunpike road ". however, the turnpike was profitable and a first dividend of 55¢ a share was paid in 1807. toll gates were located on morris turnpike near the present canoe brook road, and near the corner of springfield avenue and morris turnpike. the turnpike connected springfield with elizabeth, morristowni newton, and phillipsburg and the road beyond the delaware river in pennsylvania. its principal purpose was to bring down the products of the iron mines of northern new jersey to ships in elizabeth harbor. after the morris turnpike, other turnpikes were chartered and the system of roads for which new jersey is now famous became established. the newark? springfield turnpike was cut through in 1806 and millburn avenue was extended to meet it. for other toll payments, easier access could be had to newark and adjacent towns. a toll gate was located at the present junction of millburn and springfield avenues. before springfield avenue was laid out, the quickest way to newark was down millburn avenue ( then called vauxhall road ) to " the road through the valley " ( ridgewood road ), and then across that road to south orange avenue where a small hamlet known as south orange was located. south orange avenue ran from ridgewood road to newark, and was the third road built by the newark settlers to the mountains ; the first being the present west market street and main street to orange, and the second, the road across to south orange avenue from main street, orange, now known as " valley street " in west orange, and " ridgewood road " in south orange. the home of joseph riggs at the northwest corner of ridgewood road and south orange avenue was the terminus for several of these roads. ridgewood road and also valley street ( maplewood ) eventually connected millburn with south orange avenue. later on, but before millburn avenue was cut through to springfield avenue, another way to newark was favored. travelers followed the path down millburn avenue to the present valley street, turned left on valley street to the present tuscan road, then right


later on, but before millburn avenue was cut through to springfield avenue, another way to newark was favored. travelers followed the path down millburn avenue to the present valley street, turned left on valley street to the present tuscan road, then right on tuscan road to the present apex of maplecrest park, where a small settlement known at various times as " north farms ", " the harbor ", " middleville " and " hilton " was located. there the travelers continued east to newark. when toll was charged for the springfield avenue pike, valley street to south orange became the shunpike of that section, and was so known for many years. people began to have a little more fun, and one reads of barn raisings, quilting bees, and even parties just for pleasure. captain joseph horton was the township poet, and was usually toastmaster at the barnraisings. food, of course, was the principal entertainment offered to guests, and captain horton, never at a loss for a poem to celebrate a momentous occasion, did not mind using his talent for criticizing food, if it did not meet with his approval. f. w. ricord in his " history of union county " tells that on one occasion, poet horton ' s hostess was stingy, and used rye flour, instead of white flour, so the toast went something like this : " potpie made of rye and mutton was the meat. rough enough, and tough enough and not half enough to eat. " his hostess ' name and reaction to the toast are not recorded. at the next party things were decidedly better, and the toastmaster responded in these words : " potpie not made of rye but of the finest wheat, chicken all, both large and small, and fit for kings to eat. " captain joseph horton had been a soldier in the late war, and so apparently the wrath of a neighbor - hostess had no terror for him. he lies buried among the revolutionary heroes in springfield cemetery. a reading of the newspapers of the period give other intimate glimpses into the lives of the ordinary folks of millburn. eight sheep belonging to watts reeve of vauxhall ( now the wyoming section ) strayed from his pasture, 3 of them " hobbled " by a leathern strap. " jacob ogden fell overboard and drowned in ( new ) york bay, on his way to elizabeth from new york city ; napoleon ' s triumphs in europe provided stirring news, and samuel campbell lost his liver - spotted pointer dog named " carlo "


. " jacob ogden fell overboard and drowned in ( new ) york bay, on his way to elizabeth from new york city ; napoleon ' s triumphs in europe provided stirring news, and samuel campbell lost his liver - spotted pointer dog named " carlo " for which he offered $ 2. 00 reward. mr. campbell also advertised for a " boy of good morales as an apprentice to learn the papermaking business " ; and jonas wade ' s mulatto man ran away from him. mr. campbell offered more reward for carlo, than jacob ross offered for the return of his apprentice boy, 4 feet 3 inches high. the new jersey journal which was the paper usually read by the people here carried a long article condemning the reduction of our navy from 154 salis of the line in 1799, to 138 sails of the line in 1800 ; and a statement of the total receipts of the united states of america for the year ending september 30, 1800, showed that $ 15, 262, 161. 75 had been received during the year, $ 59, 050. 43 of which had come from new jersey. war with spain and england was greatly feared ; a bowlegged negro man named cuff, 22 years of age, ran away from f. delacroix of this town, and sally smith eloped from her husband in august, 1801. subscriptions to the newspapers were paid for in merchandise, and mr. kollock, the editor, pleaded with those who promised him wood in return for his paper, to please deliver it to him. two sloops to new york owned by job haines and william and elias dayton, began to make 3 or 4 weekly trips to new york ; and a wax works museum opened in elizabeth on christmas day, 1805. george washington passed through elizabeth on april 30, 1789, on his way to his inauguration in new york. crowds journeyed from all over the state to see him pass by. he was met some distance out of town by a guard of honor headed by captain wade, and escorted by captain meeker, ( both old millburn names ) to the home of elias boudinot, after which he embarked by sloop to new york city. the nicholas parcel estate sold off 30 acres of wood and timber on white oak ridge road ; the " cordial balm of gilead " was advertised as the " best cure for lowness of spirits, debility, and consumption ", and if you bought a bottle you could also buy for $ 1. 00 the " guide to health " which contained instructions


balm of gilead " was advertised as the " best cure for lowness of spirits, debility, and consumption ", and if you bought a bottle you could also buy for $ 1. 00 the " guide to health " which contained instructions on " how to care for fits, flatilence of wind, hypocondriac, juvenile indiscretions, and scurvy. " one of the best places to buy materials entailed a short journey to north farms ( now the maplecrest section of maplewood where one could purchase " orleans cloth, swansdown, frize, bairdseye, striped calimancoes, boiled comblets, jaconet muslin, shaloons, ratinetts, deep blue and drab broadcloth, and soal leather, all at the best prices. " group singing was a popular pasttime, and on a shopping expedition to newark one could buy at w. & e. hill ' s, 166 broad street, sheet music for such tender and melancholy ballads as " i ' d weep for thee ", " oh, do not forget, love! ", " say, my heart, whence comes this anguish ", " o ' er the sea in my fairy baot ", " oft in the stilly night " or the popular glees, " our old tom cat ", and " corn cobs. " on june 6, 1805, a meeting of the fourth of july celebration committee was held. aaron hand was chairman, and his committee consisted of samuel parkhurst, uzal wade, j. dean, caleb woodruff, philip denman, and captain john smith. walter smith was designated to bear the cup of liberty in the parade ; oliver wade to read the declaration of independence, and david baldwin to deliver the oration. descendants of some members of this committee are still living in millburn in 1957. on the other side of the picture, the good old days were not always so good. men, women, and children were still being sold as slaves? new jersey was one of the last states to eliminate slavery? and during these years advertisements, such as the following, were common : " strong, handsome negro wench, 19 years old, with a beautiful female child, six months old on the bottle, very healthy... can sew, spin, had had the smallpox and measles. " ( new jersey journal ). " for sale, good black girl, about 20 years of age,


child, six months old on the bottle, very healthy... can sew, spin, had had the smallpox and measles. " ( new jersey journal ). " for sale, good black girl, about 20 years of age, sober, honest, healthy and active. " ( new jersey sentinel of freedom (! ) 1815. ) and a man was advertised for sale at public auction at the court house in newark. the man was said to be in stout health, 31 years of age, understood farming, a good hostler, and an excellent waiter. the only reason to dispose of him was that he was given to " intoxication which makes him impertinent and unruly. " these are only three of numerous advertisements picked from the local new jersey papers of the times. hanging was still the penalty for murder in new jersey ; a sentence of 39 stripes on the bare back was inflicted by the essex county court for stealing horsehide ; and two years imprisonment was meted out for stealing a silver watch. " agressions on our trade and commerce " were committed by the british ; the port of new york was blockaded ; and the war of 1812 was fought and won. at least two local names appear in the list of fighting men? aaron vreeland ross and captain enos baldwin. religion began to occupy a more prominent role in people ' s lives. at the end of the revolution formal religion and attendance at services had reached a low ebb. the strong presbyterian church, whose clergy had been among the foremost patriots, had suffered severe blows. its churches were chief targets of british vengence, and many of them, such as those of springfield, elizabeth, and new brunswick, were in ruins, and their congregations disrupted and scattered. the congregations of the episcopal church which had been the established church of england, suffered through their loyalty to the crown, and all but three of their ministers had left new jersey, most of them having returned to england. however, their buildings were intact, and a reorganization gradually took place of those churches which had closed because their ministers could not in good conscience, omit the prayers prescribed for the king. the springfield presbyterian church, burned in 1780, was rebuilt in 1791. this building is the same structure which is still standing today. the rev. jacob van arsdale continued to be pastor until 1801. during this period the smaller evangelical denominations made great headway ; itinerant preachers found many adherents, and small chapels sprang up in many towns. foremost among


still standing today. the rev. jacob van arsdale continued to be pastor until 1801. during this period the smaller evangelical denominations made great headway ; itinerant preachers found many adherents, and small chapels sprang up in many towns. foremost among these was the baptist society. the first converts of millburn joined the lyons farms ( now weequahic section of newark ) church, but it was eventually realized that the distance was too great to be traveled constantly, and services were held in homes here, and in the section known as " canoe brook " now part of livingston. in an extremely rare book " materials toward a history of the baptists in new jersey " by morgan edwards, a copy of which was owned by dr. charles philhower of westfield, the story appears that in 1786, in the waters of " cannue brook " a number of converts were baptized. among them were timothy meeker, william meeker, moses edwards, and members of their families, besides members of the cory, cook, ward, and forse families. the rev. rejeune runyon was on hand to preach a sermon for the occasion, and the newly baptized converts and others, formed the congregation called " the cannue brook baptist society. " many millburn families belonged to this church until the millburn baptist church was formed in 1858. a sunday school, which may have been the first in new jersey, in point of continuous operation, was started in 1818 by the misses kate and elizabeth campbell, and their cousin, miss duychinck, in the wash - house of the campbell estate on brookside drive. this sunday school is said to have become immediately popular here, and was later taken over as an organization of the springfield presbyterian church. the first sunday school in the united states was started in 1791 by the quakers of philadelphia, and in new york in 1816 a women ' s society was formed for the promotion of such work. in 1815 sunday schools were started in newark and trenton, but they did not become affiliated with any church and hence passed out of existence. the american sunday school union was not founded until 1824, so that millburn ' s sunday school of 1818 was a novel and foresighted development, and actually one of the first in the entire country. one of the important events of these years was the return on september 23, 1824, of general lafayette, and his reception in elizabeth, to which every community sent representatives to take part in the parade in his honor. a description of the decorations gives some idea


of the important events of these years was the return on september 23, 1824, of general lafayette, and his reception in elizabeth, to which every community sent representatives to take part in the parade in his honor. a description of the decorations gives some idea of the tremendous importance of this event : " the old state bank building on broad street ( elizabeth ) was adorned with a transparency on top of which appeared the words ' welcome lafayette ' ; underneath was a group of 24 stars representing the united states ; immediately below was an eagle which grapsed in its talons an olive branch, and a bunch of arrows. in the middle appeared ' hero of liberty 1777 '. the court house displayed a transparency which showed lafayette ' s home, ' la grange '... in front of general jonathan dayton ' s home was erected an arch... on which was inscribed ' lafayette, hero of liberty, friend of washington '... stretched across broad street from meeker ' s store to the city tavern, was another triumphal arch. another arch was erected in front of the union hotel and extended to a flag staff in the middle of broad street, opposite the court house ; and at the dinner that night 13 regular toasts and 10 volunteer toasts were offered and drunk. " ( n. j. historical society proc. 14 p. 473 ( 1929 ). a good time seems to have been had by all. in these last two chapters we have attempted to show what the people of the future millburn were doing during the years between the end of the revolutionary war and the coming of the railroad in 1837, which was certainly the biggest thing to happen to millburn since the battle of springfield. our next chapter will deal with the building of the railroad and its impact on our history. " maplewood past and present " helen b. bates, ed. ( 1948 )


about the photographer " suppose we took a thousand negatives and made a gigantic montage ; a myriad - faceted picture combining the elegances, the squalor, the curiosities, the monuments, the sad faces, the triumphant faces, the power, the irony, the strength, the decay, the past, the present, the future of a city – that would be my favorite picture. " - - berenice abbott in popular photography, february 1940 returning to the united states in 1929 after eight years in europe, berenice abbott became fascinated with new york city and resolved to create an all - encompassing body of work documenting its many sides. after struggling with funding, abbott was finally granted an allowance by the works progress administration ’ s federal art project. with an abstracted, often graphic, grace, abbott ’ s photographs demonstrate the face of a city on the brink of revolutionary change. images of modern skyscrapers are juxtaposed with the makeshift shelters constructed by the homeless in central park ; for every beautiful example of architecture, there is another of human destitution. her works from this series, entitled changing new york, ( 1935 - 1939 ) were exhibited at the museum of the city in 1937. born in 1898 in springfield, ohio, berenice abbott traveled to paris in 1918 with the intention of becoming a sculptor. instead, she became man ray ’ s photographic assistant and by 1925 was a professional portrait photographer in her own right. known for her systematic and richly detailed photographs of new york, abbott also photographed scientific subjects for life and for three secondary school physics textbooks. abbott founded the photography program at the new school for social research ( where she taught for over twenty years ), was a prolific writer, and held four us patents for photographic and other devices. by purchasing eugene atget ’ s archive and essentially functioning as its curator until its sale to the museum of modern art, new york, in 1968, abbot can also be credited with preserving this important body of work. she died in 1991.


( ara ) - did your mother or grandmother tell you that your vision would improve by eating carrots? she was partially correct, in that eating fruits and vegetables can improve vision, but it ’ s also important to understand how the eye is affected by proper nutrition. numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that two dietary nutrients protect and enhance vision : zeaxanthin ( zee - uh - zan - thin ) and lutein. for casual and serious athletes or those who lead an active lifestyle, this information is very important because eating a diet rich in those nutrients can result in significant visual improvements. zeaxanthin and lutein are macular pigments that function like a pair of internal sunglasses to filter harmful blue light and enhance vision. thick or dense macular pigments protect the photoreceptors which are responsible for and vital to our vision. healthy macular pigment density provides a host of visual performance benefits including : * improved contrast sensitivity – for example, seeing a white golf ball or baseball against a light blue sky. * enhanced glare recovery time – recovering faster from temporary “ blinding ” caused by high intensity lighting such as automobile or stadium lights. * reduced light sensitivity and visual discomfort - experiencing less discomfort on bright sunny days or other times when exposed to bright light. * increased visual processing speed - seeing an object more clearly facilitates visual processing speed, enabling improved reaction time. so, how does one increase macular pigment density to get these benefits? one way is to add these nutrients to a diet or take them as an eye vitamin. the average u. s. daily diet doesn ’ t consist of an adequate quantity of fruits and vegetables necessary to achieve a proper macular pigment density in the retina. dr. stuart richer, a pioneer in ocular nutrition recommends that 50 percent of daily caloric intake should be derived from fruits and vegetables. the average american only obtains 8 to 10 percent of their daily caloric intake from these sources. because of this, zeaxanthin is scarce in the u. s. diet. to achieve an adequate daily intake of dietary zeaxanthin, one must consume a significant quantity of brightly colored fruits and vegetables. for example, one would have to eat 20 ears of corn or 10 orange bell peppers per day to obtain 8 to 10 milligrams of dietary zeaxanthin – the minimum daily intake most commonly associated with improved visual performance. since eating large quantities of fruits and vegetables is impractical for many, dietary zeaxanthin supplementation is an alternative. people who took an


##s of dietary zeaxanthin – the minimum daily intake most commonly associated with improved visual performance. since eating large quantities of fruits and vegetables is impractical for many, dietary zeaxanthin supplementation is an alternative. people who took an eye vitamin containing 8 milligrams of dietary zeaxanthin daily for one year in the fda - registered clinical study, “ the zeaxanthin and visual function trial ” by richer and his colleagues improved several aspects of their visual performance including : seeing 8. 5 more letters on an eye chart, improved vision while driving, fine details more clearly, and elimination of blind spots in their visual field. dr. larry lampert, a leader in the sports vision field, emphasizes the visual performance benefits of optimal nutrition and zeaxanthin supplementation. lampert has worked with professional athletes from the pga, lpga, mlb, nfl, atp, and is one of only 450 doctors worldwide to have completed a fellowship in developmental vision. “ many athletes take their vision for granted, unaware that there are simple, natural ways to maintain healthy eyes and improve athletic performance, ” lampert says. “ they also need to consume certain nutrients to sustain optimal visual performance. numerous studies reveal that the key nutrient for maintaining visual performance is dietary zeaxanthin. ” whether you ’ re an athlete or someone who simply wants to improve their vision, zeaxanthin and lutein can help. eat more brightly colored fruits and vegetables regularly and take an eye vitamin like eyepromise that contains natural forms of these important ingredients at an optimal daily amount. increasing the density of macular pigments in your eyes to protect your visual cells and enhance your visual performance.


behind the buzz and beyond the hype : our nanowerk - exclusive feature articles posted : aug 25th, 2010 reinventing iron production using clean renewable energy instead of coal ( nanowerk spotlight ) along with control of fire, iron smelting is one of the founding technological pillars of civilization. industry has used the same basic process to make iron for over 3000 years. yet, it is also one of the major global sources of greenhouse gas release. iron, a basic commodity, is still produced by the greenhouse gas intensive reduction of iron oxide by carbon - coke and currently accounts for the release of one quarter of worldwide carbon dioxide emissions by industry. for instance, on average 1. 9 tonnes of carbon dioxide are emitted for every tonne of steel produced ( source ). due to a large share of coal in the energy mix of current production technology, the co2 emissions are high. through a new understanding of the chemistry of iron at high temperature, researchers have uncovered an effective new carbon - dioxide - free process to form iron. " we have shown a novel route to generate iron metal by the electrolysis of dissolved iron oxide salts in molten carbonate electrolytes, " stuart licht, a professor in the department of chemistry and solar institute at george washington university, explains to nanowerk. " this process will prevent the extensive release of carbon dioxide, which currently accompanies the formation of iron metal from iron ores. " these results come quite unexpected, due to the previously reported insolubility of iron oxide in carbonates, but licht and his team have shown that their process can easily form pure metal iron from the two prevalent iron ores, hematite and magnetite. the unexpected solubility of iron oxides in lithium carbonate electrolytes, coupled with facile charge transfer and and a sharp decrease in iron electrolysis potentials with increasing temperature, provides a new route for iron production. " we have found that iron ore has a solubility product which is substantially larger, 1017 times ( 100, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000x ) larger than previously thought in high temperature carbonate liquids " says licht. " this provides an ideal medium to form iron by our new step ( solar thermal electrochemical ) energy conversion process. " old and new iron production : comparison of the industrial production of iron ( left ) and the step carbon - dioxide - free production of iron ( right ). the new process can utilize renewable energy power to drive iron formation, and doesn ' t release carbon dioxide because it doesn


production : comparison of the industrial production of iron ( left ) and the step carbon - dioxide - free production of iron ( right ). the new process can utilize renewable energy power to drive iron formation, and doesn ' t release carbon dioxide because it doesn ' t burn coal. alternatively, the new process can also be driven by fossil fuel electrical power, which as described in the study generates less co2 than industry ' s current ( carbothermic ) process. ( image : dr. licht, george washington university ) this high temperature electrolysis requires little energy, and can be powered through conventional or renewable energy sources to reduce or completely eliminate carbon dioxide emissions. " when powered by step, the electrolysis process is carbon dioxide free, creating no global warming gas emissions when converting the ore into metal " says licht. " by using both solar thermal energy and visible sunlight, the step process – diagrammed below – converts more solar energy than the best solar cells, as it uses excess solar heat ( energy discarded by solar cells ) to drive iron production. " schematic depiction of the step process. ( image : dr. licht, george washington university ) in the step process, the iron is formed at unusually low energy, and without release of carbon dioxide gas. the extraction process called electrolysis occurs in an unusual molten lithium carbonate solution, in which electrons, rather than chemicals are used to convert the metal salts back to metal. the extracted iron is cleaned and contains pure iron metal. photographs of iron electrolysis product in molten carbonate from hematite ( left side ) or magnetite ( right side ). ( image : dr. licht, george washington university ) licht notes that, in addition to iron production, the team has already successfully applied the step process to using solar energy to efficiently capture carbon ( see our previous spotlight ) and hydrogen fuel from water, and are in the midst of applying the step process to a variety of useful energetic molecules including other metals and bleach at high solar efficiency from naturally occurring resources. he points out that the next challenge is looking for support to scale - up step iron production from the laboratory to the outdoor test environment. " a key part of the step process operates in similar ( but reverse ) manner to mcfcs ( molten carbonate fuel cells ), which have already faced, and solved, the materials issues of operating in these unusual high temperature molten carbonate conditions. "


below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 17 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead 3 new opportunities for research on critical supersonic technologies the development of economically viable and environmentally acceptable commercial supersonic aircraft will require continuing advances in many disciplines. this chapter deals with technology areas where important breakthroughs are possible only if current research efforts are augmented by new, focused research ( or significant expansions of existing research ). the committee identified five areas of critical importance : approaches to sonic boom reduction, new aerodynamic concepts to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impacts, methods for dealing with highly coupled aircraft dynamics, strategies for the design of complex systems, and the continued development of variable cycle engines. configurations for reduced sonic boom background shock waves, and thus sonic booms, are fundamental to supersonic flight and can be minimized, but not eliminated, on aircraft having lift. sonic booms can be startling, cause annoyance, and can even result in structural damage. current u. s. regulations prohibit commercial aircraft from producing sonic booms that can be detected on the ground. if an approach to vehicle aerodynamic design can be found that would result in sonic booms with intensities low enough to gain public acceptance — and if regulations are changed to allow low intensity sonic booms — the economics of supersonic flight would change dramatically. studies by nasa ’ s hsr program identified three key requirements for overland supersonic flight : ( 1 ) establishing the criteria for an acceptable “ shaped ” sonic boom signature, ( 2 ) designing a viable aircraft to produce that shaped signature, and ( 3 ) quantifying the influence of the atmosphere on such signatures. 1 however, no revolutionary aerodynamic approaches to sonic boom elimination seem imminent, and the feasibility of accomplishing step 2 has yet to be established. nearly 50 years of flight data and experience with sonic booms exist, covering some 20 different supersonic aircraft, including the concorde and the space shuttle, with over 1, 500 flights having produced some 15, 000 measured signatures. all of these


. nearly 50 years of flight data and experience with sonic booms exist, covering some 20 different supersonic aircraft, including the concorde and the space shuttle, with over 1, 500 flights having produced some 15, 000 measured signatures. all of these sonic boom signatures are sawtoothed ( n waves ), since all the aircraft were so - called n - wave designs — that is, sonic boom minimization was not considered in their basic design. current signature prediction codes, validated by numerous wind - tunnel model tests, in - flight flow field probes, and ground measurements, work quite well for these n - wave aircraft. 2 fairly substantial efforts by the government, industry, and universities in the mid - 1960s and 1970s and, later, during the hsr program explored boom minimization techniques that decrease overpressure and shape the signature by means of aircraft tailoring and airstream alteration. vehicle configurations designed for boomless flight were also investigated. however, no flight data have ever been collected on vehicles designed to produce low - boom, shaped signatures. wind tunnel models can be designed to produce booms with shaped signatures near the aircraft, but it has not been demonstrated, by analysis or experiment, that a shaped signature will persist to the ground during flight in a real atmosphere. additional research is needed to establish a credible scientific foundation for designing supersonic aircraft with low sonic booms and to develop improved analytical tools. it is well known that atmospheric turbulence in the lower layers of the atmosphere can produce large changes in the overpressure or intensity of n - wave sonic boom signatures. 1 “ signature ” refers to a plot of the change in air pressure versus time at a fixed point as a sonic boom passes. 2 an n - wave signature has two rapid increases in pressure, one at the beginning and one at the end of the sonic boom. this produces a loud and particularly startling double - boom for people in the affected region. shaping the signature so that it has a slower pressure rise would produce a less intense boom. ocr for page 18 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead although considerable progress has been made toward establishing a prediction capability to describe the statistical variations of n - wave signatures due to the atmosphere, a suitable prediction code does not exist. no analytical or experimental database exists for quantifying atmospheric effects on low - boom, shaped signatures. model experiments using a large ballistic range, small projectiles, and a rectangular jet flow nozzle to generate scaled turbulence have provided valuable information. similar tests using shaped projectiles designed to produce shaped


research on methods for sonic boom prediction and techniques for designing aircraft with specified or constrained signatures has been ongoing for decades, but new approaches that permit higher fidelity modeling and more efficient design are required. research should focus on the continuing development of ( 1 ) multidisciplinary design tools and ( 2 ) one or more flight technology testbeds to characterize the booms produced by shaped vehicles and measure the persistence of shaped signatures in a real atmosphere over large distances. laboratory and wind tunnel testing on vehicle shaping and atmospheric effects should also be conducted, including some testing on airstream alteration ( e. g., heat / energy addition and dynamic flow modifications ) for a variety of vehicle configurations. finally, community studies are essential to determine how shaped sonic boom signatures with overpressures less than 1. 0 lb / ft2 effect buildings and people, including the propensity of people to be roused from sleep by booms at night. advanced aerodynamic concepts and configurations background the character of flow over a vehicle in supersonic flight is dramatically different from that of a subsonic aircraft. this is one of the fundamental reasons that an economically viable, environmentally acceptable supersonic aircraft has not been achieved after more than a half century of work in aeronautical design. breakthrough technologies that could address the root causes of the difference will therefore be associated with the vehicle aerodynamics. this section deals with aerodynamic challenges and opportunities for new research that may lead to dramatic improvements in vehicle performance and efficiency. aerodynamic cruise efficiency is extremely important because it directly and indirectly impacts most of the challenges faced by the development of a viable commercial supersonic aircraft. this is demonstrated clearly in the case of the concorde, which has a cruise l / d of 7. 5 ( modern subsonic transports have a cruise l / d of about 18 to 20 ). the low l / d of the concorde increases fuel consumption, limits its range, increases the design takeoff weight, and requires a larger propulsion system to provide the higher thrust required at takeoff, which in turn makes it more difficult to meet community noise standards. with engines that are as efficient as those of modern subsonic aircraft, the concorde would still have to carry about three times the weight and generate more than three times the takeoff thrust of a 737 - 600, which can carry the same number of passengers the same distance. the low supersonic efficiency of the concorde, which has a cruise speed of mach 2, is not a result of poor design but a fundamental consequence of supersonic aerodynamics. for a supersonic aircraft, the maximum ac