catholic encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / claude perrault born at paris, 1613 ; died there, 1688. he built the main eastern facade of the louvre, known as the " colonnade ". his extraordinary talent and versatility brought up on him much enmity and detraction, especially in his architectural work. he achieved success as physician and anatomist, as architect and author. as physician and physicist, he received the degree of doctor from the university of paris, became one of the first members of the academy of sciences founded in 1666, and repeatedly won prizes for his thorough knowledge of physics and chemistry. he was the author of a series of treatises on physics and zoology, as well as on certain interesting machines of his own invention. colbert induced him to translate vitruvius, and this work inspired him with enthusiasm for architecture. like his contemporary, blondel, he contributed to revive the feeling for the rules and principles in architecture. his vitruvius with a good commentary and tables appeared in 1673, and an epitome of it in 1674. the same aims were pursued in his " ordonnance des cinq especes des colonnes selon la methode des anciens " ( 1683 ). perrault ' s architectural drawings are regarded as excellent pieces of work ; before the burning of the louvre in 1871 there were preserved there, besides his drawings for the vitruvius, two folio volumes containing among other things the designs for the louvre, which had been published by the master ' s brother, charles perrault. in his completed buildings, much fault is found, e. g. in the observatoire, the astronomical observatory of paris, although in certain parts we find traces of his later mastery. perrault ' s design for a triumphal arch on rue st - antoine was preferred to the designs of lebrun and leveau, but was only partly executed in stone. when the arch was taken down, it was found that the ingenious master had devised a means of so uniting the stones without the use of mortar that it had become an inseparable mass. in the competition for the colonnade of the louvre he was successful over all rivals, even bernini, who had been summoned from italy expressly for that purpose. this work claimed his attention from 1665 to 1680, and established his reputation. he was required to demonstrate the feasibility of his plans by constructing a model. perrault is reproached with


vocabulary and grammar notes – siegfried ’ s trip to worms - verb phrases - present simple tense - past simple tense - passive voice - vocabulary development – word families every sentence has a verb and every verb has a tense. the verb phrases are the key to the sentences and the sentences are the key to the text. look at the verb phrases for this episode : worms is a place in germany. worms are good for the soil. siegfried came to worms to sit in the garden by the river and play his lute and sing love ballads to kriemhild. that was his plan. he wanted to marry her. he had heard about her and he wanted to marry her. kriemhild ruled burgundy with her brothers gunther, goethe and floete. gunther was the eldest and made all the important decisions in the kingdom. goethe was the next in line and devoted his time to research and self - education and waiting to become king in the event that it was necessary to take over. floete was a great musician and patron of the arts and organised all the royal entertainment and education. he was kind of like a minister of culture. while he was traveling to worms, siegfried stopped and rested by the river. he caught some fish and he made a fire to cook them. suddenly a dragon attacked him. he pulled out his sword and he slew the dragon. he killed it. when he killed the dragon, some of its blood splashed on him. it was magic blood. dragon ’ s blood is magic. the blood of the dragon enabled siegfried to understand the language of the birds and beasts. it is another famous story about a man who could understand the language of the birds and the beasts. siegfried could understand what the birds were saying. one of the birds in a nearby tree told him to hang the dragon ’ s body from the tree and drain its blood. then he was supposed to wash in the blood. washing in dragon blood made him invincible. no weapon could harm him. when he was washing in the blood of the dragon, a leaf from a linden tree floated down from the tree and fell on siegfried ’ s back. no dragon blood fell on this place and so this was his weak spot. it was his “ achilles heel ”. in german the linden tree is symbolic of lovers and of matters of the heart. siegfried continued on his journey to worms and the news of his victory over the dragon traveled faster than he did. by the time he arrived in worms, people had already heard that he had killed the dragon and


of lovers and of matters of the heart. siegfried continued on his journey to worms and the news of his victory over the dragon traveled faster than he did. by the time he arrived in worms, people had already heard that he had killed the dragon and washed in its blood. hagen was very dishonest but many people did not know this. they did not know this because hagen was clever. he was clever and he was careful. he was careful to pay attention to people in power. he was careful to remain on very good terms with them. he was careful not to make enemies in high places. in worms there was a man called hagen. he was a bad egg. he couldn ’ t lie straight in bed at night. he had a crooked smile and a crooked nature. he was a slimy scheming crooked character. hagen was an advisor to king gunther. hagen had heard the story of siegfried and the dragon ’ s blood. he remembered it well. everybody loved siegfried. he was extremely popular with the common people everywhere. this made him very very powerful. it made him politically dangerous. hagen was a very political man. he was very ambitious and he wanted power he was very ambitious and he wanted power but he could not get it by fighting he was very ambitious and he wanted power but he could not get it by fighting because he was not strong enough. he was very ambitious and he wanted power but he could not get it by fighting because he was not strong enough so he tried to get more power by scheming and negotiating. he was very ambitious and he wanted power but he could not get it by fighting because he was not strong enough so he tried to get more power by scheming and negotiating and playing people against each other. hagen told king gunther about siegfried and the dragon ’ s blood. was gunther jealous? he warned him about siegfried ’ s power. he warned him to hide his sister. kriemhild stayed in the tower. kriemhild stayed in the tower and watched siegfried arrive. kriemhild stayed in the tower and watched siegfried arrive but she did not want to meet him. kriemhild stayed in the tower and watched siegfried arrive but she did not want to meet him because she did not want to break her vow. siegfried wanted to meet kriemhild but nobody offered to introduce him. everybody was a little afraid of siegfried. suddenly there was some bad news. another tribe of germans was attacking. they were the saxons. siegfried helped gunther to


her vow. siegfried wanted to meet kriemhild but nobody offered to introduce him. everybody was a little afraid of siegfried. suddenly there was some bad news. another tribe of germans was attacking. they were the saxons. siegfried helped gunther to defeat the saxons. they became friends. the questions with tenses 1. are there worms in your garden? are you a keen gardener? is it normal to ask the father for the bride ’ s hand in your culture? do you have an elder sibling? do you try to educate yourself? do you think cultural assets should be protected by the government? have you ever been to the rhine? did he use worms as bait to catch the fish? what is the difference between a chinese dragon and a european dragon? have you ever killed an animal? did you know that dragon ’ s blood was magic? do you know the story of doctor dolittle? can you whistle like a bird? does that sound horrible to you? do you wash your hands after you go to the toilet? are weapons common in your city? what was duryodhana ’ s weak spot in the mahabharata? what is the flower of the heart in your imagination? did the birds spread the news of the dragon ’ s defeat and siegfried ’ s invincibility? do you know anybody like that? what is the name of the king of sweden? do you have a good memory? do you think power always corrupts? is politics a dangerous business in your country? do you know the expression, “ divide and conquer ”? do you always keep your promises? have you been to germany? who are the anglo - saxons? is your best friend a friend from military service? the story of siegfried the dragon slayer and of his beautiful wife, kriemhild and of his tragic murder and of her terrible revenge 1. nibelung ’ s gold 2. siegfried the dragon slayer 3. kriemhild ’ s dream 4. siegfried ’ s trip to worms 5. the plan to win the hand of bruenhild 6. bruenhild ’ s suspicion 7. hagen ’ s plan 8. kriemhild ’ s revenge 9. epilogue : the gold at the bottom of the river and the ring of power


cragg, rohan g. and bardgett, richard d. ( 2001 ) how changes in animal diversity within a soil trophic group influence ecosystem processes. soil biology and biochemistry, 33 ( 15 ). pp. 2073 - 2081. issn 0038 - 0717full text not available from this repository. there are few experimental data on the consequence of varying the composition and diversity of soil animals communities, or soil food - webs, on ecosystem properties. here, we tested the hypothesis that varying the diversity and composition of soil animals within a trophic group, the microbial - feeders, affects litter decomposition and nutrient flux in grassland. microcosms containing grassland plant litter were inoculated with individual species of collembola folsomia candida, pseudosinella alba, and protaphorura armata, and all possible two and three species combinations of these species. our data show that towards the end of the experiment individual species of collembola, and especially f. candida, had markedly different, but positive, effects on measures of litter mass loss, microbial activity ( co2 respiration ) and the leaching of dissolved organic carbon ( doc ) and nitrate - n. two and three species combinations of collembola revealed that effects of fauna on ecosystem processes were due to differences in the composition of the collembolan community, rather than the number of species present. in comparison to a treatment that had no fauna, significantly higher rates of litter mass loss, microbial activity, and doc and nitrate release were detected only in microcosms that contained f. candida. there was no evidence of effects of f. candida in combination with other species, relative to effects of f. candida alone, on the above properties. these findings support the notion that changes in the diversity of microbivorous fauna may not have a predictable effect on decomposition processes rates and that the functioning of the microbial - feeding trophic group is influenced mainly by the physiological attributes of the dominant animal species present, in this case f. candida. | journal or publication title : | | soil biology and biochemistry | | uncontrolled keywords : | | decomposition ; diversity ; collembola ; trophic group ; soil fauna | | subjects : | | q science > qh natural history > qh301 biology | | departments : | | faculty of science and technology > lancaster environment centre | | deposited by : | | prof richard bardgett | | deposited


rachmah, rachmah ( 2006 ) bentuk - bentuk perilaku agresi pada narapidana di lapas wanita sukun malang. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. bentuk - bentuk perilaku agresi pada narapidana. pdf download ( 74kb ) | preview aggression is an attack done by an organism to another organism, object or even to himself. the purpose of this study is, to find other forms of aggressive behavior in female prison inmates in poor breadfruit. methods of data collection using interviews, observation and other tools such as tape recorders and pens with the intention of obtaining an adequate and complete data. the research subjects in this experiment were three prisoners. this research was carried on 10 september until 10 december. data analysis using descriptive qualitative method. based on the results of this study found that, other forms of aggressive behavior that often occurs is an argument verbally, this happens because of the factors that affects that is due to misunderstanding and the pit party. and there are many ways to do prisoner in a decrease in aggressive behavior, ie closer to god, do not care what people say, often get advice from people in disbelief. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculty of psychology > department of psychology | | depositing user : | | zainul afandi | | date deposited : | | 26 jul 2012 08 : 43 | | last modified : | | 26 jul 2012 08 : 43 | actions ( login required )


a global staple rice is the primary staple for more than half the world ' s population, with asia and africa the largest consuming regions. developing countries have long depended on rice ' s versatility and high caloric value. rice consumption is declining in northeast asia ( japan, taiwan ), but continues to rise in southeast asia ( the philippines, indonesia ), south asia ( india, bangladesh ), and an ancient grain, rice is known to have been domesticated as early as the fifth millennium, b. c. e. the species cultivated in asia, believed to be where rice originated, is oryza sativa from the graminaceae ( grass ) family. it is also the species cultivated in most of today ' s rice - producing countries. rice is produced worldwide and is the world ' s second - or third - largest staple crop, behind corn ( maize ). rice production, prior to milling, is about the same as total wheat production. although rice is produced over vast areas of the world, the physical requirements for growing rice ( available water, soil types ) are limited to certain areas. economically sound production typically requires high average temperatures during the growing season, a plentiful supply of water applied in a timely fashion, a smooth land surface to facilitate uniform flooding and drainage, and a subsoil hardpan that inhibits the percolation of water. four major types of rice are produced worldwide : - indica is grown mostly in tropical and subtropical regions and accounts for more than 75 percent of global trade. indica rice cooks dry, with separate grains. - japonica rice, typically grown in regions with cooler climates, accounts for more than 10 percent of global rice trade. - aromatic rice, primarily jasmine from thailand and basmati from india and pakistan, accounts for 12 - 13 percent of global trade and typically sells at a premium in world markets. - glutinous rice, grown mostly in southeast asia and used in desserts and ceremonial dishes, accounts for most of the four regions produce almost the entire u. s. rice crop : - arkansas grand prairie, - mississippi delta, ( parts of arkansas, mississippi, missouri, - gulf coast ( texas and southwest louisiana ) ; and - sacramento valley of california. each of these regions generally specializes in a specific type of rice, which, in the united states, is referred to by length of grain - - long, medium, and short. u. s. long - grain varieties typically cook dry and separate, while u. s. medium / short - grain


of rice, which, in the united states, is referred to by length of grain - - long, medium, and short. u. s. long - grain varieties typically cook dry and separate, while u. s. medium / short - grain varieties are typically moist and clingy. - long grain is grown almost exclusively in the south and accounts for more than 70 percent of u. s. production. - medium grain, grown both in california and the south, accounts for more than one - fourth of total u. s. production and forms most of california ' s rice crop. arkansas accounts for most of the southern - short grain accounts for 1 - 2 percent of total u. s. rice production and is grown almost exclusively in california. all u. s. rice is produced in irrigated fields, achieving some of the highest yields in the world. producers in the united states can apply seed aerially in dry or flooded fields, or drill or broadcast seed into dry fields. fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides can also be applied by air. california producers seed primarily by air directly into flooded fields. except for parts of southwest louisiana and the texas gulf coast, most producers in the south planting typically begins in early march in texas and southwest louisiana. the delta plants the bulk of its crop in april, and california ' s crop is planted from late april through mid - may. harvest begins in early or mid - july in texas and southwest louisiana. peak harvest in the south is in september and early october, when the delta harvests the bulk of its crop. some producers in texas and southwest louisiana are able to reflood their fields after harvest and achieve a partial second or " ratoon " crop from the stubble of the first. california typically begins harvest at the end of september and finishes by early november. marketing and use except for rough ( unmilled ) rice exports and domestic seed sales, virtually all u. s. rice is marketed as a whole - kernel milled product. in contrast, the bulk of wheat is sold as flour. for rice, care is necessary throughout the production, drying, storage, milling, and marketing phases to minimize the number of broken kernels, which sell at a considerable discount to whole - kernel five different products ( or types of rice ) can be produced from rough rice : hulls, bran, brown rice, whole - kernel milled rice, and brokens ( broken - kernel milled rice ). the first stage of milling removes the hull, producing brown rice


types of rice ) can be produced from rough rice : hulls, bran, brown rice, whole - kernel milled rice, and brokens ( broken - kernel milled rice ). the first stage of milling removes the hull, producing brown rice that can be cooked and consumed. the next stage of milling removes the bran layer, leaving milled white rice. or, prior to milling, rough rice may be parboiled, a process of soaking the rice in water and steaming it under intense pressure. parboiling makes the rice less likely to break during milling and pushes nutrients from the bran layer into the kernel. parboiled rice typically sells at a premium. on average, every 100 pounds of rough rice yield almost 60 pounds of whole - kernel milled rice, 10 - 11 pounds of brokens, about 9 pounds of bran, and 20 pounds of hull. about half of the u. s. rice crop is sold into the domestic market, which has more than doubled in size since the mid - 1980s. in recent years, u. s. rice use has been growing about 1 percent a year, about even with u. s. population growth. increasing domestic use of rice is partly attributed to demographic factors, including immigration and changing ethnic composition, with high per capita rice - consuming groups increasing their shares of the u. s. population. healthy lifestyles, rising demand for gluten - free foods, convenience, and continued introduction of new rice - based products also contribute to growth in domestic use domestic uses of rice include food for human consumption ( direct food use and in processed foods ), beer, and pet food. direct food use accounts for more than half of domestic disappearance of rice. use in processed foods - - primarily flavored rice mixes, cereal, and rice cakes - - has expanded at the fastest rate over the past two decades, accounting for almost 18 percent of domestic use. use of rice in beer production, at about 10 percent of domestic disappearance, has been declining since 2002. rice use for pet food, which almost exclusively involves broken grains, accounts for 10 - 12 percent of total domestic disappearance. see the trade chapter for information and u. s. rice imports and exports. challenges for the u. s. the combination of high operating costs ( fuel, fertilizer, and irrigation expenses ), steady growth in imports, and stiff competition from asian suppliers presents tough challenges for the u. s. rice industry. higher fuel and fertilizer costs are among the most critical, since rice is a high -


##rtilizer, and irrigation expenses ), steady growth in imports, and stiff competition from asian suppliers presents tough challenges for the u. s. rice industry. higher fuel and fertilizer costs are among the most critical, since rice is a high - cost crop to grow in the united states. for example, running pumps and conducting other operations required for flood irrigation account for the much higher fuel and energy costs for rice than for other field crops. most u. s. rice imports are aromatic varieties from asia - - jasmine from thailand and basmati from india and pakistan. varieties with these specific characteristics are not currently grown in the united states. u. s. plant breeders have research underway, but until the united states develops varieties with characteristics comparable to the asian aromatic varieties, imports and the import share of domestic disappearance will continue to increase. the global market for rice is largely dominated by asian suppliers, who present tough competition for u. s. rice growers in several markets, although u. s. rice exports are consistently high - quality. thailand, for more than 25 years, and india, since the mid - 1990s, have greatly improved the quality of some grades of exportable rice. top - quality exports from these countries can now compete with u. s. rice in some global markets - - particularly in europe and the middle east. exports remain critical to the health and viability of the u. s. rice industry, since u. s. rice producers are more dependent on the global market than u. s. producers of corn


the sacramento valley is the northern component of california ' s central valley ( complimenting the san joaquin valley ). about 200 miles long, it extends from shasta dam in the north to the sacramento river delta in the south. on the west, the valley is bordered by the coast range, including tbe mendoncino national forest. on the east, the valley is defined by the volcanic northern portion of the sierra nevada through the middle of the valley runs the sacramento river, the largest river in california. the feather river also runs along much of the length of the valley, and the american, yuba, and bear rivers enter it from the east. from the west, stony creek, cache creek, and putah creek enter the valley, rivers in their own right. exactly in the center of the valley, the sutter buttes rise out of flat farmland. touted as the ' world ' s smallest mountain range ', they reach over 1000 feet in height but are only a few miles across and nearly perfectly round when viewed from above. the sutter buttes are a long dead volcano, the southernmost of the cascade chain. the main city in the sacramento valley is, not surprisingly, sacramento, the state capital. also found here are the cities of redding, red bluff ( the areas around the northern part of the valley have very red soil ), chico, and davis. once a vast series of wetlands, the sacramento valley is now mostly used for agriculture, as the soil is extremely fertile. sadly, suburban sprawl is taking over much of this fertile land as the city of sacramento expands. by far, the most important industry here is agriculture. hot summers, mild winters, fertile alluvial soil, and abundant water from the sierras combine to make this one of the most productive areas in the world. walnuts, corn, tomatos, onions, wheat, rice, and many other crops are grown here. the city of sacramento is largely supported by industries associated with the capitol. tourism is minimal, although the area supports some excellent fishing and very productive waterfowl hunting. if you are going to visit this valley, avoid the summer. summer temperatures commonly reach above 100 degrees, and the valley is more humid than most other areas west of the rockies. the summer is very dry ; summer rain falls only every one or two years. winters may be rainy, but often are dominated by the notoriously dense and resilient tule fog. spring and fall can be very windy. although winter freezes aren ' t uncommon


a tool used when wire wrapping prototype circuit boards. i shall attempt to describe it. - start with a hexagonal shaft that is the handle. mine is painted with a blue finish. - drill a hole through the center of the shaft ( not axially, but from one side of the shaft to the other ). put a small wire stripper one side of this hole. this part is for ( duh ) stripping wires. - into one end of the shaft, insert a small rod with a hole in the middle. this rod should have a concavity at the end as well. this is the unwrapping part of the wire wrap tool, for when you make mistakes and need to unwrap your wire. - into the other end of the shaft, insert the more interesting rod. i shall attempt to describe it. - start with a normal rod. - bore a small hole down the axis. - cut a trench on one side of the rod. - for the last 3 millimeters of the rod, shave off about 40 percent of the trench side of the rod. - put a four millimeter long cuff around the last two millimeters of the rod, so that it hangs off the end about 2 millimeters. the shaved off part of the rod should leave a small hole that you can fit a tiny wire through. this is the wrapping part of the wire wrap tool. despite the curious workmanship on the wrapper, you wouldn ' t expect to pay more than 50 cents for one of these tools. however, they usually sell for upwards of 8 dollars a piece, because their design in patented, and aggressively enforced.


new hampshire mapsedit this page from familysearch wiki maps are used to locate places where your ancestors lived. they identify jurisdictional and county boundaries, names of places, geographical features, cemeteries, churches, and migration routes. historical maps are especially useful for finding communities that no longer exist. - a county map of new hampshire. n. p. : evans printing, 1969. this map shows the names of counties and townships. family history library map 974. 2 e7. - united states census bureau state and county map. this map will allow you to zoom in on any state or county in the united states and read the names of all of the neighboring counties. - delorme mapping company. the new hampshire atlas and gazetteer. freeport, maine : delorme mapping, 1987. ( family history library book q 974. 2 e7d. ) in addition to the atlas, 67 colored maps are included. - new hampshire, vermont, atlas of historical county boundaries. new york, ny : simon & schuster, 1993. ( family history library book 974 e3n. ) this has maps showing when and where each county changed boundaries. - maps of the masonian propriety : vols. 1 – 5 with index. salt lake city, utah : genealogical society of utah, 1975. ( fhl film 980930 items 2 – 7 ; computer number 102302. ) these are microfilms of the originals in concord, new hampshire. item two is the index to these maps. items 3 – 7 contain the masonian propriety maps. - town and city atlas of the state of new hampshire. boston, massachusetts. : d. h. hurd, 1892. ( family history library folio 974. 2 e3t. ) this atlas is compiled from government surveys, county records, and personal investigations. you can view the maps, arranged by county. then by city or town, on the university of new hampshire internet site. - sanborn fire insurance maps are available for years 1867 - 1970. these are detailed, bock by block plans of communities, showing, among other things, the shapes buildings, roads and businesses. they are scaled 50 ' to 1 ", and can be valuable when used in conjuction with city directories. printable maps are available from the national atlas of the united states. county atlases and maps county atlases and maps may contain the names of the landowners. land ownership maps were published for each county between 1857 and 1861.


if you tune the intervals between different pairs of notes exactly, then the intervals and notes defined by our standard keyboard don ' t quite fit together ; this is just a sad fact of maths. to make them fit, you have to tune the intervals slightly wrong, which is called " tempering " the intervals, and the pattern of how you temper all the different intervals on the keyboard is called a " temperament ". the commonest way of doing this in modern times is simply to space the notes in the octave evenly, known as " equal temperament " - this give fifths that are slightly flat ( too narrow ), and major thirds that are markedly sharp ( too wide ), but all by the same amount for a given type of interval. on instruments like the organ, the effect of the sharp thirds, in particular, is very apparent, because of the evenly held sounds from the pipes. so temperaments are used which make the most commonly used major thirds closer to the correct tuning - but this can only be done by making other thirds worse ; hence the idea of good keys and bad keys, according to which thirds they contain. this discussion is usually had referring to fifths ; but the thirds are more important because that ' s where the big errors are. in any case, all the adjustments have to be done at the same time so as to fit together. if you try to make as many intervals accurate as possible, throwing all the errors onto one interval, this interval is so bad that it is known as " the wolf ". renaissance and early baroque tunings tried to make the five most important major thirds accurate, and then the rest pretty good, leaving one as the wolf. these tunings were called " mean - tone temperaments ". in the later baroque era, the thirds were compromised enough to make all keys playable, though some were better and some were worse - these are now called " well temperaments " ( after bach ' s collection of pieces in all keys called " the well - tempered klavier " ). in the victorian period, equal temperament came to the fore ; but modern authenticity movements have led to a resurgence of the use of older unequal temperaments. in the case of an organ, changing the temperament is a major undertaking, which may require many of the pipes to be rebuilt in the workshop. so once a temperament has been chosen for an organ, it is not changed except possibly as part of a major rebuild. a harpsichord player, on the other hand, will tune his instrument for every concert,


sieur de beaulieu was a nobleman who entered the fur trade in the early french period, and was one of the voyageurs who accompanied antoine lamothe - cadillac to establish the first permanent settlement at le detroit on july 24, 1701. plaques and statues in downtown detroit celebrate the event, and the french - canadian heritage society of michigan has photographs of those statues on their website. on their site the society also lists the names of the french noblemen and informs us that the convoy also included fifty french soldiers and some passengers : " chacornac, baron de jaonnes ; pierre dugue, sieur de boisbriant ; antoine lamothe, fils [ brother ] ; alphonse tonty, baron de paludy ; a recollet priest, and francois vaillant de gueslis, s. j. " images of these statues, and names of the gentlemen / voyageurs, are online at http : / / fchsm. habitant. org / plaque. html however, sieur de beaulieu ' s actual name is louis chauvin, sieur de beaulieu, and descendents of this man have told me that in the years i am searching for beaulieu men, his descendents still used the chauvin name. there is a little more information on this site you might be interested in, if you can access it. when i tried today, the pages were not available. but the family trees of the persons who were in detroit have been compiled into a document by yves drolet, a member of the societe genealoque canadienne - francais, and is supposedly available online at www. fchsm. habitant. org it is called " genealogical tables of the quebec noblesse from the 17th to the 19th century, " and comes in both french and english. when i searched the u. s. french catholic church records in the drouin collection on ancestry. ca many years ago, i discovered that in 1752 sieur de beaulieu had an infant baptized ; and that in 1753 the priest " baptized catherine fille legitime of sr. beaulieu and de spouse francoise... " he appeared to be at sault ste marie, and also seemed to be listed as a ' commander pour le roi. " later i found a translation of above document headed : makinac, ste - anne ; copie " wisconsin historical. " it read : " july 15, 1753, i administered holy baptism to catherine, legitimate


an upper endoscopy ( also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy, or egd ) is an essentially painless and minimally invasive procedure that enables the gastroenterologist to examine the esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine. the upper endoscopy exam itself usually takes 15 to 20 minutes and can be used to diagnose and / or treat gastrointestinal conditions such as gerd, barrett ’ s esophagus, esophageal varices, esophagitis, swallowing difficulties, indigestion, ulcers and gastritis. for the patient with symptoms of severe acid reflux ( heartburn ), the doctor may use upper endoscopy to diagnose gerd or diagnose barrett ’ s esophagus by taking a small sample of tissue for biopsy. having a biopsy is painless, because the lining of the esophagus has no pain receptor nerves. one side effect of gerd is a difficulty in swallowing from a narrowing of the esophagus as a result of acid reflux. in many cases, the gastroenterologist can alleviate it by inserting a balloon through the endoscope and inflating it to dilate the section of your esophagus that is constricted. esophageal manometry and esophageal ph monitoring are other tools used in the diagnosis and treatment of severe gerd. these tests also may be used as informational tools in preparation for anti - reflux surgery. preparing for upper endoscopy prior to the procedure, you will be asked not to eat anything for 6 hours prior, or drink anything for 3 hours prior. in addition, you may be asked to refrain from taking certain medications. once you arrive at our center, a nurse greets you, asks you to sign a consent form for entry into the ambulatory endoscopy center, and shows you where to change into a hospital gown. the nurse then brings you to a private endoscopy room and places nasal oxygen and several monitoring devices on your body. this equipment lets us monitor your heartbeat, blood pressure, and blood oxygen level during the endoscopy. you ’ re then hooked up to an intravenous ( iv ) line. next, the doctor meets with you to answer any of your questions. once you ' re ready, the doctor administers pain relievers and


the endoscopy. you ’ re then hooked up to an intravenous ( iv ) line. next, the doctor meets with you to answer any of your questions. once you ' re ready, the doctor administers pain relievers and a sedative through the iv. the sedative brings you into a state called " conscious sedation. " this is not like general anesthesia, where you ’ re unconscious, but a pleasant, sleepy, relaxed dreamlike state. once you have received your sedative, the doctor will insert an endoscope - - a thin, flexible, lighted tube - - into your mouth. the scope is easily passed into your esophagus. the tube is equipped with a tiny video camera that sends clear pictures to a tv monitor, letting the doctor see inside the upper gastrointestinal tract. after your upper endoscopy after the exam, you ’ re taken to one of our state - of - the - art recovery rooms where you wake up. there your iv is removed, and you ’ re watched for a period of time. most people feel ok after waking up. as a last step, your doctor visits with you, describes how the exam went, and gives you instructions to follow upon returning home. results of biopsies will be available to you in about 10 days. the total time you ’ re at our center is 1 - 2 hours. because of the wooziness from sedation, you need someone to drive you home. in fact, you should avoid driving and going to work the rest of the day.


broadbalk wheat experiment, soil organic matter network ( somnet ), u. k. entry id : iacr. broadbalk abstract : this experiment began in 1843. the site was possibly farmed since roman times ( i. e at least 1500 years ). map of 1623 shows field in arable use. 1839 - 1843 arable crops : turnips, barley, peas, wheat, oats. the soil is clay - with - flint overlying chalk ; see avery & catt, the soil at rothamsted ( see reference list ) for full details. the average climatic conditions at the experimental site are : minimum... annual temperature of 5. 1 deg c, mean annual temperature of 9. 1 deg c, maximum annual temperature of 13 deg c, minimum annual rainfall of 409 mm, mean annual rainfall of 693 mm, and maximum annual rainfall of 983 mm. there have been 5 management regimes : 1 ) continuous wheat 1844 onwards ( occasional fallows ). [ field divided into 5 sections in 1926 to allow regular fallowing to control weeds and into 10 sections in 1968 to include rotations ] 2 ) potatoes - beans - wheat ( 1968 - 1979 ). 3 ) fallow - wheat - wheat ( 1968 - 1981 ). 4 ) fallow - potatoes - wheat - wheat - wheat ( 1982 - 1998 ). 5 ) oats - maize - wheat - wheat - wheat ( 1996 onwards ). treatments ( all regimes ) are as follows : a ) nil since 1852, b ) fym since 1844, c ) fym since 1885 plus n2 since 1968, d ) fym plus n4pk since 1968 ( not continuous wheat ), e ) n0pk ( na ) mg since 1852, f ) n1pk ( na ) mg since 1852, g ) n2pk ( na ) mg since 1852, h ) n3pk ( na ) mg since 1852, i ) n4pk ( na ) mg since 1968, j ) n5pk ( na ) mg since 1985, k ) n6pk ( na ) mg since 1985. other treatments receive npk either singly or in various combinations. one treatment received rape cake then castor meal until 1988. ( na ) - last applied 1973. fym = 35 t / ha of farmyard manure : fresh it contains about 200 - 250 kgn / ha, 40 kgp / ha & 210 kgk / ha. p = 35


1988. ( na ) - last applied 1973. fym = 35 t / ha of farmyard manure : fresh it contains about 200 - 250 kgn / ha, 40 kgp / ha & 210 kgk / ha. p = 35kgp / ha, k = 90kgk / ha ( p & k both annually ). mg = 35 kgmg / ha every 3rd year. n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6 = 48, 96, 144, 192, 240 & 288 kg n / ha / year as ammonium nitrate ( n applied as ammonium sulphate to most plots until 1967 ). fym and n will not be applied to oats in new oats - maize - wheat - wheat - wheat rotation. of the 10 sections, 5 are in continuous wheat ; straw has been incorporated in one since 1986, one has never received herbicides ( fallowed every 5 years ), one receives no fungicides. 5 sections are in the 5 year rotation. all sections have received chalk regularly since the 1950 ' s. variables measured can be found in the parameters section of this record. frequency of measurements varies for each variable ( daily for weather, periodically for others, rarely for some ). for detailed sampling methodology, see somnet site, or publications listed in references section on this record. this information was compiled for the gcte - somnet database, pete smith, pete falloon, david powlson, and jo smith. soil science department, iacr - rothamsted, uk. ( click for interactive map ) data set citation dataset originator / creator : paul r. poulton dataset title : broadbalk wheat experimentonline resource : http : / / www. rothamsted. bbsrc. ac. uk / aen / eusomnet / expts / broadbal. html start date : 1843 - 01 - 01 vertical resolution : 23 cm temporal resolution : varies by parameter measured agriculture > agricultural chemicals > fertilizers agriculture > agricultural plant science > crop / plant yields agriculture > agricultural plant science > cropping systems agriculture > animal science > animal manure and waste agriculture > soils > carbon > biomass carbon agriculture > soils > carbon > carbon dioxide evolution agriculture > soils > carbon > total carbon agriculture > soils > nitrogen > ammonium nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > biomass nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > nitrate nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > total mineral nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > total nitrogen


agriculture > soils > carbon > total carbon agriculture > soils > nitrogen > ammonium nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > biomass nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > nitrate nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > total mineral nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > total nitrogen agriculture > soils > organic matter agriculture > soils > soil bulk density biosphere > vegetation > biomass biosphere > vegetation > nitrogen land surface > soils > carbon > biomass carbon land surface > soils > carbon > carbon dioxide evolution land surface > soils > nitrogen > ammonium nitrogen land surface > soils > nitrogen > biomass nitrogen land surface > soils > nitrogen > nitrate nitrogen land surface > soils > nitrogen > total mineral nitrogen land surface > soils > soil bulk density atmosphere > atmospheric chemistry > nitrogen compounds > molecular nitrogen > nitrogen deposition iso topic category quality width of smallest plot is 4 m length of smallest plot is 23 m width of largest plot is 6 m length of largest plot is 320 m slope : 2 % on 2 / 5 of experiment. shape : uniform details of direction of cultivation : parallel to long - axis of plots width of bare strip around plot : 1 - 1. 5m paths. width of discard strip around... plot : 6. 0m discard strip between details of homogeneity of the plots : variability within plots : most plots are about 6. 0m wide. transects taken across several plots indicate that soil movement has occurred and that there is a gradient across the unplanted path extending about 1m into the plot. soil and crop samples are therefore taken from within the central area ( 4. 0m ) and excluding a 1m strip on each side. within this area, soil analysis shows that for c, n, ph olsen p etc. the plots are reasonably uniform, c. v. about 10 % ( more for microbial biomass ). there are at least 0 replicates in the experiment. no true replication but the experiment was divided into 10 sections in 1968 ( previously into 5 sections in 1926 ). therefore, plots on sections 1 and 9 can be regarded as replicates. sections 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 could be regarded as replicates over a five year period ( i. e. the length of one rotation ). there are control plots described as follows : nil inputs plot included which has received no inorganic fertilizers or organic manures since 1852. nil plot does get chalk and pesticides on a regular basis. also an area fenced off in 1882 and allowed to revert to natural woodland (


inputs plot included which has received no inorganic fertilizers or organic manures since 1852. nil plot does get chalk and pesticides on a regular basis. also an area fenced off in 1882 and allowed to revert to natural woodland ( see somnet entry on broadbalk wilderness ). thorough scrutiny at point of entering onto electronic database ( in 1995 ). some soil and crop samples from archive have been reanalysed retrospectively ; no unexplained discrepancies observed to date. access constraints none use constraints link to the following location to view data use policy of somnet members : role : technical contact phone : + 44 ( 0 ) 1582 763133 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1582 760981 iacr - rothamsted al5 2jq. province or state : hertfordshire country : united kingdom role : dif author phone : ( 301 ) 614 - 6898 email : tyler. b. stevens at nasa. gov nasa goddard space flight center global change master directory province or state : md postal code : 20771 avery, b. w. & catt. j. a. ( 1995 ) the soil at rothamsted. lawes agricultural trust, rothamsted, harpenden, u. k. dyke, g. v., george, b. j., johnston, a. e., poulton, p. r. & todd, a. d. ( 1983 ) the broadbalk wheat experiment 1968 - 78 : yields and plant nutrients in crops grown continuously and in rotation. rothamsted experimental station. report for 1982, part 2 : 5 - 44 ( and garner, h. v. & dyke, g. v. ( 1969 ) the broadbalk yields. rothamsted experimental station. report for 1968, part 2 : 26 - 49. hart, p. b. s., powlson, d. s., poulton, p. r., johnston, a. e. & jenkinson, d. s. ( 1993 ) the availability of the nitrogen in the crop residues of winter wheat to subsequent crops. j. agric. sci. 121 : 355 - 362. jenkinson, d. s. ( 1990 ) the turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil. phil. trans. r. soc. lond. b. ( 1990 ) 53 - 60.. johnston, a. e. & garner, h. v. ( 1969 )


fast science : doe turns on its 100 - gigabit data network the energy department has just increased the capacity of its scientific data networks with the launch of a national 100 gigabit / sec ethernet network. the new system allows scientists to move and share large amounts of data in real time, and to view experiments and tests remotely with no latency. big science requires big data pipes to move all that information around. this is especially true for the doe, which maintains the energy sciences network ( esnet ) that links its national laboratories and international science partners. managed by the lawrence berkeley national laboratory, the ethernet system was developed under the advanced networking initiative ( ani ) and funded with $ 62 million from the federal recovery and reinvestment act, said steve cotter, the esnet department head at berkeley lab. energy building 100 - gigabit / sec network to handle data ' explosion ' doe completes first cross - country 100 - gigabit network the additional bandwidth was necessary because the doe ’ s existing 10 gigabit / sec network was no longer sufficient to handle the data flow. cotter noted that since 1990, traffic on esnet has grown by a factor of 10 roughly every 40 months. “ we ’ re in the age of observation in science with instruments collecting more data than ever before, ” he said. when funds were approved for the project in 2009, doe began looking at commercial firms developing 100 - gigabit systems. however, this was at the height of the economic downturn, which had caused many firms to delay or put off work in high - speed networking technology, cotter said. this situation was cause for concern. “ the doe was concerned about losing its scientific competitiveness, ” he said. scientific productivity is based on the ability to move and share data quickly. because industry was delaying the deployment of 100 - gigabit ethernet technology, it took some persuasion from doe, in the form of ani, to move the industry along more quickly than it would have by creating a new market, cotter said. the department worked with a number of commercial firms, such as level 3 communications and lgs innovations, to push their routing and optical networking technologies to new levels. the first part of the new network was activated this month and connects three major doe computing facilities — the national energy research scientific computing center in berkeley, calif. ; the argonne leadership computing facility near chicago ; the oak ridge leadership computing facility in oak ridge, tenn. — and the man lan international exchange point in new york


archaeons are a group of organisms phylogenetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. they inhabit a range of extreme conditions such as hydrothermal vents or anoxic environments that are thought to reflect the conditions that existed on the primordial earth. the recently discovered nanoarchaeum equitans represents a novel archaeon kingdom and grows in conjunction with the crenarchaeon ignicoccus. in the october 13 proceedings of the national academy of sciences, elizabeth waters and colleagues at diversa show that n. equitans is parasitic rather than symbiotic and has evolved from a primitive ancestor instead of reductively from a more complex form ( proc natl acad sci usa, doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 1735403100, october 13, 2003 ). waters et al. sequenced what turned out to be the smallest genome to date and observed a circular chromosome only 490 kb long, with 552 coding sequences covering 95 % of the genome and containing little noncoding or pseudogene sequence that would have suggested reductive evolution. function was assigned to two thirds of the genes ; 18 % had homologues of unknown function, and the remainder represented archaeal - specific sequences. analysis of gene function, together with the observation that overinfection of the host ignicoccus impedes its growth, pointed toward the lifestyle of an obligate parasite. " we suggest that this microbe is a derived, but genomically stable parasite that diverged anciently from the archael lineage. the complexity of its information processing systems and the simplicity of its metabolic apparatus suggests an unanticipated world of organisms to be discovered, " the authors conclude.


this is an image of an unidentified environmental microbial community collected from a shallow subsurface sediment sample. the sample was taken from the gulf of mexico at a depth of 575 meters and photographed using a dna dapi fluorescent stain. the stain fluoresces blue to count the cells found in the sediment sample. image credit : heath mills / tamu foraminifera, like the one seen here, are tiny creatures in the ocean about the size of the head of a pen that are surrounded by calcium carbonate shells, similar to the shells around other sea creatures. matthew schmidt, a texas a & m oceanographer, uses the foraminifera shells taken from ocean core samples to gather clues about the creature ' s surroundings, which helps scientists understand the conditions present at the start of the younger dryas period. photo by howard spero at university of california davis. the mutton snapper inhabits much of the atlantic ocean, from massachusetts to brazil. texas a & m geography doctoral candidate pablo granados - dieseldorff studies the mutton snapper in its spawning ground, the mesoamerican reef, which runs from mexico to honduras, in hopes of generating science - based conservation methods to protect both fish and habitat. peer into the interior of a thermal ionization mass spectrometer, located in the r. ken williams ' 45 radiogenic isotope geosciences laboratory. the instrument detects minute differences in the sub - atomic makeup of elements. researchers use these differences found in rocks, minerals, sediments and fossils to trace ancient ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns during periods of past climate change. they can also use isotopic compositions of uranium and lead to date rocks that are millions to billions of years old. a drill bit from the joides resolution, a drilling vessel used by researchers in texas a & m ’ s integrated ocean drilling program. this photo was taken during program expedition 321 in the equatorial pacific ocean, during which researchers obtained sediments from the sea floor in order to reconstruct a detailed record of climate change over the last 55 million years. researchers looked at minerals as well as microscopic fossils to construct the history. photo by bridget wade this is the image you would see were you to stand just south of the endurance crater on the surface of mars and gaze northward. endurance was visited by nasa ’ s mars exploration rover opportunity from may to december, 2004. images and measurements taken by opportunity led scientists to conclude that liquid water flowed episodically through the area in ancient times. texas a & m geosciences professor


visited by nasa ’ s mars exploration rover opportunity from may to december, 2004. images and measurements taken by opportunity led scientists to conclude that liquid water flowed episodically through the area in ancient times. texas a & m geosciences professor mark lemmon played integral roles as atmospheric sciences lead in the successful missions of both mars rovers, spirit and opportunity. more recently, he has also contributed to efforts in the phoenix lander, which first encountered mars in may, 2008, and the mars science laboratory ( nicknamed curiosity ), which is scheduled for launch in november, 2011. image credit : nasa / jpl / cornell pictured on abraham lincoln ’ s nose, the tiny mineral zircon is used by geochronologists such as tamu geology and geophysics professor brent miller to date rocks that are millions to billions of years old. the mineral is found in volcanic rocks that are inter - bedded with fossil - bearing sedimentary rocks. this provides one of the best ways to determine the ages of long - extinct species. once - molten rocks that crystallized deep underground during plate tectonic collisions also contain zircon. the age of these zircons can be linked to the crystallization of the molten rock and thus give scientists a way to clock ancient mountain building processes.


cornwallis, sir william british admiral, was the brother of the ist marquess cornwallis, gover nor - general of india. he was born on feb. 20, 1744, entered the navy as a boy of 1, and had reached post - rank when he was 2 2. in 1779 he commanded the " lion " in the fleet of admiral byron. the " lion " was very roughly handled in the battle off grenada on july 6, 1779, and had to make her way alone to jamaica. in march 178o he fought an action in company with two other vessels against a much superior french force off monti cristi, and had another encounter with them near bermuda in june. the force he engaged was the fleet carrying the troops of rochambeau to north america, and was too strong for his squadron of two small liners, two 50 - gun ships and a frigate. after taking part in the second relief of gibraltar, he returned to north america, and served with hood in the actions at the basse terre of st. kitts, and with rodney in the battle of dominica on april 12, 1782. some very rough verses which he wrote on the action have been printed in leyland ' s brest - papers, published for the navy record society, and show that he thought very ill of rodney ' s conduct of the battle. cornwallis ' s papers on this and other actions are valuable in the history of the british navy. in 1788 he went to the east indies as commodore, and had some share in the war with tippoo sahib, and helped to reduce pondi cherry. his promotion to rear - admiral dates from feb. 1, 1793, and on july 4, 1794, he became vice - admiral. in the revolutionary war his services were in the channel. the most signal of them was performed on june 16, 1795, when he carried out what was always spoken of with respect as " the retreat of cornwallis. " he was cruising near brest with four sail of the line and two frigates, when he was sighted by a french fleet of 12 sail of the line, and many large frigates commanded by villaret joyeuse. the odds being very great he was compelled to make off. but two of his ships were heavy sailers and fell behind. he was consequently overtaken, and attacked on both sides. the rearmost ship, the " mars " ( 74 ), suffered severely in her rigging and was in danger of being surrounded by the french. corn wallis turned to support her, and


papillae - horizontal row b has an elongate anterior extension well in front of the eye ; row d is complete, not divided into two sections, and row ot extends ventrally onto the branchiostegals, ending just past the second branchiostegal ray. the first vertical papillae row is complete, extending from the eye to near row d. additional vertical rows are divided by row b, with two rows above and four rows below row b. only the last vertical row below row b extends below the level of row d. dorsal rows x1 and x2 are continuous, or nearly so, as is row n. color - the general body color is whitish with a light pink overtone in live specimens. the upper body has numerous densely packed melanophores, the pigment becoming less dense ventrally and ending at the lateral midline. the belly is whitish from the ventral surface to the lateral midline. the head and upper lip have densely packed small melanophores dorsally that become less concentrated ventrally and terminate at the ventral midline. the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins are transparent. the caudal fin is black except for the midbasal area, which is whitish with a few scattered melanophores. the dorsal fins have scattered melanophores restricted to the membranes between the fin elements that become more concentrated towards the margin of the fin. neither males nor females possess any genital pigmentation. distribution - eastern pacific, el salvador to peru habitat - black mud


" how many days until our trip? " and " when are we going to disney world? " are questions you are likely to hear again and again as soon as you let your family know you are planning a disney vacation. having a way to count the days can make it easier on everyone — kids can check the number of days at a glance, and mom and dad won ' t have to answer the same question each day. read on for some great countdown ideas, and enjoy the time leading up to your disney vacation. mark the calendar : it sounds silly, but simply having the date marked on a calendar in plain view will help. let the kids decorate the week with mickey mouse and disney themed stickers, and post the calendar in a busy room like the kitchen. older kids will be able to count the days, and little ones will be able to have a better visual of just " when " you are going as well. make a chain : make an old fashioned paper chain using disney themed papers ( look in the scrapbook section of your local craft store for some great papers ). make one link for each day of your trip, and tear a link each night before you go to bed. if you have small children who are learning their numbers, count the links each night. hang the chain in a visible area for a great visual reminder of just " how many days " are left. make a " thermometer " : draw or trace a thermometer image onto poster board, and color in a little each day, so that everyone can see at a glance how far off your trip is. you don ' t have to use a traditional thermometer — you can use disney paper and cut any shape you ' d like to represent your trip. fill a balloon : if you are feeling crafty, trace or print out a balloon shape onto poster board and hang it in a visible area. use a mickey mouse paper punch to cut " mickey heads " from colorful paper. cut one head for each day until your trip. each day, attach another " head " with glue. when the balloon is full, it is time to go!


summons a large protective barrier protego maxima is a stronger version of the shield charm that, when cast in combination with fianto duri and repello inimicum, conjures up an almost impregnable magical protection barrier. bodies crossing the boundaries of the barrier disintegrate on the spot, while spells cast at it ( if not of enough power to break it ) create large, resonating explosions. this spell is the core of the shield summoned around hogwarts ; it is the shield itself that is seen descending over the castle. - this spell was cast by headmaster albus dumbledore to protect the boundaries of hogwarts castle from the death eater forces in the early hours of 1 september, 1996. indeed a death eater tried to cross the barrier on a broom but was repelled by the shield. - this spell was cast by charms master filius flitwick to protect the boundaries of hogwarts castle from the death eater forces in the late hours of 1 may, 1998, prior to the battle of hogwarts that started at midnight the next day. the death eaters, on voldemort ' s command, started bombarding the magical protection with spells, and it was ultimately brought down by a spell cast by voldemort. - the incantation is derived from the latin " protego ", meaning " i defend ", or " i protect ", and " maxima ", nominative feminine singular of " maximus ", meaning " greatest ", or " highest limit " ; altogether the incantation means " i protect to the highest limit ". behind the scenes - in the novel, flitwick uses protego horribilis instead when casting the defensive enchantments around hogwarts. - in harry potter and the deathly hallows, the protective enchantments around the grounds were summoned by filius flitwick, and flitwick alone. in the second part of the film adaptation, flitwick is joined by molly weasley, horace slughorn, and poppy pomfrey to do so. - in lego harry potter : years 5 - 7 the protective enchantments around the ground are summoned by filius flitwick, horace slughorn and minerva mcgonagall. molly weasley does not help the teachers to do it. - in lego harry potter : years 5 - 7, a shield was cast over 4 privet drive ( possibly by alastor moody ). - harry


by ken steinken for the havre daily news if the legal appeals don ' t work, two of the nation ' s three largest grasslands will become home to the biggest railroad project since abraham lincoln was president. dakota, minnesota and eastern railroad plans to build a 260 - mile line through buffalo gap national grassland in south dakota and thunder basin national grassland in wyoming. the line would connect to the railroad ' s existing track to create a 900 - mile network designed to haul low - sulfur coal out of the powder river basin in wyoming. i wish i could do something to protect these grasslands, to help people understand they are treasures more scarce here than forests or mountains. but how do you save a grassland? what do you say to help people understand it needs to be preserved? a grassland doesn ' t help. it doesn ' t do itself any favors by what it is. a grassland is subtle ; not like the grand canyon that threatens to devour you if you fail to give it the honor it is due. nor is it like devil ' s tower, which suddenly erupts out of the prairie and then mesmerizes you as you draw close to it. it ' s nothing like the boiling mud pots, geysers and mineral terraces of yellowstone that make you wonder what planet you accidentally landed on. think of this grassland as open. to some, that means the same as empty or void, characteristics which imply a need for corrective measures : that which is empty should be filled. perhaps that is why some are all too obliging to fill that void with what they call progress or development. a grassland is vast. it creates the feeling that it is abundant. it ' s sheer volume suggests that there is plenty. certainly it wouldn ' t hurt to use just a little. at the same time its expanse frustrates. it is too big to take in, to get a grasp of its meaning. it sprawls before the eyes incomprehensible. it surrounds, cutting off hope of escape. a grassland is unsettling. one does not know what to make of all that space. it lies there untamed, uncommercial, uncivilized. if man has not mastered it, it might unleash some unseen danger. in its blank state, it may reflect the one who looks. it may stir a sudden awareness of one ' s discontent, of the pressure man exerts on the natural order, of the distance one regularly keeps between oneself and something greater, be it nature


blank state, it may reflect the one who looks. it may stir a sudden awareness of one ' s discontent, of the pressure man exerts on the natural order, of the distance one regularly keeps between oneself and something greater, be it nature or god. and as one becomes aware of this even at some subconscious level, the grassland inspires flight, the need to get away from a possible life - altering awakening. that is, unless one lingers to experience what is not obvious, letting in this great expanse that we don ' t manipulate or control. three of the five cooperating agencies that have authority over the land and water that lie in the path of the project realized the problems that the railroad would create. the forest service, the bureau of land management and the bureau of reclamation all recommended that it not be built. nonetheless, in its final environmental impact statement, the surface transportation board approved the route through the grasslands. as part of its approval the board required the railroad to meet 147 conditions designed to " mitigate its impact. " i never heard the word mitigate before i started following this project two years ago. initially, i thought it meant to resolve issues or concerns that individuals or groups raised. but the word ' s definition acknowledges that the intended action will create a situation that cannot be resolved. it means to cause to become " less harsh or hostile, " to make " less severe or painful. " building the railroad causes problems. mitigation doesn ' t make them go away. it only lessens them. so why build the railroad? simply put, the rationale goes like this : electric companies need coal, people need electricity, therefore the railroad must be built. for the sake of providing electricity to populated areas hundreds of miles away, one fourth of the national grasslands ' 4 million acres will be transformed into just another avenue to get the goods to market. the change will sacrifice the subtle wonder of these rare treasures. and isn ' t it ironic : these semi - arid lands have returned to their fragile balance after misguided pre - dust bowl attempts to convert them to croplands. they ' ve recovered from the last bad idea. they don ' t need another. ken steinken is a contributor to writers on the range, a service of high country news in paonia, colo. ( hcn. org ). he teaches english and journalism at stevens high school in rapid city, s. d., and is working on a book about the railroad ' s expansion through the grasslands.


pass those peaches — a new study finds that eating more fruits and vegetables may lead to a rosier complexion. researchers tracked the fruit and vegetable consumption of 35 people over a six - week period and found that higher intake was associated with perceptible changes to skin color. as participants ate more fruits and veggies, their skin tone looked healthier — and were judged to be more attractive. specifically, participants eating more fruits and vegetables saw increases in red and yellow tones in their skin. the researchers attribute the color change to the carotenoids in produce, the compounds that give plants their pigmentation. the study looked at two carotenoids in particular : beta - carotene, which gives carrots their orange color and is also found in yams, peaches, pumpkin, apricots and spinach ; and lycopene, which adds a reddish hue to peppers, tomatoes, watermelon, apricots and pink grapefruits. during the six - week study, participants filled out three dietary questionnaires to gauge what they ate and how their consumption changed, while researchers recorded their skin coloring. in a second part of the study, 24 observers were shown pictures of four caucasian faces whose coloring was modified to correspond to varying levels of fruit and veggie intake. the observers were asked to rate the faces based on perceived health and attractiveness, with the goal being to figure out how many servings of produce a day was associated with a noticeable bump in beauty. “ our study suggests that an increase in fruit and veggie consumption of around three portions, sustained over a six - week period, is sufficient to convey perceptible improvements in the apparent healthiness and attractiveness of facial skin, ” lead researcher dr. ross whitehead of the university of st. andrews school of psychology told healthday. “ conversely, those [ participants ] that worsened their diet became paler. ” the color changes, while perceptible, were slight — so no one looked like a blazing pumpkin. but while veg - heads have reason to rejoice, it ’ s important to note that the study shows only an association between produce consumption and better skin, and not a cause and effect. the researchers acknowledge that the study was also very small, with nearly all white participants. more research is needed to see if the findings hold for other ethnic and racial groups. still, results like these may give people another good reason to load up on fruits and vegetables — nothing motivates people like vanity


, with nearly all white participants. more research is needed to see if the findings hold for other ethnic and racial groups. still, results like these may give people another good reason to load up on fruits and vegetables — nothing motivates people like vanity. the authors write : the literature reviewed here suggests potential utility in forming novel dietary intervention strategies. fruit and vegetable consumption affects skin carotenoid levels ; this may lead to skin - color change in a fashion that is known to contribute to the appearance of health. it follows that dietary change may be motivated by illustrating to individuals these beneficial effects on appearance. to get the most from your greens, go for whole fruits and veggies instead of juices. whole produce has a lot of other healthful compounds, including fiber, which will not only help boost your complexion, but also contribute to an overall healthier diet. and keep in mind that carotenoids are present in many fruits and vegetables, even those that don ’ t outwardly appear to be red or yellow — like leafy greens. the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) recommends filling half your plate with fruit and vegetables at every meal. for women, the usda recommends 1. 5 to 2 cups of fruit daily and 2. 5 to 3 cups of veggies. men should aim for 2 to 2. 5 cups of fruit daily and 3. 5 to 4 cups of veggies. “ [ o ] nce the word gets out that eating fruits and vegetables can make you sexy, attractive and maybe even look younger, hopefully, the carrots, kale and cantaloupe will be flying off the shelves and into people ’ s meals, ” samantha heller, a dietitian and nutritionist at the center for cancer care at griffin hospital in derby, conn., told healthday. the new study was published in the online journal plos one.


researchers are getting closer to developing a vaccine that could help protect people from the addictiveness of nicotine. the novel vaccine, which has so far been tested only in mice, prompts the body to manufacture an antibody that is attracted to nicotine. the antibodies patrol the bloodstream, soaking up the chemical and preventing it from reaching receptors in the reward centers of the brain, thereby countering the pleasure and addictiveness of smoking. nicotine vaccines have been tried before but failed because researchers couldn ’ t maintain high enough levels of antibody in smokers ’ blood to block the drug ’ s effect. one previous attempt, called nicvax, delivered nicotine encased in a cholera toxin directly to the body in hopes that the immune system would recognize the invader and make antibodies against it. problem is, nicotine is too small a molecule to trigger the robust immune response needed to inhibit its addictive effects. so, rather than delivering nicotine itself, or ready - made antibodies against it, researchers led by dr. ronald crystal, chairman of the department of genetic medicine at weill cornell medical college, tried a different method : gene therapy. crystal and his colleagues ’ approach involved using a cold virus to ferry in the genes needed to make the nicotine antibody ; the vaccine also contained instructions for infecting the liver, which is a factory for churning out proteins and other compounds. once the vaccine infected liver cells, they began producing copy after copy of the antibody and releasing them into the bloodstream. in the mouse experiments, the scientists found that inoculated animals were still making the antibody weeks after receiving the vaccine. they also showed that when vaccinated mice were injected with nicotine, the antibodies in their blood bound to it and prevented it from getting to the brain. compared with mice treated with placebo, those that got the vaccine had less nicotine in their blood and just a fraction — 15 % — of the chemical in their brains. the scientists further studied the animals ’ activity in their cages and found that mice treated with the experimental vaccine appeared to be immune to the effects of nicotine. in unvaccinated mice, nicotine basically chilled them out — they relaxed and their blood pressure and heart activity dropped — signs that the nicotine had reached the brain and cardiovascular system. in contrast, vaccinated mice had no response to the drug. the scientists say enough of the antibody was measured in the animals ’ blood to theoretically curb a nicotine habit. the next step would be to prove just that, says crystal,


. in contrast, vaccinated mice had no response to the drug. the scientists say enough of the antibody was measured in the animals ’ blood to theoretically curb a nicotine habit. the next step would be to prove just that, says crystal, by giving the vaccine to mice addicted to nicotine and then testing whether it affects how many times they press a lever to receive the drug. “ the idea would be for people who want to stop smoking, we would immunize them and they now have antibodies floating around in their blood on a permanent basis against nicotine, ” says crystal, whose study was published in the journal science translational medicine. “ so should they smoke, or smell someone else smoking, they would not get any positive reinforcing aspects of smoking because the nicotine was not reaching their brain. ” if the vaccine proves successful, it could give a leg up to people who want to quit. currently, fewer than 30 % of people who try anti - smoking drugs remain off their cigarettes for six months or more, and nicotine patches and gum don ’ t work much better. whether or not the vaccine will work in humans, however, remains to be seen. human trials are still years away ; crystal first has to complete the additional research necessary to ensure that the strategy is safe and ready to be tested in people. will we be “ able to generate enough antibodies in humans? we need a lot of anti - nicotine pac - men running around in the blood to do that, ” crystal says. “ and until we do the human studies, we won ’ t know. ”


creation of the two trees of valinor event type : general age begins : pre - trees age ends : time of the trees years : 3500 ~ 1495 3500 in the year of the valar - " then yavanna and nienna came to that green mound ; and yavanna hallowed it, and sat therelong upon the green grass and sang a song of great power, in whih was set all her thought of things that grow in the earth. but nienna thought in silence, and watered the mound with tears... "... and as the gods watched, behold! upon the mound there sprang two green saplings, and they grew and became fair and tall, and they came to blossom. " " thus there awoke in the world the two trees of valinor, of all growing things the fairest and the most renowned, whose fate is woven with the fate of arda. the elder of the trees was named telperion, and its blossoms were of shining white, and a dew of silver light was spilled from them. laurelin the younger tree was called ; its green leaves were edged with gold, and its flowers were like to clusters of yellow flame, and a rain of gold dripped from them to the ground. from those trees there came forth a great light, and all valinor was filled with it. then the bliss of the valar was increased ; for the light of the trees was holy and of great power, so that, if aught was good or lovely or of worth, in that light its loveliness and its worth were fully revealed ; and all that walked in that light were glad at heart. " home x : morgoth ' s ring, the annals of aman, section 1 1495 in the year of the tree - "... and it was the mingling of lights and both trees were shining and the silent city of valmar was filled with radiance as of silver and gold, in that hour melkor and ungoliante came over the plain and stood before the green mound. then melkor sprang up, and with his black spear he smote each tree to its core, a little above the roots and their sap poured forth, as it were their blood, and was spilled upon the ground. but ungoliante sucked it up, and going then from tree to tree she plied her foul lips to their wounds, till they were drained ; and the poison that was in her passed into their tissues


some hummingbirds tough out the northwest winter feeders can help hummingbirds survive western washington winters. a hummingbird wintering in western washington hovers over its feeder. a hummingbird hovers over a bush filled with red leaves and berries. a hummingbird perched on a bush stretches its wings and tail feathers. momentarily still, a hummingbird perches on a railing. it ' s cold, wet, windy and a bit gloomy, certainly not the sunny, flower - filled weather we associate with hummingbirds. does that mean it ' s time to take down their nectar - filled feeders? it ' s your call, according to area biologists. most hummingbirds have already headed south for the winter. but a few anna ' s hummingbirds stay here year - round, said patricia thompson, a biologist from the mill creek office of the state department of fish and wildlife. and the number is growing. she said annual bird counts showed 179 hummingbirds on the western side of the state in 2001 and 1, 137 last year. experts say anna ' s hummingbirds typically were based in california, but have become residents in oregon, washington and southwestern british columbia as more people there have provided plants that offer year - round food. more feeders haven ' t hurt, either. because there is enough natural food, feeders really aren ' t essential for the hummingbirds that live here year - round, according to experts from the wildlife department or from the seattle chapter of the audubon society. they also note that it ' s unlikely that feeders will prevent hummingbirds that typically migrate for the winter from leaving the area. audubon experts suggest you keep watch on your feeders and discontinue them about two weeks after you see the last hummingbird. but if birds are still using them, they may be helpful, especially in colder weather. " if you have been feeding the hummingbirds, and they have become accustomed to finding food in your yard, we would encourage you to continue this responsibility, " the seattle audubon notes on its website, www. seattleaudubon. org / sas /. chris anderson, another biologist from the wildlife department, noted that he believes " wild birds are not pets that need to be taken care of. " but he added that people who do feed birds shouldn ' t be haphazard about it. " if you do want to maintain feeders, be responsible and committed to it, " he said. " keep those feeders clean, filled and heated with lights if necessary.


boiler - system design often addresses energy efficiency and emissions, but seldom boiler footprint as well. a recently formalized partnership between a europe - based provider of heating and ventilation technology and a u. s. - based boiler manufacturer has resulted in an extended - heat - transfer - surface boiler tube for use in both hot - water and steam boilers. the tube increases heat transfer over a bare boiler tube by a factor of five, allowing a dramatic reduction in both tube count and footprint. the tube is installed in more than 10, 000 hot - water - boiler systems throughout europe. several years ago, it was introduced in the united states with the release of a condensing - boiler product line. recently, it was introduced into several steam - boiler designs. inside the carbon or stainless - steel tube is a finned aluminum - alloy insert ( figure 1 ). efficient heat transfer is the result of three factors : the high heat conductivity of the aluminum alloy. the finned, ridged design, which greatly increases heat - exchange surface area. the division of the tube into eight flow channels, which maximizes turbulence and heat exchange. for condensing boilers, the tubes are constructed vertically, which allows condensate to run down to a collection reservoir and drain, rather than remain on the heat - exchange surface. despite the tube ' s small size, the energy - saving potential is great. in fact, two - pass firetube steam boilers offering the same energy efficiency as traditional three - or four - pass boilers are available. for hot - water systems, single - pass condensing boilers that reduce 2, 000°f combustion gas to less than 200°f in only 32 in. are available. these boilers have footprints much smaller than those of their traditional counterparts. footprint reductions of 40 to 50 percent are typical when using the tubes. how it works in conventional systems, hot gas from the combustion process moves through the heat exchanger, typically in a three - or four - pass boiler configuration. with each pass, gas temperature declines until the gas exits through the stack. in a typical system, substantial heat - transfer surface is required because a bare boiler tube provides very limited heat transfer. additionally, because of boundary - layer dynamics, heat transfer at the tube surface is not maximized. a large portion of the gases passes through the center of the tube and misses out on the heat transfer available on the tube ' s surface. in an extended - heat - transfer - surface - tube boiler, hot combustion gases pass through the tubes, which are five


portion of the gases passes through the center of the tube and misses out on the heat transfer available on the tube ' s surface. in an extended - heat - transfer - surface - tube boiler, hot combustion gases pass through the tubes, which are five times more effective at transferring heat than are bare tubes. therefore, boilers made with extended - heat - transfer - surface tubes feature a dramatically smaller number of tubes or dramatically shorter tubes while achieving the same efficiency. the tubes break up the boundary layer, maximizing heat transfer through multiple channels ( figure 2 ). in the united states, the tubes are available in : 10 - to 60 - hp single - pass steam firetube boilers. 10 - to 40 - hp single - pass hot - water and steam firetube boilers. a 300 - hp firetube boiler. a firetube - boiler system featuring greater than 94 - percent energy efficiency and less than 9 - ppm nox emissions. with 20 years of experience in industrial engineering, dan willems has extensive knowledge of design engineering, project management, and research and development. as vice president of product development for cleaver - brooks, he leads the company ' s efforts to create solutions that increase fuel efficiency and decrease harmful emissions in boiler rooms. he can be contacted at email @ example. com. for past hpac engineering feature articles, visit www. hpac. com.


in order to appreciate machiavelli, it is necessary to have at least a superficial understanding of his life and environment. although his ideas are timeless, he was very much a product of his time and place – the italian renaissance. five hundred years later, his ideas generally hold up well in today ’ s current corporate and political cultures. in fact, you could argue machiavelli presaged them. he might have made a good municipal cao or ceo in today ’ s world. niccolo di bernardo machiavelli was born in the italian city of florence at the height of its power, in 1469. it was one of the five most powerful states in italy ; five states that were in constant tension and sometimes war with one another. italy was not a unified state then ; it was a collection of kingdoms and semi - autonomous city - states ; some republics, some dynasties. florence had a population of around 50, 000 then. florence had been a republic in the early 15th century, but in 1433, the medici family rose to power and made it their principality, albeit it was still nominally a republic. when machiavelli was born, the city - state of florence was still the medici ’ s hereditary oligarchy, and the city ruled over a large territory that included several smaller cities as subservient clients – pisa was one. as a young man, he watched his city ’ s influence under lorenzo de medici grow to its apex, then falter and wane after lorenzo ’ s death, in 1492. machiavelli then watched while the french invaded and conquered large parts of italy. he witnessed the bloodless surrender of florence to the french, relinquishing much of its territory including the client city of pisa, in 1494. the city ’ s weak family leader, piero de medici, was overthrown by the populace. a new republic was founded under the charismatic dominican friar, girolamo savonarola, that same year. during this republican period, machiavelli was a bureaucrat and diplomat for the state. he was elected – at age 29 – as secretary of the second chancery in 1498 ; an executive position in the department that kept the ruling council informed on military and political affairs. that was the same year savonarola himself was overthrown, and executed in the main square. surviving letters and reports show machiavelli a witty, intelligent and canny observer, who recognized early on the importance of a ruler ’ s honour and reputation


same year savonarola himself was overthrown, and executed in the main square. surviving letters and reports show machiavelli a witty, intelligent and canny observer, who recognized early on the importance of a ruler ’ s honour and reputation in maintaining a state. this would become a theme that runs through all of his political books. the republic lasted until late 1512, when the medici were returned to power in florence, with help from the pope, who was also a medici. the republican state of florence was not what we think of today as a democracy, but it was certainly more democratic than the hereditary states that preceded and surrounded it. it didn ’ t have universal suffrage ; only the more well - to - do male citizens could vote. although the republic has echoes in today ’ s states, it should not be mistaken as entirely analogous to today ’ s democratic states. machiavelli travelled on diplomatic missions throughout italy and as far away as spain, france and germany. on these missions he developed his understanding of diplomacy, power, government, the military, and trade. he spent several months on a diplomatic mission to cesare borgia, a powerful italian ruler and military leader who at one point threatened to attack florence and restore the medici. machiavelli respected cesare ’ s skills as both politician and commander, and that comes through in the prince. he also recognized the flaws that made a ruler like cesare fail. in 1503, machiavelli was given control of the florentine militia, and over the next few years developed a citizen army, along with his theories about why citizen - based militia were better than the mercenaries hired by most of contemporary city states. he put his knowledge into a book, the art of war, his only political work published during his lifetime. florence was at the centre of a political whirlwind in the early 16th century, as competing states in italy jostled and fought for dominance. france, the holy roman empire and spain invaded, siding first with some of the contending states, then others, tipping the battle to and fro. german and swiss mercenaries were also involved. in august, 1512, pope julius ii and his spanish mercenaries helped the medici dynasty return to power. the florentine republic was abolished. machiavelli lost both favour and his job. in 1513, he was arrested and charged with conspiracy. he was tortured, but he did not confess, and after a few weeks, he was released. he retired to his family farm outside florence


##iavelli lost both favour and his job. in 1513, he was arrested and charged with conspiracy. he was tortured, but he did not confess, and after a few weeks, he was released. he retired to his family farm outside florence, writing and studying, but could not stay out of politics for very long. bad for him, but good for us : freed from his demanding government work, machiavelli wrote his greatest works while in exile. he completed the prince in 1513, and the discourses about five years later. on top of those works, the prolific machiavelli wrote letters, plays, poems, stories and novels. although popular in his day, outside of a few scholars, most of these are forgotten today. were he alive now, machiavelli would no doubt be recognized as one of our best political and literary bloggers. he corresponded with politically - connected friends, attempting to convince them of his value in the state ’ s political life, and trying to get back into favour with its new rulers. those letters survive to tell us a lot more about machiavelli as a father, a friend, a jester, and a husband, than his political writings do. in 1520, he had recovered enough of his reputation to be commissioned to compose a history of florence, which he completed in 1525. he was also requested by pope leo x to report on how to reform the state of florence. between 1521 and 1525, he was again employed in minor diplomatic services for the city, although nothing as important as in his previous position. in may, 1527, the florentines again overthrew their medici rulers and proclaimed a new republic. machiavelli, however, was allowed no part in it. already in declining health, the ‘ father of political realism ’ died a month later, at age 58. this republic lasted until 1532, when another medici was restored to hereditary power. that was also the year machiavelli ’ s masterpiece, the prince, was first published. by then, however, machiavelli had been dead for five years. previous chapter – next chapter 2, 942 total views, 27 views today


icon web & news search using oecd database return to previous page addition or correction in situ synchrotron x - ray fluorescence mapping and speciation of ceo2 and zno nanoparticles in soil cultivated soybean ( glycine max ) link to journal abstract with the increased use of engineered nanomaterials such as zno and ceo2 nanoparticles ( nps ), these materials will inevitably be released into the environment, with unknown consequences. in addition, the potential storage of these nps or their biotransformed products in edible / reproductive organs of crop plants can cause them to enter into the food chain and the next plant generation. few reports thus far have addressed the entire life cycle of plants grown in np - contaminated soil. soybean ( glycine max ) seeds were germinated and grown to full maturity in organic farm soil amended with either zno nps at 500 mg / kg or ceo2 nps at 1000 mg / kg. at harvest, synchrotron i - xrf and i - xanes analyses were performed on soybean tissues, including pods, to determine the forms of ce and zn in np - treated plants. the x - ray absorption spectroscopy studies showed no presence of zno nps within tissues. however, i - xanes data showed o - bound zn, in a form resembling zn - citrate, which could be an important zn complex in the soybean grains. on the other hand, the synchrotron i - xanes results showed that ce remained mostly as ceo2 nps within the plant. the data also showed that a small percentage of ce ( iv ), the oxidation state of ce in ceo2 nps, was biotransformed to ce ( iii ). to our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of ceo2 and zn compounds in the reproductive / edible portion of the soybean plant grown in farm soil with ceo2 and zno nps. for this study, soybean ( glycine max ) seeds were germinated and grown to full maturity in organic farm soil amended with either zno nps at 500 mg / kg or ceo2 nps at 1000 mg / kg. at harvest, synchrotron i - xrf and i - xanes analyses were performed on soybean tissues, including pods, to determine the forms of ce and zn in np - treated plants. peer reviewed


brazil ranks as the 10th largest country in the world in term of power consumption. it is also the largest power - consuming nation on the south american continent. over the years, the consumption of power among brazilians has increased significantly. today per capita power consumption among brazilians is about 2, 235 kilowatts per year. the power distribution in brazil can be classified as follows : nuclear energy accounts for about 3 % of the total power supply in the country. nuclear energy produces approximately about 13 billion kilowatts of power every year. hydropower is the most significant contributor of power in brazil, it accounts for about 92 %. apart from producing power from hydro and nuclear energy, brazil is also among the leading countries in the world to produce power from bio - diesel fuel. bio - diesel fuels are derived from renewable organic elements like methyl or ethyl esters. in the year 2001, brazil experienced a major crisis in power supply. the crisis mainly resulted due to the occurrence of a severe drought throughout the country. the hydropower supplying plant went un - operational because of the drought. to avoid any further power crises in the country, and avoid over - dependence on hydro electricity to provide power for industrial and residential use, the brazilian government decided to decentralize the power industry. with a view to boosting the power industry in the country, the brazilian government has undertaken several policy measures that are mainly focused on improving the industry and making brazil self - sufficient in power production for both commercial and residential use. restructuring the power industry is one of the prime focus regions of the brazilian government and, to attain this, the government is making huge investment in the sector. to meet the rising need for power among brazilians the government is also encouraging foreign investment in the sector. the government has also been undertaking several projects to give a boost to the power industry in the country. all the projects require massive investments, and the brazilian government has kept the projects open for foreign investment. investors looking for an opportunity to invest in the power industry of brazil can cash in on this opportunity. investors can invest in the brazilian government ’ s ambitious projects and earn good returns on their investments. business analysts in brazil are of the view that the power consumption in brazil is likely to increase drastically by about 3. 6 % over the next few years. investors looking to invest in brazil can take it as a positive sign, and can consider investment in the power industry of brazil. thus, the anticipation in an increase in the power consumption amongst the brazilian population, and the positive initiative by the


weekly washington words friday, december 7 2012 this week ’ s washington words is about income tax rates. “ tax rates ” – nothing makes people jump to arms in the political arena like the mention of tax rates, but many don ’ t think of tax rates in the context of the complex environment that is the u. s. tax code. in general, when tax rates are being discussed in the news what is being referred to are the marginal tax rates. marginal tax rates exist for each tax bracket and change as income rises. 2012 tax year federal income tax brackets ( single tax filer ) bracket marginal tax rate $ 0 to $ 8, 700 10 % $ 8, 700 – $ 35, 350 15 % $ 35, 350 – $ 85, 650 25 % $ 85, 650 – $ 178, 650 28 % $ 178, 650 – $ 388, 350 33 % over $ 388, 350 35 % marginal tax rates also differ depending on how one files their tax return ( married, single with dependents, etc. ), which is just the beginning of the confusion when it comes to our tax code. these only apply to earned income wages ; salaries, tips, and other taxable employee pay for example, and will exclude things such as carried interest, dividends, and capital gains, which are taxed at different rates. it is important to remember that with marginal tax rates that only earned income above the floor of the new tax bracket is taxed at that rate, so all income up to $ 8, 700 is only taxed at the 10 % rate, while if the individual makes $ 8, 701 only the $ 1 above will be taxed at the 15 % rate and so on. furthermore, these tax rates only refer to federal income tax and not to what citizens pay in payroll tax. for a substantial amount of the tax paying population their payroll tax burden is greater than that of the federal income tax. the federal government has a number of taxes in place, so it is important to understand what our elected officials mean with these washington words.


principal proposed uses there are two main ways to use vitamins and mineral supplements : " megadose " and nutritional therapy. the megadose approach involves taking supplements at doses far above nutritional needs in hopes of producing a specific medical benefit. this technique essentially uses nutrients as natural drugs. the individual supplement articles in this encyclopedia explain what is known about the potential risks and benefits of megadose therapy. this article addresses the second approach : taking nutrients at the level of nutritional needs. we discuss general issues regarding such " nutritional insurance " and indicate which nutrients you should consider taking on a daily basis. there is no doubt that it ' s important to get enough of all necessary nutrients. however, the process of determining proper daily intake levels for vitamins and minerals is far from an exact science and the recommendations issued by experts in various countries often disagree to a certain extent. in general, while it is fairly easy to determine the minimum nutrient intakes that are necessary to avoid frank malnutrition, there ' s no straightforward way to determine optimum intake levels. furthermore, individual needs undoubtedly vary based on numerous factors, including age, genetics, lifestyle, other foods in the diet, and many additional environmental influences ; no schedule of official recommendations could possibly take all these factors into account, even if all the necessary data existed ( which it doesn ' t ). thus, all recommendations for daily nutrient intake must be regarded as approximate. the individual supplement articles in this encyclopedia summarize the current us recommendations. common nutritional deficiencies while few people are so deficient in these nutrients to show symptoms of outright malnutrition, subtle deficiencies may increase the risk of a number of diseases. for example, insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin d may increase your chances of developing osteoporosis, and inadequate folate and vitamin b 6 may speed the development of heart disease. thus, taking supplements to supply these important vitamins and minerals as a form of insurance may be a good idea. for standard dosage recommendations as well as safety issues, follow the links above to the full articles. women may develop iron deficiency, but men hardly ever do. even in women, iron supplements are not beneficial in the absence of true deficiency. we recommend avoiding iron supplements unless tests show that you really need them. the simplest way to support your nutrition is to take a general multivitamin and mineral supplement providing a broad range of nutrients at standard nutritional levels. however, there are a few caveats to keep in mind. - some supplements include very high doses of certain nutrients