1. mature female of mammals of which the male is called ` buck '. 4. a close friend who accompanies his buddies in their activities. 8. pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance. 12. an informal conversation. 16. a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event. 17. swift timid long - eared mammal larger than a rabbit having a divided upper lip and long hind legs. 18. ( babylonian ) god of storms and wind. 19. characterized by lightness and insubstantiality. 20. a constitutional monarchy in northern europe on the western side of the scandinavian peninsula. 22. ( usually preceded by ` in ' ) a detail or point. 24. the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable. 25. ( sumerian ) god of the air and king of the sumerian gods. 27. gull family. 29. the amount of cargo that can be held by a boat or ship or a freight car. 31. a bachelor ' s degree in science. 32. a radioactive element of the actinide series. 33. drought - resistant asiatic treelike shrub bearing pleasantly acid small red edible fruits commonly used in sherbets. 35. capital and largest city of iraq. 40. a public promotion of some product or service. 42. according to the old testament he was a pagan king of israel and husband of jezebel ( 9th century bc ). 43. slanting diagonally across the grain of a fabric. 45. a genus of mustelidae. 46. any of numerous local fertility and nature deities worshipped by ancient semitic peoples. 48. travel up, " we ascended the mountain ". 52. a local computer network for communication between computers. 53. the executive agency that advises the president on the federal budget. 55. 10 hao equal 1 dong. 56. a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone ( usually held between the thumb and fingers ) that are made to click together ( as by spanish dancers ) in rhythm with the dance. 58. pleasantly occupied. 61. muslims collectively and their civilization. 64. club consisting of a heavy stick ( often bamboo ) bound with iron. 65. in a hasty and foolhardy manner. 66. united states industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil ( 1804 - 1886 ). 67. a cruel wicked and inhuman person. 68. a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep. 71. a state in midwest


. 66. united states industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil ( 1804 - 1886 ). 67. a cruel wicked and inhuman person. 68. a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep. 71. a state in midwestern united states. 72. british writer of short stories ( 1870 - 1916 ). 74. a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group. 75. ( of a young animal ) abandoned by its mother and raised by hand. 77. singing jazz. 80. a highly unstable radioactive element ( the heaviest of the halogen series ). 83. a soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element. 84. a drug ( trade names calan and isoptin ) used as an oral or parenteral calcium blocker in cases of hypertension or congestive heart failure or angina or migraine. 86. of or concerning this or that. 89. a hindu prince or king in india. 92. 100 avos equal 1 pataca. 93. having the leading position or higher score in a contest. 95. the capital of western samoa. 97. a rapid escape ( as by criminals ). 98. united states sculptor and architect whose public works include the memorial to veterans of the vietnam war in washington ( born in 1959 ). 99. a kind of heavy jacket ( ` windcheater ' is a british term ). 100. a small wooded hollow. 101. being one more than two. 102. 10 grams. 103. typical geese. 104. someone who works ( or provides workers ) during a strike. 105. a flat wing - shaped process or winglike part of an organism. 106. being nine more than forty. 1. the brightest star in cygnus. 2. a university town in east central maine on the penobscot river north of bangor. 3. one of two flaps attached to a cap to keep the ears warm. 4. ( jewish cookery ) a loaf of white bread containing eggs and leavened with yeast. 5. grass mowed and cured for use as fodder. 6. an ancient city of sumer located on a former channel of the euphrates river. 7. the capital of the mexican state of yucatan. 8. kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern india and western burma. 9. an agency of the united nations affiliated with the world bank. 10. a town in southeastern new mexico on the pecos river near the mexican border. 11. tropical starchy tuberous root. 12. crust


northeastern india and western burma. 9. an agency of the united nations affiliated with the world bank. 10. a town in southeastern new mexico on the pecos river near the mexican border. 11. tropical starchy tuberous root. 12. crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium - carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions. 13. ( of persons ) highest in rank or authority or office. 14. type genus of the family arcidae. 15. a crude uncouth ill - bred person lacking culture or refinement. 21. despite anything to the contrary ( usually following a concession ). 23. half the width of an em. 26. the quarter of many north african cities in which the citadel is located. 28. a small piece of cloth. 30. leaf or strip from a leaf of the talipot palm used in india for writing paper. 34. the compass point that is one point east ( clockwise ) of due north. 36. a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms. 37. become wider. 38. air - breathing arthropods characterized by simple eyes and four pairs of legs. 39. small family of usually tropical butterflies. 41. any of various hard resins from trees of the family dipterocarpaceae and of the genus agathis. 44. relating to or existing in the mind or thoughts. 47. cruel or inhumane treatment. 49. the main city of ancient phoenicia. 50. ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side. 51. young of domestic cattle. 54. a city in central alabama on the alabama river. 57. a wheeled vehicle adapted to the rails of railroad. 59. a member of the indian people of northern california and southern oregon. 60. a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group. 62. a sweet filling made of prunes or apricots. 63. the food served and eaten at one time. 69. an uneasy state. 70. a christian bishop who translated the bible from greek into gothic ( 311 - 382 ). 73. unknown god. 76. a port city in southwestern turkey on the gulf of antalya. 78. type genus of the caviidae. 79. with a forward motion. 81. any of numerous trees of the family cupressaceae that resemble cedars. 82. beads threaded on a string. 85. plant with an elongated head of broad stalked leaves resembling celery.


abstract of the uva presentation of the nsf - sponsored alert : unity in bad times : bringing together heterogeneous wireless sensor networks to work for a next - generation emergency response system on august 23, 2011 an earthquake struck the east coast of the u. s., centered near richmond, virginia with a magnitude rating of 5. 9. tremors were felt all throughout the mid - atlantic and northeast. on the previous day, colorado was hit with a 5. 3 magnitude earthquake, the state ' s biggest in decades. a series of minor earthquakes hit northern and southern california during the same period, but the biggest in this period was the one centered near richmond. though no injuries or damage was reported, several buildings were evacuated. had the earthquake been a serious one, the injury, loss of life, and property damage associated with it would have been enormous similar to the tragic loss during and after the massive earthquake and tsunami that shook japan in march 2011. its impact became an international issue because it was the cause of release of radiation from the fukushima daiichi nuclear power station. an initial review of the japanese response in four critical areas suggests important lessons for the whole world when evaluating national and international capacity to deal with catastrophes. these four critical areas are preparedness and response, communicating risk, international assistance, and critical infrastructure. the objective of our research is to design a real - time information system to improve emergency - response functions by bringing together information to respond to a terrorist attack, natural disaster or other small or large - scale emergency. we call this system alert : an architecture for the emergency retasking of wireless sensor networks. an example of such an emergency response function is a search - and - rescue operation performed by first responders. typically, wireless sensor networks ( wsns ) composed by a large number of nodes, with processing, sensing and radio communication capabilities, scattered throughout a certain geographical region, have been applied to many real - world problems. remote monitoring applications have sensed animal behavior and habitat, structural integrity of bridges, volcanic activity, and forest fire danger, to name only a few successes. these networks leveraged the relatively small form - factor of motes and their multi - hop wireless communication to provide dense sensing in difficult environments. in our system, the critical role of monitoring various parts of national infrastructure, from government buildings to power plants, to bridges, roads and tunnels is achieved through sensor network technology. the novel contribution of this research to the emergency response strategies is the seamless integration of various wsns by retas


various parts of national infrastructure, from government buildings to power plants, to bridges, roads and tunnels is achieved through sensor network technology. the novel contribution of this research to the emergency response strategies is the seamless integration of various wsns by retasking them with explicit missions involving a dynamically changing situation. this means that under normal conditions the sensor networks monitor the specific attributes for which they were deployed ( e. g., air quality, temperature, pressure, noise levels ). this is where heterogeneous sensor networks come into existence. the deployment of heterogeneous sensor networks in the real world is inevitable due to their specific objectives, and increase in reliability without significantly increasing the cost. however, should an emergency occur, the sensors in the affected area must be retasked and integrated into an emergency response system. authorized personnel could task the sensor networks with explicit missions in support of mitigating the emergency at hand. there are no widely accepted design principles for retasking independently - deployed sensor networks and for integrating their capabilities. our work presents an important step towards adaptive and scalable computing architecture. preliminary results have shown that retasking sensor networks for emergency response is a promising new paradigm that can not only promote a wider adoption of sensor network systems in support of guarding our national infrastructure and public safety, but can also provide invaluable help with disaster management and search - and - rescue operations. our research will have a broad societal impact as sensor networks are expected to be integrated into the fabric of the society. large geographical areas will be provided with integrated sensor networks that can provide invaluable help with disaster management. our research can be readily extended in support of detecting trends and unanticipated events, the two key ingredients of an early - warning system. syed r rizvi graduated with a gold medal from birla engineering college, india in 1996 with a bs in electrical engineering. after his undergraduate studies, syed served on the faculty of three engineering universities in india for nearly four years. he joined odu computer science master ' s program in fall of 2000. it was the success of a final project in mobile computing course taught by stephan olariu in spring 2002 that sparked syed ' s interest in the field of wireless communications and mobile computing. it eventually led to an internationally acclaimed master ' s thesis on multimedia leo satellite networks. since then syed has published several book chapters, articles in archival journals and conference proceedings on a wide range of topics from embedded systems and vehicular ad - hoc networks to sensor


led to an internationally acclaimed master ' s thesis on multimedia leo satellite networks. since then syed has published several book chapters, articles in archival journals and conference proceedings on a wide range of topics from embedded systems and vehicular ad - hoc networks to sensor networks and wireless multimedia. since 2002, syed has been working as a research scientist at analytical services & materials, inc., hampton, where he is developing advanced technologies, primarily for nasa langley research center. syed is the author of the textbook microcontroller programming : an introduction, published by crc press. syed is currently a phd student in computer science, focusing on emergency re - tasking of wireless sensor networks. he will be representing odu at the 7th annual virginia council of graduate schools ' ( vcgs ) graduate student research forum to be held at the university of virginia on february 16, 2012. his presentation is titled " unity in bad times : bringing together heterogeneous wireless sensor networks to work for a next - generation emergency response system. " the objective of the research is to design a real - time information system to improve emergency - response functions by bringing together information to respond to a terrorist attack, natural disaster or other small or large - scale emergency. the system is called alert : an architecture for the emergency retasking of wireless sensor networks. the novel contribution of this research to the emergency response strategies is the seamless integration of various wireless sensor networks by retasking them with explicit missions involving a dynamically changing situation. alert is an nsf - funded research project under the supervision of michele c. weigle and stephan olariu. for more information, please visit : http : / / www. cs. odu. edu / ~ inets - intelligent networking and systems ( inets ) research group in the department of computer science at old dominion university.


csem partners with nano retina to restore sight to the blind neuchatel, 8 february 2011 - csem announced today that its scientists and engineers are collaborating with nano - retina to develop an implantable bionic chip, especially designed to return sight to those blinded by retinal degenerative diseases. there are currently about 10 million people worldwide aged 40 and older who are legally blind, most of them due to degenerative conditions like age - related macular degeneration ( amd ). according to the world health organization ( who ), amd is the third cause worldwide of visual impairment, accounting for 8. 7 % of such cases. to date, there is no preventive or curative treatment available for this condition. nano - retina inc, an israeli company with laboratories in herzliya, israel and dallas texas usa, is developing an ultra small, high resolution and easy to implant, artificial retina designed to restore sight. this bionic retina incorporates various nano - size components in one tiny, flat implant, approximating the size of a child ' s fingernail bed. nano - retina has entrusted csem - given its state - of - the - art competencies in the area of low power ic design and photosensors - with the development of an artificial retinal chip. the aim of this project is to develop a new generation of tiny retinal implants that compensate for the damaged retina, without having to resort to an operation, which would be traumatic for the patient : simple local anaesthesia, a small incision ( approx. 5 mm ) in the sclera, followed by " gluing " of the implant over the damaged retina. the implant procedure will last barely half - an - hour. the implant is designed to work harmoniously with the natural functionalities of the eye, such as pupil dilation and eyeball movement. restoring sight in a blind person is no longer something belonging to the realm of science fiction! how does it work? in a healthy eye, light travels through the eyeball into the retina. the retinal photoreceptors react to the light by converting it into an electrical signal which is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. the brain thereafter recreates the image that we see. when the nerve connections and the optic nerve are still functioning, the artificial retina will enable the relaying of the visual information to the brain in place of the damaged retinal photoreceptors


us addresses family planning congress and environmental agencies move to increase funding for international programs. world population the connection between overpopulation and environmental degradation is becoming a prominent factor in efforts to increase family planning around the world. this is happening at several levels : within international agencies like the united nations, among environmental groups now making it a top priority, and on capitol hill. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor the house committee on foreign affairs was scheduled yesterday to mark up its foreign aid bill, which includes funds for international family planning legislation. [ see related story ]. while man ' s impact on nature has long been felt locally, the worldwide effect of steady growth in population and development is becoming increasingly evident in light of deforestation, species loss, and global warming. for example, the clearing of forests for firewood in nepal caused erosion and siltation that in turn created small islands where rivers emptied into the sea. land - starved peasants in bangladesh ( where 110 million people live in an area the size of wisconsin ) crowded onto these islands, which put them in the direct path of cyclones. lester brown, president of the worldwatch institute says ` ` profoundly disturbing ' ' population trends mean the per capita availability of key resources will shrink ` ` at an unprecedented rate ' ' during the 1990s : grain land by 15 percent, irrigated land by 11 percent, forest land by 19 percent, and grazing land by 18 percent. world grain output per capita already has dropped 4 percent since the mid - 1980s. werner fornos, president of the population institute, points out that 70 percent of all families in the developing world depend on wood for fuel. many of the communities that rely on fuelwood as a primary energy source are overcutting forest land, according to the un food and agriculture organization. nancy wallace, director of the sierra club ' s international population program, points to the direct connection between deforestation, wood burning ( both linked to overpopulation ), and global warming. wood burning, for example, releases two of the four major ` ` greenhouse ' ' gases - carbon dioxide and methane - into the atmosphere. forests left growing, on the other hand, absorb carbon dioxide. ` ` the quality of human life is inseparable from the quality of the environment, ' ' nafis sardik, director of the un population fund, said in releasing the agency ' s 1990 report. ` ` and we cannot solve the environmental crisis without solving the population crisis. ' ' ` ` the current percent increases [ in population ] may


the recent dry spell in guernsey county following weeks of mostly rainy weather has led to a new hatch of mosquitoes in the area, and as a result, the increased risk that one of the mosquitoes could carry the west nile virus. with all the rains and then the dry spell, there has been another hatching of mosquitoes, said randy shepard, administrator with the cambridge - guernsey county health department. it will continue to be like this until the first frost hits the area ( to kill the mosquitoes ). the health department announced tuesday that guernsey county has its first confirmed west nile virus case in a human, and the victim is a three - year - old boy. the boy is at home and he is doing fine, said shepard. due to the recently enacted health insurance portability and accountability act ( hipaa ), the health department cannot release the name or address of the boy. instead, shepard can only confirm the boy lives in the county. we just cant disclose the identity of the boy or the location where he resides, said shepard. according to the latest ohio department of health figures, there have been 22 human cases in ohio so far this year, 10 of which are west nile fever and the remainder are west nile encephalitis / meningitis. two people have died. the health department reports most people who are bitten by an infected mosquito will demonstrate no signs or symptoms. however, some will experience a mild infection with a slight fever, headache, body aches and sometimes a skin rash or swollen lymph gland. symptoms usually occur five to 15 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. a very small number of people will suffer from a severe infection that is marked by a rapid onset of high fever, a severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea or vomiting, confusion, muscle weakness or paralysis, seizures, coma, and rarely, death. while everyone exposed to a mosquito that carries the west nile virus is susceptible, people at greatest risk are those older than 50 and those who have a weakened immune system. to diagnose a west nile virus infection, a doctor will need to test either blood or cerebrospinal fluid from a spinal tap for antibodies to the virus. a second blood test is required two to three weeks later to confirm the diagnosis. there is no specific treatment for west nile virus infection. while many people will not know that they have been exposed, nearly all of those with symptoms will fully recover. however, in some severe cases, hospitalization may be needed. there is no


eco alert : coral sea marine sanctuary proposed - - world ' s largest at one - and - a - half times size of france the australian government has said it plans to establish the world ' s biggest marine protection zone to safeguard a huge swathe of the coral sea, one of the planet ' s great biodiversity hotspots. the proposed coral sea commonwealth marine reserve off the northeast coast of australia would cover about 990, 000 square kilometres ( 380, 000 square miles ) - - an area more than one - and - a - half times the size of france. a recent study found that the coral sea, which stretches from the great barrier reef to the waters of the solomon islands, vanuatu and new caledonia, was home to many unique and endangered species. under the plan, oil and gas exploration would be banned and new limits would be imposed on fishing. the environmental significance of the coral sea within australia ' s exclusive economic zone lies in its diverse array of coral reefs, sandy cays and deep - sea plains and canyons, burke said. " there is no other part of australia ' s territory where so much comes together - - pristine oceans, magnificent coral, a military history which has helped define us and now a clear proposal for permanent protection, " he added. the coral sea one of the last remaining places on the planet brimming with large predatory fish such as sharks and tuna. burke said the side of the reserve closest to australia ' s coast had taken into account recreational and charter fishing, and the proposed reserve was remote, with the nearest point 60 kilometres from the shore. environmental groups, which have pushed for the coral sea to be safeguarded, said the proposal was a good start but fell short of fully protecting the area ' s fragile coral reefs and spectacular marine life. " we welcome the exclusion of oil and gas extraction and the ban on fishing gear that destroys seafloor habitats, " said imogen zethoven of the pew environment group. " however, protection levels need to be stronger, particularly in vulnerable areas, to ensure the coral sea ' s long - term protection. " the government will hold a three - month consultation period before making a final decision. the daily galaxy via smh. com. au and 2011 afp


some paleontologists are rewriting the history of the dinosaur. experts have concluded that the triceratops may have never existed, according to the montana state university news service and the chicago tribune. since the 1800 ' s, scientists have believed that the triceratops and the torosaurus were two separate dinosaurs, but now two researchers at montana state university have concluded that the triceratops and the torosaurus were actually one in the same - - at different stages of growth. both dinosaurs had a three - horned skull but while the triceratops had a smaller frill, the torosaurus had a larger frill with two large holes in it. msu paleontologists john scannella and jack horner noticed while considering more than 100 years of dinosaur research, that the remains of a young torosaurus had never been found. after participating in a 10 - year study led by horner, researchers concluded that the triceratops hadn ' t lived long enough to fully develop the frill that would identify them as a torosaurus. horner and scannella published their findings in the july edition of the journal of vertebrate paleontology. according to scannella, the confusion over triceratops and torosaurus was easy to understand, because juvenile dinosaurs looked very different, and their skulls changed radically as they matured. " paleontologists are at a disadvantage because we can ' t go out into the field and observe a living triceratops grow up from a baby to an adult, " scannella said. " we have to put together the story based on fossils. in order to get the complete story, you need to have a large sample of fossils from many individuals representing different growth stages. " recent studies by scientists have revealed extreme changes in the skulls of pachycephalosaurs, tyrannosaurs and other dinosaurs that died out about 65 million years ago in north america. scannella and horner examined more than 50 triceratops specimens for their study.


when it comes to planting populations for corn silage, there ’ s no “ one size fits all ” recommendation. in general, silage yield and fiber content tend to improve as plant populations increase, but recommendations vary based on geography, soil type and the specific hybrid being planted. “ proper plant spacing is critical for top yield and quality potential, ” says terry helms, customer agronomist for mycogen seeds. “ always consult with your trusted agronomic adviser to determine the ideal plant population for your specific situation. ” helms provides these tips to help determine proper plant populations : • generally, silage hybrids can be planted at populations 5 percent to 15 percent higher than grain corn hybrids, or approximately 2, 000 more plants per acre. • bmr hybrids that contain the bm3 gene do not need to be planted at extremely high populations ( 28, 000 to 30, 000 plants per acre is desired in most environments ). populations for these hybrids should not exceed 34, 000, even with high levels of management. • population requirements depend on productivity of both the hybrid and soil. highly productive soils can support higher plant populations. in lower productivity soils, growers may not see the benefit of increased plant populations. • heavier, finer soils with better water - holding capacity can support higher populations than lighter, coarser - textured soils. this situation holds true only in non - irrigated situations. higher levels of available moisture are necessary to realize the advantage of increased plant populations. • silage hybrids perform better when planted on highly fertile soils under an optimum fertility and management program. • as plant population increases, uniform plant spacing becomes more critical for plant development and yield potential. prepare your planter early and check it often during planting for proper seed depth and spacing.


a weekly look at the latest news you need to live a healthier life blocking enzyme could curb gum, other illnesses while helping prevent periodontal disease, a dental discovery might also be effective in inhibiting other chronic inflammatory diseases. the findings, published in the journal molecular medicine, demonstrate that when researchers blocked the pathway that signals an enzyme essential to influencing immune response, they prevented inflammation and bone loss. the enzyme, gsk3b, also is being studied by other scientists because of its propensity to promote inflammation in bacterial infections and its link to type 2 diabetes, cancer and alzheimer ’ s disease. the team from the university of louisiana school of dentistry will look next at whether the enzyme blocker has side effects and whether they should search for a different inhibitor. learn more : medicalnewstoday. com, search “ inflammation ” source : university of louisiana without alcohol, red wine is still beneficial drinking red wine might help lower blood pressure, but a new study from spain suggests that alcohol is not the reason. in a small, randomized clinical trial, 67 men ages 55 to 75 who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease were assigned daily drinks : four weeks drinking 1 ounce of gin, 10 ounces of red wine or 10 ounces of nonalcoholic red wine. all of the men tried the three programs in succession. when the men drank gin, they experienced no change in blood pressure. with red wine, there was a slight but statistically insignificant lowering. but with nonalcoholic red wine, they saw a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. published last week in circulation research, the study concludes that the blood - pressure - lowering effects of red wine are attributable not to its alcohol content, but to the chemicals called polyphenols that it contains, even in its nonalcoholic form. in fact, they suggested alcohol might limit the beneficial effect of the polyphenols. learn more : ajcn. nutrition. org, search “ polyphenols : antioxidants and beyond ” the new york times to get thinner, read those product labels those who read food labels when grocery shopping weigh less than those who don ’ t, according to a new study. an international group of researchers examined data from the centers for disease control and prevention ’ s yearly national health interview survey, which has been used for more than five decades to track progress toward national health objectives. the surveyors gathered 25, 640 observations on eating, shopping and health


volatile excel functions | smart recalculation | | evaluation circumstances | | calculation process | | dependency trees | | controlling calculation | | " calculate " in status bar | | calculation methods | | calculating from vba | | volatile functions & actions | | user - defined functions | | repetitive calculation | | version timing comparison | a volatile function in a formula in a cell makes that cell be always recalculated at each recalculation even if it does not appear to have any changed precedents. fastexcel measures workbook volatility by comparing the time for a recalculation to the time for a full calculation, and allows you to measure worksheet volatility by comparing the sheet recalculate time with the sheet full calculate time. excel ’ s volatile functions. some of excel ’ s functions are obviously volatile : rand ( ), now ( ), today ( ) others are less obviously volatile : offset ( ), cell ( ), indirect ( ), info ( ) some are volatile in some versions of excel but not in others : index ( ) became non - volatile in excel 97. a number of functions that are documented by microsoft as volatile do not actually seem to be volatile when tested : index ( ), rows ( ), columns ( ), areas ( ) and cell ( " filename " ) is volatile although a mskbn article says its not. one particular syntax of sumif is volatile in excel 2002 and subsequent versions. this occurs when the size of the first range argument is not the same as the second ( sum _ range ) argument. for example = sumif ( a1 : a4, " > 0 ", b1 ) is volatile whereas = sumif ( a1 : a4, " > 0 ", b1 : b4 ) is not volatile. both of these formulae will reference cells b1 : b4. presumably this volatile behaviour was added to give correct results when b2 : b4 were changed. thanks to luke wisbey for letting me know about this behaviour. using a volatile function in a formula will flag the cell containing the formula as volatile, even if the volatile function never gets executed : = if ( 1 < 2, 99, now ( ) ) will always return 99 and the volatile now ( ) function will never be called, but the cell containing the if formula will be treated as volatile, ( thanks to stephen bullen for pointing this out ). you can download volatilefuncs. zip for a test workbook that you can use to


function will never be called, but the cell containing the if formula will be treated as volatile, ( thanks to stephen bullen for pointing this out ). you can download volatilefuncs. zip for a test workbook that you can use to test if a function or formula is volatile. dependents of volatile functions. direct dependents of volatile functions are always indirect dependents of volatile functions are not if ( ), choose ( ), and ( ), or ( ) the if and choose functions only execute one of the available choices. this is called short - circuiting : if you create udfs one, two and three each of which contain a debug. print or msgbox statement so that you can see what is being executed then : the and and or functions always execute all the available choices : if the one ( ), two ( ) and three ( ) udfs return 1, 2 and 3 respectively then : volatile only at workbook open references to udfs where the udf itself is located in an xla or external workbook are flagged as dirty when the workbook containing the reference is opened : if calculation is automatic they will be recalculated at workbook open, if calculation is manual they will be recalculated at the next recalculation. using index as the second part of a range reference, for example a $ 2 : index ( a $ 2 : a $ 8, 7, ), will also cause the reference to be flagged as dirty when the workbook is opened. ( thanks to bill wood for spotting this ). because a cell has been flagged as dirty the workbook will also be flagged as unsaved so you may get an unexpected prompt to save the workbook when closing it. conditional formats are volatile. because conditional formats need to be evaluated at each calculation any formulae used in a conditional format is effectively volatile. actually conditional formats seem to be super - volatile : they are evaluated each time the cell that contains them is repainted on the screen, even in manual calculation mode, although vba functions used in conditional formats will not trigger breakpoints when executed by the repaint. volatile actions : actions that trigger calculation selecting any filtering criteria when using autofilter will flag all the formulae in the autofilter range as uncalculated, even if none of their precedents have changed and even if you select exactly the same filter criteria as before. this can cause autofilter calculation to be extremely slow. clicking row or


from the american cancer society : – men with the heaviest and most prolonged exposures, such as railroad workers, heavy equipment operators, miners, and truck drivers, have been found to have higher lung cancer death rates than unexposed workers. although most studies have found a link between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer, some have not. secondhand smoke : at home – making your home smoke - free may be one of the most important things you can do for the health of your family. any family member can develop health problems related to shs. children ’ s growing bodies are especially sensitive to the poisons in shs. asthma, lung infections, and ear infections are more common in children who are around smokers. some of these problems can be serious and even life - threatening. think about it : we spend more time at home than anywhere else. a smoke - free home protects your family, your guests, and even your pets. multi - unit housing where smoking is allowed is a special concern and a subject of research. tobacco smoke can move through air ducts, wall and floor cracks, elevator shafts, and along crawl spaces to contaminate apartments on other floors, even those that are far from the smoke. shs smoke cannot be controlled with ventilation, air cleaning, or by separating smokers from non - smokers.


there ' s more than one way to become energy independent and go off the grid. in the first week of november, residents of a three - island pacific nation were slated to switch over to a system that produces electricity from solar power and biofuel derived from coconuts. tokelau, a place north of samoa administered as a region of new zealand, is expected to generate more than 100 percent of its electricity needs from sustainable sources. its 1, 411 citizens reside in the atafu, nukunonu, and fakaofo atolls, which cover more than 10 square kilometers combined. the government of tokelau decided in 2004 to increase energy efficiency and independence by focusing on renewable sources, in part to defray the high costs of importing diesel for generators. residents of tokelau will get all their electricity from solar power and coconut - derived biofuel. shown here is the solar energy installation on the atoll of nukunonu. the tokelau renewable energy project, funded by new zealand aid, consists of three separate electrical systems ( one for each island ), each with its own battery storage. each island ' s system is one of the world ' s largest off - grid solar systems, according to a blog post by powersmart, the new zealand company serving as the project ' s lead contractor. in the past few months, the project has installed 4, 032 photovoltaic panels and 1, 344 batteries on the three atolls. locally produced coconut - based biofuel will power generators that will handle overflow demand and recharge battery banks. the systems were designed to withstand high temperatures, salt - laden air, and the risks of flooding and cyclones. biofuels have been in the news a lot recently. in nearby vanuatu, purified coconut oil is being used to fuel automobiles and minubuses. a canadian jet recently became the first civilian plane to fly on 100 percent nonfood biofuel. transesterification can convert coconut oil into a biodiesel compatible with diesel engines, though this is an expensive process and requires materials not readily available in the pacific. during world war ii, coconut oil was used in the philippines as a substitute for diesel. though the european commission has called for even stricter limits on the use of food crops for producing transportation biofuels, a feasibility report for tokelau ' s solar / biofuel system called coconuts an underused local resource. the report concluded that this use of coconuts ( which are abundant on the islands


of food crops for producing transportation biofuels, a feasibility report for tokelau ' s solar / biofuel system called coconuts an underused local resource. the report concluded that this use of coconuts ( which are abundant on the islands ) would not hurt the environment, since the biodiesel would cover only 10 percent of the system ' s total energy needs. the renewable energy system ' s original specification called for the solar panels to supply 90 percent of the islands ' electricity. but a combination of sheer volume and engineering innovation means the system will provide 150 percent of the islands ' current electricity needs, according to powersmart. the headroom will allow the islanders to expand their use of electricity without using expensive diesel fuel. each island had been using about 200 gallons of diesel a day to generate electricity. this was not only expensive but also challenging, because of the environmental risks involved in unloading diesel drums on tropical islands. " the pacific has a massive problem in importing its fossil fuel requirements, largely for power generation and transportation, " anirudh singh, associate professor of physics at the university of the south pacific in fiji, said in an inter press service article on the new system. " this is due to its isolated and scattered small populations. and replacing these fuels is the top priority as the import bills are exorbitant. " the combined solar / biofuel system will go a long way toward fulfilling that goal, as well as decreasing environmental impacts.


mes aynak, in afghanistan ' s logar province, boasts one of the largest undeveloped copper deposits in the world. but it is also home to vast archeological ruins, including 5th century buddhist monasteries and even older bronze age settlements. preservationists - - working furiously to excavate the nearby ruins before they are buried under mining rubble - - have urged restraint in developing the copper deposits. but those focused on afghanistan ' s economic development have urged the country to move full speed ahead, citing the dire need for the $ 1 trillion in revenue that the mine could bring to the impoverished country. is the potential for economic growth worth more than the loss of cultural heritage? professor brent e. huffman, a documentary filmmaker and assistant professor at the medill school of journalism at northwestern university who has been making a film at mes aynak, says there is little hope that much will be saved when the mining begins in earnest. here, we take a an inside look at the 2, 000 year - old buddhas, temples, and other relics that could soon be destroyed. it is tragic that these treasures of buddhist history will be lost forever. however, compared with the abject poverty faced by the population, perhaps industrial development is the more humane thing to do. here is more from the facebook page of the forthcoming film " the buddhas of aynak " [ https : / / www. facebook. com / buddhasofaynak / info ] : abdul qadeer temore has been tirelessly working at the excavation site in the windswept moonscape of aynak, afghanistan for nearly a year. he hasn ’ t received any pay for the past four months from the afghan government, but gets daily death threats from the taliban on his cell phone demanding cash for his life. abdul pledges he will keep digging until he is forced to quit. aynak, a desert region 20 minutes southwest of kabul, is an archaeological treasure trove of ancient buddhist artifacts dated at over 2, 500 years old. an ancient buddhist monastery complex, extensive wall frescos, devotional temples known as stupas, and more than 150 buddha statues comprise a discovery of immense global importance and one of the country ' s richest historical sites. but it is also a site with a violent and troubled history. it was here that al - qaeda planned the murderous destruction of 9 / 11, an event that became the catalyst for the u. s. invasion of afghanistan in 2001. at the same time, aynak is home to the largest


troubled history. it was here that al - qaeda planned the murderous destruction of 9 / 11, an event that became the catalyst for the u. s. invasion of afghanistan in 2001. at the same time, aynak is home to the largest undeveloped copper reserve in the world. directly beneath the buddhist site lie mineral deposits worth an estimated $ 100 billion. following two years of aggressive bidding, china metallurgical group corporation, a chinese government - backed mining company, beat out all international competitors and was awarded an exclusive contract in 2008 by the cash - strapped afghanistan government to exploit the site. the fate of the ancient buddhist artifacts hangs in the balance as the chinese begin planning their destructive open - pit style copper mine. under immense international pressure, the chinese company gave afghan and french archaeologists three years to excavate and move the artifacts before the copper mine gets underway. but with extremely limited resources, the dedicated archaeologists have made little progress. “ we have only discovered the tip of the iceberg, a mere 10 % of the site, ” says french specialist philippe marquis, who believes this could easily be a ten - year excavation project. efforts to save and preserve the site have been drastically scaled back to a project whose best hope is now merely to document what is known to exist at the site before the chinese begin construction, which they are planning to do in 2012. the remaining cultural relics, which are both too large and fragile to be moved or are still underground and thus, undiscovered, will all be destroyed. the buddhas of aynak will follow several main characters to tell this dramatic and multi - layered story : philippe marquis, a french archaeologist leading the effort to save the buddhist statues ; abdul qadeer temore, a leading afghan archeologist at the afghan national institute of archeology working to protect his cultural heritage in aynak ; liu wenming, a chinese manager working for china metallurgical group corporation in the compound at aynak ; and laura tedesco, an american archaeologist working for the kabul - based u. s. embassy, who is using a million dollars of u. s. military funding to attempt to save the buddhist ruins.


blick oil colors are made with quality ingredients, offering artists an oil paint with a buttery texture, strong pigmentation, and consistent performance. blick oil colors are an exceptional value. fe7 ( cn ) 18 ( h2o ) x or c6fen6h4n prussian blue is a semi - transparent, deep cyan - blue with a greenish undertone and a very high tinting strength unequaled by most pigments. it is similar to phthalo blue unless mixed with white, when it gives up intensity and becomes smoky. it can behave erratically and less reliably in oil and watercolor form depending on its manufacture. for permanent painting phthalo blue is considered a more reliable choice. prussian blue is lightfast and permanent in all techniques except for fresco. when mixed with zinc white in watercolor or tempera form, it fades upon exposure to light and completely regains its chromatic strength in the dark. modern manufacturing techniques have made this tendency less of an issue in recent years prussian blue is moderately toxic if ingested. it will emit toxic hydrogen cyanide gas if heated, exposed to ultraviolet radiation, or treated with acid. " the first of the modern pigments, " prussian blue is the first artificial pigment with a known history. it was discovered by accident in 1704 by the berlin color maker heinrich diesbach, who was trying to create a pigment with a red hue by mixing iron sulfate and potash. the potash diesbach purchased from a local laboratory had been contaminated by animal oil and blood during previous experimentation. the resulting mixture yielded a very pale red that changed to purple and then deep blue when he tried to concentrate it. since previous blue pigments came from lapis lazuli, an expensive stone, diesbach ’ s discovery was extremely important for artists of the time. berlin blue, bronze blue, iron blue, paris blue, paste blue. celestial blue, monthier blue and soluble blue are varieties of prussian blue. blue lake is a reduced or let - down variety of prussian blue. chinese blue, milori blue, and steel blue are the three highest grades of prussian blue.


the ancient parish of doon lay in the baronies of owenybeg, coonagh and kilnemanagh. baronies were the ancient division of territory in ireland before the norman invasion. each barony was ruled by a different clan, from which it usually derived its name. the barony of owney was divided into owneytire and owneybeg. owneytire comprised land around the present parish of newport, while owneybeg took in abington, cappamore and north doon. the name owney is reputed to derive from a daughter of eochlaidh, king of munster in the 3rd century a. d. this at first was part of the territory of eli o ' carroll and was later ruled by the o ' donegan clan. in the twelfth century turlough o ' brien, descendant of brian boru led a raid into this area, dislodged the o ' donegans and granted the lands of owney to the o ' maolrians ( o ' mulryans, who came from carlow ). these remained in possession of the lands until the cromwellion plantation. hence, the popularity of the name " ryan " in the area to the present day. south doon, castletown and pallasgreen were in the barony of coonagh. this land was ruled by the sept ui chuanach. in the old manuscripts doon is referred to as dunogonach or dun uichuanach, meaning fortification in the land of coonagh. the barony of kilnamanagh included what today is roughly the tipperary part of the parish of doon. townslands such as commanaline, foildarg, croghmorky and glengar were in kilnamanagh. the dominant family here being o ' dwyers, the most famous of whom was centuries later, an officer in sarsfield ' s army, who with the flight of the wild geese became commander in chief of the austrian army, a count of the austrian empire and defended belgrade against the turks. he was john o ' dwyer, who is much better remembered as " scan o ' duibhir a ghleanna " in the famous irish poem. it is suggested that this poem was written by that romantic figure eamon a ' chnoic, who also fought with sarsfield and was a relative of the o ' dwyers of kilnamanagh. the origin of the name doon, or in irish, dun blei


written by that romantic figure eamon a ' chnoic, who also fought with sarsfield and was a relative of the o ' dwyers of kilnamanagh. the origin of the name doon, or in irish, dun bleisce has for long been a subject of speculation. the first part dun means fortification and a glance at an ordnance survey map shows eight ring forts in the area. the early settlers needed to protect themselves against their enemies, both human and animal. they built dwellings enclosed in circular earthen mounds for protection called raths or as we call them today ring forts. the original ring fort from which the name doon came can be seen, behind the protestant church, just outside the village. the ' bleisce part is more difficult. i have come across three possible explanations. the first one is that the name comes from a little stream, fleisc which flows through the village. however, more colourful explanations are that bleisc was a swine herder for a local chieftain or the favourite, that bleisc was " a woman of ill repute ", a harlot whose " dun " was a favourite haunt of the red - coats. however, it is unlikely that the latter has much basis in truth. just four miles to the west of doon, is the village of cappamore. unlike doon this village is of relatively recent origin. an cheapach mhor means the large tillage plot, which is evidence of the land use in the last century. today the land is almost totally under pasture. the village, in the townsland of touragh stands roughly half way between the old centre of tower hill and the once thriving village of bilboa. the village evolved in the early 1800 ' s. the land, owned by an absentee landlord was sublet to thirty three tennants, who formed the nucleus around which the village began to grow. samuel lewis in " a history and topography of limerick city and county " tells of the village, around 1840, as having 711 inhabitants and " a spacious chapel in progress of erection ". a few miles further west is the village of abington. here on the banks of the mulkear stood a great cistercian abbey, one of the most important abbeys in munster : originally called abbey owney, it was founded in 1189 by theobald fitzwalter butler. he was a nephew of thomas a beckett, archbishop of canterbury, who was executed by henry ii. it is


horses in 1651. shortly after this the macbriens were transplanted to county clare. the parish church stood a short distance from the castle. it is described in o ' donovan ' s survey 1840 ' s as " 40 feet in length and 20 feet high and 2 to 3 feet in thickness. the last gable contains a narrow window. the doorway is on the south side about 10 feet from the west gable. the building was never divided into nave and choir. the west end fell before 1840. a small graveyard surrounds the church ". also in the barony of coonagh is pallasgreen, the palace of griain, a sun goddess worshipped by the early celtic inhabitants. cist graves found at corelish show that the area was inhabited as early as the year 2, 000 b. c. much later we are told of the battle of sulchoi pass, near pallas in 960. mahon, son of cenneidigh and his young brother brian ( later to be renowned as brian boru ) led an irish force that defeated the danes. it is said that 2, 000 danes were put to the sword on this day. lenihan in his " history of limerick ", however, links sulchoi with the present area of solohead, the scene of another famous incident in 1919. however, an event occurred in pallasgreen, millions of years earlier still. the basalt rock which is found near lynfield provides the evidence that a volcano errupted here long before the man first inhabited the area. and so we conclude our little trip around our comer of east limerick. recounting the deeds of the past makes us aware of our heritage, inspires our spirits and enriches our lives. and so it is good that so much of our history lives on today in books and in records and in the ruins of the past.


one method for verification of correctness is to compare algorithm implementations to stl sort for assurance of equivalent results, but that assumes stl sort is correct. to not rely on correctness of stl sort requires implementing a correctness test for sorting algorithms. correctness requires that array [ i ] ≤ array [ i + 1 ] for all elements of the array, which is simple to check. of course, comparison to results from stl sort would be a useful redundant verification. these two tests were used for all implemented routines, including intel ' s ipp library routines. boundary cases of the input arrays of size 0 and 1 were also tested. the performance comparison setup was as follows : - visual studio 2008, optimization project setting is set to optimize neither speed or size, and inline any suitable function. - intel core 2 duo cpu e8400 at 3 ghz ( 64 kbytes l1 and 6 mbytes l2 cache ). - 14 - stage pipeline with 1, 333 mhz front - side bus. - 2 gb of system memory ( dual - channel 64 - bits per channel, 800 mhz ddr2 ). - motherboard is dq35joe. random numbers were generated by using the following method for each element in the array : / / each call to rand ( ) produces 15 - bit random number. unsigned long tmp = ( ( unsigned long ) rand ( ) ) < < 30 | ( ( unsigned long ) rand ( ) ) < < 15 | ( ( unsigned long ) rand ( ) ) ; the arrays were all checked for percentage of unique values, which were all above 95 % for arrays filled with 32 - bit unsigned values. the range of min and max were also checked for each array, which were between 0 and near the max value for 32 - bit unsigned numbers. performance was measured by always processing 100 million elements. when 10 element arrays were being measured, then 10 million of them were allocated. when 100 element arrays were being measured, then 1 million of them were allocated, and so on. a different random - number generator seed was used for each array, but the same seeds were used across all algorithms. time - stamp was taken before sorting the 10 million arrays and also after. the average value across all arrays is the value reported.


for more information on the concurrency runtime framework, see concurrency runtime : the resource manager. visual c + + 2010 comes with new features and enhancements to simplify more native programming. the concurrency runtime ( crt ), for instance, is a framework that simplifies parallel programming and helps you write robust, scalable, and responsive parallel applications. the crt raises the level of abstraction so that you do not have to manage the infrastructure details that are related to concurrency. the concurrency runtime also enables you to specify scheduling policies that meet the quality of service demands of your applications. figure 1 presents the architecture of concurrency runtime framework. in this article, i discuss the task scheduler layer and examine how it works internally. to do so, i use cppdepend, an analysis tool that makes it easier for you to manage complex c \ c + + ( native, mixed, and com ) code base. the task scheduler the task scheduler schedules and coordinates tasks at runtime. a task is a unit of work that performs a specific job. the task scheduler manages the details that are related to efficiently scheduling tasks on computers that have multiple computing resources. windows provides a preemptive kernel - mode scheduler - - a round - robin, priority - based mechanism that gives every task exclusive access to a computing resource for a given time period, then switches to another task. although this mechanism provides " fairness " ( every thread makes forward progress ), it comes at some cost of efficiency. for example, many compute - intensive algorithms do not require fairness. instead, it is important that related tasks finish in the least overall time. cooperative scheduling enables an application to more efficiently schedule work. cooperative scheduling is a mechanism that gives every task exclusive access to a computing resource until the task finishes or until the task yields its access to the resource. the user - mode cooperative scheduler enables application code to make its own scheduling decisions. because cooperative scheduling enables many scheduling decisions to be made by the application, it reduces much of the overhead that is associated with kernel - mode synchronization. the concurrency runtime ( crt ) uses cooperative scheduling together with the preemptive scheduler of the operating system to achieve maximum usage of processing resources. in this article, i examine the task scheduler design and lift its hood to see how it works internally. for information on the crt resource manager, see concurrency runtime : the resource manager. again, i use cppdepend to analyze the crt source code. the


task scheduler design and lift its hood to see how it works internally. for information on the crt resource manager, see concurrency runtime : the resource manager. again, i use cppdepend to analyze the crt source code. the crt provides the interface scheduler to implement a specific scheduler adapted to application needs. let ' s examine classes that implement this interface : the crt provides two implementations of the scheduler - - umsthreadscheduler. as illustrated in the dependency graph in figure 2, the schedulerbase contains all common behavior of these two classes. is the scheduler flexible? a good indicator of flexibility is to search for all abstract classes used by the scheduler. as shown in the dependency graph in figure 3, the scheduler uses many abstract classes. it enforces low coupling, and makes the scheduler more flexible, so adapting it to other needs is easy. to explain the role of each abstract class used by the scheduler, i ' ll discuss its responsibilities. there are three major responsibilities assigned to the task scheduler : getting resources ( processors, cores, memory ). when the scheduler is created, it asks for resources from the runtime resource manager ( as explained in crt concurrency runtime : resource manager ). the scheduler communicate with resource manager using ischeduler interfaces. resources given by resource manager use scheduler policy to allocate resources to the scheduler. the policy as shown in figure 4 is assigned when the scheduler is created. the crt creates a default scheduler if no scheduler exists by invoking the getdefaultscheduler method, and a default policy is used. the task scheduler enables applications to use one or more scheduler instances to schedule work, and an application can invoke scheduler : : create to add another scheduler that uses a specific policy. concurrency : : policyelementkey enumeration defines the policy keys that are associated with the task scheduler. for more information on policy keys, see this article. the following collaborations between the scheduler and resource manager shows the role of each interface concerned by the allocation. ask for resource allocation : getting resources from resource manager :


how big is a government? how many public employees are employed by it? how many different kinds of offices and branches does it have? the answer to these questions ranges from ‘ too many ’ to ‘ so many ’. if the government in question is like that of great britain or usa, then the answer would be ‘ very, very many ’. the reason why the governments of these countries have great bureaucracies is not because they like employing so many people. rather, it is all about the services they provide. to get other people involved this is actually the reason why the government outsources some of its services to other private businesses. sometimes, it is easier, faster and cheaper for it to do this than hire more and more employees. the result of this is the high number of companies that offer and sell private reg plates. now, these companies are private ones, but all of these are required by their governments to pass accreditations on the public service they provide. people know that private reg plates are special plates. even so these plates are still a form of public service. the concept behind this is that the car owners no longer have to go to the government offices to apply for these plates themselves. by contacting one of these companies, the car owner gets to have everything he would ordinarily do to apply for private reg plates, done for him by the company ’ s representatives. and that is great, right? the other great thing about this is that these companies are also represented online. by going online, the car owners get to learn more about the companies before they pick the one to do the application for them. the companies ’ websites also provide the car owners with a simple tool. this tool is a mode by which the car owners can check the availability of their intended private reg plates ’ combinations. some websites also offer their clients another tool, which allows them to see through their screens how their special plates would look like. this is great as all license plates, once issued, can never be returned.


how new urbanism makes traditional suburbs greener recent suburban green living designs are moving toward new urbanism, which incorporates mixed housing types, higher housing densities, walking paths, community parks, local shopping centers, and strong community associations for a more eco - friendly living experience. many newer suburbs also have improved their management of natural vegetation and water runoff. these new urbanism concepts help counter the environmental challenges of traditional suburbs : inefficient land use : green land is paved over to provide housing. during heavy rains and storms, the water runs off into storm sewers or floods low - lying areas ( often creating erosion as it does so ) because it can no longer seep naturally away into the earth as it once did. increased demand for gas and oil : many suburbs designed several decades ago feature few sidewalks and little in the way of local stores, practically forcing residents into vehicles for getting to work, recreation, and shopping, thus increasing energy - related vehicle costs and greenhouse gas emissions. urban design issues : migration to suburbs caused the " donut " effect in many cities, as downtowns become ghost towns at night when office workers head home to the suburbs. downtown areas became rundown and crime - ridden because of a lack of legitimate night - time users. increased pressure on utilities : the desire for large houses with all the amenities, such as large entertainment systems, air conditioning, swimming pools, and lots of fully furnished rooms, increases water and power consumption in suburban areas. new urbanism hopes to end these suburban problems of the past few decades and create beautiful, self - sufficient, green neighborhoods.


a short history of bishop william van mildert william van mildert was the last of the prince bishops and a key figure in the foundation of the university of durham in 1832. the idea of prince bishops in durham dates back to the year 1071, a time shortly after norman conquest when william the conqueror needed to appoint a representative to hold secular and spiritual power over the whole of the north - east of england ( 1, 2 ). this position gave the southern king a powerful northern presence to defend against rebellion by the local saxon population or invasion from scottish armies. the area became known as the palatinate of durham and it was said at the time that the prince bishop was like a second king of england ( 1, 2 ). prince bishops not only had their own parliament with representatives which they could send to the king, but could raise armies, collect their own taxes, set up their own courts, mint their own coins and negotiate directly with the scottish kings ( 1, 2 ). by 1832 the concept of prince bishops seemed outdated and the great reform act saw the removal of the prince bishops powers, although the bishop of durham retained a seat in the house of lords which he still holds to this day ( 3 ). in fact, it was not until the early 1970s that the palatinate court system was merged into the english court structure ( 4 ). so who was william van mildert, how did he become prince bishop of durham and how was the university of durham founded? william van mildert was born in london on the 6th of november 1765 ( 5, 6 ). his father cornelius was a gin distiller ( 5, 7 ). the van mildert family were of dutch descent and there had long been a connection between the family and the church. william van mildert ’ s grandfather and great grandfather had been deacons of the dutch reform church at austin friars in london and his father was a devout anglican. van mildert began his education at st. saviours school, southwark, until the age of thirteen, when he persuaded his father to allow him to seek holy orders. van mildert attended merchant taylors ’ school, london, in around 1779 to begin preparations for oxford university where he studied at queens college, from 1784 ( 5, 7 ). van mildert graduated with a ba in november 1787 and was ordained deacon in oxfordshire whilst working towards his ma ( 5, 7 ). from here, van mildert was ordained a priest in december 1789, becoming curate of newchurch and bonnington, in kent. it was here


ba in november 1787 and was ordained deacon in oxfordshire whilst working towards his ma ( 5, 7 ). from here, van mildert was ordained a priest in december 1789, becoming curate of newchurch and bonnington, in kent. it was here that van mildert met jane, his future wife, and they married in december 1795. the van mildert ’ s moved to northamptonshire and although they never had their own children they fostered two of jane ’ s nieces ( 5, 7 ). in july 1796 van mildert became chaplain to the grocers ’ company and rector of st mary - le - bow, cheapside, london. during this time van mildert lived outside the parish due its poor standard of accommodation, leading to his prosecution for non - residence in 1800. van mildert ’ s case was frequently presented in parliament as evidence that reform of current laws was necessary ( 5, 7 ). van mildert opposed many government reforms and became a member of the church campaign group the hackney phalanx ( 5, 7, 8 ). the phalanx was a group of clergy and laymen who published the british critic, a conservative review which was part of the british reaction against the french revolution ( 7, 8 ). van mildert was briefly the editor for the british critic in 1811 and co - edited the churchman ' s remembrancer between 1802 and 1808. he served as treasurer of the society for promoting christian knowledge between 1812 and 1815 and also helped to found the national society in 1811 and the church building society in 1818 ( 5, 7 ). van mildert published various texts throughout his life including a ten - volume edition of the works of the 18th century theologian daniel waterland ( 5, 7 ). van mildert ’ s boyle lectures of 1802 - 1805 on ‘ an historical view of the rise and progress of infidelity, with a refutation of its principles and reasoning ’ s ’ ( 9 ) helped to strengthen his reputation as one of the foremost conservative theologians of the day and it has been said that he had an encyclopaedic knowledge of divinity ( 5, 7 ). van mildert became chaplain to the fourth duke of queensberry in 1807 and vicar of farningham in kent where renovations of an uninhabitable parsonage nearly bankrupted him in 1810. lord liverpool offered van mildert a professorship of divinity at oxford and a rectory in oxfordshire which he accepted ( 5, 7 ). at oxford, van mildert became a bachelor then a doctor of divinity


parsonage nearly bankrupted him in 1810. lord liverpool offered van mildert a professorship of divinity at oxford and a rectory in oxfordshire which he accepted ( 5, 7 ). at oxford, van mildert became a bachelor then a doctor of divinity, and a canon of christ church. after a short period as bishop of llandaff ( now part of cardiff ) in 1819 and dean of st. paul ’ s in 1820, van mildert was offered and accepted the palatine bishopric of durham. ( 5, 7, 8 ) van mildert had strongly opposed parliamentary reform and he was even burned in effigy at the castle gates in november 1831 due to this opposition ( 7 ). van mildert ' s resistance to reform may be the reason why he was omitted from peels ecclesiastical commission in 1835 and was not recommended to be archbishop of canterbury ( 5, 7 ). he was, however greatly respected and played an important role in early 19th century theological thought as well as in lively political discussions. van mildert ’ s health throughout his life was never particularly good and he died on 21st february 1836 ( 5, 7 ). he was buried in a vault in front of the high altar at durham cathedral though he had expressed the wish to be buried at auckland castle, his official home. his wife survived him and died in harrogate in 1837 ( 5 ). van mildert and the foundation of durham university there had been calls for a university in durham reaching back as far as henry viii and oliver cromwell in the 1650s, although at that time oxford and cambridge universities had expressed concerns that a university at durham would damage their position ( 5, 7 ). in 1832 archdeacon charles thorp and van mildert persuaded the government and parliament to support the idea of a university at durham ( 10, 5, 7 ). on july 4th 1832 the “ act to enable the dean and chapter of durham to appropriate part of the property of their church to the establishment of a university in connection therewith, for the advancement of learning ” was passed ( 11, 12, 13, 14 ). the first students arrived in 1833, with the university receiving a royal charter and degree - awarding powers in 1837 ( 12, 13, 14 ). there is a substantial collection of material relating to bishop van mildert in the special collections section of durham university library. most of this material ( over 1300 papers ) was discovered in a pigeon loft in bradden house, northamptonshire in the early 1970s by arnold bradshaw, later principal of van mildert college. the papers were


a college education can change the course of your life. this investment in your future has the power to open doors of opportunity to professional and personal fulfillment. but, for most students, those opportunities come with a cost : the burden of student debt. yes, the cost of tuition is rising and with it debt loads. but college enrollment is growing, too, and so is the income gap between those who have degrees and those who do not. numbers tell this story. tuition costs soar tuitions are rising like a lost balloon on a summer day. a four - year public university now costs on average $ 8, 000 per year, excluding room and board. that number jumps to $ 28, 000 per year for students attending four - year private institutions. debt - free students unusual sixty - six percent of 2011 graduates began their post - school life with student - loan debt, with the average loan amount totaling more than $ 26, 000. by comparison, in 1993, less than half of all students graduated with debt, and that debt averaged $ 14, 500. right now, combined student - loan debt stacks up to $ 914 billion in the united states, according to the federal reserve bank of new york. unlike other debts, student loans cannot be discharged in a bankruptcy. millions attend college more than 18 million people are attending college, and 10. 6 million of them are enrolled at four - year schools. however, 40 percent of students at four - year schools will not earn a degree within six years. whether a student graduates in four years, six years or not at all, student loans must be repaid. college is a smart move despite the debt, a college degree can be a wise financial investment. high school graduates can expect to earn about $ 1. 4 million in their lifetimes. add a bachelor ’ s degree, and lifetime earnings rise to $ 2. 4 million. want to earn more? obtain a professional degree and lifetime income soars to more than $ 4 million. medicine, law, pharmacy and public accounting are each professions of this kind that offer a strong earning potential. a new frontier higher education is evolving – and not all of it is getting more expensive. free moocs, or massive open online classes, aim to deliver an ivy league - quality education to anyone with access to a computer and the internet. in the last year, several start - ups have begun offering more than 200 free, online college classes. companies such as udacity, coursera and edx promise to reinvent how we educate ourselves


cars are getting better at telling you more about your driving, with heads - up displays showing your speed and direction, and gps units letting you know where there ' s construction or congestion. so what if your car started telling you more about other cars, too? hari balakrishnan, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the massachusetts institute of technology, is using 50 limos and taxis equipped with mobile sensors to send data back to a central computer and help predict road conditions with greater accuracy, letting drivers see how problems evolve in real - time and react accordingly. balakrishnan has plans to expand the project, and is considering how to use regular consumer technology — such as developing an app iphone users could download — to help feed his computer ( and drivers ) with more data. similarly, thomas little, a professor at boston university, is experimenting with how light can transmit data to other vehicles on the road. a brake light, for instance, could send a signal to the car behind it to cause it to brake hard, too, in the event of an emergency. road conditions, such as icy pavement or potholes, could also be picked up by the leading vehicle and sent along the chain of trailing cars. it ' ll be a while before we see tech like this affecting our driving in a major way, but more complex consumer technology and smart minds to use it means we don ' t have to wait for the auto industry to raise its standards before we can see technology improving how we drive.


| dental care regularly examine your pet for signs of dental disease - bad breath, tartar, red, swollen, or painful gums, decreased appetite, difficulty eating, loose or missing teeth. if your pet has any of these signs it has periodontal disease. periodontal disease can start as early as 2 years of age. more than 85 percent of dogs and cats over four years of age have some form of periodontal disease, a progressive, painful inflammation and destruction of the normal tooth structure, leading to tooth loss. if periodontal disease is left unchecked, bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream and travel to major organs, starting infections there. damage to these organs caused by infection can shorten the lives of dogs and cats. factors that affect the incidence of periodontal disease include : o breed - smaller dogs tend to have more dental disease than larger dogs. cats can have resorptive enamel lesions exposing the root of the tooth. o extra or malpositioned teeth - retained baby teeth can force the permanent teeth into abnormal positions and cause a build up of tartar. brachycephalic breeds ie. pugs have malpositioned teeth causing crowding and a tartar trap. these teeth should be extracted to avoid problems later. o diet - soft food can predispose to an increase in accumulation of plaque. professional cleaning is the best way to remove tartar on the teeth, and hopefully reverse the effects on the gums. under anesthesia, the tartar is removed, teeth are polished, and fluoride applied and the teeth probed for pockets. a full mouth x - ray is performed to check for any unseen abnormalities under the gumline. problem teeth are x - rayed to develop a treatment plan. a root canal or periodontal surgery may be performed to save a tooth. any teeth that can not be saved are extracted. to help prevent dental tartar, start brushing your pet ' s teeth when your pet it is young or after a teeth cleaning. we recommend daily brushing. brushing will dramatically increase the interval between teeth cleaning appointments. tips to get your pet to accept tooth brushing : - start with a healthy, comfortable mouth. untreated problems can cause a painful mouth and a non - compliant patient. - choose a proper toothbrush. the toothbrush should have soft bristles which can reach under the gum line. use the right size toothbrush to fit the patient, large or small. each pet should have their own toothbrush to decrease cross contamination


- choose a proper toothbrush. the toothbrush should have soft bristles which can reach under the gum line. use the right size toothbrush to fit the patient, large or small. each pet should have their own toothbrush to decrease cross contamination of bacteria from one pet to another. - use special pet toothpaste. cet toothpaste is flavored to increase acceptance and does not have detergent properties as human toothpaste which can cause gastrointestinal upset if swallowed. - brush your pet ' s teeth when the pet is relaxed. position the pet in a corner or on your lap so that it will be secure and more easily handled. put a small amount of toothpaste on your finger and allow the pet to taste it. carefully lift the lips up to expose the teeth. apply a small amount of toothpaste to the brush. place the brush bristles at a 45 degree angle to the gum line. move the brush gently in circular patterns over the teeth as well as back and forth. start by brushing a few teeth. as the brushing sessions continue, slowly include more teeth. build up to 30 seconds on each side. when you sense the pet is anxious, give reassurance by talking and trying again. expect progress, not perfection. reward immediately with a play period and praise after each cleaning session. take time. each pet is different - some will be trained in one week, while others will take a month. - use other home care products to reduce plaque production. these include tartar control dry diets such as hill ' s t / d, oravet plaque prevention, rawhides or chew toys. pets with periodontal disease may need antibiotics and disinfectant rinses or gels. most importantly, brush daily, have annual dental exams, and regularly have teeth cleaned professionally. plaque index ( pi # ) - pi 0 no observable plaque - pi 1 scattered plaque covering less than one third of the buccal tooth surface - pi 2 plaque covering between one and two thirds of the buccal tooth surface - pi 3 plaque covering greater than two thirds of the buccal tooth surface pi 1 pi 2 pi 3 calculus index ( ci # ) refers to the amount of calculus on a tooth. - ci 0 no observable calculus - ci 1 scattered calculus covering less than one third of the buccal tooth surface. - ci 2 calculus covering between one and two thirds of the buccal tooth surface with minimal subgingival deposition. -


security of cargo is a major concern of port authorities. thefts and smuggling of cargo, and stowaways, are occurrences that port authorities need to combat in order to ensure the quality of their services. the costs incurred by port users becausewhile a $ 7 billion dollar range seems rather large to me, even the small number is a big number. of these activities are very high, as shown by various recent analyses. for instance, in the united states, it is estimated that the annual cost of cargo theft and pilferage varies from us $ 3 to 10 billion a year. in a recent piece in seapower magazine by david w. munns here. mr. munns posits a scenario in which containers passing through pakistan have had their contents stolen by thieves who un - weld the seams of the metal containers, take the products from inside the container and then re - weld the seams, apparently without breaking the seals on the boxes. mr. munns notes that the department of homeland security has been seeking new ideas for container security and tis pushing a " advanced container security device ( acsd ) " system. one approach seems to be to change the standard metal shipping container to one made of strong composite material and embed sensors in the entire exterior which would provide detection capability of container stowaways, radiation and other information that may indicate problems. more information on the acsd program here, here, the dhs solicitation here, the l - 3 communications " approach " : the next generation of maritime cargo security from l - 3 is designed to foil any conceivable attempt to hide stowaways, threat substances, and other contraband in sealed cargo containers. more here : acsd will feature advanced state - of - the - art sensors that automatically detect live animals and people, as well as minute amounts of threat substances, that no other sealed cargo screening technology of its kind can reliably detect. the revolutionary acsd will continually screen the contents of sealed cargo containers for explosives and biological, chemical, and nuclear threat substances. acsd will track the entire sequence of a sealed cargo container ’ s journey, from the moment it arrives at the point of departure to release at its final destination. designed to automatically identify tampering at any point in the container ’ s passage, acsd will detect breaches wherever they occur : on the container ’ s sides, roof, or bottom. as part of the csi, dhs has also developed a technology research program called the advanced container


when starbucks raised its prices during the beginning of 2010, it lowered the price of a tall regular to $ 1. 70. but, if you wanted a splash of foam, a shot of espresso, or a touch of flavor, the addition could be expensive. for a triple grande soy vanilla latte, you would have paid a whopping $ 6. 25. their goal, i suspect was to attract coffee lovers who would spend a little and those who would spend a lot. for a basic cup of coffee, the price would be low. however, those who were willing and able to pay more would also be satisfied. in that way, starbucks could retain a dual clientele. npr ’ s planet money explains how groupon takes advantage of the same idea. people willing to expend the time and energy looking for coupons pay less. but businesses still can take advantage of the group who, ignoring the coupons, are willing to pay more. again, the business owner can benefit. she does not have to offer lower prices to everyone. the economic lesson starbucks and groupon are engaging in what economists call price discrimination. the perfect example is airlines. an airline knows, for example, that a business traveler might be willing and able to pay more than a vacationing student. their task is figuring out how to charge the businessperson more. the answer? give discounts to people who stay over a saturday night. the price discrimination is not explicit and yet, business fliers are charged a higher price. in economics textbooks, price discrimination is typically discussed in chapters on monopoly. a monopoly and a smaller firm with a unique good or service have pricing power that have enables them to target different customers with their prices and coupons. movie theaters discriminate by charging senior citizens less. do you think that colleges engage in price discrimination through financial aid?


first living organisms help introduction to the first living organisms we will probably never know for sure exactly how life began – why? the first living things ( such as primitive bacteria ) left behind no fossil record. soft - bodied micro - organisms, such as the ancient bacteria, had no hard parts. hence, their remains were rarely preserved. fossil means “ to dig. ” thus, the fossil record consists of the remains of ancient living things that have been preserved and “ dug ” up. with no hard body parts preserved, then, the first living creatures essentially left no fossils to be “ dug ” up later! nevertheless, many ancient soft - bodied bacteria created stromatolites ( stroh - mat - uh - lights ) – “ layered rocks. ” even today, huge mounds of bacterial colonies live in shallow ocean water. fine particles of dirt, calcium, and other minerals in the seawater, collect as sediment upon the colonies. this sediment eventually arranges into thin “ layers ” ( stromas ) streaking through each bacterial mound. as the layers or stromas become calcified ( hardened with calcium sediment ), they turn into layered rocks. figure 3. 2 shows such a stromatolite. among the oldest - known fossils are narrow, filament ( “ thread ” ) - shaped bacteria, preserved within ancient stromatolite rock from western australia. they are about 3. 5 billion years old. the first living organisms : tiny green threads without any “ kernels ” in the living stromatolites found on present - day earth, the bacteria are usually bluish - green in color. this green color indicates that they engage in photosynthesis ( foh - toe - sin - theh - sis ). photosynthesis is the use of “ light ” ( photo ) to “ place ( things ) together ” ( synthesis ). specifically, photosynthesis is the process whereby certain types of organisms ( usually green ) use the energy in sunlight to make sugar molecules for themselves. thus, the first ancient bacteria probably looked like tiny bluish - green threads or filaments. further, each of these ancient, threadlike, green bacteria cells lacked a nucleus. in greek, the word part for “ nucleus ” or “ kernel ” is kary ( kair - ee ). consequently, these ancient threadlike bacteria are often called prokaryotes ( proh - kair - ee - oats ). the reason for this name is that, being extremely ancient, the prokaryo


( kair - ee ). consequently, these ancient threadlike bacteria are often called prokaryotes ( proh - kair - ee - oats ). the reason for this name is that, being extremely ancient, the prokaryotes probably appeared “ before ” ( pro - ) other types of more advanced cells having a “ nucleus ” ( kary ). cells with nuclei : in come the “ kernels ” for well over a billion - and - a - half years, it appears that the prokaryotes ( photosynthetic cells without nuclei ) were alone on this planet. all that time, however, these tiny green cells produced abundant amounts of oxygen ( o 2 ) molecules, since oxygen is one of the main by - products of photosynthesis. the prokaryotes accomplished the critical task of making earth ’ s atmosphere capable of sustaining aerobic ( air - oh - bik ) metabolism. this is the type of metabolism that “ pertains to ” ( - ic ) “ oxygen - or - air - using ” ( aer ) “ life ” ( ob ). the stage was thus set for the appearance of more complex cells, many of which had aerobic metabolisms dependent upon a ready supply of oxygen. about 2. 1 billion years ago, numerous eukaryotes ( yew - kair - ee - oats ) evolved from the prokaryotes. each eukaryote cell has a “ good ” ( eu - ) “ nucleus ” ( kary ) surrounded by its own membrane. in addition, the eukaryote cell contains numerous other organelles, each enclosed within its own individual membrane. besides the nucleus, another very important membrane - covered organelle is the mitochondrion ( my - toe - kahn - dree - un ). the mitochondrion carries out most of the aerobic ( oxygen - using ) metabolism within the eukaryote cell. figure 3. 3 provides a summary of the above information. it shows that there are two basic types of cells – prokaryotes ( cells without a nucleus ) and eukaryotes ( cells having a nucleus and other organelles surrounded by membranes ). further, we see that the major examples of prokaryotes now in existence are the bacteria. the cells of nearly all other organisms besides bacteria, in contrast, are eukaryotes. ( a detailed discussion of cell anatomy and physiology will be provided in chapter 5. ) add your own comment today on education.


it ' s an old czech proverb - " po bitve je kadzy generalem " it means : after you have enough experience, you should pass it on. would that mean that everyone at least had enough guts to fight - so give themselves credit? probably after everyone is home they stretch the truth. they ' re a hero in their own mind. its like kind of everyone id incharge after a fight, everyone can make there own decisions? i think it means everyone wins and reaches the very top of the level. when talking or opinions are not being heard in hindsight everyone can see where thing went wrong, and has an opinion on it i don ' t know the quote, but it sounds like a close relative of " on monday morning, everybody ' s an all - star quarterback " ; " hindsight is 20 / 20 " : or or " everybody " s a critic ". after fighting, everyone gained experience ; everyone improved themselves. it means that after an event everybody can reflect on the outcome and analyse the specific decisions taken to achieve the end result. the implication in the use of the word ' general ' is that those doing the analysis will often suggest that had they been in charge they would have done things differently and therefore achieved a better result. the saying points up the irony of ' being wise after the event '. away from the immediacy of the ' battle ', in the safety of hindsight, we re - play the event saying what ' should ' have happened. it means the same thing as hindsight is 20 / 20. as i understand this, it means that during the " battle " only the " general " makes decisions and gives orders and is therefore responsible for the outcome. after the " battle " is over, is easy to say " u should have done this instead of that " and judge knowing what has already happened. something like : it is easy to talk, decide and judge after all is finished. " on monday morning, everyone thinks he could be a quarterback. " when the contest ( or battle ) is over, everyone thinks he could have done better than the leaders who were actually there. " po bitve je kazdy generalem "... ( after the battle, everyone is a general )... i guess you could compare it to : " monday morning quarterback "... basically meaning, once it ' s over, everyone has advice how things could have been done better. this article contents is post by this website user, eduq


rules, rules, rules. everyone knows the key to success in school is to follow the rules. unfortunately, this belief persists in many of today ' s classrooms and schools. next time you are in a classroom, take a look at the posted rules. maybe they ' re rules such as, " no talking while the teacher is talking. stay in your desk during work time. raise your hand if you need help. " if so, i think these rules say a lot about the teacher, the work environment and the level of meaningful, engaging tasks. they imply that the teacher is the only one who holds the knowledge, that the teacher will give you great wisdom only if you will listen and only if the work you undertake will be solitary and designed to measure how well you listen. ( photo credit : mick62 ) why is it that some classrooms need these types of rules and some do not? for the teachers that do not post such rules, what is the difference? how can they manage without them? one answer to these questions is to take a look at the type of tasks the student is being asked to undertake, to analyze the planning and preparation the teacher has given to design tasks which result in high levels of student engagement. think of it this way. if a teacher designs tasks that engage the student in meaningful learning, will the student be wandering around the classroom off task, disrupting others, and doing any of the other million things teachers often complain about? but just what goes into meaningful learning and task design that results in high levels of student engagement? q & a about student engagement i would like to give credit to the amazing staff at erin woods school in calgary, ab who worked together yesterday to answer this question. when analyzing student engagement and tasks that result in high levels of student engagement, we were able to effectively answer this question : " what are the attributes of tasks that result in meaningful learning and high ( er ) levels of student engagement? " tasks resulting in higher levels of student engagement consist of these attributes : - meaningful or related to the student ' s life or interests - working together with peers - incorporates games - created by the student ( and therefore more authentic ) - resulting in a piece of work the student is proud of and wants to share - challenging - - but not so challenging it is unattainable - considers different learning styles - allows for student choice - can be extended by students tasks resulting in lower levels of student engagement consist of these attributes : - easy and quick to complete ( requires low levels of thinking ) -


ohio state board removes language in standards questioning evolution in the second major blow in as many months to the forces seeking to subject evolution to greater skepticism and scrutiny in science classrooms, the ohio state board of education has voted to strip language from its academic standards that encourages students to " critically analyze " the established biological theory. the board decided in an 11 - 4 vote on feb. 14 to revise ohio ' s academic content standards to delete that wording, which was the subject of heated debate when it was added to the influential document in 2002. " this was a win for science, a win for students, and a win for the state of ohio, " said board member martha w. wise, who led the campaign to remove the language critical of evolution. | ( requires macromedia flash player. ) | as part of the same action, the board chose to do away with a state - approved lesson plan for teachers that critics said falsely suggested that mainstream scientists harbored doubts about the theory of evolution and promoted debates about aspects of evolution where no legitimate questions exist. the ohio vote comes less than two months after a federal judge in pennsylvania, john e. jones iii, issued a widely scrutinized ruling declaring that a concept that has gained popularity among evolution ' s critics " intelligent design " is religion, not science. intelligent design is the belief that an unnamed force has guided various aspects of life ' s development. judge jones ' sweeping, 139 - page ruling, issued dec. 20, concluded that the design concept does not hold up under scientific scrutiny, unlike the theory of evolution, which was backed by years of research in biology, chemistry, geology, and other fields. although that ruling only has legal standing in the federal district where it was issued, ms. wise said it had a " major impact " in shaping her thinking on the issue. the language that was in ohio ' s standards might have encouraged the teaching of intelligent design or creationism, the biblically based belief that god created all living things, she said. others were disappointed in the ohio board ' s action. in a statement, the seattle - based discovery institute, which supports the teaching of intelligent design, called the vote a " gag order on science, a dogmatic approach to education that restricts students from learning about evolution. " ‘ critically analyze ’ language removed a republican and self - described creationist, ms. wise said that even though ohio ' s standards do not specifically promote intelligent design, she and fellow board members worried that the standards would not withstand legal scrutiny if challenged


" ‘ critically analyze ’ language removed a republican and self - described creationist, ms. wise said that even though ohio ' s standards do not specifically promote intelligent design, she and fellow board members worried that the standards would not withstand legal scrutiny if challenged in court. " it could have cost the state of ohio millions of dollars, " ms. wise said. ohio, like kansas, has been a major player in the ongoing furor over how to teach evolution in public school science classrooms. the critical analysis language used in its 307 - page standards document is often cited by those who call for injecting more skepticism into lessons about the theory, pioneered most famously by british naturalist charles darwin. the ohio board ' s action removes from the standards a statement about what its students should know. the statement says 10th graders should be able to " describe how scientists continue to investigate and critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory. " the state board ' s decision comes as controversies over how to teach about evolutionary theory continue to emerge in states and school districts across the country. some of evolution ' s strongest critics suggest that public school science teachers should be allowed to discuss what they see as alternatives to evolution, such as intelligent design, a belief rejected by the vast majority of scientists, who say it relies on nonscientific and religious principles. the scientific community has instead consistently backed the theory of evolution, which holds that humans and other living things have developed through natural selection and random mutation. standards content debate ohio ' s academic content standards for science were approved four years ago after a highly charged debate. board members considered but eventually decided not to include language introducing intelligent design. in fact, the language in the standards specifically states that it " does not mandate the teaching or testing of intelligent design. " in ohio, as in most states, academic standards form the basis for questions students face on mandatory state tests. last november, an education week analysis found that state standards vary greatly on how thoroughly they cover the topic of evolution, and in some cases, skip several core concepts. overall, ohio ' s standards scored well in education week ' s review, covering many evolutionary topics thoroughly and citing respected national scientific documentspublished by the american association for the advancement of science and the congressionally chartered national research councilas blueprints for that document. education week also found that statewide tests are equally uneven in how much they require students to know about evolution, with some asking no questions about the theory and others asking more than a dozen about it. ohio officials told education week last year that their state