bloodless surgery is an approach to health care that began in the 1960s as simple avoidance of the use of transfused blood. it has grown over the last four decades, however, to include changed attitudes toward blood conservation as well as new technologies that minimize the need for transfusions during surgery. the center for bloodless medicine and surgery at hartford hospital in connecticut defines bloodless surgery as "... surgical and medical treatment without the administration of blood or blood - related products. " the new interest in bloodless surgery has emerged from a variety of religious and social concerns as well as medical, legal, and economic issues. religious and ethical considerations one of the earliest motivations for bloodless surgery was finding ways to treat jehovah ' s witnesses who needed emergency surgery without offending their beliefs about blood transfusion. many of the larger bloodless surgery centers in the united states serve areas with a large population of jehovah ' s witnesses. the specific biblical passages that witnesses cite as the basis for their objections are genesis 9 : 4 – 5, in which god forbids eating animal " flesh with its blood " ; and acts 15 : 29, in which the apostles ask their first converts to " abstain from blood " as well as from other forms of immorality. mainstream commentators generally understand the first passage as referring to eating an animal that is still alive, and the second as referring to a controversy among early christians between jewish and gentile converts. a group within the jehovah ' s witnesses community, the associated jehovah ' s witnesses for reform on blood ( ajwrb ), is a good resource for readers interested in the range of views among contemporary witnesses regarding blood transfusions and in the witnesses ' interpretation of the bible. respect for the religious beliefs of a specific group, however, is related to a more general ethical concern for patients ' rights. while a majority of bloodless surgical procedures are still requested by jehovah ' s witnesses, as of 2003 the proportion of other patients requesting bloodless surgery is rising and is expected to continue to increase. whereas in 1998 only 10 % of bloodless surgical procedures were performed on non - witnesses, by the end of 2002 the proportion had risen to 30 %. the number of medical centers in the united states that offer bloodless surgery has expanded from about 20 in 1996 to over 70 as of 2002. while the increased demand for bloodless procedures stems partly from concerns that will be discussed in the following sections, it also reflects changing attitudes on the part of patients. one


bloodless surgery has expanded from about 20 in 1996 to over 70 as of 2002. while the increased demand for bloodless procedures stems partly from concerns that will be discussed in the following sections, it also reflects changing attitudes on the part of patients. one nurse has described patients enrolling in bloodless surgery programs as " proactive " people who are aware that they have choices about health care and expect medical professionals to respect their decisions. this attitude is a considerable change from the " doctor knows best " passive acceptance that characterized previous generations of patients. hospitals with bloodless surgery centers emphasize the importance of patients ' ethical rights to privacy and self - determination as well as their legal rights to refuse treatments that they find objectionable. the most important non - religious reason that patients give for requesting bloodless surgery is concern about the safety of blood transfusions. these fears are related to the quality of the american blood supply as well as the process of blood transfusion itself. - bloodborne diseases. many patients are afraid of contracting diseases such as aids and hepatitis from allogeneic ( donated ) blood. the risk of contracting these specific diseases has been vastly reduced over the past 40 years. according to dr. gregory nuttall, chair of the committee on transfusion medicine of the american society of anesthesiologists, the risk of contracting hepatitis from transfused blood has decreased from one chance in 10 in the 1960s to less than 1 : 100, 000 by 2000. the risk of contracting hiv infection has been reduced by a factor of 10, 000 since the virus was first identified in 1983. unfortunately, these statistics do not reassure patients who are concerned about the possibility of being infected by disease agents that have not yet been identified as bloodborne. in addition, as of 2003 there is no way to screen potential blood donors for four diseases caused by parasites ( malaria, babesiosis, chagas ' disease, and lyme disease ) and one disease caused by prions ( creutzfeldt - jakob disease ), even though the centers for disease control ( cdc ) have recorded cases of transfusion - transmitted malaria, babesiosis, and chagas ' disease in the united states. - transfusion reactions related to medical errors. in contrast to the reduction of risk from infection, there has been little reduction of risk since 1960 of noninfectious serious hazards of transfusion, or nishot. nishot statistics include mistransfusion and abo / rh - incompatibility. although transfusion errors are only a small


been little reduction of risk since 1960 of noninfectious serious hazards of transfusion, or nishot. nishot statistics include mistransfusion and abo / rh - incompatibility. although transfusion errors are only a small percentage of all medical errors reported in north american hospitals, they are the most common cause of serious mortality and morbidity associated with blood transfusions. about 25 patients die each year in the united states from transfusion errors involving aborh incompatibility. these errors are due to misidentification of type - and - crossmatch samples, laboratory errors, or misidentification of the transfusion recipient. even patients who donate their own blood ( autologous donation ) in preparation for elective surgery cannot be completely certain that their blood will be correctly labeled and used during their operation. - immune system reactions. allogeneic blood has been shown to disrupt the immune system and reduce longevity in cancer patients. other studies have shown that transfused donor blood suppresses the production of b - cells and t - cells in recipients. - availability of blood. many healthcare professionals are concerned about the growing shortage of blood for surgical procedures in the united states. some blood types are less common than others ; in addition, there are often seasonal shortages of blood. in january 2003, the american red cross, american association of blood banks, and the federal department of health and human services issued an urgent appeal for blood donations ; many hospitals had less than a one - day supply when a seven - day supply is considered optimal. there is an increasing demand for blood ; three million pints of blood are used in the united states every year just for elective surgery. in addition, many surgical procedures require large amounts of blood or blood products. according to the center for molecular and cellular therapy at the university of minnesota, a liver transplant requires six to 10 units of red blood cells, 20 units of plasma, and 10 units of platelets, while a bone marrow transplant takes one to two units of red blood cells every other day for two to four weeks plus six to eight units of platelets daily for four to six weeks. the cost of allogeneic blood transfusions is higher than most people realize. one hospital in new jersey estimates that each blood transfusion costs the patient about $ 500. another cost analysis published in the american journal of surgery concluded that even though the donated blood itself is free, the costs of preparing, storing, transporting, and unpackaging the blood come


estimates that each blood transfusion costs the patient about $ 500. another cost analysis published in the american journal of surgery concluded that even though the donated blood itself is free, the costs of preparing, storing, transporting, and unpackaging the blood come to $ 1, 003 to $ 1, 043 per patient receiving a transfusion — and this figure does not include treating the medical complications associated with allogeneic blood transfusion. a significant problem confronting blood banks in the united states is the growing proportion of older americans in the general population. their numbers are not matched by any corresponding increase in the donor population ; it is estimated that only 5 % of american adults give blood regularly. although a wide cross - section of the public can be found at blood drives, several studies have shown that the statistically average donor is a college - educated married caucasian male between the ages of 30 and 50 with an above - average income. as of 2003, the elderly comprise about 13 % of the american population, but use about 25 % of transfused blood. the aging of the so - called baby boomer generation, which represents a large segment of the population, is expected to lead to a critical shortage of blood by 2030. the rise in the number of complex orthopedic procedures associated with high - volume blood loss that are performed largely in elderly patients contributes to the likelihood of a severe blood shortage over the next two decades. another demographic change that affects the size of the population eligible to donate blood is the increased popularity of tourism and the rising number of people stationed in other countries by their employers or the military. people who have been exposed to or have a history of certain diseases from living abroad are either indefinitely or permanently deferred from giving blood. detailed policies regarding donor deferral from the american red cross and the department of defense can be found in all about blood, a booklet from the american association of blood banks ( aabb ) that can be downloaded free of charge from the aabb web site. bloodless surgery covers a wide variety of changes in medical practice as well as new equipment and technological innovations. preoperative assessment of patients a patient seeking bloodless elective surgery is carefully evaluated for a history of unexpected bleeding or clotting problems after medical or dental procedures. he or she will also be asked about a family history of bleeding disorders. the patient ' s blood will be tested to determine hemoglobin levels. in most cases, he or she will be given medications to build up hemoglobin levels prior


or she will also be asked about a family history of bleeding disorders. the patient ' s blood will be tested to determine hemoglobin levels. in most cases, he or she will be given medications to build up hemoglobin levels prior to surgery. these are discussed in more detail below. care is taken to minimize the number and size of blood samples drawn for presurgical testing. the invention of microanalyzers allows hospital laboratories to run blood tests on samples of blood that are 30 – 60 % smaller than those previously collected, and to use the same blood sample for multiple tests. reducing blood loss during surgery new instruments and surgical techniques. the invention of several types of new surgical instruments has allowed surgeons to perform a variety of procedures with minimal blood loss. miniaturized endoscopes make it possible to perform surgery on the abdomen and spine through very small incisions, often shorter than 1 in ( 2. 5 cm ) in length. the invention of argon beam coagulators, electrocautery devices, and harmonic scalpels — which use a combination of ultrasound vibration and friction to clot blood at the same time as cutting — also help to make transfusions unnecessary. in addition, surgeons are being trained to use extra caution during surgery and to clamp or cauterize open blood vessels as quickly as possible. performing difficult procedures in stages. blood transfusions can sometimes be avoided by scheduling lengthy surgical procedures in two stages. although this approach requires additional exposure to general anesthesia, it can shorten the overall length of the patient ' s hospital stay. the patient can be discharged after the first operation relatively quickly and build up his or her hemoglobin levels before the second procedure. in addition, the second surgery can be completed without the need for allogeneic blood. hypotension. hypotension in surgery refers to the intentional lowering of the patient ' s arterial blood pressure during the procedure. lowering blood pressure has been shown to reduce blood loss and the consequent need for transfusions. it also shortens the length of time spent in the operating room. the limitation of hypotension is that it cannot be used in surgical procedures requiring tissue grafting or in patients with coronary artery disease. hemodilution and blood salvage techniques. hemodilution is a technique in which whole blood from the patient is withdrawn before surgery for temporary storage and replaced with crystalloid or colloid solutions that restore the normal fluid volume of the blood without


. hemodilution and blood salvage techniques. hemodilution is a technique in which whole blood from the patient is withdrawn before surgery for temporary storage and replaced with crystalloid or colloid solutions that restore the normal fluid volume of the blood without adding new blood cells. the patient thus loses fewer red blood cells during surgery. at the close of the operation the patient ' s own blood is reinfused, thus minimizing the possibility of transfusion error or a transfusion reaction. hemodilution has been approved and recommended by experts at the national heart, lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ) of the national institutes of health ( nhi ). blood salvage, which is also called autotransfusion, involves an automated recovery system that collects the patient ' s blood during surgery in a cell separation device. this device separates the red blood cells from other blood components, washes them, and concentrates them for reinfusion. as of 2003, however, autotransfusion cannot be used in patients with malignant tumors or active infections. reevaluation of postoperative anemia another change that has affected the frequency and number of blood transfusions is the reevaluation of anemia and its effects on the body. at one time patients were automatically given blood transfusions if their hemoglobin level fell below 10 g / dl. more recent studies have shown that patients can tolerate hemoglobin levels of 5 g / dl or even lower as long as the fluid volume of the blood is adequate. these findings have led medical professionals to question the wisdom of using blood as a " medication " for treating anemia. at present, the so - called transfusion trigger is a hemoglobin level of 7 g / dl, evaluated in the context of the patient ' s overall clinical condition. red cell substitutes researchers are presently investigating the possibility of manufacturing substitutes for red blood cells that would reduce the cost of transfusions while improving patient safety. as of 2002, the two approaches that have been explored are cell - free hemoglobin solutions and perfluorocarbon solutions. neither approach has yielded satisfactory results so far ; the hemoglobin solutions have a short half - life, and the perfluorocarbon solutions would be difficult to administer intravenously. further research in this area is underway. preparation for nonemergency bloodless surgery includes a registration process as well as medical preparation. in most american hospitals, a person who wants to register for bloodless surgery makes an


to administer intravenously. further research in this area is underway. preparation for nonemergency bloodless surgery includes a registration process as well as medical preparation. in most american hospitals, a person who wants to register for bloodless surgery makes an appointment with the coordinator of the program. the coordinator, who is usually an rn, reviews the patient ' s request for bloodless care with him or her. the patient is then given an advance directive and enrollment form to sign. the documents are kept on file with the patient ' s preadmission chart. after the patient is admitted, he or she is given a red ( or other distinctive color ) wristband with the words " do not administer blood products. " signs and stickers with the same warning are attached to the patient ' s bed and the front of the patient ' s chart. these identifiers are necessary because most hospitals with bloodless surgery programs do not operate special units ; their patients are admitted to all hospital services together with other patients. after the patient has signed the advance directive, he or she is given a copy that may be reproduced and given to friends or relatives in the event of an emergency. some bloodless surgery centers give pre - enrolled patients wallet cards that can be attached to a driver ' s license, in the event that the patient needs emergency care and is unable to speak for him - or herself. one of the basic components of bloodless surgery programs is presurgical treatment intended to boost the oxygen - carrying capacity of the patient ' s blood. patients are given erythropoetin, or epo, several weeks before surgery. the usual dose is 600 units per kg of body weight once a week for three weeks. epo is a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, as many as seven times the normal amount. the greater number of red cells increases the blood ' s ability to carry oxygen. in addition to the epo, patients are given iron supplements, most commonly ferrous sulfate, iron dextran, or vitamin b. patients who have been treated in bloodless surgery centers are generally satisfied with the care they receive. hospitals have found that patients recover faster with fewer complications ; several centers have reported that patients requiring inpatient procedures leave the hospital on average a full day earlier than patients who have had conventional transfusions. committee on quality of health care in america, institute of medicine. to err is human : building a safer health system. washington, dc : national academy press, 2000.


average a full day earlier than patients who have had conventional transfusions. committee on quality of health care in america, institute of medicine. to err is human : building a safer health system. washington, dc : national academy press, 2000. cogliano, j., and d. kisner. " bloodless medicine and surgery in the or and beyond. " aorn journal 76 ( november 2002 ) : 830 – 837, 839, 841. dalton, john. " bloodless surgery growing as patients demand alternatives. " health industry today, december 1998. maness, c. p., s. m. russell, p. altonji, and p. allmendinger. " bloodless medicine and surgery. " aorn journal 67 ( january 1998 ) : 144 – 152. martyn, v., s. l. farmer, m. n. wren, et al. " the theory and practice of bloodless surgery. " transfusion and apheresis science 27 ( august 2002 ) : 29 – 43. nuttall, gregory a., md. " keeping a finger on the pulse of transfusion practices. " american society of anesthesiologists newsletter 66 december 2002 [ cited may 20, 2003 ]. < http : / / www. asahq. org / newsletters / 2002 / 12 _ 02 / nuttall. html ;. ozawa, s., a. shander, and t. d. ochani. " a practical approach to achieving bloodless surgery. " aorn journal 74 ( july 2001 ) : 34 – 40, 42 – 47, 50 – 54. yowler, charles, md. " transfusion and autotransfusion. " emedicine march 29, 2002 [ cited may 21, 2003 ]. http : / / www. emedicine. com / med / topic3215. htm american association of blood banks ( aabb ). 8101 glenbrook road, bethesda, md 20814 - 2749. ( 301 ) 907 - 6977. http : / / www. aabb. org. american red cross ( arc ) national headquarters. 431 18th street, nw. washington, dc 20006. ( 202 ) 303 - 4498. http : / / www. redcross. org. associated jehovah ' s witnesses for reform on blood ( ajwrb ). p. o. box 190089, boise


20006. ( 202 ) 303 - 4498. http : / / www. redcross. org. associated jehovah ' s witnesses for reform on blood ( ajwrb ). p. o. box 190089, boise, id 83719 - 0089. http : / / www. ajwrb / org. division of blood diseases and resources. the national heart, lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ). two rockledge center, suite 10138, 6701 rockledge drive, msc 7950, bethesda, md 20892 - 7950. http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov / about / dbdr. national blood data resource center ( nbdrc ). 8101 glenbrook road, bethesda, md 20814 - 2749. ( 301 ) 215 - 6506. http : / / www. nbdrc. org. physicians and nurses for blood conservation ( pnbc ). p. o. box 217, 6 - 2400 dundas street west, mississauga, on l5k 2r8. ( 905 ) 608 - 1647. http : / / www. pnbc. ca. society for the advancement of blood management ( sabm ). 350 engle street, englewood, nj 07631. ( 866 ) 894 - 3916. http : / / www. sabm. org. american association of blood banks ( aabb ). all about blood. bethesda, md : aabb, 2002. rebecca frey, phd


| resources for teachers | as a teacher, you have the ability to make a tremendous impact on waste reduction in the salinas valley. you can contribute to your community ' s efforts to reduce waste by educating your students about the 3rs ( reduce, reuse, recycle ) and by modeling these practices in your classroom. on this website, you can find information about bringing the highly interactive and informative school assembly program recyclerama to your school. the kids section has lots of great information for your students and plenty of links to curriculum resources for you. the svswa can provide resources to help you start recycling or to improve your current program. we also provide free waste assessments to schools that are interested in saving money and modeling environmentally responsible behavior for their students. contact us today! recyclerama is an exciting show brought to you by the salinas valley solid waste authority. this 25 - minute, highly interactive and informative school assembly program engages the audience, uses multimedia, and incorporates easily accessible learning tools. recycling starts with our youth... and this inspirational event is perfect way to motivate students to learn about recycling. about the show " recyclerama - the recycling game show " is for audiences of all ages, but is specifically geared towards elementary and middle school students. the show uses visual and oral recognition practices to easily get the message out. much like call and response, the students are encouraged to answer questions directly related to facts they learned earlier in the show. in the activity round, students are asked to correctly identify the recyclable product and match it with its recycled counterpart. this use of tactile props further instills the association and direct correlation between the reusable / reused products. the show itself is built around a gameshow theme, much like the events one sees on nickelodeon. high energy and audience participation play integral parts in its success. this is not your ordinary assembly. it is bells, whistles, music and laughter provide education through entertainment ; otherwise known as " edu - tainment ". us epa resources for teachers these resources will assist you in teaching your students about the waste we generate in our schools, homes, and communitiesa€ ” and what we can all do to make a difference! from classroom activities, to starting a school electronics recycling program, these materials will help you and your students learn what we can do to reduce and better manage waste in the world around us. many of these resources are provided in both english and spanish. a the madison


activities, to starting a school electronics recycling program, these materials will help you and your students learn what we can do to reduce and better manage waste in the world around us. many of these resources are provided in both english and spanish. a the madison museum of contemporary art provides lesson plans for integrating art and science into the classroom. the link above takes you to a fun project that creates birds from found objects. a there ' s no machinery at the imagination factory, and smokestacks don ' t pollute the air. instead, we teach children and their caregivers creative ways to recycle by making art. visitors learn dozens of inexpensive ways to create art and crafts as they help save the environment. the lessons and activities include drawing, painting, sculpture, collage, papier - mache, marbling, crafts, and a special section for holiday art and crafts is featured. a go fish! recycled arts lesson plan. the green guide to recycling appliances and electronics provides information on recycling appliances and electronics. source was found by a student who is enthusiastic about recycling. thank you marcus! a kid ' s guide to recycling a kid ' s guide to recycling helps kid ' s learn why and how to recycle. living green : a guide to recycling learn how to recycle electronic items.


dozens of students at st. martin school attempted friday to put themselves into the guinness book of world records, using science as their tool. the students, along with children in 130 schools across canada, conducted a pair of experiments surrounding the bernoulli principle, an 18th - century theory that says as a liquid ' s speed increases, pressure decreases. " it was a pretty cool way to learn science, " said haleigh beaucage, an 11 - year - old grade 6 student at the south - side school. " i think it was very fun, even if we don? t get into the guinness book of world records, " she said. " i just think science is cool, pretty much.? classmate ben furtado couldn ' t agree more. " i think it? s pretty cool because you ' re thinking that thousands of kids across canada are doing this exact thing at one o ' clock and we? re participating and can be in the guinness book of world records, " ben said. the experiment also gives the 11 - year - old a chance to teach his dad at home. " my father is a science teacher and he shows me lots of things, and he ' s never showed me that before. so i can go home and show him that and he can maybe tell that to his students. " haleigh said she actually learned something from the pair of experiments. " i didn ' t know about air pressure and when you blow between two balloons it would weaken the air pressure, so the air pressure would push the two balloons together. i had no idea that ' s why it happened. " lakehead university student zack white is st. martin ' s engineer - in - residence and helped orchestrated the world - record effort. the second experiment saw students use perpendicular straws, one submersed in a cup of water, to create a mist. " we had to videotape it and have stopwatches and all kinds of things to make it official for guinness, " white said of the initiative, which was promoted by the government of canada. " the idea is to make science and math a little more exciting for students. " overall there have been studies that have been showing that the amount of people in technical fields, such as engineering and math and science fields has been on the decline compared to other countries in the world, " white said. " they ' re trying to promote at the grassroots science and technology and inspire some minds that are young and at a malleable age. " grade 6 teacher sean van


anzac day once seemed destined to die a natural death. in the 1960s, veterans of the first world war still lived among us, their missing limbs covered by pinned sleeves and trouser legs. these soldiers were mortals whose day was destined to pass. by the 1970s, the new nationalism tried to build an identity separate from the mother country. anzac day, commemorating a disastrous battle in a horrific war fought to preserve the british empire, did not fit. the anzac legend, though, is now entrenched in our definition of what it means to be australian. this development has troubled historians such as marilyn lake and henry reynolds, who wish we would remember better stories about our democratic and republican traditions. anzac is centred on men and was, in lake ’ s words, " white australia ’ s creation myth ". in the same way, former prime minister paul keating prefers the more australian experience of new guinea during world war ii as the defining moment of nationhood. anzac is a false historical memory. inventing national traditions, though, is nearly impossible. the fourth of july is not about historical truth and neither is bastille day. the americans and the french are always adapting their history to the concerns of the present. every american political party or social movement has eventually created its own version of 1776 to prove its american - ness. many of the founding fathers owned slaves but in the 1850s abraham lincoln seized on the idea that ‘ all men are created equal ’ to denounce slavery. more recently tea party republicans have channelled the spirit of the revolutionaries by wearing frock coats and tricorn hats as they denounced the obama administration ’ s spending and taxes. so the question for anzac is not what happened on april 25, but " how is anzac woven into australian life? " the narrative that is central to australian identity is not simply about proving national manhood against overwhelming odds at gallipoli. the larger truth, repeatedly embraced as australian identity, tells of a small nation proving itself among the great. australians lionised prime minister billy hughes when he faced down american president woodrow wilson to remove the ' ' racial equality clause ' ' from the league of nations covenant. when wilson asked hughes if he was prepared to defy the rest of the civilised world on that issue, he replied bluntly : " that ’ s about the size of it. " sport is particularly rich in such exploits. sir donald bradman, despite his own troubled service record during world war ii, epitomises elements of the anzac narrative : he was born in small - town


’ s about the size of it. " sport is particularly rich in such exploits. sir donald bradman, despite his own troubled service record during world war ii, epitomises elements of the anzac narrative : he was born in small - town australia and taught himself the skills of the game with the proverbial cricket stump and golf ball - so he was a natural cricketer in the same way the bush had " trained " the anzacs. bradman was tried by the mortal threat of the bodyline series against england in the summer of 1932 - 33 and he came back with almost superhuman feats in the 1948 tour of england. on the final day of the fourth test at headingly, bradman led australia to victory with 404 runs scored in 345 minutes. in 2001, bob carr, then the premier of new south wales, highlighted these ideas in bradman ' s obituary : " don bradman was the ordinary australian writ large, who came from an ordinary house in a small provincial town … but he found his calling and practised it, and with it he electrified a nation and startled an empire. " the 1983 victory of alan bond ’ s yacht australia ii in the america ’ s cup shows how easily anzac - type heroes can be manufactured. bond himself now modestly calls the win " the sporting triumph of the century " - but few australians would have contradicted him on september 26, 1983. throughout the challenge, bond emphasised that australia was the underdog and when victory came, we knew it was a shared national moment re - enacting the essential anzac story : australians can beat their toughest rivals, no matter how daunting the odds. that story is revived every time australians claim victory at the olympics, wimbledon, the ashes, or even a contest as esoteric as the america ’ s cup. this reliving of the anzac narrative is embedded in australian culture. clive james, for example, recounts in his memoirs that he arrived in london as an unsophisticated australian who soon conquered the capital. he learned to dance the twist, could seemingly drink with the best of them and was finally accepted into cambridge university. we know the rest of the story : james, an ordinary boy from suburban jannali, becomes a cultural guru in london. our most popular fictions also echo anzac. crocodile dundee is a bushman whose charm and guile allow him to conquer new york. whether dundee is experimenting with the bidet, figuring out the gender of a cross - dresser or comparing knives with a mugger


popular fictions also echo anzac. crocodile dundee is a bushman whose charm and guile allow him to conquer new york. whether dundee is experimenting with the bidet, figuring out the gender of a cross - dresser or comparing knives with a mugger, he ’ s a larrikin triumphing over the american metropolis. these are but two examples of anzac stories – the tales australians tell themselves about how they are punching above their weight. nobel prize winners such as peter doherty or elizabeth blackburn fit this model. so, too, did patrick white. despite his jaundiced view of australian life, winning australia ’ s first nobel prize for literature made him a household name. when australian stars shine in hollywood, their experience back home gives them an edge. director peter spierig, for example, recently told reporters : " you have to be tough just to survive as an actor in australia. it isn ’ t a culture of princesses ; the glamorous side of film - making is largely an american thing. " in march, new south wales premier barry o ’ farrell could offer no higher praise of dame joan sutherland than these words : " i think what ’ s fantastic about this woman, who was just such a magnificent singer, was that it just demonstrates that australians can do anything on the world stage. " so, far from being a narrow, misremembered tale of a horrific war, anzac has become the template of australian identity : even if australia is small, the common people ’ s wisdom and talents triumph in the much larger world. the anzac narrative assumes that australia is an outpost of western civilisation and it is in that arena we still want to prove ourselves. we may export raw materials to china and japan but we measure ourselves by whether we can make it in london or los angeles. anzac is a very protean narrative but the key elements were in the original reports of gallipoli from the british war correspondent ellis ashmead - bartlett. he campaigned against the mediterranean strategy, believing it was a strategic disaster. his april 25 dispatch from gallipoli, published in australia in early may, noted that the boats had almost reached the beach when the turks opened fire. " australians rose to the occasion. they did not wait for orders or for the boats to reach the beach, but sprang into the sea, formed a sort of rough line, and rushed the enemy ’ s trenches. their magazines were uncharged, so they just went in with cold steel. " despite the odds, the colonials were " practical above


beach, but sprang into the sea, formed a sort of rough line, and rushed the enemy ’ s trenches. their magazines were uncharged, so they just went in with cold steel. " despite the odds, the colonials were " practical above all else ". " this race of athletes " scaled the cliffs oblivious to the turks firing down on them. of the wounded, who were " shot to bits ", ashmead - bartlett wrote : " they were happy because they knew they had been tried for the first time, and had not been found wanting. " these " raw colonial troops " were the equal of the heroes of the major battles on the western front. anzac is not the centre of australian national identity because the nation could only be forged in the crucible of war. that gets the process backwards. anzac became the celebration of australian identity because it embodies the story we ’ ve long told each other about what it means to be australian. that anzac narrative has many variations but they all explain that, even as a small nation, australia is the little country that could. and australians tell those stories to each other every day of the year. critics who doubt the meanings of anzac are fighting a losing battle trying to correct false anzac memory syndrome. national identity is not about historical truth but about what we imagine ourselves to be. and, like it or not, australians are still talking and thinking about proving themselves on the world stage and those who succeed are our heroes. anzac was simply the original version of that story. ian mylchreest is an australian journalist living in las vegas.


tinea corporis is a skin infection due to fungi. fungal infection - body ; infection - fungal - body ; tinea of the body ; tinea circinata ; ringworm - body causes, incidence, and risk factors : tinea corporis ( often called ringworm of the body ) is a common skin disorder, especially among children. however, it may occur in people of all ages. it is caused by mold - like fungi called dermatophytes. fungi thrive in warm, moist areas. the following raise your risk for a fungal infection : - long - term wetness of the skin ( such as from sweating ) - minor skin and nail injuries - poor hygiene tinea corporis is contagious. you can catch the condition if you come into direct contact with someone who is infected, or if you touch contaminated items such as : - pool surfaces - shower floors and walls the fungi can also be spread by pets ( cats are common carriers ). symptoms include itching and a ring - shaped, red - colored skin rash. the rash may occur on the arms, legs, face, or other exposed body areas. the border of the rash lesions look scaly. signs and tests : the primary diagnosis is based on how the skin looks. in some cases, the following tests may be done : keep the skin clean and dry. over - the - counter antifungal creams, such as those that contain miconazole, clotrimazole, or similar ingredients, are often effective in controlling ringworm. severe or chronic infection may need further treatment by your health care provider. oral antifungal medications may be used for severe, widespread fungal infections, or an infection that has spread deeper into the skin to the hair follicle. stronger, prescription topical antifungal medications, such as ketoconazole may be needed. antibiotics may be needed to treat secondary bacterial infections. infected pets should also be treated. ringworm usually responds to topical medications within 4 weeks. severe or resistant cases usually respond quickly to antifungal medicines taken by mouth. - bacterial skin infections, cellulitis - skin disorders such as pyoderma or dermatophytid - spread of tinea to feet, scalp, groin, or nails - whole - body ( systemic ) side effects of medications calling your health care provider : call for an appointment with your health care provider if ringworm does not improve with self - care. good general hygiene helps prevent ringworm infections. avoid


, or nails - whole - body ( systemic ) side effects of medications calling your health care provider : call for an appointment with your health care provider if ringworm does not improve with self - care. good general hygiene helps prevent ringworm infections. avoid contact with infected pets as much as possible. clean and dry clothing and household items, such as combs and bathroom surfaces, before you reuse them or another person uses them to prevent the spread of infection. wash your hands thoroughly after having contact with any fungal infection, including when treating the infection. andrews md, burns m. common tinea infections in children. am fam physician. 2008 ; 77 : 1415 - 1420. | review date : 10 / 3 / 2008 | reviewed by : kevin berman, md, phd, atlanta center for dermatologic disease, atlanta, ga. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


modus. irrealis wrote :... because on some deeper level the enclitic isn ' t really the first word, but the surface structure is formed by moving the conjunction from first to second position? bert wrote : that is an interesting question. i don ' t have a lot of time right now ( seeing that it is bedtime ) but my first thought is that it might be because i „ i¹i ‚ is the same word as i „ a½ · i ‚. the accent indicates that the intonation is different but still, it is the same word. if this is indeed the reason then words like i€a½½i ‚, i€i ¿ i „ a½³ and i€i ¿ a½ » should occur first in a sentence as well. anyone know if that happens? bert wrote : looking in smyth ( 187 ) i found that enclitics retain their accents if ( among other things ) they are first in a sentence. the examples given all have a post possitive following so it does not prove anyting, it just gives some confirmation that your question is valid. modus. irrealis wrote : edit again to add that this still seems quite odd, and self - contradictory, behaviour for enclitics, even the example from classical greek. modus. irrealis wrote : that makes sense, to distinguish them that way. but are i¼ii½ and i´i enclitics in the strict sense, since they don ' t seem to form accentuation groups with the words that precede them? bert wrote : syntactic, pragmatic, non - syntactic. do you mind giving a short description or explanation of these terms? users browsing this forum : exabot [ bot ] and 10 guests


de stijl, artists and art ( movement, 1917 - 1931 ) dutch nonfigurative art movement, also called neoplasticism. in 1917 a group of artists, architects, and poets was organized under the name de stijl, and a journal of the same name was initiated. the leaders of the movement were the artists theo van doesburg and piet mondrian. they advocated a purification of art, eliminating subject matter in favor of vertical and horizontal elements, and the use of primary colors and noncolors. their austerity of expression influenced architects, principally j. j. p. oud and gerrit rietveld. the movement lasted until 1931 ; in architecture a few de stijl principles are still applied. artists de stijl : the dutch review de stijl was founded in 1917 by theo van doesburg, and the name has come to represent the common aims and utopian vision of a loose affiliation of dutch and international artists and architects. the central figures of de stijl — van doesburg and piet mondrian — strove for a universal form that would correspond to their spiritual vision. neo - plasticism ( meaning “ a new plastic art ” ) was the term adopted by mondrian to describe the qualities that de stijl artists endeavored to achieve in their work... name of journal founded in 1917 in holland by pioneers of abstract art, piet mondrian and theo van doesburg. means style in dutch. the name de stijl also came to refer to the circle of artists that gathered around the publication. de stijl became a vehicle for mondrian ' s ideas on art, and in a series of articles in the first year ' s issues he defined his aims and used, perhaps for the first time, the term neo - plasticism... de stijl. edited by theo van doesburg. leiden, 1917 - 1932. 8 volumes ( 90 numbers ).


features of constitution1 | is there a constitution? | | yes | | does the constitution provide for freedom of religion? | | yes | | source | | national information commission ( nepal ) | | translation | | source is an english translation | | current as of | | may 11, 2011 | constitution excerpts ( clauses that reference religion ) 2 having determined for progressive restructuring of the state in order to resolve the existing problems of the country relating to class, caste, region and gender ; having multi - ethnic, multi - lingual, multi - religious, multi - cultural characteristics with common aspirations, and being committed to and united by a bond of allegiance to national independence, integrity, national interest and prosperity of nepal, the nepali people collectively constitute the nation. 4. state of nepal ( 1 ) nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive and a fully democratic state. 12. right to freedom ( 1 ) every person shall have the right to live with dignity, and no law which provides for capital punishment shall be made. ( 2 ) except as provided for by law no person shall be deprived of his / her personal liberty. ( 3 ) every citizen shall have the following freedoms : ( a ) freedom of opinion and expression ; ( b ) freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms ; ( c ) freedom to form political party [ sic ] ; ( d ) freedom to form unions and associations ; ( e ) freedom to move and reside in any part of nepal ; and ( f ) freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, industry, or trade. ( 1 ) nothing in sub - clause ( a ) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes, religion or communities, or on any act of defamation, contempt of court or incitement to an offense ; or on any act which may be contrary to decent public behavior or morality. ( 3 ) nothing in sub - clauses ( c ) and ( d ) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes religion or communities, or which may instigate violence, or which may be contrary to public morality. ( 4 ) nothing in sub - clause (


may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes religion or communities, or which may instigate violence, or which may be contrary to public morality. ( 4 ) nothing in sub - clause ( e ) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws which are in the interest of the general public, or which are made to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes, religion or communities. 13. right to equality ( 1 ) all citizens shall be equal before the law. no person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws. ( 2 ) no discrimination shall be made against any citizen in the application of general laws on grounds of religion, race, gender, caste, tribe, origin, language or ideological conviction or any of these. ( 3 ) the state shall not discriminate among citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, tribe, gender, origin, language or ideological conviction or any of these. provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of special provisions by law for the protection, empowerment or advancement of the interests of women, dalit, indigenous ethnic tribes [ adivasi janajati ], madhesi, or farmers, laborers or those who belong to a class which is economically, socially or culturally backward, or children, the aged, disabled or those who are physically or mentally incapacitated. 14. right against untouchability and racial discrimination ( 1 ) no person shall, on the ground of caste, descent, community or occupation, be subject to racial discrimination and untouchability in any form. such a discriminatory act shall be liable to punishment and the victim shall be entitled to compensation as provided by the law. ( 2 ) no person shall, on the ground of caste or tribe, be deprived of the use of services, conveniences or utilities available to the public, or be denied access to any public place, or public religious places, or be prevented from performing any religious act. ( 3 ) no person belonging to any particular caste or tribe shall, in relation to the production or making available of any goods, services or conveniences, be prevented from purchasing or acquiring such goods, services or conveniences ; and no such goods, services or conveniences shall be sold or distributed only to members of a particular caste or tribe. ( 4 ) no one shall be allowed to purport to demonstrate superiority or inferiority of any person or


or conveniences ; and no such goods, services or conveniences shall be sold or distributed only to members of a particular caste or tribe. ( 4 ) no one shall be allowed to purport to demonstrate superiority or inferiority of any person or a group of persons belonging to any caste, tribe or origin ; or to justify social discrimination on the basis of caste and tribe ; or to disseminate ideas based on caste superiority or hatred ; or to encourage caste discrimination in any form. ( 5 ) any act contrary to the provisions of sub - clauses ( 2 ), ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) shall be punishable in accordance with law. 15. right regarding publication, broadcasting and press ( 1 ) there shall be no prior censorship of publication and broadcasting or printing of any news items, editorial, article, feature or other reading or audio - visual material by any means including electronic publication, broadcasting and press. provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty or integrity of nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tributes or communities ; or on any act of sedition, defamation, contempt of court or incitement to an offense ; or on any act which may be contrary to decent public behavior or morality. 21. right to social justice ( 1 ) women, dalits, indigenous ethnic groups [ adivsai janajati ], madhesi communities, oppressed groups, the poor farmers and laborers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in state structures on the basis of principles of proportional inclusion. 23. right to religion ( 1 ) every person shall have the right to profess, practice and preserve his or her own religion as handed down to him or her from ancient times paying due regard to social and cultural traditions. provided that no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another, and no person shall act or behave in a manner which may infringe upon the religion of others. ( 2 ) every religious denomination shall have the right to maintain its independent existence, and for this purpose to manage and protect its religious places and religious trusts, in accordance with law. 33. responsibilities of the state the state shall have the following responsibilities : ( d ) to carry out an inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the state by eliminating its existing form of centralized and unitary structure in order to address the problems related to women


. 33. responsibilities of the state the state shall have the following responsibilities : ( d ) to carry out an inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the state by eliminating its existing form of centralized and unitary structure in order to address the problems related to women, dalits, indigenous tribes [ adivsai janajati ], madhesis, oppressed and minority communities and other disadvantaged groups, by eliminating class, caste, language, gender, cultural, religious and regional discrimination, 34. directive principles of the state ( 4 ) the fundamental economic objective of the state must be to give priority and protection to making the national economy independent, self - reliant and progressive by preventing the concentration of available resources and means of the country within a limited section of society, by making arrangements for equitable distribution of economic gains based on social justice, by making such provision as will prevent economic inequality and exploitation of any caste, gender, class, origin or individuals, and by giving priority and encouragement to national private and public enterprises. ( 5 ) the social objective of the state shall be to establish and develop a healthy social life on the foundation of justice and morality, by eliminating all types of economic and social inequalities and by establishing harmony among diverse castes, tribes, religions, languages, races, communities and sects. 35. state policies ( 3 ) the state shall pursue a policy of strengthening the unity of the nation by maintaining the cultural diversity of the country through the promotion of healthy and harmonious social relations, on the basis of on equality and coexistence, among people of various religions, cultures, castes, communities, sects, origins, languages and linguistic groups, and by assisting in the equal promotion of their languages, literatures, scripts, arts and cultures. ( 10 ) the state shall pursue a policy which will help to uplift the economically and socially backward indigenous ethnic tribes [ adivasi janajati ], madhesis, dalits, as well as marginalized communities, and workers and farmers living below the poverty line by making provisions for reservations in education, health, housing, food security and employment for a certain period of time. ( 14 ) the state shall pursue a policy of making special provision based on positive discrimination for the minorities, landless, squatters, bonded laborers, persons with disability, backward communities and sections, and the victims of conflict, including women, dalits, indigenous tribes [ adivasi janajati ], madhesis and muslims. 63. formation of the constituent assembly ( 1 ) a constituent


, persons with disability, backward communities and sections, and the victims of conflict, including women, dalits, indigenous tribes [ adivasi janajati ], madhesis and muslims. 63. formation of the constituent assembly ( 1 ) a constituent assembly shall be constituted to formulate a new constitution by the nepali people themselves, subject to the provisions of this constitution. ( 2 ) the election of the constituent assembly shall be held on a date to be specified by the government of nepal after the commencement of this constitution. ( 3 ) in accordance with the law, there will be the following members of the ca, elected and nominated according to the mixed electoral system, taking account of the equality of population, geographical convenience and special characteristics, and, in the case of madhes on the basis of percentage of the population - ( a ) one member elected, under the first - past - the - post system, from each geographical constituency, two hundred and forty as determined by the constituency delimitation commission under article 154 ( a ), based on the national census preceding the constituent assembly elections, and as far as possible maintaining the same relationship between number of members and population for all the administrative districts, while retaining the same administrative districts as hitherto. ( b ) three hundred and thirty - five members to be elected according to the proportional representation system, with voting being for political parties, and treating the whole country as a single constituency. ( 4 ) the principle of inclusiveness shall be taken into consideration by political parties while selecting the candidates pursuant to sub - clause ( a ) of clause ( 3 ), and, while making the list of the candidates pursuant to sub - clause ( b ), the political parties shall have to ensure the proportional representation to women, dalits, oppressed communities / indigenous groups, backward regions, madhesis and other groups, in accordance with the law. 90. consolidated fund except for the revenues of religious endowments, all revenues received by the government of nepal, all loans raised on the security of revenues, and all the moneys received in repayment of any loan made under the authority of any act and any amount received by the government of nepal shall be credited to a government fund to be known as the consolidated fund. provided that, the money of religious endowments, other than private religious endowments, shall be regulated by laws to be enacted. 138. progressive restructuring of the state ( 1 ) to bring an end to discrimination based on class, caste, language, gender, culture, religion and region by eliminating the centralized


than private religious endowments, shall be regulated by laws to be enacted. 138. progressive restructuring of the state ( 1 ) to bring an end to discrimination based on class, caste, language, gender, culture, religion and region by eliminating the centralized and unitary form of the state, the state shall be made inclusive and restructured into a progressive, democratic federal system. 142. registration required for securing recognition for the purpose of contesting elections as a political party ( 1 ) any political party wishing the secure recognition from the election commission for the purposes of elections shall be required to register its name with the election commission in accordance with the procedure determined by the commission. political parties that fail to register their names shall be removed from the list of the election commission. ( 3 ) political parties shall fulfill the following conditions while filing an application pursuant to clause ( 1 ) - ( c ) there shall be a provision for the inclusion of members from neglected and oppressed groups including women and dalits in the executive committees at various levels, ( 4 ) the election commission shall not register any political party if any nepali citizen is discriminated against in becoming a member of the political party on the basis of religion, caste, tribe, language or gender or if the name, objectives, symbol or flag of such political party is of a character that may disturb the countrys religious or communal unity or is divisive in character, or if the constitution or rules of such party have the objective of protecting and promoting a partyless or single party system of government. 1. data under the " features of constitution " heading are drawn from coding of the u. s. state department ' s 2008 international religious freedom reports conducted by researchers at the association of religion data archives. the article by brian grim and roger finke describes the coding of the international religious freedom reports. a dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. used with permission. 2. the constitutional excerpts shown above are reproduced from the websites given in the " source " field ; the links to these websites were active as of may 2011. where the constitutional text shown on these websites was provided in a language other than english, this text was translated to english by arda staff with assistance from web - based translation utilities such as google translate and yahoo! babel fish. constitutional text was converted to american english where applicable. constitutional clauses were judged to contain religious content based largely on the standards used in the construction of the religion and state constitutions dataset collected by jonathan fox


discovered : male fish who engage in same - sex flirting lure in female fish ; cheese dates back 7. 5 millennia ; americans love public transportation once they give it a chance ; depressed mice cheer up after brain stimulation. gay fish attract more female mates. nature has its own version of a pop culture archetype — the highly attractive man who, unfortunately, remains unavailable to the women swooning over him. a team of researchers led by university of frankfurt ' s david bierbach has found a species of tropical fish in which males who flirt with other males are perceived as more attractive by potential female mates. they observed poecilia mexicana, or atlantic mollies, engaged in " mate copying, " meaning that females will try to mate with a male fish they ' ve seen interacting sexually with members of their own sex. " males can increase their attractiveness towards females by homosexual interactions, which in turn increase the likelihood of a male ' s future heterosexual interactions, " says bierbach. " we do not know how widespread female mate choice copying is, but up to now it is reported in many species, including fruit flies, fishes, birds and mammals [ including ] humans. " [ bbc news ] cheese is really old... ahem... well aged. ancient pottery recovered on a dig in poland reveals that cheese making could date back as far as 5, 500 b. c. university of bristol researchers led by richard evershed discovered fatty milk residue on the shards of sieves. that ruled out previous theories that they were used to make honey or beer. " it ' s almost inconceivable that the milk fat residues in the sieves were from anything else but cheese, " comments university of vermont nutrition professor paul kindstedt. we ' re glad neolithic people discovered cheese, because their cuisine sounds really boring without it, consisting mostly of porridge. " they probably would not be the first choice for a lot of people today, " kindstedt says of the cheeses these sieves could have produced. " but i would still love to try it. " [ ap ] if you can convince americans to take public transportation, they ' ll love it. it ' s hard to convince drivers to try public transportation, so maya abou - zeid of the american university of beirut and moshe ben - akiva of m. i. t. cut a deal with their experimental subjects : they covered their fare for a brief trial period. they found that 30 percent of boston car commuters were convinced to


of the american university of beirut and moshe ben - akiva of m. i. t. cut a deal with their experimental subjects : they covered their fare for a brief trial period. they found that 30 percent of boston car commuters were convinced to switch to public transportation, and 25 percent actually stuck with it for six months. so what was preventing them from switching before? mostly our societal opinions on public transportation, the researchers found. " because of a generally weaker public transportation culture in boston than in switzerland, m. i. t. participants who switched might not have seriously considered using public transportation until they experimented with it during the trial, " they write. [ atlantic cities ] brain stimulation cheers up depressed mice. stanford university neuroscientist karl deisseroth has been able to quell depression in mice by stimulating and silencing certain parts of the rodents ' brains with lasers. using optogenetics, the researchers behind two new papers could control nerve cells by adjusting fiber - optic light beams. by better understanding the neural pathways that regulate depression in mice, deisseroth hopes to develop treatments for humans suffering from depression. " in this way, bit by bit, we can piece together the circuitry, " he says. " it ’ s a long process that ’ s just starting, but we have a foothold now. " [ science news ]


the overthrow of king james ii was the focus of england ' s glorious revolution in the fall of 1688. it was termed a bloodless revolution, which may in fact, not be accurate. when james ii knew that he was defeated, he fled the country and went to france in december of 1688. some in the alternative media see evidence linking oliver cromwell ' s english rebellion to the subsequent glorious revolution. the idea here is that the banking elites of the day funded various political movements within england in order to create the first english central bank. our view would be that the movements that convulsed britain at the time can also be seen within the context of information - technology. in fact, from this standpoint it was the gutenberg press that helped create the glorious revolution. this is not merely an assertion. there was an enormous religious ferment in england at the time thanks to various biblical translations spawned by the gutenberg press. certainly, it can be argued that there would have been certain social changes no matter how they came about. were they entirely the work of a certain transnational power elite? in fact, the gutenberg press, by allowing people to print and read the bible for themselves, helped spawn first the renaissance and then the protestant reformation that in turn gave rise to protestantism. the glorious revolution in this context was the result of much larger forces put in play decades before its inception. historically, this was a very disruptive period for the british. political, economic and social policies were under stress and about to be changed. parliament believed that james ii looked to gain absolute power over all aspects of the country. james ii was considered a problem to the opposition party and both the tories and the whigs fought against what they felt were his absurd policies. he outwardly supported the catholic church, undermining the protestant religions. he deemed protesting as an act against the government and suspended the legal rights of all dissenters. once james had vacated the throne, it was necessary to appoint new leadership. the appointment went to mary ii, the daughter of james ii and to william iii as mary ' s husband. in 1689, the american colonialists felt that restrictions on the colonies would be relaxed as a result of the accession of william and mary. this was not the case, as william and mary did not concern themselves with colonial issues and the restrictions that james ii put into place continued for the american colonies. william and mary were instead concerned about the unrest in england itself. change primarily took place in the mother country in an effort to bring the


book i. propositions 31 and 32 back to propositions 31, 32. 11. solve the problem of proposition 31 : through a given point to draw straight line parallel to a given straight line. to see the answer, pass your mouse over the colored area. let a be the given point, and bc the given straight line ; choose any point d on bc, and draw ad ; the straight line ad, which meets the two straight lines ef, bc makes the alternate angles ead, adc equal. therefore ef is parallel to bc. ( i. 27 ) 12. a ) state the hypothesis of proposition 32. a figure is a triangle and one side is extended. 2. b ) state the conclusion. the exterior angle is equal to the two opposite interior angles ; and the three interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles. 2. c ) practice proposition 32. 13. prove proposition 32 by drawing a straight line de through a 3. this proof is attributed to pythagoras, who lived some 250 years because de is parallel to bc, 14. abc is a circle with center d ; abd is a triangle ; and adc is a 14. straight line. prove that angle bdc is double angle a. ad is equal to db because they are radii of the circle ; 15. prove : the acute angles of a right triangle are together equal to a the three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles, 16. in an isosceles right triangle, why is each acute angle half of a right since the triangle is isosceles, the base angles are equal. 17. prove that if an acute angle of one right triangle is equal to an acute that is, if angles b and e are right angles, and angle c equals angles a and c together equal one right angle, 18. according to the corollary to i. 32, the four interior angles of any 19. in any five - sided rectilineal figure, the five angles are together equal 19. to how many right angles? 10. in the degree system of angular measurement, in which a right angle 10. is called 90°, how many degrees is each angle in a regular octagon? 10. ( that is an eight - sided figure which is both equilateral and please make a donation to keep themathpage online. copyright © 2012 lawrence spector questions or comments?


in 1377, john wycliffe went on trial in london ' s st. paul ' s cathedral after arguing against the sale of indulgences, the worship of saints and the veneration of relics. he was never convicted as a heretic. in 1473, the founder of modern astronomy, nicolaus copernicus, was born in poland. his theory established the sun as the centre of the planetary system. in 1732, religious houses in new france were forbidden to shelter fugitives from justice. in 1878, thomas edison was issued a u. s. patent for his phonograph, less than two months after he applied. in the autumn of 1877, edison had successfully tested a crude cylinder phonograph that recorded his voice on a piece of tinfoil wrapped around a cylinder. he had shouted into the mouthpiece of the instrument the nursery rhyme " mary had a little lamb. " when he played back the recording, and a recognizable reproduction of his voice emerged, edison was quoted as saying : " i was never so taken aback in my life. " before the patent was even granted, the edison speaking phonograph company had been formed to control the manufacture and exhibition of the instruments. however, the phonograph ' s commercial value at the time lay solely in its appeal as a novelty. in 1889, saskatchewan metis leader gabriel dumont was pardoned by the federal government for his actions during the 1885 northwest rebellion led by louis riel. in 1897, in stoney creek, ont., adelaide hunter hoodless formed the women ' s institute, a group that spread throughout the english - speaking world. hoodless was jolted out of her comfortable middle - class existence when her infant son died after drinking impure milk. she became devoted to educating women for motherhood and household management. hoodless also helped found the national council of women, the victorian order of nurses and the national ywca. she died in toronto on her 53rd birthday in 1910. in 1906, michigan doctor william kellogg formed the battle creek cornflake company to make a breakfast cereal he had developed for patients suffering from mental disorders. in 1920, shareholders of the grand trunk railway ratified its sale to the federal government. it became part of the canadian national railway system. in 1930, the quebec legislature rejected a bill to admit women to the practice of law. in 1945, u. s. marines landed on the japanese - held island of iwo jima during the second world war. the island was eventually taken on march 26 at a cost


legislature rejected a bill to admit women to the practice of law. in 1945, u. s. marines landed on the japanese - held island of iwo jima during the second world war. the island was eventually taken on march 26 at a cost of more than 6, 800 american lives. in 1959, an agreement was signed by britain, turkey and greece granting cyprus its independence. in 1960, queen elizabeth became the first reigning british monarch in more than a century to have a baby, prince andrew. in 1968, the federal liberal minority government lost a tax vote in the commons. the opposition conservatives demanded, without success, that the government resign. on feb. 28, the liberals won a vote of confidence. in 1970, canada claimed jurisdiction over all waters of the northwest passage, and between the islands of the arctic archipelago. in 1974, the national hockey league and world hockey association reached an out - of - court settlement in their litigation. the agreement, signed in philadelphia, struck down the nhl ' s reserve clause, which bound a player to a team for life unless he was traded or released. in 1983, joe clark resigned as conservative leader, although he remained in control of the party until successor brian mulroney was chosen at a june convention. in 1993, two british explorers became the first to cross the antarctic on foot without outside support. sir ralph fiennes and dr. michael stroud dragged their supplies on sledges weighing 196 kilograms across more than 2, 100 kilometres. in 1997, deng xiaoping, china ' s paramount leader, died at 92. he was the architect of china ' s economic reforms in the 1980s, but also ordered the bloody 1989 crackdown on pro - democracy protesters in tiananmen square. in 1998, 101 items belonging to the late duke and duchess of windsor fetched $ 1. 9 million at auction - - three times what sotheby ' s had expected. in 2001, the canada - u. s. automotive agreement expired after 36 years. the 1965 auto pact provided a large measure of free trade in vehicles and parts between the two countries and was a major boost to the canadian auto industry. it was allowed to lapse after the world trade organization ruled it violated international trade laws. in 2001, film producer stanley kramer, whose works included " high noon, " " judgement at nuremberg " and " inherit the wind, " died at age 87. in 2003, an iranian military plane carrying 302 members of the elite revolutionary guards crashed in the mountains of southeastern iran, killing all onboard in iran


" high noon, " " judgement at nuremberg " and " inherit the wind, " died at age 87. in 2003, an iranian military plane carrying 302 members of the elite revolutionary guards crashed in the mountains of southeastern iran, killing all onboard in iran ' s worst aviation disaster. in 2003, mounir el motassadeq, a 28 - year - old moroccan, was jailed for 15 years by a german court after being convicted of accessory to murder in the world ' s first trial over the sept 11, 2001, attacks. in 2004, a fierce blizzard forced nova scotia and p. e. i. to declare a state of emergency ; halifax received a record 95. 5 cm of snow. in 2007, celia franca, the founder of the national ballet of canada, died in ottawa at the age of 85. in 2007, gov. gen. michaelle jean presented awards for military bravery to six soldiers who performed extraordinary deeds under fire in afghanistan. it was the first time these decorations for military valour were awarded since they were created in 1994. in 2008, the b. c. government introduced north america ' s first full - fledged carbon tax in an effort to curb greenhouse gases. in 2008, fidel castro formally resigned as president of cuba after 49 years, a year - and - a - half after temporarily relinquishing power to his brother raoul. his resignation effectively ended the longest rule in the world for a head of government. in 2009, u. s. president barack obama met prime minister stephen harper in ottawa on his first foreign visit since becoming president. they outlined three main priorities of the bilateral relationship — working together to restore economic growth, a new initiative on environmental protection and a commitment to stabilize afghanistan. in 2010, pope benedict approved sainthood for montreal ' s brother andre, the founder of st. joseph ' s oratory who was credited with miracle healings before his death in 1937. formal canonization took place on oct. 17 in rome. in 2010, all 64 young students, including 42 canadian high school and university students, and crew aboard the nova - scotia - based tall ship, concordia, were saved after the ship capsized on feb. 17 about 550 km southeast of rio de janeiro, brazil. in 2010, jon montgomery, the fast - talking, energetic auctioneer and car salesman from russell, man., won the gold medal in the men ' s skeleton race at the vancouver olympics. in 2010, tiger woods made his first public appearance since crashing his car in late 2009, which


tiny transistor stays where it ' s put doing well with silicon and phosphorus – one atom at a time the team that earlier this year characterized a four - atom wire that obeys ohm ’ s law has now demonstrated a repeatable single - atom transistor. while single atoms have been observed acting like transistors in the past, the ‘ device ’ demonstrated by the unsw, university of melbourne and purdue team is exceptional in that it has been engineered and can be built repeatably. and with high precision : by creating a well - like structure to contain the atom, the researchers claim they ’ ve eliminated the 10nm positional uncertainties now observed in single - atom transistors. as dr martin fuechsle, lead author of the group ’ s paper ( published in nature nanotechnology ) explains, this accurate positioning is needed “ if you want to use it as a qubit ”. it was achieved by lifting one silicon atom out of a group of six using a scanning tunnelling electron microscope, and replacing it with the phosphorus atom. the structure includes markers that allow researchers to attach contacts to it and apply a voltage. the single phosphorus atom in its well in the centre of a silicon crystal, shown in this purdue simulation. while the transistor exists as a single phosphorus atom, the entire structure is a little bigger : the atom has to be confined in a well or channel in a silicon crystal. it also needs to be kept at - 196°c to operate, as purdue ’ s gerhard klimeck explains. “ the atom sits in a well or channel, and for it to operate as a transistor, the electrons must stay in that channel. ” this explains the need for cold : “ at higher temperatures, the electrons move more and go outside of the channel ”. " by achieving the placement of a single atom, we have, at the same time, developed a technique that will allow us to be able to place several of these single - atom devices towards the goal of a developing a scalable system, ” says michelle simmons, director of unsw ’ s arc centre for quantum computation and communication. such techniques are also important, she says, because it allows an exotic device to be built using materials familiar to the computer industry. a unsw video discussing the technology is below. ®


did dogs really eat slaves, like in ' django '? 100 amazing facts about the negro : plus, whether slaves rode horses or had mandingo death matches. ( slaveryimages. org ; original source unidentified ) horses and horsemanship played an interesting role during slavery. the most famous black horseman in the revolutionary period was our old friend, william " billy " lee, george washington ' s slave and personal attendant, the only slave whom washington freed upon his death. billy lee was, by all accounts, a superb horseman, and rode just behind his master. in the black abolitionist henry bibb ' s famous slave narrative of 1849, horses compose almost a leitmotif : before finally attaining his freedom, he is captured, handcuffed and tied by his feet to a horse and returned to slavery, but he effects his ultimate escape by stealing another horse ( " the best looking of them " ) from a large plantation, and riding him " not less than forty miles that night, or before sunrise the next morning, " to gain his freedom. bibb, a famous newspaper editor whose narrative was extremely popular, tells us, " i thanked god, and thanked the horse for what he had done for me, and wished him a safe journey back home. " and then there is the famous 1862 painting titled " the fugitive slaves, " by eastman johnson, which depicts a slave family fleeing to freedom on a stallion, suggesting that horses were used by slaves to make their escapes. slaves also rode horses professionally : as lisa k. winkler writes in smithsonian magazine, slaves served as jockeys from colonial times, long before black men dominated the first decades of the kentucky derby ( in the first derby in 1875, 13 of 15 jockeys were black ) : " … when president andrew jackson moved in the white house in 1829, he brought along his best thoroughbreds and his black jockeys. because racing was tremendously popular in the south, it is not surprising that the first black jockeys were slaves. they cleaned the stables and handled the grooming and training of some of the country ' s most valuable horseflesh, " they " were allowed to travel the racing circuit " and " they competed alongside whites. " so, for as effective as the trope is used in django to distinguish a free negro from a slave, this is not historically accurate. it was a dog - eat - slave world professional slave catchers used dogs to chase and capture fugitive slaves. as david doddington writes in " slavery and dogs in the ant


to distinguish a free negro from a slave, this is not historically accurate. it was a dog - eat - slave world professional slave catchers used dogs to chase and capture fugitive slaves. as david doddington writes in " slavery and dogs in the antebellum south " for the website sniffing the past, " it was the use of trained dogs that appears to have most concerned " the slaves. " former slaves claimed that masters, patrollers, or professional slave catchers would use ' savage dogs, trained to hunt and follow the track of the poor colored fugitive, ' " according to the 1857 slave narrative of william j. anderson. but tracking slaves is one thing ; devouring them, as happens in django, is quite another. did this happen - - could this have happened - - given the fact that the ultimate goal of a master was to exploit his human chattel for maximum profit, and destroying property would not be perhaps the best business decision? apparently, it sometimes did happen. doddington quotes a slaveholder from louisiana named bennett h. barrow, " who kept a detailed dairy and frequently mentioned the importance of dogs in capturing runaways, as well as the terrible violence they could inflict : ' hunting ruffins boy henry, came across williams runaway caught him dogs nearly et his legs off, near killing him. ' "


teacher ryan hari helps nick raska with an ipad during a math intensive class jan. 11 at parrish middle school in salem, ore. / timothy j. gonzalez, ( salem, ore. ) statesman journal salem, ore. - ipad apps that college students have developed soon could help high school and middle school students crack the code of algebra, often a gatekeeper to college entry. the tools assist teachers in diagnosing where students struggle and offer interactive solutions to put them on track. one app called " card clutter " helps students understand the relative value of numbers by arranging cards in order with face values ranging from negative fractions to absolute numbers. those expressions sometimes stump students when solving algebraic equations. many of the apps are available for free on itunes. the program is part of a joint effort with george fox, pacific, western oregon and willamette universities to increase student success in algebra. they received a $ 740, 000 grant from the u. s. department of education to create the center for algebraic thinking. " algebra is the gateway to college, " said steve rhine, the project ' s director and willamette education professor. " it is most correlated with going to college of anything you take in high school. " in oregon, 1 of 3 high school students failed the state math test last year. rhine said the main reason is not understanding algebra. next year, the stakes will be raised. all high school students must pass the state math test to earn their high school diploma. without interventions, rhine said graduation rates will plummet. ryan hari, a math teacher at parrish middle school here, is a fan of the technology, especially in his math - intensive classes for struggling students. he was one of the first to field - test the apps and received eight ipads as part of the grant. recently a handful of his students tapped the touch screens in rapid fire to solve for x. " do some ' alge - bingo ' for me, " he told zack sheldon, who quickly got to work. " it makes it fun and easy, " sheldon said. programmers building apps for the project didn ' t design that app, but it motivates users thanks to bingo tiles given for every right answer. hari ' s students end up solving many more equations with the app than they would on paper, he said. another benefit is instant feedback. " i would be unable to give that amount of feedback to that many students that quickly, " he said. rhine sees tablets as the textbooks of the future, another good reason


than they would on paper, he said. another benefit is instant feedback. " i would be unable to give that amount of feedback to that many students that quickly, " he said. rhine sees tablets as the textbooks of the future, another good reason to develop teaching tools for them. he and 16 other educators started the first phase of the project two years ago when they combed through 800 studies on what makes algebra so hard. they isolated 70 common pitfalls and posted them online at www. algebraicthinking. org. the site breaks down each problem, common mistakes and solutions to help everyone from student teachers to veteran teachers plan lessons. willamette university also created an app development class, and students in it designed half the apps for the grant. top students, including stephanie jones, went on to teach the independent study class the next year. jones said it was a great way to use her math skills, teaching skills and computer science skills at the same time. she developed the " diamond factor " app, which helps students factor trinomials, an algebraic expression with three terms such as xa² + 8x + 16. the three - year grant wraps up this year, but rhine is applying for another one to expand the project. he will find out this spring whether the center gets the $ 1. 5 million grant. after that? he might tackle another common roadblock : geometry. copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : college students develop apps to help kids with algebra


| [ excerpt from the science of yoga, page 505 ] patanjali describes the first stage of concentration in the yoga sutras, vibhuti pada, sutra 1 : " desa - bandha cittasya dharana " translation - concentration is the confining of the mind within a limited mental area. at this first stage of dharana, the mind is confined to the limited sphere, which is simply defined as the " object of concentration. " you may wonder how it is that the mind can maintain movement when it is concentrating solely upon one thing. this is easy to understand when we consider that everything has innumerable aspects or dimensions upon which the mind can occupy itself - - one by one. this is true for objects in the physical realm, as well as concepts within the mental field, which may involve a process of reasoning or an analysis of several steps required to form a logical understanding of it. thus there can also be ' movement ' in the psychological sphere alone without leaving the object of concentration. when the mind gets out of touch with the object of concentration, and another, unrelated object ( or thought ) enters it, then dharana is broken. so our main task in dharana is to immediately bring the mind back to our intended object of concentration each time it becomes distracted - - gradually, over time, strengthening its ability to remain ' contained within a field '. it is through diligent and regular practice alone that the sadhak is able to progressively reduce the frequency of these interruptions and eventually eliminate them altogether. " [ dharana ] is a method by which a person concentrates more and more upon less and less. the aim is to empty the mind while paradoxically remaining alert. " ~ john h clark, a map of mental states note : this yoga article is an excerpt from the science of yoga, an online yoga training program with streaming yoga videos and 600 pages of step - by - step yoga instruction. " the science of yoga is a course worthy of leather binding and an honored place in the finest libraries in the world... it is indeed a masterful work. " dr. john michael christian learn more about the science of yoga course


the ultimate clue, my dear watson : dna fingerprinting students learn practical applications of dna profiling in today ' s forensic science and the future ' s many possibilities. while viewing the video, students delve into the problems of extracting ancient dna from fossils. these molecular biologists use dna profiling to sequence pieces of the dinosaurs ' genome. after viewing the video, students will simulate dna profiling with electrophoresis gel to solve a possible baby mix - up at the hospital. nova : the real jurassic park students will be able to : - explain the steps of dna profiling - describe the possible usefulness of dna profiling to our society - contrast extracting ancient dna from fossils to modern dna from blood and other cells of organisms. per group of two : - copies of the lab " will the real baby smith please speak up! " - glue or tape to prepare students for the video, explain the steps of extracting and profiling dna. explain how dna is extracted and isolated from cells. cell membranes are lysed with detergent. the detergent will dissolve the lipid component of the cell membrane and expose the protein and nucleic acids. dna must be extracted at a temperature range of 50° - 60° celsius. temperatures exceeding 60° c may denature the dna. dna must then be placed in ethanol because it is soluble in aqueous solutions. for an interesting demonstration of extracting dna, purchase 1 dna spooling kit. this laboratory activity allows students to extract dna from salmon sperm. the students will add ethanol alcohol to the sperm solution and precipitate dna by spooling it onto a stirring rod. the students are delighted. request sigma product d - 8666 : 1 kit $ 18. 90 from : sigma chemical company po box 14508 st. louis, mo 63178 - 9916 ( 800 ) 325 - 3010 ) explain how dna is cut with restriction enzymes, run through an electrophoresis gel, and probed with a radioactive substance, which appears on the film. many different restriction enzymes are available, and scientists choose the one that will cut the dna in the appropriate place in the sequence. each person has a slightly different sequence and when probed with radioactive substances will produce a unique set of bands. ask the students for possible uses of dna profiling. have students bring in news articles of recent court cases that use dna fingerprints as evidence. another use of dna profiling is to locate genes in our human genome. once these genes are


of bands. ask the students for possible uses of dna profiling. have students bring in news articles of recent court cases that use dna fingerprints as evidence. another use of dna profiling is to locate genes in our human genome. once these genes are found, they can be isolated and possibly inserted into people whose genes are not functioning properly. discuss the possibilities with cutting out dysfunctional genes and inserting functional ones to cure a disease. if there is time, distribute " designer genes " worksheet and hold a mock trial or debate about the moral implications of such genetic engineering. discuss probability, a branch of math that predicts the occurrence of chance events. give students statistics for dna testing in various court cases and have them predict the chances of two people having similar bands. to give students a specific responsibility while viewing, have them write down each hurdle scientists must overcome to extract and sequence a dinosaur ' s dna ( 4 billion base pairs! ) ask if they believe jurassic park could become a reality some day. begin the nova video " the real jurassic park ". pause when jeff goldblum says, " jurassic park has left me wondering if we will ever see dinosaurs in the zoo someday. " ask the students the same question again, " how many of you believe that someday jurassic park could become reality? " resume the video. pause after michael crichton speaks about his book. discuss what is meant by a genetically engineered dinosaur. resume the video. pause after step 1 find dinosaur dna. contrast uses and accessibility of obtaining dna from modern living organisms to that of dinosaurs ' fossils. as students watch the rest of this segment, have them write down all problems that must be overcome just to extract and assemble the dna from dinosaur fossils. ( small organisms the size of a pin - point, range of species of dinosaur dna in insect ' s stomach, trying to figure out which species the dna came from, and if found in the bones, they must be well preserved ) resume video. pause when poinar jr. holds up the gel sheet and points to the dna bands. explain that this is a dna profile film that was discussed in previewing. resume the video. pause after the color of ancient dna and modern dna is shown when the female scientist takes them out of the freezer. discuss the viability of the dna that is only 13, 000 years old compared to 100 million years old dinosaur dna. ask " what do you think happens to dna over one million years? " resume stop the tape after john horner shows the jaw of a


viability of the dna that is only 13, 000 years old compared to 100 million years old dinosaur dna. ask " what do you think happens to dna over one million years? " resume stop the tape after john horner shows the jaw of a rapter and discusses manipulating eggs and sperm. discuss on and off switches for genes in our bodies. tie this into prenatal care and how important it is to allow off genes to stay off and on genes to come on. drugs and alcohol can effect this delicate balance and cause diseases or deformities. on a positive note, genetic engineers may learn to turn on genes that code for important proteins such as insulin. this could rid a person of diabetes. to prepare students for the lab activity " will the real ' baby smith please speak up " review the processes of dna extraction and dna profiling. discuss how dna is separated in gel solutions. gel electrophoresis is a technique which separates charged particles such as nucleic acids by running them through an electrical field. the dna segments ( which were cut by restriction enzymes ) migrate toward the opposite charge at the other end of the gel. the smallest fragments can travel or migrate through the gel the fastest. a radioactive probe is then placed on the bands and comparisons or conclusions can be drawn as to whose dna fingerprint is more closely tell the students they will be simulating the process of dna profiling in the activity, " will the real baby smith please speak up! " explain that a simulation allows students to understand each step of dna profiling. students will simulate cutting the dna with enzymes, running it through the gel, attaching radioactive probes, and developing the film to see bands. have students predict the impact of biotechnology on their future and place their ideas in a time capsule to be opened at their 10 year reunion. invite a genetic engineer into your classroom to share recent research being performed. it is possible that he / she could bring in equipment to show how the process of electrophoresis gel is used to analyze dna. visit your local forensic lab to learn how dna fingerprinting is useful in solving crimes. have students write to local judges asking if dna profiling has ever been used to help solve crimes in their immediate area. language arts / social studies : finish viewing the nova tape " the real jurassic park ". invite the students to express their opinions of bioengineering using the debate, " should dinosaurs be brought back to life and placed in modern society. " have students write arguments to support their position. share ideas


tape " the real jurassic park ". invite the students to express their opinions of bioengineering using the debate, " should dinosaurs be brought back to life and placed in modern society. " have students write arguments to support their position. share ideas the next day in class to spark a debate. have students prepare a combined argument to present to the environmental protection agency. if some students are unsure, have them represent the environmental protection agency to make the final decision based on the arguments presented by classmates. ( " exploring jurassic park ", the science teacher, november 1993, simmons and wylie ) art / engineering : have students draw or create a three dimensional model of a dinosaur zoo for tourists to visit. make sure the students research appropriate habitat, food sources, space for size of dinosaur etc. students could use facts from michael crichton ' s book jurassic park for guidelines. science / society : take students to the library and look up recent articles on breakthroughs in the human genome project. such diseases as alzheimer ' s, heart disease, and many other genetically inherited disorders are being mapped by scientists internationally. after reading the articles, students could predict the outcomes of such technology for the year 2100. relate this to vaccines and medicines that were not around 100 years ago. purchase science sleuths videodisc from videodiscovery and have students solve the mystery of the forgotten triplet. this is an interactive videodisc that allows students to witness interviews, look at documents, and see results of scientific tests such as dna profiles to determine which person could be the long lost triplet to share the inheritance. master teachers : suzanne asaturian and cindy vernon lesson plan database thirteen ed online


moon light world map the map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. the white dot symbolizes the position of the moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. view day and night map - the bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on saturday, november 3, 2012 at 22 : 36 : 00 utc. - the sun ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the sun will be at its zenith ( directly overhead ) in relation to an observer. - the moon ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the moon. fraction of moon illuminated : 78 % position of the moon on saturday, november 3, 2012 at 22 : 36 : 00 utc the moon is at its zenith at these coordinates : | latitude : | | 19° 44 ' | | north | | longitude : | | 74° 57 ' | | east | the ground speed of the movement is currently 422. 71 meters / second, 1521. 7 km / hour, 945. 6 miles / hour or 821. 7 knots. the table below shows the moon position compared to the time and date above : | time | | longitude difference | | latitude difference | | total | | 1 minute | | 0° 14 ' 31. 0 " | | 15. 76 mi | | west | | 0° 00 ' 03. 7 " | | 0. 07 mi | | south | | 15. 76 mi | | 1 hour | | 14° 31 ' 05. 0 " | | 945. 34 mi | | west | | 0° 03 ' 42. 9 " | | 4. 26 mi | | south | | 945. 54 mi | | 24 hours | | 11° 30 ' 12. 2 " | | 749. 13 mi | | east | | 1° 54 ' 03. 6 " | | 130. 76 mi | | south | | 764. 69 mi | locations with the moon near zenith the following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. | aurangabad | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 38 km | | 24 miles | | 21 nm | | se | | shirdi | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 49 km | | 30 miles | | 26 nm | | w | | ahmed


| sun 4 : 06 am | | 38 km | | 24 miles | | 21 nm | | se | | shirdi | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 49 km | | 30 miles | | 26 nm | | w | | ahmednagar | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 75 km | | 46 miles | | 40 nm | | ssw | | jalna | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 96 km | | 59 miles | | 52 nm | | e | | beed | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 120 km | | 75 miles | | 65 nm | | se | | nashik | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 124 km | | 77 miles | | 67 nm | | wnw | | dhule | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 129 km | | 80 miles | | 70 nm | | n | | amalner | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 144 km | | 90 miles | | 78 nm | | n | | jalgaon | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 156 km | | 97 miles | | 84 nm | | nne | | buldhana | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 157 km | | 97 miles | | 85 nm | | ne | related time zone tools