the globe — must nurture and embrace the charter in front of us to make a difference. ideally we would fix the situation at the root cause — when and how our children are learning. the great inventors and scientists learned not through textbooks and lectures, but through hands - on trial and error. if our up - and - coming scientists and engineers can solve real problems directly and experience first - hand creative failures and successes, we will be headed in the right direction. of course, we have to look at our professional environments as well as our academic surroundings. manufacturers must cultivate an environment of innovation to ensure a competitive edge. this includes employers that reward productive failure — implementing more transparency that is not a negative thing, but instead a learning experience. together, we must do what it takes to shift our focus back to innovation and invention. national instruments is doing our part. by providing the very latest advances in software system design tools and hardware capabilities for test and design, our customers are developing sustainable solutions to some of the toughest engineering challenges we are faced with today. we start with academia. following the lead from the great inventors, hands - on learning proves to be more interesting for students and more effective. programs are available for every age — the lego wedo for seven year olds, lego mindstorms for 10 year olds, project lead the way for middle and high school students, the infinity project for middle and high school students, and first robotics for elementary age students through university. in industry, you just have to take a look at the list of things our customers are doing today. engineers and scientists tackling the engineering grand challenges with graphical system design techniques are impressive, from using our embedded ni compactrio platform and labview software for hydraulic fracking, automatic pipeline leak detection, designing zero footprint ate systems, and creating deployed smart grid analyzers. we have our weakest position of technology leadership in one of the most critical challenges we face, which ironically, edison basically invented so many years ago — energy. we must deliver on major leaps in innovation for alternative, clean, and sustainable forms of energy ; we are already behind and falling back more each year. however, reviewing the current list of “ things doing and to be done, ” there are exciting glimmers of hope for energy innovation, giving optimism for our future in a tangible way. the graphical system design approach to empowering domain experts with the right tools for the job dramatically increases the odds that many truly “ big things ” will be accomplished. in fact, i believe edison would


> > available in word and pdf young adolescents ' sexual and reproductive health and rights : south and southeast asia international agreements affirm that adolescents have a right to age - appropriate sexual and reproductive health information, education, and services that enable them to deal in a positive and responsible way with their sexuality. 1 programs and policies are typically designed for older adolescents, however. this brief — part of the international women ’ s health coalition ’ s series on young adolescents — uses evidence on their sexual and reproductive knowledge and behaviors to argue for more responsive policies and programs in south and southeast asia as well as globally. * we define all boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 14 as young adolescents. the countries of south and southeast asia encompass a richly layered mix of cultures, religions, languages, racial and ethnic groups, and economic and political systems. although south and southeast asia are very different settings with regard to many aspects of adolescent sexual and reproductive health, there are also important commonalities. most young adolescents throughout the region have little if any accurate information about their bodies and their sexual and reproductive health. 2 known or suspected sexual contact of any kind by unmarried girls and women in some parts of south and southeast asia may result in personal censure, loss of family honor, or forced marriage. premarital sexual intercourse remains generally taboo, meaning that timing of first intercourse is often assumed to correspond with marriage and that direct evidence on premarital sexual relations is scarce. - in south asia, 26 % of all bangladeshi girls ages 15 – 19 were married at age 14 or younger compared with 14 % in india, 9 % in nepal, and 7 % in pakistan ( see table ). arranged marriages of girls before age 15 do appear to be declining in these countries. 3 - in bangladesh and india, 6 % and 2 % of all girls ages 15 – 19 became mothers at age 14 or younger, most without the help of a skilled birth assistant. 4 maternal and newborn deaths and complications for these girls are common. - in nepal, 20 % of all 15 – 19 - year - old boys say they had heterosexual intercourse before age 15, often with sex workers, compared with very low proportions elsewhere. 5 although evidence is scarce, ethnographic studies suggest that some boys in india, bangladesh, and other south asian countries engage in same - sex intercourse during adolescence. 6, 7 - in southeast asia, very few girls ages 15 – 19 were married or say they had intercourse before age 15 — from 3 % in indonesia to virtually none in vietnam — and almost no


countries engage in same - sex intercourse during adolescence. 6, 7 - in southeast asia, very few girls ages 15 – 19 were married or say they had intercourse before age 15 — from 3 % in indonesia to virtually none in vietnam — and almost no girls had babies this young. - in a survey of unmarried adolescents ages 15 – 19 throughout vietnam, only 14 % of boys and 19 % of girls report ever having a girlfriend or boyfriend. norms of sexual purity remain strong, resulting in very low reported levels of premarital sex before age 18 and virtually none before age 15. 8 - in a metropolitan region of the philippines, adolescents begin dating in groups at ages 13 – 16. romantic relationships and physical intimacy are postponed to later adolescence : at ages 17 – 19, 30 % of boys and 20 % of girls report having intercourse, and higher proportions report engaging in kissing, petting, and other intimacies. 9 - among vocational students ages 15 – 21 in northern thailand, approximately 2 % of girls and 15 % of boys report having sexual intercourse before age 15 and about 30 % and 40 %, respectively, by age 18. 10 early sexual initiation is associated with other risk - taking behaviors among both male and female students. - in india, more than one - quarter of women in one sample who had been sexually abused were exposed to the abuse between the ages of 9 and 12. half were abused by more than one person and almost all were abused repeatedly. 11 similar patterns of incest and sexual abuse are reported throughout the literature, but it is challenging to provide representative data because of the hidden nature of the practice. - throughout south and southeast asia, girls from poor families are susceptible to being recruited or sold into prostitution by their families, which places them at high risk of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections ( stis ). 12 - 16 boys are also vulnerable : in sri lanka, for example, a majority of child prostitutes are boys. 17 what do young adolescents know? † sexual and reproductive health information, education, and services for adolescents are viewed as unnecessary or even morally dangerous throughout much of south and southeast asia. 2 widespread sexual taboos and the high value on premarital virginity, especially for girls and young women, means that little if any information is passed on from mothers to daughters until “ needed. ” boys may also be uninformed. - young brides in india are often shocked and frightened by their ( sometimes forced ) sexual initiation on their wedding night because they lack even the most basic knowledge of sexual relations. 18 -


until “ needed. ” boys may also be uninformed. - young brides in india are often shocked and frightened by their ( sometimes forced ) sexual initiation on their wedding night because they lack even the most basic knowledge of sexual relations. 18 - a sample of young adults ages 18 – 25 in pakistan reported that the information they received about puberty and sexual development when they were younger often led to confusion and stress. young women learned most from female family members ; young men from friends, family members, religious sources, magazines, and films. some young women said they had no information about sexual relations prior to their marriage. 19 - in bangladesh, adolescents ages 12 and over enrolled in a non - governmental reproductive health program were eager for information about their bodies, romantic relationships, sex, pregnancy, family planning, and stis. 20 much of what the boys already knew came from pornographic videos which they secretly watched with friends. - in bangladesh, india, and indonesia, only 5 % of married girls ages 15 – 19 know without prompting that condoms prevent hiv, and only 9 % in the philippines. in contrast, 24 % of married girls ages 15 – 19 in nepal and 65 % of married boys know this. far higher proportions of all 15 – 19 - year - olds in cambodia and vietnam know that condoms prevent hiv, although many need prompting. 21 policy and program responses evidence shows that withholding information and services from young people only increases the likelihood that if and when sexual initiation occurs, it will be unprotected. 22 young people require not only basic information about their bodies, preventing hiv / stis, and pregnancy, but also programs that address gender equality, empowerment, rights and responsibilities, and sexual and reproductive negotiation and decision - making. the meaningful participation of adolescents in the design of programs, laws, and policies that affect their sexual and reproductive lives should be guaranteed. policies and programs to eliminate the marriages of girls 14 and younger and to promote delayed marriage and informed consent among older adolescents are urgently needed. sexuality education : high proportions of 10 – 14 - year - olds are currently attending school in most countries in the region ( see table ). providing sex education in schools will require overcoming entrenched cultural conservatism and securing parental and community support at state and local levels. in india, in 2007, several states banned sex education, in spite of a national hiv / aids policy that supports such programs for young people. 23 sexual and reproductive health services : awareness - raising is required among public health providers and non - governmental organizations ( ngos


, in 2007, several states banned sex education, in spite of a national hiv / aids policy that supports such programs for young people. 23 sexual and reproductive health services : awareness - raising is required among public health providers and non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) of the need for special clinics or programs for adolescents, especially where premarital sex is increasing. 24 laws prohibiting the provision of family planning services to unmarried adolescents should be eliminated in indonesia, vietnam, and wherever else they exist. health care providers need to be trained to work with young adolescents and to be sensitive to the possibilities of incest and sexual abuse of both boys and girls. in countries where a substantial number of girls marry and give birth at 14 or younger, special efforts are needed to ensure that secluded, newly married girls obtain contraception for birth spacing and good prenatal care, and that their deliveries are assisted by trained birth attendants prepared to deal with emergencies such as hemorrhage and obstructed labor. other approaches : some ngo programs and special government projects across the region ( especially unfpa - supported ) are developing innovative methods of reaching young adolescents with accurate and nonjudgmental sexual and reproductive health information — such as media sources, out - of - school programs, and the internet. these and other approaches need to be evaluated with respect to their impact on the sexual and reproductive health and rights of young adolescents and their potential for adaptation in other settings. * there is little evidence on the sexual and reproductive knowledge and behavior of 10 – 14 - year - olds. except where noted, this brief is largely based on reports by 15 – 19 - year - olds of their knowledge and behaviors before age 15, drawn from available demographic and health surveys in the region. the region stretches across southern asia from pakistan, india, nepal, bangladesh, and sri lanka into burma, thailand, laos, cambodia, vietnam, malaysia, indonesia, and the philippines in the southeast. † data on older adolescents are used here, based on the assumption that 10 – 14 - year - olds would know even less about sex and reproduction than their older counterparts. † data on older adolescents are used here, based on the assumption that 10 - 14 - year - olds would know even less about sex and reproduction than their older counterparts. we are grateful to reviewer shireen jejeebhoy ( population council, new delhi ). > > available in pdf 1. paragraphs on adolescence in the plan of action of the international conference on population and development, cairo, 1994 and the five - year


grateful to reviewer shireen jejeebhoy ( population council, new delhi ). > > available in pdf 1. paragraphs on adolescence in the plan of action of the international conference on population and development, cairo, 1994 and the five - year review by the united nations general assembly ; and the platform for action of the fourth world conference on women, beijing, 1995 and the five - year review by the united nations general assembly. 2. s. bott, s. j. jeejebhoy, i. shah and c. puri ( eds. ). 2003. towards adulthood : exploring the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in asia. geneva : world health organization. 3. cynthia b. lloyd ( ed. ) 2005. growing up global : the changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries. washington dc : national academies press : 453 - 67. 4. world health organization ( who ). 2006. skilled attendant at birth 2006 updates. dept. of reproductive health and research factsheet. geneva : who. 5. anndenise brown, shireen j. jejeebhoy, iqbal shah and kathryn m. yount. 2001. sexual relations among young people in developing countries : evidence from who case studies. geneva : who : 13. 6. hamkhothang lhungdim and ravi k. verma. 2005. " risk - taking and sexual behaviours of the unmarried male youth in rural india. " paper delivered at the iussp international population conference, tours, france, july 18 - 23 : http : / / iussp2005. princeton. edu / programsummary. aspx, session 7. 7. radhika chandiramani. 1998. " talking about sex, " reproductive health matters 6 ( 12 ) : 76 - 86. 8. barbara s. mensch, wesley h. clark and dang nguyen anh. 2003. " adolescents in vietnam : looking beyond reproductive health, " studies in family planning 34 ( 4 ) : 249 - 262. 9. ushma d. upadhyay, michelle j. hindin and socorro gultiano. 2006. " before first sex : gender differences in emotional relationships and physical behaviors among adolescents in the philippines. " international family planning perspectives 32 ( 3 ) : 110 - 119. 10. alice liu, peter kilmarx, richard a. jenkins et al. 2006. " sexual initiation, substance use, and sexual behavior and knowledge among vocational students in northern thailand


family planning perspectives 32 ( 3 ) : 110 - 119. 10. alice liu, peter kilmarx, richard a. jenkins et al. 2006. " sexual initiation, substance use, and sexual behavior and knowledge among vocational students in northern thailand. " international family planning perspectives 32 ( 3 ) : 126 - 135. 11. anuja gupta and ashwini ailawadi. 2005. " childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and incest : experiences of women survivors in india, " pp. 171 - 185 in shireen j. jeejebhoy, iqbal shah and shayam thapa ( eds. ), sex without consent : young people in developing countries. london : zed books. 12. brian w. willis and barry s. levy. 2002. " child prostitution : global health burden, research needs, and interventions, " lancet 359 : 1417 - 1422. 13. united nations children ' s fund ( unicef ). 2007. " the state of the world ' s children 2007. " new york : unicef. 14. united nations. 2000. " sexually abused and sexually exploited children and youth in vietnam. " new york : united nations. 15. kamalesh sarkar, baishali bal, rita mukherjee, malay kumar saha, sekhar chakraborty, swapan kumar niyogi, sujit kumar bhattacharya. 2006. " young age is a risk factor for hiv among female sex workers - an experience from india. " journal of infection 53 : 255 - 259. 16. jay g. silverman, michele r. decker, jhumka gupta et al. 2007. " hiv prevalence and predictors of infection in sex - trafficked nepalese girls and women. " journal of the american medical association 298 ( 5 ) : 536 - 542. 17. unicef, unaids, who. 2002. young people and hiv / aids : opportunity in crisis. new york : unicef. 18. k. g. santhya and shireen j. jejeebhoy. 2005. " young women ' s experiences of forced sex within marriage : evidence from india, " pp. 59 - 73 in jeejebhoy et al ( see note 11 ). 19. monique hennink, imran n. rana and robina iqbal. 2005. " knowledge of personal and sexual development amongst young people in pakistan, " culture, health and sexuality 7 ( 4 ) : 319 - 332. 20. sabina faiz rashid. 2003


a mass is stretched 4cm from equilibrium position of a spring. if the displacement is doubled, what can be concluded about the restoring force? a. it halved. b. same c. increased by 4 d. decreased by 4 if you know that the period of a pendulum is 1. 87sec. what is the length of that pendulum? ( gravity 9. 81m / sec squared ) two balls undergo inelastic collision. the y - momentum after the collision is 98 kilogram meters / second, and the x - momentum after the collision is 100 kilogram meters / second. what is the magnitude of the resultant momentum after the collision? thank you very much for your help m bil a golf ball is it with the initial velocity of 50. 0 m / s at an angle of 55 degrees above the horizontal. ( a ) how high will the ball go? ( b ) what is the total time the ball is in the air? ( c ) how far will the ball travel horizontally before it hits the ground? to bobpursley, the half life is 40. ( potassium 40 ) how long will it take for potassium to have a 25 % of oringinal radioactive product left? in comparison to the 17th century, the 18th century was _ _ _ _ _ _. a. more internally stable ; however, lesser rebellions and issues still occurred within great britian. b. much more violent ; workers ' riots and rebellions led to large numbers of deaths. c. filled with politica... adult development and life assessment experiment : roll a fair die and flip a fair coin. what is the probability is that you roll a 3 and flip a head? for further reading


did you know? the life of concrete is limited by a number of disintegrating effects : weathering by rain and frost action is chiefly a function of water - tightness or impermeability, since leach and attack by the carbonic and other acids present in rainwater, and disruption by frost action, depend on the penetration of water into the surface. chemical attack such as industrial chemicals and wastes ; sewage ; animal and vegetable oils, fats, grease ; milk ; and sugars. wear by abrasion from foot and vehicular traffic, by wave actions, and by water - borne and wind - borne particles. concrete has the tendency to be porous due to the presence of voids formed during or after placing. it is usually necessary in order to obtain workable mixes, to use far more water than is actually necessary for chemical combination with the cement. this water occupies space, and when it later dries out, it leaves behind air voids. gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide in damp situations, attack concrete. sulphuric acid also attacks concrete, but the attack from sulphuric acid is likely to be accompanied by abrasion. sulphates of sodium potassium, magnesium and ammonium may cause serious damage to portland cement concrete in the presence of moisture. this begins by expansion within the concrete, which may be enough to cause general expansion in the member. cracking and disruption follow. cracks provide a path for soluble chemicals to migrate into the interior of the " generally, inorganic acids are destructive to concrete... may also be released from some salts... " structure causing deterioration of the concrete. fertilizers often contain ammonium, potassium and magnesium sulphates. generally, inorganic acids are destructive to concrete. these may also be released from some salts such as ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate by interaction with lime. leaching then follows. a number of fertilizers are soluble in water, enabling the chemical easy pathway to the interior of the concrete. although petroleum oils, are not known to cause extensive damage to concrete, they do penetrate into the pores and cause unsightly staining, with subsequent high maintenance cleaning as well as possible contamination of the soil below leading to environmental issues. organic acids such as stearic, oleic, lactic and tannic all attack concrete. lactic substances which are derived from dairy product have a most destructive effect. vegetable oils attack, molasses, sugar, syrup, glucose have a


during the morning announcements the students learned about the history of dr. seuss, whose real name was ted geisel. seuss was born march 2, 1910 and grew up on 74 fairfield street, in springfield, mass. he feasted on books and was wild about animals. dr. seuss lived three blocks from the library and six blocks from the zoo. he drew pictures of animals, even on his bedroom walls, as his mother encouraged him to be creative. seuss was his mother ' s maiden name. no one on fairfield street would have guessed how geisel would turn out, especially geisel himself, said the announcement read to the students. dr. seuss became an amazing author of children ' s books, the announcement said. “ his books teach children about rhyming words and opposites, and most of all to have fun with reading. ” every year children across the country celebrate dr. seuss ' birthday with “ read across america day ”, an event developed by the national education association. now in its 16th year, the year - round read across america program focuses on motivating children and teens to read through events, partnerships, and reading resources. in addition to learning about the history of dr. seuss, students at ayres elementary got to make their own dr. seuss hat. they also participated in a variety of dr. seuss inspired activities in gym and music, from balancing “ green eggs and ham, ” on a spoon to bouncing on a ball in honor of dr. seuss ' book “ hop on pop. ” additionally, some retired teachers stopped by the school to read their favorite dr. seuss books. callie jones : ( 970 ) 526 - 9286 ; email @ example. com. follow cjones _ ja on twitter.


project safe childhood guided by the leadership of the attorney general, project safe childhood ( psc ) aims to combat the proliferation of technology - facilitated sexual exploitation crimes against children. the threat of sexual predators soliciting children for physical sexual contact is well - known and serious ; the danger of the production, distribution, and possession of child pornography is equally dramatic and disturbing. the response to these growing problems must be coordinated, comprehensive, and robust. it must aim to investigate and prosecute vigorously, and protect and assist victimized children. at the same time, it must recognize the need for a broad, community - based effort to protect our children and to guarantee to future generations the opportunities of the american dream. department of justice project safe childhood initiative “ our nation has made this commitment : anyone who targets a child for harm will be a primary target of law enforcement. that ' s our commitment. ” - president george w. bush, october 23, 2002 the growing threat of sexual exploitation crimes committed against children through the internet is a disturbing and unacceptable trend. the department of justice is committed to the safety and well - being of every child and has placed a high priority on protecting and combating sexual exploitation of minors. much has been accomplished, but more must be done. today, attorney general alberto r. gonzales announced the creation of project safe childhood, an initiative designed to protect our children as they navigate the internet. the need for project safe childhood : as technology advances and as the internet becomes more accessible, the number of computer - facilitated sexual exploitation crimes committed against children — including child pornography offenses and “ traveler ” or enticement crimes — will only continue to grow. the goal of project safe childhood is to enhance the national response to this growing threat to america ’ s youth. - in fiscal year 2005, federal prosecutors charged 1, 447 child exploitation cases involving child pornography, coercion and enticement offenses against 1, 503 defendants. - this year, the department of justice will award more than $ 14 million to the internet crimes against children ( icac ) program, a national network of 46 regional task forces funded by the department ’ s office of justice programs. the icacs are key partners in project safe childhood. - although progress has been made, a more coordinated partnership involving the state, local, and federal law enforcement entities and non - profits involved in internet safety and the prevention of child exploitation is needed. key components of project safe childhood : project safe childhood will be implemented through a partnership of u. s. attorneys, icac


, local, and federal law enforcement entities and non - profits involved in internet safety and the prevention of child exploitation is needed. key components of project safe childhood : project safe childhood will be implemented through a partnership of u. s. attorneys, icac task forces, and other federal, state, and local law enforcement officials in each district to investigate and prosecute crimes against children facilitated through the internet or other electronic media and communications devices. communities will be able to design and execute programs tailored specially for their individual needs while maximizing national resources and expertise. there are five key components to this initiative : - integrated federal, state, and local efforts to investigate and prosecute child exploitation cases : each u. s. attorney will partner with icac task forces that exist within his or her district and other federal, state, and local law enforcement partners working in the district to implement project safe childhood. working with these partners, u. s. attorneys will develop district - specific strategic plans to coordinate the investigation and prosecution of child exploitation crimes ; efforts to identify and rescue victims ; and local training, educational, and awareness programs. - major case coordination by the criminal division : the department ’ s child exploitation and obscenity section, in conjunction with the fbi ’ s innocent images unit, will fully integrate the project safe childhood task forces into pursuing local leads generated from its major national operations. - increased federal involvement in child pornography and enticement cases : given the beneficial investigative tools and stiffer punishment available under federal law, u. s. attorneys and the federal investigative agencies will be expected to increase the number of sexual exploitation investigations and prosecutions. the goal is to ensure the worst offenders get the maximum amount of jail time possible. - training of federal, state, and local law enforcement : members of the project safe childhood task forces will attend training programs facilitated by the national center for missing and exploited children ( ncmec ), the icac program, and other ongoing programs, in order to be taught to investigate and prosecute computer - facilitated crimes against children, as well as to pursue leads from national operations and from ncmec ’ s cybertipline and child victim - identification programs. - community awareness and educational programs : project safe childhood will partner with existing national public awareness and educational programs that exist through ncmec and the icac task force program, in order to raise national awareness about the threat of online sexual predators and to provide the tools and information to parents and youngsters seeking to report possible violations. department of justice commitment to project safe childhood : while


tuesday, dec. 4, 2012 order of importance : study finds prioritizing rather than canvassing entire plant genome may lead to improved crops manhattan - - a new study may help scientists produce better climate - resistant corn and other food production plants by putting a spin on the notion that we are what we eat. kansas state university geneticists and colleagues found that by applying a genetic - analysis method used to study and prioritize the genes in humans, it improved the likelihood of finding critical genes in food production plants. these genes control quantitate traits in plants, such as how the plants grow and when they flower. additionally, this method can be used to study how food production plants respond to drought, heat and other factors - - giving scientists a greater chance at improving crops ' resistances to harsh weather and environments. " right now we know most of the genes that make up several of these food production plants, but finding the right genes to increase food yield or heat tolerance is like finding a needle in a haystack, " said jianming yu, associate professor of agronomy at kansas state university and the study ' s senior author. yu made the finding with xianran li and chengsong zhu, both agronomy research associates at kansas state university ; patrick schnable, baker professor of agronomy at iowa state university, and colleagues at cornell university ; the cold spring harbor laboratory ; the university of minnesota ; and the u. s. department of agriculture - agricultural research service. their study, " genic and non - genic contributions to natural variation of quantitative traits in maize, " was recently published in the journal genome research. the national science foundation funded the research. for the study, researchers looked at the sequenced genome of corn. a genome is the genetic blueprint of an organism and contains all of the dna and genes that give the organism its traits, like height and color. staple food crops like corn, wheat, barley and oats have comparable and sometimes larger, more complex genomes than humans and mammals. that poses a challenge for scientists attempting to modify the plant and improve aspects like production and heat tolerance. " like humans, plants have complex traits and complex diseases, " said li, the study ' s first author. " in plants, those are things like drought tolerance and grain yield. sometimes one specific gene can make a big change. frequently, though, it involves multiple genes. each gene has a small, modest effect on the trait and many genes are involved. this makes it really difficult to


things like drought tolerance and grain yield. sometimes one specific gene can make a big change. frequently, though, it involves multiple genes. each gene has a small, modest effect on the trait and many genes are involved. this makes it really difficult to study. " historically, scientists have analyzed an isolated region of a plant genome - - often taking a trial - and - error approach at finding what genes control what traits. instead, researchers approached the corn genome with a relatively new analysis method that is used to study the genome of humans. the method, called genome - wide associate studies - - or gwas - - searches the entire genome for small, frequent variations that may influence the risk of a certain disease. this helps researchers pinpoint genes that are potentially problematic and may be the key in abnormal traits and diseases. " conducting routine, full - scale, genome - wide studies in crop plants remains challenging due to cost and genome complexity, " said schnable, the other senior author. " what we tried to get out of this study is a broad view of which regions of crop genomes should be examined in detail. " using the gwas method for multiple analyses and complementary methods in identifying genetic variants, researchers were able to find that, on average, 79 percent of detectable genetic signals are concentrated at previously defined genes and their promoter regions. according to yu, the percentage is a significant increase compared to looking at the gene regions alone. " we used to think that genes are the only search priority and there were just many other less important or useless dna sequences, " yu said. " but now we are starting to see that these other regions harbor some important genetic codes in them. canvassing without prioritizing can be cost prohibitive, however, and efficient gwas in crops with complex genomes still need to be carried out by taking advantage of a combination of genome technologies available. "


the french could get a magnificent light show for bastille day this weekend thanks to a geomagnetic storm due to hit earth on saturday, a u. s. government scientist said. the storm can generate auroras : waving, colorful lights that appear in the sky. joe kunches, a space scientist for the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, said the auroras may be seen along the u. s. - canada border and in northern europe on saturday night. they are common farther north, like the northern lights, but magnetic storms like this one can make them appear in lower latitudes, he said. " the auroras are probably going to be more bright and more equator - ward, " kunches said. robert leamon, a heliophysics scientist at nasa headquarters, said the most notable lights will appear on the night side of the earth when the storm arrives. " it might last into saturday so you see something in the u. s. or europe, but if you lived in siberia, say, you ' d probably get the best showing, " he said. according to noaa ' s scale for geomagnetic storms, the storm heading for earth - - rated low, at a g1 or g2 on a scale of one to five - - could be mildly problematic for high - latitude power systems or high - frequency radios. leamon said some personal global positioning system devices, such as his running watch, might be a little slow or briefly lose connections. kunches explained that the burst of energy heading for earth is called a coronal mass ejection, which means that some of the outer layer of the sun - - called the corona - - was blown off by thursday ' s solar flare. " the corona got blown off. it ' s like the roof got blown off the house because you were having a great party or something, " he said.


stink moody, younger brother of judy, hops into the spotlight with a common problem — and one that ’ s a bit more unusual. stink would like to advance in his swimming lessons, but he ’ s afraid to put his face underwater and seems doomed to remain a polliwog forever. fortunately, he ’ s distracted from that issue by the sudden appearance around town — in some surprising places — of a whole lot of real frogs, a few of which are deformed. these frogs give mcdonald the opportunity to offer a little information, through the voice of a nature - center guide, on how adverse environmental conditions can influence frog development. stink memorizes a variety of frog sounds, enabling him to participate in a frog count at a local pond. somehow, he becomes convinced that he ’ s turning into a frog himself, but that might just make it possible for him to swim underwater. brief, cheery, oversized text and lot of cartoonish black - and - white illustrations ( only some of which were available for review ) make this a good choice for newly independent readers. a minor issue is that the text informs readers that it is early spring ; even in virginia, that ’ s a little early for stink to be taking swimming lessons in an outdoor pool, as indicated in the illustrations. young readers with a fondness for amphibians will jump all over this one. ( fiction. 6 - 8 )


for people older than 60, the vaccine zostavax was licensed by the fda in 2006 to prevent shingles. shingles is a disease caused by the varicella - zoster virus, the same virus that causes chicken pox. after an attack of chicken pox, the virus lies dormant in certain nerve tissue. as people age, it is possible for the virus to reappear in the form of shingles, which is estimated to affect two in every 10 people in their lifetime. shingles is characterized by clusters of blisters, which develop on one side of the body. the blisters can cause severe pain that may last for weeks, months or years after the virus reappears. studies showed that the vaccine reduced the occurrence of shingles between 50 and 64 percent. meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( mcv4 ) should be given to all children at their 11 - to 12 - year - old doctor visit, as well as to unvaccinated adolescents when they enter high school ( age 15 ) and unvaccinated college freshman living in dormitories. get checked and screened checkups and screening tests help find diseases or health problems early, when they ' re easier to treat and cure. " your doctor can help you decide which health screenings you should get and how often, " says ms. trinite. if you have a chronic condition, follow your health care provider ' s recommendations for regular checkups and screening exams ; they are more important if you have a chronic condition. ask your health care provider if your screenings are up - to - date for blood pressure ; cholesterol ; diabetes ; osteoporosis ; and skin, breast, colorectal, cervical and prostate cancers. the ahrq has a list of recommended screening tests for men and women. healthy adults also should see a dentist once or twice a year and an eye doctor every one to three years. adults with dental disease or chronic conditions, or those at high risk for specific diseases should get more frequent exams, as recommended by their provider. for the best preventive care, you also should talk with your provider openly regarding your health concerns.


tue september 18, 2012 did jesus have a wife? newly discovered ancient text reignites debate originally published on wed september 19, 2012 8 : 30 am an ancient piece of text is reviving an equally ancient debate : was jesus christ married? of course, most christians believe that he wasn ' t. but today, harvard professor of divinity karen king presented a scrap of papyrus that dates back to the fourth century. she told a gathering of scholars in rome that written in coptic was this surprising sentence : " jesus said to them, ' my wife... ' " " christian tradition has long held that jesus was not married, even though no reliable historical evidence exists to support that claim, " king said in a press release. " this new gospel doesn ' t prove that jesus was married, but it tells us that the whole question only came up as part of vociferous debates about sexuality and marriage. from the very beginning, christians disagreed about whether it was better not to marry, but it was over a century after jesus ' death before they began appealing to jesus ' marital status to support their positions. " king adds that this new gospel also tells us that some early christians believed that jesus was indeed married. the new york times reports that the provenance of the fragment is not known because the owner asked to remain anonymous. still, the times reports, this ancient debate is relevant today : " even with many questions unsettled, the discovery could reignite the debate over whether jesus was married, whether mary magdalene was his wife and whether he had a female disciple. these debates date to the early centuries of christianity, scholars say. but they are relevant today, when global christianity is roiling over the place of women in ministry and the boundaries of marriage. " the discussion is particularly animated in the roman catholic church, where despite calls for change, the vatican has reiterated the teaching that the priesthood cannot be opened to women and married men because of the model set by jesus. " the washington post reports that in her announcement in rome, king said that the vatican had not yet responded to her findings. harvard quotes two independent experts who believe the 3 - inch fragment is authentic, both after examining the papyrus and the writing and after examining the language and grammar. king and annemarie luijendijk, an associate professor of religion at princeton university, will present their hypothesis in the january 2013 issue of harvard theological review journal. harvard has posted images of both sides of the fragment along with a line - by - line transcription and translation. king points


hands on leadership like great coaching, great leadership is hands on. ( photo istock ) like great coaching, great leadership is hands on. ( photo istock ) featured in leadership to paraphrase convicted felon martha stewart, micromanaging is a bad thing. the dictionary confirms that. micromanage ( noun, origin : 1985 - 1990 ) means to direct or control in a detailed, often meddlesome manner. that doesn ’ t sound nice - - or empowering. and empowering is a good thing. just ask all the leadership gurus and the ubiquitous self - help movement. i don ’ t want to be a spoil sport here, but maybe the pendulum has swung too far in the opposite direction of micromanaging. the german philosopher, arthur schopenhauer, who ’ s been dead a long time, wasn ’ t very good looking or a star athlete - - and still has his own wikipedia page - - thought that happened a lot : ″ opinion is like a pendulum and obeys the same law. if it goes past the centre of gravity on one side, it must go a like distance on the other ; and it is only after a certain time that it finds the true point at which it can remain at rest. ″ the fear of micromanaging has driven the pendulum too far to under - managing. we need to find a middle ground, because as i wrote in anemic leadership, there ’ s an epidemic of under - management with disastrous consequences. moreover, a lot of the empowerment that ’ s supposed to come from hands - off management isn ’ t real. are we really empowering officers and staff by giving them responsibilities without sufficient direction? here are a couple of case studies that demonstrate the difference between micro - managing and under - managing. - case one : the officer must check with the patrol sergeant every step of the way before making basic decisions or taking simple actions. is this micro - management? not necessarily. if the officer is unable to make basic decisions or take simple actions on his own, it may just as likely be because the patrol sergeant has under - managed by not preparing the officer to do so. someone has to tell officers, " if a happens, do b. if c happens, do d. if e happens, do f. " officers need to be told what to do and at least one good way to do it. - case two : an officer messes up and the patrol sergeant swoops in to solve the problem, cleans up the mess, and


f. " officers need to be told what to do and at least one good way to do it. - case two : an officer messes up and the patrol sergeant swoops in to solve the problem, cleans up the mess, and gets things back on track. micromanagement? no. the patrol sergeant is doing no managing. instead, the sergeant has taken over the role of the officer and is doing the task firsthand. it ’ s okay to be the boss as long as you ’ re a great boss. great bosses aren ’ t ″ hands off. ″ how can we expect officers and staff to be engaged ( another leadership term currently in vogue ) if their bosses aren ’ t engaged? great bosses are engaged - - with their officers and staff, with the work being done and the work yet to be done. the cure for anemic leadership ( aka under - managing ) is being “ hands on. ” if you ’ re a real leader, people are counting on you to help them succeed - - and not by giving them responsibilities with no directions. what does a great, engaged, ″ hands on ″ boss do? bruce tulgan provided a working model in his book it ’ s okay to be the boss : the step - by - step to becoming the manager your employees need. an engaged, hands on boss : - is highly knowledgeable about the officers she supervises and the work they do ; - is up - to - speed on the key details of their tasks and responsibilities ; - monitors changes in each officer ’ s workload, pace, challenges and corresponding needs ; - knows when to increase guidance and when to back off ; - knows when to increase pressure and when to take it off ; and - knows enough about each officer to set ambitious goals and deadlines, troubleshoot, bring in additional resources or change direction. schedule and carry out regular meetings with every officer. ideally, these would be brief, daily sessions. at the least, they should be weekly. every conversation will be different but here ’ s a guide : - review progress from the last meeting. - ask for updates and a report on the officer ’ s progress on each item. - give feedback on the officer ’ s progress. - give guidance such as goals, deadlines and parameters. - if needed, remind the officer about sops and performance requirements. - if merited, give special recognition or rewards. - ask for questions or clarifications - ask if the officer understands. you may not like this, but


parameters. - if needed, remind the officer about sops and performance requirements. - if merited, give special recognition or rewards. - ask for questions or clarifications - ask if the officer understands. you may not like this, but being the boss isn ’ t about being happy and having fun ; it ’ s about leading. law enforcement supervisors are particularly well - versed in this discipline from their experience maintaining field notes. unlike field notes, focus on performance - - not personal observations. written notes help the engaged, hands - on supervisor to clarify expectations and create an added source of accountability. they serve as documentation in the case of disputes. and they support your championing and rewarding success or dealing with failure. it ’ s even better to be a powerful boss many bosses want to be seen as a good guy. you ’ re not being a good guy by refusing to acknowledge your authority and accepting the responsibility that goes with it. failing to provide clear, focused leadership isn ’ t being a good guy - - it ’ s taking the easy way out. easy, that is, until you find yourself spending time solving problems that could ’ ve been avoided by leading up front. in the words of bruce tulgan, ″ be a real good guy : be powerful. provide direction, guidance and support. help each person call forth his / her greatness. hold every person accountable. do more for people … one person at a time, one day at a time. ″


life science : session 3 sex cell production what are sex cells? sex cells, or gametes, are unique to organisms that reproduce sexually. in animals and plants ( fungi are somewhat different in this regard ) there are two types of sex cells : male and female. the male sex cells are sperm, while the female sex cells are eggs. sex cells are formed from special body cells that are typically located in sex organs. in most animals, sperm are formed in the testes of males, and eggs are formed in the ovaries of females. sex cells contain only half of the hereditary material present in the body cells that form them. this is important because male and female sex cells ultimately join to become a fertilized egg, which gives rise to a new organism, or offspring. in order for the offspring to resemble its parents, its first cell must receive the entire genome from its two parents. for humans, we know there are 46 chromosomes in body cells existing as 23 pairs. a fertilized egg must therefore contain this same number and arrangement. in an elegant process called meiosis, each sex cell receives one member of each chromosome pair — 23 total. when sperm fertilizes egg, these singles unite to reform pairs, with half the genome coming from each parent. with a few exceptions, this pattern holds true for all sexually reproducing organisms. how are sex cells produced? sex cells are produced from special body cells that contain the entire genome. the process by which the genome is halved is very precise — it ’ s not just a matter of randomly dividing the chromosomes into two sets. the process involves two cell divisions. before the first occurs, all of the chromosomes are duplicated just as they are in body cell reproduction, but what happens next is different : the two duplicated strands remain attached to each other as the members of each chromosome pair move alongside each other. during the cell division that follows, only one member of each pair is transferred to each daughter cell — this is where the number of chromosomes is halved. the two strands of each chromosome are then separated during the second cell division, still maintaining half the number that existed in the parent cell. this results in four daughter cells — sperm or egg — that contain one member of each chromosome pair. this process is called meiosis. what is the role of sex cell production in an animal life cycle? sex cell production ensures that the genome is maintained between parent and offspring generations. occasionally, this process goes awry with chromosome pairs not lining up or not separating


is called meiosis. what is the role of sex cell production in an animal life cycle? sex cell production ensures that the genome is maintained between parent and offspring generations. occasionally, this process goes awry with chromosome pairs not lining up or not separating. the consequences are almost always harmful, and frequently lethal to potential offspring. a successful animal life cycle therefore depends on successful sex cell production. there is another consequence to sex cell production that has a profound impact on the populations involved. unlike body cell production, where the daughter cells are identical to parent cells, fertilized eggs result from genetic material from two different parents. furthermore, each of these parents is only able to pass on half of its genome. the mixing and matching of half sets of chromosomes results in the astounding diversity we see in the living world. for example, we can see “ parts ” of both our parents when we look in the mirror. similarly, a litter of puppies will reflect the size and coloration of both parents. the significance of this is explored in session five : variation, adaptation, and natural selection. compare body cell reproduction with sex cell production : | body cell reproduction | | sex cell production | | role in life cycle | | growth and maintenance | | reproduction | | where process occurs | | cells in all parts of body | | sex organs or tissues | | number of cell divisions | | one | | two | | what happens to chromosomes | | all chromosomes line up singly, each chromosome duplicates, the two copies separate, and one copy of each chromosome is distributed to each daughter cell. | | first division : chromosomes duplicate and copies remain attached, chromosome pairs line up alongside each other, the members of each pair separate, one member of each pair goes to each daughter cell. second division : all chromosomes line up singly, the two copies separate, one copy of each chromosome is distributed to each daughter cell. | | number of cells that result | | two | | four | | number of chromosomes in resulting cells | | same number as in parent cell | | half the number as in parent cell | | significance | | genome is maintained ; all information is passed along | | genome is halved ; will be restored at fertilization | | prev : body cell reproduction | | next : cloning |


asthma - child - discharge what happened in the hospital your child has asthma, which causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow. in the hospital, the doctors and nurses helped your child breathe better. what to expect when you get home most children will still have asthma symptoms after they leave the hospital. - your child ’ s wheezing and coughing may last for up to 5 days. - your child ’ s sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. - you may need to take time off work to care for your child. take charge of your child ’ s asthma at home make sure you know the asthma symptoms to watch out for in your child. see also : signs of an asthma attack you should know how to take your child ’ s peak flow reading and what it means. see also : how to use your peak flow meter - know your child ’ s personal best number. - know your child ’ s peak flow reading that tells you their asthma is getting worse. - know your child ’ s peak flow reading that shows you need to call their doctor. keep the phone number of your child ' s doctor or nurse with you. triggers may make asthma symptoms worse. know which triggers make your child ’ s asthma worse and what to do when this happens. - smells from chemicals and cleaners - grass and weeds - rooms that are moldy or damp see also : stay away from asthma triggers know how to prevent or treat asthma that comes on when your child is active. these things might trigger your child ’ s asthma : - cold or dry air - smoky or polluted air - grass that has just been mowed - starting and stopping an activity too fast. try to make sure your child warms up before being very active and cools down after. understand your child ’ s asthma medicines and how they should be taken. these include : - control medicines that your child takes every day - quick - relief asthma drugs when your child has symptoms keep smoking away from your child no one should smoke in your house. this includes you, your visitors, your child ’ s babysitters, and anyone else who comes to your house. smokers should smoke outside and wear a coat. the coat will keep smoke particles from sticking to their clothes. they should leave the coat outside, or away from the child. ask people who work at your child ’ s day care, preschool, school, and anyone else who takes care of your child, if they smoke. if they do, make sure they smoke away from your child


outside, or away from the child. ask people who work at your child ’ s day care, preschool, school, and anyone else who takes care of your child, if they smoke. if they do, make sure they smoke away from your child. school and asthma children with asthma need a lot of support at school. they may need help from school staff to keep their asthma under control and to be able to do school activities. there should be an asthma action plan at school. the following people should have a copy of the plan : - your child ' s teacher - the school nurse - the school office - gym teachers and coaches your child should be able to take asthma medicines at school when needed. school staff should know what things make your child ’ s asthma worse. these are called " triggers. " your child should be able to go to another location to get away from asthma triggers, if needed. see also : asthma and school when to call the doctor call your doctor or nurse if : - your child is a having a hard time breathing : - your child ’ s chest muscles are pulling in with each breath. - your child is breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute ( when not crying ). - your child is making a grunting noise. - your child is sitting with shoulders hunched over. - your child ’ s skin, nails, gums, or lips are a bluish or grayish color. - the area around your child ’ s eyes is a bluish or grayish color. - your child is very, very tired. - your child is not moving around very much. - your child has a limp or floppy body. - your child ’ s nostrils are flaring out when they are breathing. also call the doctor if your child : - loses their appetite - is irritable - has trouble sleeping guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. rockville, md. national heart, lung, and blood institute, us dept of health and human services ; 2007. nih publications 08 - 4051. lemanske rf jr, mauger dt, sorkness ca, jackson dj, boehmer sj, martinez fd, et al. step - up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids. n engl j med. 2010 mar 18 ; 362 ( 11 ) : 975 - 85. neil k. kaneshiro, md, mha, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed


where in the world... was meriwether lewis? he lewis and clark expedition was a business trip. for more than 300 years european explorers and, lately, american traders, had been steadily pushing the boundaries of the known world outward into the previously unknown. within those new boundaries they found other peoples, which meant new places to sell things, and new goods their own customers at home might like to buy. thus businessmen engaged in trade beyond the boundaries of their own countries began to think globally. accordingly, they needed to be able to identify new places with certainty, and to know a place meant to know its location by the numbers — by its address on the global grid. that is why thomas jefferson instructed lewis : beginning at the mouth of the missouri, you will take observations of latitude & longitude, at all remarkeable points on the river, & especially at the mouths of rivers, at rapids, at islands, and other places & objects distinguished by such natural marks & characters of a durable kind, as that they may with certainty be recognised hereafter. so lewis was given a gigantic task, and he worked at it diligently, looking for answers from the sky, night and day. in 1803, when preparations for the expedition were under way, only a very few locations on their projected route between st. louis and the pacific ocean were known, in the new sense. in 1792 the boston trading - ship captain david gray determined the latitude ( 46 degrees, 39 minutes north ) and longitude of the mouth of the columbia river, as well as points along the lower columbia river, including today ' s portland, oregon. the following year the canadian fur trader david thompson did the same for the mandan villages : 47 degrees and some minutes north latitude ; 101 degrees and some minutes west longitude. the rest of the northwest was, cartographically speaking, afloat somewhere in terrestrial space. the mouth of the river lewis called maria ' s was one of those " remarkable points, " all the more so because of its potential as a trading - post site. he figured it was at 47 degrees, 46 minutes, 50. 2 seconds north, which is about nine miles south of where it " really " was. his error is partly attributable to his assumption that the earth is a perfect sphere, whereas actually there is about a 27 - mile difference between equatorial and polar circumference, and the length of a degree varies correspondingly. amp disappointment, lewis knew, was another point that needed to have its whereabouts defined by


a perfect sphere, whereas actually there is about a 27 - mile difference between equatorial and polar circumference, and the length of a degree varies correspondingly. amp disappointment, lewis knew, was another point that needed to have its whereabouts defined by its latitude and longitude. that, besides the opportunity to rest men and horses, was the reason he took the considerable risk that went with hanging around in blackfeet indian territory for three days. he hoped to find that maria ' s river had its sources north of the treaty boundary of louisiana, which was 49 degrees, 37 minutes north latitude. that, if true, would mean that the louisiana purchase actually gave to the united states some land within the purported boundary of british ownership. cloudy skies prevented him from making all the celestial observations he needed, although he made one which, had he completed the calculations, would have told him he was camped at about 48 degrees, 41 minutes north latitude ( a little over one mile north of the place we have deduced his camp actually was ). one minute at that latitude is roughly equal to 1. 15 miles, so he would have known that he was still about 91 miles south of his target. based on his estimate of the distance he had traveled north of the missouri river, however, and the lay of the land around his camp, lewis was reasonably sure of his approximate location. and that — as disappointing as it was — was all he needed to know. dava sobel, longitude : the true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time ( new york : walker and company, 1995 ). robert e. lange, " meriwether lewis ' s ' camp disappointment ', " we proceeded on, vol. 3, no. 1. - - joseph mussulman ; rev 04 / 2002


special offer : - limited time only! ( the ad below will not display on your printed page ) children this age may appear self - assured, even driven. they are frequently eager for challenges : " i want to be in little league, but i don ' t like the rules - - i just want to see how far i can hit that ball ; i can do piano and dance lessons, draw a picture ; and have friends over... all before lunch. " third graders are feeling their power in some ways : they have expanded vocabulary, life experience, and practice in reading and knowledge of the world. socially, kids widen their friendships and are less critical of each other. boys are extremely dependent on mothers ; girls are more dependent on peers. what your child will learn this is a year when academics click, and socially, kids form " cliques. " a subject your child had difficulty with in the past might become crystal clear this year. at the same time, social problems develop for some kids as classmates form tightly knit, sometimes - exclusionary peer groups. this is the year of note passing and name - calling. the sensitive third grader may come home weeping because children in the playground have teased her. teachers this year focus on independent work and learning multiplication. they ask students not only to learn information, but also to apply it. you ' ll probably see more cooperative learning as well as paired learning - - completing a project with a classmate by comparing answers and rethinking strategies. use of computers will extend to the internet ; class assignments may require finding information on the web. setting firm limits and schedules for your child has never been more important ; third - grade teachers expect homework done independently and on time. it ' s a good idea to schedule homework as well as playtime into your child ' s day. teachers will show students how to... " series of books are great for kids this age. they get excited about reading them because they can become authorities on a certain author ' s books. and they love having a goal - - so completing a whole series of books makes them feel like superstars! " amy ward, teacher, new york city here are some of the most popular and appealing series for third grade ( and advanced second - grade ) readers :


district salt bombay kolaba, a district of the bombay presidency, india, lying between 17° 52 ' and 18° 50 ' n. lat., and between 73° 7 ' and 73° 42 ' e. long. it is bounded on the n. by bombay harbour and thana district, on the e. by poona and shthra, on the s. by ratnhgiri and janjira state, and on the w. by the arabian sea. lying between the s diyadri range and the sea, kolaba district abounds in hills, some being spurs of considerable regularity and height, running at right angles to the main range, whilst others are isolated peaks or lofty detached ridges. the sea frontage, of about 20 miles, is throughout the greater part of its length fringed by a belt of cocoa - nut and betel - nut palms. behind this belt lies a stretch of flat country devoted to rice cultivation. in many places along the banks of the salt - water creeks there are extensive tracts of salt marsh land, some of them reclaimed, some still subject to tidal inundation, and others set apart for the manufacture of salt. the district is traversed by a few small streams. tidal inlets, of which the principal are the nagothna on the north, the rolm. or ghaul in the west, and the bankot creek in the south, run inland for 30 or 40 miles, forming highways for a brisk trade in rice, salt, firewood, and dried fish. near the coast especially, the district is well supplied with reservoirs. the sahyadri range has two remarkable peaks, - paligarli, where sivaji built his capital, and miradongar. there are extensive teak and black wool forests, of which the value is increased by their proximity to bombay. the kolaba teak has been pronounced the best grown in the concan, and inferior only to that of calicut. in 1875 - 76 the forest revenue amounted to £3634. tigers and leopards are found all over the district, and bears on the sahyadri range. hyenas and jackals abound. bison, scitriblutr, and cheetah have been shot, but are very rare. kolaba district, with the exception of alibagh subdivision, formed part of the dominions of the peshwa, annexed by the bombay government in 1818. alibagh laps


cheetah have been shot, but are very rare. kolaba district, with the exception of alibagh subdivision, formed part of the dominions of the peshwa, annexed by the bombay government in 1818. alibagh lapsed to the paramount power in 1839. the population in 1872 was 350, 405 - hindus, 330, 914 ; mohammedans, 17, 194 ; parsis, 25 ; jews, 1940 ; and christians, 208. of the hindus the most important class are the brahmans, who own large gardens and palm groves along the coast. another important class are the bhandaras, or toddy - drawers and cocoa - nut cultivators. the beni - israel ( see vol. xiii. p. 685 ) are chiefly found in the seaboard tracts. a considerable number of them enlist in the native army, and are highly esteemed as soldiers. they also monopolize the work of oil - pressing to so great an extent that they are generally known as oilmen or tc / is. the total area of government cultivable land in 1876 - 77 was returned at 468, 646 acres, of which upwards of 93 per cent. was taken up for cultivation. rice forms the staple produce, and is the chief export of the district. the inferior grains are nachni ( eleusisme coracana ), wari ( paniewin miliaceum ), and harik ( paspabini frumentaceunt ) ; and these form the chief food supply of the people. the estimated value of the exports ( rice, salt, timber, vegetables, and fruit ) is £438, 249 ; of the imports ( grain, piece goods, oil, butter, and sugar ), £170, 816. the local industries are salt manufacture and silk - weaving. the total imperial, local, and municipal revenue in 1876 - 77 was £106, 893, of which £72, 462 was contributed by the land tax. there are seventy - one government or aided schools attended by 3644 pupils. the average annual rainfall is 75 inches. the chief town of the district is alibagh.


an elbow sprain is stretching or tearing of the ligaments that stabilize the elbow. ligaments are strong bands of tissue that cross joints and connect bones to each other. copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. elbow sprains may be caused by : a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease, condition, or injury. risk factors for an elbow sprain : if you felt your elbow dislocate ( or " pop " out of the joint ), tell your doctor right away. the treatment for a dislocation is different than a sprain. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and how you injured your elbow. the doctor will examine your elbow to assess the stability of the joint and the severity of the injury. tests may include : elbow sprains are graded according to their severity. elbow sprains usually occur from accidents that cannot be prevented. american academy of orthopaedic surgeonshttp : / / www. aaos. org american orthopaedic society for sports medicinehttp : / / www. aossm. org / tabs / index. aspx canadian orthopaedic associationhttp : / / www. coa - aco. org / canadian orthopaedic foundationhttp : / / www. canorth. org / american academy of orthopaedic surgeons website. available at : national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases website. available at : sports injuries : basic principles of prevention and care. blackwell scientific publications ; 1993. 10 / 26 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : massey t, derry s, moore r, mcquay h. topical nsaids for acute pain in adults. cochrane database syst rev. the # 1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news! your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit. we could all use some encouragement now and then - we ' re human! explore your destiny as you discover what ' s written in your stars. the latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes. healthy food that tastes delicious too? no kidding. yoga for back pain pets helpyour heart are youmoney smart?


study : healthy pregnant women should exercise pregnant women should be encouraged to engage in low to moderate levels of exercise during their pregnancy even if they did not exercise before, according to a new review of findings on the topic. a exercising mother - to - be should be in good health, however, and she should avoid high - intensity exercises. the research examined evidence from previous studies and concluded that exercise can strengthen and improve overall musculoskeletal and physiologic health as well as pregnancy - related symptoms. for example, the researchers conclude that exercise can ease back pain and other musculoskeletal pain, lower maternal blood pressure, reduce swelling and improve mood — one study of depressed pregnant women found that exercise helped decrease depression, and another study saw that exercise during pregnancy improves self - esteem. recommended exercises include aerobics, resistance training and swimming. according to the authors, the data shows that the pregnant woman ’ s body can compensate for the changes with no harm to the fetus during low - to moderate - intensity exercise. “ it is important to remember that pregnancy is a temporary condition, not a disease, and that the musculoskeletal and physiologic changes that happen are normal in the majority of patients, ” said capt. marlene demaio, research director at the naval medical center in portsmouth, virginia. however, exercise should only be prescribed for healthy patients after they have had an obstetric evaluation, the authors say. in the past, some physicians did not recommend exercise during pregnancy. in fact, as recently as the 1990s, there was concern that exercise could be detrimental to a pregnant woman and her fetus. however, within the last decade many doctors have come to recognize the benefits of exercising while with child. according to the american college of obstetrician 2002 guidelines for exercise during pregnancy, " in the absence of either medical or obstetric complications, 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise a day on most, if not all, days of the week is recommended for pregnant women. " the new review study also specifically looked at the question of whether or not it is safe to start exercise during pregnancy if one has not exercised previously. two reviewed studies showed that women who started exercising under supervision while pregnant were able to improve their fitness " without any alteration in either maternal of fetal well - being, " the authors wrote. the findings " suggest that exercise can be started in a woman who had not been exercising before pregnancy, but that the program must be carefully structured, " they


carbohydrates give us energy. we need energy to do everything we do, whether we think about it or not, like going for a walk, working or sleeping. even when we don ’ t think about it, our body is busy keeping our heart pumping, blood flowing and lungs working. we always need energy. we need even more energy when we are growing, getting well and pumping up. our body ’ s favorite supply of energy comes from carbohydrates. we can get energy from other nutrients like protein and fat, but protein needs to be saved for building our body and keeping it working well. we don ’ t want to get more fat than we need because, if we do, fat gives us saturated fat, a kind of fat that is not healthy. carbohydrate foods are also generally low in fat, depending on how they are prepared and what is added to them at the table. carbohydrates also protect against wasteful breakdown of body protein to supply energy, and carbohydrates also provide flavor and sweetness to foods. the body needs carbohydrates to use fat efficiently. in this lesson, you will learn what carbohydrates are. you will also learn about the different types of sugars that form carbohydrates and the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates. you will learn how much carbohydrates should be eaten in a day. in this lesson, you will learn the following : carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. carbohydrates come from plants. plants use carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun to produce the carbohydrates we eat. most are known as sugars, starches and fiber. sugars and starches give us energy. since dietary fiber is not absorbed by the body, it is not a source of energy. carbohydrates make our food sweet. carbohydrates are classified into three categories : simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber. there are three main kinds of carbohydrates : ( 1 ) simple carbohydrates or simple sugars such as table sugar and the sugar in milk, ( 2 ) complex carbohydrates such as starches and ( 3 ) dietary fiber. simple sugars ( monosaccharides and disaccharides ) : simple sugars are made up of two classes of


in milk, ( 2 ) complex carbohydrates such as starches and ( 3 ) dietary fiber. simple sugars ( monosaccharides and disaccharides ) : simple sugars are made up of two classes of sugars based on their chemical structure. sugars having one molecule or one sugar are called monosaccharides, and sugars made up of two monosaccharides are called disaccharides. both are referred to as simple sugars. monosaccharides is another name for simple sugars or simple carbohydrates. mono means one and saccharide means sugar. glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides. 1. glucose, also called blood sugar or dextrose, is the main monosaccharide in your body. glucose was named after the greek word meaning sweet. 2. fructose, also called levulose, is found in fruit, honey and high - fructose corn syrup. honey is made up of about half fructose and half glucose. high - fructose corn syrup is found in soft drinks, frozen desserts and candies. 3. galactose is not generally found free in nature in large amounts. it combines with glucose to form a double sugar called lactose. lactose is in milk and in other dairy products. lactose is what gives milk its sweet taste. once absorbed into the body, galactose is either changed into glucose or made into a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscle, called glycogen. once the monosaccharides glucose, fructose and galactose are absorbed by way of the small intestine and enter the liver, much of the fructose and galactose is tuned into glucose. disaccharides or double sugars disaccharides is another name for simple sugars or simple carbohydrates. “ di ” means two. disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides combine. three disaccharides common in the diet are maltose, sucrose and lactose. 1. maltose is made when two glucose molecules are combined during the process of starch in grains breaking down during germination. 2. sucrose or table sugar is made up of glucose and fructose. sucrose comes from sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and maple syrup. you might use brown


of starch in grains breaking down during germination. 2. sucrose or table sugar is made up of glucose and fructose. sucrose comes from sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and maple syrup. you might use brown, white or powdered sugars in cooking, eating or adding to beverages. these forms of sugar are based on the degree the sucrose is purified from the plant source. 3. lactose is glucose joined to galactose to form the sugar found in milk and dairy products. some people are not able to digest large amounts of lactose. this can cause intestinal gas, bloating, cramping and discomfort as any unabsorbed lactose is metabolized into acids and gases by bacteria in the large intestine. once absorbed into the body, the majority of these carbohydrates are changed into glucose by the liver. oligosaccharides contain three to ten single - sugar units. oligo means scant. two of nutritional importance include raffinose and stachyose. these are made of monosaccharides but are bonded together in such a way that the digestive enzymes our bodies make cannot break them down. when we eat these carbohydrates in beans and other legumes, the raffinose and stachyose molecules remain undigested as they reach the large intestine. bacteria in the large intestine then break them down producing gas and other byproducts. polysaccharides ( starch and complex carbohydrates ) polysaccharides are composed almost entirely of long strands of only one monosaccharide – glucose. hundreds of glucose units are connected together to form starch. starch and complex carbohydrates are the main terms used for the major digestible polysacccarides in our diet. the storage form for carbohydrates in our body is glycogen. when our body needs glucose, the glycogen stored in the liver is turned into blood glucose. complex carbohydrates : also know as polysaccharides ( poly = many ), these carbohydrates have more than two units of glucose ( sugar ) linked together. polysaccharides are generally not sweet and are not water soluble. starches and dietary fiber are complex carbohydrates. dietary carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body


glucose ( sugar ) linked together. polysaccharides are generally not sweet and are not water soluble. starches and dietary fiber are complex carbohydrates. dietary carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body, including digestion and absorption of other foods. although proteins and fats can be converted into energy, carbohydrates are the body ’ s preferred source of energy. dietary carbohydrates also help in fat metabolism and the formation of nonessential amino acids. in combination with proteins, carbohydrates form substances that are essential to fighting infection, lubricating the joints and maintaining the health and growth of bones, skin, nails, cartilage and tendons. carbohydrates are components of cell membranes, and they function as antibodies. they form part of cell membranes particularly in the brain and the nervous system. as an energy source, one gram of carbohydrate yields four calories. dietary fiber regulates gastrointestinal transit time, and it facilitates efficient elimination. proper elimination reduces abdominal pressures that can cause hemorrhoids and certain types of hernia. appendicitis may be associated with inadequate fiber content in the diet, too. a high - fiber diet reduces the rate of colon and rectal cancers by allowing carcinogens in the food to move more quickly through the intestinal tract. colon cancer might be caused by carcinogens in bile and an increase in anaerobic bacteria, both directly related to high levels of saturated fat and low intake of fiber in the diet. reducing these chronic diseases can be done by dietary means : reduction of saturated fats and an increase in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and legumes. of total caloric intake, 45 % - 65 % should come from carbohydrates. the exact intake in grams will vary, depending on the caloric level of an individual. the estimated average requirement ( ear ) for carbohydrate is 130 grams per day for adults and children based on the glucose needs of the brain. the adequate intake ( ai ) for fiber is 14 grams per 1, 000 calories consumed ( 28 grams for 2, 000 calories ). what counts as 1 ounce - equivalent from the grain group? 1 slice of bread 1 ounce of ready - to - eat cereal 1 / 2 cup of cooked cereal, rice or pasta the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans recommends that we should make at least half of our grains whole grains. to ensure that you


group? 1 slice of bread 1 ounce of ready - to - eat cereal 1 / 2 cup of cooked cereal, rice or pasta the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans recommends that we should make at least half of our grains whole grains. to ensure that you are choosing foods that contain whole grains, choose foods that name one of the following whole - grain ingredients first on the label ' s ingredient list : brown rice whole - grain corn buckwheat whole - grain sorghum bulgur whole - grain triticale millet whole oats oatmeal whole rye quinoa whole wheat rolled oats wild rice use these suggestions to add carbohydrates to your diet : 1. join the breakfast club. choose from many convenient choices such as cereal, english muffins, bagels, waffles, pancakes and toast. choose whole wheat! 2. get cracking. keep a box of crackers or pretzels and some fruit around to curb hunger pangs with carbohydrates. 3. bag it. put dry cereal in a plastic bag and take it along for a quick snack or breakfast on the run. eat it plain or mix it with yogurt or skim milk if kept cold. 4. curl up with a tortilla. toss low - fat cheese on a tortilla and pop it in the microwave for a few seconds. roll it up and dip it in salsa for a healthy, fast snack. or spread a tortilla with low - fat peanut butter and jelly and roll it. 5. satisfy your sweet tooth with tasty carbohydrates. try angel food cake, fig bar cookies, animal crackers and graham crackers. 6. bag up mini - bagels for an energy - rich snack to eat on the run. 7. use whole - grain breads for lunch or snacks. 8. try low - fat granola - type cereals as a topper for fruit - flavored or frozen yogurt. 9. try whole - wheat pasta. see if you know the answers to these questions and write them down : 1. some of the different kinds of sugars end with the same three letters. what are these three letters? 2. list the names of the different kinds of sugars that end with these three letters. 3. if you look at a list of ingredients on a food label, what word ending with these three letters would tell you that that ingredient is sugar? 4. which foods are sources of fructose and


introduction to openbsd networking06 / 13 / 2000 in today ' s internet - centric computing world, networking components are a paramount feature of any system worth its salt. easily falling into that category, openbsd contains strong network code and configuration interfaces which, with a little research and learning, can be put to powerful use. this series of articles aims to illustrate that with practical examples and direct application to real - world situations. in contrast to its sysv counterparts like linux, openbsd has a very different way of controlling network interfaces and setting parameters. other competing systems commonly use menu - based or graphical configuration utilities to make the administrator ' s life easier. openbsd chooses to stray from this, instead focusing their efforts on the functionality and correctness of its networking components. the example being used here is the setup of a gateway machine with one ppp interface and one ethernet interface. the first thing you ' ll want to do when configuring an openbsd machine to participate on a network is set basic parameters on the network interfaces. first, using an ethernet interface ( in this case a sun workstation ) called le0 : # ifconfig le0 192. 168. 0. 1 up netmask 255. 255. 255. 0 a breakdown of this syntax : ifconfig - interface config utility le0 - the network interface in question 192. 168. 0. 1 - the interface ' s ip address up - whether to raise the interface ( up ) or drop it ( down ) netmask 255. 255. 255. 0 - the interface ' s netmask to display the results of this, issue the command : # ifconfig - a this will display all network interface configuration / status information. once interface parameters have been set, the system stores them automatically. some other parameters such as static default routes and interface ip addresses can be stored in / etc / hostname. interface respictively in a simple format : # / etc / mygate 22. 214. 171. 124 # / etc / hostname. ep0 inet 126. 96. 36. 199 255. 255. 255. 248 none althought ifconfig is the primary tool for interface control and manipulation, checking status is more commonly done using ( network statistics utility ). simply running the command : will produce a list of active tcp connections. running the command : # netstat - i will provide a slightly more usable listing of interface information, which will look roughly like


more commonly done using ( network statistics utility ). simply running the command : will produce a list of active tcp connections. running the command : # netstat - i will provide a slightly more usable listing of interface information, which will look roughly like : this shows the network statistics both for the overall interface and with openbsd. org, with which it has been in frequent communication. it is interesting to note that this method of configuration and network diagnostics differs only very slightly from that of linux and other systems, but their users will primarily set this information using linuxconf, yast, or other point - and - click tools. wan interface control as a truly internetworked operating system, openbsd has the functionality to control your network ' s wan interface ( s ) and act as a router. however, support for things like frame relay and dds is nonexistent and isdn support is very limited. the majority of people using openbsd on a wan implement ppp over an analogue modem. openbsd has stepped up from using the raw pppd ( point to point protocol daemon ) to control ppp, having developed a userland interface called simply ppp. the ppp utility is controlled by the file / etc / ppp / ppp. conf. some examples : default : # the default section of ppp. conf contains # some simple global options. set log phase chat lcp ipcp ccp tun command set device / dev / tty00 # tells ppp the modem is connected to tty00 ( com1 ) set speed 38400 # modem ' s maximum connection baud is 38400 myisp : # this section contains values specific # to the connection you ' re using. set phone 96724222 # dial 96724222 to connect. set login set authname myusername set authkey mypassword # login using pap / chap as myusername / mypassword add default hisaddr # set the upstream machine as the defaultroute with this configuration in place, invoking ppp to dial is as simple as running : # ppp - ddial myisp pages : 1, 2


browser does not support script. skip to main content find out how we produce our information | men who have symptoms will usually begin by seeing their gp. they will examine you and ask you about your general health. the first tests for diagnosing cancer of the prostate are a digital rectal examination ( dre ) and a psa blood test. the rectum ( back passage ) is close to the prostate gland, so your doctor can feel for any abnormalities in the prostate by inserting a gloved finger into the rectum. this may be uncomfortable but should not be painful. if cancer is present in the prostate gland it may feel hard and knobbly, whereas with benign prostatic hyperplasia ( bph - see symptoms | ) it ' s usually enlarged, firm and smooth. however, often the prostate may feel normal, even when cancer cells are present. a sample of blood is taken to check for psa ( prostate - specific antigen ). psa is a protein produced by the prostate and a small amount is normally found in the blood. men with cancer of the prostate tend to have more psa in their blood. however, the psa test | is not always reliable and some men who have prostate cancer will have a normal psa. the psa level can also be raised by : the psa level will also get higher as men get older. psa levels higher than this could be due to a prostate cancer and a biopsy may be recommended. men with levels of 5 ng / ml or above are usually referred for further tests |. as a general rule, the higher the level of psa the more likely it is to be cancer. in most men with advanced prostate cancer the psa level will be raised. once the cancer has been treated, the level of psa will fall. measuring psa levels can, therefore, be a helpful way of assessing the cancer and the effectiveness of treatment. the following tests can be used to help diagnose cancer of the prostate, but you may not need to have all of them. the advantages and disadvantages of each method should be explained to you before you agree to any of them. your doctor will be able to tell you how and when you will get the results. ultrasound scans use sound waves to build up a picture of part of the inside of the body. to scan the prostate gland, a small probe is passed into the back passage and an image of the prostate appears on a screen. this type of scan is used to measure the size and density of


a picture of part of the inside of the body. to scan the prostate gland, a small probe is passed into the back passage and an image of the prostate appears on a screen. this type of scan is used to measure the size and density of the prostate. a sample of cells ( biopsy ) can be taken at the same time for examination under the microscope by a pathologist ( see below ). the scan may be uncomfortable but it only takes a few minutes. if the initial tests ( rectal examination, psa or ultrasound ) show that there is a possibility of cancer, you may be offered a biopsy, in which several samples of tissue ( usually around 10 ) are taken from the prostate to be looked at under a microscope. the biopsy is normally done at the same time as the ultrasound. a needle is passed through the wall of the back passage ( rectum ) and into the prostate. this test is often uncomfortable, and can sometimes be painful. you may be given a local anaesthetic to reduce the discomfort, and antibiotics are given to reduce the risk of infection. in the 24 hours following this test it is important to drink plenty of fluids. for up to a few weeks you may notice bleeding when passing water, opening your bowels or in your semen after sex. this is quite normal. unfortunately, even if there is cancer in the prostate it may not be found by biopsy. this will happen in approximately 1 in 10 - 20 men tested ( 5 – 10 % ). if a biopsy is negative it may need to be repeated ( this may detect a cancer that was missed first time ). sometimes the psa may be measured again after a few months and the biopsy repeated if the psa level starts to rise. we have information about further tests for prostate cancer |. if you have previously been diagnosed with early or locally advanced prostate cancer you may be attending the hospital or your gp for regular check - ups and blood tests. if you develop new symptoms, you will have tests | to see if the cancer has spread. these will usually include a psa test and a bone scan. other tests will depend on your symptoms. some men are found to have prostate cancer after being investigated for bone pain. if you have bone pain but no other symptoms, your gp may first arrange for you to have an x - ray or scan of the painful area. this may be an x - ray, isotope bone scan, ct scan or mri scan. if these suggest a secondary cancer in the bones |


is it a recession or a contraction? confused by math? tess vigeland : so here ' s a phrase you probably heard this week : double dip. we ' re not talking ice cream cones, of course. what it refers to is the idea that instead of coming out of a recession, we are now heading back into one, a second dip in the economy. but harvard economics professor ken rogoff argues that not only are we not in a double - dip, we were never in a recession to begin with. welcome to the program. ken rogoff : thank you so much tess for having me. vigeland : let ' s talk about the difference between a recession and a cotnraciton. because this is what your article was about and i think a lot of folks would think they ' re the same thing. rogoff : well, a contraction is a much much more severe version of a recession. it ' s accompanied by a financial crash. you have a recession, they last a year, at most two years. and then, once the recovery starts, six months later, you ' re back to where you started. twelve months later, you ' re perhaps back even at trend, you ' ve made up for lost ground. vigeland : and we certainly are not at that point here. rogoff : no, no. we don ' t have to tell anyone we ' re not. but after a deep financial crisis, this doesn ' t happen. it takes years. in fact, post - world war ii, it takes four and a half years, on average, just to get back to where you started with per capita income. and unemployment can drag out for even longer than that. vigeland : so what is it that makes this a contraction? you write that it ' s really all about debt, deleveraging on a global scale, a national scale and on an individual scale, right? rogoff : well, the defining characteristic of a great contraction is the huge overhang of debt. and frankly, one of the things which has wrong - footed forecasters again and again is that they think it ' s an ordinary recession, just a bad one. the way maybe you have, instead of a flu, a bad flu. this is like a pneumonia. and not only is it more severe, but the medicine isn ' t the same. the traditional medicine for recessions doesn ' t work in quite the same way. vigeland : well, let


a bad flu. this is like a pneumonia. and not only is it more severe, but the medicine isn ' t the same. the traditional medicine for recessions doesn ' t work in quite the same way. vigeland : well, let ' s talk then about what the appropriate medicine is. because if you take a look, for example, at the housing situation, what we ' ve had from the government was the first - time home buyer credit for a couple of years. you have had a few programs that have tried to address the foreclosure problem. what will work? and beyond housing, what else needs to happen? rogoff : well, i think housing is front and center, that ' s really the big build - up and consumer debts been on housing. we had this incredible ebullience, this huge build - up in credit that led to this panic. so i think one of the big question marks that nobody knows the answer to is how far will americans go? how far will consumers go in building up their balance sheets? and it partly depends on when consumers start to calm down and feel like they can afford to be a little bit more extended. vigeland : one of the questions that we ' ve gotten over the last couple of years from folks who do want to deleverage themselves - - a lot of people paying off credit card debt, trying to pay down mortgages - - but then at the same time, they ' re being told that if they don ' t spend money, it ' s gonna hurt the economy. how do they reconcile that? rogoff : well, i think that we need to have people get their finances in order, and that view that we ' ve gotta spend money to help out, that was the first policy approach. we just have to get a shot in the arm, it ' s gonna get running again. that was a wrong diagnosis. this isn ' t a typical recession. it ' s a great contraction, something that has a much longer time frame, slower recovery and you can ' t just wish it away. vigeland : kenneth rogoff is a professor of economics at harvard. thanks so much for coming in. rogoff : my pleasure.


if some information is meant to be kept private, the best means is to keep it well hidden. this is not, of course, always possible. one way around this is to hide the information or message in plain sight, that is, encode it in some way so that even if it is seen, it will be unreadable. the study of such encoding processes is called cryptography4. 1. the name ` ` cryptography ' ' comes from the greek words kryptos ( o ), meaning ` ` hidden ' ' or secret, and graphia ( ), meaning writing. since ancient times, cryptography has been a part of military and governmental communications. more recently it has become part of nearly everyone ' s life because of the internet, electronic banking, and so on. the usual jargon is as follows : the message you want to hide is called the plaintext, and the act of encoding it is called encryption or enciphering. the encoded plaintext is called the crypttext or the ciphertext, and the act of decoding it is called decryption or deciphering ( or ` ` cracking the code ' ', if the decoder wasn ' t the intended reader ). usually, an encryption system ( also called a cipher ) has an auxiliary piece of information called the key needed for the encoding and decoding process. mathematically, we can represent the encryption process as apparently neutral ' s protest is thoroughly discounted and ignored. isman hard hit. blockade issue affects pretext for embargo on byproducts, ejecting suets and vegetable oils. one finds a rather different message, namely pershing sails from ny june i. steganography is often used to augment cryptography, and is also related to ` ` digital watermarking ' '. we will not be considering steganography here.