reston, va. — for the first time, u. s. geological survey scientists have mapped long - term average evapotranspiration rates across the continental united states – a crucial tool for water managers and planners because of the huge role evapotranspiration plays in water availability. why are evapotranspiration rates so important to know? it ' s because the amount of water available for people and ecosystems is the amount of annual precipitation – that is, snow or rain – minus the amount of annual evapotranspiration. evapotranspiration itself is the amount of water lost to the atmosphere from the ground surface. much of this loss is the result of the " transpiration " of water by plants, which is the plant equivalent of breathing. just as people release water vapor when they breathe, plants do too. " since evapotranspiration consumes more than half of the precipitation that happens every year, knowing the evapotranspiration rates in different regions of the country is a solid leap forward in enabling water managers and policy makers to know how much water is available for use in their specific region, " said bill werkheiser, associate director for water at the usgs. " just as importantly, " he added, " this knowledge will help them better plan for the water availability challenges that will occur as our climate changes since transpiration rates vary widely depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, soil type, and wind. " in spite of its importance, evapotranspiration has been difficult to measure accurately on a regional or continental scale. to produce these maps, usgs scientists ward sanford and david selnick examined landsat satellite imagery for climate and land - cover data from 1971 to 2000 and streamflow data for more than 800 watersheds for the same time period. this information allowed them to generate a mathematical equation that can be used to more precisely estimate long - term evapotranspiration at any location in the continental united states. " the map of the long - term average annual evapotranspiration rates for different areas should be immensely helpful for ensuring the long - term, sustainable use of water in different regions, especially since forecasted climate change will, in many places, change the amount of precipitation and evapotranspiration that occurs, " sanford said. " this tool, for example, allows water managers to quantify surface water runoff to reservoirs or water recharge to aquifers.


many places, change the amount of precipitation and evapotranspiration that occurs, " sanford said. " this tool, for example, allows water managers to quantify surface water runoff to reservoirs or water recharge to aquifers. it will also enable natural resource planners to understand the water needed for healthy - functioning ecosystems. " one interesting finding illustrated in the maps is that in certain regions of the united states, such as the high plains and the central valley of california, evapotranspiration exceeds the amount of precipitation because water is imported from other regions. the map also shows that the pacific northwest has many areas with low evapotranspiration to precipitation rates because of the area ’ s very high rainfall and low - to - moderate temperatures. in contrast, counties in the arid southwest have evapotranspiration rates that usually exceed 80 percent of precipitation. the research was published this week in the journal of the american water resources association. to read the article and see the maps, click here. denton, texas - residents and business owners in haltom city, texas can now enjoy a reduction in flood insurance premiums because of the city ' s active participation in the national flood insurance program ' s ( nfip ) community rating system ( crs ). in addition to lower premiums, the crs program helps to reduce the threat of damage due to flooding. language english denton, texas – residents, business and residential renters, and business owners in deer park, texas can now enjoy a 5 to 10 percent reduction in flood insurance premiums because of the city ’ s active participation in the national flood insurance program ’ s ( nfip ) community rating system ( crs ). this means those policyholders who reside in special flood hazard areas ( sfha ) will receive a 10 percent reduction on flood insurance premiums, and policyholders located outside the sfha will enjoy a 5 percent discount. language english new york – survivors with home accessibility needs because of hurricane sandy, especially older adults and people with disabilities, are encouraged to stay in touch with the federal emergency management agency. fema may be able to assist if elevators or electricity are not working properly, even if the structure did not sustain damage. language english trenton, n. j. - - just two weeks remain for hurricane sandy survivors in new jersey to register for potential recovery assistance with the federal emergency management agency. the deadline is friday, march 1 at 10 p. m. local time by phone and at midnight for those who register online.


just two weeks remain for hurricane sandy survivors in new jersey to register for potential recovery assistance with the federal emergency management agency. the deadline is friday, march 1 at 10 p. m. local time by phone and at midnight for those who register online. language english new york – disaster help begins with registering with the federal emergency management agency and the feb. 27 deadline is coming up soon. less than two weeks remain for hurricane sandy survivors to register for help from fema. that ’ s the same deadline for returning the disaster loan application to the u. s. small business administration. language english harrisburg, pa. - - philadelphia county has been added to the public assistance declaration for hurricane sandy recovery in pennsylvania, according to officials from the pennsylvania emergency management agency ( pema ) and the federal emergency management agency ( fema ). this announcement makes categories a - g of the federal public assistance program available to eligible local governments and certain private nonprofit organizations in philadelphia county. language english trenton, n. j. - - disaster recovery centers in new jersey will close for presidents day monday, feb. 18. small business administration disaster loan outreach and business recovery centers also will be closed. the centers will resume normal hours tuesday, feb. 19. language english following is a summary of key federal disaster aid programs that can be made available as needed and warranted under president obama ’ s major disaster declaration issued for mississippi. assistance for affected individuals and families can include as required : language english washington - - the u. s. department of homeland security ' s federal emergency management agency announced that federal disaster aid has been made available to the state of mississippi and ordered federal aid to supplement state, tribal, and local recovery efforts in the area affected by severe storms, tornadoes, and flooding beginning on february 10, 2013, and continuing. the president ' s action makes federal funding available to affected individuals in forrest and lamar counties. language english new york – more than 500 residents from new york city ’ s five boroughs and long island have been hired by fema in the aftermath of hurricane sandy. within the first weeks of the storm, fema deployed nearly 3, 800 reservists from all over the country. these reservists came from every walk of life and professional background. for example, in external affairs, a former tv broadcaster from tennessee may work alongside a retired navy public affairs officer from missouri. language english trenton, n. j. - - the disaster recovery center at boardwalk hall in atlantic city will close thursday, feb. 14, at 7 p. m. state


broadcaster from tennessee may work alongside a retired navy public affairs officer from missouri. language english trenton, n. j. - - the disaster recovery center at boardwalk hall in atlantic city will close thursday, feb. 14, at 7 p. m. state and federal officials have been paying close attention to how many applicants are visiting centers throughout the state. over the past weeks, the number of individuals seeking help at the atlantic city center has dropped, indicating the information needs of survivors in the area have mostly been met. language english trenton, n. j. - - getting free advice on how to repair or rebuild your home to minimize future disaster damage is as easy as visiting your local home improvement store. specialists from the federal emergency management agency will offer their expertise on building techniques that can help protect your home, business or other property. this free service also offers information and publications on topics such as : language english new york – hurricane sandy survivors in new york have until 3 p. m. saturday, feb. 16, 2013, to visit four disaster recovery centers. the state of new york and the federal emergency management agency closely monitor visitor traffic at all new york recovery centers. traffic at the four centers has slowed, indicating the information needs of survivors in those areas have mostly been met. so far, there have been more than 13, 000 visits to the four centers combined. language english new york – following hurricane sandy, the federal emergency management agency has been working to reimburse local governments and some private nonprofits for some of the costs of emergency response, debris removal and for repairing or rebuilding damaged public facilities. so far, nearly $ 608 million in public assistance ( pa ) grant funding from fema has been approved for projects in the 14 new york counties designated for pa disaster assistance. language english


what is hpv? hpv stands for human papillomavirus. there are animal papillomaviruses too, but they cannot infect humans. hpv is a large family composed of species ( groups ) and then types. for instance, there are two major species that contain the 15 types of hpv that cause cancer. one species contains hpv 18 and 45, the most common causes of glandular cancers ; the other species contains hpv 16, 31, 33, 51, 52, 58, the most common causes of squamous cancers. most of the cancers are related to hpv 16 because hpv 16 is the quickest to progress into a cancer, but the other types, given enough time, can also form cancers. there is another species that contains 6 types associated with genital warts including hpv 6, 11, 13, 44, 55, and 74. these types do not cause cancer. when hpv invades the skin cell and stays separate from your human dna, it can change cells into warts and abnormal areas that are not cancer pre - cursors, and it can reproduce making more viruses to infect you or others. when hpv invades the skin cell and inserts itself into your human dna to become part of your human dna, it can no longer reproduce and make more viruses, but it can set off the genes to start the cancer process. how does one get hpv? do i have to have sex to get hpv? what about oral sex? hpv is a human skin - to - human skin contact infection. not fluids, not blood, not saliva, not sperm. hpv that causes hand and feet warts are very different types than the types that cause genital warts or cancer. a hand wart will not give you genital warts. hpv types that cause cancer live in moist, generally dark, places, such as in the soft tissue under your fingernails, and the genitals, anus and mouth. for men who are not circumcised, under the foreskin is the most likely place of infection and cancer. but the penile shaft and the scrotum can be hpv - infected as well. for women, the vulva or outside genital skin, including the labia ( lips ), can be infected with hpv types that cause cancer.


the oyster farm oyster clusters are raised on wires, known as " strings ", submerged into drakes estero. drake ’ s bay oyster company ' s growing area has the finest water quality of any growing area in the state of california, period. these waters contain the only approved growing waters in the state of california. this approved growing area is the only one in the state that is never closed due to potential pathogen spikes following rainfall events. decades of water sampling have proven this is one of the safest shellfish growing waters on the north american continent. a deep - water upwelling just off the coast of drakes bay provides cool, nutrient - rich water year - round to drake ’ s estero. this clean, nutrient - rich water produces what are recognized as some of the finest oysters in the world. in california, drake ’ s bay oyster company is the only commercial oyster producer that performs its own remote seed setting. remote setting allows the company to produce its own oyster seed ( baby oysters ) on site. farm worker moving the day ' s catch to shore. currently, the shellfish species produced in the drake ’ s estero include pacific oysters and manila clams. these shellfish continue to be produced as " singles " and are sold live in - shell as well as shucked and packed in various sized containers. the water temperature of drakes estero is too cold for the non - native oysters to spawn on their own, so they must be seeded by hand, eliminating the risk of unintended invasion. the drakes bay oyster farm produces its own shellfish seed by performing remote setting on - farm. this advanced hatchery technique allows the farm to curtail the purchasing of seed ( small shellfish ) from producers in other waters and thus the risk of introduction of other contaminates and non - native species.


severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) is a serious form of pneumonia, resulting in acute respiratory distress and sometimes death. it is a dramatic example of how quickly world travel can spread a disease. it is also an example of how quickly a networked health system can respond to an emerging threat. this contagious respiratory infection was first described on february 26, 2003. sars was identified as a new disease by who physician dr. carlo urbani. he diagnosed it in a 48 - year - old businessman who had traveled from the guangdong province of china, through hong kong, to hanoi, vietnam. the businessman died from the illness. dr. urbani subsequently died from sars on march 29, 2003 at the age of 46. in the meantime, sars was spreading, and within 6 weeks of its discovery, it had infected thousands of people around the world, including people in asia, australia, europe, africa, and north and south america. schools had closed throughout hong kong and singapore. national economies were affected. the who had identified sars as a global health threat, and issued an unprecedented travel advisory. daily who updates tracked the spread of sars seven days a week. it wasn ’ t clear whether sars would become a global pandemic, or would settle into a less aggressive pattern. the rapid, global public health response helped to stem the spread of the virus, and by june 2003, the epidemic had subsided to the degree that on june 7 the who backed off from its daily reports. nevertheless, even as the number of new cases dwindled, and travel advisories began to be lifted, the sober truth remained : every new case had the potential to spark another outbreak. sars appears to be here to stay, and to have changed the way that the world responds to infectious diseases in the era of widespread international travel. causes and risk factors sars is caused by a new member of the coronavirus family ( the same family that can cause the common cold ). the discovery of these viral particles represents some of the fastest identification of a new organism in history. sars is clearly spread by droplet contact. when someone with sars coughs or sneezes, infected droplets are sprayed into the air. like other coronaviruses, the sars virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours after the droplets have dried. while droplet transmission through close contact was responsible for most of the early cases of sars, evidence began to


live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours after the droplets have dried. while droplet transmission through close contact was responsible for most of the early cases of sars, evidence began to mount that sars might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets had touched. airborne transmission was a real possibility in some cases. live virus had even been found in the stool of people with sars, where it has been shown to live for up to four days. and the virus may be able to live for months or years when the temperature is below freezing. with other coronaviruses, re - infection is common. preliminary reports suggest that this may also be the case with sars. preliminary estimates are that the incubation period is usually between two and ten days, although there have been documented cases where the onset of illness was considerably faster or slower. people with active symptoms of illness are clearly contagious, but it is not known how long contagiousness may begin before symptoms appear or how long contagiousness might linger after the symptoms have disappeared. reports of possible relapse in patients who have been treated and released from the hospital raise concerns about the length of time individuals can harbor the virus. minimizing contact with people with sars minimizes the risk of the disease. this might include minimizing travel to locations where there is an uncontrolled outbreak. where possible, direct contact with people with sars should be avoided until at least 10 days after the fever and other symptoms are gone. the cdc has identified hand hygiene as the cornerstone of sars prevention. this might include hand washing or cleaning hands with an alcohol - based instant hand sanitizer. people should be taught to cover the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing. respiratory secretions should be considered to be infectious, which means no sharing of food, drink, or utensils. commonly touched surfaces can be cleaned with an epa approved disinfectant. in some situations, appropriate masks and goggles may be useful for preventing airborne or droplet spread. gloves might be used in handling potentially infectious secretions. the hallmark symptoms are fever greater than 100. 4 f ( 38. 0 c ) and cough, difficulty breathing, or other respiratory symptoms. symptoms found in more than half of the first 138 patients included ( in the order of how commonly they appeared ) : - chills and shaking - muscle aches less common symptoms include ( also in order ) : these symptoms


, or other respiratory symptoms. symptoms found in more than half of the first 138 patients included ( in the order of how commonly they appeared ) : - chills and shaking - muscle aches less common symptoms include ( also in order ) : these symptoms are generally accompanied by findings on the chest x - ray and on laboratory tests. signs and tests : listening to the chest with a stethoscope ( auscultation ) may reveal abnormal lung sounds. in most people with sars, progressive chest x - ray changes or chest ct changes demonstrate the presence of pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome. much attention was given early in the outbreak to developing a quick, sensitive test for sars. specific tests for the sars virus include the pcr for sars virus, antibody tests to sars ( such as elisa or ifa ), and direct sars virus isolation. all current tests have some limitations. general tests used in the diagnosis of sars might include : - a chest x - ray or chest ct - a cbc ( people with sars tend to have a low white blood cell count ( leukopenia ), a low lymphocyte count ( lymphopenia ), and / or a low platelet count ( thrombocytopenia ). - clotting profiles ( often prolonged clotting ) - blood chemistries ( ldh levels are often elevated. alt and cpk are sometimes elevated. sodium and potassium are sometimes low ). people suspected of having sars should be evaluated immediately by a physician and hospitalized under isolation if they meet the definition of a suspect or probable case. antibiotics are sometimes given in an attempt to treat bacterial causes of atypical pneumonia. antiviral medications have also been used. high doses of steroids have been employed to reduce lung inflammation. in some serious cases, serum from people who have already gotten well from sars ( convalescent serum ) has been given. evidence of general benefit of these treatments has been inconclusive. other supportive care such as supplemental oxygen, chest physiotherapy, or mechanical ventilation is sometimes needed. as the first wave of sars began to subside, the death rate proved to have been about 14 or 15 percent of those diagnosed. in people over age 65 the death rate was higher than 50 percent. many more were sick enough to require mechanical ventilation. and more still were sick enough to require icu care. intensive public health policies are proving to be effective in controlling outbreaks. many nations have stopped


animating with flash keyframes keyframes are the frames that are key to your animation. in frame - by - frame animation, every frame is a keyframe. in tweened animation, only the first and last frames of a tween are keyframes. by creating keyframes, you specify the duration and therefore the speed of an animated sequence. to create a keyframe, select a frame on the timeline and choose insert - - > keyframe. for faster service, right - click ( windows ) or control + click ( mac ) a frame on the timeline and choose insert keyframe from the shortcut menu. you can also press f6. you can change the display of the appearance of frames on the timeline by clicking the frame view button in the upper - right corner of the timeline. this action brings up the frame view pop - up menu. with this menu, you can - set the width of frame cells to tiny, small, normal, medium, or large. - decrease the height of frame cells by choosing short. - turn on or off the tinting of frame sequences. - choose to display a thumbnail of the contents of each frame. if you choose preview, the thumbnail is scaled to fit the timeline frame ; if you choose preview in context, the thumbnail also includes any empty space in the frame. frame after frame after frame if your animation isn ' t a simple motion in an easily definable direction or a change of shape ( or color ), you probably need to use frame - by - frame animation. if you must, you must. some complex animations just have to be created frame by frame. the basic procedure is simple. to create an animation by using the frame - by - frame technique, follow these steps : 1. select a frame in the row of the layer you want to use. the animation starts in that frame. 2. right - click ( windows ) or control + click ( mac ) the frame and choose insert keyframe from the menu. the first frame on a movie ' s timeline is automatically a keyframe, so you don ' t have to create it. 3. create the graphic for the first frame. you can import a graphic, paste a graphic from the clipboard, or use the flash drawing tools. 4. right - click ( windows ) or control + click ( mac ) the next frame and choose insert keyframe again. the next frame on the timeline now has the same graphic as the preceding one. 5. modify the


the flash drawing tools. 4. right - click ( windows ) or control + click ( mac ) the next frame and choose insert keyframe again. the next frame on the timeline now has the same graphic as the preceding one. 5. modify the graphic to create the second frame of the animation. 6. repeat steps 4 and 5 until you ' ve created all the frames you need for your animation. 7. as you work, you can continually check your cool animation by pressing enter to play it back. stillness in the night regular frames cannot contain changes. therefore, if you insert a graphic in the first keyframe, the graphic remains throughout the timeline until it reaches another keyframe with a new graphic. for several reasons, you may need to copy objects over a number of frames. sometimes, you want a still image to sit unmoving for a while on a layer of your animation — as a background image, for example — while your animation moves in front. a background gives context to your animated objects. even animated objects often need to remain on the stage after they ' ve finished moving about. to make this happen, add a new layer for your background or other object. with that layer active, create or paste your object ( or objects ) at the starting frame you choose. then click your chosen ending frame and choose insert - - > frame. flash duplicates your image throughout all intermediate frames. as a shortcut, after you have your object or objects in the starting frame, alt + drag ( windows ) or option + drag ( mac ) the frame along the timeline until you reach the last frame that you want to contain the object. flash copies the contents of the first keyframe through all the frames. if you copy the objects to a keyframe, they remain on the stage until the next keyframe.


| | a - b - c - d | e - f - g - h | i - j - k - l | m - n - o - p | q - r - s - t | u - v - w - x - y - z | black or gray object that reflects the same light intensity whatever the viewing angle or light source angle ( not glossy ). artifacts in images, with a maze shape, due to errors during demosaicing. a metric is a lens or camera sensor image quality performance characteristic selected for analysis on dxomark. there are three metrics for scoring camera sensors ( color depth, dynamic range, low - light iso ), and five metrics for scoring lenses ( resolution, distortion, vignetting, transmission, chromatic aberration ). read more about lens metric definitions and sensor use case definitions ( metrics and use cases are equivalent for sensors ). the mid - light score is the average performance of a lens with a camera body the different focal lengthfor a defined exposure conditions. it is equivalent to the dxomark score except that it is based on mid - lighting conditions ( 5, 000 lux and 1 / 125s exposure time ). mid - light score makes a lot of sense when evaluating lenses with camera used in good lighting conditions : particularly appropriate for medium - format cameras used in studio environments. exposure levels corresponding to medium gray levels on the sensor. function describing the ratio between the amplitude of a pure frequency signal before and after a system as a function of the frequency. megapixel, a million pixels. part of a measured signal which is different from the original signal. in an image, noise is especially visible in uniform areas for a multichannel image, matrix giving the covariance of the noise in the different channels. algorithm aiming to retrieve the part of the signal directly related to the scene random variations of the light perceived by the sensor due to the fact that photons are not emitted at a constant rate, but follow a random process ( see poisson process ). pixel response non - uniformity. noise due to the inhomogeneity of pixels properties on the sensor. also known as dark current noise. part of the noise due to thermally generated free electrons. it is currently considered that thermal noise doubles for an increase of 8° of the ambient temperature. this noise is particularly visible in low - light. action of changing numerical values with respect to a given reference in order to facilitate comparison between, for example, cameras having different sensor resolutions


thermal noise doubles for an increase of 8° of the ambient temperature. this noise is particularly visible in low - light. action of changing numerical values with respect to a given reference in order to facilitate comparison between, for example, cameras having different sensor resolutions or sizes. results obtained after several mathematical transformations, used to easily compare systems with different characteristics, as camera resolution, pixel pitch, etc. axis of symmetry of an optical system, usually set at the center of the picture. an exposure that is too important, resulting in burnt highlights. the term " peak score " is not used anymore on dxomark. ranking used to be provided using this peak score ; now ranking is provided using the dxomark score. former definition of peak score ( now renamed as mid - light score and shown in the lens measurement page ) : the peak score is the performance of a lens ( with a camera body ) for its best focal length and aperture combination. therefore, it does not show how the lens behaves over its entire focal range. other lens scores, such as use case and optical metric scores, report average performances over the whole focal length and aperture ranges. also, the peak score is measured for defined exposure conditions corresponding to typical studio photography with 5, 000 lux illumination and an exposure time of 1 / 125s. photography using traditional film composed of chemical components and silver ions. the elemental particle of light. it has a zero mass, travels at light speed, and is characterized by its wavelength. part of a sensor that receives photons. each photosite corresponds to a pixel at the end of image processing. picture element, the smallest element of a digital image. width of a pixel on a sensor, expressed usually in µm. a pixel ( or photosite ) whose response to light is very different from the mean response of the other pixels on the sensor. they produce small but very visible artifacts on an image. stochastic ( or random ) process modeling queuing phenomena. it is a good model of photons arrival on a sensor. taking close - up photos of people, generally in a controlled environment ( such as a studio ). the portrait score is defined as the color depth performance and its unit is a number of bits. a color depth of 22bits is excellent, differences below 1 bit are barely noticeable. this score is named " portrait " because generally what matters most when shooting portraits is to aim for the richest color rendition. read more about portrait score. dispersion of light : different wavelengths are refracted with


radio - collaring elephants in namibia with keith leggett keith leggett radio - collars enormous elephants in the namibian desert to find out where they range and roam - and gets help from a bbc film crew. attaching a radio - collar to a 5 - ton animal is no easy task. especially if that animal, say, an elephant, has no interest in cooperating and does not necessarily turn up where you expect it to. this is keith leggett ' s challenge as a researcher with the northwestern namibia desert - dwelling elephant and giraffe project in namibia, africa. with the help of earthwatch volunteers since 2002, leggett has been radio - collaring and tracking these enormous pachyderms in the namibian desert to find out more about their home ranges and travel routes. why? these elephants don ' t make very good neighbors - they drink upwards of 30 gallons of water per day, even in the dry season when water is scarce, and are extremely destructive eaters, pushing down and trampling trees and anything in their paths. not surprisingly, elephants and people in this area have trouble coexisting. but, namibian elephants are of great interest to tourists, and this may be the key to their salvation in this country that has been described as the land that god created in anger. probably a pretty fair description of the environment, says leggett. understanding the routines and ecology of elephants is the first step in helping them coexist with humans. last february, leggett got the chance to capture and collar an elephant in front of bbc cameras. this is his report on how it went : " i went up to the bush two days before the collaring was due and met the bbc team and enjoyed them straight off. we found the mature bull ( wkm - 14 ) but the younger bull was nowhere to be seen. after searching for two days and not finding the younger bull it was decided to go with the older mature male. everyone had arrived in camp by the morning of the proposed collaring so we went straight out to collar the bull. the collaring was absolutely textbook, couldn ' t think of a more perfect one. the collar went straight under the bull without any hassles, the bull fell in an open area and he responded perfectly to the drugs... perfect! " on top of all that he moved straight into the floodplains of the hoanib river, a move none of the previously collared elephants had undertaken. it will be very interesting


and he responded perfectly to the drugs... perfect! " on top of all that he moved straight into the floodplains of the hoanib river, a move none of the previously collared elephants had undertaken. it will be very interesting to see his movements when he comes into musth especially in response to the other dominant bull in the area. " the film crew themselves were great fun, the only drawback was doing some takes 3 or 4 times... don ' t know how actors do it. i simply don ' t have the patience for it. though they were very good when we were doing the collaring and stayed in the background and out of the way. mind you it will probably work out to be about 2 minutes of airtime, but at least i have another collar. " in the last three years of leading earthwatch volunteers into the namibian desert, leggett has tracked, observed, and collared numerous elephants, and sends our office back emails from his trips, such as this report from may 18, 2005 : " the first night we were in purros, 3 elephants walked straight past camp. it appeared that we were going to have a good trip after all, or so we thought. the next two days was spent in the fruitless search for elephants... not another hide nor hair was observed... it was decided to head to the hoanib river. " the first we observed on arriving in the hoanib river was a herd of 5 elephants with one of the cows having a calf of about 3 months of age. he is still totally uncoordinated and lurches from one misadventure to another. the previous calf born in the west was 12 months ago and so a new calf is still a novelty and most of the herd females take turns in guarding and guiding him around. the minders are very vigilant and when the older calf came to play the older animals saw him off... quite amusing at times. the mothers appears to play only a minor role in the overall rearing of the individual, though they are usually doing the nursing though i have seen even other females nurse young periodically. the group takes responsibility for the offspring. " later that day we saw the rest of the herd of 14 so it was hog heaven for 2 days and then the elephants disappeared again. it appears as though they are doing circuits at this time of year wandering between feeding areas. they are always moving never slopping for long in one area


the herd of 14 so it was hog heaven for 2 days and then the elephants disappeared again. it appears as though they are doing circuits at this time of year wandering between feeding areas. they are always moving never slopping for long in one area. " overall, the volunteers were excellent and put up with the vehicle breakdowns, lack of elephants and then the total abundance, then absence again with a resigned tolerance... they were also pretty good fun. the west has dried out significantly and the days were very hot, but the nights were cool. there has been significant grass growth this year with the good rains and the animals are all looking in extremely good shape. springbok, gemsbok and ostrich were abundant and while the elephants have spread pretty thin the rest of the wildlife has collected in feeding aggregations. " after a shower, a shave and some relaxation time, i feel almost human again... " leggett ' s study is one of the first to scientifically document the home range and movements of these massive animals. preliminary findings recently published in african zoology show that elephant movements range from 50 to 625 kilometers ( 31 to 388 miles ), over a period of up to five months, in response to available water and vegetation. in june, july, and august of 2006, earthwatch teams will help leggett track this animal, as well as up to a dozen others that he has radio - collared. they will also identify individual elephants in the field, using distinguishing tusk characteristics, ear scars, and footprint patterns, and observe their behavior. this information will help conservation agencies better manage namibia ' s unique desert elephants.


anthrax is an infection caused by a biological agent, a bacterium call bacillus anthracis by spores entering through : - broken skin malignant pustules – on exposed area of skin pulmonary anthrax – through inhalation, typical influenza symptoms intestinal anthrax – through ingestion, severe stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea historically horse hair, and has been used in construction, usually as an admixture of plaster, but occasionally on ceilings as an insulant. although regulations to combat anthrax were introduced in 1907, they were virtually ineffectual until the outbreak of the second world war. thus, architects or those involved in refurbishment of historic buildings should be aware that sampling and analysis would be prudent in buildings over 50 years old to establish whether or not there is a problem. bacillus anthracis is in hazard group 3, i. e. it is a biological agent that can cause severe human disease and present a serious hazard to employees ; it may present a risk of spreading to the community but there is usually effective prophylaxis or treatment available. - removal of infected material similar to asbestos removal. - disposal by incineration and the standard followed should be same as clinical waste. - following incineration the residue may be disposed to landfill. - seek expert advice and briefing as follows : - briefing to contractor and all involved on site should cover risk to health, hse involvement, reservoirs, incidence, transmission, occupations, activities, personal hygiene, ms ( b ) 3 carry card on anthrax, cautionary notice, clinical diagnosis, immunisation, legislation, safety procedures, signing permit to work, records, sampling methodology and emergency procedures. 1. hse guidance note eh23, 1979 the occupational zoonoses, 1993 immunisation against infectious diseases chapter 25, joint committee on vaccination and immunisation. doh, hmso publ. isbn 0 11 3215150


piero sraffa ( * 5 august 1898 in turin ; " 3 september 1983 in cambridge, great britain ) was an italian economist. sraffa developed a theory of the production prices. its beginning is that each commodity needs goods in a certain quantity for its production. for each commodity thus an equation can be set up, in which one specifies, which is necessary for their production other goods in which quantities. if this happened for each commodity, i received a set of equations, which indicates, in which relationship the different goods to be exchanged to have. if a commodity of the is, then all prices are given. however the set of equations has still one " degree of freedom ", so that a size of, for instance the wages, must be specified. if one assumes for example the workers must buy a certain warenkorb, so that they can receive their worker ( subsistenzlohn ), then this definition took place. when " remainder size remains " the profit and a profit rate leaves itself also to then calculate, which is the lower, the is specified more highly the wage rate. if the profits are differently expressed fully reinvested into more workers and more means of production or, the multi - product is used each time fully for the extension of the overall economic produktionsumfanges, then the economy with a rate, those grows is just as high as the profit rate ( of the consumption of the entrepreneurs also one foresees ). if the profit rate amounts to about 5 %, then each year 5 % more workers are adjusted and it is produced annually by all 5 % more. with sraffa the profit rate must sink, if the wages rise. the same had already maintained david ricardo. therefore the sraffaschule is called also neoricardianisch. with marx against it both the wages can sink, and the profit rate, if for instance the capital expenditure for means of production increases accordingly strongly. sraffa was also the publisher of the collected works david ricardos. sraffa understood its model as criticism at neoclassical models. its model led to " reswitching " - the debate. according to neoklassik rising wages lead to the fact that the capitalists production engineering select, which needs less work but more means of production such as machines. the capitalists evade thus to the expensive becoming work and select for it techniques, which need for the reconciliation of more means of production. they substitute work through " capital ". sraffa compared different techniques with


more means of production such as machines. the capitalists evade thus to the expensive becoming work and select for it techniques, which need for the reconciliation of more means of production. they substitute work through " capital ". sraffa compared different techniques with one another with different working intensity, especially he regarded, as the profit rates develop with the different techniques, if the wages rise. with all techniques the profit rate will sink, but the sequence of the techniques arranged according to the size of the profit rate can change thereby. perhaps a technology, which exhibits the highest profit rate with low wages, drops back, if the wages rise, can however again the highest profit rate get, if the wages continue to rise. for the capitalists this that they change with rising wages to another technology with higher profit rate, is called continues to rise the wages however, changes it again back ( " reswitching " ), because the old technology exhibits again the highest profit rate now. the fact that this can result under certain circumstances contradicts the neoclassical production theory, which does not plan this case. the neoklassik assumes in its production functions that by the factors of production work and " capital " certain quantities are used. the problem that with the capital stick goods train locomotives and drawing pins cannot be added so easily, is solved by the fact that the prices of the different capital goods are added to a size, so that a capital stick at a value of sound as much billion euro is present. " pure ones in timing are again out - counted thereby on certain procedures. after sraffa this is not permissible. if the trade unions implement for instance a higher wage rate, then this ( under the sraffa acceptance like uniform new profit rate in all industries ) decreases the profit rate and changes all prices of the goods, also the capital goods such as goods train locomotives and drawing pins. the size of the capital stick as sum of the prices of all capital goods depends thus on which wage level is implemented, which contradicts the neoclassical acceptance one " material " given capital stick. profit rate and capital stick can be determined not independently, but only simultaneously. the argument around this problem is called capital controversy. by its criticism to the neoklassik was arranged sraffa as a left economist. its models seemed to offer also a modern mathematical basis for the marxsche economic theory. the marx statements were examined on the basis the sraffa model, were not confirmed in each case. work value teachings thus the model permits the computation of work


. its models seemed to offer also a modern mathematical basis for the marxsche economic theory. the marx statements were examined on the basis the sraffa model, were not confirmed in each case. work value teachings thus the model permits the computation of work values, thus how much work time is directly and indirectly over the vorprodukte in the individual goods in it, which can do same however for each important product as coal or steel are exactly the same carried out. why thus work values, if steel values go exactly the law of the tendentious case of the profit rate also this law was mathematically examined and disproved within the sraffa world. if the subsistenzlohn is given and if an individual capitalist can select a production engineering with smaller employment at workers, for it increased employment at means of production and for itself a higher profit rate to obtain in such a way, then this, if the new technology were generally accepted in the respective industry, leads also overallally economic to ever higher profit rates. marx had maintained the opposite. social democrats originally appointed themselves to marx, came however gradually to a ever more favorable estimate of capitalism, so that also the marxist economic theory was ever more analyzed. keynes had shown ( or seemed to have shown ), as economic crises arise, in addition, by national measures again to be overcome to be able, without having to abolish equal capitalism. it stood thereby between the market fundamentalists on the one hand and for the fundamental opposition marxism on the other hand. a gap in the keynesschen theory formed however the long view. keynes had said " long - term is we all dead " and its conception of " a marginal efficiency of the capital " sinking on a long - term basis reminded suspiciously of the marx law of the tendentious case of the profit rate. from therefore it it met favorably that with sraffa a further was found on the left of economist who can be estimated, its theory in addition suitable seemed themselves, also the long - term crisis and stagnation tendencies, like it the marx theory stated and through keynes yet was not disproved to question with appropriate political consequences ( reformism ). with the sraffa proceeding the komparativ static analysis is to be criticized. different national economies are compared with one another, which use a certain production engineering. if it comes to a technical improvement, then one examines, how a national economy with this new technology behaves. within the sraffa world it is actually trivially that regards national


in this lesson our instructor gives an introduction to conditional loops. first, he discusses while loop, looping over arrays, and array traversal functions. then he talks bout looping over indexed and associative arrays. he also lectures on looping over arrays using list ( ) and each ( ), control structure scope and coding conventions. he ends the lesson with a helpful homework challenge. a while loop is a conditional control structure that executes a statement group repeatedly as long as its specified test condition remains a while loop ’ s test condition ’ s value is compared to truebefore each execution of the loop ’ s statement group. ' looping over arrays ' is a common programming function, and php provides several built - in functions for doing so. they work on the basis of an array cursor, which is a ' marker ' for the ' current ' array element : current ( ) – returns the value of the array element at the current array cursor position key ( ) – returns the key of the array element at the current array cursor position next ( ) – advances the array cursor by one prev ( ) – moves the array cursor back by one reset ( ) – sets the array cursor to the 1st element end ( ) – sets the array cursor to the last element the list ( ) construct and the each ( ) function are also used to loop over arrays. list ( ) is used to assign values to multiple variables at a time from an each ( ) returns key / value information for the current array element in an array and advances the array cursor by one. it returns false if the end of the array is reached. unlike some programming languages, php does not have ‘ block - level ’ scope used with control structures. lecture slides are screen - captured images of important points in the lecture. students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.


editor ’ s note : this is part one of an ongoing series on testing memory. engineers have traditionally characterized floating - gate nand flash memory using dc instruments such as source - measurement units ( smus ) after pulse generators had programmed and / or erased the memory cell. this approach requires some type of switch to apply the dc or pulse signal alternately to the device under test ( dut ). occasionally, oscilloscopes were used to verify pulse fidelity ( pulse width, overshoot, pulse voltage level, rise time, fall time ) at the dut. measuring the pulse is important because the flash memory state is quite sensitive to the pulse voltage level. the use of oscilloscopes was relatively rare, even in research, however, because the required setup for oscilloscope measurements differed from that for the pulse - source / dc - measure approach. even when scopes were used for flash characterization, the complexity of measuring the transient current meant that voltage was the only measurement taken while pulsing. the transition to smaller geometries and multi - bit cells has increased the need for more precise pulse source and measurement for floating - gate nand flash development. recently, new instrumentation options for nvm testing have been developed that make it possible to measure the current and voltage simultaneously with a single instrument while applying pulses to a memory device or material. let ’ s take a closer look at testing technology for two options : phase - change memory ( pcm ) and ferro - electric random - access memory ( fram ). for nearly 20 years, fg nand flash memory technology has been the non - volatile memory ( nvm ) technology of choice for a broad array of consumer products from digital cameras and mp3 players to smartphones and tablet computers. because flash cells are implemented on the foundation of mosfet transistors, they have standard source, gate ( actually, control gate or cg ), drain, and bulk / substrate connections. fowler - nordheim current tunneling through gate oxide and hot carrier injection represent the two standard methods for storing and removing charge from the floating gate ( see figure 1 ). these methods are degradation mechanisms of standard ( non - nvm ) mosfet transistors, which are also responsible for the limited endurance of flash memory. click image to enlarge. figure 1 : diagram of flash memory structure shows the program and erase conditions for fowler - nordheim tunneling. among consumer electronics manufacturers with products that incorporate memory devices, there is growing concern that floating - gate flash


. click image to enlarge. figure 1 : diagram of flash memory structure shows the program and erase conditions for fowler - nordheim tunneling. among consumer electronics manufacturers with products that incorporate memory devices, there is growing concern that floating - gate flash memory may not be able to continue providing higher storage capacities at the ever - lower cost - per - bit requirements that drive the nvm market. research on potential alternatives to replace floating gate flash technology includes pcm, charge trap flash, resistive memory, ferro - electric memory ( fram ), and magneto - resistive memory ( mram ), and samples of each are currently available in the market in some form. the potential of other nvm technologies, including spin - transfer torque mram, floating - body ram, and various types of carbon - nanotube - based memory is also being investigated. phase - change memory pcm cells are made of a chalcogenide alloy, i. e., an alloy with at least one element from the vi group of the periodic table, plus one element each from the v and iv groups. these same types of materials are also widely used in the active layers of rewritable optical media such as cds and dvds. through the application of heat in the form of an electrical pulse ( or a laser pulse in cds / dvds ), pcm cells can be switched rapidly from an ordered crystalline phase ( with low resistance ) to a disordered, amorphous phase ( with much higher resistance ). the switch from the crystalline to the amorphous phase and back is triggered by melting and quick cooling, or a slightly slower process known as re - crystallization. germanium antimony tellurium ( gst ), with a melting temperature from 500° to 600°c, has emerged as one of the most promising materials for pcm devices. these devices can store binary data because of the differing levels of resistivity of the crystalline and amorphous phases of these alloys. the high - resistance amorphous state represents a binary 0 ; the low resistance crystalline state represents a binary 1. multiple resistive levels will permit multi - bit pcm, which has been demonstrated, allowing pcm to scale and provide lower cost - per - bit. these states are stable over time, which is important for any commercial application. in the amorphous phase, the gst material has short - range atomic order and low free - electron density, which means higher resistivity. this is sometimes referred to as the reset


stable over time, which is important for any commercial application. in the amorphous phase, the gst material has short - range atomic order and low free - electron density, which means higher resistivity. this is sometimes referred to as the reset phase because it is usually formed after a reset operation, in which the temperature of the cell is raised slightly above the melting point, and then the material is suddenly quenched to cool it. the cooling rate is critical to the formation of the amorphous state, and typical resistance can be greater than 1 mω. if the rate is too slow, then the material will be less amorphous. for so - called “ slow materials, ” the cooling rate is about 30 ns ; for “ fast materials, ” it is in the range of single nanoseconds or faster. the fall time of the pulse can be slower than the required speed ; what is important is the fall rate at the top of the pulse, when the cell cools from melting point to crystallization. after reaching crystallization temperature, the crystalline order is frozen. for example, the pulse fall time may be 20 ns, but it might take 5 ns to go from tmelt, resulting in a resistance from 1 kω to 10 kω.


description from flora of china plants 30 - 100 cm tall. branches spreading, pubescent when young. leaves rather remote ; petiole 1 - 3. 5 cm, pubescent ; leaf blade ovate or ovate - lanceolate, 4 - 12 × 1. 5 - 4 cm, abaxially pubescent along midvein, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, margin slightly serrulate, apex long acuminate. racemes 4 - 10 cm ( including peduncle ), pubescent. pedicel slen - der, with a bract and a pair of bracteoles. tepals white or pink, elliptic or obovate - oblong, 2 - 2. 5 mm, in fruit 3 - 3. 5 mm, green, reflexed. stamens shorter than and alternate with tepals. berry globose or pyriform, 3 - 4 mm. seeds ca. 2 mm. 2n = 126. this species is cultivated as an ornamental. cultivated, possibly escaped as a weed around houses or rubbish heaps. fujian ( fuzhou ), guangdong ( guangzhou ), zhejiang ( hangzhou ) [ probably native to tropical america ; now widespread in tropics and subtropics ].


u. s. energy information administration - eia - independent statistics and analysis today in energy note : normal system frequency of 60 cycles per second appear as blue. green and red colors indicate higher than normal frequency. a large region of electric systems, called the western interconnection, responded to the san diego blackout on september 8 in less than a minute. a youtube video vividly illustrates how changes in frequency across interconnected alternating current ( ac ) electric systems ripple across such a large area in a very short time. the video shows the variation of frequency ( the number of times per second that the electric charge reverses direction ) in the western interconnection associated with the san diego blackout on september 8. an event, which has still not been fully characterized, drove system frequency below 60 cycles per second for about 25 seconds. interconnected electric systems in north america are designed to operate within a very narrow frequency band around 60 cycles per second ( hertz ). a frequency below 60 cycles per second indicates that instantaneous demand exceeds supply of electricity. after an extended period of insufficient supply ( 25 seconds ), the system automatically shed load in san diego. the blackout suddenly reduced system demand and frequency shot up well above 60 cycles per second. the video uses data from a network of small, low - cost devices that plug into wall outlets. they reveal — for the first time — electric system dynamics during disturbances. frequency, phase angle, and voltage of the power system are measured every few seconds and transmitted via the internet to computers at the university of tennessee and virginia tech. the resulting gps - synchronized wide - area network makes possible the geographic presentation of the data and system disturbance animations. frequency is shown as the vertical scale on the graph on the left and the color - coded map legend on the right. the red dots on the map are the locations of the monitors. each line on the graph represents the frequency recorded over time by a monitor. there are monitors in the eastern interconnection as well. the video below shows changes in electric system frequency in the 12 seconds after the loss of the two large north anna nuclear units near richmond virginia due to the east coast earthquake on august 23. note : normal system frequency of 60 cycles per second appear as red. green and blue colors indicate lower than normal frequency.


skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. blood tests are done to check the health of blood cells. anemia occurs when there are not enough healthy red blood cells ( rbcs ) in the body. rbcs are important because they contain hemoglobin. hemoglobin is a protein that allows rbcs to carry oxygen throughout the body. mild anemia can cause your child to feel very tired or have less energy than normal. severe anemia can cause many health problems. it can also affect how your child grows. talk to your child ’ s healthcare provider about treatment options. anemia has many causes including : not enough rbcs being made too many rbcs being destroyed ( hemolysis ) blood loss ( from things like injury or surgery or menstrual bleeding ) inherited blood disorders some children have no symptoms at all. if symptoms are present, they may include : shortness of breath trouble doing normal amounts of physical activity ( exercise intolerance ) dizziness or fainting jaundice ( yellowing of the eyes, skin, or mouth ; tea - colored urine ) your child ’ s healthcare provider will examine your child. he or she will also ask about your child ’ s symptoms, diet, and health history. tests will be done. most of the tests are performed by taking a blood sample from a vein in the arm or from a finger or heel. tests may include : a complete blood cell count ( cbc ) to measure the amounts of different types of cells in the blood. when diagnosing anemia, gathering information about the rbcs is particularly important. a blood smear to check the size and shape of blood cells. a drop of blood is looked at with a microscope. a stain is added to make parts of the blood easier to see. hemoglobin electrophoresis to check for the amounts and types of hemoglobin in the blood. iron studies to measure the amount of iron in the blood. iron is needed to make hemoglobin, so too little iron can lead to anemia. a reticulocyte count to measure the amount of new rbcs being made by the bone marrow. treatment for your child ’ s anemia depends on the type, cause, and severity of symptoms. treatment can include : diet changes. certain nutrients can affect the rbcs. for instance, iron is needed to help build rbcs. if lack of iron is the cause of your child ’ s anemia


type, cause, and severity of symptoms. treatment can include : diet changes. certain nutrients can affect the rbcs. for instance, iron is needed to help build rbcs. if lack of iron is the cause of your child ’ s anemia, you ’ ll be told to increase the amount in your child ’ s diet. other nutrients can be involved with anemia as well, including low amounts of folate and vitamin b12. medications. these are prescribed to treat an underlying infection or condition that is causing your child ’ s anemia. blood transfusions. these are needed if the level of hemoglobin or number of rbcs is low enough to cause physical symptoms. surgery to remove the spleen ( splenectomy ). the spleen stores extra blood and helps remove old rbcs from the body. though done less often, removing the spleen is a treatment for certain types of anemia. bone marrow transplant. in rare cases, this treatment is done if the body can ’ t make enough healthy blood cells. it replaces diseased bone marrow cells with healthy cells from a matched donor. most children recover from anemia without any long - term effects. for some children, anemia may be a lifelong condition. in mild to moderate cases, regular visits with the healthcare provider are needed for routine tests and help in managing symptoms. in severe cases, children will need ongoing treatment and supportive care. work closely with your child ’ s healthcare provider to learn all you can about your child ’ s condition and how to help your child.


what is diverticulosis? diverticulosis is a condition that develops when pouches ( diverticula ) form in the wall of the colon ( large intestine ). these pouches are usually very small ( 5 to 10 millimeters ) in diameter but can be larger. in diverticulosis, the pouches in the colon wall do not cause symptoms. diverticulosis may not be discovered unless symptoms occur, such as in painful diverticular disease or in diverticulitis. as many as 80 out of 100 people who have diverticulosis never get diverticulitis. 1 in many cases, diverticulosis is discovered only when tests are done to find the cause of a different medical problem or during a screening exam. what causes diverticulosis? the reason pouches ( diverticula ) form in the colon wall is not completely understood. doctors think diverticula form when high pressure inside the colon pushes against weak spots in the colon wall. normally, a diet with adequate fiber ( also called roughage ) produces stool that is bulky and can move easily through the colon. if a diet is low in fiber, the colon must exert more pressure than usual to move small, hard stool. a low - fiber diet also can increase the time stool remains in the bowel, adding to the high pressure. pouches may form when the high pressure pushes against weak spots in the colon where blood vessels pass through the muscle layer of the bowel wall to supply blood to the inner wall. what are the symptoms? most people don ' t have symptoms. you may have had diverticulosis for years by the time symptoms occur ( if they do ). over time, some people get an infection in the pouches ( diverticulitis ). for more information, see the topic diverticulitis. the symptoms of painful diverticular disease are the same as those of irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ), including diarrhea and cramping abdominal pain, with no fever or other sign of an infection. for information on the symptoms of ibs, see the topic irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ). how is diverticulosis diagnosed? how is it treated? the best way to treat diverticulosis is to avoid constipation. here are some ideas : this treatment may help reduce the formation of new pouches ( diverticula ) and lower the risk of developing diverticulitis. treatment for painful diverticular disease


the original wordlist seems to be offlinethe wordlist containing your word and definition doesn ' t exist anymore, or, the website doesn ' t exist anymore. on this page you can find a copy of the original information. the information may have been taken offline because it is outdated. a mechanical assembly that positions the read / write head assembly over the appropriate tracks. advanced intelligent network ; a service - independent telecommunications network in which the intelligence is moved from the switch and hosted in computer nodes distributed throughout the network. advanced intelligent tape ; a helical scan technology developed by sony for tape backup / archive of networks and servers, specifically addressing midrange to high - end backup requirements. an arrangement of two or more disk drives : may be in raid or daisy - chain fashion. asynchronous transfer mode ; a network architecture that divides messages into fixed - size units ( cells ) and establishes a switched connection between the originating and receiving stations ; enables transmission of various types of data ( video, audio, etc. ) over the same line without one data type dominating the transmission. the underlying network communication conduit or line by which all main servers and devices are connected ; backbone devices are typically servers, routers, hubs, and bridges ; client computers are not connected directly to the backbone. the amount of data that can be transmitted via a given communications channel ( e. g., between a hard drive and the host pc ) in a given unit of time. a portion of a volume usually 512 bytes in size ; often referred to as a ' logical block. ' a temporary, high - speed data transfer mode that can transfer data at significantly higher rates than would normally be achieved with non - burst technology ; the maximum throughput a device is capable of transferring data. the main communication avenue in a computer ; an electrical pathway along which signals are sent from one part of the computer to another. the fundamental data unit for personal computers, comprising 8 contiguous bits. a large bank of random access memory used for temporary storage of information. computer - aided design ; the use of a computer in industrial design applications such as architecture, engineering, and manufacturing. a secure, self - contained telecommunications equipment building that houses servers, storage systems, switching equipment, emergency power systems, and related devices that are used to run telephone systems. the concept of combining multiple host computers together through a private communication line, such as ethernet backbone, to form a ring of host computers ; this ring of host computers act as a single entity, capable of performing multiple complex instructions


used to run telephone systems. the concept of combining multiple host computers together through a private communication line, such as ethernet backbone, to form a ring of host computers ; this ring of host computers act as a single entity, capable of performing multiple complex instructions by distributing the workload across all members of the ring. the concept of combining multiple storage servers together to form a redundant ring of storage devices ; clustered storage systems typically perform multiple read and write requests through parallel access lines to the requesting computer. commerce service provider ( csp ) a company that provides e - commerce solutions for retailers. competitive local exchange carrier ( clec ) a long distance carrier, cable company, or small startup local exchange carrier that competes for business in a local telephone market ; many clecs also offer internet services. a unit or circuitry that manages the information flow between storage disks and the computer. cost of ownership the purchase price of equipment plus the cost of operating this equipment over its projected life span. commercial off - the - shelf ; commercially available products that can be purchased and integrated with little or no customization, thus facilitating customer infrastructure expansion and reducing costs. computer telephony integration ; providing a link between telephone systems and computers to facilitate incoming and outgoing call handling and control ; the physical link between a telephone and server. digital audio tape ; a digital magnetic tape format originally developed for audio recording and now used for computer backup tape ; the latest dat storage format is dds ( digital data storage ). disk array ( or array ) an arrangement of two or more hard disks, in raid or daisy - chain configuration, organized to improve speed and provide protection of data against loss. distributed computing environment a set of middleware standards that defines the method of communication between clients and servers in a cross - platform computing environment ; enables a client program to initiate a request that can be processed by a program written in a different computer language and housed on a different computer platform. digital linear tape ; a serpentine technology first introduced by digital equipment corporation and later developed by quantum for tape backup / archive of networks and servers ; dlt technology addresses midrange to high - end tape backup requirements. electronic industries association ; a trade association that establishes electrical and electronics - oriented standards. electromagnetic interference ; what occurs when electromagnetic fields from one device interfere with the operation of some other device. enterprise storage network ( esn ) an integrated suite of products and services designed to maximize heterogeneous connectivity and management of enterprise storage devices and servers ; a dedicated, high - speed network connected to the enterprise ' s storage


of some other device. enterprise storage network ( esn ) an integrated suite of products and services designed to maximize heterogeneous connectivity and management of enterprise storage devices and servers ; a dedicated, high - speed network connected to the enterprise ' s storage systems, enabling files and data to be transferred between storage devices and client mainframes and servers. a local area network standard for hardware, communication, and cabling. the transfer of operation from a failed component ( e. g., controller, disk drive ) to a similar, redundant component to ensure uninterrupted data flow and operability. the ability of a system to cope with internal hardware problems ( e. g., a disk drive failure ) and still continue to operate with minimal impact, such as by bringing a backup system online. fibre channel - arbitrated loop ; a fibre channel implementation in which users are attached to a network via a one - way ring ( loop ) cabling scheme. a high - speed storage / networking interface that offers higher performance, greater capacity and cabling distance, increased system configuration flexibility and scalability, and simplified cabling. the amount of floor space that a piece of equipment ( e. g., a rackmount enclosure ) occupies. the physical size and shape of a device ; often used to describe the size of disk arrays in a rackmount enclosure. approximately one billion bytes, 1, 024 megabytes. host bus adapter ; a hardware card that resides on the pc bus and provides an interface connection between a scsi device ( such as a hard drive ) and the host pc. the main page on a web site that serves as the primary point of entry to related pages within the site and may have links to other sites as well. a storage system that is connected directly to the network server ; also referred to as server - attached storage. a backup component ( e. g., disk or controller ) that is online and available should the primary component go down. the ability to replace a component ( e. g., disk drive, controller, fan, power source ) while the system is on line, without having to power down ; also referred to as hot - plug removable. hierarchical storage management ; a storage system in which new, frequently used data is stored on the fastest, most accessible ( and generally more expensive ) media ( e. g., raid ) and older, less frequently used data is stored on slower ( less expensive ) media ( e. g., tape ). a device that splits


on the fastest, most accessible ( and generally more expensive ) media ( e. g., raid ) and older, less frequently used data is stored on slower ( less expensive ) media ( e. g., tape ). a device that splits one network cable into a set of separate cables, each connecting to a different computer ; used in a local area network to create a small - scale network by connecting several computers together. the physical equipment ( computers, cases, racks, cabling, etc. ) that comprises a computer system. a scsi device that requests another scsi device ( a target ) to perform an operation ; usually a host computer acts as an initiator and a peripheral device acts as a target. a connection between hardware devices, applications, or different sections of a computer network. a worldwide system of linked computer networks. internet service provider ( isp ) a company that provides internet access services to consumers and businesses ; isps lease connections from internet backbone providers ; while most isps are small companies that service a local area, there are also regional and national isps ( such as america online ). the ability of one computer system to control another, even though the two systems are made by different manufacturers. a computer network, based on internet technology, that is designed to meet the internal needs for sharing information within a single organization or company. i / os per second ; a measure of performance for a host - attached storage device or raid controller. just a bunch of disks ; a disk array without a controller. the core of an operating system such as windows 98, windows nt, mac os or unix ; provides basic services for the other parts of the operating system, making it possible for it to run several programs at once ( multitasking ), read and write files and connect to networks and peripherals. a computer, system, or software that was created for a specific purpose but is now outdated ; anything left over from a previous version of the hardware or software. local area network a network of computers within a limited area ( e. g., a company or organization ). linear tape open ; a new standard tape format developed by hp, ibm, and seagate ; expected availability in 2000. logical unit number ; an addressing scheme used to define scsi devices on a single scsi bus. approximately one million bytes, 1, 024 kilobytes a method of storage in which data from one disk is duplicated on another disk so that both drives contain the same information, thus providing data redundancy.


single scsi bus. approximately one million bytes, 1, 024 kilobytes a method of storage in which data from one disk is duplicated on another disk so that both drives contain the same information, thus providing data redundancy. any computer process that cannot fail during normal business hours ; some computer processes ( e. g., telephone systems ) must run all day long and require 100 percent uptime. mean swaps between failure ; a statistical calculation used to predict the average usefulness of a robotic device ( e. g., a tape library ) with any interruption of service. mtbf : mean time between failure ; a statistical calculation used to predict the average usefulness of a device without any interruption of service. mean time to repair ; the average amount of time required to resolve most hardware or software problems with a given device. the ability of a product or network to support a variety of computer platforms ( e. g. ibm, sun, macintosh ) ; also referred to as cross - platform. network service provider ( nsp ) a company that provides the national or international packet - switching networks that carry internet traffic ; also called a backbone operator. network - attached storage ( nas ) a disk array storage system that is attached directly to a network rather than to the network server ( i. e., host attached ) ; functions as a server in a client / server relationship, has a processor, an operating system or micro - kernel, and processes file i / o protocols such as smb and nfs. node ( or network node ) any device that is directly connected to the network, usually through ethernet cable ; nodes include file servers and shared peripherals. nt ( microsoft windows nt ) an operating system developed by microsoft for high - performance processors and networked systems. original equipment manufacturer ; a company that manufactures a given piece of hardware ( unlike a value - added reseller, which changes and repackages the hardware ). open systems network a network comprised of equipment that conforms to industry standards of interoperability between different operating systems ( e. g., unix, windows nt ). the master control program ( e. g., windows ) that manages a computer ' s internal functions and provides a means of control to the computer ' s operations and file system. a block of information mathematically created from several blocks of user data to allow recovery of user data contained on a drive that has failed in an array ; used in raid levels 3 and 5. personal computer interconnect ; an industry - standard bus


a block of information mathematically created from several blocks of user data to allow recovery of user data contained on a drive that has failed in an array ; used in raid levels 3 and 5. personal computer interconnect ; an industry - standard bus used in servers, workstations and pcs. a hardware standard, such as ibm, sun or macintosh, etc privately developed and owned technology. a standard that specifies the format of data and rules to be followed in data communication and network environments. the cabinet that houses a server / storage workstation ( also referred to as a server rack ) ; to mount equipment into a cabinet. redundant array of independent ( or inexpensive ) disks ; a collection of storage disks with a controller ( or controllers ) to manage the storage of data on the disks. immediate processing of input or notification of status. reduced instruction set computer ; a computer processing architecture that requires fewer instructions to run applications, thus increasing processing speed. an electronic device that connects two or more networks and routes incoming data packets to the appropriate network. storage area network ; a network infrastructure of shared multi - host storage, linking all storage devices as well as interconnecting remote sites. the ability of a product or network to accommodate growth. small computer system interface ; an interface that serves as an expansion bus that can be used to connect hard disk drives, tape drives, and other hardware components. a computer that stores application and data files for all workstations on a network ; also referred to as a file server. mechanism inside a hard disk drive that moves the heads into place ; the axle on which a disk turns. serial storage architecture ; a high - speed method of connecting disk, tape, and cd - rom drives, printers, scanners, and other devices to a computer. a method of storage in which a unit of data is distributed and stored across several hard disks, which improves access speed but does not provide redundancy. the measured transfer rate of a given device during normal operation. a network traffic monitoring device that controls the flow of traffic between multiple network nodes. an individual or company that combines various components and programs into a functioning system, customized for a particular customer ' s needs. a scsi device that performs an operation requested by an initiator. tag command queuing ; a feature introduced in the scsi - 2 specification that permits each initiator to issue commands accompanied by instructions for how the target should handle the command ; the initiator can either request the command to be executed at the first available opportunity, in the order


introduced in the scsi - 2 specification that permits each initiator to issue commands accompanied by instructions for how the target should handle the command ; the initiator can either request the command to be executed at the first available opportunity, in the order in which the command was received, or at a time deemed appropriate by the target. abbreviation for ' telecommunications company. ' approximately one trillion bytes, 1, 024 gigabytes. measures the number of service requests on the i / o channel per unit of time. geometric arrangement of nodes and cable links in a local area network ; may be either centralized and decentralized. the number of megabytes of data that can be transferred from the read / write heads to the disk controller in one second. a product or system that can be plugged in, turned on, and operated with little or no additional configuring. an operating system that supports multitasking and is ideally suited to multi - user applications ( such as networks ). value - added reseller ; a business that repackages and improves hardware manufactured by an original equipment manufacturer. wide - area network ; a network that uses high - speed, long - distance communications technology ( e. g., phone lines and satellites ) to connect computers over long distances. a web cache fills requests from the web server, stores the requested information locally, and sends the information to the client ; the next time the web cache gets a request for the same information, it simply returns the locally cached data instead of searching over the internet, thus reducing internet traffic and response time. a location on the world wide web that is owned and managed by an individual, company or organization ; usually contains a home page and additional pages that include information provided by the site ' s owner, and may include links to other relevant sites. world wide web a global hypertext system operating on the internet that enables electronic communication of text, graphics, audio, and video. process or set of instructions that calculates data bit relationships in a raid subsystem. searchtyp a word and hit ` search `. recent searchesthe most recent searches on encyclo. between brackets you will find the number of results and number of related results. • pongalur block ( 1 ) • mobile gambling ( 1 ) • hypercatalectic ( 7 ) • cyproterone acetate ( 3 ) • compton white ( 1 ) • chierry ( 1 ) • foci ( 7 ) • morter ( 2 ) • athletic heart


department of environment and conservation ( nsw ), 2005 isbn : 1 7412 2144 7 7 previous recovery actions - 7. 1 survey - 7. 2 profile and environmental impact assessment guidelines - 7. 3 establishment of a recovery team - 7. 4 community awareness initiatives - 7. 5 in - situ protection during the preparation of this recovery plan, 18 d. sp. c illawarra sites were surveyed by the dec with the assistance of anders bofeldt ( wollongong botanic gardens ) and community volunteers. habitat details, threats and observations of flowering and fruit production were recorded at each surveyed site. a species profile and environmental impact assessment guidelines have been prepared for d. sp. c illawarra ( appendix 4 ) to assist public authorities, community groups and private landholders in the conservation of the species. these documents also aim to assist consent and determining authorities in the statutory assessment of potential impacts on the species. the illawarra regional threatened flora recovery team was established in june 2001 to coordinate the recovery planning for six plant species which occur in the illawarra region and are listed as endangered at a state and national level. these species are d. sp. c illawarra, irenepharsus trypherus, zieria granulata, pterostylis gibbosa, cynanchum elegans and pimelea spicata. representatives of the public authorities that are involved in the planning and / or management of remnant vegetation in the region are present on the recovery team, as are representatives of various regional organisations and community groups. - an information brochure has been prepared and distributed to raise awareness of the six “ threatened plants of the illawarra ” including d. sp. c ‘ illawarra ’. - in june 2002, the australian network for plant conservation and wollongong council hosted a workshop to raise awareness of issues relating to the conservation of threatened flora in the illawarra. d. sp. c ‘ illawarra ’ was one of the subject species of that workshop. - in november 2002, landcare illawarra hosted a workshop to raise awareness of d. sp. c ‘ illawarra ’ and five other endangered flora species in the illawarra. - the dec has initiated a program of meeting landholders with d. sp. c ‘ illawarra ’ on their property to discuss sympathetic management of the species and the opportunities for entering into conservation agreements. - a voluntary conservation agreement ( vca ) under the np & w act has been signed to protect habitat for


by maina kiarie shimoni caves are located in shimoni village, a sleepy fishing village about 75kms south of mombasa near the wasini islands. shimoni is along the mombasa - lungalunga road, in the heart of digo land. in late 19th century, the imperial british east africa company, the commercial company chartered by the british government to administer her sphere of influence in east africa had its headquarters in shimoni. a cave is a natural opening in the ground, some part of which is in total darkness having extended beyond the zone of light and it is large enough for a human to enter. caves are often found on hillsides or cliffs. most caves are created when slowly - moving water dissolves or eats away at a rock, creating spaces, caverns and even tunnel - like passages. the caves at shimoni are limestone caves, several in number, once joined together and believed to extend some 5km inland. in swahili, the word “ shimoni ” means “ the place of the hole ”. shimoni village derives its name from the presence of caves by the seashore formed by natural forces millions of years back. it is very dark inside the bat infested caves at shimoni. during the indian ocean trade centuries ago the caves today known as shimoni caves were used by slave merchants as holding pens for slaves captured by slave hunters - both arab ‘ caravans ’ and africans - from the hinterland. the slaves - on - transit were shackled and then fastened on metal hooks on the cave walls to hinder their movement awaiting slave dhows to ship them to zanzibar, the main slave market on the east african coast. slaves were used as porters of ivory from the hinterland to the coast for shipment. from zanzibar the slaves were shipped to arabia, yemen, turkey, india and persia. driven by the sultanates of the middle east slave trade in east africa resulted in african slaves serving as sailors in persia, pearl divers in the gulf, soldiers in the omani army, workers on the salt pans of mesopotamia ( modern day iraq ), domestic slaves, and women as sex slaves. in the caves can be found iron shackles on the walls, wooden crates likely used to transport slaves in, and old rusted pieces of chains. the metallic studs against which the slaves were held are now being swallowed by stalactites ( a type of secondary mineral that hangs from the ceiling of limestone caves


a short note on the libraries kept by initiates and mahatmas helena p. blavatsky helena p. blavatsky wrote of “ several esoteric schools ” that claim to be “ in possession of the sum total of sacred and philosophical works in mss. and type ”. ( “ the secret doctrine ”, vol. i, p. xxiii. ) the following fragment is reproduced from the volume “ from the caves and jungles of by h. p. blavatsky, 720 pp., see pp. 74 - 77. t. p. h., usa ( c. c. a. ) generally speaking, the position of archaeologists in is a sad one. the masses, immersed in ignorance, are utterly unable to be of any use to them, while the learned brahmanas, initiated into all the mysteries of the secret libraries in the pagodas, remain silent and do all they can to prevent archeological research. however, after all that has occurred, it would be unjust to find fault with the conduct of the brahmanas in these matters. india the bitter experience of many centuries has taught them that their only salvation was in distrust and caution, without which their national history and their most sacred treasures would have been irrevocably lost. political upheavals and moslem invasions which have for so many centuries torn india and shaken that country to its very foundations, the all - destructive fanaticism of the moslem vandals, and the catholic padris, capable of any cunning scheme to secure manuscripts and destroy them - all these more than justify the brahmanas. however, in spite of these destructions occurring through the centuries, there exist in many places in india vast libraries, access to which would shed a bright light not only on the ancient history of india itself, but also on the darkest problems of universal history. some of these libraries, filled with priceless manuscripts, are in the possession of native princes and of the pagoda priests subservient to them, but the greater part is in the hands of the jainas ( the oldest sect ) and of the rajputana thakurs, whose ancient hereditary castles are scattered all over rajasthan, like so many eagle ’ s aeries on the summits of rocks. the existence of the celebrated collections at jaisalmer and pathana are known to the government, but they remain wholly beyond its reach. the manuscripts are written in an ancient and long forgotten language, intelligible only to the high


##s ( apart from their owners ) are allowed free access to them. it is well known that no torture would ever induce any of them to reveal the secret, especially when one bears in mind the fact that they daily inflict torture upon rajasthan : a state in nw ( c. c. a. ) india at this point the editor of hpb ’ s “ collected writings ”, boris de zirkoff, says in a footnote that colonel james tod ( 1782 - 1835 ) wrote a two volume work entitled “ annals and antiquities of rajasthan... ”. it was published in in 1829 - 1832. london boris de zirkoff underlines the fact that this is a reference to “ annals and antiquities of rajasthan... ”. ( c. c. a. ) a sibylline book is a collection of oracular utterances. ( “ webster ’ s encyclopedic unabridged dictionary of the english language ”, portland house, n. y., 1989 edition. ) ( c. c. a. ) our readers are invited to see the text “ the importance of esoteric libraries ”. it can be found at the list of texts by alphabetical order in www. esoteric - philosophy. com and www. theosophyonline. com ; or at the lista de textos por ordem alfabetica, at www. filosofiaesoterica. com. if you want to have access to a daily study of the original teachings of theosophy, write to email @ example. com and ask for information on the yahoo e - group e - theosophy.


park city, utah, uses gis to create environmental information repository data viewer popular beyond expectations incorporated in 1884, park city, utah, has a rich silver mining history that spans from 1863 until the turn of the century. however, because of various economic downturns, mining interest dwindled, and consequently, in 1985, the city defined a boundary encompassing 618 acres of residential and commercial property that is required to be remediated to isolate the lead from human contact by installing a six - inch clean topsoil cap. coupled with that concern was the explosive development the city must manage in a manner that preserves the precious and unique environment of the wasatch mountains. to assist in environmental preservation, the park city council adopted a sensitive area overlay ( sao ) zone ordinance in 1992 with the primary intent of restricting development in aesthetically and environmentally sensitive areas. the sensitive areas protected by the ordinance include steep slopes, ridgelines, entry corridors, wetlands, streams, and wildlife habitat. the park city environmental data viewer ( mapserv. utah. gov / parkcitygis ) was developed specifically as an innovative information repository to educate the numerous stakeholders within park city of the local environment, sao, and the remediation that remains ongoing to improve both the east canyon creek and silver creek watersheds. in developing this application, several goals were accomplished, resulting in a community that is more aware of the city ' s past and is able to plan for the future in a manner that protects and preserves sensitive environmental areas within the city limits. in 2004, the building department spearheaded the development of a gis that was capable of managing environmental ordinances and compliance. therefore, the remediation boundary and regulated lots were digitized with arcgis desktop software, which was connected to the database system that contained the historical soil sampling data. once this was completed, the value of the gis for tracking the remediation progress within the boundary was immediately recognized. not only could the city track compliance, but since the underlying contaminant levels were mapped within the gis, a utility installation contractor could research different routes to avoid contamination and potentially avoid excessive soil disposal costs. in addition, the city recognized the substantial savings for the public works department, which could research the contamination level at different areas of the city before with that question, the building department contacted the utah automated geographic reference center ( agrc ) to inquire into its interests in assisting the city in developing an environmental data viewer. agrc approved the idea to develop such an application with arcgis


before with that question, the building department contacted the utah automated geographic reference center ( agrc ) to inquire into its interests in assisting the city in developing an environmental data viewer. agrc approved the idea to develop such an application with arcgis server software. the application went through several different renditions with regard to format and implementing stakeholder ideas. the city provided all the gis dataset layers from its arcgis desktop software. in addition, since park city did not have a gis server, the city and agrc drafted a mutual agreement that would allow the data viewer to be located at agrc. meanwhile, staff recognized there was no budget for such an application. therefore, the idea of the data viewer was presented to the east canyon watershed committee, which also embraced the development of a gis environmental data viewer for the watershed. the watershed committee unanimously voted to provide section 319 clean water act grant money to fund 60 percent of the cost for development. in december 2007, the data viewer was finalized, comprising all ideas from the committee. the park city environmental data viewer has been such a success that building official ron ivie is amazed by its popularity and the number of users that access the data. upon starting this endeavor, he thought there would probably be 4 services per day for the site ; instead, he is completely astounded by the statistic of 576 services per day, which remains consistent. additionally, the department managers are also very satisfied with the viewer, since they now have a resource they can access without having to go to different locations to obtain answers to their environmental questions. the planning department is able to enforce stream setbacks and uniformly enforce the sensitive area overlay. the building department can research whether a proposed building will be built over a mine shaft before issuing a building permit. the public works department is able to determine where the drinking water source protection delineation exists, monitor activities within the boundaries, and prohibit potential contaminant sources. the city engineer can evaluate lead levels and determine if the generated soils from installing utilities will need to be managed appropriately and disposed of at a permitted facility. usepa and udeq have a product that provides them with up - to - date information with regard to the remediation progress of residential lots. also, the city can consult with the army corps of engineers or department of natural resources cooperatively for activities that may intrude on jurisdictional waters. the watershed committee is using the data viewer to evaluate different areas of the watershed that can be improved. and park city


can consult with the army corps of engineers or department of natural resources cooperatively for activities that may intrude on jurisdictional waters. the watershed committee is using the data viewer to evaluate different areas of the watershed that can be improved. and park city high school science classes use the data viewer for their research projects and field trips. the city also recognizes the value the data viewer provides in managing the risks associated with the historic mine impacts that exist throughout park city. numerous other stakeholders, including the real estate community, lenders, buyers, owners, consultants, contractors, and developers, use the data viewer continuously to assist them in answering specific questions about park city ' s unique environment, lead concentrations, remediation progress, and other issues related to past impacts. the program has successfully streamlined decision - making processes internally and improved internal and external services. it is a stable platform that will only become more useful and successful as additional gis data is procured. finally, the data viewer is an excellent model for other mining communities that are experiencing similar explosive growth and need to manage development while also protecting the environment during remediation and enforcement of institutional and engineering controls. for more information, visit the park city environmental data viewer at mapserv. utah. gov / parkcitygis or contact jeff schoenbacher, environmental coordinator, park city, utah ( tel. : 435 - 615 - 5058, e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ), or barry biediger, utah automated geographic reference center ( tel. : 801 - 537 - 9078, web : agrc. utah. gov ).