of ivory sculpture. another use the early christians found for ivory was the making of cylindrical pyxes from a cross section of the elephant tusk ; upon the covers, they carved figures of our lord, st. peter, and st. paul, and on the side the apostles and biblical subjects. again, somewhat later, no doubt remembering that solomon made " a great throne of ivory " ( 1 kings 10 : 18 ), they overlaid their episcopal chairs with carved ivory tablets, as may be seen at ravenna in the chair of st. maximian, archbishop of that city ( 546 ). after the fifth century, possibly before, ivory crosiers were in use ; eighty or more of them are now in existence, including those said to have belonged to a number of the saints. at the same time liturgical combs of ivory were in use. a beautiful example, the comb of st. lupus ( 623 ), is in the treasury of st - etienne at lens. representations of the crucifixion in ivory upon various objects, are common, but not the crucifix. most of the crucifixes date from the seventeenth century, and of these there are many, but of the earlier ones, only five have survived the action of time and the fanaticism of the reformers. during the whole of the middle ages ivory was extensively used for paxes ( instrumenta pacis ), tabernacles, portable altars, caskets, holy - water buckets, statuettes, rosary - beads, seals, and the decoration of ecclesiastical furniture. apa citation. ( 1910 ). ivory. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 08257b. htm mla citation. " ivory. " the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 8. new york : robert appleton company, 1910. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 08257b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by michael c. tinkler. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. october 1, 1910. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight


today novozymes, the world leader in bioinnovation, announced an exploratory research agreement with sea6 energy, an india - based company, to jointly develop a process for the production of biofuels from seaweed. the research alliance will use enzymes to convert seaweed - based carbohydrates to sugar, which can then be fermented to produce ethanol for fuel, fine chemicals, proteins for food, and fertilizers for plants. novozymes will research, develop, and manufacture enzymes for the conversion process, while sea6 energy contributes its offshore seaweed cultivation technology. seaweed is a natural complement to our efforts to convert other types of biomass to fuel ethanol, ” says per falholt, executive vice president and cso of novozymes. “ more than half of the dry mass in seaweed is sugar, and the potential is therefore significant. ” harvesting the ocean for sustainable biofuels and food proteins seaweed, technically known as macroalgae, is one of the world ’ s fastest growing plants. it does not require irrigation or fertilizers, or take up arable land. seaweed cultivation is an ancient practice traditionally carried out using long ropes and bamboo rafts. seaweed can be produced at many locations in the world, but the warm sea conditions, abundant sunlight, and the possibility for several harvest cycles through the year make the waters around india particularly suitable. sea6 energy has already developed ocean - farming structures that are robust and versatile compared to traditional methods of seaweed cultivation. these structures could be used to create large - scale seaweed farms in offshore locations. in addition, sea6 energy is also pioneering approaches to fermenting the sugars derived from seaweed to produce fuel in a manner that requires minimal use of fresh water resources. “ we are excited about our partnership with novozymes and look forward to developing an efficient enzymatic process to convert seaweed to sugar, ” says shrikumar suryanarayan, chairman of sea6 energy. “ combined with sea6 energy ’ s offshore seaweed cultivation expertise, these conversion technologies will offer a scalable and sustainable alternative to expensive and polluting fossil fuels, while providing employment to coastal communities and energy security for our country. ” sea6 energy is currently trialing its cultivation technology in partnership with a few fishing communities around the coastal areas of south india. novozymes ’ indian arm will work closely with sea6 energy to develop the conversion technology. about sea6 energy


solar adaptive optics project smoothing out the wrinkles in our view of the sun solar scientists face the same challenge as night - time astronomers when observing from the ground : earth ' s atmosphere blurs the view. astronomers speak of being " seeing limited, " or restricted to what atmospheric turbulence allows. the turbulence acts as a flexible lens, constantly reshaping what we are studying, and putting many of the answers about solar activity just beyond our reach. sample images with ao off ( left ) and on ( center ). in the original, each frame covers an area 45x45 arc - sec and was taken at 550 nm wavelength ( 10 nm interference filter ) using the baja technology camera in april 2003. the relative size of earth and a 1 arc - sec square are superimposed in the last frame. bigger telescopes can see fainter objects but with no more detail than mid - size telescopes. the closeness and brightness of the sun make no difference : sunlight passes through the same atmosphere ( usually more disturbed because the sun heats the ground and air during the day ). solar observations from earth have the same limit of about 1 arc - second as nighttime astronomy ( 1 arc - second = about 1 / 1920th the apparent size of the sun or moon ; 1 / 1, 296, 000th of a circle ). an innovative solution, evolving since the 1990s, is to measure how much the air distorts the light and then adjust mirrors or lenses to cancel much of the problem. this is adaptive optics ( ao ), a sophisticated blend of computers and optics. for more than a decade night astronomers have used ao to let a larger number of telescopes operate closer to their difraction limit, the theoretical best set by the size of a telescope and how light forms images. applying ao to solar astronomy is a bigger challenge, though. where night astronomers have high - contrast pinpoints - - stars against a black sky - - to measure how the light is distorted, solar astronomers have large, low - contrast targets - - such as sunspots and granules - - comprising an infinite number of point sources. this has required a different approach. left : the mirror at center right doesn ' t look like an ironing board, but that ' s its basic role in a new high - order adaptive optics system that cancels most of the atmosphere ' s blurring. since the late 1990s the national solar observatory has been advancing the shack - hartmann technique. we divide the solar image into subapertures then deform a flexible mirror so each sub


1. teachers should teach both sides there are tens of thousands of different religious views concerning creation. it is simply impossible for all of these views to be presented. furthermore, none of the theories are based in science and therefore have no place in a science classroom. in a science class, students can debate where a creature branched off in the tree of life, but it is not right to argue a religious belief in a science class. the “ fairness ” argument is often used by groups attempting to inject their religious dogmas in to the scientific curricula. 2. evolution supports “ might makes right ” in the 19th and early 20th century, a philosophy called “ social darwinism ” sprung up from misguided attempts to apply biological evolution to society. this philosophy said that society should allow the weak to fail and die, and that not only is this an ideal situation, but a morally right one. this enabled prejudices to be rationalized and ideas such as the poor deserved their situation due to being less fit were very popular. this was a misappropriation of science. social darwinism has, thankfully, been repudiated. biological evolution has not. 3. evolution leads to immoral behavior all animal species have a set of behaviors that they share with other members of their species. slugs act like slugs, dogs act like dogs, and humans act like humans. it is preposterous to presume that a child will begin to behave like another creature when they discover that they are related to them. it is nonsensical to link evolution to immoral or inappropriate behavior. 4. most biologists have rejected darwinism scientists do not reject darwin ’ s theories, they have modified it over time as more knowledge has been discovered. darwin considered that evolution proceeds at a deliberate, slow pace – but in fact it has now been discovered that it can proceed at a rapid pace under some circumstances. there has not been, so far, a credible challenge to the basic principles of darwin ’ s theory. scientists have improved and expanded on darwin ’ s original theory of natural selection – it has not been rejected, it has been added to. 5. evolution is not science because it is not observable evolution is observable and testable. the confusion here is that people think science is limited to experiments in laboratories by white - coated technicians. in fact, a large amount of scientific information is gathered from the real world. astronomers can obviously not physically touch the objects they study ( for example stars and galaxies ), yet a great


science is limited to experiments in laboratories by white - coated technicians. in fact, a large amount of scientific information is gathered from the real world. astronomers can obviously not physically touch the objects they study ( for example stars and galaxies ), yet a great deal of knowledge can be gained through multiple lines of study. this is true also of evolution. it is also true that there are many mechanisms of evolution that can be, and are studied through direct experimentation as with other sciences. 6. the theory is flawed science is an extremely competitive field – if any flaws were discovered in evolutionary theory they would be quickly corrected. all of the alleged flaws that creationists put forth have been investigated careful by scientists and they simply do not hold water. they are usually based on misunderstandings of the theory or misrepresentation of the evidence. 7. evolutionary theory is incomplete evolutionary science is a work in progress. science is constantly making new discoveries with regard to it and explanations are always adjusted if necessary. evolutionary theory is like all of the other sciences in this respect. science is always trying to improve our knowledge. at present, evolution is the only well - supported explanation for all of life ’ s diversity. 8. gaps in the fossil record disprove evolution actually, many transitional fossils do exist – for example, there are fossils of transitional organisms between modern birds and their dinosaur ancestors, as well as whales and their land mammal ancestors. there are many transitional forms that have not been preserved, but that is simply because some organisms do not fossilize well or exist in conditions that do not allow for the process of fossilization. science predicts that there will be gaps in the record for many evolutionary changes. this does not disprove the theory. 9. evolution is a theory in crisis there is no debate in science as to whether or not evolution occurred – there is, however, debate over how it happened. the minutiae of the process is vigorously debated which can cause anti - evolutionists to believe that the theory is in crisis. evolution is sound science and is treated as such by scientists worldwide. 10. evolution is ‘ just ’ a theory scientifically speaking, a theory is a well substantiated idea that explains aspects of the natural world. unfortunately other definitions of theory ( such as a “ guess ” or a “ hunch ” ) cause a great deal of confusion in the non - scientific world when dealing with the sciences. they are, in fact, two very different concepts. 11. natural selection gives organisms what they ‘ need. ’ natural selection


or a “ hunch ” ) cause a great deal of confusion in the non - scientific world when dealing with the sciences. they are, in fact, two very different concepts. 11. natural selection gives organisms what they ‘ need. ’ natural selection has no “ intelligence ” – it can not tell what a species needs. if a population has genetic variants that are more suited to their environment, they will reproduce more in the next generation and the population will evolve. if a genetic variant is not present, the population will most likely do – or it will survive with little evolutionary change. 12. natural selection involves organisms ‘ trying ’ to adapt organisms do not “ try ” to adapt – it is natural selection that enables various members of a group to survive and reproduce. genetic adaptation is entirely outside of the power of the developing organism. 13. evolution means that life changed ‘ by chance ’ in fact, natural selection is not random. many aquatic animals need speed to survive and reproduce – the creatures with that ability are more suited to their environment and are more likely to survive natural selection. in turn, they will produce more offspring with the same traits and the cycle continues. the idea that evolution occurs by chance does not take the entire picture in to account. 14. organisms are always getting better while it is a fact that natural selection weeds out unhealthy genes from the gene pool, there are many cases where an imperfect organism has survived. some examples of this are fungi, sharks, crayfish, and mosses – these have all remained essentially the same over a great period of time. these organisms are all sufficiently adapted to their environment to survive without improvement. other taxa have changed a lot, but not necessarily for the better. some creatures have had their environments changed and their adaptations may not be as well suited to their new situation. fitness is linked to their environment, not to progress. nina adds that “ fitness ” is not about physical fitness, but rather it means suitability to the environment and the ability to adapt to changes in the environment, which could include being able to take advantage of new food sources, resist disease or evade a new predator. or adapt to a change in climate … … 15. evolution is a theory about the origin of life the theory of evolution primarily deals with the manner in which life has changed after its origin. while science is interested in the origins of life ( for example the composition of the primeval sludge from which life might have come ) but these are not issues covered in the area of evolution. what is known


which life has changed after its origin. while science is interested in the origins of life ( for example the composition of the primeval sludge from which life might have come ) but these are not issues covered in the area of evolution. what is known is that regardless of the start, at some point life began to branch off. evolution is, therefore, dedicated to the study of those processes. article sourced from : i find it curious that american creationists set themselves against biologists instead of anthropologists. for anthropology demonstrates better than any other area of science that religion and the gods of said religion, are cultural products to create a group identity, enforce social norms and be a means of controlling your population. that every civilization that has risen and fallen in human history, has had their own gods / goddesses – and creation myths – that they worshiped demonstrates that humans create the gods and religion is the cultural mechanism to incorporate the gods into the society. religionists often forget that there are thousands of religions practiced around the world and they ignore these other religions to battle against atheists, who do not believe in any of them. but only difference between an atheist and a believer in any religion, is that one religion – most people are 99. 9 % atheist – if you are a christian, you are an atheist to all the other religions that are currently practiced or have been practiced or will be practiced. atheism isn ’ t a belief, it ’ s a rejection of the claims for deities and their dependent religion – so atheism has nothing to prove – this means that believers and non - believers are not in the same boat needing proof - paddles. only believers require proof – which they set the bar very low on for themselves, being wishful thinking and subjective feelings / experiences – but they only really need to provide evidence if they want to convince a non - believer – and so far, the only method that ’ s demonstrated a conversion rate is using a sword. and really, given the embarrassing number of religions that have been practiced through history and into the modern era – including and maybe especially religions that came to be in the modern era in addition to the various sects and splinter groups of the existing ones – religion shouldn ’ t pit itself against science – biology or anthropology – because the more that science explains and the deeper our understanding of ourselves, the fewer aspects of our lives – intellectual or emotional – religions belongs in or satisfies. after all, every religion started with one person having an idea and marketing it to followers, so what need


this is a guest post by bianca of latino sexuality and of the latinegr @ s project. i ’ ll be cross - posting and blogging! read a bit more about me when we introduced the latinegr @ s project team. cross posted from my media justice column by bianca laureano you may want to bookmark this post for future reference. for many of you in school ( high school, college, a vocational school ) you are most likely going to be expected to write something. each semester i have students write at least two papers, which is something that we are encouraged to do in an effort to support and expect students to be able to express themselves through writing. with all of the advances in technology, many folks are writing online. when you write, citations are important. citations are not just for the reader, but they are also for you, the writer and the folks whose work you find useful. these citations are so important ; they shows you have done your research, are open to other perspectives, and can offer ways for the reader to go back and read those citations and make their own opinions. they are also important because naming the people whose thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and work makes them visible. often youth, working class people, folks with disabilities, who are trans * or people of color rarely get the attention, support, and simple naming of their work that other folks receive. our names are powerful and choosing not to name someone, or ignoring their name is a form of erasure. this happens too often, even within and among marginalized groups. as someone who requires a paper using media literacy skills and examining different forms of media, citations are one area where my students struggle. with the advancements of the internet, various websites, and social media networks where students find their information, they rarely know how to properly cite them in a paper. this article is for those of you who are trying to figure out how to cite these new forms of information collection! some of these may change ( such as citing facebook fan pages and the like ) as new forms of online communication and virtual spaces evolve. so this page will definitely be outdated one day. i tell my students i don ’ t care if they use mla, apa or chicago style, as long as they are consistent. an amazing resource online is the purdue online writing lab. i encourage you to visit the site and spend some time becoming familiar with what is shared and how it will impact your choice in citations. below are some examples on how to cite certain


are consistent. an amazing resource online is the purdue online writing lab. i encourage you to visit the site and spend some time becoming familiar with what is shared and how it will impact your choice in citations. below are some examples on how to cite certain forms of print, non - print, and web - based media. how to cite a film films need to be cited using the title ( in italics ), name of the director, studio / distributor, release date and if necessary a list of the cast / performers. a great place to find information about a film or television show is the internet movie database. let ’ s use the film pariah as an example in mla format : pariah. dir. dee rees. performers adepero oduye, kim wayans and aasha davis. focus features. 2011. film. ( you can use the same format for mla citations of a vhs or dvd just change the “ film ” part to the format that the film is in ). here ’ s how to cite in a paper : there are not many films that center the experiences of young black lesbian women living in brooklyn in major theaters and the few that do exist rarely are limited release ( i. e. pariah, 2011 ). how to cite a tv episode for television series you have to know the name of the episode ( this is where imdb is useful too ), title of the show / series, network, original air date, and city and state of the studio or distributor. depending on the format you may also need to list the writer and director. here ’ s an example using the tv series pretty little liars ( which my students seem to enjoy watching ). king, i. marlene ( writer ), shepard, sara ( writer ) & friedlander, liz ( director ). 2010. the jenna thing [ pretty little liars ]. abc family. j. bank ( producer ) & l. cochran - nielan ( producer ). burbank, ca : warner horizon television. here ’ s how to cite this in a paper : in this episode, the clothing of the cast caught my attention and this is where we are introduced to the different styles of each character and how it connects to their personality ( pretty little liars, 2010 ). how to cite a song citing a song is often done first by the name of the artist or performers. included in the citation is the name of artist / performer, title of album ( italicized ), name of the song ( in quotes if used


to cite a song citing a song is often done first by the name of the artist or performers. included in the citation is the name of artist / performer, title of album ( italicized ), name of the song ( in quotes if used ), date of publication, recording manufactures information ( i. e. record label ), and the format ( i. e. cd, mp3, digital file, etc. ). let ’ s use big freedia ’ s hits album, where she has self - distributed her own album. here ’ s mla examples below : big freedia. big freedia hitz vol. 1, 1999 - 2010. big freedia, 2010. mp3. another example of a group i ’ ve written about who are on a major label and focusing on a specific song includes : dead prez. “ mind sex. ” let ’ s get free. loud records, 2000. cd. when you cite this in the paper you do so like this : when dead prez talk about getting to know one another before engaging in sexual activity, they are sending a message that supports abstinence ( 2000 ). how to cite a website ( wikipedia is always popular! ) i encourage you to ask your instructor first before citing wikipedia. some folks are not in favor of using wikipedia as a source because as a collective form of documentation, some information can change or not be factual. there are often citations at the bottom of the wikipedia page and if you can go to the original source you should use those first as citations. wikipedia has also offered a useful guide to citing their site. let ’ s use the wikipedia entry for advocates for youth in apa format. the same format that you use to cite a book or printed publication is what you use for online sites. the additional information needed is the year and date of publishing ( or just the date of publication ), and full web address and date retrieved ( make sure you put the location, i. e. wikipedia, in italics ). here ’ s an example : advocates for youth. in wikipedia. retrieved may 2, 2012, from http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / advocates _ for _ youth to cite in the paper and text, a simple form is often ok ; however sometimes when you paraphrase or quote from a particular paragraph on the site you ’ ll need the title of the heading ( i. e. “ programs ” ) or the number of the paragraph you are citing ( “ programs ” para. 2 ). wikipedia


you paraphrase or quote from a particular paragraph on the site you ’ ll need the title of the heading ( i. e. “ programs ” ) or the number of the paragraph you are citing ( “ programs ” para. 2 ). wikipedia offers a more in - depth discussion of citing specific paragraphs and headings at their site. for a more general in - text citation do the following : advocates for youth is based in washington, dc and have us and international programs ( “ advocates for youth, ” 2012 ). how to cite a tweet let ’ s use this amplify tweet as an example. what you need for all forms of citations include : the original tweet, name on / of the account, date the tweet was sent, and the link to the tweet. below is an example in apa format : advocates for youth. ( 2012, may 12 ). tell the obama administration : stop endorsing homophobic and sexist program in our schools ow. ly / af8l2. [ twitter post ]. retrieved from : https : / / twitter. com / #! / amplifytweets / status / 197793985740288000 when you want to use this as a reference in your paper you will cite it as name on / of the account followed by the date. here ’ s an example : advocates for youth has been vocal about challenging the obama administrations endorsements programs in the us schools that they state are homophobic and sexist ( advocates for youth, 2012 ). how to cite an personal interview or email for a personal interview or email communication you ’ ll need the specific date ( including day, month and year ), the person ’ s name and the format. here ’ s an example if you received an email from me telling you how excited i am to share the link to this post with you and you wish to cite it in mla format : laureano, bianca. personal email. 2 may 2012. to cite this in text you would do so in the following way : my first opportunity to hear about a post featuring ways to properly cite virtual spaces and forms of media was when i received a email from the author ( laureano, 2012 ).


« previous | next » how are mental disorders diagnosed and treated? this session explores the two main categories of psychological treatment – behavioral therapies and medical ( drug ) therapies. for ocd, depression and adhd, we ' ll look at the current scientific understanding of these disorders and compare methods of treatment. keywords : psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, diagnosis, medication, psychopharmacology, cbt, depression, ocd, adhd, add, ritalin image : " self - portrait with bandaged ear, " vincent van gogh ( 1889 ). read the following before watching the lecture video. - [ sacks ] chapter 11, " cupid ' s disease " ( pp. 102 - 107 ) - finish the chapter you started for the previous session : - [ k & r ] chapter 12, " treatment : healing actions, healing words " - [ stangor ] finish chapter 12, " defining psychological disorders, " and chapter 13, " treating psychological disorders. " view full video view by chapter in this discussion, we ' ll talk about psychological disorders, or psychopathology. it ' s a really interesting question : what kinds of behavior exceed the normal range of behavior for human beings? which behaviors are truly pathological, as opposed to simply uncommon or exceptional? … read more » " extra credit " writing assignment : is it ethical to use cognition - enhancing drugs? these optional resources are provided for students that wish to explore this topic more fully. course optinal resources. | | the world of abnormal psychology. annenberg learner, 1992. | | 13 1 - hour videos on various psychopathology topics | | nimh. gov. " adhd : signs, symptoms, research. " sept. 10, 2010. youtube. accessed march 9, 2012. http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = igcl79jv0lc | | video about adhd by the u. s. national institute of mental health. | | study materials for ch. 15, " psychological disorders : healing actions, healing words. " in kosslyn & rosenberg, psychology in context, 3 / e ( pearson, 2007 ) | | practice test questions, flashcards, and media for this related textbook « previous | next »


- wasse r ( 1 ) ( remove ) - influence of natural organic matter on the mobility of arsenic in aquatic systems, soils and sediments ( 2008 ) - the element as is today recognized as one of the most dangerous inorganic contaminants and threats for the world ’ s water resources. arsenic is ubiquitious in the earth crust and humans are especially affected through as polluted drinking water supplies. the occurrence of high as groundwater concentrations is often caused by geogenic processes of as release from the solid phase and accumulation in the water phase. many contaminated aquifers are also characterized by high concentrations of natural organic matter ( nom ). previous studies showed that nom presence may affect as mobility, but we are lacking evidence about the reactions pathways and about the importance as - dom interactions in the environment. we therefore focussed on studying reactions between nom and as, including redox reactions, complexation, colloid formation and sorption competition in laboratory experiments. moreover we also studied as behaviour in columns experiments and wetland soils rich in organic matter. arsenic mobility strongly depends on its redox state. dissolved organic matter was previously found to be redox active but its redox properties are only poorly understood. in laboratory experiments we therefore elucidated the electron transfer characteristics of different dom samples. the results showed the high potential of humic substances to chemically reduce different fe ( iii ) complexes and oxidize h2s and metallic zn. reactions occurred over short periods of time with reaction rates in the range from 0. 03 to 27 h - 1. under otherwise identical conditions rising doc concentrations caused higher total electron transfer. this supports the assumption that functional groups of dom, such as quinones, were indeed the redox active moieties involved in the redox reactions. the calculated electron transfer capacities ( etc ) ranged from 0. 07 to 6. 2 mequiv ( g c ) - 1. the wide range of observed reaction rates and etc values could be related to the different redox potential of the inorganic reactants used. this suggests that dom molecules contain redox active moieties with different redox potential and that they possibly represent a redox ladder with the capacity to buffer electrons over a wide range of redox conditions. humic substances also influenced the as redox speciation as dissolved h3aso4 was - either chemically or microbially - reduced to h3aso3 in dom solution. no oxidation of as ( iii ) to as ( v ) was found in these experiments


as redox speciation as dissolved h3aso4 was - either chemically or microbially - reduced to h3aso3 in dom solution. no oxidation of as ( iii ) to as ( v ) was found in these experiments. the presence of organic matter thus changes the redox speciation of as as well as that of other environmentally relevant elements like fe or s. this possibly also contributes to a higher mobility of as due to the presence of reduced as and fe species. the formation of complexes on mineral surfaces is one of the most important immobilization processes for as in soils or sediments. dom strongly interfered with this as sequestration mechanism due to aqueous and surface complexation reactions. humic substances were found to prevent the precipitation and sedimentation of iron oxide minerals and promote the formation of dom and fe containing colloids at aqueous molar fe / c ratios of up to 0. 1. this impeded the co - precipitation and sedimentation of as with fe mineral structures and increased the amount of mobile as. arsenic and fe content were correlated in the different particle size classes was, suggesting as binding to fe e. g. in cation bridging complexes or dom stabilized fe oxide colloids. dom sorption on synthetic goethite and natural soil and sediment samples also caused a release of as from these solid phases due to sorption competition for mineral binding sites. especially the weakly adsorbed fraction of as in the natural samples was affected by this process. both the formation of aqueous complexes or colloids and the sorption competition in the presence of dom lead to higher as concentration in the water phase and demonstrate the potential of humic substances to increase as mobility. in the studied laboratory columns as redox transformation and complexation by dom could not be identified. instead as mobilization was dominated by microbial processes in these experiments. at dom input concentrations between 5 and 100 mg l - 1 the release of as occurred mainly due to the reductive dissolution of the fe oxide sorbent phase during microbial respiration. the occurrence of sulfate reduction and the precipitation of sulfide minerals at the highest dom concentrations did not represent a substantial immobilization mechanism. the studied wetland soils represent natural sinks for geogenic as. fe oxides were the main as sorbents, which is surprising as both soils were temporarily water saturated and likely under reducing conditions. moreover, the high porewater doc concentrations and the high organic carbon content in the solid phase apparently


##genic as. fe oxides were the main as sorbents, which is surprising as both soils were temporarily water saturated and likely under reducing conditions. moreover, the high porewater doc concentrations and the high organic carbon content in the solid phase apparently did not interfere with as sorption on the iron phases in these soils. chemical extractions also showed that smaller as fractions were associated with solid phase organic matter pool and with a not identified residual pool, likely sulfide minerals. however, as most as was bound to fe oxides its fate was strongly affected by changing redox conditions. fast as immobilization sorption occurred under dry conditions when fe was oxidized and precipitated, while short - term mobilization of as and fe in their reduced form was observed upon rewetting. these soils therefore are as sinks as long as oxic conditions are maintained but may turn into as sources when reducing conditions prevail for longer periods of time. organic molecules influence the redox state and the complexation of as and are able to shift as partitioning in favour of the solute phase. our results showed that especially the association of as with aqueous complexes and colloids has a strong potential to reduce as retention and increase as mobility. this has to be considered in future studies of as behaviour in aquifers, surface waters, soils or sediments rich in organic substances. peatland soils were found to represent sinks for geogenic as, showing that the presence of organic matter not necessarily prevents as immobilization. it also depends on the biogeochemical conditions whether an organic matter rich system will accumulate or release as.


john smyth ( c. 1570 - 1612 ) is an important figure in baptist history, mainly because of his commitment to religious liberty, a believer ’ s church, and “ baptism ” of believers. he was not, however, the founder of baptists ( wikipedia is wrong. ). his baptism was not technically baptism as it was done by affusion ( pouring ) and he did this to himself ( se - baptism ). the seventeenth - century english baptists did not acknowledge smyth as their founder or initiator of the practice of baptism. in his work on baptism published in 1691, hercules collins directly refuted the claim that the english baptists had received their baptism from john smyth. this refutation was made in response to the paedo - baptist thomas wall who had claimed in his book baptism anatomized that the current “ english anabaptists ” had “ successively received ” their baptism from smyth who had baptized himself. in believers - baptism from heaven, collins asserted that the baptist community of which he was a part had not, in fact, had their baptism passed down to them from smyth. in refuting this charge, he referenced then living sources who knew better. in so doing, he charged wall with falsehood in his derogatory accusation regarding the origin of baptists. how many leaves hast thou spent in thy book, in asserting and maintaining a lie, and to cast filth upon the holy ways of the lord? could not the ordinance of christ, which was lost in the apostacy, be revived, ( as the feast of tabernacles was, tho lost a great while ) unless in such a filthy way as you falsly assert, viz. that the english baptists received their baptism from mr. john smith? it is absolutely untrue, it being well known, by some yet alive, how false this assertion is ; and if j. w. will but give a meeting to any of us, and bring whom he pleaseth with him, we shall sufficiently shew the falsity of what is affirmed by him in this matter, and in many other things he hath unchristianly asserted. those “ yet alive ” would certainly have included william kiffin ( 1616 - 1701 ) and possibly hanserd knollys ( b. 1599 ), who did not die until september of 1691, the same year in which these words were published. thomas wall, baptism anatomized ( london : g. croom, 1691 ), 106 -


through june of 2012, renewable energy was right behind natural gas in terms of the most new energy generating capacity being installed in the united states, with wind making up most of the renewables push. and now business insider has flagged the numbers for the remainder of the year. last week, they reported that wind ultimately pulled ahead of natural gas to become the leading installer of new capacity in 2012, at 10, 689 total megawatts. those numbers came from the federal energy regulatory commission ’ s report on the trends and highlights in u. s. energy for the past year. according to ferc ’ s update, natural gas installed 8, 746 megawatts of new capacity, coal installed 4, 510 new megawatts, and solar came in fourth with 1, 476 new megawatts. here ’ s the relevant table from the report, conveniently highlighted by business insider : one thing to note here is the issue of capacity factor : that ’ s how much power an installation actually produces as a percentage of its theoretical capacity. ( which is what ’ s listed in the table. ) natural gas plants do quite well in this regard : their median performance tends to come out to at least 80 percent, and they max out at 93 percent, according to the national renewable energy laboratory ’ s cost database. unfortunately, wind power doesn ’ t perform as well, due to the intermittency of, well, wind. its median tends to be around 40 percent offshore. onshore it ’ s been at 30 percent, though arguably onshore performance is pulling alongside offshore. and both max out at 50 to 54 percent. so even though wind beat out natural gas for new capacity in 2012, the new natural gas installation will almost certainly wind up generating more total electricity. the good news for wind is that it ’ s still a relatively young technology, with lots of room to improve. the energy it does deliver is produced much more efficiently in comparison to natural gas — the former loses less than one percent of its energy as waste heat, while the latter can lose as much as 54 percent. natural gas production in the u. s. may be on track to plateau, leading to predictions of rising prices, which will give wind power a further economic opening. and, of course, there ’ s the fact that, while cleaner than coal, natural gas remains a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions both through leaks and combustion.


here ' s another chance to play geographical detective! this natural - color image from the multi - angle imaging spectroradiometer ( misr ) represents an area of about 372 kilometers x 425 kilometers, and was captured by the instrument ' s vertical - viewing ( nadir ) camera in december, 2000. only some of the following 9 statements about the region shown are true. use any reference materials you like to mark each statement true or false : 1. of the two large smoke plumes rising from fires near image center, one is burning within 10 kilometers of a major gas pipeline. 2. the blue, green, and silver - colored lakes and lagoons, and the white salt - encrusted lakes and marshes that appear throughout the image area, are usually drier during winter and wetter in the summer. 3. agriculture in this region is devoted primarily to vegetable and fruit production. 4. there are fewer trees and forests in the region today than there were 500 years ago. 5. the fresh waters that feed the silver - colored lakes in the upper - right corner of the image are described as an aid to digestion in a 19th century novel by a french science fiction author. 6. the silver - colored area along the right - hand edge at image center is situated along the boundary of a city that was originally named for its white beaches. 7. in the same year in which this image was acquired, a water contamination event occurred and residents of the aforementioned city were warned not to drink from the municipal water supply. 8. the dark blue lake apparent at left - hand edge of image center is named for its sweet waters and supports year - round commercial and sport fishing. 9. the waters of the river that ends in a large alluvial fan ( situated near the right - hand edge below image center ), are saltier than the waters of the river below it, which continues to flow beyond the right - hand image edge. e - mail your answers, name ( initials are acceptable if you prefer ), and your hometown by the quiz deadline of tuesday, february 17, 2004, to email @ example. com answers will be published on the misr quiz page. the names and home towns of respondents who answer all questions correctly by the deadline will also be published in the order responses were received. the first 3 people on this list who are not affiliated with nasa, jpl, or misr and who have not previously won a prize will be sent a print of the image. a new " where on earth.


scientists have produced the most extensive map of arctic sea - ice thickness yet using just two months ' worth of data from the european space agency ' s ice mission, cryosat - 2. data from the satellite has also helped them create an updated map of ocean circulation in the arctic, and a topographical relief map of antarctica. all three maps demonstrate that cryosat - 2 is working well and, in some cases, is exceeding expectations. ' this is the first time we ' ve been able to measure sea - ice thickness over almost the entire arctic ice pack, ' says dr seymour laxon, director of the centre for polar observation and modelling ( cpom ) at university college london, a member of the research team. the map shows clear agreement with data gathered from aircraft during a recent arctic campaign, showing that cryosat - 2 can accurately measure changes in ice thickness. ' ' we can ' t yet say anything about changes for that you need a longer dataset, ' he adds. the sea - ice thickness map is based on data from january and february 2011 and shows thicker, rough, multi - year ice which has survived last summer ' s melt north of canada and greenland, stretching to the north pole and slightly beyond. elsewhere in the arctic the map reveals thinner, first year ice, and corresponds well with maps produced by other researchers. ' other european space agency satellites, like envisat and ers - 1 have let us build a map of sea - ice thickness up to 81. 5 degrees north. but cryosat - 2 goes right up to 88 degrees north, which means we ' ve got more coverage up to the north pole, ' says dr katharine giles, also from cpom. cryosat - 2 is designed to take precise measurements of changes in the thickness of ice in the arctic and antarctica, helping scientists understand how melting polar ice could affect ocean circulation patterns, sea - level rise and the global climate. the satellite measures the thickness of polar ice using an instrument called an altimeter, which fires pulses of microwave energy at the ice and records how long they take to return. researchers at cpom calculate the thickness of the ice by comparing how long it takes for the echoes to return from the top of ice floes and from the water in cracks in the ice, called leads. the aim is to measure the freeboard the part of the ice that sits above the waterline. the satellite can also tell scientists how winds affect the arctic ocean by measuring differences in the height of the sea surface exposed between ice


ice, called leads. the aim is to measure the freeboard the part of the ice that sits above the waterline. the satellite can also tell scientists how winds affect the arctic ocean by measuring differences in the height of the sea surface exposed between ice floes. echoes returning from leads have a much sharper signature than echoes from the ice. it ' s this data that has let the cpom researchers to produce a map of ocean circulation in the arctic using cryosat - 2 data. they created a similar map in december 2010. but most of the data for that map came from another esa satellite called envisat. the cpom team used cryosat - 2 data to plug a huge hole over the north pole left by envisat. cryosat - 2 can also measure the height of the ice around the edges of greenland and antarctica, which is important for understanding changes in ice thickness. to test how well it does this, the researchers switched the satellite to a different measurement mode as it passed over a prominent chain of mountains under the sea around hawaii. the mountains in the hawaiian - emperor seamount chain are so enormous they change how gravity acts on the ocean above them, creating slopes and troughs at the surface. ' we were astonished to find we could measure tiny changes in the ocean surface caused by the seamounts lying deep under water, ' says dr natalia galin, also from cpom. the satellite is in a polar orbit around 700 kilometres above the earth. it ' s expected to be in operation for three years, ' but has enough fuel onboard to keep going for up to seven years, ' says professor duncan wingham from cpom, who conceived the idea for cryosat - 2 more than ten years ago. cryosat - 2 was launched onboard a dnepr rocket a converted intercontinental ballistic missile from the baikonur cosmodrome in kazakhstan on 8 april 2010. wingham presented the team ' s results at the paris air and space show today. explore further : the tropical upper atmosphere ' fingerprint ' of global warming


( physorg. com ) - - harvard and brigham and women ’ s hospital researchers have devised a method that may allow clinicians to use higher doses of a powerful chemotherapy drug that has been limited because it is toxic not only to tumors but to patients ' kidneys. the research, conducted in laboratory animals, marries chemistry and nanotechnology to deliver toxic platinum atoms to tumors while almost entirely blocking the platinum from accumulating in the kidney, according to shiladitya sengupta, a harvard assistant professor of medicine and health sciences and technology whose laboratory for nanomedicine at harvard - affiliated brigham and women ’ s hospital conducted the work. sengupta has focused his research for three years on cisplatin, a powerful anti - cancer drug used in first - line chemotherapy. sengupta said the drug, discovered about 40 years ago, has many positive aspects. it is relatively inexpensive and effective against many cancers. its toxicity, however, limits its use. “ even if you can see amazing results as an anti - tumor therapy, you can ’ t give more, ” sengupta said. despite several attempts, cisplatin hasn ’ t been improved upon, sengupta said. two similar drugs that also incorporate platinum are on the market, but while they are less toxic to the kidney, they are also less active against tumors. though the chemistry involved is complex, the key to cisplatin ’ s effectiveness — and its toxicity — lies in how easily it releases platinum, both at the tumor site and, undesirably, in the kidneys. manufacturers of the two alternative drugs have reduced those drugs ’ toxicity by making them hold onto their platinum more tightly. sengupta ’ s work took a different track, however. understanding that particles greater than five nanometers in size would not be absorbed by the kidney, he set out to engineer a super - sized cisplatin. understanding the chemical properties of the cisplatin molecule and the laws that govern molecular folding, his team designed a polymer that would bind to cisplatin, much as a thread runs through a bead ’ s central hole. by stringing together enough cisplatin, the whole molecule wrapped itself into a ball, 100 nanometers in size, too large to enter the kidney. it took a couple of tries to get the molecular design right, sengupta said. though the initial design proved nontoxic to kidneys, it wasn ’ t as effective as the original cisplatin. sengupta and


kidney. it took a couple of tries to get the molecular design right, sengupta said. though the initial design proved nontoxic to kidneys, it wasn ’ t as effective as the original cisplatin. sengupta and colleagues tweaked the chemical formula so the molecule didn ’ t hold quite so tightly to the platinum atoms. studies conducted by basar bilgicer, assistant professor at the university of notre dame, showed that the molecule accumulated in tumor tissue, whose leaky blood vessels allowed it to pass out of the capillaries that feed the tumor. the molecule is too large to pass into other tissues, such as the kidney, lungs, liver, and spleen. once lodged in the tumor, the higher acidity there caused the molecule to fall apart, dumping its toxic load on the cancerous tissue. “ it showed absolutely minimal toxicity to the kidney, ” sengupta said. the new compound has been found to be effective against lung and breast cancers. instructor in pathology daniela dinulescu at brigham and women ’ s hospital also demonstrated that the nano - compound outperformed cisplatin in a transgenic ovarian cancer model that mimics the disease in humans. the research, which received funding from the national institutes of health and the defense department ’ s breast cancer research program, has not been tried in humans, and would require potentially lengthy testing before being ready for patient care. described in last week ’ s proceedings of the national academy of sciences, the project also included researchers at the university of notre dame, the harvard - mit division of health sciences and technology, the dana - farber cancer institute, the national chemical laboratory in pune, india, and the translational health science and technology institute in new delhi. explore further : single - cell transfection tool enables added control for biological studies


major section : history example : : pe fn ; sketches the command that introduced fn and ; prints in full the event within it that created fn. see logical - name. pe takes one argument, a logical name, and prints in full the event corresponding to the name. pe also sketches the command responsible for that event if the command is different from the event itself. see pc for a description of the format used to display a command. to remind you that the event is inferior to the command, i. e., you can only undo the entire command, not just the event, the event is indented slightly from the command and a slash ( meant to suggest a tree branch ) if the given logical name corresponds to more than one event, then will print the above information for every such event. here is an example. of such behavior. acl2! > : pe nth - 4270 ( encapsulate nil... ) \ > v ( verify - termination nth ) additional events for the logical name nth : pv - 4949 ( defun nth ( n l ) " documentation available via : doc " ( declare ( xargs : guard ( and ( integerp n ) ( > = n 0 ) ( true - listp l ) ) ) ) ( if ( endp l ) nil ( if ( zp n ) ( car l ) ( nth ( - n 1 ) ( cdr l ) ) ) ) ) acl2! >


multiplies x by 2 ^ y. this is equivalent to shifting the binary representation of x to the left by y bits. bitwise logical operations on numbers. these forms compute the bitwise and, inclusive or, exclusive or, and equivalence ( a. k. a. exclusive nor ), respectively. these macros expand into calls of binary functions such as binary - logand, binary - logior, etc. the guards of these functions require that all inputs be integers. when passed one argument, these functions return the argument unchanged. when passed no arguments, logand and logeqv return - 1, while logior and logxor return 0. | > ( logand 1 ) | | > ( logand 10 6 ) | | > ( logior 10 5 ) | | > ( logxor 15 9 ) | | > ( logeqv 5 6 ) | | > ( logior " 5 " ) | computes the bitwise logical nand of the two given numbers. | > ( lognand 10 6 ) | computes the bitwise logical nor of x and y. | > ( lognor 10 6 ) | computes the bitwise logical not of the given number. | > ( lognot 5 ) | returns the ith bit in the two ’ s complement binary representation of j. returns the number of " on " bits in the binary representation of x. computes the bitwise logical inclusive or of y with the bitwise logical not of x. | > ( logorc1 10 6 ) | computes the bitwise logical inclusive or of x with the bitwise logical not of y. | > ( logorc2 10 6 ) | returns true if and only if x and y share a ’ 1 ’ bit somewhere in their binary representation ( i. e. ( logand x y ) is not zero ).


this phenomena has been explained by the zetas and is thoroughly documented on this blog. while the " official " cause of such massive fish kills is often attributed to hypoxia ( lack of oxygen ), what is conveniently excluded in these opaque explanations is that high concentrations of dissolved methane essentially expels oxygen, thus rendering water and air uninhabitable for the fish and birds encountering it. " dead fish and birds falling from the sky are being reported worldwide, suddenly. this is not a local affair, obviously. dead birds have been reported in sweden and n america, and dead fish in n america, brazil, and new zealand. methane is known to cause bird dead, and as methane rises when released during earth shifting, will float upward through the flocks of birds above. but can this be the cause of dead fish? if birds are more sensitive than humans to methane release, fish are likewise sensitive to changes in the water, as anyone with an aquarium will attest. those schools of fish caught in rising methane bubbles during sifting of rock layers beneath them will inevitably be affected. fish cannot, for instance, hold their breath until the emergency passes! nor do birds have such a mechanism. " zetatalk click on map below for interactive version : yellow = 2011, blue = 2012, red = 2013 some of the evidence : youtube video up to jan 30, 2011 5000 + black birds 500 + black birds 100, 000 drum fish tens of thousands - fish thousands of fish thousands of fish dozens of fish in just 50 feet 50 - 100 birds - jackdaws 100 tons of fish hundreds of snapper 10 tons of fish hundreds of fish thousands of fish hundreds of fish hundreds of fish scores of fish hundreds of fish 150 tons of red tilapias thousands of fish scores of dead fish hundreds of starfish, jellyfish main source : http : / / maps. google. com / maps / ms? ie = ut... bca25af104a22b dead fish in 36 lakes in connecticut! mass fish die - off in michigan! heaps of dead fish at bay state ponds! dozens of dead fish found in madison pond! red sand lake fish die - off! melting lakes reveal hundreds of dead fish! hundreds of dead fish in meadows river dead birds fall from the sky in kansas! tens of thousands of dead fish in india! lake maardu without fish! massive fish mor in the lipetsk region! 100 tonnes of dead fish in ukraine! penguins losing their feathers to unknown illness! dead


fall from the sky in kansas! tens of thousands of dead fish in india! lake maardu without fish! massive fish mor in the lipetsk region! 100 tonnes of dead fish in ukraine! penguins losing their feathers to unknown illness! dead turtles found on australian beach! animal death list 4th june 2011 - 800 tons of fish dead in a lake near the taal volcano in the philippines. 13th may 2011 - dozens of sharks washing up dead in california. 13th may 2011 - thousands of fish wash up dead on shores of lake erie in ohio. 6th may 2011 - record number of wildlife die - offs in the rockies during the winter. 1st may 2011 - two giant whales wash ashore and die on waiinu beach in new zealand. 22nd april 2011 - leopard sharks dying in san francisco bay. 20th april 2011 - 6 tons of dead sardines found in ventura harbour in southern california. 20th april 2011 - hundreds of dead abalone and a marlin wash up dead on melkbos beach near cape town. 18th april 2011 - hundreds of dead fish found in ventura harbour in southern california. 29th march 2011 - over 1300 ducks die in houston minnesota. 28th march 2011 - sei whale washes up dead on beach in virginia. 26th march 2011 - hundreds of fish dead in gulf shores. 8th march 2011 - millions of dead fish in king harbor marina in california. 3rd march 2011 - 80 baby dolphins now dead in gulf region. 25th february 2011 - avian flu - hundreds of chickens die suddenly in north sumatra indonesia. 23rd february 2011 - 28 baby dolphins wash up dead in alabama and mississippi. 21st february 2011 - big freeze kills hundreds of thousands of fish along coast in texas. 21st february 2011 - bird flu? 16 swans die over 6 weeks in stratford - upon - avon, uk. 20th february 2011 - over 100 whales dead in mason bay, new zealand. 20th february 2011 - 120 cows found dead in banting, malaysia. 19th february 2011 - many blackbirds found dead in ukraine. 16th february 2011 - 5 million dead fish in mara river, kenya. 16th february 2011 - thousands of fish and several dozen ducks dead in ontario, canada. 16th february 2011 - mass fish death in black sea region in turkey. 11th february 2011 - 20, 000 bees died suddenly in a biodiversity exhibit in ontario, canada. 11th february 2011 - hundreds of dead birds found in lake charles, louisiana. 9th february 2011 - thousands of dead fish wash ashore in florida. 8th february 2011 - hundreds of sparrows fall dead in rotorua, new zealand. 5th


ontario, canada. 11th february 2011 - hundreds of dead birds found in lake charles, louisiana. 9th february 2011 - thousands of dead fish wash ashore in florida. 8th february 2011 - hundreds of sparrows fall dead in rotorua, new zealand. 5th february 2011 - 14 whales die after being beached in new zealand. 4th february 2011 - thousands of various fish float dead in amazon river and in florida. 2nd february 2011 - hundreds of pigeons dying in geneva, switzerland. 31st january 2011 - hundreds of thousands of horse mussell shells wash up dead on beaches in waiheke island, new zealand. 27th january 2011 - 200 pelicans wash up dead on topsail beach in north carolina. 27th january 2011 - 2000 fish dead in bogota, columbia. 23rd january 2011 - hundreds of dead fish in dublin, ireland. 22nd january 2011 - thousands of dead herring wash ashore in vancouver island, canada. 21st january 2011 - thousands of fish dead in detroit river, michigan. 20th january 2011 - 55 dead buffalo in cayuga county, new york. 18th january 2011 - thousands of octopus was up in vila nova de gaia, portugal. 17th january 2011 - 10, 000 buffalos and cows died in vietnam. 17th january 2011 - hundreds of dead seals washing up on shore in labrador, canada. 15th january 2011 - 200 dead cows found in portage county, wisconsin. 14th january 2011 - massive fish death in baku, azerbaijan. 14th january 2011 - 300 blackbirds found dead on highway i - 65 south of athens in alabama. 7th january 2011 - 8, 000 turtle doves reign down dead in faenza, italy. 6th january 2011 - hundreds of dead grackles, sparrows & pigeons were found dead in upshur county, texas. 5th january 2011 - hundreds of dead snapper with no eyes washed up on coromandel beaches in new zealand. 5th january 2011 - 40, 000 + crabs wash up dead in kent, england. 4th january 2011 - 100 tons of sardines, croaker & catfish wash up dead on the parana region shores in brazil. 4th january 2011 - 3, 000 + dead blackbirds found in louisville, kentucky. 4th january 2011 - 500 dead red - winged blackbirds & starlings in louisiana. 4th january 2011 - thousands of dead fish consisting of mullet, ladyfish, catfish & snook in volusia county, florida. 3rd january 2011 - 2, 000, 000 ( 2 million ) dead fish consisting of menhayden, spots & croakers wash up in chesapeake bay


wpa rule 3. eight ball the rules of play from world pool - billiard association ( effective 1 / 1 / 08 ) eight ball is played with fifteen numbered object balls and the cue ball. the shooter ’ s group of seven balls ( one through seven or nine through fifteen ) must all be off the table before he attempts to pocket the eight ball to win. shots are called. 3. 1 determining first break the player winning the lag has the option to determine who has to execute the first break shot. ( see 1. 2 lagging to determine order of play. ) the standard format is alternate break ( see regulation 15, subsequent break shots. ) 3. 2 eight ball rack the fifteen object balls are racked as tightly as possible in a triangle, with the apex ball on the foot spot and the eight ball as the first ball that is directly below the apex ball. one from each group of seven will be on the two lower corners of the triangle. the other balls are placed in the triangle without purposeful or intentional pattern. 3. 3 break shot the following rules apply to the break shot : ( a ) the cue ball begins in hand behind the head string. ( b ) no ball is called, and the cue ball is not required to hit any particular object ball first. ( c ) if the breaker pockets a ball and does not foul, he continues at the table, and the table remains open. ( see 3. 4 open table / choosing groups. ) ( d ) if no object ball is pocketed, at least four object balls must be driven to one or more rails, or the shot results in an illegal break, and the incoming player has the option of ( 1 ) accepting the table in position, or ( e ) pocketing the eight ball on a legal break shot is not a foul. if the eight ball is pocketed, the ( 2 ) re - racking and breaking, or ( 3 ) re - racking and allowing the offending player to break again. breaker has the option of ( 1 ) re - spotting the eight ball and accepting the balls in position, or ( f ) if the breaker pockets the eight ball and scratches ( see definition 8. 6 scratch ), the opponent has the option of ( 1 ) re - spotting the eight ball and shooting with cue ball in hand behind the head string ; ( g ) if any object ball is driven off the table on a break shot, it is a foul ; such balls remain out of play ( except the eight ball which is


the eight ball and shooting with cue ball in hand behind the head string ; ( g ) if any object ball is driven off the table on a break shot, it is a foul ; such balls remain out of play ( except the eight ball which is re - spotted ) ; and the incoming player has the option of ( 1 ) accepting the table in position, or ( h ) if the breaker fouls in any manner not listed above, the following player has the option of ( 2 ) taking cue ball in hand behind the head string. ( 1 ) accepting the balls in position, or 3. 4 open table / choosing groups ( 2 ) taking cue ball in hand behind the head string. before groups are determined, the table is said to be “ open, ” and before each shot, the shooter must call his intended ball. if the shooter legally pockets his called ball, the corresponding group becomes his, and his opponent is assigned the other group. if he fails to legally pocket his called ball, the table remains open and play passes to the other player. when the table is “ open ”, any object ball may be struck first except the eight ball. 3. 5 continuing play the shooter remains at the table as long as he continues to legally pocket called balls, or he wins the rack by pocketing the eight ball. 3. 6 shots required to be called on each shot except the break, shots must be called as explained in 1. 6 standard call shot. the eight ball may be called only after the shot on which the shooter ’ s group has been cleared from the table. the shooter may call “ safety ” in which case play passes to the opponent at the end of the shot and any object ball pocketed on the safety remains pocketed. ( see 8. 17 safety 3. 7 spotting balls if the eight ball is pocketed or driven off the table on the break, it will be spotted or the balls will be re - racked. ( see 3. 3 break shot and 1. 4 spotting balls. ) no other object ball is ever 3. 8 losing the rack the shooter loses if he ( a ) fouls when pocketing the eight ball ; ( b ) pockets the eight ball before his group is cleared ; ( c ) pockets the eight ball in an uncalled pocket ; or ( d ) drives the eight ball off the table. these do not apply to the break shot. ( see 3. 3 break shot. ) 3. 9 standard fouls if the shooter commits a foul, play passes to


##called pocket ; or ( d ) drives the eight ball off the table. these do not apply to the break shot. ( see 3. 3 break shot. ) 3. 9 standard fouls if the shooter commits a foul, play passes to his opponent. the cue ball is in hand, and the incoming player may place it anywhere on the playing surface. ( see 1. 5 cue ball in hand. ) the following are standard fouls at eight ball : 6. 1 cue ball scratch or off the table 6. 2 wrong ball first ; the first ball contacted by the cue ball on each shot must belong to the shooter ’ s group, except when the table is open. ( see 3. 4 open table / choosing groups. ) 6. 3 no rail after contact 6. 4 no foot on floor 6. 5 ball driven off the table ( see 3. 7 spotting balls. ) 6. 6 touched ball 6. 7 double hit / frozen balls 6. 8 push shot 6. 9 balls still moving 6. 10 bad cue ball placement 6. 11 bad play from behind the head string 6. 12 cue stick on the table 6. 13 playing out of turn 6. 15 slow play 3. 10 serious fouls the fouls listed under 3. 8 losing the rack are penalized by the loss of the current rack. for 6. 16 unsportsmanlike conduct, the referee will choose a penalty appropriate given the nature of the offense. if a stalemate occurs ( see 1. 12 stalemate ), the original breaker of the rack will break again. index : world pool & billiard rules of play world pool & billiard rules of play : 01. general rules world pool & billiard rules of play : 02. nine ball world pool & billiard rules of play : 03. eight ball world pool & billiard rules of play : 04. 14. 1 continuous pool world pool & billiard rules of play : 05. black ball world pool & billiard rules of play : 06. fouls world pool & billiard rules of play : 07. rules for wheelchair competition world pool & billiard rules of play : 08. definitions used in the rules world pool & billiard rules of play : 09. ten ball world pool & billiard tournament regulations world pool & billiard tournament table & equipment specifications


chris hayess comments on his msnbc program regarding heroism provided another opportunity for the hard right to engage in its favorite pastime. over memorial day weekend, hayes paid tribute to the bravery and the sacrifices of the men and women who serve our country, but then had the temerity to wonder whether the word hero wasnt often deployed in a way to prevent debate as to the morality or efficacy of the war effort itself. as several commentators have pointed out, hayes raised these questions in a thoughtful and exploratory way, went out of his way to commend the efforts of our soldiers, and invited critical responses. since no good deed goes unpunished, hayess reflective questions were greeted with a barrage of distortions and ad hominem attacks. the intensity and palpable distortions in the attack on hayes lend plausibility to his concerns about the repressive uses of current heroism discourse. they also suggest just how fragile so much of the hard right is. its refusal to countenance even the most open and respectful dialogue speaks volumes. these comments are typical of right wing efforts to use such controversies as an opportunity to question the patriotism and morality of those who oppose the occupation of afghanistan and iraq. they are also part of an effort to rewrite history, as in reiteration of the long discredited notion that anti - vietnam war groups spat on returning vets. more broadly, the organized right seeks to police the use of terms such as heroism and patriotism over which it seems to assume it has monopoly control. heroism is a politically laden concept, and like all central political concepts is subject to debate. conor friedersdorf points out at theatlantic. com : for starters, there isnt even broad agreement about what the word hero means. merriam webster says a hero is a ) a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability ; b ) an illustrious warrior ; c ) a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities d ) one who shows great courage. in the us context, definition a is hardly applicable, though religious inspiration does sometimes slip into many discussions of heroism. c and d are often cited, but one key distinction lies with regard to the question of courage on behalf of what. in the eyes of the major media, hero is confined to those who sacrifice on behalf of the governments national security agenda. that requires not only sacrifice and willingness to die in such ventures as our current occupations but also an unquestioning commitment to these goals. thus


of the major media, hero is confined to those who sacrifice on behalf of the governments national security agenda. that requires not only sacrifice and willingness to die in such ventures as our current occupations but also an unquestioning commitment to these goals. thus arizona cardinal safety pat tillman was regularly cited as a hero until such time as it became clear that he had died at the hands of friendly fire and his family made clear that he had become increasingly disillusioned about the us war effort. heroism discourse serves economic objectives as well. memorial day, veterans day, july fourth are all occasions when we are besieged with public service ads during sporting events on behalf of the military. they protect our freedoms. we are told that these are the real heroes, the real superstars, yet we are never informed just what those freedoms are. it seems clear that the freedoms that really matter to those who make the ads and control the airwaves are those that lie in the center of the neo liberal project. corporations have the right to monopoly profits either at home or abroad. thus the past college basketball season opened with a game on the deck of an aircraft carrier, one of those instruments to deploy us power around the world. but what happens to those who seek to exercise a vital freedom, that of speech? julian assange is treated as dangerous criminals merely for publishing not stealing classified information, much of which is treated in a loose manner by the government agencies charged with its maintenance. he faces threats and risks at least as dire as those encountered by most us service men and women. finally, many of the protesters today, from those opposed to the xl pipeline to the occupy wall street movements are doing more to advance our political freedoms than most us citizens. and given the brutal police response they have faced, they are clearly in as much danger or more danger than most tv viewers recognize. i recently had occasion to talk with a college classmate, a unitarian minister active in social causes. he had recently returned from a pipeline demonstration in d. c. he pointed out that handcuffs are hardly benign, especially when police tighten them to inflict pain. he had ended in an emergency room with a $ 1, 200 bill. my friends story reminded and challenged me with a tale, perhaps apocryphal, from the life of henry david thoreau. thoreau had been jailed for refusal to pay a racially discriminatory poll tax. ralph waldo emerson visited him in jail and posed the question what are you doing in there, to which thoreau responded why arent you


the world ’ s first authorized test in people of a treatment derived from human embryonic stem cells has been cleared to begin by the food and drug administration. the trial will test cells developed by geron corporation and the university of california, irvine in patients with new spinal cord injuries. the f. d. a. had initially cleared the clinical trial in january 2009, in what was viewed at the time as a research milestone. but before the study could begin, the agency then put a so - called hold on the trial after cysts were discovered in some mice injected with the cells. geron had to do another mouse study and develop better ways to check the purity of its cells. on friday, the company announced in a press release that the f. d. a. had lifted the hold. geron shares rose in morning trading. embryonic stem cells can turn into any type of cell in the body. scientists envision one day making replacements for injured or diseased tissues to treat a wide variety of illnesses. clarification : but the cells have been controversial because their creation has required the destruction of human embryos, although some scientists claim they now avoid that. geron, which is based in menlo park, calif., helped finance the isolation of the first human embryonic stem cells at the university of wisconsin in the late 1990s, so it holds certain patent rights on use of the cells. geron turns embryonic stem cells into precursors of neural support cells called oligodendrocytes, which would be injected into the spinal cord at the site of the injury. the hope is that the injected cells will repair the insulation, known as myelin, around nerve cells, restoring the ability of some of the nerves to carry signals. the first trial, a so - called phase 1 study, will have a small number of patients and is aimed mainly at testing the safety of the therapy. years of further testing will be required before the therapy would be proven and ready for widespread use, assuming it works. some experts have worried that this particularly therapy has not been adequately proven in animals and could spur a backlash against the embryonic stem cell field should it fail in the trial or cause harm to patients. “ we really want the best trial to be done for this first trial, and this might not be it, ’ ’ dr. john a. kessler, chairman of neurology and director of the stem cell institute at northwestern university said at the time the f. d. a. first cleared the trial. still, dr


individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | behavioural genetics is the field of biology that studies the role of genetics in animal ( including human ) behaviour. the field is an overlap of genetics, ethology and psychology. classically, behavioural geneticists have studied the inheritance of behavioural traits. in 1869, francis galton published the first empirical work in human behavioural genetics, hereditary genius. here, galton intended to demonstrate that " a man ' s natural abilities are derived by inheritance, under exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world. " like most seminal work, he overstated his conclusions. his was a family study on the inheritance of giftedness and talent. galton was aware that resemblance among familial relatives can be a function of both shared genes and shared environments. contemporary behavioural genetics studies special populations — in human research, twins and adoptees and in animal research, specially bred strains and lines — to separate genetic from environmental effects. the initial impetus behind behavioural genetic research was to demonstrate that there were indeed genetic influences on behaviour. in psychology, this phase lasted for the first half of the 20th century largely because of the overwhelming influence of behaviourism in the field. later behavioural genetic research focused on quantitative methods, and today there is a large emphasis on applying techniques from molecular genetics to analyse individual genes that influence behaviour. contemporary behavioural geneticsedit recent trends in behaviour genetics has indicated an additional focus toward researching the inheritance of human characteristics typically studied in developmental psychology. for instance, a major focus in developmental psychology has been to characterize the influence of parenting styles on children. however, in most studies, genes are a confounding variable. because children share 50 % of their genes with each parent, any observed effects of parenting styles could be effects of having many of the same genes as a parent ( e. g. harsh aggressive parenting styles have been found to correlate with similar aggressive child characteristics : is it the parenting or the genes? ). thus, behaviour genetics research is currently undertaking to distinguish the effects of the family environment from the effects of genes. this branch of behaviour genetics research is becoming more closely associated with mainstream developmental psychology and the sub - field of developmental psychopathology as it shifts its focus to the heritability of such factors as emotional self - control, attachment, social functioning, aggressiveness, etc. several academic bodies exist to support behaviour genetic research, including the international behavioural


field of developmental psychopathology as it shifts its focus to the heritability of such factors as emotional self - control, attachment, social functioning, aggressiveness, etc. several academic bodies exist to support behaviour genetic research, including the international behavioural and neural genetics society, behavior genetics association, the international society for psychiatric genetics, and the international society for twin studies. behavior genetic work features prominently in several more general societies, for instance the international behavioral neuroscience society. methods of human behavioural geneticsedit human behavioural geneticists use several designs to answer questions about the nature and mechanisms of genetic influences on behavior. all of these designs are unified by being based around human relationships which disentangle genetic and environmental relatedness. so, for instance, some researchers study adopted twins : the adoption study. in this case the adoption disentangles the genetic relatedness of the twins ( either 50 % or 100 % ) from their family environments. likewise the classic twin study contrasts the differences between identical twins and fraternal twins within a family compared to differences observed between families. this core design can be extended : the so - called " extended twin study " which adds additional family members, increasing power and allowing new genetic and environmental relationships to be studied. excellent examples of this model are the virginia 20, 000 and the qimr twin studies. also possible are the " children of twins " design ( holding maternal genetic contributions equal across children with paternal genetics and family environments ; and the " virtual twins " design - unrelated children adopted into a family who are very close or identical in age to biological children or other adopted children in the family. the classical twin study has been severely criticized and is used less and less frequently nowadays. - biopsychosocial approach - introduction to genetics - genetics course - genetics : genetic disorders - genetic dominance - genetic recessiveness - genetics : personality - genetics : psychological problems - genetics and mental health - genetic counselling - nature nurture - population genetics references & bibliographyedit - carey, g. ( 2003 ) human genetics for the social sciences. thousand oaks, ca : sage publications. - carson, r. a. and rothstein, m. a. ( 1999 ) behavioral genetics : the clash of culture and biology. - defries, j. c., mcguffin, p., mcclearn, g. e., plomin, r. ( 2000 ) behavioral genetics 4th ed. w h freeman & co. - plomin, r ( 2000 ) ( ed ) behavioral genetics 4th


##guffin, p., mcclearn, g. e., plomin, r. ( 2000 ) behavioral genetics 4th ed. w h freeman & co. - plomin, r ( 2000 ) ( ed ) behavioral genetics 4th edn. - plomin, r defries, j. c. craig, i and mcguffin, p eds., ( 2002 ) behavioral genetics in the postgenomic era. - scott, j. p. and fuller, j. l. ( 1965 ) genetics and the social behavior of the dog. university of chicago press. - weiner, j. ( 1999 ) time, love, memory : a great biologist and his quest for the origins of behavior. knopf - segal, n., & macdonald, k. b. ( 1998 ). behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology : a unified perspective on personality research. human biology, 70, 157 - 182. full text robert plomin, j. c. defries, gerald e. mcclearn, and peter mcguffin ( 2000 ). behavioral genetics : a primer. w. h. freeman & co ltd isbn 0716751593 criticism of behavioural genetic methods and theories edit - joseph, j. ( 2004 ). the gene illusion : genetic research in psychiatry and psychology under the microscope. new york : algora. ( 2003 united kingdom edition by pccs books ) - joseph, j. ( 2006 ). the missing gene : psychiatry, heredity, and the fruitless search for genes. new york : algora. | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |


when the word went forth : " o earth! swallow up thy water and o sky! withhold ( thy rain )! " and the water abated and the matter was ended. the ark rested on mount judi and the word went forth : " away with those who do wrong! " 11 : 44the bible and the qur ' an both relate the eponymous story of noah ' s ark. in the qur ' an ' s version, however, the ark comes to rest not on mount ararat, but on mount judi. the qur ' anic version is also silent on the " unnecessary details ", such as the dimensions of the ark, unlike the bible which states that the ark is 300 cubits long and 50 cubits wide. why should the author of the qur ' an have specified these differences? perhaps this might explain. this picture shows what appears to be the imprint, or the fossilised remains, of a giant boat near the foot of what has been identified as mount judi, mentioned the qur ' an as the ark ' s final resting place. surely this is proof, say muslims, that the qur ' an is the word of god and that the bible has been corrupted, just as we ' ve been saying all these centuries... except that it ' s not. what you ' re looking at is indeed a boat - like structure and can indeed be found near the foot of mount judi. and it must doubtless have seemed like an awe - inspiring confirmation of the biblical stories of a giant boat to those desert dwellers who came across it 1, 400 years ago. ( there was the slight problem of it being in the wrong place and and the wrong dimensions [ 50 % too wide ] but it was no doubt the remains of an ancient ship ) but the unusual rock formations at the now infamous durupinar site in the tendurek mountains are just that - unusual rock formations. ( for those wishing to investigate the veracity of the muslim miracle - seekers claims and read the conclusions of the numerous scientific studies carried out on this site since the 1960s i refer you to my earlier post ) and, at the risk of being accused of recycling old material, i quote from another previous post : how likely is it that such an unusual rock formation - in the very distinct and unusual shape of a boat - should happen to be on the very same mountain that it is claimed in the qur ’ an that the ark came to rest? either one perseveres with the supernatural / divine hypothesis and claims, fa


very distinct and unusual shape of a boat - should happen to be on the very same mountain that it is claimed in the qur ’ an that the ark came to rest? either one perseveres with the supernatural / divine hypothesis and claims, faute de mieux, that god shaped the rocks in such a way ( perhaps as another of those tests? ), or one must look for another, more rational explanation. and the only explanation that i can think of is that the writer of the qur ’ an knew of the “ remains of the ark ” on mnt judi and decided to make reference to them in his revelation - leaving out the dimensions as they were obviously not correct. it is perhaps relevant to quote a part of the conclusion from the collins ( department of geological science, california state university ) article : " finally, [ it has been ] suggested that, although the structure is not noah ' s ark, it may very well be the site which the ancients regarded as the ship of the deluge and may have played a role in the flood story. as a geologist, i find this to be a interesting speculation. " journal of geosciences education, v. 44, 1996, p. 439 - 444. if we replace " the ancients " with " mohammed " we are left with an unpalatable, ( for muslims ) but not unreasonable, supposition.


there are three parts to this post. first i want to explain the four ways we speak of causes. second i want to relate these four ways to the causes that are the subject of modern science. third, we will see how it is possible for god to act in ways to which modern science modern science cannot even relate, let alone comprehend. first : there are four ways that we speak of causes or explanations. the goal of science ( in both the broad and narrow senses ) is to explain, and to explain is to discover causes. aristotle observed that four general categories of cause are present in all changes of our everyday experience. this will be clearer with an example. to explain the existence of a lamp, we need to know - what is it made of? — brass ( material cause ) - what or who made it? — the lamp maker ( efficient cause ) - what is it? — a lamp ( formal cause ) - what is it for? — to illuminate the room ( final cause – purpose, end, goal ) the material, efficient, formal, and final causes are just a more systematic way to use ordinary language, the possible exception being the formal cause, which may seem so obvious as to be pointless. but it is important to clarify : the formal cause is not just the shape of the thing, but something much more radical : it is what the thing is. in common experience, lamps come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, but yet they all possess a commonality we ’ ll call “ lampness ” that we all know and recognize but could never capture in a drawing. as aristotle says, humans and their human productions are a subset of natural things, so it makes sense to ask analogous questions about nature. in nature, the four causes are more difficult to distinguish. we find that the agent that makes a natural thing is the thing itself. the tomato plant as a whole itself gathers the elements ( solar energy, water, and carbon dioxide ) and assembles them into itself. likewise the purpose of a natural thing is the thing itself, for example, the purpose of the reddening of a tomato is the redness itself. ( this coincidence of the formal and final causes fits nicely with the theology of genesis, where god declares his creation, “ good, ” that is, fulfilling its purpose simply by existing. ) higher in the hierarchy of being, we find increasingly articulate manifestations of teleology or purpose. purpose in human action is the most obvious, because it is external to the agent,


” that is, fulfilling its purpose simply by existing. ) higher in the hierarchy of being, we find increasingly articulate manifestations of teleology or purpose. purpose in human action is the most obvious, because it is external to the agent, e. g., a man saves money to buy a house. it ’ s also not too hard to see that other living things also act for ends. the roots of a tomato plant take up water and magnesium from the soil in order for photosynthesis to take place in the leaves. what almost everyone misses is that purpose extends even deeper. in the most basic sense, the very regularities of nature manifest purpose. that confetti is always attracted to the static electric charge on a balloon shows the order and purpose of nature. teleology or purpose is not limited to the immediate action of intelligence, but has deep roots that penetrate all creation. now that you ( hopefully ) understand aristotle ' s four causes, we will turn to understanding how modern science deals with but a very limited part of this schema. michael j. dodds ' s explanation is without peer : the noton of " action " can be ascribed not only to efficient cause, but also to formal and final causes. in aquinas ' understanding, to act means " to make something to be in act. " this can happen in a number of ways. when the artist shapes the clay into a ball, we can say that the artist ( the efficient cause ) makes the clay round. but we can also say the form of " roundness " makes the clay actually round. for all the artist ' s efforts, the clay will remain only potentially round until it possess that form or shape. we can also say that the final cause or end " acts " on the agent or " moves " the agent to act. if the artist works in order to make money, money ( as a good to be attained ) somehow induces the artist to work. the action of an efficient cause may sometimes, but not always, be described in terms of quantitative force. the action of an artist on a block of clay, for instance, can be described in terms of how many pounds of pressure per square inch is exerted on it. the efficient causality of the teacher in directing the activity of the artist, however, cannot be so described. formal and final causality can never be described as quantitative force. the formal cause acts on the clay to make it actually round, but it does not act as a quantitative force.


directing the activity of the artist, however, cannot be so described. formal and final causality can never be described as quantitative force. the formal cause acts on the clay to make it actually round, but it does not act as a quantitative force. the clay is not actually round until is possesses the form or shape of " roundness, " and that form in some way makes it actually found. but it does not make it round by exerting any sort of force on it. it acts according to the mode of formal causality by causing something ( in this case the clay sphere ) to be actual. its action is quite different from that of efficient causality, especially from that brand of efficient causality known as " force. " the final cause acts on the agent to influence or induce her to act. if the artist works " to make money, " making money is in some way the cause of her action. but we cannot describe this influence in terms of quantitative force. the final cause acts, but it acts according to the mode of final causality, as an end or good that induces the efficient cause to act. the mode of causality proper to the final cause cannot itself be reduced to efficient causality, much less to the mode of efficient causality we call " force. " of the four causes in the philosophy of aristotle and aquinas, only the efficient cause remains in newtonian science. the formal and final causes disappear since they can neither be quantified nor empirically observed. matter is not viewed as a " cause " or anything so unmeasurable as a principle of " possibility. " instead, it is viewed as the fundamental actuality or " stuff " of the universe ( the atoms or ultimate particles ). only the efficient cause remains since it alone can be empirically observed, quantitatively represented, and experimentally manipulated. we have seen causes completely beyond the ken of modern science, so now we can turn to explanations of how god acts in such ways. one type of formal cause is the exemplary cause. in terms of the sculpture analogy, the exemplary cause is the idea of the formed sculpture in the mind of the artist. similarly, the exemplary cause of the universe is the form of creation in the mind of its creator. in the context of christian theology, the mind of god is the logos, the word1 of god, which st. john identifies with jesus. this is clearly what st. john intends in the prologue of his gospel, " in the beginning was the word...


christian theology, the mind of god is the logos, the word1 of god, which st. john identifies with jesus. this is clearly what st. john intends in the prologue of his gospel, " in the beginning was the word..., " which parallels the beginning of genesis ( " in the beginning god created the heavens and the earth.... and god said " ). god ' s speech or word, not only made the universe, but also made it intelligible. 2 beside exemplary causality, there are other ways invisible to modern science that god is a cause. god acts as an efficient, though non - physical, cause. as st. augustine says, god created time along with the universe. science can only measure ( and treat ) movable things, that is, things that exist in time, so we know that god must act as an efficient cause that cannot be measured by modern science. additionally, he is the ultimate final cause ( " the omega " of revelation ) for which everything acts, the ultimate good that all creation seeks. there is no need for special scientific methods to see the signs of god ’ s rational power, as the world manifests it to all, as st. paul says in romans 1 : 20. it strikes me that today ' s christians shouldn ' t fall into the trap of letting the secular world dictate the terms of discussion. instead of letting god be boxed into the enlightenment ' s one - dimensional notion of causation, modern christians should reclaim their ancient patrimony in which god ( through jesus christ ) is the atemporal cause of all that is temporal, the reason by which anything is intelligible, by which everything is, and for which it exists. 1. jaroslav pelikan lists several other meanings of the greek logos : mind, power, deed, reason, structure, purpose ( 58 ). the ideas of creatures within the logos are the logoi. see the book cited below for a great exposition of the history of notions of the cosmic christ. 2. cf. col 1 : 15 - 19 ; john paul ii, tertio millennio adveniente, 3 : " eternally begotten and eternally loved by the father, as god from god and light from light, he is the principle and archetype of everything created by god in time. " mortimer j. adler, " the four causes, " ( chapter 6 ) aristotle for everybody. michael j. dodds, " science,


- the rock river times - http : / / rockrivertimes. com - pet talk : precautionary travel tips for pet owners posted by jim hagerty on may 18, 2011 @ 12 : 00 am in online exclusives | no comments from college of veterinary medicine, texas a & m university most summer days are filled with outdoor activities and times spent on vacation. as the summer months start to approach, it is necessary to understand the types of diseases that may affect your pets when they travel. so, if you ’ re the outdoor type and you like to take your pet with you, your pet may be bringing home more than memories as you venture through fields and streams. when traveling, there are some diseases your pet may encounter, says dr. leon russell, professor at the texas a & m college of veterinary medicine & biomedical sciences. if there is a possibility of contact with mosquitoes, ticks or stagnant water during your travels, russell says to take certain precautions. if dogs and cats come into contact with mosquitoes, they could be subjected to heartworm disease. “ heartworm disease poses a threat to pets across the united states because no state is entirely heartworm - free, ” russell explains. “ in areas where heartworm disease is highly endemic in dogs, up to 20 percent of the cats may also have the disease. ” heartworm preventive medicine is available, but pets should be tested before they receive it. possible contact with wild animals could expose your pet to rabies. “ effective vaccination of dogs and cats to prevent rabies is available, and should always be kept current, ” says russell. rabies is transmitted by a bite from an infected animal, and the center for disease control ( cdc ) states that more than 90 percent of all animal cases reported annually to the cdc now occur in wildlife. water activities are fun, but certain waters may be infested with bacteria that could cause harm to your pet. according to russell, mud, muddy water and stagnant water are prime sources for exposure to leptospira. this bacterial organism can enter the body through cuts, mucous membranes, eyes or by ingesting contaminated water. russell encourages a yearly vaccination with the appropriate strain of leptospirosis vaccine to reduce your pet ’ s chance of contracting this disease. giardiasis is another disease that is caused by a waterborne parasite found in untreated water such as creeks and ponds. it also occurs in mountainous areas where water supplies have