, let the break be a time to think about other things 3 upon returning, take an extra 2 minutes to mentally review what you have just read and do a quick preview of what is coming up next study! this may be a case of stating the obvious but your would be surprised how many students don ' t bother. studying with soothing music in the background ( contrary to popular opinion ) can enhance your concentration floral scented candles and mixed floral potpourri facilitate learning ( strange but true ). studying in a soft chair or on a cushy bed may not be the best strategy. 1 active learning may require walking around the room or sitting on the edge of the chair 2 wake up your body - wake up your mind study space : your regular study space should be as quiet and comfortable as possible and large enough to have easy access to everything you need for studying ( text and reference books, paper, pencils, etc. ) 1 libraries, study lounges, or private rooms are ideal. 2 get rid of clutter. clear the desk or table of all materials not related to the current project. tutoring is not a negative thing! get help early before the academic damage is irreversible. many schools offer free tutoring in a variety of subjects. study groups are great but in general studying alone is more effective memorize from general to specific. study the big picture, then learn the details. learning and memorization are like a funnel - the process is not very effective when the small end is at the top. cramming does not work! cramming for an exam only commits the information to your short - term memory four basic reasons why we forget pieces of information 1 don ' t use the information 2 confuse it with other information 3 decide the information does not match what you already believe 4 never really learned the information in the first place keys to remembering 1 be interested. pay attention. consciously choose to remember. establish a need to remember 2 visualize. picture in your mind what you wish to remember 3 relate. relate and form associations between the new ideas and information you wish to remember and information, ideas, persons, things, etc. that you already know 4. repeat. even though something is initially learned it will more likely be forgotten if not over learned. be sure to repeat information in your own words. seven is the magic number. repeat difficult information seven times a day for seven days. - or - create seven index cards with the word or fact written on them. tape the cards in places where you go frequently (


repeat information in your own words. seven is the magic number. repeat difficult information seven times a day for seven days. - or - create seven index cards with the word or fact written on them. tape the cards in places where you go frequently ( ie. mirror, fridge, etc. ) then forget about them. after two weeks you will subliminally absorb the information 1 highlight them in your textbooks and outlines 2 give extra attention to words or phrases in bold 3 make up acronyms or mnemonics to recall ( ie. please excuse my dear aunt sally = parentheses first, then exponents, then multiplication, division, addition and subtraction ) or ( na, i don ' t want no soda crackers = na = sodium ) clear, concise notes are more effective than copious notes. instead of using a spiral, use a loose - leaf notebook divided into class sections. make all notes on loose - leaf paper. in an upper corner title and date each sheet as you use it. rewrite and combine your old study and lecture notes into a new single set of notes or outline. use them as a replacement for your old notes in a loose - leaf binder this gives you complete control of and fast access to a crucial part of the learning process - your course notes - their organization, additions, replacements and rewrites thereof! 1 sit near the front of the class to avoid distractions 2 be a good listener. focus and concentrate on the main points of the lecture. get them down on paper. you ' ll put them into your own words later along with your study notes. pay attention to the instructor ' s clues as to what they consider important. 3 if there is something that you don ' t understand, ask! 4 immediately after a lecture, without looking at your notes try to recall on a separate paper as much as you can about what you have heard and learned. then review your actual lecture notes to confirm and / or supplement your memory 5 during your next study session quickly recall again on paper what you learned. then review and reorganize your lecture notes in your own words. 6 repeat the recall process several times over several days to commit the new information to memory. your listening skills, note taking and ability to manage your sessions, will be the prime determinant of your success in college! © 2010 columbia gorge community college. all rights reserved. website feedback ~ archive


to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. chemeurope. com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium - iron oxide mineral which is iron - black or steel - gray. it is a crystalline iron titanium oxide ( fetio3 ). it crystallizes in the trigonal system, and it has the same crystal structure as corundum and hematite. ilmenite is often recognised in many altered igneous rocks ( which is most, to some extent ) by the production of the white pseudo - mineral leucoxene. often, ilmenites are rimed in leucoxene, which allows ilmenite to be distinguished from magnetite and other iron - titanium oxides. the example shown in the image at right is typical of leucoxene - rimed ilmenite. ilmenite is weakly magnetic, with its response to a hand magnet weak. ilmenite most often contains appreciable quantities of magnesium and manganese and the full chemical formula can be expressed as ( fe, mg, mn, ti ) o3. ilmenite forms a solid solultion with geikielite ( mgtio3 ) and pyrophanite ( mntio3 ) which are magnesian and manganiferous end - members of the solid solution series. although there appears evidence of the complete range of mineral chemistries in the ( fe, mg, mn, ti ) o3 system naturally occurring on earth, the vast bulk of ilmenites are restricted to close to the ideal fetio3 composition, with minor mole percentages of mn and mg. a key exception is in the ilmenites of kimberlites where the mineral usually contains major amounts of geikielite molecules, and in some highly differentiated felsic rocks ilmenites may contain significant amounts of pyrophanite molecules. at higher temperatures it has been demonstrated there is a complete solid solution between ilmenite and hematite. there is a miscibility gap at lower temperatures, resulting in a coexistence of these two minerals in rocks but no solid solution. this coexistence may result in exsolution lamellae in cooled ilmenites with more iron in the system than


world demand. indo - chinese demand is however rapidly growing and may eventually eclipse western consumption. world consumption rises approximately 5 % per annum to 8 % per annum, with demand growth most strongly centred in asian economies. world demand in 2004 was 335, 000 tonnes of tio2 units, representing about 2. 4 million tonnes of ilmenite. ilmenite is converted into titanium dioxide via the sulphate process. sulphate process plants must utilise low - vanadium ilmenite, as vanadium is a penalty element. titanium dioxide pigment can also be produced from higher titanium feedstocks such as rutile and leucoxene via a chloride acid process. raw ilmenite is refined by decreasing the iron content. carbon ( anthracite ) is used to convert some of the iron oxide in the ilmenite to metallic iron. the products of this process are molten iron ( pig iron ) and a slag rich in titanium. ilmenite sand is also used as a sandblasting agent in the cleaning of diecasting dies. australia was the world ' s largest producer and exporter of ilmenite ore in 2005 - 2006, with 1. 1 million tonnes, followed by south africa ( 952kt ), canada ( 809kt ), china ( ~ 400kt ) and norway ( 380kt ) 1. development of large mineral sands operations in senegal, cote d ' ivoire, madagascar and mozambique will see extensive supplies of ilmenite, rutile, zircon and leucoxene reach world markets in coming years. this is reflected in the table at right in parentheses. this additional supply of ilmenite and titanium feedstock, approximating 1. 5 million tonnes per annum, is in excess to world demand growth of 350kt per annum. the world ' s largest open cast ilmenite mine is the tellnes mine located in sokndal, norway and run by titania as ( owned by kronos worldwide inc. ), a hard rock ilmenite mine, which produces most of norway ' s 380, 000t of ilmenite production. in karhujupukka located in kolari, northern finland there is a magnetite - ilmenite ore at around 5 million tons. the ore contains about 6. 2 % titanium. the balla balla magnetitite - iron - titanium - vanadium ore deposit, in the pilbara of western australia, contains ~ 600 million tonnes of magnetite - ilmen


. the ore contains about 6. 2 % titanium. the balla balla magnetitite - iron - titanium - vanadium ore deposit, in the pilbara of western australia, contains ~ 600 million tonnes of magnetite - ilmenite cumulate ore horizon grading 58 % fe, 14 % tio2 and 0. 8 % v2o5, one of the richest magnetite - ilmenite ore bodies in australia. the ore deposit is scheduled to be mined in mid - 2009, to produce in excess of 480, 000t per annum of ilmenite product, by australian mining company aurox resources limited. major mineral sands operations include : richard bay, south africa ; coburn, wim 50, douglas, pooncarrie, murray basin, eneabba in australia, vv mineral in india. ilmenite has been found in moon rocks, and is typically highly enriched in magnesium similar to the kimberlitic association. in 2005 nasa used the hubble space telescope to locate potentially ilmenite - rich locations. this mineral could be essential to an eventual moon base, as ilmenite would provide a source of iron and titanium for the building of structures and essential oxygen extraction. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article " ilmenite ". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |


beavers have thick brown fur and a distinctive flattened, paddle - like tail that can be 9 - 10 inches long and 6 inches wide. ( ryan somma / flickr ) the beaver is a large, brown, semi - aquatic mammal with a distinctive flattened, paddle - like tail. it lives in lakes, streams and forested wetlands throughout the chesapeake bay watershed. thick, glossy brown fur large, scaly, flattened, paddle - like tail that can be 9 - 10 inches long and 6 inches wide large, chestnut brown front teeth rounded head and small, rounded ears head and body grow to 25 - 30 inches long usually weighs 30 - 60 pounds lives in forested wetlands and tree - lined streams, rivers, ponds and lakes semi - aquatic, meaning it spends time both on land and in the water builds lodges of sticks and mud on islands, river banks and shorelines. within their lodges, beavers live in colonies that include an adult male and female and their young. some beavers live in burrows within river banks to protect their lodges, beavers build dams across streams to flood the area and create deep, quiet ponds. these ponds also allow beavers to safely transport food and logs through the water. primarily nocturnal, but occasionally active in late afternoon found throughout the entire chesapeake bay watershed eats mostly tree bark and leaves red maples, willows, alders, shadbush and redosier dogwoods are some of its favorite foods has a specialized digestive tract that allows it to digest tree bark also eats bay grasses such as pondweeds and the roots and rhizomes of aquatic plants such as lilies and sedges stores branches and stems in its lodge to eat during winter adults have few predators owls, hawks and otters may prey upon young humans hunt beavers for their fur reproduction and life cycle : each colony has only one breeding female adult pairs are monogamous, keeping the same mate for life adults begin breeding between 2 - 3 years old beavers have one litter per year adults mate in january and february after four months, an average of 2 - 4 young ( called kits ) are born. at birth they are covered in thick fur, weigh about one pound and have open eyes. kits can swim within a week of birth and are weaned within 2 - 3 months when they are two years old, yearlings ( young born the previous spring ) are driven out or leave their lodge can live 11 years in the wild the largest rodent in north america teeth continue to grow throughout their lives regularly cuts down trees to


talking to your kids about sex can be daunting, no matter how close you are. but discussing issues like abstinence, sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ), and birth control can help lower teens ' risk of an unintended pregnancy or contracting an std. the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) supports sex education that includes information about both abstinence and birth control. research has shown that this information doesn ' t increase kids ' level of sexual activity, but actually promotes and increases the proper use of birth control methods among sexually active teens. how and when you discuss sex and birth control is up to you. providing the facts is vital, but it ' s also wise to tell your kids where you stand. remember, by approaching these issues like any other health topics, not as something dirty or embarrassing, you increase the odds that your kids will feel comfortable coming to you with any questions and problems. as awkward as it might feel, answer questions honestly. and if you don ' t know the answers, it ' s ok to say so, then find out and report back. if you have questions about how to talk with your son or daughter about sex, consider consulting your doctor. lots of parents find this tough to tackle, and a doctor may offer some helpful perspective. what is the birth control patch? the birth control patch is a thin, beige, 1¾ - inch ( 4½ - centimeter ) square patch that sticks to the skin. it releases hormones through the skin into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy. how does the patch work? the combination of the hormones progesterone and estrogen in the patch prevents ovulation ( the release of an egg from the ovaries during a girl ' s monthly cycle ). if an egg isn ' t released, a woman can ' t get pregnant because there ' s nothing for the male ' s sperm to fertilize. the hormones in the patch also thicken the cervical mucus ( the mucus produced by cells in the cervix ). the cervix is the part of the uterus that sits within the vagina and acts as the opening to the uterus. this makes it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus and reach any eggs that may have been released. the hormones in the patch can also sometimes affect the lining of the uterus so that if the egg is fertilized it will have a hard time attaching to the wall of the uterus. like other birth control methods that use


been released. the hormones in the patch can also sometimes affect the lining of the uterus so that if the egg is fertilized it will have a hard time attaching to the wall of the uterus. like other birth control methods that use hormones, such as the birth control pill or ring, the birth control patch is used based on a young woman ' s monthly menstrual cycle. she puts on the patch on the first day of her menstrual cycle or the first sunday after her menstrual cycle begins. she will change the patch on her skin once a week for 3 weeks in a row. ( the patch should be applied to one of four areas : the abdomen, buttocks, upper arm, or upper torso — except for the breasts ). on the fourth week, no patch is worn, and the menstrual period should start during this time. it is important to use an additional form of contraception during the first 7 days on the patch to prevent pregnancy. a new patch should be applied on the same day every week to ensure that it keeps working effectively. for example, if the first patch is applied on a monday, patches should always be applied on a monday. when it ' s time to change the patch, the old one should be pulled off first, before applying a new patch. the new patch should be placed on a different area from the old patch ( but still on one of the four recommended areas listed above ) to avoid skin irritation. and any patch of skin that is red, irritated, or cut should be avoided. if a patch becomes loose and falls off or if a woman forgets to apply a new patch on the right day, she should consult the labeling information or a doctor about what to do. a backup method of birth control may be necessary for a while, such as condoms, or she might need to stop having sex for a while to protect against pregnancy. also, if a young woman stops using the patch for any reason, she will need to begin using another method of birth control, usually after 24 hours of removing the last patch. it ' s ok to participate in regular activities like swimming and exercise while wearing the patch. it can also get wet in the shower or in the bath. however, the patch should not be moved or removed until the week is over ( pulling the patch off to reposition or move it may cause it to lose some of its stickiness and it might fall off easily ). a girl wearing a patch shouldn ' t try


patch should not be moved or removed until the week is over ( pulling the patch off to reposition or move it may cause it to lose some of its stickiness and it might fall off easily ). a girl wearing a patch shouldn ' t try to change its size by trimming it or try to attach it with tape. the patch should not be applied over makeup, creams, lotions, powder, or other skin products as these may prevent it from sticking well. ( skin products may also affect how hormones are absorbed by the skin. ) how well does the patch work? ongoing studies suggest the birth control patch is as effective as the birth control pill. that means that about 8 out of 100 couples will have an unintended pregnancy during the first year of use. of course, a woman ' s chance of getting pregnant depends on whether she uses the patch correctly. delaying or missing a weekly application or removing a patch too early reduces its effectiveness and increases the chance of pregnancy. for young women who weigh more than 198 pounds ( 90 kilograms ), the contraceptive patch may be less effective in preventing pregnancy. if a young woman has any health conditions or is taking any medications, that might interfere with the patch. how effective the patch is at preventing pregnancy also depends on whether the girl finds it convenient to use, and whether she remembers to wear it correctly all the time. protection against stds the birth control patch does not protect against stds. couples having sex must always use condoms along with the birth control patch to protect against stds. abstinence ( not having sex ) is the only method that always prevents pregnancy and stds. possible side effects the birth control patch is a safe and effective method of birth control. most young women who use the patch have no side effects. smoking cigarettes while using the patch can increase a girl ' s risk of certain side effects, which is why health professionals advise those who use the patch not to smoke. the side effects that some women have while using the patch are similar to those experienced with the birth control pill. these may include : - irregular menstrual bleeding - nausea, headaches, dizziness, and breast tenderness - mood changes - blood clots ( rare in women under 35 who do not smoke, but there may be a higher risk with the patch than with the pill ) other possible side effects seen in patch users include : - skin reactions at the site of application of the patch - problems with contact lens use, such as a change in vision or inability to wear the lenses


higher risk with the patch than with the pill ) other possible side effects seen in patch users include : - skin reactions at the site of application of the patch - problems with contact lens use, such as a change in vision or inability to wear the lenses - menstrual cramps many of these side effects are mild and tend to disappear after 2 or 3 months. who uses the patch? the birth control patch may be a good choice for sexually active young women who weigh less than 198 pounds ( 90 kilograms ) and find it difficult to remember to take a pill every day or who have difficulty swallowing pills. not all women can — or should — use the birth control patch. in some cases, medical or other conditions make the use of the patch less effective or more risky. for example, it is not recommended for women who have had blood clots, severe high blood pressure, certain types of cancers, certain types of migraine headaches, or diabetes with certain complications. it ' s recommended that girls who have had unexplained vaginal bleeding ( bleeding that is not during their periods ) or who suspect they may be pregnant should talk to their doctors, discontinue using the patch, and use another form of birth control in the meantime. girls who are interested in learning more about the possible health benefits and risks of different types of birth control, including the patch, should talk to a doctor or other health professional. where is the patch available? a doctor or a nurse practitioner must prescribe the patch. he or she will ask about a girl ' s health and family medical history, and may also do a complete physical exam, including a blood pressure measurement and a pelvic exam. if the patch is prescribed, the doctor or nurse will also provide instructions on how to use it. girls who use the patch may be asked to return within a few months for a blood pressure measurement and to ensure that there are no problems. after that, a doctor may recommend routine exams once or twice a year or as needed. how much does the patch cost? the patch usually costs between $ 15 - $ 50 a month, although health and family planning clinics ( such as planned parenthood ) might sell them for less. in addition, the birth control patch and doctor ' s visits are covered by many health insurance plans. reviewed by : larissa hirsch, md date reviewed : august 2009


a noted archeologist says recent archeological findings in the three gorges area might prove the diversified origins of china ' s millenniums - old civilization. wang chuanping, deputy director of the chongqing municipal culture bureau, said that archeological evidence found during the past few years had added a clue to the widely debated theory that civilization emerged independently in the country ' s different areas. wang said part of china ' s civilization originated from the yangtze river valley, as evidenced by artifacts dating back to old and new stone age cultures discovered in the three gorges area. the highly developed ancient cultures spotted along the yangtze river rivaled those originating in central and north china ' s yellow river valley, which was long seen as the " cradle of the chinese people. " personalities in the chinese academic circle have long debated whether civilization arose in the yangtze river independently of the already widely acknowledged roots in the yellow river valley. few scientists agreed that there might have been another origin chinese civilization, which is long believed to have developed from " zhongyuan ", a popular chinese term referred mainly to the yellow river valley in central and north china. but it has become increasingly apparent and clear that great prehistoric highly developed cultures developed along the yangtze river, especially in the three gorges area, as more and more artifacts have been unearthed in the area facing inundation. a complete map of how china ' s ancient civilization developed and flourished in the yangtze river valley can now be clearly seen, said archeological experts. experts said the three gorges area had long served as a bridge for cultural exchanges between china ' s east and west, south and north, proof of the multiple origin theory of china ' s civilization. last year china blocked the gigantic yangtze river at the three gorges, creating the world ' s biggest reservoir. however, the building of the three gorges dam sparked anxiety and worries among some renowned archeologists that a wealth of cultural relics providing evidence of prehistoric cultures would be submerged and lost forever. to salvage the centuries - old legacy of their ancestors, more than 7, 000 noted archeological experts, academics and technicians were summoned from across china to protect artifacts in the three gorges area. the dam ' s sluice gate was shut on june 1 to officially begin water filling. artifacts scattered around the vast reservoir area include prehistoric cultural relics dating back to the old stone age over 2 million years ago, cultural sites of successive ancient dynasties from the xia dynasty ( 21st century bc to 16th century bc ) to the qing dynasty ( 1644 - 1911 )


teach yourself visually photoshop elements 7 linda wooldridge is a former senior editor at macworld. this is her seventh book in the visual series. table of contents introducing photoshop elements 7. understanding digital images. start photoshop elements. the editor workspace. the organizer workspace. switch between the editor and the organizer. anatomy of the photoshop elements toolbox. work with toolbox tools. work with palettes. set program preferences. chapter 2 : getting digital photos into photoshop elements. get photos for your projects. import photos from a digital camera or card reader. import photos from a scanner. import photos from a folder. watch a folder for new images. open a photo. create a blank image. save a photo. duplicate a photo. close a photo. chapter 3 : organizing your photos. introducing the organizer. open the organizer. create a catalog. view photos in the photo browser. work with albums. create a smart album. view photos by date. work with keyword tags. map a photo. view photo properties. add a caption. chapter 4 : image editing basic. work with image windows. magnify with the zoom tool. adjust the image view. change the image size. change the image print size. change the image resolution. change the image canvas size. undo changes to an image. revert an image. chapter 5 : selection techniques. select an area with a marquee. select an area with a lasso. select an area withthe magic wand. select an area with the quick selection tool. select an area with the selection brush. add to or subtract from a selection. save and load a selection. invert a selection. deselect a selection. chapter 6 : manipulating selections. move a selection. copy and paste a selection. delete a selection. rotate a selection. scale a selection. skew or distort a selection. feather the border of a selection. chapter 7 : layer basics. what are layers? create and add to a layer. hide a layer. move a layer. duplicate a layer. delete a layer. change the opacity of a layer. rename a layer. create a fill layer. create an adjustment layer. chapter 8 : retouching photos. retouch with guided edit. quick fix a photo. improve colors with the touch up palette. remove red eye. retouch with the clone stamp. correct a spot. remove dust and scratches. crop an image. crop with the cookie cutter tool. rotate


with guided edit. quick fix a photo. improve colors with the touch up palette. remove red eye. retouch with the clone stamp. correct a spot. remove dust and scratches. crop an image. crop with the cookie cutter tool. rotate an image. straighten an image. sharpen an image. extract an object from a background. merge group shots. chapter 9 : enhancing contrast and exposure. enhance lighting with guided edit. adjust shadows and highlights. change brightness and contrast. lighten areas with the dodge tool darken areas with the burn tool. add a spotlight. using the blur and sharpen tools. chapter 10 : enhancing colors. enhance colors with guided edit. adjust skin color. adjust color with the sponge tool. correct color with color variations. replace a color. turn a color photo into black and white. add color to a black - and - white photo. adjust color using color curves. chapter 11 : painting and drawing on photos. set the foreground and background colors. add color with the brush tool. change brush styles. add color with the paint bucket tool. replace a color. adjust colors with the smart brush. draw a shape. draw a line. erase an area. apply a gradient. chapter 12 : applying filters. blur an image. distort an image. turn an image into a painting. turn an image into a sketch. add noise to an image. pixelate an image. emboss an image. apply multiple filters. chapter 13 : adding text elements. change the formatting of text. change the color of text. create warped text. create beveled text. add a shadow to text. chapter 14 : applying styles and effects. frame a photo with a drop shadow. add a drop shadow to a laye. create a vintage photo. add a fancy background. add an outline to a layer. add an outer glow to a layer. add a fancy covering to a layer. add a watermark. chapter 15 : presenting photos creatively. create a slide show. create a collage. create a greeting card. create a flipbook. create a photo panorama. chapter 16 : saving and sharing your work. save a jpeg for the web. save a gif for the web. save a png for the web. convert file types. e - mail images with photo mail. print a photo. print multiple photos. print a picture package. back up photos. sign up for online photo hosting. share a photo album online. back up and synchronize photos


convert file types. e - mail images with photo mail. print a photo. print multiple photos. print a picture package. back up photos. sign up for online photo hosting. share a photo album online. back up and synchronize photos online. sign up now » it can be argued that what distinguishes midsize businesses most from large and small companies is not size, but attitude. while attitude alone cannot mitigate the challenges faced by midsize... " suggesting that people ' s " purpose is to get information to flow through the... " why change management doesn ’ t work " darn those pesky laws that get in the way of commercial exploitation... " larry page wants to see your medical records " instead of partitioning the device between corporate and personal data, another approach... " dual - persona smartphones not a byod panacea " well that ' s a nice back - handed compliment isn ' t it? so now, finally, my... " after two - year hiatus, eff accepts bitcoin donations again " actually, both mobile app developers and cios should be blamed for it.... " cios struggle to deliver timely mobile business apps : survey - auscert 2013 : users, cats more likely hack culprits than cyber - espionage : trustwave - auscert 2013 : home - electronics gear ’ s upnp as insecure in australia as rest of world : metasploit - auscert 2013 : big data skills help beat the bad guys, says hp - growing mobile malware threat swirls ( mostly ) around android - in pictures : auscert 2013 day one


discover who i am myers - briggs type indicator · mbti overview understanding your personal preferences and motivations is important when choosing a major, a career, or a work environment. the myers - briggs type indicator ( mbti ) is the most widely used personality inventory in history for understanding personality differences. the mbti is a self - report questionnaire designed to make use of carl jung ’ s theory of psychological types understandable and useful in everyday life. taking the mbti inventory and receiving feedback will enhance understanding of yourself, your motivations, your natural strengths, your potential areas for growth, and also help you appreciate people who differ from you. the mbti also helps improve work and personal relationships, increase productivity, and identify leadership and interpersonal communication preferences. strong interest inventory · sii overview the strong interest inventory ( sii ) is an instrument designed to help people increase their awareness of their general interests and to alert them of possible activities and work that match those interests. the sii measures your level of interest in occupational areas, activities, school subjects and work environments. the inventory then compares your interests with professionals ( only male or only female ) working in a wide variety of occupations that you may wish to explore further. while the results of the sii will not tell you what major or career to pursue, it can better help you understand how your interests relate to different occupations, work environments, and areas of study as well as provide a starting point for major and / or occupational exploration.


yesterday, new york city mayor michael bloomberg announced the city ’ s 10 - year waterfront vision and action agenda. new england cities should take note of this forward - thinking plan, which knits together a dizzying array of restoration activities to ensure that nyc ’ s rivers, harbors and 500 - mile waterfront remain world class amenities for its residents and visitors. the waterfront plan incorporates key elements of nyc ’ s green infrastructure plan, released last september. among other things, nyc plans to invest over $ 4 billion over the next 20 years in modernizing infrastructure to control pollution to the city ’ s waterways. recognizing it would need to invest huge sums to protect and enhance its critically valuable waterfront, the city did its homework. experts found that using green infrastructure approaches to reduce sewer overflows over the 20 years would result in cost savings of $ 1. 5 billion. nyc ’ s vision for restoring water quality now includes a mix of strategic investments in some “ grey ” or hard piped infrastructure – the sort cities have employed for the past century – along with a hefty proportion of green technologies. in addition, the plan includes $ 900 million in private investment. one inch at a time green stormwater management techniques, often referred to as “ low impact development, ” model nature ’ s way of handling runoff from paved areas during storms – the runoff is cleansed by soil and plants in vegetated areas, then evaporates or is filtered back into the ground. wetlands, green roofs and even specially designed rain gardens and street trees can serve this function. dumping polluted stormwater runoff into natural wetlands isn ’ t on its own an acceptable solution, so green infrastructure approaches add new vegetated areas where the treatment occurs. the status quo is that street runoff co - mingles with human wastewater in the sanitary sewer system, overwhelming the pipes and treatment plants. instead, the city plans to send street runoff into new green treatment areas designed to manage stormwater. nyc has set its sights on diverting runoff from the first inch of rainfall from 10 % of paved area. keeping this quantity of runoff out of the combined sewer system, experts predict, will have dramatic water quality benefits. everybody pays, everybody wins nyc ’ s waterfront vision is an impressive example of coordination across a tangle of city and state agencies, public and private entities. the city ’ s action plan to cut back sewer overflows relies on public and private entities to restore water quality over the next 20 years. the city will soon require new development to include state - of - the - art


brief summary : the current management guidelines recommended by acog rely on history as a screening method to determine pregnant women who are at risk for transmitting herpes to their newborn. history fails completely in identifying the women most at risk of transmitting herpes to their newborn - the seronegative woman who acquires a primary infection from her partner during pregnancy. despite recent advances, both pregnant women and newborns continue to be at risk of acquiring herpes infection. genital herpes infections are epidemic in the united states. in the early 1990 ' s, 25 % of women in the us were seropositive for the hsv - 2 antibody. these numbers are likely higher now. the incidence of neonatal herpes in the us cannot be accurately estimated since it is not a reportable disease. however, in some areas of the us, the incidence is 1 in 3, 200 live births which would translate to an incidence of approximately three infants a day in the us. in other areas of the us, the incidence is even higher, approaching 1 in 1, 500 liveborns. this protocol examines patient acceptance of hsv - 1 and hsv - 2 type specific serologic testing and assesses patient counseling tools. in addition, seroprevalence of hsv - 2 in pregnant patients will be collected and evaluated.


question : why are there holes in my pecans? answer : many people had problems last season when harvesting pecans and discovering white larvae inside instead of a pecan. the pecan weevil was a common pest problem late last season. by the time most people discovered the problem it was too late to control. the pecan weevil is a pest to start controlling in august and september to prevent discovering problems later this year. the pecan weevil causes two types of damage. the first type is when the adult weevils puncture the nuts in early august, causing the nuts to fall after two or three days. the adult pecan weevils are reddish - brown to gray beetles with long slender snouts and thin legs. larval feeding within the nut causes the second type of damage. the larva chews a circular hole through the shell, and, as nuts fall to the ground, it exits the nut, and burrows into the soil. larvae are creamy white, legless grubs with reddish brown heads. understanding the life cycle of the pecan weevil helps explain why the weevils cause two types of damage. the adult weevils emerge from the soil from august through september. the majority of weevils fly to the tree trunk or tree canopy while a small number walk. after the female adult weevils puncture the nut in early august, the eggs are laid inside the developing pecan. at maturity the larvae exit the nut and burrow into the soil. they remain in the soil until the following august where they pupate and emerge as adults. then the cycle begins again with the adult weevils puncturing the pecan nuts. now that we know how those white larvae get into the pecan, the next question is how to get rid of the pecan weevil. because the adult weevils are emerging from the ground during august in search of pecans to puncture, that is the time when you want to control them. you want to control the adult weevils as they are emerging from the ground because they cannot be reached once they are in the nut or while they ’ re in the soil. the weevil ’ s emergence from the soil is during a two - month period of august to september, so monitoring for when the adults emerge from the soil is important. also keep in mind that the weevils usually emerge from the soil after a rainfall. a dry or hard soil provides a physical barrier to the adult weevils, delaying their emergence from the


for when the adults emerge from the soil is important. also keep in mind that the weevils usually emerge from the soil after a rainfall. a dry or hard soil provides a physical barrier to the adult weevils, delaying their emergence from the soil. several techniques can be used to monitor for when the adults emerge from the soil. a simple way to monitor is inspecting nuts that have dropped to the ground for puncture holes. there are many traps available for monitoring the pecan weevil varying in cost and in the amount of labor required to set up. a homeowner can avoid the cost of a trap by wrapping burlap around the pecan tree three to four feet above the soil and tying it in place at the bottom. the remaining burlap is overlapped and then tied at the top. this causes the weevils to walk over each flap thus delaying their trip up the tree and allowing time for grower observation. if you did choose this monitoring method, you want to set it up just before august and monitor it daily for weevils to indicate when to start spraying. as you monitor for the weevils you can go ahead and destroy the weevils you do find on the burlap to provide some control. one downfall to using this monitoring method is that you only know how many are walking up the tree and since most fly to the tree, you may not be getting an accurate idea of when the adult weevils are moving to the tree. if you decide to use insecticide to control the pecan weevil, applications should be made every 7 days from mid - august through mid - september using an insecticide that contains the active ingredient carbaryl. if you want to try to avoid using insecticides or want additional control along with the insecticide, a good control method is to gather and destroy weevil - infested nuts as they fall to prevent the larvae from entering in the ground and hanging around until next growing season. august through september is the time to be on the lookout for the pecan weevil. with an understanding of the pecan weevil ’ s life cycle and knowing when to watch for the weevils emerging from the ground you may prevent the disappointment of opening pecan shells during harvest just to find those white worms enjoying your pecans instead of you. reminder : a growing program this year is the “ sampson county friends of horticulture. ” this program offers monthly “ how to ” horticultural seminars. please call ( 910 ) 592 - 716


two over easy can lead to smaller overweight and obese women who ate a breakfast of two eggs per day, five days a week or more for eight weeks, lost more weight than women who consumed a calorically equivalent bagel breakfast. researchers at found women who ate the two - egg breakfast : lost 65 percent more weight than those who ate the bagel breakfast. had 83 percent greater reductions in waist circumference. reported greater improvements in energy levels. eggs, it is believed, evoke feelings of greater satiety and, therefore, reduce short - term food intake. in the study, the bagel and egg breakfasts were equal in both calories and weight mass. food containing melatonin may help if you ’ re worried about aging, perhaps a little corn on the cob, followed by a bowl full of cherries, and topped off with a glass of red wine might be in order. why? because all of these foods contain melatonin, and recent studies indicate the substance may be the long sought - after “ fountain of youth. ” melatonin, a substance that neutralize oxidative damage and delays neurodegenerative processes, might have a hand in putting off old age, according to a in the study, five - month - old mice, which are the human age equivalent of 30 - year - olds, were used. this is the age where mice start to show signs of aging, due to an increase in free radicals ( oxygen and nitrogen ), which cause inflammation. this “ oxidative stress ” can cause cell membranes to become more fragile, making them easier to break and damage. the mice then received melatonin in small amounts. the melatonin not only neutralized the damages, but also delayed the negative effects of aging in the mice. researchers believe that daily intake of melatonin by humans beginning at the age of 30 could prevent, or at least delay, some of the negative consequences of aging, such as neurodegenerative disorders ( e. g. parkinson ’ s disease ) and other illnesses such as diabetes. more research is being done in the hope of developing a supplement containing enough melatonin to positively affect the aging process. in the meantime, melatonin can be found naturally in small amounts in certain fruits and vegetables like cherries, bananas and onions ; in cereals such as corn, oats and rice ; and in aromatic plants such as mint, lemon verbena, sage or thyme ; and last, but not least


small amounts in certain fruits and vegetables like cherries, bananas and onions ; in cereals such as corn, oats and rice ; and in aromatic plants such as mint, lemon verbena, sage or thyme ; and last, but not least, in red wine. secondhand smoke is dangerous – if you ’ re dining alfresco, you might want to see if there ’ s a no - smoking section, even though you ’ re stanford researchers have found that sitting a few feet downwind from a smoker when you are out - of - doors means that you are likely to be at least periodically exposed to substantial levels of contaminated air. neil klepeis, assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering and the lead author of the study, says, “ some folks have expressed the opinion that exposure to outdoor tobacco smoke is insignificant, because it dissipates quickly into the air. but our findings show that a person sitting or standing next to a smoker outdoors can breathe in wisps of smoke that are many times more concentrated than normal background air - pollution levels. ” researchers say they were surprised at some of the findings. wayne ott, professor of environmental engineering and co - author of the study says, “ if you ’ re at a sidewalk cafe, and you sit within 18 inches of a person who smokes two cigarettes over the course of an hour, your exposure to secondhand smoke could be the same as if you sat one hour inside a tavern with smokers. based on our findings, a child in close proximity to adult smokers at a backyard party also could receive substantial exposure to secondhand smoke. ” the researchers found that if people move about six feet away from an outdoor smoker, exposure levels drop the results of the study were published in the journal of the air and waste management association.


vision statement : to cultivate a collaborative effort to improve the quality and breadth of community - based obesity prevention. what is a community - based obesity prevention initiative? co - ops defines community - based obesity prevention initiatives as initiatives that seek to promote healthy eating and physical activity, in a way that would be expected to influence energy balance thus contributing to the prevention of obesity at the population level. the type of initiatives or programs that the co - ops collaboration focuses on are those that consider the socio - cultural and environmental determinants of obesity within a setting or population group, rather than those with a focus solely on individual behaviour change or weight loss ( treatment ). co - ops includes practitioners, funders and evaluators of programs which have obesity prevention as part of their objectives as well as healthy eating and physical activity programs which contribute to obesity prevention. the co - ops collaboration acknowledges that there are a range of different interventions throughout australia of varying size and scope, each with an important role in community - based obesity prevention. the co - ops collaboration aims to develop resources and support systems that account for these differences. knowledge translation and exchange the co - ops collaboration has employed a knowledge broker who is available to co - ops sites to assist with advice and support and facilitate the knowledge translation process. co - ops aims to harness the use of research and evidence to improve the planning, implementation and evaluation of community - based obesity prevention initiatives. co - ops endeavours to create a support system that will accelerate the use of knowledge, evidence and evaluation by those involved in community - based obesity prevention. we aim to effectively share information and evidence with participating sites through a wide variety of communications including : - publish and communicate widely ( including through scientific conferences, journals and the media ) on best practices approaches to community - based obesity prevention ; - provision of on - going support and advice services for new community - based projects ; - maintenance of an up to date evidence - based website, training tools and resources ; - provision of online facilitated forums ; - review of previous best practices to ensure currency and validity ; - development of evidence - based summaries of community - based projects ; and - maintenance of continuous knowledge sharing capabilities.


coking coal : these coals, when heated in the absence of air, form coherent beads, free from volatiles, with strong and porous mass, called coke. semi coking coal : - these have coking properties - mainly used in steel making and metallurgical industries - also used for hard coke manufacturing these coals, when heated in the absence of air, form coherent beads not strong enough to be directly fed into the blast furnace. such coals are blended with coking coal in adequate proportion to make coke. nlw coking coal : - these have comparatively less coking properties than coking coal - mainly used as blend - able coal in steel making, merchant coke manufacturing and other metallurgical industries this coal is not used in metallurgical industries. because of higher ash content, this coal is not acceptable for washing in washeries. this coal is used for power utilities and non - core sector consumers. non - coking coal : these are coals without coking properties. washed and beneficiated coal : - mainly used as thermal grade coal for power generation - also used for cement, fertilizer, glass, ceramic, paper, chemical and brick manufacturing, and for other heating purposes these coals have undergone the process of coal washing or coal beneficiation, resulting in value addition of coal due to reduction in ash percentage. - used in manufacturing of hard coke for steel making - beneficiated and washed non - coking coal is used mainly for power generation - beneficiated non - coking coal is used by cement, sponge iron and other industrial plants middlings are by - products of the three stage coal washing / beneficiation process, as a fraction of feed raw coal. - used for power generation - also used by domestic fuel plants, brick manufacturing units, cement plants, industrial plants, etc. rejects are the products of coal beneficiation process after separation of cleans and / or middlings, as a fraction of feed raw coal. cil coke / ltc coke : - used for fluidized bed combustion ( fbc ) boilers for power generation, road repairs, briquette ( domestic fuel ) making, land filling, etc. cil coke / ltc coke is a smokeless, environment friendly product of the dankuni coal complex, obtained through low temperature carbonisation. coal fines / coke fines : - used in furnaces and kilns of industrial units - also used as domestic fuel by halwais


a smokeless, environment friendly product of the dankuni coal complex, obtained through low temperature carbonisation. coal fines / coke fines : - used in furnaces and kilns of industrial units - also used as domestic fuel by halwais, hotels, etc. these are the screened fractions of feed raw coal and ltc coke / cil coke respectively, obtained from the dankuni coal complex and other coke oven plants. tar / heavy oil / light oil / soft pitch : - used in industrial furnaces as well as for domestic purposes these are products from dankuni coal complex using low temperature carbonisation of non - coking coal in vertical retorts. - used in furnaces and boilers of industrial plants as well as power houses, oil, dye, pharmaceutical industries, etc. | the table below sets forth the various gross calorific value ( gcv ) based bands of non coking coal produced by us | gcv bands | | exceeding 6700 and not exceeding 7000 | | exceeding 6400 and not exceeding 6700 | | exceeding 6100 and not exceeding 6400 | | exceeding 5800 and not exceeding 6100 | | exceeding 5500 and not exceeding 5800 | | exceeding 5200 and not exceeding 5500 | | exceeding 4900 and not exceeding 5200 | | exceeding 4600 and not exceeding 4900 | | exceeding 4300 and not exceeding 4600 | | exceeding 4000 and not exceeding 4300 | | exceeding 3700 and not exceeding 4000 | | exceeding 3400 and not exceeding 3700 | | exceeding 3100 and not exceeding 3400 | | exceeding 2800 and not exceeding 3100 | | exceeding 2500 and not exceeding 2800 | | exceeding 2200 and not exceeding 2500 | the table below sets forth the various grades of coking coal : | grade | | ash content | | steel grade i ( " st i " ) | | ash content < 15 % | | steel grade ii ( " st ii " ) | | 15 % < = ash content < 18 % | | washery grade i ( " w i " ) | | 18 % < = ash content < 21 % | | washery grade ii ( " w ii " ) | | 21 % < = ash content < 24 % | | washery grade iii ( " w iii " ) | | 24 % < = ash content < 28 % | | washery grade iv ( " w iv " ) | | 28 % < = ash content < 35 % | | the table below describes the


to develop an application with symphony, you need to first understand how the source files are organized. note that in this chapter, all path names are given unix - style. when you unpack the symphony source distribution, you will notice at the root level a number of files associated with the automatic configuration system, as well as a number of subdirectories, each of which corresponds to a library used by symphony for some specific functionality. the files associated with symphony itself are located in the symphony subdirectory. within the symphony subdirectory are a number of other subdirectories, including one called src containing the source files for symphony itself. also in the main symphony / subdirectory, there is a subdirectory called applications / ( see sections 184. 108. 40. 206 and 2. 2. 4 ) for instructions on building the applications ). the applications / subdirectory contains the source code for a number of sample applications developed with symphony, as well as function stubs for developing a custom application using symphony ' s callbacks. the subdirectory symphony / applications / user contains the files needed for implementing the callbacks and is a template for developing an application. in this directory and its subdirectories, which mirror the subdirectories of symphony itself, each file contains function stubs that can be filled in to create a new custom application. there is a separate subdirectory for each module - - master ( master / ), tree management ( treemanager / ), cut generation ( cutgen / ), cut management ( cutpool / ), and node processing ( lp / ). within each subdirectory, there is a file, initially called user / * / user _ *. c, where * is the name of the module. the primary thing that you, as the user, need to understand to build a custom application is how to fill in these stubs. that is what the second part of this chapter is about. before describing that, however, we will discuss how to build your application.


in 1845, john lyon of harrisburg, iowa, patented what is believed to be the first elevating grader. in 1845, john lyon of harrisburg, iowa, patented what is believed to be the first elevating grader. dubbed the “ ditching plow, ” it was designed to excavate bank material and transfer it to a wagon moving alongside by means of a cross - frame conveyor. the concept has undergone a number of refinements and variations over the following 165 - plus years, including direct evolution of lyon ’ s towed machine, and conveyors of like design mounted on or traveling behind motor graders. the towed elevating grader was obsolete in the 1940s, and motor grader - mounted loaders fell out of use in the 1970s. the largest and most productive descendant of the ditching plow is the traveling belt loader. this concept originated in 1940 when the euclid road machinery co. introduced its first blade - veyor, or bv, belt loader as a means of most efficiently loading its bottom dump wagons. at 54 inches, the bv ’ s conveyor was wider than that of the largest elevating grader, and the bv wielded a large, horizontal cutting edge instead of a disc to break material from the bank. rather than being positioned perpendicular, or nearly so, to the machine ’ s direction of travel, the bv ’ s conveyor angled across the length of the machine, so as to discharge at the opposite corner from the cutting edge, thereby giving the material as straight a direction of travel as possible. although an elevating grader rode on wheels, the bv traveled on a crawler undercarriage ; like the elevating scraper, it was towed by a large crawler tractor. after six prototypes had been built, the bv program was suspended due to the demands of world war ii. when it entered formal production in 1948, the bv achieved a reasonable degree of success as a means of quickly and efficiently loading large volumes of earthy material. but the design had its flaws : the dead weight and the maintenance costs of the undercarriage ; the tendency of the belt to slip under load and its vulnerability to impacts from rocks in the bank ; and its tendency to hang up or clog due to sloughed material and the steepness of the belt. the bv was ultimately phased out in 1956. montana earthmoving contractor francis holland had used seven bvs and developed a much larger loader that


to hang up or clog due to sloughed material and the steepness of the belt. the bv was ultimately phased out in 1956. montana earthmoving contractor francis holland had used seven bvs and developed a much larger loader that travelled on two crawler tractors rather than its own crawlers. initial models had 72 - inch belts and vertical cutting edges, and were touted for their simple design, greater power, superior performance, and lower maintenance costs. all of the holland loader ’ s weight was on the powered crawlers of the transporting tractors, which allowed all of the tractive effort to be directed to the cutting edge while avoiding the clogs that had plagued the bv. holland patented his design in 1970 and 1971, and tested prototypes on his own jobs. in 1972 and 1973, three early production models joined a prototype at perris dam in southern california, where they loaded 110 - ton bottom dump trucks in 43 to 90 seconds, depending on the material. holland loader co. still produces holland loaders today, with belt widths to 96 inches. the historical construction equipment association ( hcea ) is a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving the history of the construction, dredging and surface mining equipment industries. with more than 4, 000 members in 25 countries, activities include operation of national construction equipment museum and archives in bowling green, ohio ; publication of a quarterly magazine, equipment echoes, from which this text is adapted ; and hosting an annual working exhibition of restored construction equipment. individual memberships are $ 30 within the united states and canada, and $ 40us elsewhere. we seek to develop relationships in the equipment manufacturing industry, and we offer a college scholarship for engineering students. information is available at www. hcea. net, 419. 352. 5616, or email @ example. com.


is lobster cholesterol content good or bad for health? does lobster have cholesterol? cholesterol is a fatty, wax - like substance found in all animals. even humans produce a significant amount of cholesterol as a product of metabolism. these substances are used for the repair of damaged cells. thus, all animal - based meat and products contain some amounts of cholesterol. lobster contains a relatively high amount of cholesterol. - high in nutrition. a single serving of cooked lobster, about 3 ounces, has no saturated fat, 1 gram of carbohydrate, 17 grams of protein, less than 1 gram of fat, and 85 calories. there ’ s no argument in saying that lobster is both healthy and nutritious. a serving of lobster packs a good punch of high - protein, lean meat. - cholesterol content. each serving of cooked lobster has about 60 mg of cholesterol. in a day, healthy individuals should consume a maximum of 300 mg, while those with high cholesterol levels should only have a maximum of 200 mg per day. a single serving of lobster in the diet completes at least 20 percent of the recommended daily count. is lobster cholesterol good or bad for health the cholesterol content present in servings of cooked lobster is recommended for healthy individuals. however, those who have high cholesterol levels, or have pre - existing cardiovascular diseases should consume the shellfish in moderation. - shellfish has the lowest caloric content among all forms of meat. lobster has less than half the caloric content of hamburger made of ground beef. it also has less than half of chicken ’ s cholesterol content, while prime ribs have three times more. - lobster becomes packed with bad cholesterol when accompanied by butter. each tablespoon of butter contains around 35 mg of cholesterol. instead of using butter or margarine, a squeeze of fresh lemon can improve any lobster dish. - a single serving of cooked lobster has the lowest cholesterol count and saturated fat levels among all types of shellfish. shrimp has a whopping 166 mg of cholesterol, while crab has around 80 mg. - the monounsaturated fats found in lobsters help raise the levels of both low - density lipoproteins ( bad cholesterol ) and high - density lipoproteins ( good cholesterol ). however, lobsters contain no trans - fats. - lobsters should only be grille


old disease, new problems for texas cattle industry rounding up tb cattle have long been a symbol of texas, and they ' re still part of the landscape. according to the texas and southwestern cattle raisers association ( tscra ), texas farms and ranches are home to about 15 million head of cattle, more than any other state. a 2001 texas a & m university report says the cattle industry contributes more than $ 15 billion annually to the state ' s economy. recently, however, an old enemy of texas livestock has posed a new threat to the state ' s cattle industry. bovine tuberculosis ( tb ) is caused by infectious bacteria and can spread to all warm - blooded animals, including humans. efforts to eradicate it in the u. s. started in 1917, and according to the texas cooperative extension, those efforts reduced the disease ' s occurrence in the national cattle population from 5 percent in 1917 to just 0. 015 percent in 1990. but despite tb ' s rarity, it is still causing problems. in 2000, following five consecutive years with no confirmed cases of tb in 252 of the state ' s 254 counties, the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) recognized texas as tb - free, allowing the unrestricted transportation and sale of texas cattle to other states and countries. portions of el paso and hudspeth counties have recurring bovine - tb cases, so the usda restricts the transport and sale of cattle from those areas, which the texas animal health commission ( tahc ) refers to as the el paso movement restriction zone ( mrz ). texas once again has the disease on its doorstep, though. according to tahc, in july 2001, usda meat inspectors found tb in an animal at a texas slaughterhouse and traced the animal to a herd of 44 cattle in fayette county. the herd ' s owner destroyed the herd rather than conduct a time - consuming and expensive testing procedure. then, in december 2001, a dairy in west texas reported a possible tb case, which inspectors confirmed and traced to a 67 - head pecos county herd. half of that herd was infected, and the owner destroyed the animals. as a result of these incidents, in june 2002 the usda lowered texas ' tb - free status, officially known as accredited free, to modified accredited advanced. the change means texas breeding cattle - - those that have not been spayed or neutered - - must have a negative tb test within 60 days before they are transported across state lines and must carry official usd


accredited free, to modified accredited advanced. the change means texas breeding cattle - - those that have not been spayed or neutered - - must have a negative tb test within 60 days before they are transported across state lines and must carry official usda identification, such as a brand or an ear tag. until the june status change, these types of restrictions applied only to the mrz. tahc opposed the usda ruling, which states an accredited free state that has diagnosed tuberculosis in two or more herds within a 48 - month period must be reclassified as modified accredited advanced. tahc contends that the low number of infected herds specified in the ruling is unfair. given that texas has about 153, 000 herds, the chance of finding tb in two herds in the state is much greater than the chance of finding it in states with fewer cattle. in a july 2002 report to the usda ' s animal and plant health inspection service ( aphis ), tahc said two infected herds in texas reflects a much lower prevalence of the disease than in other states ; rhode island, for instance, has just 200 herds and could retain its accredited - free status if one herd were infected. the report says single cases of tb were found in north dakota, kansas and california between 1996 and 2000. all of those states - - with a combined herd count of about 71, 700 - - retained accredited - free status. tahc says other numbers also will hit hard in texas - - the cost of testing and the potential for lost income from slowed sales. usda projects losses of as much as $ 2. 8 billion by 2013 for texas producers. the immediate concern for texas breeding cattle producers is the testing requirement. " it ' s going to be pretty burdensome, " says matt brockman, tscra ' s executive director. " the test alone is going to run probably four or five dollars per head. tack on the labor cost and it ' s going to multiply that cost three or four times per head. " according to tahc, texas exports about 150, 000 breeding cattle each year, so testing costs will mount quickly. add to that the time necessary to conduct tests, and testing becomes a real burden. " by the time you get the animals, run them through the chute, inject the tuberculin and then turn them out again for 72 hours, gather them again and run them through to check for swelling, it adds up in a hurry, " brockman says. good news, not too soon though the june 2002


inject the tuberculin and then turn them out again for 72 hours, gather them again and run them through to check for swelling, it adds up in a hurry, " brockman says. good news, not too soon though the june 2002 restrictions did not specifically include feeder cattle - - cattle native to the state, raised for slaughter and not intended for breeding - - the usda loss projections included both breeder and feeder cattle, and feeder producers expressed concern about being included. texas producers export nearly 1. 5 million head of feeder cattle per year. in response to such concerns, in late november 2002, the usda and aphis announced they would take steps by january 2003 to officially exclude feeder cattle from the current texas restrictions until at least september 2003. the delay gives the usda more time to consider if texas feeder cattle pose a tb - transmission threat to cattle in other states. dr. dan baca, tahc ' s epidemiologist, says that risk is incredibly low, citing tahc statistics indicating that, at worst, the incidence of tb in texas feeder cattle is probably less than one in a million. baca says feeder cattle make up the bulk of the texas cattle export industry and restrictions on them account for a large part of the usda ' s projected losses. he says he wishes there were no restrictions placed on any texas cattle, but the delay and further study of feeder cattle is exactly what tahc and the industry were after. " we probably got everything we asked for, " he says. ross wilson, vice president of the texas cattle feeders association, which represents cattle - feeding interests in texas, new mexico and oklahoma, a $ 5 billion industry, says it ' s a step in the right direction. " it ' s certainly a positive decision, and we feel it ' s the right decision because it reflects the low risk that native, texas cattle pose to out - of - state cattle, " wilson says. " we feel [ the risk ] is insignificant at best. " the southern front another front of the ongoing tb - eradication war is along the border with mexico. according to baca, cattle have been legally imported from mexico since the 1950s, and imports from both mexico and canada help meet export contracts for all parties involved. such imports undoubtedly have been aided by the north american free trade agreement. but the number of mexican cattle imported into the u. s. has varied wildly in recent years due to economic and climatic factors. in 1995, extreme drought and economic instability in mexico led mexican producers


have been aided by the north american free trade agreement. but the number of mexican cattle imported into the u. s. has varied wildly in recent years due to economic and climatic factors. in 1995, extreme drought and economic instability in mexico led mexican producers to sell off a record 1. 6 million head. this left available cattle numbers low in the following year, when mexican producers exported only slightly more than 450, 000 head to the u. s. in 2000, mexico exported more than 1. 2 million head to the u. s. in its july 7, 2002 report, tahc says the presence of bovine tb in mexican cattle has been well - documented for more than 20 years. aphis statistics for fiscal 2001 indicate that of 66 feeder cattle found with tb at u. s. slaughter facilities, 63 were of mexican origin. " everyone in the industry that follows this readily recognizes the greatest risk comes from our neighbors to the south, " tscra ' s brockman says. this recognition has led to strict usda regulations for mexican cattle coming into the u. s. as of april 2002, all imported mexican cattle must have a blue ear tag carrying the name of its state of origin along with a certificate with the same information. they are inspected for live ticks at the border and must have an " m " brand - - for mexico - - on the hip. mexican feeder cattle from the yucatan, a portion of coahuila that borders texas and certain areas of sonora, aguascalientes and jalisco also must have a negative tb - skin test. baca says battling tb is an important yet arduous task, because it can be a long investigative process as well as a delicate one calling for diplomacy. " we expend considerable resources trying to find out how they became infected and search for other cows that have been sold out of that herd, " baca says. " we walk a fine line between protecting interests of the texas cattle industry and interfering with free trade between two countries. "


vi lenin and the influence of kautsky in the first of three talks given at the cpgb ’ s communist university, historian lars t lih discussed the relationship between two great marxists. this is an edited version of his speech dealing with the period 1894 - 1914 picture the situation. it is vladimir ilych lenin ’ s 50th birthday in april 1920. the bolsheviks have been fighting the civil war and, although they are in a pretty desperate situation in the spring, they can see victory as pretty much assured, and they are celebrating the occasion with their great hero and great leader, lenin. he rather reluctantly comes out onto the stage and says that he would like to read out a rather long quotation by karl kautsky from a 1902 work, ‘ slavs and revolution ’. lenin also inserted the same page - and - a - half - long quote into leftwing communism : an infantile disorder. he introduced it in this way : “ i ’ d like to say a few words about the present position of the bolshevik party, and was led to these thoughts by a passage from a certain writer written by him 18 years ago in 1902. this writer is karl kautsky, who we have at present had to break away from and fight in an exceptionally sharp form [ which is putting it rather politely ] ], but who earlier was one of the vozhdi, the leaders of the proletarian party in the fight against german opportunism, and with whom we once collaborated. there were no bolsheviks back then [ before the 1903 congress of the russian social democratic labour party ], but all future bolsheviks who collaborated with him valued him highly. ” so, on this great occasion, lenin tells the audience that the person they had been fighting and whom they had all been looking down upon really was a great guy. he read out the quotation which still thrilled him. that for me is significant. i wonder how shocked some of the people must have been. a couple of weeks later the second congress of the communist international met and lenin did the same thing. he referred again to the same long quote in leftwing communism and repeated his appreciation of kautsky : “ when he was a marxist, how well he wrote! ” i imagine a lot of the people in both audiences - those at his birthday and those present at the second congress - were surprised to hear anything like that. after all, following 1914 you could read tremendous polemics against kautsky, where lenin seemed unable to think of enough bad names for him. but


those at his birthday and those present at the second congress - were surprised to hear anything like that. after all, following 1914 you could read tremendous polemics against kautsky, where lenin seemed unable to think of enough bad names for him. but it is clear that lenin still had a soft spot for him - in his heart and also in his thinking. people on the left have all grown up with the idea of the “ renegade kautsky ” - indeed, i gather many actually think “ renegade ” is his first name, as they have never heard him called anything else! and there is a long list of other things we have learnt about him - ie, that he was a passive and mechanical determinist, not very revolutionary, darwinist, and so on and so forth. we are told that in 1914 lenin managed to see through not only kautsky, the person ( which he clearly did ), but also what he stood for. then we are told that this led lenin to finally settle accounts with kautskyism root and branch, that there was a massive rethinking of marxism. kautsky was associated with the second international and so that was also bad. that is how the kautsky - lenin relationship is generally thought of. and, of course, there are people on the other side of the political spectrum who have the same idea of kautsky versus lenin - except that they like kautsky! well, lately there has been a sort of kautsky revival going on. mike macnair ’ s book revolutionary strategy is one example of it, and there are a lot of other articles i could cite. there is another huge book in the historical materialism series called witness to permanent revolution, which has several hundred pages of kautsky documents from the 1904 - 06 period, which i will quote from later on. i am proud to be part of this little revival and i think i can describe myself as probably the most extreme member of it, as i have probably gone further than anyone else in saying that lenin ’ s view on kautsky was highly positive, never changed and continued to play an important role in all points of his career, including in the last decade. my little epigram for the relationship is this : ‘ after 1914 lenin hated kautsky because he loved kautsky ’ s books ’. this is what i am going to try and convey. one reason i am confident about what i am saying is that after publishing my book lenin rediscovered, the reviews by


1914 lenin hated kautsky because he loved kautsky ’ s books ’. this is what i am going to try and convey. one reason i am confident about what i am saying is that after publishing my book lenin rediscovered, the reviews by some people on the left were complimentary, but a couple of them highlighted what they thought was a weak point : that is, i saw the lenin - kautsky relationship as closer than it was - although lenin might have considered the relationship close before 1914, he did not realise the real issues involved, that he actually disagreed with kautsky ; but in 1914 the scales fell from his eyes. that was a valid criticism, as i did not talk in the book about the later period. so i thought i would do some research on this. i compiled a rather odd little database which i refer to as ‘ kautsky as marxist ’. i went through lenin ’ s works and pulled out all the references i could find about kautsky ’ s writings up to 1909, when road to power came out. lenin considered this the cut - off point. kautsky might not have become a full traitor until 1914, but after 1909 he is not so good. the first surprise is that there is a lot of it. the second is the picture that arose from this, which was almost entirely positive and also had a wide range of issues and a lot of references to specific writings and so forth. i am still working out the whole picture and trying to get all the facts that came out of it. but i am going to make a modest claim here : i am not giving you lars lih ’ s view of the lenin - kautsky relationship, i am giving you lenin ’ s view of the lenin - kautsky relationship. he may be wrong, but this is what he thought. i have a summary here that i wrote out of that guide. it is my guide, but it is an attempt to paraphrase what lenin says about kautsky after 1914. this is the picture you would get of kautsky, if you were listening to lenin : “ karl kautsky was an outstanding marxist who is the most authoritative theoretician in the second international and teacher to a generation of marxists. his popularisation of das kapital back in the 1890s has canonical status. he was one of the first to refute opportunism in detail, although personally he somewhat hesitated before launching his attack, and he continued to fight energetically against it,


he changed that much at all. ‘ lenin, the social democrat ’ refers to his desire to initiate a social democratic party in russia. ‘ lenin, the bolshevik ’ is so called as i regard bolshevism as a russian answer to a russian question of how to defeat the tsar. you can call this classic bolshevism, old bolshevism or whatever, but that is what people meant when the word was invented. ‘ lenin, the communist ’ obviously refers to the lenin of 1917 and the socialist revolution. by using this framework, the point i wanted to make about the lenin - kautsky relationship is the following : kautsky ’ s influence is continuing, complex and central. it is complex because it has different facets that are more important at particular times - not just one or another issue. it is central because in the central concerns of each decade of lenin ’ s life you will find kautsky. in the first decade, kautsky was the authoritative spokesman of ‘ erfurtianism ’ - the term i introduced in lenin rediscovered. it is my word, referring to the erfurt programme, for the image of the german party that inspired the russians in this decade. in addition, it refers to kautsky ’ s polemics against opportunism, such as his book against bernstein. it is true that at the start of the second decade - ie, when the bolsheviks and mensheviks split in 1904 - kautsky sided with the mensheviks. but this was just temporary. actually on the more substantive issues and for most of the time from 1906 on, kautsky was associated with the bolsheviks, and he more or less endorsed the bolshevik strategy. in fact both the mensheviks and the bolsheviks saw kautsky as a sort of honorary bolshevik. this seems to have been forgotten, but it does have to be said. i would like to go into more detail on three points : firstly the role of kautsky as a mentor - the historical fact of the role that kautsky played in the history of russian social democracy. secondly, kautsky as an expounder of the logic of the party and the russian underground ( which is mainly what my book is about ). and, thirdly, kautsky ’ s support for the explicitly bolshevik strategy of hegemony. kautsky as mentor the best account of this is given by lenin in state and revolution, which, as you know, is in many


. and, thirdly, kautsky ’ s support for the explicitly bolshevik strategy of hegemony. kautsky as mentor the best account of this is given by lenin in state and revolution, which, as you know, is in many ways a polemic against kautsky. but before he begins the polemic, lenin gives the following generous and accurate account of kautsky ’ s relationship to bolshevism and the russian movement ( i should say, by the way, that if you read state and revolution you will find a great deal of praise even in this highly polemical pamphlet ) : “ undoubtedly, an immeasurably larger number of kautsky ’ s works have been translated into russian than into any other language. it is not without justification that some german social democrats sometimes say jokingly that kautsky is read more in russia than in germany. ( we may say, in parentheses, that there is a deeper historical significance to this joke than those who made it first suspected. for the russian workers, having manifested in 1905 an unusually strong and unprecedented demand for the best works of the best social democratic literature in the world, and having been supplied with editions and translations of these works in quantities unheard of in other countries, thereby transplanted, so to speak, with an accelerated tempo, the immense experience of a neighbouring, more advanced country into the almost virgin soil of our proletarian movement ) ”. a somewhat similar comment can be found in leftwing communism. what lenin is saying is that kautsky was the main reference point of the russian movement and russian workers, and that this continued not only during the underground period, but almost throughout the 1920s - at least until 1929. for example, i have a long bolshevik reading list for study and propaganda circles in the underground. this one is from 1908. the first thing to be said is that it is an extremely impressive reading list - if i had read all this stuff, then i would know a lot more than i do! i counted 23 works by karl kautsky, who dominates the list. nobody else comes even close. there are only four articles by lenin - none of the famous books such as what is to be done? or two tactics. but this continues for a long time. the classic bolshevik textbook published in 1919, the abc of communism, also has reading lists, from which you get the same picture - kautsky is by far the leading author. of lenin ’ s pre - 1909 works, the only ones


time. the classic bolshevik textbook published in 1919, the abc of communism, also has reading lists, from which you get the same picture - kautsky is by far the leading author. of lenin ’ s pre - 1909 works, the only ones that are included are those on agrarian development. again, no trace of what is to be done? or two tactics. so workers and bolsheviks looking to educate and develop themselves are reading kautsky! that is an historical fact. kautsky himself had more interest in russia than any other non - russian writer ( ie, not rosa luxemburg, who was russian in the sense that she grew up in the russian empire ). he gives specific support to iskra and later to the bolsheviks, and he told german and european readers about the heroic struggles going on in russia and their immense significance. i would just like to quote from the article ‘ slavs and revolution ’ from 1902, which was read out by lenin at his 50th birthday. you can see why he was so inspired by it. this is what kautsky said about the russian workers : “ we are entering a new epoch of revolutionary struggle in russia, a struggle that is developing on a much wider basis than a quarter of a century ago, but also one that in terms of the zeal of its fighters, in terms of the meanness and cruelty of the oppressors, and in terms of the heroism and devoted self - sacrifice of the revolutionaries is just as impressive as the russian struggle of earlier periods, and involves more than physics in pitting force against force. the revolutionising of minds advances alongside the revolution of fists. the now awakening strata of the people are being seized by a passionate thirst for knowledge and are attempting to clarify for themselves their historical tasks, so that they might attempt to solve the most complex political problems, rising above the small daily struggle to the great historical goals that it serves. ” he then goes on to argue that in marx ’ s day the slavs were often seen as the force of reaction against the revolution, but perhaps now we can rather see them as the spark that sets off western socialism, which is becoming rather philistine. kautsky wrote a lot about russia and it is always in this vein - ie, that in terms of their development the russian workers are far above and beyond the english workers, etc. the merger formula i now want to discuss the logic of the party in kautsky and lenin. i refer to this as the ‘ merger formula ’ and it comes up a


development the russian workers are far above and beyond the english workers, etc. the merger formula i now want to discuss the logic of the party in kautsky and lenin. i refer to this as the ‘ merger formula ’ and it comes up a lot in my book because it is essential to this first decade - you do not read it much after that because the issues have basically been resolved. the merger formula is this : social democracy is the merger of socialism and the worker movement. lenin quotes this in the early 1890s and writes that this is how kautsky sums up the essential message of the communist manifesto - i do not think you can find higher praise than that. he also thought that it summed up the logic of german social democracy - the spd. so the merger formula is the definition of ‘ erfurtianism ’. it is seen as the prediction of the communist manifesto, which, according to lenin, is being confirmed before our eyes by the german spd. so we have kautsky formulating the link between the communist manifesto and the party. not only lenin thought this - a whole generation of marxists and activists of the 1890s did too. what was this party logic? first of all, it is both a vanguard and a mass party - those are not opposed, because first of all bringing what kautsky called the “ good news ” of socialism to the workers requires a vanguard who know about socialism, because the masses do not yet know about it. at the same time it requires a mass party, because you are trying to attract as many people as possible to this message and because the party is a large and open organisation that is going to argue for this message day and night. that is one aspect that results from this formula. the second is what i call ‘ campaignism ’, which is the large array of jewels that the spd came up with for getting the message across. this was very innovative stuff back then. i do not think we can appreciate all the things that - although familiar to us - were pioneered by the spd : rallies, petition campaigns, a huge press, a large range of societies. these are all the things that the soviet system based itself on and which all groups on the left use to some extent. this is due to the idea of merging. the workers will protest, but, if socialism is the real and final answer, then the only way to get socialism is to merge the two : the workers ’ movement must adopt socialism as its goal. finally, the third implication of this is ‘ political


the workers will protest, but, if socialism is the real and final answer, then the only way to get socialism is to merge the two : the workers ’ movement must adopt socialism as its goal. finally, the third implication of this is ‘ political freedom ’. that was the term used back then which is not used so much any more. it might be referred to today as ‘ civil liberties ’ perhaps, but this was the term that referred to the freedom of the press, freedom of association, strikes - ie, a basic array of organisational freedoms that allow this kind of party to exist. particularly, of course, political freedom is needed in order to get the papers out, to hold rallies and to organise meetings in order to get the message across. most explicitly in his commentary on the erfurt programme, kautsky argues that anybody who does not want political freedom is an objective enemy of the proletariat - even if they are sincere in their desire to help the workers. back then of course, a lot of socialists were either dubious on the question of political freedom or even hostile towards it, because they saw it as a sort of bourgeois - liberal toy. the best news for political freedom as a cause in the 19th century was the fact that the logic of marxism meant arguing for political freedoms for the party. that is what the merger formula meant. let us now look at it from the point of view of what i call the ‘ social democratic wannabes ’ in the 1890s - these young activists either in petersburg or in some isolated town in russia. in illegal literature they read about this great party which is both popular and revolutionary and is run by the workers themselves. what an inspiring party! but, they asked, what does it mean for us today? we cannot do anything like that at all because we will be hauled off for speaking out in public. so what could be done? first of all, they could adopt political freedom as their goal. this was not an obvious choice for revolutionaries in russia because first of all they had to go through a long period of internal development in order to understand the importance of political freedom. the assassination of the tsar in 1881, for example, was a step forward towards this understanding. whereas they previously rejected its significance, they now realised it was important. this brings me to the next problem - is it possible to have something like political freedom under absolutism? some people said that they were for political freedom, but that the only way to get it was the old terrorist way - ie, to


this brings me to the next problem - is it possible to have something like political freedom under absolutism? some people said that they were for political freedom, but that the only way to get it was the old terrorist way - ie, to throw bombs and force the government to do what they wanted because it was simply not possible to use newspapers and rallies, etc. that made a lot of sense. others thought that the liberals would do it for them. there was, however, another view held by people who had read kautsky ( in this sense kautsky must be seen as the father, or godfather, of russian social democracy ). these people who had read kautsky turned to the german party and started experimenting to see whether it was possible to carry out agitation and campaigns amongst the workers without getting arrested. the russian word for this is konspiratsia, which does not mean ‘ conspiracy ’ ( the word for that is zagovor ). konspiratsia has a specific meaning ( or at least it did back in those days ) of a set of operating rules which i call the fine art of not getting arrested. i did not use this phrase in lenin rediscovered, but i now refer to this as the ‘ konspiratsia underground ’ - a new type of underground. not one where you sit in a small room and plot to throw a bomb which will overthrow the tsar, but an underground that manages to keep its members safe from arrest. they form a national party with local roots, trying to get the word out to the workers a la spd. what is to be done? is therefore not lenin saying, ‘ here is my great idea of a party - go and do likewise ’. it was the summation and codification of what had been worked out by this underground. for that reason i would make the further argument that a lot, if not most, of what he is saying there became the common property of the underground - not just the bolsheviks. for example, the term and actuality of ‘ professional revolutionary ’ were common to all parties - not at all a bolshevik trick. the mensheviks, the socialist revolutionaries and even the liberals ( to the extent that they were underground ) had professional revolutionaries. i therefore sum up lenin ’ s slogan for this period as : ‘ let us build a party as much like the german party as possible under tsarist conditions. then we can overthrow the tsar and build a party which is even more like the german one. ’ kauts


lenin ’ s slogan for this period as : ‘ let us build a party as much like the german party as possible under tsarist conditions. then we can overthrow the tsar and build a party which is even more like the german one. ’ kautsky and bolshevik strategy i now wish to discuss kautsky and the bolshevik strategy that developed and became clear after the 1905 revolution. let us put it like this. you have a goal : political freedom. you have an institution in the form of the underground. but what about strategy? what sort of reading of class forces do you have that will achieve this political freedom? the bolshevik strategy is one of hegemony. now the word ‘ hegemony ’ is a very famous one for a variety of reasons. what it meant back then was that the peasants were not only a discontented or destructive force, but by this time they were genuinely radical democrats whose interest it was to have a democratic, anti - tsarist revolution - partly because they wanted the land, but for other reasons too. they also needed leadership, so they had to choose between the main classes. one of these was the liberal bourgeoisie, who were anti - tsarist for their own reasons, and the other was the proletariat. the bourgeois liberals were already becoming counterrevolutionary because they were afraid of revolution, and they could more or less put up with what they got in 1905. therefore the proletariat should aim to win, and has a very good chance of winning, class leadership over the peasants by promising them land and by being an uncompromising revolutionary force. the way i summarise it is that the bourgeois revolution is too important to be left to the bourgeoisie - in fact the bourgeoisie is not going to carry out the bourgeois revolution. what follows from this is that the proletariat has a duty to lead the revolution and the mass of the people as a whole - ie, in the first instance the peasantry. where did this hegemony strategy come from? one common view is that lenin invented it in 1905 when he realised that orthodox marxism was insufficient, because it says that the bourgeoisie will lead the bourgeois revolution. so this view bases itself on lenin repudiating german textbooks. but actually this is not so. after 1905 lenin wrote that the bolsheviks had always been in favour of the hegemony scenario and it was the mensheviks who were falling away from it. it is hard to locate just when the term ‘ hegemony


not so. after 1905 lenin wrote that the bolsheviks had always been in favour of the hegemony scenario and it was the mensheviks who were falling away from it. it is hard to locate just when the term ‘ hegemony ’ came about, but he was arguing that the bolsheviks had always fought for it and that they still were. the idea goes back to plekhanov in the 1880s, when he said that the russian revolution can only succeed as a worker revolution. what he meant by revolution was a democratic and anti - tsarist revolution. from the very beginning, kautsky was again an influence, a conduit, for the hegemony strategy. the logic of it can be traced back to his writings in the 1890s, and it is based on three things. firstly, that the bourgeoisie is unreliable. marx and engels realised this as soon as the ink was dry on the communist manifesto in 1848. another thing kautsky says is that the bourgeoisie becomes weaker and feebler the further east we get, something which was picked up on by other writers. then the idea of social democracy as the leader of the people - das volk in german or narod in russian. this means that the social democrats were not merely leading the workers, but were also the consistent champions of the wide masses of the non - proletarians and could also count on their support - the peasants above all, but the urban petty bourgeoisie too. finally, there is what i sometimes call the kautsky hypothesis or theory. he says at one point that the social democrats are better defenders of democracy than the democrats, and what he means by that is that - in germany especially - the democrats are to the left of the liberals, but they are starting to compromise, so the force that was really fighting for democracy was the workers ’ party. i read an american writer from this period who drew a comparison between the us and germany. when something happened to the workers in the us then it would be ignored, but in germany the party would kick off a big fuss about it in the reichstag. this is the background to the hegemony strategy. when applied to russia, kautsky specifically endorsed it and might have even helped to formulate it. writing in february 1904, he says : “ more than anywhere else, the proletariat in russia today is the advocate of the vital interests of the whole nation - ie, the struggle against the government. that is to say, it is the


writing in february 1904, he says : “ more than anywhere else, the proletariat in russia today is the advocate of the vital interests of the whole nation - ie, the struggle against the government. that is to say, it is the proletariat which is the defender of national interests that the other classes are letting down. and particularly the peasantry is a source of possible support. until the 1880s, russian absolutism found its support in the peasantry. this no longer exists. the russian peasant is ruined, starved and rebellious. ” by december 1905 kautsky had taken the argument further by comparing the russian revolution with the french revolution. he says that he expects “ the disappearance of today ’ s great landed estates throughout the whole russian kingdom and their transformation into peasant possessions. next to tsarism, it is the large landed estates that will pay the bill of the revolution. we do not know what the result will be in terms of the mode of production, but we will say that the peasants will fight tooth and nail against anybody trying to restore the old aristocratic landed regime - even by foreign intervention. ” this obviously says something not only about 1905, but also about 1917. then, in 1906, kautsky specifically endorsed bolshevik strategy - something that came out of a logic of kautsky ’ s particular way of looking at social democracy ( i will not say that this is something coming from social democracy in general - this is kautsky individually - but he and lenin were on the same wave length on this vital question ). to sum up, we have to understand that political freedom as a goal really was the central theme of lenin ’ s first two decades - why it was important and how to get it. political freedom also has a political logic - both in the ideal party that would be possible when political freedom was achieved and in the underground as a sort of ray of political freedom in the gloom of absolutism. finally the strategy for winning political freedom was to get the peasants on board and to win leadership and hegemony over the peasants away from the liberals. at each step we find kautsky is a central influence and active mentor and educator. if i were speaking merely as a russian historian i would have to say that kautsky was a very important figure in russian social democracy. he was a figure in russian history. the kautsky - lenin relationship is, for me, one of the most fascinating individual relationships in lenin ’ s life. it is full of a passion and emotion that