and organs. the back, chest, extremities and abdomen are affected most commonly. the level of pain varies, from trivial to excruciating. the episodes typically last from two to seven days. in about half the cases, the pain crisis is accompanied by : high blood pressure fast heart rate these painful episodes can be triggered by many things. triggers include : but the majority of events have no identifiable cause. your doctor will ask you about : he or she then will perform a physical examination. it will focus on your heart, lungs, joints, eyes and neurological system. blood tests will be done. a complete blood count ( cbc ) can detect anemia. a microscopic examination of the blood may reveal the characteristic sickled cells. a blood test called hemoglobin electrophoresis confirms the diagnosis. in families with a history of sickle cell anemia, a doctor may screen for the disorder whenever a new baby is born in your family. prenatal screening also can be done. sickle cell anemia is a lifelong condition. there is no way to prevent sickle cell anemia. if sickle cell anemia or sickle cell trait runs in your family, you and your spouse may wish to speak with a genetic counselor. he or she can explain your chances of passing the condition to your children. treatment of sickle cell anemia may include any of the following : folic acid supplements. to ensure that enough of this nutrient is available to make new red blood cells. vaccinations. to prevent infections. you may be vaccinated for : daily antibiotic therapy. to protect against infection in young children. fluids, oxygen and pain - killing medications. to manage episodes of painful crises. blood transfusions. to treat anemia and painful crises. hydroxyurea ( hydrea ). this medication is used in adults. it seems to reduce the need for blood transfusions. it also decreases the frequency of acute chest syndrome and painful crises. routine eye exams. to detect early abnormalities. these can be treated with laser coagulation and other types of eye surgery to prevent vision loss. for some children, a bone marrow transplant may cure their illness. the child has to have a sibling who is a suitable donor. however, this is a high - risk treatment. it is primarily used in those with very severe symptoms. when to call a professional people with sickle cell disease must see their doctor regularly and receive comprehensive care. call the doctor immediately when anyone with sickle


what is it? hydrocephalus, also known as " water on the brain, " is a condition in which there is extra cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord. cerebrospinal fluid acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, supplies nutrients, and takes away waste products. hydrocephalus can be present at birth ( congenital ) or can develop later ( acquired ). hydrocephalus can be classified according to its cause : another type of hydrocephalus, called normal pressure hydrocephalus is an acquired type of communicating hydrocephalus in which the ventricles are enlarged but not under high pressure. normal pressure hydrocephalus is seen in older adults. it may be the result of injury or illness, but in the majority of cases the cause is unknown. premature infants born before 34 weeks or weighing less than 4 pounds have a higher risk of blood vessels bleeding in the brain. severe bleeding can lead to acquired hydrocephalus, communicating or non - communicating, depending on the site and extent of the bleeding. the most common symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on the age of onset. in infants, symptoms include : in older children and adults, symptoms include : at any age, symptoms include : congenital hydrocephalus may be diagnosed during a routine prenatal ultrasound, but often is discovered during infancy or early childhood. a doctor may suspect hydrocephalus before other symptoms appear if an infant has a head that seems to be getting larger too rapidly or is larger than would be expected given the baby ' s current weight or length. if the soft spot ( anterior fontanelle ) is still open, an ultrasound of the head can determine if the head is getting larger due to hydrocephalus. if the results of that ultrasound are abnormal, more evaluation is necessary. the doctor will ask questions about the person ' s medical history, and he or she will do a physical and neurological examination. detailed pictures of the brain may be obtained with computed tomography ( ct ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). if these pictures reveal hydrocephalus or other problems, the child or adult usually is referred to a neurosurgeon for further evaluation and treatment. although the symptoms may subside with treatment, the duration varies according to the type and cause of the hydrocephalus. a few of the causes of hydrocephalus can be prevented : treatment of hydrocephalus depends on its cause. occasionally, medications are used


##side with treatment, the duration varies according to the type and cause of the hydrocephalus. a few of the causes of hydrocephalus can be prevented : treatment of hydrocephalus depends on its cause. occasionally, medications are used to slow the rate of cerebrospinal fluid production temporarily. however, this has not been successful for long - term treatment. most cases require drainage of the excess fluid. a tube called a shunt is inserted into one of the cavities in the brain through a hole in the skull. the shunt is tunneled under the skin and carries the cerebrospinal fluid into another area of the body, such as the abdomen, where it can be absorbed. the shunt may need to be replaced periodically as a child grows or if an infection of it develops, or the shunt becomes blocked. some people with obstructive hydrocephalus can be treated with a technique called ventriculostomy in which a neurosurgeon makes an incision at the site of the blockage to allow cerebrospinal fluid to drain. surgeons also are experimenting with surgical repair of congenital hydrocephalus while the fetus is still inside the mother ' s womb ( uterus ). when to call a professional call your doctor if you or your child develops symptoms of hydrocephalus or has a severe head injury. also call your doctor if you become pregnant. the outlook depends on the cause of hydrocephalus and usually is better if the problem is diagnosed and treated early. if hydrocephalus gets worse rapidly or lasts a long time, it can cause brain damage and death. children with hydrocephalus are more likely to have various developmental disabilities. even after treatment, most children with hydrocephalus have lower intelligence, memory problems and visual problems, including strabismus ( abnormally aligned eyes ). children with hydrocephalus also may enter puberty earlier than normal. with appropriate treatment, most infants with hydrocephalus survive and approximately half have normal intelligence. national institute of neurological disorders and stroke p. o. box 5801 bethesda, md 20824


| table of contents | words : alphabetical - frequency - inverse - length - statistics | help | intratext library | intratext ct - text adverse criticism of an argument on its own merits, and of it when presented in the form of questions, are two different things. for often the failure to carry through the argument correctly in discussion is due to the person questioned, because he will not grant the steps of which a correct argument might have been made against his position : for it is not in the power of the one side only to effect properly a result that depends on both alike. accordingly it sometimes becomes necessary to attack the speaker and not his position, when the answerer lies in wait for the points that are contrary to the questioner and becomes abusive as well : when people lose their tempers in this way, their argument becomes a contest, not a discussion. moreover, since arguments of this kind are held not for the sake of instruction but for purposes of practice and examination, clearly one has to reason not only to true conclusions, but also to false ones, and not always through true premisses, but sometimes through false as well. for often, when a true proposition is put forward, the dialectician is compelled to demolish it : and then false propositions have to be formulated. sometimes also when a false proposition is put forward, it has to be demolished by means of false propositions : for it is possible for a given man to believe what is not the fact more firmly than the truth. accordingly, if the argument be made to depend on something that he holds, it will be easier to persuade or help him. he, however, who would rightly convert any one to a different opinion should do so in a dialectical and not in a contentious manner, just as a geometrician should reason geometrically, whether his conclusion be false or true : what kind of syllogisms are dialectical has already been said. the principle that a man who hinders the common business is a bad partner, clearly applies to an argument as well ; for in arguments as well there is a common aim in view, except with mere contestants, for these cannot both reach the same goal ; for more than one cannot possibly win. it makes no difference whether he effects this as answerer or as questioner : for both he who asks contentious questions is a bad dialectician, and also he who in answering fails to grant the obvious answer or to understand the point of the questioner ’ s inquiry. what has been said, then


or as questioner : for both he who asks contentious questions is a bad dialectician, and also he who in answering fails to grant the obvious answer or to understand the point of the questioner ’ s inquiry. what has been said, then, makes it clear that adverse criticism is not to be passed in a like strain upon the argument on its own merits, and upon the questioner : for it may very well be that the argument is bad, but that the questioner has argued with the answerer in the best possible way : for when men lose their tempers, it may perhaps be impossible to make one ’ s inferences straight - forwardly as one would wish : we have to do as we can. inasmuch as it is indeterminate when people are claiming the admission of contrary things, and when they are claiming what originally they set out to prove - for often when they are talking by themselves they say contrary things, and admit afterwards what they have previously denied ; for which reason they often assent, when questioned, to contrary things and to what originally had to be proved - the argument is sure to become vitiated. the responsibility, however, for this rests with the answerer, because while refusing to grant other points, he does grant points of that kind. it is, then, clear that adverse criticism is not to be passed in a like manner upon questioners and upon their arguments. in itself an argument is liable to five kinds of adverse criticism : ( 1 ) the first is when neither the proposed conclusion nor indeed any conclusion at all is drawn from the questions asked, and when most, if not all, of the premisses on which the conclusion rests are false or generally rejected, when, moreover, neither any withdrawals nor additions nor both together can bring the conclusions about. ( 2 ) the second is, supposing the reasoning, though constructed from the premisses, and in the manner, described above, were to be irrelevant to the original position. ( 3 ) the third is, supposing certain additions would bring an inference about but yet these additions were to be weaker than those that were put as questions and less generally held than the conclusion. ( 4 ) again, supposing certain withdrawals could effect the same : for sometimes people secure more premisses than are necessary, so that it is not through them that the inference comes about. ( 5 ) moreover, suppose the premisses be less generally held and less credible than the conclusion, or if, though true


sometimes people secure more premisses than are necessary, so that it is not through them that the inference comes about. ( 5 ) moreover, suppose the premisses be less generally held and less credible than the conclusion, or if, though true, they require more trouble to prove than the proposed view. one must not claim that the reasoning to a proposed view shall in every case equally be a view generally accepted and convincing : for it is a direct result of the nature of things that some subjects of inquiry shall be easier and some harder, so that if a man brings people to accept his point from opinions that are as generally received as the case admits, he has argued his case correctly. clearly, then, not even the argument itself is open to the same adverse criticism when taken in relation to the proposed conclusion and when taken by itself. for there is nothing to prevent the argument being open to reproach in itself, and yet commendable in relation to the proposed conclusion, or again, vice versa, being commendable in itself, and yet open to reproach in relation to the proposed conclusion, whenever there are many propositions both generally held and also true whereby it could easily be proved. it is possible also that an argument, even though brought to a conclusion, may sometimes be worse than one which is not so concluded, whenever the premisses of the former are silly, while its conclusion is not so ; whereas the latter, though requiring certain additions, requires only such as are generally held and true, and moreover does not rest as an argument on these additions. with those which bring about a true conclusion by means of false premisses, it is not fair to find fault : for a false conclusion must of necessity always be reached from a false premiss, but a true conclusion may sometimes be drawn even from false premisses ; as is clear from the analytics. whenever by the argument stated something is demonstrated, but that something is other than what is wanted and has no bearing whatever on the conclusion, then no inference as to the latter can be drawn from it : and if there appears to be, it will be a sophism, not a proof. a philosopheme is a demonstrative inference : an epichireme is a dialectical inference : a sophism is a contentious inference : an aporeme is an inference that reasons dialectically to a contradiction. if something were to be shown from premisses, both of which are views generally accepted, but not accepted with like conviction


: a sophism is a contentious inference : an aporeme is an inference that reasons dialectically to a contradiction. if something were to be shown from premisses, both of which are views generally accepted, but not accepted with like conviction, it may very well be that the conclusion shown is something held more strongly than either. if, on the other hand, general opinion be for the one and neither for nor against the other, or if it be for the one and against the other, then, if the pro and con be alike in the case of the premisses, they will be alike for the conclusion also : if, on the other hand, the one preponderates, the conclusion too will follow suit. it is also a fault in reasoning when a man shows something through a long chain of steps, when he might employ fewer steps and those already included in his argument : suppose him to be showing ( e. g. ) that one opinion is more properly so called than another, and suppose him to make his postulates as follows : " x - in - itself is more fully x than anything else " : " there genuinely exists an object of opinion in itself " : therefore " the object - of - opinion - in - itself is more fully an object of opinion than the particular objects of opinion ". now " a relative term is more fully itself when its correlate is more fully itself " : and " there exists a genuine opinion - in - itself, which will be " opinion " in a more accurate sense than the particular opinions " : and it has been postulated both that " a genuine opinion - in - itself exists ", and that " x - in - itself is more fully x than anything else " : therefore " this will be opinion in a more accurate sense ". wherein lies the viciousness of the reasoning? simply in that it conceals the ground on which the argument depends.


lao pdr steps up wetlands protection lao pdr has stepped up the protection of its wetlands by joining the ramsar convention. iucn played a crucial role in the recent accession of lao pdr to the ramsar convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilisation of wetlands. iucn has worked with the government of lao pdr on the process of accession to ramsar since 2003, with support from sida, the iucn asia regional office and the mekong water dialogues initiative. upon joining the ramsar convention on 28 september 2010, the government of lao pdr will designate the country ’ s first two wetlands of national significance, the xe champhone wetlands and the beung kiat ngong wetlands. the commitment from the government of lao pdr to protect its vital natural wetland resources comes at a crucial point in the nation ’ s rapid and transformative economic development. “ joining the ramsar convention signals a strong commitment on the part of the government of lao pdr to actively conserve and sustainably use their wetlands and resources. it recognizes the fundamental value of wetlands for the people of lao and for global biodiversity, ” says anada tiega, secretary general of the ramsar convention on wetlands. “ i would like to underline the key role played by iucn in the accession of lao pdr, a valued partner of the convention in the work for sustainable wetland and water resources management ” tiega adds. “ the government of lao pdr decided to join the ramsar convention on wetlands to ensure the effective and efficient use of our natural resources, helping to achieve sustainable socio - economic development, poverty reduction and improved livelihoods in parallel with environmental protection, ” comments mme khampheng pholsena, lao minister for water resources and the environment. “ both the xe champhone and beung kiat ngong wetlands are ecologically significant areas and make vastly important contributions to sustaining the livelihoods of people who live in and around them. this is why they have been selected as lao pdr ’ s first two ramsar sites ”, says mme latsamay sylavong, country representative of iucn in lao pdr. the xe champhone wetlands in savannakhet province provide important food and livelihood resources for approximatively 20, 000 people, including a vital source of sustenance for food and livestock in the dry seasons. the wetlands are also home to the critically endangered siamese crocodile as well as a number of turtle species. the beung kiat ngong wetlands in champassak province support around


source of sustenance for food and livestock in the dry seasons. the wetlands are also home to the critically endangered siamese crocodile as well as a number of turtle species. the beung kiat ngong wetlands in champassak province support around 11, 500 villagers who live around the site and depend on its fisheries, subsistence agriculture and non - timber forest products. as part of its accession to the ramsar convention, the government of lao pdr will commit to supporting the “ three pillars ” of the convention : ensuring the conservation and wise use of wetlands that it has designated as wetlands of international importance ; including the wise use of all wetlands in national environmental planning ; and consulting with other parties about the implementation of the convention, especially in regard to transboundary wetlands, shared water systems and shared species. lao pdr ’ s wetlands : lao pdr has a diverse topography, ranging from floodplains to highland areas. wetlands extend across all these environments, including the mekong river, its 14 main tributaries, and more than 100 streams. most of the water flowing into the mekong basin originates in lao pdr : 35 % of total flow in the dry season and up to 80 % in the wet season. in addition to the mekong floodplain, other important wetland areas in lao pdr can be found in the seasonally flooded areas along rivers such as the xe bang fai and xe bang hieng. lao pdr ’ s wetlands provide vital environmental, economic and cultural services to the country ’ s people, particularly in rural areas. as well as ecosystem services such as providing habitat for a wide variety of species, flood protection and groundwater renewal, wetlands supply natural resources that are central to livelihoods in lao pdr, from fish to fodder to tourism opportunities. the xe champhone wetlands comprise a large floodplain nourishing perennial rivers and a wide variety of scattered lakes and ponds. the wetlands provide important food, resources and livelihoods for the approximately 20, 000 people who live in and around the site. thousands of cattle are also raised in the area and the wetlands have become increasingly critical to both people and livestock during the dry season. of the many lakes and ponds, some form habitat for critically endangered siamese crocodiles ( crocodylus siamensis ), and are home to several species of turtles. the beung kiat ngong wetlands are located in a large floodplain and are made up of a large freshwater marsh and a seasonal wetland with a number of scattered ponds and paddy fields


choosing between constructor and setter methods while the use of constructor helps in initializing the member variables during object creation. the setter methods help to assign values to member variables after the object has been created in the memory. the choice of constructor or setter methods for initializing the member variables depends upon the requirement. some of the examples where using a constructor which accepts arguments and then uses these arguments for initializing a member variables are : - when no setter method has been exposed, the constructor can be used to initialize any private member variable. we can see this approach being used by the string class in jdk where in the constructor accepts a string literal object and use the characters of this literal to initialize the internal character array. - when invoking the methods on constructor from super class is a requirement before object can be constructed, one has to resort to using constructors for member variable initialization. - another common scenario we constructors are used for initializing instance variable is is when those instance variables are quite significant for the object being constructed. for example when creating a book class instance, passing the title of the book as an argument to the book class constructor. using setter methods some of the examples where using the setter methods for setting instance variables are : - when a large number of member variables are present in a class then using a constructor with say 15 arguments does not make sense and one should resort to using setter methods for initializing those 15 member variables. - when the member variables have the property of changing their value quite frequently than one must be using the setter methods. - the use of setter methods makes it clear as to which member variable is being set. this is because of the fact that proper naming convention is used for the names of setter methods whereas in case of constructor there is no clear indication about the arguments which need to be passed to the constructor. one last point i want to make above the choice of using constructor or setter methods is that while one can overload the constructors to accept a different type and number of arguments which can be convenient in some cases. but that is not possible with the use of setter methods.


german family made distinguished by ludwig philippson, the founder of the " allgemeine zeitung des judenthums " ; it traces its descent back to jacob joshua, author of " pene yehoshua ', " 1754. alfred philippson : german geologist ; born at bonn jan. 1, 1864 ; son of ludwig philippson. he received his education at the gymnasium and university of his native town and at the university of leipsic ( ph. d. 1886 ). in 1892 he became privat - docent at bonn, was appointed assistant professor seven years later, and in 1904 he was called to bern as professor of geography. having made voyages through greece, turkey, and asia minor, he has published : " studien uber wasserscheiden, " berlin, 1886 ; " der peloponnes, " ib. 1892 ; " europa " ( with neumann ), leipsic, 1894 ; " thessalien und epirus, " berlin, 1897 ; " beitrage zur kenntnis der griechischen inselwelt, " gotha, 1901 ; " das mittelmeergebiet, " leipsic, 1904. he has also published essays in the technical journals. since 1887 philippson has undertaken, on a commission from the berlin akademie der wissenschaften, an annual journey to asia minor for the purpose of geological investigation. his chief object in these excursions is to study, on a geological basis, the phenomena of the earth ' s surface both in their interrelationship and in their influence on the human race. german educationist ; born at magdeburg, prussia, july 4, 1851 ; son of julius philippson. he attended the gymnasium of magdeburg, and then studied modern languages and comparative philology at the universities of bonn, leipsic, and berlin. from 1874 to 1886 he was an instructor at the philanthropin of the community of frankfort - on - the - main, and in 1886 he was called as director to the jacobson school at seesen. he has published " der monch von montaudon, ein provencalischer troubadour " ( leipsic, 1873 ), and " israel jacob, ein bild aus dem judischen leben des achtzehnten jahrhunderts " ( brunswick, 1903 ). franz m. philippson : banker and philanthropist ; born at magdeburg, march 12, 1851 ; son


ein bild aus dem judischen leben des achtzehnten jahrhunderts " ( brunswick, 1903 ). franz m. philippson : banker and philanthropist ; born at magdeburg, march 12, 1851 ; son of ludwig philippson. he was educated in brussels, where he founded a banking - house in 1871, which for a quarter of a century has taken part in most of the municipal loans, conversions, and commercial enterprises in belgium, and in many in italy, brazil, and other countries. philippson has likewise written frequently on financial topics. in 1884 he was elected president of the jewish community of brussels, and is also a member of the consistoire israelite de belgique, and vice - president of the jewish colonization association. gustav philippson : educator and writer ; born feb. 17, 1814, at dessau in anhalt ; died jan. 11, 1880, at berlin ; son of simon philippson and cousin of ludwig philippson. on completing his studies at the university of berlin, he went to prague as a tutor, but on account of views expressed in articles he had published was obliged to leave the city shortly afterward. in 1842 he was appointed teacher at the ducal franzschule at dessau, and in 1849 at his suggestion the school was transformed into a commercial academy. during the twenty years that followed he taught in this institution, and his connection with it ceased only with its dissolution in 1869. he then retired to berlin. in 1849 philippson was elected delegate to the first legislative diet of anhalt. he was the author of the following works : " diejudenfrage von bruno bauer naher beleuchtet " ( dessau, 1843 ) ; " esther " ( prague, 1843 ), a translation of racine ' s " esther " ; " geschichte der herzoglichen franzschule in dessau " ( dessau, 1869 ) ; various poems ; and, anonymously, " geschriebene photographien aus der ersten israelitischen synode in leipzig " ( berlin, 1869 ). - g. philippson, geschichte der herzoglichen franzschule in dessau, dessau, 1869. rabbi and author ; born dec. 28, 1811, at dessau ; died dec. 29, 1889, at bonn ; son of moses philippson. he was educated at the gymnasium of halle and at the university of berlin, and maintained himself by tutoring and by doing literary work. he published his first effort, a


died dec. 29, 1889, at bonn ; son of moses philippson. he was educated at the gymnasium of halle and at the university of berlin, and maintained himself by tutoring and by doing literary work. he published his first effort, a translation of the prophets hosea, joel, obadiah, and nahum, when but fifteen years old. in 1830 he translated and annotated the works of two judæo - greek poets of alexandria. a philological treatise on medical terms ( hyle anthropine, 1831, etc. ) which followed revealed his qualities as a scholar, and his versatility was emphasized by the publication in 1832 of a vindication of spinoza. when twenty - two years old he was called as preacher by the jewish congregation of magdeburg and remained in that city for twenty - eight years. in order to promote the interests of judaism he founded the allgemeine zeitung des judenthums in 1837 and edited that journal until his death. two years later ( 1839 ) he began the annotated german translation of the old testament, which he completed in 1853. this translation, with a commentary in german, was issued in several editions, one being illustrated with designs by gustave dore. in 1847 he published " die entwickelung der religiosen idee im judenthum, christenthum und islam, " which was followed by " die religion der gesellschaft, " in 1848. both of these works were translated into several languages. philippson ' s restless energy led him to enter the political arena, and in the stirring events of 1848 he took an active part. his political views he expressed in the following works : " stimmen und stimmungen aus der zeit " ( 1849 ) ; " resultate in der weltgeschichte " ( 1860 ) ; and " weltbewegende fragen " ( 1868 - 69 ). he advocated moderate liberalism and became one of the leaders of the social reform party in saxony. in 1855 he founded the institut zur forderung der israelitischen literatur, which during the eighteen years it existed published many interesting contributions to jewish literature. between the years 1861 and 1865 philippson issued his religious compendiums " israelitische religionslehre " and " israelitisches gebetbuch " ( 2d ed. 1864 ). in 1862, suffering from an affliction that had rendered him almost blind, he resigned his charge at magdeburg and


in 1891. since that time he has lived at berlin, devoting a large part of his time to the promotion of the interests of german judaism. he is executive chairman of the deutsch - israelitische gemeindebund, as well as of the verein zur forderung der wissenschaft des judenthums, which was founded largely through his efforts in 1902, and of the verband der deutschen juden. he held the office of vice - chairman of the board of trustees of the lehranstalt fur die wissenschaft des judenthums until 1904. philippson is author of " geschichte heinrichs des lowen " ( leipsic, 1868 ) ; " heinrich iv. und philipp iii. : die begrundung des franzosischen uebergewichtes in europa " ( berlin, 1871 - 76 ) ; " das zeitalter ludwigs xiv. " ( 2d ed. ib. 1888 ) ; " geschichte des preussischen staatswesens vom tode friedrichs des grossen bis zu den freiheitskriegen " ( leipsic, 1880 - 82 ) ; " westeuropa im zeitalter von philipp ii., elisabeth, und heinrich iv. " ( ib. 1883 ; this and the preceding work in oncken ' s " allgem. gesch. in einzeldarstellungen " ) ; " histoire de la contre - reforme religieuse " ( brussels, 1884 ) ; " geschichte der neueren zeit " ( berlin, 1886 - 89 ) ; " histoire du regne de marie stuart " ( paris, 1891 - 92 ) ; " friedrich iii. als kronprinz und kaiser " ( berlin, 1894 ) ; " ein ministerium unter philipp ii. : kardinal granvella am spanischen hofe " ( ib. 1895 ) ; " der grosse kurfurst friedrich wilhelm von brandenburg " ( ib. 1897 - 1903 ) ; " max von forckenbeck : ein lebensbild " ( dresden and leipsic, 1898 ) ; " kaiser friedrich iii. " ( berlin, 1900 ). moritz philippson : son of franz philippson ; born june 12, 1877 ; studied at the universities of brussels and berlin, and the marine laboratories at naples and in japan, and was then appointed lecturer on zoology at the university of brussels. he has published several zoological works together with the results of his biological experiments. moses philipp


; studied at the universities of brussels and berlin, and the marine laboratories at naples and in japan, and was then appointed lecturer on zoology at the university of brussels. he has published several zoological works together with the results of his biological experiments. moses philippson : german writer, educationist, and publisher ; born at sandersleben may 9, 1775 ; died at dessau april 20, 1814 ; called also moses arnswalde, being the son of the talmudist philipp moses of arnswalde. before attaining his twelfth year he attended the yeshibah of halberstadt, and later continued his talmudic studies at brunswick and frankfort - on - the - oder. in the latter city he learned german, and studied hebrew grammar, arithmetic, and geography. a few years later he went to bayreuth as tutor and became acquainted with emanuel osmund and jean paul. his association with osmund had a marked influence on his scholarly development. four years later he went as tutor to burgkunstadt, a neighboring town, where he remained for five years returning then for a short time to bayreuth. in 1799 he was called to the newly founded freischule of dessau as teacher of religion and hebrew, and frequently delivered public lectures in that capacity. there he began his literary activity and founded a hebrew printing establishment. together with his colleagues j. wolf, g. salomon, and j. neumann, he translated and annotated the twelve minor prophets, taking as his portion of the work the books of joel, hosea, and habakkuk. the entire collection appeared under the title " minhah tehorah " ( dessau, 1805 ; incorporated in the edition of the bible published at prague, 1835 ). encouraged by the favorable reception of the work, he annotated the book of daniel, translated by j. wolf ( ib. 1808 ), and issued a manual and reader for the young entitled " modah libne binah, oder kinderfreund und lehrer " ( ib. 1808 - 11 ; in dutch, amsterdam, 1817 ; 2d ed. leipsic, 1823 ). he edited also several volumes of the new " sammler " ( 1811 ), which contained poems written by him over the initials = moses b. uri. philippson, who printed the writings of his friends j. wolf, g. salomon, and others in addition to his own, now gave up teaching for the book - trade, and devoted his


the initials = moses b. uri. philippson, who printed the writings of his friends j. wolf, g. salomon, and others in addition to his own, now gave up teaching for the book - trade, and devoted his leisure moments to the preparation of a hebrew - german and german - hebrew dictionary, primarily for the use of schools, which he intended to have printed at prague, but which remained unpublished. he has been frequently, but erroneously, identified by furst and others with another moses philippson, a bookkeeper, and a friend of moses mendelssohn, and who had received a philosophical training, was the author of " das leben benedict von spinoza ' s " ( brunswick, 1790 ), and who published a " gutachten uber die verbesserung des judeneides " ( neustrelitz, 1797 ) at the request of the royal electoral chancellery of justice at hanover. - g. salomon, lebensgesch. des moses philippson, dessan, 1814 ; - phobus philippson, biographische skizzen, no. 1 : moses philippson, leipsic, 1864 ; - kayserling, moses mendelssohn, sein leben und wirken, 2d ed., ib. 1888, pp. 225, 517. german author and physician ; born at dessau july 26, 1807 ; died at klotze, in the altmark, april 1, 1870 ; son of moses philippson, and elder brother of ludwig philippson. phoebus was compelled to aid in supporting the family, at an early age. this he did by giving private lessons, studying meanwhile mainly the best treatises on pedagogics. in 1825 he succeeded in entering the university of halle to study medicine, completing the course in 1828. he started in magdeburg but was unable to compete with the old practitioners, and therefore removed to klotze, where he remained until his death. philippson ' s researches in connection with the cholera epidemic led to his first medical writings : " anweisung zur erkenntniss, verhutung, und thatigen hilfsleistung in betreff der asiatischen cholera, " magdeburg, 1831 ; " beitrage zu den untersuchungen uber den cholera morbus, " ib. 1832 ; and " die sommerkrankheiten im jahre 1831, " berlin, 1832. in the


##chen cholera, " magdeburg, 1831 ; " beitrage zu den untersuchungen uber den cholera morbus, " ib. 1832 ; and " die sommerkrankheiten im jahre 1831, " berlin, 1832. in the last - named year he also produced " podalirius zwanglose hefte als beitrage zur kritik der aeltern und neuern arzneikunde " and " propadeutik und encyclopadie der medicin, " magdeburg, 1832. in 1835 he published " hygiea blatter fur freunde der gesundheit und des familienglucks " ( magdeburg ) and in 1864 his treatise " ueber die gesichtslagen des kindes bei der geburt und die anwendung der kopfzange bei demselben. " as early as 1823 philippson edited an enlarged and revised edition of his father ' s educational works ( leipsic ). when his brother ludwig founded ( 1834 ) the " israelitische predigt - und schulmagazin, " he contributed a historical study, " die vertreibung der juden aus spanien und portugal, " to its pages. then when the " allgemeine zeitung des judenthums " was established he wrote for it many important sketches, including a jewish novel " die marannen, " later published in book form ( 1855 ), and translated into hebrew and other modern languages. philippson also provided the translation of joshua, judges, samuel, and kings for the german bible issued by his brother. in 1859 his novel " der unbekannte rabbi " was published, and an english version of it appeared in new york. - allg. zeit. des jud. pp. 34, 341 et seq.


june 07, 2010 pasadena, calif. - - deep in the heart of the asteroid belt, on its way to the first of the belt ' s two most massive inhabitants, nasa ' s ion - propelled dawn spacecraft has eclipsed the record for velocity change produced by a spacecraft ' s engines. the previous standard - bearer for velocity change, nasa ' s deep space 1, also impelled by ion propulsion, was the first interplanetary spacecraft to use this technology. the deep space 1 record fell on saturday, june 5, when the dawn spacecraft ' s accumulated acceleration over the mission exceeded 4. 3 kilometers per second ( 9, 600 miles per hour ). " we are using this amazing ion - engine technology as a stepping - stone to orbit and explore two of the asteroid belt ' s most mysterious objects, vesta and ceres, " said robert mase, dawn project manager from nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, calif. a spacecraft ' s change in velocity refers to its ability to change its path through space by using its own rocket engines. this measurement of change begins only after the spacecraft exits the last stage of the launch vehicle that hurled it into space. to get to where it is in both the record books and the asteroid belt, the dawn spacecraft had to fire its three engines – one at a time - - for a cumulative total of 620 days. in that time, it has used less than 165 kilograms ( 363 pounds ) of xenon propellant. over the course of its eight - plus - year mission, dawn ' s three ion engines are expected to accumulate 2, 000 days of operation - - 5. 5 years of thrusting - - for a total change in velocity of more than 38, 620 kilometers per hour ( 24, 000 miles per hour ). " i am delighted that it will be dawn that surpasses ds1 ' s record, " said marc rayman, chief engineer for the dawn mission and a previous project manager for deep space 1. " it is a tribute to all those involved in the design and operations of this remarkable spacecraft. " at first glance, dawn ' s pedal - to - the - metal performance is a not - so - inspiring 0 - to - 97 kilometers per hour ( 0 - to - 60 miles per hour ) in four days. but due to its incredible efficiency, it expends only 37 ounces of xenon propellant during that time. then take into consideration that after those four days of full - throttle thrusting, it will do


per hour ) in four days. but due to its incredible efficiency, it expends only 37 ounces of xenon propellant during that time. then take into consideration that after those four days of full - throttle thrusting, it will do another four days, and then another four. by the end of 12 days, the spacecraft will have increased its velocity by more than 290 kilometers per hour ( 180 miles per hour ), with more days and weeks and months of continuous thrusting to come. in one year ' s time, dawn ' s ion propulsion system can increase the spacecraft ' s speed by 8, 850 kilometers per hour ( 5, 500 miles per hour ), while consuming the equivalent of only 16 gallons of fuel. " this is a special moment for the spacecraft team, " said dawn ' s principal investigator, chris russell of the university of california los angeles. " in only 407 days, our minds will be on another set of records, the data records that dawn will transmit when we enter vesta orbit. " dawn ' s 4. 8 - billion - kilometer ( 3 - billion - mile ) odyssey includes exploration of asteroid vesta in 2011 and 2012, and the dwarf planet ceres in 2015. these two icons of the asteroid belt have been witness to much of our solar system ' s history. by using the same set of instruments at two separate destinations, scientists can more accurately formulate comparisons and contrasts. dawn ' s science instrument suite will measure shape, surface topography and tectonic history, elemental and mineral composition, as well as seek out water - bearing minerals. in addition, the way the dawn spacecraft orbits both vesta and ceres will be used to measure the celestial bodies ' masses and gravity fields. while dawn surpassed deep space 1 ' s record for velocity change, deep space 1 will continue to reign as holder for the longest duration of powered spaceflight for another few months. dawn is expected to take over that record on about august 10 of this year. the dawn mission to vesta and ceres is managed by jpl, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, for nasa ' s science mission directorate, washington. the university of california, los angeles, is responsible for overall dawn mission science. other scientific partners include planetary science institute, tucson, ariz. ; max planck institute for solar system research, katlenburg - lindau, germany ; dlr institute for planetary research, berlin, germany ; italian national institute for astrophysics, rome ; and the italian space agency, rome. orbital


an afghan shepherd enters a wolves den perched high in the mountains of samangan province looking for a sheep that went astray. inside, he doesn ’ t find what he is looking for, but just as he is about to leave he notices something strange : pieces of old parchment lie strewn on the dirt floor. archaeologists discover 2nd temple seal in j ' lem one of the stories behind the recent discovery of about 150 manuscripts and artifacts in a remote cave that belonged to a medieval jewish “ but there are several and they are always the same about shepherds looking for sheep, ” admitted prof. haggai ben - shammai of the hebrew university on sunday. “ who knows how they were really found? ” scholars are currently in the early stages of poring over the texts dating from the 11th century and written in judeo - arabic and judeo - persian. have dates so we can date them precisely, ” said prof. shaul shaked of the hebrew “ there ’ s no doubt that they are authentic. they correspond with similar findings from the past. ” the expert in ancient persian languages said the scrolls included an ancient copy of the book of jeremiah ; hitherto unknown scholarly works by the medieval sage rabbi sa ’ adia gaon ; personal poems of loss and mourning and even bookkeeping records that could teach us about everyday life in the community. “ the person who wrote it, a jewish merchant, keeps track of who owed him how much, ” said shaked. added that the texts show the community may have been karaite, a sect of judaism which strictly adheres to the bible rather than the talmud and other later jewish texts, and name several early karaite leaders. channel 2, which first reported the find on friday, likened the discovery in afghanistan to that of the find in the cairo geniza, but scholars say such a comparison is the number of documents, about 150, is tiny when compared to the hundreds of thousands found in the egyptian synagogues. furthermore, they are in various stages of decay. many are illegible fragments that suffered the ravages of time. but shaked believes the afghani scrolls may be “ the tip of the he said there may be many more findings in that part of the world that would provide valuable information about ancient jewish prof. robert eisenman, a noted scholar of the dead sea scrolls, hopes such findings might shed light on the rhadanites, a group of early medieval jewish merchants who set up an expansive trade network that connected europe and asia. he


surely by now supreme court justice antonin scalia knows that his feb. 27 comments from the bench about a voting rights case were at best insensitive. at worst, scalia ' s remarks had a racist tinge that was offensive to anyone who has fought against discrimination in this country, and especially to those of us who have been the victims of jim crow. ironically, the justice ' s statements came on the same day the nation dedicated a statue in the u. s. capitol to rosa parks, the " first lady of the civil rights movement. " and the judicial insult occurred just a few days before commemoration of " bloody sunday, " that march for voting rights in 1965 in which demonstrators were severely beaten as they tried to cross the edmund pettus bridge in selma, ala. that brutal attack on peaceful demonstrators on march 7, 1965, coming just a few months after three young voting rights workers were slain in mississippi, set official washington moving toward passing a bill to ensure and protect the right to vote for all citizens. just 10 days after the attempted march from selma to montgomery, president lyndon johnson sent a bill to congress. the voting rights act passed on aug. 4 of that year, and johnson signed it on aug. 6, proclaiming it " a triumph for freedom as huge as any victory that has ever been won on any battlefield. " congressional passage was overwhelming : 328 to 74 in the house ; 79 to 18 in the senate. scalia especially should take note, because he ' s expressed concerns about the intent and courage of congress on this matter. the battle johnson fought in 1965 is still being waged today as cities and states ( texas included ) have continued to devise schemes to discourage, deny and suppress voting among some minority groups. realizing that there might be attempts to circumvent the law, congress included section 5 in the voting rights act, requiring certain states and subdivisions ( eventually including texas ) that had a history of voter discrimination to get " preclearance " from the justice department or federal court in washington, d. c., before making any changes in their voting rules. since its approval, the act has been reauthorized four times, the last being in 2006, when lawmakers overwhelming extended section 5 for another 25 years to 2031. the house vote was 390 to 33, and the senate passed it 98 - 0. some say because of progress, particularly in the south, there is no more need for section 5. others say, because voting suppression occurs in states not covered by section


the house vote was 390 to 33, and the senate passed it 98 - 0. some say because of progress, particularly in the south, there is no more need for section 5. others say, because voting suppression occurs in states not covered by section 5, the provision ought to be expanded. that ' s a debate we can have, and one that is occurring in the supreme court as a result of shelby county ( alabama ) v. holder. it was during oral arguments in that case, which aims to have section 5 declared unconstitutional, that scalia showed his politics and his prejudice. and for a strict constitutionalist ( or " textualist " ) who believes congress should make the laws, the long - serving justice seemed to want to do what he thinks members of congress are afraid to do. while acknowledging that this issue is one that should be left to congress and that lawmakers had overwhelmingly approved it, scalia suggested that the only reason section 5 continues to be supported is because lawmakers are political cowards. the reason, he surmises, is because of " a phenomenon that is called perpetuation of racial entitlement. " he implied that the court should knock down this provision to give congress cover, saying, " whenever a society adopts racial entitlements, it is very difficult to get out of them through the normal political processes. " since when did protecting the right to vote become a " perpetuation of racial entitlement? " this is not affirmative action we ' re talking about, but a constitutionally guaranteed right. although i ' ve gotten used to scalia ' s conservative pontifications, i never thought i ' d hear such a blatant prejudicial rant coming from a sitting member of the highest court in the land.


pho : in the future, get vaccinated earlier during the past few months, i have gently suggested to my patients that they receive the flu vaccine. many said yes, but some declined. today, as i look up google ' s national flu trend map, i see nearly the entire country painted in an alarming red, signifying " intense " flu activity. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, 41 states are experiencing widespread flu outbreaks. there are 26 times more flu cases this year than last. and in boston, near my primary care practice, a public health emergency was declared this past wednesday. i shake my head when seeing these headlines, and i vow to be more persuasive when it comes to giving the flu vaccine. more patients need to be protected against influenza by getting flu shots earlier in the season. like many other clinics across the country, my office is flooded with patients suffering from coughs, runny noses, fevers and body aches, all potentially caused by the flu. thankfully, the vast majority of adults survive. but others fare less successfully : the young, the elderly, and those with chronic conditions like asthma, diabetes or cancer. severe flu complications, like pneumonia, can hospitalize these patients, or worse, be fatal. consider the young. according to william rodriguez, a pediatrician at the food and drug administration, between 43 and 153 children have died in the past 10 flu seasons combined. already, 18 children have died this season. one reason why the flu outbreak is so prevalent this year is that the predominant strain, h3n2, hasn ' t been this widely circulated since 2002 - 03 and is associated with a more severe illness. but another reason is the relatively low percentage of patients who received a flu shot. this year ' s vaccine is well matched to the circulating viruses and, while not perfect, provides good protection. flu shots are about 60 % effective. but more than half of americans skip the vaccine. only 46 % received one last year. this year ' s numbers are about the same. the reason many cite, " i got the flu from the flu shot! " isn ' t valid. there are no live viruses in the vaccine. if someone got sick after the shot, it ' s because of a coincidental illness caused by the scores of other non - influenza viruses that can cause similar upper respiratory symptoms. others say, " i ' ve never had the shot before, and i ' ve been fine. " in some, the flu can be


a coincidental illness caused by the scores of other non - influenza viruses that can cause similar upper respiratory symptoms. others say, " i ' ve never had the shot before, and i ' ve been fine. " in some, the flu can be debilitating, leaving patients bedridden for days. in others, it can simply be a runny nose or a minor cough. but it ' s still the flu and can be spread to more vulnerable patients, with disastrous consequences for them. according to frank esper, a viral respiratory disease expert at uh case medical center in ohio, " every time you vaccinate yourself, you ' re not just protecting yourself, but you ' re protecting everyone you know, including individuals who are young or pregnant. " it ' s still not too late for a flu shot. go get one if you haven ' t already. although its protective action won ' t take effect for about two weeks, the flu season hasn ' t peaked. i realize i have to do a better job to dispel these myths in the exam room and convince more of my patients to receive a flu shot. but patients can also help. read the headlines and learn from the current flu crisis. then be proactive get a vaccine earlier in future flu seasons. follow us on twitter @ cnnopinion join us on facebook / cnnopinion copyright 2013 by cnn newsource. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


shot in high definition, the chesapeake bay bridge captures the physical majesty of the bridge and its distinct personality. soaring 186 feet above the water, and spanning 4. 3 miles the chesapeake bay bridge opened for business in 1952 and opened the door to a new era in maryland. the william preston lane, jr. memorial bridge, commonly referred to as the bay bridge, connected maryland ' s rural, historically isolated communities on the eastern shore with the fast - growing baltimore and washington metropolitan areas. using archival photos, aerials and images taken from boats on the bay, the chesapeake bay bridge traces the bumpy ride to construction of the bay bridge, chronicling the early setbacks and political tenacity it took to realize an idea that first percolated in the early 20th century. interviews with key participants bring to life the colorful characters involved, the near disasters and the amazing engineering feats that created the bridge that was once the world ' s longest continuous over - water steel structure. the chesapeake bay bridge also looks at the far - reaching effects the bay bridge has had on everything from commerce to commuting. the bay bridge helped fuel the growth of the tourism industry, transforming tiny beachside resorts like ocean city into crowded summertime destinations. residents and business owners reflect on the changes, and how they were initially caught off guard by throngs of vacationers descending on the small coastal towns in 1952. farmers, residents of tight - knit communities along route 50 and historians paint a vivid picture of life before and after the bridge. while those who have made a living working on the bridge, toll collectors, engineers, maintenance workers and inspectors share their stories and their unique perspective. the bay bridge forever altered maryland ' s landscape and the lives of its citizens. the chesapeake bay bridge explores all facets of the transformation through firsthand accounts, stunning photography and well - crafted storytelling. visit the website : http : / / www. mpt. org / bayweek length : 57 minutes


what does the swastika mean? imagine a new family is moving in next door to you, and as a friendly gesture you put a poster on their door with the word “ welcome ” and a drawing of a smiley face. when the neighbors arrive and see your sign, however, the woman faints, the man looks around suspiciously and the son stomps around, shouting curses into the air. you quickly run outside to see what is the matter. the family ’ s young but sensible - looking daughter then explains that in their home country, a picture of a disembodied head with a smile means “ may you soon rest peacefully in your grave! ” and is a universally hated symbol, reserved for only the most detested of enemies. how might you feel? disturbed? angry? embarrassed? whatever your reaction, it is no doubt similar to what someone from pre - world war ii india would feel upon seeing most modern people ’ s reactions to another symbol : the infamous swastika. the sanskrit word svasti means “ blessings ” or “ fortune ” or “ auspiciousness. ” it represents the utmost in good wishes upon another. the svastika is a sacred diagram that is supposed to embody and attract this positive energy. one of the 108 symbols associated with lord visnu, it is a depiction of the sun and its life - giving rays. modern hindus put svastika s everywhere - - on buildings, gifts, vehicles, stationery - - but versions are also found among other cultures, including the ancient celts, the navajos and hopis of native america, modern mongolians, and even the ancient jews! the svastika ’ s innocent reputation began to be tarnished at the turn of the last century when german elitists co - opted it as a sort of family heraldry symbol for the aryan super - race, and when adolf hitler and his third reich adopted it as the nazi party emblem, the process was complete : the benign svastika of good fortune had become the nefarious swastika of racial atrocity. if not for this brief historical blip, however, it would have remained the vedic equivalent of a smiley face. that ’ s why the chief rabbinate of israel issued a declaration in 2008 affirming the sacred nature of the svastika, despite its uses in world war ii germany. after all, it ’ s not the svastika ’ s fault if it was kidnapped, is it? — navina - shyama dasa (


" strategies like that can help, " she said, " just stay persistent and consistent, and don ' t cut out the nutrient parts that are needed each day. " eating for nutrients berry said taking the focus off of food can help people cut back calories. she recommends thinking about food as a way to refuel your body and to notice the nutrients you are putting in it. rather than counting every calorie you pop into your mouth, use general rules of eating, such as controlling portion sizes and fat content. " this helps you control calories without having to count them, " she said. she encourages people to pause and think about what they are consuming. if you make a mistake, correct it with your next meal. don ' t just cut the number if you decide you need to lose weight, it doesn ' t mean you should just cut the number of calories you ingest. " counting calories will not necessarily solve problem, " berry said. " you have to eat the right kinds of foods. " berry said people cutting back don ' t eat foods that are nutrient dense. " if you eat all of your daily calories in sweets, you are not going to lose weight, " she said. " empty calories make your body work without providing a lot of nutrition. " even though they may have the same calorie content, eating things high in fiber like oats is better than a bagel, because your body is getting nutrients while it is working. she recommends filling up on colorful vegetables, fruits, proteins and good fats like avocados and olive oil. berry said it is also important to stack your plate the correct way to control your portion size. your plate should be half high water - content veggies and the other half should share protein and starch. you can watch your portion size by checking the size of your palm. berry said a serving size of protein or starch should be about that size. the veggies on your plate should be about twice that. when you are full, berry said to listen to your body and stop to avoid taking in excess calories. " most people are heads dragging bodies around, " she said. " people don ' t pay attention to bodies and are overeating. " if you find yourself still hungry, add more veggies or drink more water. " we can ' t hurt ourselves by packing ourselves with vegetables, " she said. cole said becoming aware of what she was eating and thinking of food as fuel helped her


shots - health news thu october 18, 2012 with an army of vaccinators, india subdues polio originally published on thu october 18, 2012 6 : 31 pm all this week, we ' ve been examining the world ' s last remaining pockets of polio, a disease for which there is no cure. india marked a milestone when the world health organization struck it from the list of polio - endemic countries in february after no new cases were reported for more than a year. from delhi, npr ' s julie mccarthy reports on how, despite poverty and poor sanitation, the world ' s second - most populous country is eradicating the disease. the humanity of india washes up at its train stations. passengers sprawling among vagrants wait for trains, while sweepers halfheartedly shuffle brooms in the heat. it ' s sunday, day 1 of immunization week. during national campaigns, which occur twice a year, 2 million volunteers fan out to india ' s train stations, bus depots, temples, churches and mosques, armed with vials of polio vaccine. checking progress at a city slum, delhi ' s polio eradication program chief, dr. c. m. khanijo, says the vaccine must be kept at around 35 degrees fahrenheit — even when the temperature outside is 109 degrees. " the quality of the vaccine remains better if it is maintained in the cold chain, " he says. " and the cold chain is maintained by keeping ice or ice packs. " khanijo says that in just 30 minutes, enough vials to cover a large area of delhi ' s old, walled city are distributed and in place. by 9 a. m., an army of vaccinators is dropping medicine into little mouths. families bring their squirming children to the booths, where they are given oral polio drops, containing a weakened form of the wild polio virus, which only humans carry. a massive challenge india has 175 million children aged 5 and younger, and all of them are tiny targets in this massive national immunization project that, since january 2011, has made india free of a disease that has afflicted it for millennia. it must remain polio - free for three years before the who will certify that india has eradicated polio. " this is kind of a mission. but ultimately the purpose is that we need to reach each and every child, " says dr. ajay khera, the deputy commissioner


the who will certify that india has eradicated polio. " this is kind of a mission. but ultimately the purpose is that we need to reach each and every child, " says dr. ajay khera, the deputy commissioner of india ' s ministry of health and family welfare, who directs the country ' s polio eradication program. " in 1995, when we started the program, we used to get roughly around 50, 000 polio cases every year. and every village, everywhere, people used to find a polio child, " khera says. " so people... imagine kind of a disabled child, and nobody wants that disabled child to be there in the community. " trucks blast messages encouraging families to vaccinate their children, part of india ' s mass public - awareness campaign. the nation ' s polio chief says the aim is to vaccinate as many children as possible on sunday, the first day of the campaign, and then have vaccinators go house to house for the next five days. dr. kiran kathuria oversees 127 teams that go house to house in central delhi during national immunization week and during supplementary or " sub - national " weeks. the poorer, less developed north of india, which includes delhi, is more prone to polio than the richer south, and so vaccination weeks are more frequent there. kathuria recalls working as a young doctor in the country ' s disease - afflicted slums. the suffering she saw made eradicating polio her passion. " every second house had a... polio - affected child. they were roaming around on the road, limping legs — i have seen lots of deaths due to polio, " says kathuria, who has been working against the disease since 1986. back then she mapped the slums for the vaccinators, noting down any " landmark " she could find — from temples to pigsties. " i had put in my map that from [ this ] pigsty to this mosque, the team will travel and cover 300 houses in two days. that ' s how i made my maps. that was the beginning, " she says with a laugh. fear that polio will jump the border today, kathuria calls herself a " general " in a war on polio. one of the biggest worries health officials have is that the virus will jump across the border from pakistan, where the disease is endemic. extending her war analogy,


border today, kathuria calls herself a " general " in a war on polio. one of the biggest worries health officials have is that the virus will jump across the border from pakistan, where the disease is endemic. extending her war analogy, kathuria compares india ' s polio campaign to the 1999 fighting between india and pakistan in kashmir. " that time we did not allow [ the ] pakistani army [ into india ]. this time we will not allow [ a ] pakistan virus to come to india. in fact, i call all my team members, i call them soldiers, " she says. her troops — mainly women — cover a middle - class district where families have just one or two children, and she closely monitors their work. santosh sharma, a stout 52 year old, has gone door to door in delhi since the program began in the 1990s. at this door she ' s told that the mother of the house is bathing. santosh says she ' ll be back and moves to the next apartment. this immunization in september was the sixth this year for delhi, and like most of the ones preceding it, santosh finds 4 - year - old jasmit singh at home with his mother, rupinder. when rupinder says her child was not vaccinated sunday, the veteran volunteer reaches for the vaccine. santosh has administered many of the polio drops young jasmit has had, which amount to dozens over the years. kathuria translates for rupinder, saying the mother is proud that india is now gaining a good name in the world because it is polio - free. kathuria translates for rupinder, saying the mother is proud that india is now gaining a good name in the world because it is polio - free. santosh, a foot soldier in that effort, interjects : " a dangerous disease is being thrown out of the country. a dangerous disease attacking our children is being eradicated. " the bill and melinda gates foundation has advised india ' s polio program, providing money and expertise. ( the foundation also supports npr. ) bill gates notes that with india ' s success, the world has never been closer to eradicating polio, and he says that the remaining hot spots should draw on india ' s experience. " india ' s success is really phenomenal, " gates says. " you probably would ' ve guessed they would be the toughest country because of size, the number of kids who move around, the sanitation


should draw on india ' s experience. " india ' s success is really phenomenal, " gates says. " you probably would ' ve guessed they would be the toughest country because of size, the number of kids who move around, the sanitation challenges up in the north, migratory populations. and so absolutely, the lessons from india can now be applied in the two toughest countries that remain — pakistan in asia and nigeria in africa. " pakistanis take notes on india ' s success when a pakistani delegation traveled to india this summer to see how its archrival had defeated polio, it saw a level of detail and logistics it had not seen before. the presence of pakistanis in india usually sparks a media buzz, and this was no exception. when a zealous minder steps in to end an impromptu news conference, the pakistani delegation leader, shahnaz wazir ali, gently brushes him aside. " we appreciate what you are doing, " shahnaz wazir ali tells him before turning back to the reporters. " we have also greatly appreciated the monitoring system that [ the indians ] have. monitoring and monitoring of monitors. and the surveillance system. " it is polio as diplomacy : two foes that have fought three wars finding new common ground. michael galway, gates foundation senior program officer, says bridging india and pakistan over polio knits together not just program strategies but the chance to seize a historic moment for global health. " polio eradication is not going... to keep coming back as many different opportunities. this is our time. the world has only ever really gotten rid of one disease that affects human beings, and that ' s smallpox, " he says. back in her clinic, dr. kathuria expresses the belief that india ' s success will spur pakistan. " i ' m sure pakistan will have the courage that they can eradicate polio, after seeing us, " she says. " ' if india can do it, why can ' t we? ' i ' m sure they will have that feeling. "


the arrival of the prophet joseph smith in kirtland, ohio, marked the beginning of a period of rapid growth in the membership of the church. by early june 1831, the church had grown to about two thousand members. among those who joined the church at this time were sidney rigdon ’ s mother and oldest brother ; luke s. johnson, one of the first missionaries in the church ; and ezra booth, who joined the church after witnessing a miracle. civic leaders, ministers, newspaper editors, and parishioners joined together in an effort to stop the conversion of their neighbors to the new religion. the prophet recorded, “ many false reports, lies, and foolish stories, were published in the newspapers, and circulated in every direction, to prevent people from investigating the work, or embracing the faith ” ( history of the church, 1 : 158 ). during these trying times of slander and abuse, the lord blessed the saints with revelations of comfort, peace, and assurance. one of these revelations was section 45, of which the prophet wrote, “ to the joy of the saints who had to struggle against every thing that prejudice and wickedness could invent, i received the following : [ d & c 45 ] ” ( history of the church, 1 : 158 ). notes and commentary d & c 45 : 2. “ in an hour when ye think not ” president joseph fielding smith noted that “ one of the great failings of mankind is to ignore warnings of punishment for sin. in all ages of the world it has been the peculiar belief of men that the sayings of the prophets were to be fulfilled in times still future. that is true of the people today. we have had ample warning of the nearness of the coming of the great and dreadful day of the lord. the signs are upon us in all their power. … in this revelation we are given the warning that the summer is passing and if we are heedless of the warning we will find the summer past, the harvest ended and our souls not saved. while no man knows the day or the hour, yet if we are taken unawares, we will be without excuse, for the signs are ample and we now see them being fulfilled. ” ( church history and modern revelation, 1 : 195. ) d & c 45 : 3 – 5. what is the significance of the title “ advocate ”? the imagery of a judicial system is often invoked when the last judgment is mentioned in scriptures. man goes before the “ judgment bar ” ( 2 nephi 33 :


c 45 : 3 – 5. what is the significance of the title “ advocate ”? the imagery of a judicial system is often invoked when the last judgment is mentioned in scriptures. man goes before the “ judgment bar ” ( 2 nephi 33 : 15 ), there to be “ arraigned ” ( alma 11 : 44 ) and face god, “ the judge of all ” ( hebrews 12 : 23 ). as part of that imagery, jesus is called the advocate ( paraclaytos ). in the king james version of the new testament, jesus is called the “ advocate ” only once ( 1 john 2 : 1 ). the same word ( paraclaytos ) is used for the holy ghost, although it is translated “ comforter ” ( john 14 : 16 ). thus, jesus is one paraclete, or comforter, and the holy ghost is called “ another comforter ” ( john 14 : 16 ). the greek word comes from para, to the side of, and kalayo, to summon. “ hence, originally, one who is called to another ’ s side to aid him, as an advocate in a court of justice ” ( vincent, word studies, 1 : 486 ). in the terminology of today ’ s legal system, an advocate is a lawyer who pleads another ’ s cause in a court of law, or in other words, an attorney for the defense. usually, the attorney for the defense pleads the cause on the basis that the client is innocent ; or if guilty, that extenuating circumstances should be considered and mercy extended. at the time of eternal judgment, we will stand before the bar of god accused of being imperfect and unworthy to enter god ’ s presence, “ for all have sinned, and come short of the glory of god ” ( romans 3 : 23 ). at that time we have an advocate with the father. he will stand beside us to plead our cause before the great judge ; however, he does not plead our case by pointing to our lack of guilt ; rather, it is his own sinlessness to which he calls god ’ s attention ( see d & c 45 : 4 ). his perfection and his suffering pay the price to satisfy justice for those of his “ brethren that believe on my name ” ( v. 5 ). imagine the indescribable sorrow of standing before the judgment bar with no one to step forward, no one to speak for you. how tragic that some will not come to him in true


believe on my name ” ( v. 5 ). imagine the indescribable sorrow of standing before the judgment bar with no one to step forward, no one to speak for you. how tragic that some will not come to him in true faith and repentance so that he can take their guilt upon him and become their advocate with the father. d & c 45 : 6. “ while it is called today ” three scriptures contribute to an understanding of this phrase. modern revelation states that the earth ’ s temporal history spans seven thousand years, divided into periods of one thousand years each ( see d & c 77 : 6 – 7 ). peter and abraham taught that time on earth, compared to the time where god dwells, is at a ratio of a thousand of earth ’ s years to one day of god ’ s time ( see 2 peter 3 : 8 ; abraham 3 : 4 ). since the earth will have a temporal existence before it is celestialized, and since it is known that the earth is now in the sixth period of a thousand years, or the sixth “ day, ” in the lord ’ s terminology the present period is “ today ” and christ will come “ tomorrow. ” in a later revelation, the lord used this same terminology, indicating that “ now it is called today until the coming of the son of man, ” that “ after today cometh the burning, ” that “ tomorrow all the proud and they that do wickedly shall be as stubble ” ( d & c 64 : 23 – 24 ; italics added ). d & c 45 : 14. how would enoch ’ s people and all holy men see a future day of righteousness “ in their flesh ”? “ when the millennial reign comes, the holy men of old shall see it in their ‘ flesh, ’ for they will be resurrected and take their place among the saints ” ( smith and sjodahl, commentary, p. 255 ; see also moses 7 : 61 – 64 ). d & c 45 : 16. when did jesus speak these things unto his disciples as he “ stood before them in the flesh ”? most of this revelation is the savior ’ s retelling of one of his sermons while he was in jerusalem. after leaving the temple, the savior and his disciples climbed the mount of olives, where they had a dramatic view of the temple and jerusalem. here his disciples asked, “ when shall these things be … and what is the sign of thy coming? ” ( js — m 1 :


his disciples climbed the mount of olives, where they had a dramatic view of the temple and jerusalem. here his disciples asked, “ when shall these things be … and what is the sign of thy coming? ” ( js — m 1 : 4 ). his lengthy answer provides one of the most detailed revelations on the signs of the times and of the second coming. known as the olivet discourse because it was given on the mount of olives, the full sermon is given in matthew 24 – 25. joseph smith ’ s inspired corrections of the olivet discourse are so significant that they have been included in the pearl of great price ( see joseph smith — matthew ). mark and luke also recorded portions of the discourse, though not as fully as did matthew ( see mark 13 : 1 – 37 ; luke 21 : 5 – 36 ). the lord ’ s citation of the same discourse in doctrine and covenants 45 begins in verse 16 with the words “ as ye have asked of me. ” the savior interrupts the quotation after verse 33 to make an explanatory comment but continues it in verse 35 with “ be not troubled. ” he seems to end the account at the end of verse 59 and begins speaking directly to joseph smith in verse 60. d & c 45 : 16 – 17. why were the early apostles anxious to know the signs of the second coming? “ one reason for their anxiety to know the signs is here stated. the separation of the spirits from the bodies is, even to those who are christ ’ s own, a ‘ bondage, ’ which is ended only by a glorious resurrection, and they were interested in knowing by what signs they might recognize that their day of redemption was drawing near, when spirit and body should be united. the departed saints are, we may be sure, looking for the signs of the coming of the lord, with an intense interest as the saints still in mortality. jesus graciously showed them ‘ how the day of redemption shall come, and also the restoration of scattered israel. ’ the two events are inseparably connected. ” ( smith and sjodahl, commentary, p. 259. ) for a more complete treatment of the subject of the second coming and the signs of the times, see enrichment h in the appendix. d & c 45 : 19 – 21. jews to be scattered among all nations “ in the year 66 a. d., cestus gallus marched into judea and threatened jerusalem. he might have taken the city, but


the appendix. d & c 45 : 19 – 21. jews to be scattered among all nations “ in the year 66 a. d., cestus gallus marched into judea and threatened jerusalem. he might have taken the city, but he retreated and met with defeat near beth - horon. the christians in the city, remembering the words of our lord, fled to the little city of pella, but the jews were fired, by their temporary success, to renewed resistance. vespasian was then sent from rome to crush the rebellion. he took some of the strongholds of the country and approached jerusalem. internal strife prevailed there, and such horrors were perpetrated that vespasian decided to give his army a rest, while the jews destroyed each other. vespasian was elevated to the throne, and his son, titus, was left to continue the conquest. the siege began in the year 70 a. d. soon famine prevailed. citizens who ventured outside the walls to search for roots to eat, if seized, were crucified by the roman soldiers. sometimes hundreds in that awful position could be seen from the walls. a trench was dug around the city, in order to make its isolation complete. prisoners of war were cut open, while alive, to enable soldiers to search their bodies for gold which they might have swallowed. six hundred thousand persons died within the walls, and the dead bodies, too numerous to be buried, were left in the houses. the zealots, a fanatical sect whose members maintained that god would save them at the last moment, went about murdering and urging the people to resistance. even titus was sick at heart at the daily horrors he witnessed or heard of. at length the temple became a fort. titus attacked it as such. a roman soldier, contrary to order, set fire to it. after a while the scene was one of carnage and plunder. six thousand jews perished in the flames. in this awful war more than a million and a half of the jews perished, and many were sold into slavery, and thus ‘ scattered among all nations. ’ ” ( smith and sjodahl, commentary, pp. 260 – 61. ) the savior spoke the words of the olivet discourse during the last week of his life, in a. d. 33. jerusalem fell in a. d. 70. his promise “ that this generation of jews shall not pass away until every desolation … shall come to pass ” ( d & c 45 : 21 ) was


life, in a. d. 33. jerusalem fell in a. d. 70. his promise “ that this generation of jews shall not pass away until every desolation … shall come to pass ” ( d & c 45 : 21 ) was fulfilled. some of the disciples who heard jesus speak those words were still alive when the legions of titus put the temple to the torch. d & c 45 : 22. is the world going to come to an end at christ ’ s second coming? elder bruce r. mcconkie explained the special way this phrase is used in the scriptures : “ the end of the world is the end of unrighteousness or of worldliness as we know it, and this will be brought about by ‘ the destruction of the wicked. ’ ( [ js — m ] 1 : 4. ) when our world ends and the millennial era begins, there will be a new heaven and a new earth. ( isa. 65 : 17 – 25 ; d. & c. 101 : 23 – 24. ) lust, carnality, and sensuousness of every sort will cease, for it will be the end of the world. ” ( mormon doctrine, p. 848. ) d & c 45 : 24 – 30. what are the “ times of the gentiles ” and when are they fulfilled? president joseph fielding smith explained that “ the times of the gentiles commenced shortly after the death of our redeemer. the jews soon rejected the gospel and it was then taken to the gentiles. the times of the gentiles have continued from that time until now. the lord said : ‘ but many that are first shall be last ; and the last shall be first. ’ in that day the gospel was given first to the jews and then taken to the gentiles. in this dispensation it was taken first to the gentiles and afterwards it will go to the jews. ” ( church history and modern revelation, 1 : 196. ) the times of the gentiles began with peter ’ s vision and the baptism of cornelius ( see acts 10 ). paul and the other apostles then began the great missionary work to the gentiles, since the jewish nation, for the most part, had rejected jesus. as president smith indicated, the times that the major gospel effort would be with gentile nations continued with the restoration. the times of the gentiles will be over, or fulfilled, when the major efforts of gospel teaching begin


, had rejected jesus. as president smith indicated, the times that the major gospel effort would be with gentile nations continued with the restoration. the times of the gentiles will be over, or fulfilled, when the major efforts of gospel teaching begin to focus on the house of israel : the lamanites, the jews, and the ten tribes. in the olivet discourse, the savior gave four signs to indicate when the times of the gentiles were over. three are given in section 45, and one is given in luke ’ s account of the great discourse. the jews will be gathered back to the land of jerusalem ( see d & c 45 : 25 ). in the april 1960 general conference, elder george q. morris of the quorum of the twelve discussed this sign : “ i think perhaps we may well now not continue saying the jews are going to gather in jerusalem. i think now we may well say they have gathered. the ultimate returns will come later as they develop this land and are joined by others. … “ this statement by a writer is very interesting : “ ‘ strangely enough when the state of israel was reborn in 1948, it was a nation of 600, 000, the same number which the bible reports that moses led out of bondage in egypt. it now numbers some two million, the same number which it is said populated the ancient kingdom of solomon, when israel was in all its glory. ’ “ that is why we may now say that the jews have returned to palestine. ” ( in conference report, apr. 1960, pp. 100 – 101. ) it will be in a time of great social turmoil ( see d & c 45 : 26 – 27 ). one need only follow current events as reported in the news media for a day or two to see turmoil like the savior described. the gentiles will for the most part reject the gospel ( see d & c 45 : 28 – 30 ). president joseph fielding smith, writing about these verses, said : “ ‘ and when the times of the gentiles is come in, a light shall break forth among them that sit in darkness, and it shall be the fulness of my gospel, ’ the lord said in this revelation [ d & c 45 : 28 ]. the meaning is that when the time had come for the restoration of the gospel — in the times of the gentiles — that it would not be perceived because the hearts of the people are turned away by the precepts of men. however, in that


is that when the time had come for the restoration of the gospel — in the times of the gentiles — that it would not be perceived because the hearts of the people are turned away by the precepts of men. however, in that generation this should happen, the times of the gentiles should be fulfilled. ” ( church history and modern revelation, 1 : 196. ) jerusalem will no longer be “ trodden down of the gentiles ” ( luke 21 : 24 ). again president smith explained : “ when we consider the words of the savior to his disciples, that the jews should be scattered and ‘ jerusalem shall be trodden down of the gentiles until the times of the gentiles are fulfilled, ’ we have a fair understanding of the meaning of this … verse [ d & c 45 : 30 ] in this revelation. jerusalem was trodden down of the gentiles from the day of its destruction until the close of the year 1917, when it was freed from turkish rule by general edmund h. allenby of the british forces. after the war palestine became a british mandate, and great britain by proclamation declared that country to be a refuge for the jews, who were invited to return. … it is very significant, however, that jerusalem is no longer trodden down by the gentiles and the jews are again gathering there. this is the sign given by our lord, for the end of the times of the gentiles. we are now in the transition period and shortly the day of the jew will dawn and the gospel will be taken to them and to the remnants on this land. ” ( church history and modern revelation, 1 : 196 – 97. ) when joseph fielding smith wrote those words in 1947, israel had not yet been made a state ; they were still under the british mandate. but on 15 may 1948, israel became an independent nation and declared jerusalem to be her capital. in the war that followed this declaration, the jews could maintain control of western jerusalem only. east jerusalem became part of the state of jordan. in general conference in 1966, elder smith, now president of the quorum of the twelve, said : “ jesus said the jews would be scattered among all nations and jerusalem would be trodden down by the gentiles until the times of the gentiles were fulfilled. ( luke 21 : 24. ) the prophecy in section 45, verses 24 – 29, of the doctrine and covenants regarding the jews was literally fulfilled. jerusalem,


down by the gentiles until the times of the gentiles were fulfilled. ( luke 21 : 24. ) the prophecy in section 45, verses 24 – 29, of the doctrine and covenants regarding the jews was literally fulfilled. jerusalem, which was trodden down by the gentiles, is no longer trodden down but is made the home for the jews. they are returning to palestine, and by this we may know that the times of the gentiles are near their close. ” ( in conference report, apr. 1966, p. 13. ) during the six - day war of 1967, israel conquered the west bank, including jerusalem, and for the first time since the city fell to the legions of titus in a. d. 70, jerusalem came completely under the control of a jewish government. d & c 45 : 26. men ’ s hearts shall fail them president ezra taft benson noted : “ we live in an age when, as the lord foretold, men ’ s hearts are failing them, not only physically but in spirit. ( see d & c 45 : 26. ) many are giving up heart for the battle of life. suicide ranks as a major cause of the deaths to college students. as the showdown between good and evil approaches with its accompanying trials and tribulations, satan is increasingly striving to overcome the saints with despair, discouragement, despondency, and depression. “ yet, of all people, we as latter - day saints should be the most optimistic and the least pessimistic. for while we know that ‘ peace shall be taken from the earth, and the devil shall have power over his own dominion, ’ we are also assured that ‘ the lord shall have power over his saints, and shall reign in their midst. ’ ( d & c 1 : 35 – 36. ) ” ( in conference report, oct. 1974, p. 90 ; or ensign, nov. 1974, p. 65. ) d & c 45 : 27. what will cause the love of men to wax cold? “ the expression is the same as that found in matt. 24 : 12, where we read ( translated literally ), ‘ and because lawlessness has abounded, the love of the many [ this indicates more than a few ] shall wax cold. ’ ‘ love ’ here means christian unity, harmony. where … does that love, that oneness, prevail? there is an abundance of co - operation based on self - interest,


this indicates more than a few ] shall wax cold. ’ ‘ love ’ here means christian unity, harmony. where … does that love, that oneness, prevail? there is an abundance of co - operation based on self - interest, or family connections : but where is there genuine christian love, true, unselfish, constant? its absence in the majority of men is one of the signs of the end. ” ( smith and sjodahl, commentary, p. 262. ) d & c 45 : 30 – 31. why is the fulfilling of the times of the gentiles so significant? the fulfilling or closing out of the times of the gentiles is one of the great signs given by the savior in answer to the question of the disciples, “ what is the sign of thy coming? ” ( js — m 1 : 4 ). doctrine and covenants 45 : 31 shows its great significance : “ there shall be men standing in that generation [ in which the times of the gentiles will be fulfilled ] that shall not pass. ” that language is almost identical with the savior ’ s warning to the jews, as he recounts in verse 21, and the fulfillment will be just as sure ( see notes and commentary for d & c 45 : 21 ). d & c 45 : 19, 31. “ an overflowing scourge ” and “ desolating sickness ” elder bruce r. mcconkie warned : “ be it remembered that tribulations lie ahead. there will be wars in one nation and kingdom after another until war is poured out upon all nations and two hundred million men of war mass their armaments at armageddon. “ peace has been taken from the earth, the angels of destruction have begun their work, and their swords shall not be sheathed until the prince of peace comes to destroy the wicked and usher in the great millennium. “ there will be earthquakes and floods and famines. the waves of the sea shall heave themselves beyond their bounds, the clouds shall withhold their rain, and the crops of the earth shall wither and die. “ there will be plagues and pestilence and disease and death. an overflowing scourge shall cover the earth and a desolating sickness shall sweep the land. flies shall take hold of the inhabitants of the earth, and maggots shall come in upon them. ( see d & c 29 : 14 – 20. ) ‘ their flesh shall fall from off their bones, and their


shall sweep the land. flies shall take hold of the inhabitants of the earth, and maggots shall come in upon them. ( see d & c 29 : 14 – 20. ) ‘ their flesh shall fall from off their bones, and their eyes from their sockets ’ ( d & c 29 : 19 ). “ bands of gadianton robbers will infest every nation, immorality and murder and crime will increase, and it will seem as though every man ’ s hand is against his brother. “ we need not dwell more upon these things. we are commanded to search the scriptures where they are recounted with force and fervor, and they shall surely come to pass. ” ( in conference report, apr. 1979, p. 131 ; or ensign, may 1979, p. 93 ; see also d & c 5 : 19 – 20 ; 63 : 32 – 37 ; 97 : 22 – 27. ) d & c 45 : 32. stand in holy places president harold b. lee stated : “ in these days of our generation, many of you are asking : where is safety? “ the word of the lord is not silent. he has admonished us : ‘ but my disciples shall stand in holy places, and shall not be moved ; but among the wicked, men shall lift up their voices and curse god and die. ’ ( d & c 45 : 32. ) “ the lord has told us where these ‘ holy places ’ are : ‘ and it shall come to pass among the wicked, that every man that will not take his sword against his neighbor must needs flee unto zion for safety. ’ ( d & c 45 : 68. ) “ where is zion? “ during the various periods of time or dispensations, and for specific reasons, the lord ’ s prophets, his ‘ mouthpieces, ’ as it were, have designated gathering places where the saints were to gather. after designating certain such places in our dispensation, the lord then declared : ‘ until the day cometh when there is found no more room for them ; and then i have other places which i will appoint unto them, and they shall be called stakes, for the curtains or the strength of zion. ” ( d & c 101 : 21. ) “ thus, clearly the lord has placed the responsibility of directing the work of gathering in the hands of his divinely appointed leaders. may i fervently pray that all saints and truth - seekers everywhere will attune their listening ears to these


“ thus, clearly the lord has placed the responsibility of directing the work of gathering in the hands of his divinely appointed leaders. may i fervently pray that all saints and truth - seekers everywhere will attune their listening ears to these prophet - leaders. … “ as one studies the lord ’ s commandments and attending promises upon compliance therewith, one gets some definite ideas as to how we might ‘ stand in holy places, ’ as the lord commands — if we will be preserved with such protection as accords with his holy purposes, in order that we might be numbered among the ‘ pure in heart ’ who constitute zion, as i have read from the lord ’ s own words. ” ( in conference report, oct. 1968, pp. 61 – 62. ) d & c 45 : 34 – 35. “ be not troubled ” elder marion g. romney commented : “ the fact that the lord recounted these predictions to the prophet joseph in 1831 surely emphasizes their importance to us. and since the disciples were troubled when they were but being told of these calamities to come far in the future, it is no wonder that we are troubled as we witness their occurrence. … “ it was in the light of christ ’ s foreknowledge … that he said to his disciples, ‘ be not troubled. … ’ “ i hope we are all familiar with these words of the lord and with his predictions concerning other coming events, such as the building of the new jerusalem and the redemption of the old, the return of enoch ’ s zion, and christ ’ s millennial reign. “ not only do i hope that we are familiar with these coming events, i hope also that we keep the vision of them continually before our minds. this i do because upon a knowledge of them, and an assurance of their reality and a witness that each of us may have part therein, rests the efficacy of christ ’ s admonition, ‘ be not troubled. … ’ ” ( in conference report, oct. 1966, pp. 51 – 52. ) president jedediah m. grant asked : “ why is it that the latter - day saints are perfectly calm and serene among all the convulsions of the earth — the turmoils, strife, war, pestilence, famine and distress of nations? it is because the spirit of prophecy has made known to us that such things would actually transpire upon the earth. we understand it, and view it in its true light. we have learned it by the visions


would judge the coming of spring. when you see the fig tree putting forth its leaf, ye know that summer is near, and so when you see these signs, you may know that the coming of the son of man is nigh at hand. ” ( melvin j. ballard, in conference report, oct. 1923, p. 32. ) d & c 45 : 40 – 42. “ they shall see signs and wonders ” president joseph fielding smith said of the signs mentioned here : “ one wonders if we are not now seeing some of the signs in heaven — not all, for undoubtedly some of them will be among the heavenly bodies, such as the moon and the sun, the meteors and comets, but in speaking of the heavens, reference is made to that part which surrounds the earth and which belongs to it. it is in the atmosphere where many of the signs are to be given. do we not see airships of various kinds traveling through the heavens daily? have we not had signs in the earth and through the earth with the radio, railroad trains, automobiles, submarines, and satellites, and in many other ways? there are yet to be great signs : the heavens are to be shaken, the sign of the son of man is to be given, and then shall the tribes of the earth mourn. … “ if the great and dreadful day of the lord were near at hand when elijah came 130 years ago, we are just one century nearer it today. but some will say : ‘ but no! elijah, you are wrong! … surely you made a mistake! ’ so many seem to think and say, and judging by their actions they are sure, that the world is bound to go on in its present condition for millions of years before the end will come. talk to them ; hear what they have to say — these learned men of the world. ‘ we have had worse times, ’ they say. ‘ you are wrong in thinking there are more calamities now than in earlier times. there are not more earthquakes, the earth has always been quaking, but now we have facilities for gathering the news which our fathers did not have. these are not signs of the times ; things are not different from former times. ’ and so the people refuse to heed the warnings the lord so kindly gives to them, and thus they fulfill the scriptures. ” ( in conference report, apr. 1966, pp. 13, 15. ) d & c 45 : 48 – 53. “ then shall the lord set his foot


warnings the lord so kindly gives to them, and thus they fulfill the scriptures. ” ( in conference report, apr. 1966, pp. 13, 15. ) d & c 45 : 48 – 53. “ then shall the lord set his foot upon this mount ” “ this mount ” refers to the mount of olives on which the savior was sitting when he gave this great discourse. parley p. pratt described in a pamphlet the great events depicted here : “ zechariah, chapter 14, has told us much concerning the great battle and overthrow of the nations who fight against jerusalem, and he has said, in plain words, that the lord shall come at the very time of the overthrow of that army ; yes, in fact, even while they are in the act of taking jerusalem, and have already succeeded in taking one - half the city, spoiling their houses, and ravishing their women. then, behold, their long - expected messiah, suddenly appearing, shall stand upon the mount of olives, a little east of jerusalem, to fight against those nations and deliver the jews. zechariah says the mount of olives shall cleave in twain, from east to west, and one - half of the mountain shall remove to the north while the other half falls off to the south, suddenly forming a very great valley into which the jews shall flee for protection from their enemies as they fled from the earthquake in the days of uzziah, king of judah ; while the lord cometh and all the saints with him. then will the jews behold that long, long - expected messiah, coming in power to their deliverance, as they always looked for him. he will destroy their enemies and deliver them from trouble at the very time they are in the utmost consternation, and about to be swallowed up by their enemies. but what will be their astonishment when they are about to fall at the feet of their deliverer and acknowledge him their messiah! they discover the wounds which were once made in his hands, feet, and side ; and on inquiry, at once recognize jesus of nazareth, the king of the jews, the man so long rejected. well did the prophet say that they shall mourn and weep, every family apart, and their wives apart. but, thank heaven, there will be an end to their mourning ; for he will forgive their iniquities and cleanse them from uncleanness. jerusalem shall be a holy city from that time forth, and all the land shall be turned as