1971 : south pole total ozone data before the ozone hole existed 1986 : first year of continuous balloon soundings at the south pole 1993 : record low total ozone related in part to the pinatubo volcanic eruption ( see below ) 2003 : this year is an example of contemporary ozone depletion at the south pole while stratospheric chlorine remains near its peak. stratospheric chlorine is not expected to increase substantially in the future and interannual variations in the magnitude of ozone loss will be determined by atmospheric dynamics and temperature variations, the latter affecting the occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds necessary for ozone depletion. however, a major volcanic eruption during the next 20 - 30 years, while stratospheric chlorine levels are high, will result in the additional ozone loss of about 20 du in mid - october, as observed in 1993. the south pole balloon measurements of the vertical profile of ozone can be integrated to obtain the total column ozone. during most soundings, the balloon obtains altitudes of about 30 km and does not sample the atmosphere above this altitude where 10 % or less of the ozone resides. the amount to add on above the highest altitude obtained by the balloons can be estimated from ozone climatology obtained by the noaa sbuv satellite instrument. using this procedure, total ozone can be measured at the south pole even in darkness when instruments which use ultraviolet radiation to measure ozone are inoperative. the total ozone determined in this way is shown in the figure for several years during the july 1 to december 31 period, which includes the spring when sunlight returns to the south pole and the ozone hole develops. on october 6, 1993, the lowest total ozone value ever recorded on earth ( 89 du with an uncertainty of 5 % using the sbuv extrapolation ) was observed. this was mainly due to chlorine - catalyzed heterogeneous chemistry on volcanic aerosol particles from the pinatubo eruption in the lower stratospheric 10 - 15 km region where it is normally not cold enough to form polar stratospheric clouds in great abundance. antarctic total ozone is not expected to reach these extremely low values until another major volcanic eruption occurs during the period when stratospheric chlorine remains high ( the next 20 - 30 years ).


speaking to euractiv on the margins of the climate summit taking place in the danish capital, luc van brande, president of the committee of the regions, an eu consultative body, said regions needed a clear legal framework but also the financial tools to act. his statement was echoed by michele sabban, president of the assembly of european regions, during the climate leaders summit, a side event in copenhagen organised by the climate group with over 60 presidents and ministers from state and regional governments. " it is up to the regions and the local authorities to implement the commitments taken. for that to happen, a multi - level partnership is needed, " she said. kyoto protocol signatories are already struggling to meet their target of reducing greenhouse gases by 5. 2 % compared to 1990 levels. and with emissions in 2007 at 11 % above 1990 levels, the risk is high that it will be not met, said regional leaders. new types of policies, partnerships and instruments that dramatically scale up present efforts will be needed, they argue. these must be cross - sectoral and programmatic to ensure sufficient gains across all sectors of the economy. regional government sees itself as the forerunner of advanced climate policies. european regions and north american states and provinces have established mandatory, long - term greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emission reduction goals and similar progress can be witnessed elsewhere, for example in the state of sao paolo in brazil or in the western cape province of south africa, they said. speaking to euractiv, jane davidson, welsh environment minister, said states and regions often move ahead of national governments, noting that wales is committed to reducing ghg emissions by 40 % by 2020. although davidson is calling for the highest target possible here in copenhagen, she stresses that underlying the target there should be a plan. " we are not just signing up to targets, we have spent the last two years developing a plan against which these targets will be delivered, " she said. within national policies and frameworks the territorial approach targets sub - national authorities, experts said. " sub - national governments are making big moves. we heard from scotland its intention to reduce emissions by 42 % by 2020. other similar initiatives are taking place in canadian provinces, in us states, " commented mark kenber, policy director of the climate group, a non - profit organisation bringing together governments and corporations. " on the ground the implementation is really beginning to happen now. what they need to go ahead is that international signal, " kenber added. adaptation and mitigation to climate change are dependent on


non - profit organisation bringing together governments and corporations. " on the ground the implementation is really beginning to happen now. what they need to go ahead is that international signal, " kenber added. adaptation and mitigation to climate change are dependent on local planning decisions, the regional leaders underlined. similarly, it is believed that between 50 and 80 % of ghg emissions are influenced by local behaviour and investment choices, according to the united nations environmental programme ( unep ). however, regions are demanding clear financial incentives from national governments to achieve this. a third of public expenditure in the eu is related to regional authorities and two - thirds of the investments are made at regional level, said van den brande. simon brooks, vice - president of the european investment bank, the eu ' s lending arm, said regions have an obligation to act on climate change. but he noted that cities and regions are attractive customers for banks as they are significant institutions in their own right, with the opportunity to use local taxation to back their loans. in copenhagen, sub - national governments have set up of an " action tank " between local authorities and companies, which would together come up with concrete proposals for national governments. " it is important to take stock of the experiences that have worked and that we will make available to those regions which need them, " sebban said. transatlantic regional partnership the committee of the regions and the us conference of mayors have been working towards the signature of a memorandum of understanding between the two bodies. although the us national government has not signed the kyoto protocol, almost 1, 000 mayors from the us conference of mayors, representing 87 million people in the us, signed the ' us mayors climate protection agreement ' pledging to meet or beat the kyoto protocol targets. " we need to work together on climate initiatives to tackle global warming, " said vice - president of the us conference of mayors elizabeth kautz. " eveybody can make a difference, one light bulb at the time, " she said, noting that authorities in the us are working on the energy efficiency of public buildings and switching public transport to biodiesel or other alternatives.


what ' s the difference between stealing a cd from a music store and ripping off music online? the music industry and law enforcers say that there is none : theft is theft, whether it ' s physical or digital. college students participating in a newly published study, however, said that while they were unlikely to shoplift and viewed that behavior as immoral, they were not exactly motivated to follow the laws governing digital music piracy - - a finding that underscores the difficulties of enforcing such laws and to find new ways to discourage the theft of all types of digital content. in the study by university of nebraska - lincoln researchers, nearly 200 undergraduates were asked to react to a hypothetical fellow student either shoplifting a cd or illegally downloading one. students who reacted to the shoplifting scenario endorsed various motivations to obey the law - - morality, influence from family and friends, fear of getting caught and an inherent obligation to follow the law - - significantly more than those reacting to the downloading scenario. " we examined theoretical explanations for law - abiding behavior that have been traditionally used to account for compliance, and found weaker support for these explanations when it comes to digital piracy, " said twila wingrove, the study ' s lead author. " the results suggest that students perceive shoplifting and digital piracy differently, despite the fact that they are both forms of theft. " the study ' s data was collected in the mid - 2000s, during highly publicized efforts by the music industry to deter piracy that included filing lawsuits against some offenders. in fact, fear of penalties was the traditional compliance factor that was most strongly related to participants ' reporting reduced downloading behavior. still, while hearing about the lawsuits had some effect on students ' motivations to obey downloading laws, many still saw little chance of being caught and perceived that downloading and file sharing wasn ' t as serious as stealing music from a store. why? the very nature of music piracy is likely the largest obstacle to curbing it, the authors say. there is no risk of physical harm to a victim and no physical object as a target - - making it easier to deduce that digital music theft is harming no one at all. also, there is widespread social support for the behavior within the internet community and on college campuses. the attitude could bleed into other industries that have digitally downloadable content, such as motion pictures, video games and online news outlets that have recently put up paywalls, the research suggests. the study hints similar enforcement problems as the music industry ' s


. the attitude could bleed into other industries that have digitally downloadable content, such as motion pictures, video games and online news outlets that have recently put up paywalls, the research suggests. the study hints similar enforcement problems as the music industry ' s could set in. " interestingly, while respect for legal authorities is generally found to be significantly related to compliance with the law, this relationship did not seem to exist for college students and music. it wouldn ' t be a stretch to speculate that a similar disconnect might exist with regard to other digitally available forms of media, like television and movies. this is an avenue that should be explored in future research, " she said. vicky weisz, co - author of the study, agreed : " we have much to learn about the rapidly changing digital world and the views of younger generations about the legitimacy of the constraints on that world. " a deterrence strategy with threats of penalties and fines, as the recording industry association of america undertook in early 2004 with the lawsuits, may work as a short - term fix. whether that fear of punishment can be sustained over time, however, remains to be seen. " we studied college students who grew up with internet access at a time when the internet was considered an access point for free information and media and when there were no convenient, popular methods to pay for online content, " wingrove said. " as more industries begin to restrict content and to streamline the purchase of content, perhaps these attitudes will shift and people will have lower expectations of entitlement, but that is a process that will likely happen very slowly. " wingrove, who is now at appalachian state university, conducted the research while at unl along with angela korpas of the department of psychology and weisz, of unl ' s center on children, families, and the law. the study appears in the journal psychology, crime and law. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.


how you get the chameleon of the molecules to settle on a particular " look " has been discovered by rub chemists led by professor dominik marx. the molecule ch5 + is normally not to be described by a single rigid structure, but is dynamically flexible. by means of computer simulations, the team from the centre for theoretical chemistry showed that ch5 + takes on a particular structure once you attach hydrogen molecules. " in this way, we have taken an important step towards understanding experimental vibrational spectra in the future ", says dominik marx. the researchers report in the journal " physical review letters ". in the ch5 + molecule, the hydrogen atoms are permanently on the move the superacid ch5 +, also called protonated methane, occurs in outer space - where new stars are formed. researchers already discovered the molecule in the 1950s, but many of its features are still unknown. unlike conventional molecules in which all the atoms have a fixed position, the five hydrogen atoms in ch5 + are constantly moving around the carbon centre. scientists speak of " hydrogen scrambling ". this dynamically flexible structure has been explained by the research groups led by dominik marx and stefan schlemmer of the university of cologne as part of a long - term collaboration ( we reported in july 2005 and march 2010 : http : / / www. pm. ruhr - uni - bochum. de / pm2005 / msg00209. htm, http : / / aktuell. rub. de / pm2010 / msg00066. htm ). marx ' s team now wanted to know if the structure can be " frozen " under certain conditions by attaching solvent molecules – a process called microsolvation. microsolvatation : addition of hydrogen molecules to ch5 + one by one to this end, the chemists surrounded the ch5 + molecule in the virtual lab with a few hydrogen molecules ( h2 ). here, the result is the same as when dissolving normal ions in water : a relatively tightly bound shell of water molecules attaches to each ion in order to then transfer individual ions with several solvent molecules bound to them to the gas phase. to describe the ch5 + hydrogen complexes, classical ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are not sufficient. the reason is that " hydrogen scrambling " is based on quantum effects. therefore marx ' s group used a fully quantum mechanical method which they developed in house, known as ab initio path integral simulation


initio molecular dynamics simulations are not sufficient. the reason is that " hydrogen scrambling " is based on quantum effects. therefore marx ' s group used a fully quantum mechanical method which they developed in house, known as ab initio path integral simulation. with this, the essential quantum effects can be taken into account dependent on the temperature. hydrogen molecules give the ch5 + molecule " structure " the chemists carried out the simulations at a temperature of 20 kelvin, which corresponds to - 253 degrees celsius. in the non - microsolvated form, the five hydrogen atoms in the ch5 + molecule are permanently changing positions even at such low temperatures - and entirely due to quantum mechanical effects. if ch5 + is surrounded by hydrogen molecules, this " hydrogen scrambling " is, however, significantly effected and may even completely come to a halt : the molecule assumes a rudimentary structure. how this looks exactly depends on how many hydrogen molecules are attached to the ch5 + molecule. " what especially interests me is if superfluid helium - like the hydrogen molecules here – can also stop hydrogen scrambling in ch5 + " says marx. experimental researchers use superfluid helium to measure high - resolution spectra of molecules embedded in such droplets. for ch5 + this has so far not been possible. in the superfluid phase, the helium atoms are, however, indistinguishable due to quantum statistical effects. to be able to describe this fact, the theoretical chemists at the rub spent many years developing a new, even more complex path - integral - based simulation method that has recently also been applied to real problems. researchers at the rub explore the influences of microsolvation on small molecules in the gas phase and in helium droplets in the excellence cluster " ruhr explores solvation " resolv ( exc 1069 ), which was approved by the german research foundation in june 2012. a. witt, s. ivanov, d. marx ( 2013 ) : microsolvation - induced quantum localization in protonated methane, physical review letters, doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 110. 083003 a figure related to this press release can be found online at : http : / / aktuell. ruhr - uni - bochum. de / pm2013 / pm00080. html. en prof. dr. dominik marx, centre for theoretical chemistry, department of chemistry and biochemistry at the ruhr - universitat,


the evolution deceit the first person to propose the theory of evolution in the form it ’ s accepted today was charles robert darwin, an amateur british naturalist. darwin never received any genuine training in biology and possessed only an amateur knowledge of nature and living things. as a result of his interest he took his place as a volunteer on the discovery vessel hms beagle, which sailed from britain in 1832 and traveled through various regions of the world over the next five years. darwin was highly influenced by the different species he saw during the course of this voyage, and especially by the different species of finches he observed on the galapagos islands. he concluded that the differences in these birds ’ beaks stemmed from their adaptation to their surroundings. as a consequence of this idea, he assumed that the concept of environmental adaptation lay at the heart of all the variety among living things. yet in making that assumption, darwin ignored the scientific facts, opposed the evidence that god created all living species, and suggested that living things were all descended from some common ancestor and became differentiated from another due over time, due to environmental conditions. this hypothesis of darwin ’ s was based on no scientific facts or experiments. however, with the support and encouragement that he received from eminent materialist biologists of the time, darwin gradually worked up these hypotheses into a coherent theory, according to which all living things were descended from a single primitive ancestor, but had been subjected to minute changes over very lengthy periods of time, and thus diverged anatomically from one another. the ones that best adapted to their surroundings passed their characteristics on to subsequent generations, and these beneficial changes thus accumulated in such a way as to turn these individuals ’ offspring into life forms that were very different from their forerunner. ( how these beneficial changes came about unclear, however. ) according to darwin, human beings were the most advanced product of this hypothetical mechanism. darwin called this product of his own imagination “ evolution by way of natural selection. ” he now imagined that he had discovered the origin of species. the origin of any one species was another, less developed species. he eventually announced these ideas in his book the origin of species, published in 1859. darwin constructed his theory on the concept of natural selection, which meant the survival of the strongest individuals or those best able to adapt to environmental conditions in the struggle for survival in their environment. that is the claim emphasized in the subtitle of darwin ’ s book : the origin of species : by means of natural selection. there are natural and random differences within any living


to adapt to environmental conditions in the struggle for survival in their environment. that is the claim emphasized in the subtitle of darwin ’ s book : the origin of species : by means of natural selection. there are natural and random differences within any living species. some cattle are larger than others, for example, and others are darker in color. those characteristics that are most advantageous will be favored through natural selection, and the beneficial characteristic in question will thus come to predominate in that animal population. through an accumulation of these features over a long period of time, a new species will emerge. however, this theory of evolution by way of natural selection, as by darwin proposed it, left unanswered the most fundamental questions right from the outset. if living things had evolved in stages, as darwin claimed, then a great many transitional forms must have existed as well. yet the fossil record revealed no trace of these theoretical transitional life forms. darwin puzzled over this problem for a long time and eventually had to conclude that hopefully, such fossils would be unearthed in the future. despite the passage of the intervening 150 years, however, the expected fossils have still not been found. darwin was in an equally hopeless position when it came to accounting for such complex organs as the eye, ear and wing in terms of natural selection. it was impossible to maintain that these organs developed in stages, since the absence of even a single component would render them totally functionless,. ( see irreducible complexity. ) indeed, darwin was forced to state the difficulties he experienced regarding his theory in his book. ( see origin of species, the ) before all, the question of how the organism that by darwin referred to as the ancestor of all living things came into being remained a complete mystery — because it is impossible for inanimate matter to come alive by means of natural processes. eventually, advances in science and technology were to fundamentally undermine his theory, which was the product of darwin ’ s primitive knowledge of science. 2009 - 08 - 14 16 : 00 : 59


let ' s open this piece with a few sobering facts. as of today, 780 million people worldwide lack access to clean drinking water. in the united states alone, we will consume 328 billion gallons of water every day. we needn ' t even mention the number of people that fall victim to water born pathogens leaving them sick or worse. water is life – – if it ' s clean. one of the earth ' s magnificent givers of life, water is something we can ' t live without. at least not for more than three days say the experts. the brain trust at camelbak know this better than most. their hydration systems have kept millions of physiques hydrated and performing at optimum levels. it only makes sense they would create a means of not just delivering water, but making it safe to drink. the camelbak all clear water purification system uses the power of ultra violet light to make any water safe for consumption. uv rays are often the bad boys of the light spectrum, but with regard to water purification, they are a powerful force. uv light, as used in the all clear system, is a simplistic way of neutralizing harmful pathogens that would otherwise attack our bodies from within. giardia, e. coli, cryptosporidium, and even rare water born viruses are no challenge for the all clear. the all clear is effectively a water purification system build within a standard sized water bottle. housed inside the lid is a uv bulb, lcd readout screen, and a highly efficient rechargeable battery system. to make any water safe to consume, simply fill the bottle, thread on the lid, press the on button, follow the prompts, and wait just 60 seconds. the lcd screen will clarify if the procedure has been effective. that ' s all there is to it. by the numbers, the all clear will purify your water in exactly one minute. the bulb has a lifespan of 10, 000 cycles, and the lithium ion battery can produce as many as 80 liters of water on a single charge. charging the battery takes as as few as five hours via the included usb charger, and can be charged with a number of consumer available solar chargers like the solio classic. the total system weighs little more than 7 ounces and costs only $ 99. 00. it fits neatly in a glove box, ditch bag, or backpack ready for bold adventures or unfortunate emergencies. when your thirst requires safe drinking water, wouldn ' t you like that


the following article is about the term nirvana in the context of buddhism. see nirvana ( disambiguation ) for other meanings. nirvana ( sanskrit - - pali : nibbana - - " beyond all that can be described or defined " ) is the " goal " of buddhism. in chinese buddhist scriptures, the word is transliterated as nie4 pan2 ( ). siddartha gautama, the buddha described buddhism as a raft which, after floating across a river, will reach nirvana. as a term, it denotes the extinguishing or " blowing out " of a fire or candle flame and carries the connotations of stilling, cooling, and peace. this state is in opposition of suffering in which all greed, aversion, delusion, ignorance, craving and ego - centered consciousness are extinguished. often considered ineffable, nirvana may be denoted as a continuity of void processes. according to the physics taught at the time of the buddha, a burning fire seizes or adheres to its fuel ; when extinguished, it is unbound to brahmin and indian thought during the time of gautama buddha, when a fire was extinguished it went into a state of latency. rather than ceasing to exist, it became dormant and in that state - - unbound from any particular fuel - - it became diffused throughout the cosmos. when the buddha used the image to explain nibbana to the indian brahmans of his day, he bypassed the question of whether an extinguished fire continues to exist or not, and focused instead on the impossibility of defining a fire that doesn ' t burn : thus his statement that the person who has gone totally " out " can ' t be described. however, when teaching his own disciples, the buddha used nibbana more as an image of freedom. apparently, all indians at the time saw burning fire as agitated, dependent, and trapped, both clinging and being stuck to its fuel as it burned. to ignite a fire, one had to " seize " it. when fire let go of its fuel, it was " freed, " released from its agitation, dependence, and entrapment - - calm and unconfined.


pioneering periodic arrangements of the elementslaws of triads and of octaves early in the 19th cent., a number of chemists had noticed certain relationships between the properties of elements and their atomic weight. in 1829 j. w. dobereiner stated that there existed some three - element groups, or triads, in which the atomic weight of the middle element was the average of the other two and the properties of this element lay between those of the other two. for example, calcium, strontium, and barium form a triad ; lithium, sodium, and potassium, another. the english chemist j. a. newlands found ( 1863 – 65 ) that if the elements are listed according to atomic weight starting with the second, the 8th element following any given element has similar chemical properties, and so does the 16th. this became known as the law of octaves. about the same time, a. e. de chancourtois arranged the elements according to increasing atomic weight in the form of a vertical helix with eight elements in a turn, so that elements having similar properties fell along vertical lines. d. i. mendeleev was the first to state the periodic law close to its present form. he proposed in 1869 that the properties of elements are periodic functions of the atomic weight and grouped the elements accordingly in a periodic system. working independently and not aware of mendeleev ' s work, lothar meyer arrived at a similar system, publishing his results about a year after mendeleev ' s. when mendeleev devised his periodic table a number of positions could not be fitted by any of the then known elements. mendeleev suggested that these empty spaces represented undiscovered elements and by means of his system accurately predicted their general properties and atomic weights. sections in this article : the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on periodic law pioneering periodic arrangements of the elements from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : chemistry : general


minorca ( minorˈkə ) [ key ], span. menorca, spanish island ( 1991 pop. 65, 109 ), 271 sq mi ( 702 km ), baleares prov., in the w mediterranean sea, the second largest of the balearic islands. port mahon is the chief city and port. the terrain is mostly low but has a hilly center. cereals, wine, olive oil, and flax are the chief products. much of the agriculture is irrigated. lobster fishing, the export of livestock, and local light industries add to the economy. tourism is also important. a great number of megalithic monuments exist on the island. minorca shared the history of the other balearic islands until 1708, when it was occupied by the english during the war of the spanish succession. england retained it until the seven years war, when it was seized by the french. the treaty of paris ( 1763 ) restored minorca to britain, but the french and spanish again seized it ( 1782 ) in the american revolution. in 1798, in the french revolutionary wars, england regained control ; the peace of amiens ( 1802 ) awarded minorca to spain. the island still has a somewhat british flavor. more on minorca from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : spanish and portuguese political geography


winter olympics : bobsleigh offspring of the toboggan by john gettings and christine frantz an offspring of tobogganing, the modern - day sport of bobsledding was conceived in switzerland late in the 1800s. the bobsled ' s olympic debut was the four - man event at the 1924 winter games. the two - man event was added eight years later in 1932. the first women ' s bobsled event — the two - woman bobsled — was held for the first time in 2002. each nation may enter a maximum of two sleds in each event. the sleds are made of fiberglass and must adhere to strict size and weight restrictions. a driver steers the sled by pulling one rope with his right hand to go right or a separate rope with his left hand to go left. the second member of the two - person team is the brakeman. always the last person in the sled, he or she pulls up on the brake, lowering a piece of metal into the ice to stop the sled after the run. to round out a four - man team a pair of pushers are added. they are responsible for helping to get the sled started. the sleds rip down the icy track one at a time, reaching speeds of up to 90 mph. the team with the lowest aggregate time after the two runs wins the gold. the men ' s two - man competition will be held feb. 18 – 19 and the four - man on feb. 24 – 25. the two - woman bobsled competition takes place feb. 20 – 21. there will be two heats on each day of competition. it will be held at cesana pariol. this 1, 435 m ( 4, 708 ft ) long run, which will host the bobsled, skeleton, and luge competitions, has 19 bends ( 11 left - hand and 8 right - hand ) run and a drop of 114 m ( 274 ft ) and 19 bends. the 2002 salt lake city olympics were good to u. s. bobsledding. the two - woman team took home the gold in the inaugural women ' s competition, and the four - man teams grabbed the silver and bronze. prior to salt lake, the united states had not medaled in bobsledding since the 1956 winter games. for the 2006 games, 2002 gold winner jill bakken and silver medalist todd hayes will lead the u. s. bobsled teams. other returnees include vonetta


jersey language and languagesedit this page from familysearch wiki historically, the local spoken language in jersey was jerriais. this is best understood as the jersey branch ( or branches ) of the wider norman language ; the branches spoken in guernsey, sark and alderney are recognisably of similar origin but differ considerably in detail. the norman language is a curious fusion : the structure is that of a romance language ( derived from latin ), but to this was added considerable nordic vocabulary - bear in mind that the normans were so called because they were by origin norse - men - vikings who had come south. jerriais has two broad dialects, western and eastern. it may come as a surprise to find that an island just nine miles across would have two recognisably different dialects, but travel across the island was for centuries a difficult exercise - it was said that in 1800 the island had the worst roads in europe. consequently, not only were there the two major dialect grops, but also small isolated pockets ( such as la moye, at the southwest corner of the island ) where distinctive forms of pronunciation and vocabulary developed. there is a considerable corpus of written jerriais, including over 900 articles written for the jersey evening post by george le feuvre ( who wrote as george d ' la forge ), and proceedings of l ' assembliee d ' jerriais, a group founded in 1952 which gathered speakers of the language from across the island. jerriais was never the language of the royal court ; documentation from there ( and subsequently from the states ) was always written in what might be called " proper french ". equally the business of the church ( and later the chapels ) was done in french. but for most of the latter part of the 19th and early 20th century, most people in rural jersey were trilingual - english was the language of commerce, french the language of church and law, and jerriais the language that did for everything else. the rise of the school certificate and broadcast media changed this, and jerriais was largely squeezed out ( although it had a brief renaissance during the occupation, as the german forces could not understand what was being said! ). thanks to the efforts first of l ' assembliee d ' jerriais and subsequently of l ' office du jerriais, the language has not yet become extinct, and it is thought that several thousand local inhabitants can speak at least a minumum amount of jerriais,


large corpus of jersey legislation still exists only in french. the use of french was not entirely limited to law and the church. there were a series of migrations to jersey from france : the last and largest of these began in about 1850. the vast majority of immigrants were agicultural labourers who had left brittany and western normandy in search of better wages and working conditions. by working hard they began to acquire property and became farmers employing labourers rather than hired men and women, and naturally some of these were french also ( it was noted many years ago - by a jerseyman - that the french were prepared to work for each other, but the jerseyman was only prepared to work for himself ). at its peak, between 1890 and 1914, the french - born population numbered about one in ten. the population was significantly reduced in 1914 - many men were called up to the french army and never returned - and in 1920 the states clamped down hard on further immigration, allowing only a strictly - controlled flow of seasonal labour. gradually the remaining population integrated into the existing population of jersey. french is no longer the island ' s second language. when britain joined the eec ( as it then was ) in 1973 the traditional benefits in employing french contract labour disappeared. the gap was filled largely by portuguese nationals escaping the last years of the salazar dictatorship. most came from madeira, at that time an impoverished province neglected by the authorities. it is now thought that about one tenth of the population of jersey is of portuguese origin. more recently, in line with the rest of the uk there has been a significant influx of " new europeans ", most of them originating in poland and romania. - this page was last modified on 21 february 2013, at 18 : 38. - this page has been accessed 175 times. new to the research wiki? in the familysearch research wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others. learn more


united states migration internaledit this page from familysearch wiki value of migration research mountains, forests, waterways, and the gaps between them channelled migration into predictable settlement patterns. events like gold or land rushes, and indian treaties also affected settlement. understanding the transportation systems available to ancestors can help genealogists better guess their place of origin. connect the place where an ancestor settled to the nearby canals, waterways, trails, roads, and railroads to look for connections to places they may have lived previously. migration research may help you discover : types of u. s. migration records actual lists of travelers are unusual. a few passenger lists are available at the new york state archives for the erie canal from 1827 - 1829. but lists of pioneers who settled an area are sometimes available on the internet, or in the form of county or local histories. the diaries and journals of people on the move may help you learn who they had as companions on the journey, and what their trip was like. censuses, directories, land and property records, plat maps, tax records, and voting registers can sometimes be used to learn where new arrivals settled. starting in 1850 federal censuses show where a person was born, and starting in 1880 where the parents were born. church records of some denominations may indicate a former residence of a family or a place to which they were moving. the minutes of the society of friends ( quakers ) are especially helpful, since the monthly meeting from which the family was moving issued a certificate of recommendation to the monthly meeting to which they were going. and the receiving monthly meeting recorded in their minutes, the location of the monthly meeting from which the family had come. not all denominations were as diligent in recording this type of information, but some others had somewhat similar records. migration records for selected states things you can do in order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! many tasks need to be done. you can help by :


climate - smart agriculture ( csa ) is a term that has been coined to position agriculture as vital in mitigating and adapting to climate change. our previous blog post on the subject reported that agriculture is currently responsible for 70 percent of water use globally, as well as up to 30 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. as demand for food and thus farming is rapidly increasing due to growing populations, it is essential to not only increase agricultural productivity, but to ensure that the environmental impact of agriculture is minimal. it is equally important to adapt existing agricultural practices so they are able to withstand the extreme weather conditions climate change will bring. a report from the un food and agriculture organization ( fao ) published last month, entitled “ identifying opportunities for climate - smart agriculture investments in africa ” looks at how csa is being applied to africa. africa ’ s population has just passed 1 billion and is due to double by 2050. as a consequence, the fao has estimated that africa will need to provide adequate food supplies for over 20 million additional people each year and improve the nutritional status of more than 239 million people. increasing food production in africa is essential, but are current farming processes in africa climate smart? the governments of 14 african countries ( benin, ethopia, gambia, ghana, kenya, liberia, malawi, niger, nigeria, rwanda, senegal, sierra leone, togo and uganda ) have put into place “ national agriculture and food security investment plans ” ( nafsips ) in order to adapt to slow - onset climatic change and extreme events, and mitigate climate change. the report has assessed these plans to identify investment needs and options for climate - smart agriculture financing in africa. key findings of the report : of the national agriculture and food security investment plans in african countries examined … - 60 percent are expected to generate climate benefits in terms of slow - onset climate change - 18 percent are expected to generate climate benefits in terms of adaptation to extreme events - 19 percent are expected to generate climate benefits in terms of climate change mitigation gambia and malawi lead the african countries in terms of number of projects that address slow onset climate change as well as climate change mitigation, whereas liberia and niger ranked higher in terms of number of projects that address adaptation to extreme events. in an assessment of the potential for quick deployment of climate - smart agricultural practices, ghana and kenya were both ranked as having a high potential, whereas senegal, and benin were ranked as low. the results of the analysis highlight that nafsips already include many climate - smart activities, however there is


depicting snow in woodcuts white inks were not usually employed in printing japanese woodcuts, so snow was commonly depicted by leaving areas of the paper blank. snowflakes were usually created by carving nicks out of the surface of the colour blocks, so that flecks of paper appear like flakes of snow. here nicks have been carved out of the blocks used to print the man ' s hair so that it appears as though snowflakes are falling in front of him. exceptionally, in special luxury editions or private commissions, white pigment was flicked onto the surface of the paper to create extra snowflakes after the colours had been printed. the white pigment is whiter than the colour of the paper, so the snowflakes stand out against the snow. this pigment was traditionally made from seashells and known as gofun ( calcium carbonate ), but lead based whites were also used, as in this example. the flicked pigment cannot be precisely controlled, so the effect is random in each impression, but in this example the pigment was brushed through holes in a stencil, rather than being flicked, so the snowflakes appear in exactly the same place in each example of the print ( some of the snowflakes have darkened over time ). another way of depicting snow was to emboss the surface of the thick paper using a carved block without any ink. here this technique has been used to create ridges in the snow behind the women. the ridges are modelled purely by the light falling on the surface of the print.


you may not think of your lawn and garden as hazards for your pet, but, if you ' re not careful, you could put them in danger. here are some of the most frequently asked questions about how to keep your animal friends safe. 1. what plants are toxic to pets? cardiotoxic plants : ( affect the heart ) kalanchoe spp. lily of the valley rhododendron, azalea and rosebay plants that could cause kidney failure : lilies ( lilium and hemerocallis species, in cats only ) rhubarb ( rheum species ) ( leaves only ) shamrock ( oxalis species ) plants or fungi that could cause liver failure : cycads ( cycad species such as sago palm ) mushroom ( amanita phalloides ) plants that could cause multiple effects : autumn crocus ( colchicum species ) ( hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, renal, liver damage and bone marrow suppression ) castor bean ( ricinus species ) ( can cause renal failure, liver failure, convulsions and death ) always assume that any ingested mushroom is highly toxic until a mycologist positively identifies it. toxic and non - toxic mushrooms can grow in the same area. 2. what should pet owners do if they suspect their animal has ingested a poisonous plant or mushroom? what symptoms should they look for? if a pet owner suspects that their animal ingested a poisonous plant, they should contact their veterinarian immediately. it ’ s advised to bring part of the plant to a nursery for identification if the exact species is not known. symptoms of poisonings can include almost any clinical sign. the animal may even appear completely normal for several hours or days. 3. is there a way for pet owners to train or teach their pets not to eat poisonous plants or mushrooms? a pet owner could train their pets to avoid certain areas of their home or yard where there are poisonous plants. however, the safest method would be to prevent exposure by removing the plants from the pet ' s home and yard. 4. what about pesticides and fertilizers that might be in the garage or tool shed? make sure your pets do not go on lawns or in gardens treated with fertilizers, herbicides or insecticides until the time listed on the label by the manufacturer. if you are uncertain about the usage of any product, contact the manufacturer for clarification before using it. always store pesticides, fertilizer


the idea that robots of one kind or another ( e. g. nanobots eating up the world and leaving grey goo, cylons in both versions of battlestar galactica trying to exterminate humans, etc. ) will take over the world and find humans unnecessary isn ’ t especially new in works of fiction. it ’ s not always mentioned directly but the underlying anxiety often has to do with intelligence and concerns over an ‘ explosion of intelligence ’. the question it raises, ’ what if our machines / creations become more intelligent than humans? ’ has been described as existential risk. according to a nov. 25, 2012 article by sylvia hui for huffington post, a group of eminent philosophers and scientists at the university of cambridge are proposing to found a centre for the study of existential risk, could computers become cleverer than humans and take over the world? or is that just the stuff of science fiction? philosophers and scientists at britain ’ s cambridge university think the question deserves serious study. a proposed center for the study of existential risk will bring together experts to consider the ways in which super intelligent technology, including artificial intelligence, could “ threaten our own existence, ” the institution said sunday. “ in the case of artificial intelligence, it seems a reasonable prediction that some time in this or the next century intelligence will escape from the constraints of biology, ” cambridge philosophy professor huw price said. when that happens, “ we ’ re no longer the smartest things around, ” he said, and will risk being at the mercy of “ machines that are not malicious, but machines whose interests don ’ t include us. ” price along with martin rees, emeritus professor of cosmology and astrophysics, and jaan tallinn, co - founder of skype, are the driving forces behind this proposed new centre at cambridge university. from the cambridge project for existential risk webpage, many scientists are concerned that developments in human technology may soon pose new, extinction - level risks to our species as a whole. such dangers have been suggested from progress in ai, from developments in biotechnology and artificial life, from nanotechnology, and from possible extreme effects of anthropogenic climate change. the seriousness of these risks is difficult to assess, but that in itself seems a cause for concern, given how much is at stake. … the cambridge project for existential risk — a joint initiative between a philosopher, a scientist, and a software entrepreneur — begins with the conviction that these issues require a great deal more scientific investigation than they presently receive. our aim


much is at stake. … the cambridge project for existential risk — a joint initiative between a philosopher, a scientist, and a software entrepreneur — begins with the conviction that these issues require a great deal more scientific investigation than they presently receive. our aim is to establish within the university of cambridge a multidisciplinary research centre dedicated to the study and mitigation of risks of this kind. price and tallinn co - wrote an aug. 6, 2012 article for the australia - based, the conversation website, about their concerns, we know how to deal with suspicious packages – as carefully as possible! these days, we let robots take the risk. but what if the robots are the risk? some commentators argue we should be treating ai ( artificial intelligence ) as a suspicious package, because it might eventually blow up in our faces. should we be worried? asked whether there will ever be computers as smart as people, the us mathematician and sci - fi author vernor vinge replied : “ yes, but only briefly ”. he meant that once computers get to this level, there ’ s nothing to prevent them getting a lot further very rapidly. vinge christened this sudden explosion of intelligence the “ technological singularity ”, and thought that it was unlikely to be good news, from a human point of view. was vinge right, and if so what should we do about it? unlike typical suspicious parcels, after all, what the future of ai holds is up to us, at least to some extent. are there things we can do now to make sure it ’ s not a bomb ( or a good bomb rather than a bad bomb, perhaps )? it appears price, rees, and tallinn are not the only concerned parties, from the nov. 25, 2012 research news piece on the cambridge university website, with luminaries in science, policy, law, risk and computing from across the university and beyond signing up to become advisors, the project is, even in its earliest days, gathering momentum. “ the basic philosophy is that we should be taking seriously the fact that we are getting to the point where our technologies have the potential to threaten our own existence – in a way that they simply haven ’ t up to now, in human history, ” says price. “ we should be investing a little of our intellectual resources in shifting some probability from bad outcomes to good ones. ” price acknowledges that some of these ideas can seem far - fetched, the stuff of science fiction, but insists that that ’ s part of the point.


the night skies of august : a convergence of planets and a shower of meteors by leo enright in the month of august, with longer nights than in july, we have more time to enjoy the view of the great summer milky way, as well as the famous meteor shower of mid - august. this year we have the added bonus of the two brightest planets steadily converging in the western evening sky. at the beginning of the month, sunset in this area is at about 8 : 30 p. m. eastern daylight time, and evening astronomical twilight ends at about 10 : 30 p. m. by the end of august, sunset will be at about 7 : 45 p. m., with twilight ending at about 9 : 30 p. m. late summer sky watchers who are fortunate enough to have dark, rural skies can really get to know the summer milky way and the constellations within it. just let your late - evening gaze sweep from the northeast to the southern part of the sky. in the northeast, entirely within the milky way, you see cassiopeia, in the shape of a very large letter “ w ”. high in the east you notice cygnus, the swan, also called the northern cross from the shape of its star pattern, and down in the south, in the richest and densest part of the milky way, is sagittarius, whose star pattern forms the shape of a teapot with the handle to the left and the spout to the right. this summer milky way is really one arm of our home galaxy, the milky way galaxy, and our immense solar system, with the sun, its nine planets and all their many moons, is really just a small dot among the 200 billion stars that make up this galaxy, which is over 250, 000 light - years in diameter! during august we also have a chance to see the famous andromeda galaxy, the only other galaxy that can be seen with the unaided eye. this close neighbour of our galaxy is one of the largest members of the “ local group ” of over a dozen galaxies, and it is only (! ) about 2 million light - years away. to find it, locate the “ w ” of cassiopeia well up in the northeastern sky at about 11 : 00 p. m. trace a line from the right side of the “ w ” down and to the right toward the eastern horizon. about half way along that line, you should see a “ faint fingerprint ” on the sky. that


11 : 00 p. m. trace a line from the right side of the “ w ” down and to the right toward the eastern horizon. about half way along that line, you should see a “ faint fingerprint ” on the sky. that is it. remember that what you are seeing is another whole galaxy made up of 400 billion stars, and that the light from them has taken over 2 million years to reach your eyes! among the bright planets, the two brightest of all do a great converging act this month. brilliant venus in early august is easily found low in the western sky between 30 minutes and 90 minutes after sunset. the second brightest planet, jupiter, is somewhat higher but in the southwestern sky. at the beginning of august, they are 30 degrees apart, that is 3 times the width of a fist held at arm ’ s length. each evening they appear closer to each other by 1 degree, that is, by about the width of a person ’ s little fingernail held at arm ’ s length. remarkably, at dusk on august 31, these two brightest planets will appear almost on top of each other. it should be a fine reminder of the venus - jupiter convergence of february, 1999. of course, they are not physically near each other, since jupiter, with an orbit that is far outside that of earth, is actually 5 times further way from us than venus. the third evening planet, reddish mars, may be seen rising in the east at about midnight in early august, and thence rising 2 to 3 minutes earlier each evening, until by month ’ s end it will be seen about 10 : 30 p. m. mars is gradually brightening, and, if inspected in a small telescope, appears larger over the course of the month. saturn and mercury, which were seen low in the western evening sky in the month of june, are not visible in the first half of august, but in the last two weeks of the month they may be seen very low in the eastern sky between 60 minutes and 30 minutes before sunrise. as was the case in the western sky two months ago, they are both again below castor and pollux, the brightest stars in the constellation gemini. saturn appears above ; mercury is below and to its left. over the last 10 days of the month, mercury becomes considerably brighter than saturn, but remember that a good view of the eastern horizon will be needed to see this planetary pairing in the morning sky. several beautiful lunar - planetary arrangements are to be seen this month. on the evening of


the month, mercury becomes considerably brighter than saturn, but remember that a good view of the eastern horizon will be needed to see this planetary pairing in the morning sky. several beautiful lunar - planetary arrangements are to be seen this month. on the evening of august 7, do not miss the sight of the slim crescent moon just to the right of venus and low in the western sky about 40 to 50 minutes after sunset. at the same time on the evenings of the 8th and 9th, the crescent moon will be seen marching between the converging planets venus and jupiter, and on the 10th it will be to the left of jupiter. at about midnight on august 24th the rising moon will appear to the left of mars, and again about midnight and after on august 25th it will appear close to the pleiades star cluster. in the morning sky about 40 minutes before sunrise on august 31st, the thin waning crescent moon will appear above saturn, and at the same time on september 1st, the very thin crescent moon will appear below saturn. with the famous perseid meteor shower reaching its absolute peak during the day of august 12, thursday and friday august 11th and 12th should be almost equally good for observing this annual event which has received its name because these meteors ( sometimes called “ shooting stars ” ) all seem to radiate from a point in the constellation perseus which is in the northeastern evening sky below the “ w ” of cassiopeia. with a first quarter moon setting about midnight or before on those evenings, there will be no lunar interference at all after midnight, and so, amateur astronomers are looking forward to spectacular “ meteoric fireworks ”, especially from midnight to dawn on both of the peak nights. if the weather cooperates, many skywatchers will be observing all night, keeping an hour - by - hour count. if the weather is uncooperative on the peak nights, remember that the perseids are somewhat active for several weeks before and after their peak. to see the most meteors possible, face in a northerly, or a southeasterly, direction, and direct your gaze to a “ quarter - section ” of the sky quite high above the horizon. most of the meteors are very fast, and are coming from a spot, called the radiant, in the northeastern part of the sky. do not despair if you have 10 minutes without seeing any ; in the next 10 minutes you may see 20 of them, since they often come in clusters. i would be interested in hearing from local observers about


gray wolf management fws and state agencies release 2011 annual report for the northern rocky mountain population the 2011 interagency annual report for the northern rocky mountain distinct population segment ( nrm dps ), compiled by cooperating federal, state and tribal agencies, estimates that the nrm population increased to 1, 774 wolves and 109 breeding pairs. the nrm area includes all of montana, idaho, wyoming, the eastern one - third of washington and oregon and a small portion of north central utah. the report is posted online at http : / / westerngraywolf. fws. gov and is composed of seven sections : 1 ) montana ; 2 ) wyoming ; 3 ) idaho ; 4 ) oregon, 5 ) washington, 6 ) service overview of dispersal ; wolves outside of montana, idaho, wyoming ; funding ; litigation ; and recent publications ; and 7 ) tables and figures of wolf population, wolf pack distribution, and wolf depredations and wolf control. interagency annual report october 4, 2011 - u. s. fish and wildlife service proposes gray wolf delisting and transfer of gray wolf management to the state of wyoming following approval of a revised wolf management plan by the wyoming game and fish commission, the u. s. fish and wildlife service has proposed to remove the gray wolf population in wyoming from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife. due to recovery efforts and the provisions of the revised state plan, the wyoming wolf population is healthy and stable, current and future threats to wolves have been addressed, and a post - delisting monitoring and management framework has been developed. if this proposal is finalized, the gray wolf would be delisted in wyoming under the endangered species act ( esa ), and future management for this species, except in national parks and national wildlife refuges, would be conducted by the appropriate state or tribal wildlife agencies. comments must be received within 100 days, on or before january 13, 2012. the service will post all comments on http : / / www. regulations. gov. this generally means the agency will post any personal information provided through the process. the service is not able to accept email or fax comments. a peer review panel is scheduled to conduct an assessment of this proposal during the public comment period. once completed in december, this assessment will be posted online at http : / / www. fws. gov / mountain - prairie / species / mammals / wolf /. additional background information on gray wolves in the northern rocky mountain region is available on the same site. all comments and


assessment will be posted online at http : / / www. fws. gov / mountain - prairie / species / mammals / wolf /. additional background information on gray wolves in the northern rocky mountain region is available on the same site. all comments and information, including on the assessment, received during the comment period will be considered during the preparation of a final determination. accordingly, the final decision may differ from this proposal. for further information, contact u. s. fish and wildlife service, mountain - prairie region office, ecological services division, 134 union blvd., lakewood, co 80228 ; telephone 303 – 236 – 7400. persons who use a telecommunications proposed wyoming wolf delisting news release and fact sheet aug 3, 2011 - salazar, ashe finalize agreement with wyoming on revised gray wolf management plan secretary of the interior ken salazar and u. s. fish and wildlife service director dan ashe announced that the service has reached an agreement with the state of wyoming that will result in revisions to the state ’ s management plan for the gray wolf. the points of agreement, first announced in principle in early july, promote the management of a stable, sustainable population of wolves and pave the way for the service to return wolf management to wyoming. may 4, 2011 - interior announces next steps in protection, recovery and scientific management of wolves the department of the interior ’ s u. s. fish and wildlife service announced that it is proposing to delist biologically recovered gray wolf populations in the western great lakes, and – in accordance with recently enacted legislation – reinstating the service ’ s 2009 decision to delist biologically recovered gray wolf populations in the northern rocky mountains. “ like other iconic species such as the whooping crane, the brown pelican, and the bald eagle, the recovery of the gray wolf is another success story of the endangered species act, ” said secretary of the interior ken salazar. “ the gray wolf ’ s biological recovery reflects years of work by scientists, wildlife managers, and our state, tribal, and stakeholder partners to bring wolf populations back to healthy levels. ” news release ( pdf 102 kb ) delisting federal register notice may 5, 2011 ( pdf 56 kb ) gray wolf contact information - to report suspected wolf depredations on livestock or pets, contact : usda wildlife services : toll - free at 866 - 487 - 3297 or 208 - 378 - 5077


with valentine ’ s day just around the corner, we wanted to share some of the more fascinating shows species put on to attract a mate. these colorful, noisy rituals can be seen firsthand at many national wildlife refuges. take the male attwater ’ s praire chicken. he ’ ll dance a jig and make a “ booming ” sound by filling orange air sacks on the sides of his neck. the spectacle can be seen in march and april at attwater prairie chicken national wildlife refuge, which has its annual festival april 14 - 15. to the north, you can find the american woodcock, whose night “ sky dance ” can be seen in places like missisquoi national wildlife refuge in vermont, or trustom pond national wildlife refuge in rhode island. the dance, which renowned author and conservationist aldo leopold loved, begins with a series of sharp “ peent ” sounds, until the bird suddenly flies up, twittering, in a widening spiral, floats briefly, and dives zigzag back to earth. or how about the grey tree frog that inflates its vocal pouch to balloon - like proportions and sounds a melodic trill? university of missouri researchers discovered the male can calibrate his love song to attract a mate with matching chromosomes! if you ’ re hoping to hear the song, head to mingo national wildlife refuge in missouri, or white river national wildlife refuge in arkansas in early april. and then there are the horseshoe crabs, which come ashore in the thousands to spawn in may and june. the male horseshoe crab crowds along the water line, vying for arriving females. when the time is right, he will grab onto a mate and ride ashore. the female will dig a hole in the sand to deposit her eggs, and the male fertilizes them. some great spots to check this out : prime hook national wildlife refuge in delaware and cape may national wildlife refuge in new jersey. mispillion harbor, deleware photo : gregory breese / usfws


weeds can seriously impair the growth of young trees and shrubs by competing with them for moisture and nutrients. an area at least one metre diameter around young trees should be kept weed - free by hoeing carefully, by applying a layer of old carpet, a thick layer of cardboard, newspapers or organic mulch, or by using chemical weedkillers. mulching feeds the young tree and conserves moisture, as well as keeping weeds down. some mulches, such as garden compost, grass clippings and farmyard manure, often contain weed seedlings and these will have to be controlled. other mulching materials such as bark, brewer ’ s grains and mushroom compost are weed - free. chemical weed control is very successful but must be used properly. contact weedkillers, such as basta, will deal with grass and soft weeds. soft weeds and tough perennial weeds can be spot - treated with roundup. brushwood killer is useful for killing brambles and other scrub, including ivy. as trees and shrubs get older, they can usually cope with weeds, being bigger and able to shade them out. woody weeds such as brambles and elderberry can become a problem and should be dug out as soon as they are noticed. other weeds such as bindweed might need to be spot - treated with roundup.


about john morris sheppard john morris sheppard ( may 28, 1875 – april 9, 1941 ) was a democratic united states congressman and united states senator from texas. he authored the eighteenth amendment ( prohibition ) and introduced it in the senate, so that he is referred to as " the father of national prohibition. " john morris sheppard was born in morris county in east texas, the oldest of seven children, to lawyer and later judge and united states representative john levi sheppard and his wife the former margaret alice eddins. through his mother margaret, morris was a direct descendent of robert morris ( 1734 – 1806 ) who had signed the declaration of independence, the articles of confederation, and the united states constitution. sheppard enrolled at the university of texas at austin in 1891 and received his b. a. degree from there in 1895, as well as his ll. b. from university of texas school of law in 1897. it was while enrolled at ut - austin law school that sheppard became a member of the methodist church. he was also a close friend and classmate of future governor of texas pat neff and future u. s. senator tom connally while at the university of texas school of law. in 1898, he received his ll. m. from yale university. he began practicing law with his father in pittsburg, texas and later texarkana. in 1902, morris sheppard was elected as a democrat to replace his deceased father in the united states house of representatives. he held a seat until his resignation in 1913, when he succeeded in his bid to fill a vacancy in the senate. sheppard held his senate seat until his death in washington, d. c. in 1941, serving as democratic whip between 1929 and 1933. future u. s. president and then - representative lyndon b. johnson ran unsuccessfully for sheppard ' s senate seat in the special election called after sheppard ' s death. as senator, sheppard sponsored progressive reform legislation promoting rural credit programs, child labor laws, and antitrust laws. he was also an advocate of the women ' s suffrage in the united states. during his tenure, he was a vocal supporter of the temperance movement. he helped write the webb - kenyon act ( 1913 ) to regulate the interstate shipment of alcoholic beverages, authored the sheppard bone - dry act ( 1916 ) to impose prohibition on the district of columbia, introduced the senate resolution for the eighteenth amendment establishing national prohibition, and helped write the volstead act which provided for its enforcement. however, during the prohibition era, a still that produced 130 gallons of moonshine per day


prohibition on the district of columbia, introduced the senate resolution for the eighteenth amendment establishing national prohibition, and helped write the volstead act which provided for its enforcement. however, during the prohibition era, a still that produced 130 gallons of moonshine per day was discovered on a texas ranch that sheppard owned. sheppard - towner maternity and infancy protection act of 1921 co - sponsored by morris sheppard and horace mann towner, the sheppard - towner act of 1921 provided federal matching funds for services aimed to reduce maternal and infant mortality. the funding included : midwife training ; visiting nurses for pregnant women and new mothers ; distribution of nutrition and hygiene information ; health clinics, doctors and nurses, for pregnant women, mothers and children. federal credit union act of 1934 senator morris sheppard and congressman wright patman are considered the fathers of the federal credit union act of 1934. sheppard was the act ' s author. the bill had stalled in the united states house of representatives considerably shortening the time the senate had to pass the final version. rather than sending the bill to a conference committee, sheppard asked the united states senate to pass the bill unanimously without reading the bill or the amendments. the bill passed the senate unanimously. the morris sheppard credit union in texarkana, texas carries the senator ' s name, while the institution ' s local credit union chapter is named after congressman patman. on december 1, 1909, sheppard married lucille sanderson. the couple had three daughters. sheppard and his wife were the grandparents of connie mack, iii, republican u. s. senator from florida, and great - grandparents of connie mack iv, republican u. s. representative from florida. other sheppard grandsons were democrat richard sheppard arnold ( 1936 – 2004 ) and republican morris sheppard " buzz " arnold ( born 1941 ), federal appeals court judges in arkansas. the federal courthouse in little rock is named in judge richard arnold ' s honor. judge morris arnold, a republican, remains on the eighth circuit court under senior status. senator morris died in office of a brain hemorrhage on april 9, 1941. he is interred at hillcrest cemetery in texarkana, texas. the year following sheppard ' s death, lucille sanderson sheppard, married united states senator from texas, tom connally. senator connally also pre - deceased lucille. when she died in 1980, she was buried with her first husband morris sheppard in hillcrest cemetery.


activity objective : girls explore starting their own business. toward leadership outcomes : through this activity, girls will : - develop a strong sense of self — girls have confidence in themselves and their abilities, feel they are able to achieve their goals, and form positive gender, social, and cultural identities. ( discover ) - 5 min. introduction ( talking points ) - 20 - 25 min. runnin ' it - 10 - 15 min. “ do the math ” chart - 5 - 10 min. reflection / discussion - pens or pencils ( enough for each girl ) - bring girls ’ lists of jobs, careers, and hobbies from last club meeting ( financial flair activity 5 ). - make copies of the “ do the math ” chart. ( click here for “ do the math ” chart. ) - read over the entire activity before meeting with girls. » introduction ( talking points ) ( 5 minutes ) - say something like : “ in today ’ s meeting, we are going to pick up from where we left off last time and really have a chance to discover where your potential as an entrepreneur lies. ” ( if necessary, review definition of entrepreneur. ) “ did you know that almost 70 percent of girls surveyed by junior achievement said they would like to start their own business? ( you can check their web site at http : / / www. ja. org for additional information about junior achievement. ) does anyone know a teenager who has started her or his own business? what do they do? who did they get to help them? ” » runnin ' it ( 20 - 25 minutes ) - distribute pens or pencils. - distribute girls ’ lists of jobs, careers, and hobbies from the last club meeting ( financial flair activity 5 ) - ask girls : " look at your list of jobs, hobbies, and talents — is there anything you described that could become your own business? for example, if one of the jobs on your list does not have the words ’ my own ’ anywhere in it — like ‘ my own restaurant ’ or ‘ my own line of clothing ’ — see which things on your list you could add the phrase ‘ start my own ’ to. now add the phrase ‘ my own ’ to anything on your list that you can. ” - separate the group into pairs. each pair should brainstorm three new business ideas based on their personal lists. encourage girls to be creative and think outside the box — for example, if a girl is good at writing or likes poetry, she might consider starting a magazine. when they


the industrial revolution and a wave of liberal nationalist revolutions transformed europe during the nineteenth century. a weakened old order gave way, and a number of unified european states emerged. canada gained its independence, and the northern and southern united states reunited after a bloody civil war. section 1 the industrial revolution the industrial revolution began in the late eighteenth century and turned great britain into the first and the richest industrialized nation. a series of technological advances caused great britain to become a leader in the production of cotton, coal, and iron. after the introduction of the first steam - powered locomotives, railroad tracks were laid across great britain, reducing the cost of shipping goods. the industrial revolution spread to europe and north america. in the united states, the railroad made it possible to sell manufactured goods from the northeast across the country. the industrial revolution had a tremendous social impact in europe. cities grew quickly, and an industrial middle class emerged. the industrial working class, meanwhile, dealt with wretched working conditions. these conditions gave rise to socialism, a movement aimed at improving working conditions through government control of the means of production. section 2 reaction and revolution after the defeat of napoleon, european leaders met at the congress of vienna to restore the old order and establish stable borders. great britain, russia, prussia, and austria met regularly to maintain the conservative order. meanwhile, liberalism and nationalismotwo philosophies that opposed the old orderowere on the rise. many liberals were middle - class men who wanted a constitution and a share in the voting rights enjoyed by landowners. liberals tended to be nationalists as well. in 1830, france ' s upper middle class overthrew the king and installed a constitutional monarchy. belgium broke free of dutch control. revolts in poland and italy failed. economic crisis in 1848 brought a revolt of the french working classes. this time, a second republic was formed, under the leadership of napoleon ' s nephew, louis - napoleon. revolts followed in germany and the austrian empire. in each case the old order was restored. section 3 national unification and the national state unification occurred at different times and in different forms throughout europe and in north america. the crimean war destroyed the concert of europe. a defeated russia retreated from european affairs, and austria was isolated. italian and german nationalists exploited austria ' s isolation. both gained important territory in the austro - prussian war and the franco - prussian war, and a unified germany and italy emerged. growing prosperity and expanded voting rights helped great britain avoid revolution in 1848. in 1852, the french voted to restore their empire.


both gained important territory in the austro - prussian war and the franco - prussian war, and a unified germany and italy emerged. growing prosperity and expanded voting rights helped great britain avoid revolution in 1848. in 1852, the french voted to restore their empire. louis - napoleon became the authoritarian napoleon iii and ruled until france ' s defeat in the franco - prussian war. austria granted hungarians the right to govern their own domestic affairs. in russia, czar alexander ii freed the serfs and instituted other reforms. when a radical assassinated him, his son, alexander iii, reverted to repressive rule. the united states endured a costly civil war to settle the conflict over slavery between the northern and southern states. after two short rebellions, canada won its independence from great britain. section 4 culture : romanticism and realism at the end off the eighteenth century, a new intellectual movement known as romanticism emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the enlightenment. romantics emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing. many were passionately interested in the past. they developed a neo - gothic style in architecture, and created literature, art, and music that worshiped nature and was critical of science and industry. meanwhile, the scientific revolution revived interest in science. the new age of science produced important ideas, such as louis pasteur ' s germ theory of disease and charles darwin ' s theory of natural selection. the influence of the scientific outlook was readily apparent in the work of the realist novelists and artists, who depicted everyday life, including the lives of the poor, in realistic, and unromantic, detail.


mars one is a private sector endeavor to send human beings to mars. the estimated cost of $ 6 billion will be raised by selling t - shirts and hosting reality shows. in theory, the mission will launch in 2023. in order to reduce costs, astronauts will not be returned to earth. in other words, this is a one - way trip there are a lot of technical issues that the sponsors have failed to adequately evaluate. although they acknowledge high radiation exposure, resulting in a much higher probability of developing cancer ( without a realistic ability to treat ), they have set the launch date for a period of high solar activity, which dramatically increases the risks to the astronauts during transit. in order to reduce radiation exposure on mars, astronauts will be largely confined to living underground, which poses psychological risks. energy generation is proposed to come from solar panels. however, mars receives 4 - times less solar energy than earth. it is also susceptible to dust storms, which would reduce solar energy output to virtually zero. if the storms last longer than a few days, the astronauts will be toast. the solar energy available during winter months is also reduced considerably. the mars rovers that relied upon solar panels had to shut down during the winter. such an option is not available to astronauts, who must rely upon energy for heating, oxygen production and water production. supplying astronauts with enough food is also a problem. the mars one website says astronauts will raise their own food. however, this idea is very unrealistic. even on earth, it took a tremendous amount of land to produce enough food to feed people in the biosphere 2, who complained that they were always hungry. the biosphere experiment also suffered from reduced oxygen and high carbon dioxide, which killed many species within the biosphere. problems on mars could not be solved as easily as pumping oxygen from the outside, which was done for the biosphere. if problems or illnesses arise on mars, help is at least 7 - 12 months away. so, this mission truly is a suicide mission. fortunately, the sponsors will probably never get enough money to get the mission off the ground.


period : england, 15th century | source : harleian ms. 279 | class : authentic description : thin waffles made with cheese. xxiiij. waffres. take þe wombe of a luce, & seþe here wyl, & do it on a morter, & tender cheese þer - to, grynde hem y - fere ; þan take flowre an whyte of eyroun & bete to - gedere, þen take sugre an pouder of gyngere, & do al to - gerderys, & loke þat þin eyroun ben hote, & ley þer - on of þin paste, & þan make þin waffrys, & serue yn. - austin, thomas. two fifteenth - century cookery - books. harleian ms. 279 & harl. ms. 4016, with extracts from ashmole ms. 1429, laud ms. 553, & douce ms 55. london : for the early english text society by n. trubner & co., 1888. gode cookery translation : wafers. take the womb of a pike, & boil it well, & mash it in a mortar, & add tender cheese, grind them well ; then take flour and egg whites & beat together, then take sugar and ginger, & mix all together, & see that the egg is hot, & make a batter, & make the wafers, and serve. waffres, or wafers, were enormously popular in the middle ages, and were very similar to our modern waffle. in cities & towns, wafer sellers ( called wafereres ) would stand on street corners, making wafers for customers passing by using an iron form resembling our old - fashioned waffle iron. the original recipe has as one of its main ingredients the womb of a pike, and it is thereby assumed that this wafer was originally intended to be eaten on a fish - day or during lent. caviar may make an interesting substitute, but this is essentially an unnecessary ingredient and has been left out of the modern version. and because this was a fish - day item, the egg yolks were left out of the period receipt ; i ' ve included them in the modern version. sieving flour and making wafers ; from the velislav picture bible, bohemia, c. 1340. a boke of god


calling america ' s criminal justice system " racist " is not confined to " civil rights leaders " like the revs. jesse jackson and al sharpton. then - sen. barack obama, during the 2008 presidential campaign, said it, too. blacks and whites, said obama, " are arrested at very different rates, are convicted at very different rates ( and ) receive very different sentences... for the same crime. " when the man who became president of the united states says this - - the no. 1 law enforcement officer - - it must, therefore, be true. let ' s examine five major assumptions behind this assertion. 1 ) blacks are arrested at higher rates compared to whites - - but wrongly so. not true. while only 13 percent of the population, blacks accounted for 28 percent of nationwide arrests in 2010 and 38. 1 percent of arrests for violent crime ( murders, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault ). but are they unfairly arrested? studies find that arrest rates by race are comparable to the race of suspect identification by victims. for example, in a given city, x number of robbery victims describe their assailants as black - - whether or not the suspect has been apprehended. it turns out that the race of those arrested matches the percentage given by victims. this has been found repeatedly across the country, in all categories of crime where the race of an assailant is identified. so unless the victims are deliberately misidentifying their assailants - - unconcerned about whether the suspect is apprehended and knowingly give a false race - - blacks are not being " over - arrested. " 2 ) blacks are convicted at higher rates and given longer sentences than whites for the same crime. not true. differences in conviction and sentencing rates by race are due to differences in the gravity of the criminal offenses, prior records or other legal variables. a 1994 justice department survey of felony cases in the country ' s 75 largest urban areas actually found lower felony prosecution rates for blacks than whites and that blacks were less likely to be found guilty at trial. 3 ) the sentence disparity between powder and crack cocaine is racist and accounts for a large percentage of imprisoned blacks. not true. concerned about the deadly effect of crack within their own communities, black members of congress led the charge to pass the 1986 federal drug laws. the bill that was passed - - which included the crack / powder sentencing disparity - - did so with the support of the majority of black congressperson


their own communities, black members of congress led the charge to pass the 1986 federal drug laws. the bill that was passed - - which included the crack / powder sentencing disparity - - did so with the support of the majority of black congresspersons. none at the time objected to the sentencing disparity as " racist. " in 2006, the feds tried 5, 619 crack sellers, and 4, 495 of them were black - - out of the 562, 000 blacks in state and federal prisons at the end of that year. add in county and city jails, and the figure rises to 858, 000. and states ' crack cocaine laws are not the culprits. only 13 states employ differing sentencing guidelines for crack vs. powder - - and their differential is much smaller than that of the feds. 4 ) the " war on drugs " accounts for a large number of blacks behind bars. not true. in 2010, blacks were 31. 8 percent of all arrests for drug crimes. but arrests for drug offenses are only 12. 4 percent of all non - traffic arrests in the country and accounted for 14. 2 percent of the offenses for which blacks were arrested. 5 ) more blacks are in jail than in college. not true. " more blacks ( are ) in jail than college, in every state, " said jesse jackson in 2007. that same year, presidential candidate sen. obama, echoed : " more young black men languish in prison than attend colleges and universities across america. " if jackson and obama refer to black men of the usual college - age years, their claim is not even remotely true. the washington post " fact checker " wrote : " according to 2005 census bureau statistics, the male african - american population of the united states aged between 18 and 24 numbered 1, 896, 000. according to the bureau of justice statistics, 106, 000 african - americans in this age group were in federal or state prisons at the end of 2005.... if you add the numbers in local jail ( measured in mid - 2006 ), you arrive at a grand total of 193, 000 incarcerated young black males, or slightly over 10 percent. " according to the same census data, 530, 000 of these african - american males, or 28 percent, were enrolled in colleges or universities... in 2005. that is five times the number of young black men in federal and state prisons and two and a half times the total number incarcerated. if you expanded the age group


when to light or shade, and when not... plants use light to increase mass through photosynthesis. more mass usually means higher quality and longer postharvest life. however, in many cases, more light enters a greenhouse than a plant can use. in the spring, extra light is great because it helps heat the greenhouse. however, in the far south, or during the summer, we often shade because this extra light heats a greenhouse above what is desirable. we can see that our plants are not growing as well ; in addition, it ’ s often uncomfortably hot for us. in recent years we have measured the effect of light, temperature and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) on photosynthesis of many bedding and potted plants. using that data, we can make informed decisions on when we should light, or conversely, when we should shade our crops. this research has received support from the floriculture and nursery research initiative and the american floral endowment. in this article we will present some standards that can be used for lighting or shading in different parts of the country, as well as during different stages of production. some recommendations are based on new data, some from old data, and some from just seeing what works in commercial greenhouses. initially, we will discuss the importance of light quality in some plant developmental processes, then the importance of light quantity on plant growth. light and seed germination some species require light to germinate. a light requirement for seed germination ensures that a germinating seed is near the soil surface, maximizing its ability to survive. alternatively, some species will only germinate when not shaded by other plants. why? in both instances, the color of the light that a seed is exposed to is important. red light ( 660 to 680 nm ) promotes seed germination in species that require light for germination. sunlight naturally contains red light in it and will, therefore, promote germination. leaves, on the other hand, filter out red light, which is the reason that leaf shading inhibits germination of light - requiring species. examples of light requiring species include gloxinia, some nicotiana, verbascum, some primula, carrot and some lettuce. in contrast to light requiring species, some species require darkness for maximum germination. dark - requiring species ( or species in which germination is enhanced by dark ) include cyclamen, salpiglossus, nigella,


##ce. in contrast to light requiring species, some species require darkness for maximum germination. dark - requiring species ( or species in which germination is enhanced by dark ) include cyclamen, salpiglossus, nigella, datura and a number of other species. we provide light in most seed germination chambers in order to maximize germination of light - requiring species. in general, we add fluorescent lights. why? because fluorescent lamps emit a lot of red light. the commercial standard for lighting in germination chambers is 2 to 10 footcandles from fluorescent or red led lights. first three days after germination we have found that high light intensity immediately after seed germination, either directly through too much light and / or indirectly by heating up the media surface, can kill germinating seed or create a lot of non - uniformity — especially in mixes. specifically, when direct sunlight shines on a plug tray, it can heat to temperatures above 90° f. when this happens, small - seeded species can have difficulty completing germination and / or establishing in a cell. for this reason, we strongly suggest that light intensity not exceed 2, 000 foot - candles ( 400 - - 1 ) on small - seeded species the first three days after germination. light and cool temperature induction of flowering many species, including many perennials, martha washington geraniums and easter lilies, are induced to flower by cool temperatures ( 32 to 63° f ). ‘ vernalization ’ is the term used to refer to the cool temperature induction of flowering. the common commercial treatment used to induce flowering on plants that require vernalization for flowering is six to 12 weeks at 42 to 46° f. we have found that whether or not a plant receives light during vernalization can affect whether a cooling treatment induces flowering in that crop. red light during cooling can reduce the required cooling time to as low as four weeks. in contrast, far red light ( given off by incandescent lamps ; 720 to 740 nm ) can slow flower induction resulting from cooling and increase the time plants need to be cooled, from six up to 12 weeks for complete induction to occur. for this reason, we recommend that you light only with fluorescent lamps ( up to whatever light intensity you can, but a minimum of 10 foot - candles ). light intensity during rooting does an unrooted cutting photosynthesize? we found that yes, an unstressed cutting does photos


with fluorescent lamps ( up to whatever light intensity you can, but a minimum of 10 foot - candles ). light intensity during rooting does an unrooted cutting photosynthesize? we found that yes, an unstressed cutting does photosynthesize! so, how much light can a cutting utilize? as long as a cutting is regularly misted to stop leaf drying, an unrooted cutting can use up to about 2, 000 foot - candles ( 400 - - 1 ). we recommend that during early rooting — immediately after unpacking and sticking a cutting — set shade curtains to provide no more that 1, 000 foot - candles of sunlight the first two to three days, then no more than 2, 000 foot - candles from days three through 10 ( until fully callused ), and finally, up to 3, 000 foot - candles once cuttings have rooted. light when finishing a crop different species can utilize different amounts of light. whether extra light is good or bad depends on the time of year and your location. in general, extra light is great in the north. however, you must remember that this extra light heats a plant, and this may be beneficial or detrimental depending upon the crop. for instance, photosynthesis decreases in pansies when plant temperatures exceed 68° f, but does not decrease in poinsettias until temperatures have exceeded 86° f. we can divide species into two groups : those that are low light – saturating and high light – saturating. low light – saturating species are those that can not use light above about 1, 500 foot - candles ( 300 - - 1 ; figure 1a ). examples of low light – saturating species include many tropical plants, as well as reiger begonias and some geraniums. high light – saturating plants are those that can use light up to 3, 000 foot - candles ( 600 - - 1 ; figure 1b ). most of the potted and bedding plant crops we grow fall into this group. any light a plant receives above where it photosynthetically saturates cannot be used! that ’ s why it is important to understand how much light your crop can use. conversely, it is important to realize that we may be often over shading. many shade curtains reduce light by about 55 percent, which is too much in many cases. therefore, completely closing a shade curtain so that light levels drop to 1, 000 - 2, 000


important to realize that we may be often over shading. many shade curtains reduce light by about 55 percent, which is too much in many cases. therefore, completely closing a shade curtain so that light levels drop to 1, 000 - 2, 000 foot - candles in a finishing environment can actually result in plants ‘ starving ’ at some level. leaves at the top and in the middle of the plant canopy are actively photosynthesizing. if you just provide the optimal light intensity to the top leaves, the middle leaves will receive less light due to shading from the higher leaves. the closer plants are spaced, the harder it is to get saturating intensities of light down to the middle leaves. therefore, you will need higher intensities of light to achieve this. ideally, light intensities provided to a crop will increase as the plants grow together to achieve the optimal light intensities throughout a plant canopy as a crop grows. we recommend that the light sensor that you use to control shade curtains or supplemental lighting is placed half way down in a crop at mid leaf level. adding carbon dioxide in all cases, we find that increasing co2 in a greenhouse can allow plants to use additional light. we believe that we will once again be looking at adding extra co2 in greenhouses, like we used to do 50 years ago. in general, most crops benefit from supplementing existing co2 levels ( which can range from 250 to 380 ppm in a greenhouse ) up to 800 ppm total co2. in addition, the extra co2 allows plants to use higher light levels, thus allowing for even higher photosynthetic levels and increases in plant mass. optimizing your shade / lighting system in a greenhouse a summary of temperature optima and light and co2 saturation values on some of the crops we have looked at can be found in table 1. in general, to optimize your light environment : 1 ) place a light sensor half way down the canopy in a crop, 2 ) set the shade curtain settings to start closing only when your crop reaches light saturation or only add supplemental lighting up to that level, and 3 ) stage lighting and / or shade curtain controls as much as possible to not over - light or over - shade your crops. remember, optimal light intensities will change with development. therefore, move plants among areas with optimal light levels at different stages in development, or change the lighting / shading set - points to match the optima during different stages in development. lastly,


the food waste / sustainable packaging connection - filed in : - waste reduction sustainable packaging is emerging as a tool to mitigate food waste in the u. s. in this q & a, gma ’ s meghan stasz discusses the issues behind this product - package relationship. meghan stasz is the director of sustainability for the grocery manufacturers association ( gma ), a u. s. association that promotes and represents the world ’ s food, beverage, and consumer products companies. she is also a distinguished co - chair for sustainable packaging symposium 2012 : advancing sustainable supply chains with optimized packaging, organized by greener package and the american institute of chemical engineers ’ ( aiche ) institute for sustainability, and scheduled for april 3 - 5 in houston. one of the topics receiving considerable coverage at this year ’ s event will be sustainable packaging ’ s role in reducing food waste. in the following q & a, stasz provides a preview of some of the issues that will be discussed. why has mitigating food waste become such a hot - button topic in sustainable packaging circles. isn ’ t the optimization of any packaging — sustainable or otherwise — the real key to mitigating food waste? why the focus on sustainable packaging in particular? you are not the first person to ask this question. what it comes down to is this overall commitment in the cpg industry to sustainability. when we think about sustainability as a whole, we are looking to minimize waste. that ’ s both packaging waste and food waste. for the most part, we are doing that through innovation. so sustainable packaging that also prevents food waste is really a win all around, and that ’ s where the two tie in. has there been a problem with some companies moving too fast with sustainable packaging and then ending up wasting more food than they had before? not that i know of. packaging engineers, as i understand, really think through the whole supply chain when they are thinking about or working on a redesign of packaging. that can be anything from new inputs to lightweighting. packaging engineers know better than anyone that the job of packaging is to protect the product. so especially in the area of food waste, a redesign that doesn ’ t protect the product really doesn ’ t help anyone. can you describe the scale of the food waste problem in the u. s.? it is — not to put too fine a point on it — huge. that ’ s not particularly eloquent, but it ’ s true. there are a lot of different studies out there,