complicationsby mayo clinic staff memory loss, impaired judgment and other cognitive changes caused by alzheimer ' s can complicate treatment for other health conditions. a person with alzheimer ' s disease may not be able to : - communicate that he or she is experiencing pain — for example, from a dental problem - report symptoms of another illness - follow a prescribed treatment plan - notice or describe medication side effects as alzheimer ' s disease progresses to later stages, brain changes begin to affect physical functions, such as swallowing, balance, and bowel and bladder control. these effects can increase vulnerability to additional health problems such as : - pneumonia and other infections. difficulty swallowing may cause people with alzheimer ' s to inhale ( aspirate ) food or liquid into their airways and lungs, which can lead to pneumonia. inability to control emptying of the bladder ( urinary incontinence ) may require placement of a tube to drain and collect urine ( urinary catheter ). having a catheter increases your risk of urinary tract infections, which can lead to more - serious, life - threatening infections. - injuries from falls. people with alzheimer ' s become increasingly vulnerable to falling. falls can lead to fractures. in addition, falls are a common cause of serious head injuries. - thies w, et al. 2012 alzheimer ' s disease facts and figures. alzheimer ' s & dementia. 2012 ; 8 : 131. - halter jb, et al. hazzard ' s geriatric medicine and gerontology. 6th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2009. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / resourcetoc. aspx? resourceid = 540.. accessed nov. 18, 2012. - longo dl, et al. harrison ' s online. 18th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2012. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / resourcetoc. aspx? resourceid = 4.. accessed nov. 18, 2012. - basics of alzheimer ' s disease. alzheimer ' s association. http : / / www. alz. org / national / documents / brochure _ basicsofalz _ low. pdf. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - alzheimer ' s disease fact sheet. national institute on aging. http : / / www. nia. nih. gov / nr / rdonlyres /


basicsofalz _ low. pdf. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - alzheimer ' s disease fact sheet. national institute on aging. http : / / www. nia. nih. gov / nr / rdonlyres / 7dca00db - 1362 - 4755 - 9e87 - 96df669eae20 / 13991 / adfactsheetfinal2510. pdf. accessed nov. 18, 2012. - alzheimer ' s disease information page. national institute of neurological disorders and stroke. http : / / www. ninds. nih. gov / disorders / alzheimersdisease / alzheimersdisease. htm. accessed dec. 13, 2012. - desai ak. revitalizing the aging brain. medical clinics of north america. 2011 ; 95 : 463. - caring for a person with alzheimer ' s disease. national institute on aging. http : / / www. nia. nih. gov / alzheimers / publication / caring - person - alzheimers - disease / understanding - ad. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - essentials of a diagnostic workup. alzheimer ' s association. http : / / www. alz. org / professionals _ and _ researchers _ 14902. asp. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - nowrangi ma. epidemiology, assessment and treatment of dementia. psychiatric clinics of north america. 2011 ; 34 : 275. - alternative treatments. alzheimer ' s association. http : / / www. alz. org / alzheimers _ disease _ alternative _ treatments. asp. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - preventing alzheimer ' s disease and cognitive decline. national institutes of health state - of - the - science conference statement. http : / / consensus. nih. gov / 2010 / alzstatement. htm. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - farina n, et al. vitamin e for alzheimer ' s dementia and mild cognitive impairment. cochrane database of systematic reviews. http : / / onlinelibrary. wiley. com / doi / 10. 1002 / 14651858. cd002854. pub3 / abstract. accessed dec. 10, 2012. - natural medicines in the clinical management of alzheimer ' s disease. natural medicines comprehensive database. http : / / www. naturaldatabase. com. accessed dec. 10, 2012.


shakespeare globe will be running a series of innovative lectures, readings, plays, courses, exhibitions and seminars on the subject of shakespeare and islam. patrick spottiswoode, director of globe education, shares with us his hopes and aspirations for this season ' s events. globe education is the education arm of the reconstructed globe theatre on bankside in southwark. we aim to introduce people of all ages to the plays of shakespeare and his contemporaries and to explore how the theatre architecture of the globe influenced the writing of plays and the relationship between actors and audiences. the globe is an outdoor theatre in the round. actors walking onto the globe stage can see over 1, 400 people gathering around them, standing and sitting. this creates a charged atmosphere and a sense of a shared community in the theatre. globe education works with about 70, 000 people every year in a range of workshops and courses as well as with lectures and staged readings. every spring and autumn we choose themes for a series of public events and this year our theme is shakespeare and islam. the idea for a season on shakespeare and islam may seem at first surprising. we have chosen a variety of themes over the years including ` shakespeare and spain ' and ` shakespeare and the lawyers ' but one of my favourites was ` shakespeare and shoes '. the original idea for shakespeare and islam was to celebrate the 400th anniversary of shakespeare ' s othello. othello is a moor living in venetian, and therefore a catholic, society. while shakespeare does not allude to his faith, it is probable that he was born a muslim but had to convert to catholicism. he is then sent to fight the ottoman empire. the villain of the play who ends up destroying him is called iago. sant iago is the patron saint of catholic spain. sant iago is said to have appeared in a vision to the spanish army on the eve of a battle against an army of moors. he has thus become known as sant iago matamoros ( st james the moorslayer ). shakespeare ' s iago is far from saintly. it was a conversation with his excellency the moroccan ambassador that encouraged us to explore england ' s relationship not only with morocco but also with other islamic lands at the time of shakespeare. the ambassador believes that othello would have been a moroccan. queen elizabeth ist was involved in treaty negotiations with morocco to combine forces against the spanish. both elizabeth and the moroccan sultan al - mansour, died in 1603. however it is important for us not to ` live in the past '


been a moroccan. queen elizabeth ist was involved in treaty negotiations with morocco to combine forces against the spanish. both elizabeth and the moroccan sultan al - mansour, died in 1603. however it is important for us not to ` live in the past '. theatre is about ` now ' and we felt it was important to explore current attitudes to and understanding of islam in britain. i therefore met with representatives of the mcb to discuss ways in which the season might build bridges and understanding. i was moved by the nature of the response and have always only met with a positive desire to help. i am particularly indebted to dr bari who introduced me to other members of mcb, all of whom have offered support. dr akbar and dr sherif have made invaluable recommendations and i had the good fortune to meet dr ali of the khayaal theatre company. most recently i have met with dr murshad, head of the hermitage school in tower hamlets and we will be working on a project with his students. everyone is offering advice and guidance. i very much need that advice and guidance! together we will plan an exciting autumn programme that will build on the spring season. the association of muslim schools has expressed interest, too. this would be a wonderful organisation to work with. this spring shakespeare and islam will explore the complex web of diplomatic, trade and cultural negotiations between england and islamic lands and include staged readings of some plays by shakespeare ' s contemporaries in which moors and turks are presented. lectures from distinguished scholars will provide a variety of insights and perspectives. professor matar will lecture on the elizabethan stage moor while professor haleem will give an introduction to the qur ' an and its aural beauty as well as an overview of shakespeare in arabic. children from southwark schools will be presenting othello on the globe stage and some will be visiting the east london mosque and st george ' s cathedral as part of their research. primary schools from tower hamlets and westminster will be working on handkerchief designs following a visit to the art from islamic lands exhibition at somerset house. a handkerchief spotted with strawberries was the gift othello gave to his wife desdemona. children will design their own love token handkerchiefs and some will be embroidered professionally. a web resource on ottoman handkerchiefs and othello will be created. it is difficult to appreciate the soul of a play sitting at a desk in a classroom. school shakespeare is often difficult especially if you know you are going to be tested on the play. you are encouraged to take your heads


posted on mon, apr. 12, 2010 last updated : april 12, 2010 07 : 23 : 56 am the state largely ignores millions of tons of ash from coal - fired power plants that threatens to contaminate n. c. groundwater, lakes and streams, the n. c. sierra club says in a report today. coal ash has gotten increased scrutiny since a massive spill of ash sludge in tennessee in late 2008. ash contains potentially toxic metals such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury. the sierra report, like a charlotte observer article in december, focuses on the use of dry ash to fill gullies and prepare roadbeds and building sites. more than 800, 000 tons of ash was used for so - called structural fill statewide last year, the report says. those sites don ' t have to be lined to keep toxic material out of groundwater and aren ' t regularly checked to find whether they ' re tainting water. property deeds often don ' t show that ash has been dumped, as state law requires. ash is known to have contaminated water in robeson, nash and northampton counties, according to state records, the report said. more often, it said, no one looks for contamination. " wherever the state has looked, there have been problems for the most part, " said molly diggins, the sierra club ' s state director. to read the complete article, visit www. charlotteobserver. com.


you are here : medica portal. part i : nanotechnology. medical markets. one of the keys for the 21st century ( part 1 ) nanotechnology has already been used in ancient times - the people back then just did not know about it. it must have been by accident that the romans discovered how to colour glas in a special way : just mix small amounts of gold into molten glass and heat it up again for a few hours. today scientists know that - through this process - gold particles aggregate in nanometre size which break light in a way that the glass appears to glow in ruby. particles and tubes in nanometre size are also relevant in everyday life of modern man, for example, in varnish, wheels and sunscreen. however, experts are convinced that they will become a lot more important in future times than already and they talk about nanotechnology being one of the key technologies of the 21st century. the national science foundation in the usa, for example, assumes that the market volume will reach one billion us - dollars in 2015. the most important areas being affected : environment and energy, information and communication technology and medicine. millions are being invested in research and development „ nanotechnology promises great progress in medicine for diagnostics and therapy “, dr. viola klamroth says, press officer of the german federal ministry of education and research ( bmbf ). „ that is especially true for widespread maladies such as cardiovascular diseases and age - related degenerative illnesses of the neurological system. “ these are some reasons why research concerned with nanomaterial and - technologies is being state - aided : germany pays for an initiative called nanoforlife 27 million euros from 2005 until 2009 and for the technology initiative molecular imaging 150 million euros for the next ten years – the industry is going to participate with an additional 750 million. the research aims at a better understanding of the incomprehensible nanosized world : if one compares a nanometre to a metre than the same relation applies to a one cent piece next to the earth. these are dimensions so small that instead of the classical principles of physics the rules of quantum mechanics apply. objects in nanosize consist almost only of surface : a spherical particle ' s surface with a diametre of 3 nanometres combines 50 per cent of the atoms. magnetic, electronic, optical, thermal or thermodynamic properties change completely. materials in nano size behave different to materials on the macro scale – seldom predictable. biochemist andreas jordan experienced this


nanometres combines 50 per cent of the atoms. magnetic, electronic, optical, thermal or thermodynamic properties change completely. materials in nano size behave different to materials on the macro scale – seldom predictable. biochemist andreas jordan experienced this at the beginning of the 90s when he worked as a doktor at the charite in berlin trying to develop a new approach to combat cancer. his idea : „ deliver things into the tumour and heat them up on location to kill cancer cells without harming surrounding healthy tissue “, christofer radic explains, press officer of magforce nanotechnologies, a business founded by jordan that is dedicated to producing everything involved in his idea. magnetic particles against cancer „ at that time nobody was really concerned with nanoparticles “, says radic. jordan randomly did experiments with particles of different sizes until a sample arrived from japan – a test tube filled with a liquid. the biochemist applied a magnetic field to it and the test tube heated up until it burst. „ it turned out that this effect was due to nanoparticles “, radic explains. this was the beginning of thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles. the method works by injecting iron oxide particles into a brain tumour which are then taken up by cancer cells. by applying a magnetic alternating field near the patient ' s head the magnetic particles start to swing back and forth, they heat up, the temperature in the tumour rises to over 70 degrees celsius and the cancer cells die. currently patients with brain tumours are being treated in clinical studies. „ the results are promising so far “, radic reveals. „ we expect approval for the treatment of glioblastoma at the beginning of 2010. “ however, the companies plans more : it would like to complement cancer therapy in the whole, because thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles could " in principal be applicable to any body region ". radic : „ in the long run we regard our therapy as being the fourth column in the treatment of cancer next to chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. “ - part 1 : one of the keys for the 21st century - part 2 : medical products more compatible for body - part 3 : ckeck with the risks first


healthy snacking doesn ’ t have to be boring if you know what, when and how to eat. importance of healthy snackingpeople are increasingly becoming aware of the necessity for eating healthy. no longer does our day consist of three main meals. nowadays we are consciously focusing on consuming five to six meals per day. the fact that we should all be eating every 2 to 3 hours for weight and health purposes has made snacking, and that too healthy snacking, all the more important. healthy snacking is important for everyone. it has to be strongly watched out for : people with long or unusual working hours people with jobs that require lot of traveling overweight and obese people the type of healthy snacks you choose must take into account factors like lack of time for cooking food, long working hours or long distance traveling to work, unhealthy eating habits of children, and easy availability of ready to eat snacks. healthy snacking should be an integral component of a well balanced diet. it has many advantages : it keeps the body energetic throughout the day. it helps with weight loss it also helps maintain the weight loss as one would ultimately eat less at big meals. eating less at main meals and having healthy fiber rich foods in between keeps the metabolic rate high and helps one process food faster. snacks at home or when eaten at work or for lunch boxes should be as healthy as possible. for children, the regular food could be prepared in a healthful way and presented in a manner which makes the snack colorful and exciting. parents have a great role to play in forming the food habits in their children. a swedish study published in the journal annals of medicine reviewed the factors influencing food habits of children and suggested that the parents have to take the responsibility of making healthy foods easily available to the child and serve these foods at positive mealtime situations in order to help their child to develop healthy food habits. at home, nutritious hot snacks which are quick to prepare can be worked out. for people who are always on the go and for the major hours out of home, dry healthy foods have to be judiciously chosen and then incorporated in the day to day living. all said and done snacking options which are most convenient and nutrient dense have to be thought of and planned before hand. healthy snacking is not as simple a task as it sounds. it involves thorough understanding and dedication to stick to a structured plan. it ’ s an art to eat frequently yet maintain or lose weight. it decides our long term health and fitness. eating small frequent five


the brookings institution report released monday shows a dramatic increase in both ability grouping and student tracking among fourth - and eighth - grade students. those practices were once criticized as racist and faced strong opposition from groups as varied as the naacp legal defense fund to the national governors association. " despite decades of vehement criticism and mountains of documents urging schools to abandon their use, tracking and ability grouping persist — and for the past decade or so, have thrived, " said tom loveless, a senior fellow at the centrist brookings institute ' s brown center on education policy, who wrote the report. ability grouping was common during the 1960s and ' 70s in elementary school and allowed educators to put their students already in the same classroom into smaller clusters based on their understanding of the lessons. for instance, students who already had mastered their basic multiplication tables could go ahead and start working on more advanced calculations. tracking is similar, but happens between academic years and divvies the high school students up into schedules based on their records. an example would be to send some sophomore students both faced criticism because they exacerbated racial and socioeconomic differences. " what happens is ability groupings create stigma and stigma is a bad thing, " american federation of teachers president randi weingarten said in an interview. " the moment that you create a label that says ' this is a slow learner ' or ' this is a fast learner, ' that ' s a stigma you ' ve created for a kid. " in response, educators moved away from the practice. but they didn ' t stay away for long — if, in fact, they really ever disappeared in practice. in 1998, for instance, only 28 percent of fourth graders were put into ability - based reading groups. by 2009, that number rose to 71 percent, according to education department data that loveless reviewed. " in other words, the odds of a fourth grader being ability grouped in reading were less than 50 - 50 in 1998, but by 2009 had increased to about 9 - to - 1, " loveless wrote. in math, that number rose from 40 percent of students in ability groups in 1996 to 61 percent in 2011, according to the same surveys. loveless reviewed data included in teacher surveys conducted as part of the national assessment of educational progress, a reading and math test known as the nation ' s report card. the data is collected every other year. while the numbers tell an increased reporting of ability grouping and tracking, it ' s hard to extrapolate meaning.


assessment of educational progress, a reading and math test known as the nation ' s report card. the data is collected every other year. while the numbers tell an increased reporting of ability grouping and tracking, it ' s hard to extrapolate meaning. it ' s possible that increased demands on teachers led to more grouping to help students catch up in reading and math skills ahead of tests mandated in the 2002 no child left behind education law. teachers perhaps identified students on the cusp of passing those tests — which in some places determines teachers ' evaluations — and worked more closely with the pupils they could pull to a passing grade. asked why grouping was returning, weingarten said she had little doubt : " i think the answer is because of this increased fixation on testing and accountability, " she said. " we hear it all the time when you start talking about the bubble, in how they inch kids over the mark of proficiency or not proficiency. " the report ' s numbers themselves do not assign blame or motive. " they don ' t tell us anything about why that ' s happening, " said daria hall, policy director for the education trust, an organization that works on student equity. but the numbers do offer hints about how students are being taught. " if you ' re a fourth - grade teacher, you ' ve probably got kids reading at the kindergarten level and you ' ve got kids reading at the eighth - or ninth - grade level. i don ' t know how you are supposed to teach a room like that, " said jane clarenbach, director of public education at the national association of gifted children. " when you have a kid who is four or five grades ahead, it ' s not fair to hold them back. why would we not do the right thing for the kid who can benefit? " plus, she said, students already are clustered whether the schools were reporting it as such. " we already ability group. you have to be 5 to get in the door for kindergarten, " clarenbach said. " we want students to get the most out of their time in the classroom. don ' t we want children to be engaged and not bored? " not everyone is convinced that tracking really ever faded. " people don ' t like to admit they were tracking. but if you look at what they ' re doing, they were clearly tracking. it was politically incorrect to say they were tracking, but they were doing it, " said kevin welner, an educator professor at the university of colorado at boulder


address complex natural resource and climate change adaptation issues, with a focus on increasing resiliency in the face of drought and other external shocks. poverty is widespread. frequent drought, unpredictable harvests and sporadic conflicts put families and rural traditions at risk. millions are still in urgent need of assistance after the worst drought the region has seen for 60 years. - emergency response : treating malnourished children with mobile health units, distributing water, vaccinating livestock, and providing work rebuilding community assets - agriculture & food : improving crop yields and income generation of pastoral and farming households - water : building reservoirs and improving wells in drought - prone communities - women & gender : providing scholarships for girls to continue in secondary school and vocational training to their mothers to generate more income - conflict & governance : increasing good governance and mitigating inter - ethnic conflict in three volatile regions all stories about ethiopia ethiopia : one year later, helping children survive in the horn of africa july 25, 2012 you might hear it called a “ slow onset ” emergency because, unlike the sudden strike of an earthquake, drought builds gradually. but don ’ t bother telling that to the mothers whose children are hanging on by a thread ; slow isn ’ t the word they would choose. grueling, they might say. nerve - wracking. ethiopia : women transform small loans into progress and purpose may 17, 2012 like clockwork, every time i visit the addis ababa, ethiopia - based women in self employment ( wise ) organization, my very first impressions are of the wonderful hospitality of the ethiopian people. ethiopia : rebuilding a community water source may 8, 2012 emergency response program manager kaja wislinska speaks to community members who are repairing a pond too damaged to hold water. it is now a working water source for the 400 households in ada olaa village. ethiopia : dowries to degrees : an education for ethiopia ' s young women march 8, 2012 mercy corps is helping girls in one of ethiopia ’ s most remote regions explore a future full of new possibilities by providing them with scholarships to complete secondary school. ethiopia : grain storage bags make a big impact for ethiopia ' s farmers january 27, 2012 our ethiopia teams worked with local farmers to develop a simple solution to yield more from grain harvests : plastic coated bags to protect the grain from pests and mold during longterm storage underground. ethiopia : a simple solution makes a big impact for ethiopia ' s farming families january 27, 2012 when drought hits and families are struggling to survive, the solutions don ’ t always have to


grain from pests and mold during longterm storage underground. ethiopia : a simple solution makes a big impact for ethiopia ' s farming families january 27, 2012 when drought hits and families are struggling to survive, the solutions don ’ t always have to be complicated or expensive. as i learnt from our team in ethiopia last year, something as simple as a sack can mean the difference between hunger and happiness for a farming family. ethiopia, kenya, somalia : horn of africa crisis update january 26, 2012 mercy corps teams in ethiopia, kenya and somalia have already helped more than 1. 5 million people caught in the grip of drought and hunger. but six months after this emergency first hit international headlines, there ’ s still much more to do. ethiopia : just being women puts them at risk december 30, 2011 in many places around the world, women have less visibility, power and status in their communities than do men — an imbalance that makes women more vulnerable to threats, coercion and abuse. violence against women can be sexual, physical, emotional or economic. ethiopia, kenya : responding to historic drought november 8, 2011 here ' s a video report from my trip last month to the drought - stricken horn of africa. it focuses on ethiopia, where mercy corps is providing medical care to malnourished children, restoring them to health using medicines, vitamins and food formulated especially for underfed infants. ethiopia : a mother ' s appeal october 17, 2011 we ’ re outside the mercy corps office in gashamo, ethiopia – a bone - crunching nine hour drive from jijiga, the regional capital. it ’ s early in the morning, and the noisy generator is cranking out its last few minutes of power before we shut it down for the day.


honeywell electrical devices & systems ( ed & s ) has called for a worldwide switch to led lighting, claiming that organisations across the globe – large and small – have a responsibility to seriously consider this energy - efficient lighting in the drive to combat climate change and save energy. with lighting representing on average 21 percent of a building ’ s total energy consumption and accounting for 19 percent of global energy production, the global electrical products and systems company believes a switch to led lighting could now be one of the biggest drivers of energy savings. energy savings can in fact equate to 60 percent when comparing a honeywell led tube at 23 watts with a typical florescent tube at 58 watts. in order to aid companies that pledge to investigate the switch to led technology, honeywell ed & s has launched a free global consulting service. through consultations, site surveys, devising bespoke lighting schemes, producing detailed energy and cost saving calculations and offering pilot installations, the company aims to arm facility and energy managers with a rigorous energy - saving and roi assessment before making an investment. “ it ’ s been predicted that led technology could dominate the lighting market by 2015 – but it needs to be sooner, ” comments john storey, global business director of led lighting for honeywell ed & s. “ currently, around two thirds of lighting is based on older, energy wasting technologies developed before 1970 – this is not sustainable. “ until now though, the lighting industry has failed to deliver a much superior proposition to be used for general high - quality lighting in almost all applications. but we ’ re at a turning point. led lighting is the most exciting thing since the electric light – and every bit as revolutionary. however, we recognise that the key issue for facilities and energy managers is justifying the initial investment to switch – that ’ s why we ’ ve launched our global consulting service, and our online energy calculator to empower them with answers to questions about the long - term return on investment through energy and cost savings. ” with a significantly longer life span of 60, 000 hours compared to a traditional florescent tube lasting 10 - 15, 000 hours, led lighting lasts for an additional five years, and with a wider optimum temperature range, led lighting is more effective as well as more efficient. according to the international energy agency, the worldwide switch to led lighting could save energy consumption for lighting by 40 percent. to perform a quick energy - saving calculation between florescent and led tubes, an online tool can be found at the campaign website. please go to www. led


friday, december 7, 2012 natal volunteer units : stanger mounted rifles 1875 - 1887 the stanger mounted rifles were inaugurated in november 1875, with : joel lean captain h warren 1st lieutenant f addison 2nd lieutenant on 1 december 1878 the corps was mobilized ; the 36 members were : captain friend addison oc * trumpeter j w colenbrander * * a b gielink j w gielink w c robbins further men joined subsequently, bringing the total to 43 members. anglo - zulu war 1879 : the stanger mounted rifles marched to thring ' s post where they were met by the victoria mounted rifles and the buffs ; they proceeded to the lower drift and were joined by the alexandra mounted rifles, durban mounted rifles and the natal hussars, collectively named the natal volunteer force. they formed the southern flank under captain p h s barrow, 19th hussars, of colonel pearson ' s 3rd buffs ( 3rd regiment of foot ). the battle of inyezane and the relief of eshowe followed. * friend addison born 1848 in kent, came to natal on the lalla rookh in 1849. * * johan wilhelm colenbrander born 1856, pinetown natal, of dutch parents who emigrated from java to natal in 1854. their indigo venture failed and the family founded the settlement of new guelderland near stanger. johan married mollie mullins in 1883, and after her death, yvonne nunn in 1902. his third wife was catherine gloster. he founded kitchener ' s fighting scouts during the anglo - boer war. note four members of the gielink family : the gielinks were among the new guelderland settlers. uniform : navy blue cloth, yellow facings and helmet. badge was monogram s. m. r. surmounted by a crown, all in white metal, worn on the front of the helmet and on the ammunition pouch. the buttons also carried the monogram and crown. the kepi was worn in undress order. the corps did not adopt a collar badge and had no motto. officers carried swords and revolvers. in the early stages members carried the terry and snider carbine, and later the swinburn - henry carbine. in 1887 the corps was absorbed into the victoria mounted rifles with captain friend addison as commanding officer.


- what we know about solar in montana - how solar energy benefits montana - montana ' s solar resource - usb solar projects installed in montana - solar projects in montana what we know about solar in montana montana has an abundant solar resource that can be used to save energy in residential and commercial construction, and farming, ranching, recreation and other industries. how solar energy benefits montana solar energy can play a key role in creating a clean, reliable energy future in montana. the benefits are many and varied. consumers who use these technologies will benefit directly and immediately. using solar energy produces immediate environmental benefits. electricity is often produced by burning fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. the combustion of these fuels releases a variety of pollutants into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide ( co2 ), sulfur dioxide ( so2 ), and nitrogen oxide ( nox ), which create acid rain and smog. carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels is a significant component of greenhouse gas emissions. these emissions could significantly alter the world ' s environment and lead to the global warming predicted by most atmospheric scientists. the combustion of fossil fuels releases more than 6 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year. the united states alone is responsible for 23 percent of these emissions. clean energy sources, such as solar energy, can help meet rising energy demands while reducing pollution and preventing damage to the environment and public health at the same time. solar energy is an excellent alternative to fossil fuels for many reasons : - it is clean energy. even when the emissions related to solar cell manufacturing are counted, photovoltaic generation produces less than 15 percent of the carbon dioxide from a conventional coal - fired power plant. using solar energy to replace the use of traditional fossil fuel energy sources can prevent the release of pollutants into the atmosphere. - using solar energy to supply a million homes with energy would reduce co2 emissions by 4. 3 million tons per year, the equivalent of removing 850, 000 cars from the road. - solar energy uses fewer natural resources than conventional energy sources. using energy from sunlight can replace the use of stored energy in natural resources such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal. energy industry researchers estimate that the amount of land required for photovoltaic ( pv ) cells to produce enough electricity to meet all u. s. power needs is less than 60, 000 square kilometers, or roughly 20 percent of the area of arizona. - solar energy is a renewable resource. some scientists and industry experts estimate that renewable energy sources, such as solar, can


all u. s. power needs is less than 60, 000 square kilometers, or roughly 20 percent of the area of arizona. - solar energy is a renewable resource. some scientists and industry experts estimate that renewable energy sources, such as solar, can supply up to half of the world ' s energy demand in the next 50 years, even as energy needs continue to grow. montana ' s solar resource montana ' s abundant solar resource can be used to save energy in residential and commercial construction, and farming, ranching, recreation and other industries. the amount of sunshine available at a given location is called the " solar resource " or insolation. the amount of electrical energy produced by a pv array depends on the insolation at a given location and the collector bank orientation, tilt angle, and module efficiency. montana can be divided for insolation roughly the way it is divided geographically - eastern montana and western montana. eastern montana receives an annual average of 5 hours of full sun ; western montana receives an annual average of 4. 2 hours. browse these pages for information about solar basics. solar dealers and installers are usually the best source of how - to information for people contemplating a solar project for a home or business. see our directory of montana renewable energy dealers and installers to find a dealer in your area.


how plants are named tagged as : scientific names common or trade names plants can have many different common names. depending on where it grows, the same plant may have many different regional names. it may also have other common names in other countries in which it grows. for example the plant we know as serviceberry is also known as sarvisberry, shadbush, shadblow, saskatoon, junebush, and juneberry depending on in what part of north america it is growing. the common dandelion is also known as blowball, canker wort, irish daisy, leotodon taraxacum, lion ' s tooth, puffball, and wild endive in various english speaking countries. it also is know as dent de lion or pissenlit vulgaire in france, lowenzahn in german, dente - de - leao in portuguese, achicoria amarga, amargon or diente de leon in spanish, and there are many others. making common names even more confusing is the fact that a single common name can be applied to many different kinds of plants which may not even be remotely related to it. for example, the plant we know as bluebells belongs to the group of plants known to the scientific community as campanula. the common name bluebells has also been applied to plants belonging to hyacinthoides ( europe ), endymion ( asia ), polemonium, mertensia, penstemon ( north america ), and wahlenbergia ( australia ). trade names are special names with legal standing that are protected by laws. these are designated by the trademark™ and registered trademark® symbols. examples of trade names are : camelot ® crabapple, celebration ® maple, royal heritage ™ hellebore. the place to go for more information about trademarks is the us patent and trademark office website : www. uspto. gov. botanical or scientific names unlike common names, botanical or scientific names are applied to only one kind of plant. they typically consist of two words ; the first is called the genus name the second the species name. together they define a single unique type of plant. this system of using binomials or two names to describe a specific plant was begun in the 18th century by the famous swedish botanist carl linnaeus. since that time, botanists and taxonomists ( people who study plants and their classification and naming ) have developed a system of international rules that determine how these names are created and used. this set of rules is


the famous swedish botanist carl linnaeus. since that time, botanists and taxonomists ( people who study plants and their classification and naming ) have developed a system of international rules that determine how these names are created and used. this set of rules is called the international code of botanical nomenclature. these rules set out how a scientific name is created, used and printed. a scientific name should be in italics or underlined. the genus name always begins with a capital letter, and the rest of the name is always in lower case letters. these names are in latin, or are latinized. a person ’ s name following the scientific name is the name of the person who first described the plant using that name. for example our common white oak is known as quercus alba l. the genus name for oaks is quercus. the species name for white oak is alba, and the author of the combination describing white oak quercus alba is carl linnaeus which is abbreviated as the letter l. occasionally you may find the letter x or the multiplication sign used in a scientific name. this signifies that the plant is a cross of hybrid derivation. acer x freemanii is a cross between silver and red maple. quercus x bebbiana is a cross between bur oak and white oak, x amelosorbus or ×amelosorbus is a cross between amelanchier and sorbus. in some cases a sub - group of the name is created. in these cases scientists use a three - part name using a special abbreviation to show what kind of plant sub - group is being described : ssp. ( subspecies ), var. ( variety ) or f. ( forma ). of these, subspecies and varieties pertain to different sub - groups of a plant that are tied to geography. a forma pertains to a variation that can occur anywhere in the range of a plant. for example ; cercis canadensis var. texensis refers to the sub - group of our common redbud tree that is found growing in texas. the name cercis canadensis f. alba refers to a sub - group of our common redbud tree that blooms with white flowers rather that the more typical pink flowers. horticulturists have created special names for individual plants with unique characteristics called cultivars. a cultivar name is always printed in normal type and is enclosed in single quotes. for example ; quercus alba ‘ fastigiata ’ is the name of an narrow, upright growing


names for individual plants with unique characteristics called cultivars. a cultivar name is always printed in normal type and is enclosed in single quotes. for example ; quercus alba ‘ fastigiata ’ is the name of an narrow, upright growing form of our white oak. the letters pp followed by a number signify that the plant has been patented. the place to go for more information about plant patents is the us patent and trademark office website : www. uspto. gov. the words that make up the scientific name of a plant all mean something. they are latin or latinized words. sometimes they are the old roman name for a particular kind of plant ( acer, cornus, quercus ), latinized words of other languages are also used especially greek names ( scilla, artemisia, pyrethrum ), descriptive names or terms ( alba - white, laciniata - cut, sanguinea - blood - red ), or names of people for which the plant was named ( forsythia, fothergilla, magnolia ). finding out with the words of a scientific name mean can be fun, and enlightening. a trip to the sterling morton library will get you started on how and why plants are named. even though scientific or botanical names may seem daunting, we use them every day without knowing it. aster, chrysanthemum, forsythia, fothergilla, magnolia, narcissus, protea, rhododendron, sansevieria, scilla, and sorghum are a few examples of the scientific names for plants that we grow in our yards, gardens, or in our houses and use in our everyday language.


back in 1947, popular science printed a five - part article that very concisely sketched out every step necessary for establishing a small water - power plant on a farm or homestead. that informtion is just as valuable today for many of mother ' s readers as it was 25 years ago and the publication has kindly given us reprint rights to the whole package. you ' ll find the first three installments in this issue and the last two sections of the series will be printed in a later issue. homestead hydro : part 1 many farms, ranches, and other fair - sized tracts of land embrace at least one brook within their limits. in most cases, the idea that a small stream can provide a useful source of power has never occurred to the property owner or, if it did, has been rejected as silly. the fact remains, nevertheless, that impressive advantages can spring from small water - power installations. electricity can be generated for general use, for pumping water, and for stand - by or emergency purposes ; and the pond that is usually created can serve additionally as a means for watering livestock in dry times, for fire - fighting, as a swimming pool, as a place to raise fish for sport or as a " crop, " and for landscaping or scenic purposes. power can be obtained from any flowing stream, no matter how small. whether it is desirable to harness this power depends on two factors. first, does water flow all the year round, even in the late summer months? second, does enough water flow to make the harnessing of it economically sound? the first factor is, of course, known to the property owner by observation ; the second may be determined by simple measurements. what ' s the least amount of power that is worth developing? there is in this country at least one water - wheel manufacturer who makes a line of small - capacity units, and this company ' s smallest hydroelectric unit develops 1 / 2 kilowatt. from this it can be inferred that, in this company ' s experience, it is not economically wise to harness a stream that will not develop at least 500 watts dependably at the switchboard. half a kilowatt will light 10 fair - sized lamps or supply 2 / 3 hp. to operate, say, a deep - well pump. with this figure in mind as a criterion, the reader can make a preliminary reconnaissance of the water power available on his property. the chances are he will be surprised ; even a seemingly insignificant stream can deliver many times this minimum. the power available at the


with this figure in mind as a criterion, the reader can make a preliminary reconnaissance of the water power available on his property. the chances are he will be surprised ; even a seemingly insignificant stream can deliver many times this minimum. the power available at the site of a water wheel ( that is, before deductions for inefficiencies in the wheel and generator ) is expressed in this formula : here q is the cubic feet of water passing through the wheel in one minute ; h is the " head " or vertical distance in feet through which the water falls ; 62. 4 is the weight in pounds of 1 cu. ft. of water ; and 33, 000 the number of foot - pounds per minute in i hp. a number of methods exist by which the variables q and h can be determined, but before considering them, it ' s well to examine first the possible sites for the dam and wheel, since they will necessarily affect the amount of head secured. the location of the dam, as suggested in fig. 1, should be governed by two principles. it should be placed where the greatest useful head is obtainable, that is, where the greatest fall occurs in the shortest length of stream. such a site is often indicated by a natural waterfall, by a conspicuously steep slope, or by the swiftness of the current. the second locating principle is a simple matter of cost : a dam should be placed where it can be smallest and still impound the most water. this means, in general, that it should be placed where the stream valley or cut is narrowest. the site of the water wheel, fig. 2, may be either at the dam or some distance below it. the former location is the more common, being simpler to build and eliminating the need for a pipe or penstock to deliver water to the wheel. disadvantages include the fact that the spillway must be of ample capacity to protect the powerhouse in time of high water, and the fact that only the " artificial head " — that created by the dam itself — is available. in cases where the ground falls away abruptly below the dam site, the " divided - flow " layout may be desirable, for it greatly increases the head. another preliminary calculation should be made as to the height of the proposed dam. this is restricted, as a rule, only by the height of the valley walls at the site, and by the materials, equipment, and money available for building it. the higher it is, the greater the head and the larger the pond that


. this is restricted, as a rule, only by the height of the valley walls at the site, and by the materials, equipment, and money available for building it. the higher it is, the greater the head and the larger the pond that will be created. " pondage " — water stored for use in times of peak demand — is an important factor in water power calculations. power is rarely needed 24 hours a day, and construction of a dam of sufficient height to provide water storage will greatly increase the power available at the time of day required. if, for example, a wheel is to be run for 16 hours a day, and if a dam is built that will impound all water flowing into the pond during the idle eight hours, the power capacity will be increased by 50 percent. don ' t neglect to distinguish between " live storage " — the volume of water represented by the difference in height of the spillway flash boards and the wheel intake — and " dead storage " — the volume of water below the level of the wheel intake. the former is power banked against a time of need : the latter is worthless, powerwise. once the dam and powerhouse are tentatively sited, and the height of the first is provisionally set, it is time to measure the power available. assume that all water flowing in the stream can be made to flow through the wheel, which is a fair assumption on small installations. this flow ( q in the power formula ) can be determined by the " weir method ", which involves constructing a temporary dam of controlled proportions and which will be detailed in a subsequent installment, or by the " float method ", which is theoretically a trifle less accurate, though still quite satisfactory. the float method ( fig. 3 ) involves the formula : q = a x v x 60 in which q is the volume of water flowing in cubic feet per minute, a is the cross - sectional area of the stream in square feet at the site, and v is the average velocity of the stream at this point, expressed in feet per second. select a length of the stream that is fairly straight, with sides approximately parallel, and unobstructed by rocks or shoals for a distance of about 100 '. stretch a taut wire squarely across the stream near the middle of this length and measure the width of the stream here in inches. mark this width off on the wire and divide it into ten equal divisions. from the center point of each division, measure the depth of the water in inches. then average the


middle of this length and measure the width of the stream here in inches. mark this width off on the wire and divide it into ten equal divisions. from the center point of each division, measure the depth of the water in inches. then average the depth figure by adding each value and dividing by 10. the cross - sectional area of the stream, a, is now secured by multiplying this average depth by the width, and dividing the result by 144 to obtain the answer in square feet. your next step in determining q is to measure the rate of flow. using a steel tape, mark off a course along the bank that is 100 ' long ; the mid - point of this course should be at the line where the cross section was measured. stretch wires or rope tautly across the stream at each end of the course, and make a float by filling a bottle so that it rides awash. provide it with a pennant so that you can follow it easily. then set the float adrift in the middle of the stream, timing its progress over the course with a stop watch, beginning just when the pennant passes the first wire and stopping just as it passes the second. make a series of runs, averaging the results. the speed of the float in feet per second is then the length of the course divided by the average time. this result is not, however, suitable for immediate use in the flow formula, since not all the water in a stream flows as rapidly as that in the center and near the top. if you multiply the float speed by the coefficient 0. 83, the resultant value will serve as v in the flow formula. given an estimate of the amount of head to be present at the wheel, you can now make a rough determination of the horsepower your stream can provide. it ' s worth emphasizing, though, that this figure is necessarily only as accurate as the measurements that produced it, and that the power indicated is that present at the time of measuring. a single stream - flow value is not of itself particularly useful unless it is obtained at the time of lowest water, usually in the late summer months. moreover, even if you have measured the flow at slackwater time, the figures should if possible be supplemented by others secured during maximum springtime flow, so that you can calculate the size of spillway needed to prevent damage to your installation in times of high water. it ' s a good practice, for backyard engineers as well as for professionals, to refine, cross - check, and test your measurements by all


can calculate the size of spillway needed to prevent damage to your installation in times of high water. it ' s a good practice, for backyard engineers as well as for professionals, to refine, cross - check, and test your measurements by all means at your disposal. such checks will not only reduce the change of disappointment in the final result, but will also permit calculated economics in construction and greater efficiency in operation. your estimate of the head present at the wheel, for instance, should be carefully checked, since head is a vital element in the efficiency of any water - power project. several methods for determining the head rather precisely will be given in the next installment, together with the weir method for measuring flow. subsequent installments will consider types of dams, method of construction, wheels best suited to small plants, and plans for building them. before you begin even a preliminary reconnaissance of water power on your property, the writer suggests you secure a looseleaf notebook to be devoted solely to the project. develop the habit of neatly entering all data as it is obtained, not forgetting to note dates and stream conditions at the time measurements are made. such a record is a great help in performing sound calculations and producing excellent results. homestead hydro : part 2 this table shows the quantity of water passing over a rectangular weir in cubic feet per minute ( cfm ) for each inch of notch width. depth d is read as a combination of the lefthand column and the top row. for example, if the depth over your stake is 5 3 / 8 ", follow oer 5 ( fifth row ) to 3 / 8 ( fourth column ), and read the value as 5. 01 cfm. don ' t forget that this figure should now be multiplied by the width in inches of your notch. measuring the flow of water in the stream or brook on your property is the logical first step in planning a small waterpower project. the float method of making this measurement, described in last month ' s installment, is generally the easiest to perform and, if done carefully, is accurate enough for most purposes. if, however, a stream is so shallow at low - water time as to impede the progress of a weighted float, the weir method of measuring flow has advantages. essentially a kind of water meter, a weir is a rectangular notch or spillway of carefully controlled proportions located in the center of a small temporary dam. two simple measurements permit the volume of flow to be accurately calculated. before constructing the dam, measure the depth of the stream at the site ; the


is a rectangular notch or spillway of carefully controlled proportions located in the center of a small temporary dam. two simple measurements permit the volume of flow to be accurately calculated. before constructing the dam, measure the depth of the stream at the site ; the depth of the weir notch, m in fig. 1, should equal this. since the dam need not be permanent, simple plank or tongue - and - groove lumber will serve adequately. no water must flow except through the weir, so care should be taken to seal the ends and bottom of the dam by extending planks into the banks and below the bed of the stream. clay or loam puddling on the upstream side will stop minor seepage. be sure the dam is perpendicular to the flow of the stream. the weir should be located in the center of the dam, with its lower edge not less than 1 ' above the surface of the water below the dam. this lower edge should be accurately leveled. both this and the vertical edges of the weir should be beveled with the sharp edge upstream ; a 1 / 8 " flat on the bevel will keep the edge from breaking down. proportion the weir so that its length l is not less than 3m, and larger if possible. drive a stake in the stream bed at least 5 ' upstream from the weir, pounding it down until its top is exactly level with the bottom edge of the weir. allow the stream to reach its maximum flow through the weir and then measure with a ruler the depth in inches of water over the stake. referring to the table on this page, you can now read the number of cubic feet per min. of water for each inch of l, the weir width. if you multiply the figure from the table by l, the result is the total amount of water flowing in cubic feet per minute. which is q in the horsepower formula given last month. if your stream is already dammed, there is no need to construct another dam just to measure flow. it is quite possible to employ the existing dam, using its spillway as a weir provided that all water can be made to pass through the spillway. construct a wooden or metal frame to fit the spillway and seal it in place snugly. the center of this frame should incorporate a properly proportioned weir notch. as before, m should equal the depth of the water flowing through the spillway before the weir is installed, and l may in most cases be half the width of the spillway. to get an accurate estimate of available horsepower


proportioned weir notch. as before, m should equal the depth of the water flowing through the spillway before the weir is installed, and l may in most cases be half the width of the spillway. to get an accurate estimate of available horsepower, you will need a precise figure for h, the head of water that will be present. head may be defined as the vertical distance in feet from the surface of water in the pond behind the dam to the surface of the stream below the dam at the site of the wheel. this figure may be obtained by any of several methods in cases where a dam is already present, and with scarcely greater difficulty at the site of an unbuilt dam. measuring a difference in elevation can be quickly and accurately done with an engineer ' s transit and leveling rod. but since not everyone has access to these instruments, and since those who do would not need instruction on so simple a job as running a level, we ' ll pass on to other methods. figure 2 illustrates a very simple way of measuring a vertical distance. the equipment required is a carpenter ' s level, a folding rule or steel tape, a 1 " by 2 " by 6 ' board with two edges planed parallel, two wooden pegs, a stake, and a c - clamp. these are items that can be found in almost any home, and certainly any farm. though the method can be somewhat tedious if the difference in elevation is large, the results will be quite accurate with ordinary care in leveling and measuring. note in the drawing that in the case of a pre - existent dam, one or more measurements needed to carry around the edge of the dam are subtracted from rather than added to the total. less practical in most cases, though still of occasional special value, are two other ways to determine head. elevations can be measured quite readily by the techniques of photographic surveying. for those who are familiar with the procedure, it is a simple matter to take the required pictures in the field and then scale the required elevation at the desk from the developed photographs. another method involves the use of a barometer, either mercury or aneroid, to indicate differences in height. however, this method is useful only where the head to be measures is considerable, say, more than 25 ', and calls for special techniques to hold the probable error down to acceptable proportions. except in unusual circumstances, the writer recommends that the method in fig. 2 be employed, inasmuch as it requires little special equipment and with ordinary care


than 25 ', and calls for special techniques to hold the probable error down to acceptable proportions. except in unusual circumstances, the writer recommends that the method in fig. 2 be employed, inasmuch as it requires little special equipment and with ordinary care gives good results. with sound figures for both h and q, you are now ready to calculate the available horsepower of your installation with the formula given in the first installment. if the power is found to be sufficient to warrant continuing with the project, say 2 / 3 hp. at the least, your next step is to determine the nature of your power requirements. here individual variations are so many as to make it difficult to outline a specific procedure. it ' s possible, however, to suggest factors you should consider in planning your power plant. some of the uses to which small - capacity installations are successfully put include directly powering pumps, mills, machine tools, or other small - demand machinery ; and driving a generator to supply electricity for either fighting or power purposes. the latter type of installation is of course the more flexible and generally useful. determine, then, the uses you propose for your water power, and tabulate the horsepower required after each item. in the case of electric motors or appliances rated in amperes or watts, remember that watts are volts times amperes, and that 746 watts are equal to 1 hp. from this tabulation, the peak load can be determined. this is the sum of the power demands made by different pieces of equipment that may probably be in use at one time. knowing power and load, you can now determine if the proposed installation will be on a sound basis. do not use your available horsepower figure directly, since deductions should first be made for losses in the water wheel and in the generator, if one is to be used. for small installations, assume wheel efficiency to be 75 percent ; many small wheels will better this, but the assumption will provide leeway for possible optimism in measuring h and q. generator efficiency can be assumed to be 80 percent, a figure that will also be bettered in many cases but is on the safe side. thus switchboard power may be expressed at. 75x. 8xhp, or. 6 of the available horsepower. at this stage of the game, it ' s well to mull over the possible variations and combinations, rather than to proceed with specific construction plans. consider for example the decision required if the indicated switchboard power will seemingly handle the peak load — whether to build a dam just large enough


it ' s well to mull over the possible variations and combinations, rather than to proceed with specific construction plans. consider for example the decision required if the indicated switchboard power will seemingly handle the peak load — whether to build a dam just large enough to do this job, or to build one substantially larger to handle possible future increases in power requirements. the former choice will be obviously cheaper at first but may not be so in the long run, since power demands have a way of growing and since it is rarely satisfactory to increase the structure of an existing dam. if the peak load is apparently too high, various possibilities should be considered. will " pondage " — water stored behind the dam overnight or in slack periods — help out? can the use of equipment be dispensed with? is the project necessarily a year - round enterprise, or can the low - power characteristics of the dry season be ignored? a word of caution on these points may not be amiss : it ' s far better to plan an installation that wiil provide more power than you need than one which doesn ' t t supply enough. whether, in the event that you decide to generate electricity to use ac or dc is another decision to make. in circumstance where the generator must be located some distance from the load, ac is the only choice, for dc transmission losses would be too high, amounting in small installations to a prohibitive percentage of switchboard power. if your buildings and equipment are already wired to receive one type of current, it would obviously be sensible to fix on the same type of power ; if for example your farm is already wired for a battery - type lighting system, there would be little reason to revamp the installation for ac. if on the other hand you are starting from scratch, the writer recommends the use of dc wherever possible. an ac generator must be closely regulated at or slightly above synchronous speed, and close regulation requires complicated governing equipment that is tricky to build or expensive to buy. a compound - wound dc generator, on the other hand, provides inherently close voltage regulation over a wide speed range ; and even a shunt - wound dc generator with a direct - acting field - rheostat regulator would be satisfactory. selecting the right wheel for your plant is perhaps the final step in your preliminary planning. there are three general types of water wheel — impulse, reaction, and gravity — and several fairly common varieties of each type. however, for small plant purposes, it is possible to narrow the number dowry to those shown in


step in your preliminary planning. there are three general types of water wheel — impulse, reaction, and gravity — and several fairly common varieties of each type. however, for small plant purposes, it is possible to narrow the number dowry to those shown in fig. 3. note that two types of reaction wheels, the francis and the propeller, are shown, and but one variety of gravity wheel, the overshot one. the impulse or pelton wheel, operated exclusively by the force of the water from the jet, includes among its advantages very slight leakage and friction losses, good efficiency under varying flows, and a sufficiently high shaft speed to drive a generator. it is more resistant to pitting by water containing sand, silt, or minerals than the reaction type. its disadvantages include the fact that it cannot use all the available head, is larger than a reaction wheel developing the same power, and will wallow in high tail water. it must be mounted as close to the tail water as possible. the reaction wheel, either the francis or propeller type, is turned by the fall of water through a duct or pipe in which the wheel is confined. it is the most compact of all wheels for a given power, uses all of the available head, and operates at a satisfactory speed for direct coupling to a generator. it is an efficient wheel over a wide range of conditions, and it can be mounted at any convenient height above tail water. disadvantages include rapid corrosion with silted water, and relatively high leakage and friction losses, especially in small units. part 3 : dams turn water into kilowatts concrete, though desirable, isn ' t necessary for damming a small stream. beavers have gotten by for years without it. suitable materials can be found on almost any farm. lofinally, there is the overshot gravity wheel, which is turned largely by the weight of the water and partly by impulse. it has good efficiency under varying flow, and is unaffected by sand, silt, or minerals in the water. gravity wheels turn at a low speed, which is undesirable for driving a generator or highspeed machinery, but suitable for some pumping and grinding applications. such a wheel will wallow in high tail water, is the largest wheel for a given power, and will be obstructed by ice in winter unless housed. gs, roughhewn timber, rock, masonry, planking, gravel, sand, and clay are all useful. choose the materials most readily available on your property,


power, and will be obstructed by ice in winter unless housed. gs, roughhewn timber, rock, masonry, planking, gravel, sand, and clay are all useful. choose the materials most readily available on your property, or the least expensive if you must obtain them elsewhere. you will have determined, on the basis of the first two installments of this series, the height and width of the dam you will need to convert your stream to power. the summer months provide an ideal time for its construction, for then most brooks are at their lowest level and the water will not impede the progress of work. four basic types of small dams are shown in the accompanying drawings. all are adaptable in general to the kind of materials likely to be on hand and also to the head of power desired. there are two basic principles of design to bear in mind no matter which you build. first, a dam should be sealed both above and below its foundation to prevent the seepage of water through or under it. seepage through a clam, if per mitted, weakens the structure and will eventually break it ; that under a dam will undermine its foundation. then, too, some means must be provided to prevent undermining of the dam by the water that flows or spills over it. in addition, you should check with your local authorities and possibly file plans for your dam with them. states have widely varying regulations, some extremely lenient and some fairly strict. in most, general supervision comes under the state board of health, but a visit to your local county offices will give you correct guidance. figure 1 illustrates the earth dam, which blends well with its surroundings and hence is particularly suited where landscaping or scenic qualities are to be considered. sealing this type of dam is most important since seepage will literally carry it away if allowed to progress. the seal is put in first and the dam built around it. how far down it should go depends upon the kind of soil. a sand foundation, for instance, requires the seal to extend deeper than clay. if planking is used, it would be well to apply a protective coat such as tar or creosote. a general pattern for depositing the earth fill is shown in the drawing, but it is not necessary to follow it unless different types of earth are available. deposit the fill by layers, rolling and tamping each layer well. then protect the waterside surface from erosion by covering it with a matting woven from brush. plant turf on


is not necessary to follow it unless different types of earth are available. deposit the fill by layers, rolling and tamping each layer well. then protect the waterside surface from erosion by covering it with a matting woven from brush. plant turf on the top and downstream side to hold the earth. such a dam obviously cannot have water spilling over its crest since this action would wash it away. two suggestions for handling the excess water are shown. the spillway must be of some material, such as masonry or planking, resistant to the erosion of rushing water, and the sides must protect the open ends of the earth dam from spillage water. an alternative method of handling runoff water is with drain tiles instead of a spillway. some means must be provided for shutting them off. a simple cover on the upstream end would serve. figure 2 shows the framed dam, which likewise can be easily built, particularly on a farm where lumber in any form from logs to planks is abundantly available. each frame consists of one joist on which the surface timber is laid and one or more struts. once the height of the dam is determined, the size of individual frames will vary depending on the contour of the gulley, those frames located at the lowest part being the largest. the frames are spaced according to the support the surface timber needs, that is, the thinner the surfacing the more supports. lay the planking surface or roughhewn timber horizontally and edge to edge across the frames, and bolt or spike each in place. calk the joints and apply a protective coating. fill is put in behind the downstream side. build the spillway entirely of planking or similar material. the gravity dam, shown in fig. 3, relies upon its weight for its stability. this dam would be most feasible where large rocks or field stones abound. bricks, concrete or cinder blocks, and even chunks of broken concrete pavement are also excellent materials. the dam is strictly a masonry type, each block being laid with mortar. length is not a critical factor for any of these three dams, but it is important for the arch dam illustrated in fig. 4. the placement of such a dam in a gulley is limited not only to the point of least width but also to the point where the banks are highest. otherwise, this dam would impound little water. it would seem unwise to build one to span more than a width of 10 '. if the heavy timber is used only as a frame on which to spike or bolt a


the banks are highest. otherwise, this dam would impound little water. it would seem unwise to build one to span more than a width of 10 '. if the heavy timber is used only as a frame on which to spike or bolt a surface of planking, as shown in one of the drawings in fig. 4, the number of timber arches will depend on the strength of the planking and also on the height of the dam. only earth foundations are considered in the drawings, but you may be fortunate enough to have a solid rock foundation on which to build. in that case a seal below the foundation will not be necessary, but some means must be provided to anchor the dam to the rock, such as with anchor bolts in the case of either the framed or gravity dam. likewise the dam should be sealed at the rock foundation to prevent seepage under it. in most instances it will be found best to restrict the width of the spillway for excess water to some part of the total length of the dam. this will always be necessary in the case of an earth dam to prevent washing. the spillage water may be allowed to pour over the entire length of framed, gravity, and arch dams, however, if the precautions shown in fig. 5 are taken. if the downstream side of the dam, or of the spillway, is a curved hard surface of masonry or timber approximating the natural curvature of the water flowing over, it will guide the spillage water so it will be directed downstream without actually falling. such a curved spillway surface is particularly satisfactory for an earth dam. large rocks, bricks, or other hard objects placed on the downstream side of a spillway not having a curved surface will break the force of the free - falling water and prevent erosion. the spillway in its simplest form takes the shape of a rectangular depression in the crest of the dam. it should usually be large enough, to carry off sufficient excess water so that impounded waters will not top the dam at any season of the year. this, of course, is quite a problem, since accurate determination of spillway capacity requires a knowledge of the total area drained by the creek being dammed plus data on the amount of rainfall at all seasons. however, most of us will know whether or not the creek we are damming stays within its banks during the year. if it does, then a safe rule to apply would be to make the area of the spillway equal to the cross - section area of the creek at the dam when it is


the creek we are damming stays within its banks during the year. if it does, then a safe rule to apply would be to make the area of the spillway equal to the cross - section area of the creek at the dam when it is brimful or just ready to flood. the formula is illustrated in fig. 6. if the stream does flood, then either construct a dam that in an emergency can allow water to top its full length or build some sort of floodgate into the dam so it can be opened when necessary. one form such a floodgate could take is a group of drain tiles through the dam, as shown in fig. 1. the height of the dam you build will be determined by the area of the land to be covered by the impounded water. in general, the higher the dam, the greater the area covered by water above it. all vegetation, brush, floatage, and the like in the area to be flooded and for about 15 ' around it should be burned out or otherwise cleared before the dam is built. this keeps down the breeding of mosquitoes and helps retard pollution. it is required in the regulations of some states and is a wise precaution even when not covered by law. in addition, all trees in the area to be flooded should be cut reasonably close to the ground.


( naturalnews ) the title of this article probably should have been " told ya so. " after all the downplaying, all the denials, all the disinfo and deceptions by both the nuclear industry and the mainstream media, it finally emerges that the amount of radiation released by fukushima was far, far higher than what we were told. how high? so high that the fukushima catastrophe has now been raised from a level 5 event to a level 7 event on the international nuclear and radiological event scale ). they just skipped right over level 6 because they know even a 6 would be laughable at this point. a level 5 event is an " accident with wider consequences. " a level 6 event is a " serious accident, " and a level 7 event is a " major accident. " if you really do the math, however, fukushima should be a level 28 event because there are four reactors each at level seven ( 4x7 = 28 ). chernobyl only had one reactor, and it stored far less fuel than any one of the fukushima reactors. the amount of released radiation required to quality for a level 7 event is " several tens of thousands of terabecquerels. " for example, 50, 000 terabecquerels. how much radiation has already been released from fukushima? 500, 000 terabecquerels - - and that ' s just from iodine - 131 and doesn ' t even count the other isotopes that are also being released ( http : / / apnews. myway. com / article / 20110412 / d9mi2hb00. html ). in other words - - and here ' s the real shocker - - the amount of radiation released from fukushima is over ten times the amount needed to qualify for a level 7 event! with the arrival of this new designation, fukushima is now officially a chernobyl - class event, and nuclear officials are now openly and publicly admitting that the total radiation release from fukushima could soon exceed chernobyl - - although they ' re desperately trying to claim it somehow won ' t, if only due to the power of their own imaginations. meanwhile, we ' re being treated to an ever - expanding lesson in the table of elements as yet more radioactive materials are being detected in the fukushima releases. today, strontium was found in the soils near fukushima, adding to the impressive list of other elements that were blown into the environment


- expanding lesson in the table of elements as yet more radioactive materials are being detected in the fukushima releases. today, strontium was found in the soils near fukushima, adding to the impressive list of other elements that were blown into the environment by the explosions there : plutonium, iodine and cesium. ( http : / / ca. news. yahoo. com / slight - amounts - strontium - found - near - crippled... if only fukushima had blown gold out of its core, japan might actually have a way to pay for all this, by the way. but sadly, the byproducts of nuclear fission are not the precious metals we would all wish for. rather, they are the radioactive elements determined by the laws of physics - - the very same laws of physics that the nuclear industry once thought it had smugly conquered. murphy, that clever little bastard, seems to crop up everywhere these days. far worse than we were originally told with this new designation of a level 7 event, the massive cover - up has melted down. although japan has tried desperately to withhold radiation data, shut off the gauges, explain away the extremely high sensor readings and assure everybody that it was only a " miniscule " amount of radiation being released into the environment, the sad but undeniable truth of the matter is that fukushima is a global - scale nuclear disaster that ' s now unleashing radiation across the world that ' s showing up in our milk and food. the excuse behind raising the event to level 7 right now instead of earlier is laughable but predictable : authorities claim they just didn ' t know how to measure the radiation! " our preparations for how to measure ( the radiation leakage ) when such a tsunami and earthquake occurred were insufficient and, as a result, we were late in disseminating information internationally, " said a senior official working for prime minister naoto kan. ( http : / / www. cnbc. com / id / 42542704 in other words, the nuclear industry didn ' t know how to measure radiation, they claim, and even when they did figure out how to take measurements, they withheld the resulting data. the clever disinfo campaign marches on. nisa is now saying that the radiation released into the atmosphere is only 10 percent of chernobyl ' s release. but what they don ' t readily admit is that they ' re releasing massive quantities of radioactive water into the ocean, and that doesn ' t count as "


that the radiation released into the atmosphere is only 10 percent of chernobyl ' s release. but what they don ' t readily admit is that they ' re releasing massive quantities of radioactive water into the ocean, and that doesn ' t count as " atmosphere, " you see. they also don ' t want you to remember that fukushima is engage in an ongoing release of radiation with absolutely no end in sight. it is only a matter of weeks, in other words, before fukushima does exceed the total chernobyl release levels. how do we know that? for one, that same senior official quoted above also says the japanese government is now telling tepco to " set target dates for when it would halt the radiation leakage as well as restore the cooling systems set target dates? it ' s like being stuck in a bureaucratic nightmare. let ' s all have a committee conference, and we ' ll put together an " actionable game plan " so that we can " accentuate our positive accomplishments " while we all " facilitate going forward with team players " and other such nonsense corporate speak that often flows from the mouths of business suit morons who have no idea what to do but somehow want to take credit for it. if there ' s a target date to set for halting the radiation, it should be today. if there ' s a target date to restore cooling to the spent fuel rods, it should be yesterday. does anyone really believe these are things to be slapped onto a calendar like your best friend ' s birthday? oh, and by the way, we ' re now supposed to believe the japanese government is telling us the truth from here forward, i suppose. sure, they lied about the radiation releases in the past. they downplayed the seriousness of the event ; they withheld data and explained away the broken gauges as flukes. but now they ' re suddenly going to be up front with all of us and tell us the truth, you see. now we ' re going to get honest and accurate information out of japan, if you can believe that. still, nuclear industry shills can ' t help themselves from continuing to downplay the situation. " judging from all the measurement data, it is quite under control, " says hironobu unesaki, a nuclear physicist at kyoto university research reactor institute ( http : / / apnews. myway. com / article / 20110412 / d9mi2hb00. html ). he also said that raising fukushima


will take to the podium and calmly announce that everything is fine and people should take no precautions whatsoever. and then immediately after these speeches are given, they scurry off to their underground command bunkers. here ' s a video of obama telling americans there ' s no problem with the radioactive fallout from fukushima. it ' s hilarious ( in a sad sort of way ) : http : / / naturalnews. tv / v. asp? v = 61efab11121c6a46d7f5c9a77eb7f2e7 about the author : mike adams is a natural health author and award - winning journalist with a mission to teach personal and planetary health to the public he has authored more than 1, 800 articles and dozens of reports, guides and interviews on natural health topics, and he is well known as the creator of popular downloadable preparedness programs on financial collapse, emergency food storage, wilderness survival and home defense skills. adams is an honest, independent journalist and accepts no money or commissions on the third - party products he writes about or the companies he promotes. in 2010, adams created tv. naturalnews. com, a natural living video sharing site featuring thousands of user videos on foods, fitness, green living and more. he also launched an online retailer of environmentally - friendly products ( betterlifegoods. com ) and uses a portion of its profits to help fund non - profit endeavors. he ' s also a noted pioneer in the email marketing software industry, having been the first to launch an html email newsletter technology that has grown to become a standard in the industry. adams also serves as the executive director of the consumer wellness center, a non - profit consumer protection group, and practices nature photography, capoeira, martial arts and organic gardening. he ' s also author of numerous health books published by truth publishing and is the creator of several consumer - oriented grassroots campaigns, including the spam. don ' t buy it! campaign, and the free downloadable honest food guide. he also created the free reference sites herbreference. com and healingfoodreference. com. adams believes in free speech, free access to nutritional supplements and the ending of corporate control over medicines, genes and seeds. known by his callsign, the ' health ranger, ' adams posts his missions statements, health statistics and health photos at www. healthranger. org have comments on this article? post them here : people have commented on this article.


poverty and prosperity : a longitudinal study of wealth accumulation, 1850 - 1860 nber historical working paper no. 8 this paper depicts and analyzes the wealth distribution and wealth mobility in a national sample of nearly 1, 600 households matched in the 1850 and 1860 manuscript schedules of the census. gini coefficients, a transition matrix, the shorrocks measure, and a regression model of wealth accumulation are estimated from these data. the findings shed light on theories of the wealth distribution, life - cycle behavior, regional economic performance, and the empirical basis for critiques of capitalism. blacks accumulated slowly but the foreign born performed remarkably well. the distribution of wealth was relatively unequal on the frontier but the region performed well in reducing propertylessness. residents of eastern cities were less fluid than other residents of the rural north. blue collar workers and the unskilled declined relative to farmers and white - collar workers during the decade, which suggests that other aspects of wealth determination may have outweighed stretching of the wage structure as an explanation of growing inequality during industrialization. comparisons with data on net family assets collected by the national longitudinal survey in the 1960s and 1970s show that mid - nineteenth century households were less mobile at the lower end but more mobile at the upper end of the wealth distribution. published : steckel, richard h. " poverty and prosperity : a longitudinal study of wealth accumulation, 1850 - 1860, " review of economics and statistics, 1990, v72 ( 2 ), 275 - 285.


the following ncte inbox ideas piece was originally published in inbox on april 17, 2007. the horrific shootings that occurred yesterday on the virginia tech campus place teachers in the position of wondering what we can do - - both to allow students to express their feelings on the events and to avoid similar situations in our own school hallways. these articles show how stories provide powerful tools to help us all make sense of events that are, at best, completely senseless. " stories will save us, if anything will, " begins the voices from the middle article " difficult days and difficult texts " ( g ). written by robert e. probst after the events of september 11, the piece explores how our ability to read the multiple texts that we see, to find and explore the stories behind the audio, video, and print that reports what has happened, gives us ways to make sense of and respond to impossibly difficult events. this kind of searching for story can be the focus of any writing program that works to help students move beyond what probst calls " the simple basics of decoding " the events that they see and are a part of deeper reaction, reflection, and empathy. " warriors with words : toward a post - columbine writing curriculum " ( s - c ) from english journal, an article republished in the ncte book a curriculum of peace, places such personal stories at the center of the writing curriculum in ways that promote peace and well - being, voice and sense of self, and respect and caring, as well as powerful literacy skills. the language arts article " social narrative writing : ( re ) constructing kid culture in the writer ' s workshop " ( e ) describes a similar way to encourage students to use their writing to share their feelings in positive ways. the article outlines activities that ask students to move from personal to social narratives in writing workshop to create stories as tools for social action, addressing inequities in their school lives. as we ask students to write the stories that surround them, the college composition and communication article " school sucks " ( c ) asserts that we must help students focus on pleasure and meaning in writing that go beyond " the idea of the perfect, final textual product. " occasioned by violence in schools and memories of violent schoolyard rhymes, this article suggests that by asking students to tell stories and to find narratives that make sense of the events they experience, we can encourage them to move beyond writing as a process of simple coding and decoding to one of making meaning of their worlds.


if you have a medical emergency, please contact your health care provider or go to the nearest emergency room. children and adolescents may suffer psychological trauma as a result of disease, specifically the type of disease, epidemic, or pandemic which arises suddenly, spreads rapidly and widely, results in death, and may not have a known cure. as there is daily news coverage regarding potential health risks from occurrences of h1n1 ( swine flu ), sars ( severe acute respiratory disease ), west nile virus, and others, the nctsn will be compiling and providing information on several diseases to address the common questions of parents and families. the psychological first aid field operations guide, 2nd edition ( pfa ), developed by the national child traumatic stress network and the national center for ptsd, can assist mental health and other practitioners intervening with children and families exposed to disasters, including epidemics. access pfa in english, spanish, japanese, and chinese by clicking here. the cdc web site features comprehensive information on other infectious diseases, including influenza, sars, bird flu, h1n1 ( swine flu ) and west nile virus. the department of health and human services pandemic flu. gov site provides government - wide information on influenza outbreaks. pandemic flu


netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. wednesday, may 22, 2013 metal taste in mouth if i have a metal taste in my mouth, what is this a symptom of? an altered or metallic taste sensation is referred to as dysgeusia. there are many possible factors or conditions that can lead to or be associated with this symptom. deterioration of an old silver ( amalgam ) filling or a cap ( crown ) can sometimes be the culprit. gum disease ( periodontitis ) or dental abscess could also be considered. a wide variety of drugs ( over 200 ) have been associated with taste disturbances or alterations. vitamin or micronutrient deficiencies, especially zinc deficiency, have been related to metallic or altered taste. inflammation of the stomach ( gastritis ), esophageal reflux and even sinus infections have been contributory in some patients. finally, some cases appear to have no definite ( or identifiable ) cause. the first step would be to rule out a local dental or gum problem with a visit to your dentist. next, i would check with your physician to rule out other conditions that may be more systemic in origin. john r kalmar, dmd, phd clinical professor of pathology associate dean of dentistry administration college of dentistry the ohio state university


netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. wednesday, may 22, 2013 skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in this country. about one million americans develop skin cancer each year. the skin is the body ' s largest organ. it protects against heat, light, injury, and infection. it helps control body temperature. it stores water and fat. the skin also makes vitamin d. epidermis : the epidermis is the top layer of the skin. it is mostly made of flat cells. these are squamous cells. under the squamous cells in the deepest part of the epidermis are round cells called basal cells. cells called melanocytes make the pigment ( color ) found in skin and are located in the lower part of the epidermis. dermis : the dermis is under the epidermis. it contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and glands. some of these glands make sweat, which helps cool the body. other glands make sebum. sebum is an oily substance that helps keep the skin from drying out. sweat and sebum reach the surface of the skin through tiny openings called pores. skin cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up the skin. normally, skin cells grow and divide to form new cells. every day skin cells grow old and die, and new cells take their place. sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. new cells form when the skin does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. these extra cells can form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. benign growths are not cancer : malignant growths are cancer : skin cancers are named for the type of cells that become cancerous. types of skin cancer are : these cancers usually form on the head, face, neck, hands, and arms. these areas are exposed to the sun. but skin cancer can occur anywhere. basal cell skin cancer grows slowly. it usually occurs on areas of the skin that have been in the sun. it is most common on the face. basal cell cancer rarely spreads to other parts of the body. squamous cell skin cancer also occurs on parts of the skin that have been in the sun. but it also may be in places that are not in the sun. squamous cell cancer sometimes spreads to lymph nodes and organs inside the


squamous cell skin cancer also occurs on parts of the skin that have been in the sun. but it also may be in places that are not in the sun. squamous cell cancer sometimes spreads to lymph nodes and organs inside the body. melanoma is a form of cancer that begins in melanocytes ( cells that make the pigment melanin ). it may begin in a mole ( skin melanoma ), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as in the eye or in the intestines. if skin cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body, the new growth has the same kind of abnormal cells and the same name as the primary growth. it is still called skin cancer. checking your skin for new growths or other changes is a good idea. the national cancer institute website has a helpful guide for checking your skin. keep in mind that changes are not a sure sign of skin cancer. still, you should report any changes to your health care provider right away. you may need to see a dermatologist, a doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. source : national cancer institute? what you need to know about skin cancer last reviewed : aug 03, 2010 jeremy s bordeaux, md, mph assistant professor of dermatology school of medicine case western reserve university


i / o virtualization : when, not if august 05, 2010 i / o virtualization ( iov ) is an i / o card - sharing technology that lets multiple servers share multiple cards across a single, high - speed cable segment. the general purpose of iov is to make it easier to share bandwidth among servers in a rack. the cards to be shared are placed in a gateway, and the servers connect to that gateway. cards are typically shareable on a per - port basis. for example, a quad - port ethernet card could be assigned to four different servers. the ports or cards can be quickly assigned and re - assigned to the connecting servers, providing some hot - swap like functionality to pcie. iov is still in its infancy, but it is destined to become a standard component of a data center architecture. there will be cost savings associated with iov. for example, a single pair of cards in a server can perform multiple i / o functions and can replace several single - function cards per server. it also eliminates the need for a redundant card of each type in each server. instead, a single card can act as a " hot spare " held within the i / o gateway and be assigned to the hosts if another card inside the gateway fails. things get interesting when a single port on a card can be shared across multiple hosts. to accomplish this, it may mean adopting single root i / o virtualization ( sr - iov ), a specification from the pci - sig, the industry group that manages the pci standard. vendors may also create their own cards that can be shared. the result is that a 10gb ethernet card or 16gb fibre channel card will be shareable across multiple servers, with each getting chunks of that bandwidth. the challenge for sr - iov is the time it will take to come to market. vendors that develop their own cards may have these capabilities sooner. i believe iov becomes a " when not if " technology because of the value it brings to the virtualized environment. today, an i / o card in a virtual host is managed by the hypervisor. unless you limit your vms per physical host to the number of physical nic ports available on the host, the hypervisor has to create virtual nics. as a result, the hypervisor has to be involved in each i / o to understand what vm the i / o is intended for. this consumes host resources and limits the potential of getting full bandwidth from the nic.