not thinking about a problem for a while doesn ’ t just give you a fresh perspective when you come back to it. it also allows your more creative unconscious to get to work as it “ … ventures out to the dark and dusty nooks and crannies of the mind ”. that ’ s according to ap dijksterhuis and teun meurs at the university of amsterdam, who were keen to show that the benefits of taking a break from thinking hard about a problem are not merely passive ( for example, by freeing you from an incorrect line of thought ), but that unconscious thought actually offers an alternative, active mode of thinking that is more divergent and creative. in one experiment dijksterhuis and meurs asked 87 students to think of as many new names for pasta as they could, giving them five examples of existing names that all began with the letter ‘ i ’. those students who were engaged in a distracter task for three minutes before giving their suggestions thought of far more varied names than students who were given three minutes to concentrate on thinking of new names ( they mostly thought of new names beginning with ‘ i ’ ). in another experiment, students were asked to think of places in holland beginning with the letter ‘ a ’. those students who were distracted before being asked to give their suggestions named a wide variety of cities, towns and villages, whereas students who were given time to think of places, and students who answered immediately, tended to just name the most obvious main cities in holland. finally, students were asked to name as many uses as they could for a brick. again, students who were distracted by a different task before giving their suggestions, didn ’ t name more uses, but were judged by two independent raters to have proposed more creative and unusual uses than students who were given dedicated time to think, or than students who answered immediately. “ upon being confronted with a task that requires a certain degree of creativity, it pays off to delegate the labour of thinking to the unconscious mind ”, the authors concluded. dijksterhuis, a. & meurs, t. ( 2006 ). where creativity resides : the generative power of unconscious thought. consciousness and cognition, 15, 135 - 146. link to recent research, also by dijksterhuis, showing that it ' s best not to consciously deliberate when making big decisions like which house or car to buy. bbc coverage here. link to article in the psychologist celebrating psychology ' s rediscovery of ' the irrational ' ( bp


lake waccamaw offers lessons in history and nature to view our videos, you need to install adobe flash 9 or above. install now. then come back here and refresh the page. at three miles by five miles, lake waccamaw covers nearly 9, 000 acres. it is what is known as a carolina bay. " there are over 500, 000 carolina bay lakes. this is the largest bay lake, " said toby hall with lake waccamaw state park. carolina bays are oval shaped bodies of water that all have similar characteristics. " you ' ll notice they all predominantly go the same direction, northwest to southeast, " said hall. several theories exist for how the carolina bays were formed, from meteors to sinkholes. the most popular at this point is the oriented lake theory. " ocean waters receded to where they are today. winds from the north - northeast came in and actually carved out these oval shapes, " said hall. most figure they are called carolina bays because bays are bodies of water. that is a misconception. " it does get its name from bay vegetation, the three trees that grow typically around carolina bay lakes, " said hall. the northern shore of lake waccamaw is limestone, which is exposed in several locations. that gives the water an unusual neutral ph and a great deal of biodiversity. " there ' s 54 species of fish, 15 species of mussels and clams and 10 species of freshwater snails, " said hall. " they have seven endemic species that live only in lake waccamaw. " because the neutral ph is so critical to the lake ’ s ecosystem, the state park recently created a team of monitors to make certain the water is not becoming too alkaline or acidic. " that is a very fragile balance in maintaining the water ' s chemistry out here on lake waccamaw, " said hall. the tea color of the lake is not related to the ph level. it is generated as the four creeks, which feed the lake, pass through decaying vegetation. there ’ s plenty to learn at lake waccamaw state park from early native american presence and the discovery of several dugout canoes that are being kept under the surface of the lake to a new display featuring the bones of a baleen whale found in the lake. " it ' s been carbon dated to about 2. 8 million years ago, which actually shows that, yes this was ocean at one time, " said hall. put everything together and it


madison grant ’ s the passing of the great race, published in 1916, is a classic in race studies. it is hard to imagine that when my grandmas were little girls, the passing became immensely popular both in the united states and in europe. henry fairfield osborn wrote in the preface : in the chapters relating to the racial history of europe we enter a new and fascinating field of study, which i trust the author himself may some day expand into a longer story. i was fascinated by osborn ’ s preface and can only ask, after a century since the book was written, where are the historians who ought to have followed grant ’ s steps? by now heavy treatises, such as gibbon ’ s multivolume study on the fall of rome, but this time taking race as the basis to understand european history should have been written. but we only have grant ’ s preliminary study for a racial understanding of history. why are people of european origin sleeping so deeply? in “ europe in dormition ” dominique venner wrote, “ the state of ‘ dormition ’ is the consequence of the catastrophic excesses of the murderous, fratricidal frenzy perpetrated between 1914 and 1945. it was also the gift of the us and ussr, the two hegemonic powers resulting from the second world war. ” i would have said “ between 1914 to 1947 ” since the americans and the bolsheviks perpetrated an holocaust targeting the german people that nobody wants to discuss in the mainstream media. while grant was a nordicist i believe that studying this classic may help caucasians of both nordish of mediterranean ancestry to wake up. below, a few excerpts from osborn ’ s preface ( no ellipsis added ) : the passing of the great race, in its original form, was designed by the author to rouse his fellow americans to the overwhelming importance of race and to the folly of the “ melting pot ” theory, even at the expense of bitter controversy. this purpose has been accomplished thoroughly, and one of the most far - reaching effects of the doctrines enunciated in this volume and in the discussions that followed its publication was the decision of the congress of the united states to adopt discriminatory and restrictive measures against the immigration of undesirable races and peoples. the best example of complete elimination of a dominant class is in santo domingo. the horrors of the black revolt were followed by the slow death of the culture of the white man. this history should be studied carefully because it gives in prophetic form the sequence of events that we


complete elimination of a dominant class is in santo domingo. the horrors of the black revolt were followed by the slow death of the culture of the white man. this history should be studied carefully because it gives in prophetic form the sequence of events that we may expect to find in mexico and in parts of south america where the replacement of the higher type by the resurgent native is taking place. in the countries inhabited by a population more or less racially uniform the phenomenon of the multiplication of the inferior classes fostered and aided by the noble but fatuous philanthropy of the well - to - do everywhere appears. nature ’ s laws when unchecked maintain a relatively fixed ratio between the classes, which is greatly impaired in modern society by humanitarian and charitable activities. the late peloponnesian war in the world at large, like the civil war in america, has shattered the prestige of the white race and it will take several generations and perhaps wars to recover its former control, if it ever does regain it. [ this preface was written in 1916 ] the danger is from within and not from without. neither the black, nor the brown, nor the yellow, nor the red will conquer the white in battle. but if the valuable elements in the nordic race mix with inferior strains or die out through race suicide, then the citadel of civilization will fall for mere lack of defenders. one of the curious effects of democracy is the unquestionable fact that there is less freedom of the press than under autocratic forms of government. it is well - nigh impossible to publish in the american newspapers any reflection upon certain religions or races which are hysterically sensitive even when mentioned by name. the underlying idea seems to be that if publication can be suppressed the facts themselves will ultimately disappear. abroad, conditions are fully as bad, and we have the authority of one of the most eminent anthropologists in france that the collection of anthropological measurements and data among french recruits at the outbreak of the great war was prevented by jewish influence, which aimed to suppress any suggestion of racial differentiation in france. in the united states also, during the war, we were unable to obtain complete measurements and data, in spite of the self - devotion of certain scientists. this failure was due to lack of time and equipment and not to racial influences, but in the near future we may confidently expect in this country strenuous opposition to any public discussion of race as such. the days of the civil war and the provincial sentimentalism which governed or misgoverned our public opinion are past, and this generation


the united states department of war, sometimes also called the war office, was the department of the united states government ' s executive branch responsible for the operation and maintenance of land ( and later air ) forces from 1789 until september 18, 1947, when it became part of the national military establishment, renamed on august 10, 1949 the department of defense. the united states of america — commonly referred to as the war is an international relations dispute, characterized by organized violence between national military units the united states of america — commonly referred to as the the federal government of the united states is the central united states governmental body established by the united states constitution. the federal government of the united states is the central united states governmental body established by the united states constitution. the united states armed forces are the overall unified military forces of the united states year 1789 ( mdcclxxxix ) was a common year starting on thursday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a common events 96 - nerva is proclaimed roman emperor after domitian is assassinated year 1947 ( mcmxlvii ) was a common year starting on wednesday ( link will display full 1947 calendar of the gregorian calendar. the united states department of defense ( dod or dod ) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government events 612 bc - killing of sinsharishkun, king of assyrian empire year 1949 ( mcmxlix ) was a common year starting on saturday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar. the united states department of defense ( dod or dod ) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government the department had responsibility for the young nation ' s naval affairs until the establishment of the navy department in 1798. the united states department of the navy was established by an act of congress on april 30 1798 to provide administrative and technical support and civilian leadership the war department was headed by the secretary of war, who was also a member of the president ' s cabinet. the secretary of war was a member of the united states president ' s cabinet, beginning with george washington ' s administration the president of the united states is the head of state and head of government of the united states and is the highest political official in united states by the united states cabinet ( usually simplified as " the cabinet " is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government upon becoming a part of the national military establishment, the war department was renamed the department of the army and became one of


states cabinet ( usually simplified as " the cabinet " is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government upon becoming a part of the national military establishment, the war department was renamed the department of the army and became one of the three military departments of the federal government. the department of the army is one of the three service departments in the united states department of defense. at the same time, the army air forces were separated from the army and became the u. s. air force under the newly - formed department of the air force. the united states army air forces ( usaaf ) was the military aviation arm of the united states of america during and immediately after world war ii. prior to world war ii, many countries had a ministry of war which was responsible for national defense. world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including however, in the aftermath of the carnage of ww ii, governments came to the conclusion that the use of the word “ war ” added, if not assumed, a bellicose attitude towards military preparedness. thus, the late 1940s and 1950s witnessed the renaming from “ war ” to “ defense ” in most countries around the globe. one vestige of the former nomenclature is war college, where military officers of the united states are still trained in battlefield strategy. the date " mdcclxxviii " and the designation " war office " are indicative of the origin of the seal. the department of the army seal and the department of the army emblem are respectively the official seal and emblem of the headquarters u the date ( 1778 ) refers to the year of its adoption. the term " war office " used during the revolution, and for many years afterward, was associated with the headquarters of the army. in this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the american revolution are primarily referred to as " americans " with occasional references to " patriots " description : in the center is a roman cuirass below a vertical unsheathed sword, point up, the pommel resting on the neck opening of the cuirass and a phrygian cap supported on the sword point, all between on the right an esponton and on the left a musket with fixed bayonet crossed in saltire behind the cuirass and passing under the sword guard. cuirass ( french cuirasse, latin coriaceus, made of leather from co


that supported the american revolution are primarily referred to as " americans " with occasional references to " patriots " a mortar is a muzzle - loading indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high - arcing ballistic trajectories centered above the phrygian cap is a rattlesnake holding in its mouth a scroll inscribed " this we ’ ll defend. " centered below the cuirass are the roman numerals " mdcclxxviii. roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient rome, adapted from etruscan numerals. " symbolism : the central element, the roman cuirass, is a symbol of strength and defense. the sword, esponton ( a type of half - pike formerly used by subordinate officers ), musket, bayonet, cannon, cannon balls, mortar, and mortar bombs are representative of army implements. the drum and drumsticks are symbols of public notification of the army ’ s purpose and intent to serve the nation and its people. the phrygian cap ( often called the cap of liberty ) supported on the point of an unsheathed sword and the motto " this we ’ ll defend " on a scroll held by the rattlesnake is a symbol depicted on some american colonial flags and signifies the army ’ s constant readiness to defend and preserve the united states. rattlesnakes are a group of venomous snakes, genera crotalus and sistrurus. current usage : this " war office " seal continues to be used to this day when legal certification is necessary to authenticate as " official " documents and records of the department of the army. the department of the army is one of the three service departments in the united states department of defense. the army ' s " emblem " as depicted above, which is based on this seal, is preferred for public display.


when a child is in pain and crying, a loving parent wants nothing more than to make the pain go away. ear infections can be very painful and often a parent will request antibiotics to treat the infection from their pediatrician or family doctor. the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) has issued new guidelines for identifying and treating childhood ear infections and would like to see fewer antibiotics prescribed. the guidelines more clearly define the signs and symptoms that indicate an infection that needs treatment. they also encourage more observation, with follow - ups, instead of antibiotics. this would also include some children under the age of two. most children with ear infections get well on their own and can be safely monitored for a few days. for children with recurrent infections, the guidelines advise physicians and parents on when it is time to see a specialist. " between a more accurate diagnosis and the use of observation, we think we can greatly decrease the use of antibiotics, " said the lead author of the new guidelines, dr. allan lieberthal, a pediatrician at kaiser permanente panorama city, in los angeles, and a clinical professor of pediatrics at the keck school of medicine at the university of southern california. the guidelines say that there are definitely times when antibiotics should be prescribed such as when children have a severe ear infection. severe is defined as when a child has either a fever of 102. 2 degrees or higher or is in significant pain. he or she has a ruptured ear drum with drainage, or an infection in both ears for kids two years or younger. these account for fewer cases but studies have shown that children benefit from antibiotics given right away. it ' s been since 2004 since the last set of guidelines were issued. those guidelines stimulated new research that has provided evidence for the new aap guidelines that will appear in the march issue of pediatrics. lieberthal said the biggest change is the definition of the diagnosis itself. experts say that the new definition is more precise. because of the different stages of ear infections, diagnosis can be tricky. the aap offers detailed treatment suggestions that encourage observation with close follow - ups as long as the child is not having severe symptoms, but leaves it up to the discretion of the physician whether or not to prescribe antibiotics. previous guidelines recommended that antibiotics be prescribed for children under two with ear infections. pain management is also an important component of the new guidelines. antibiotics can take up to 2 days before they start to improve symptoms, so if a child has fever or pain they should be given pain relieving


for children under two with ear infections. pain management is also an important component of the new guidelines. antibiotics can take up to 2 days before they start to improve symptoms, so if a child has fever or pain they should be given pain relieving or fever reducing medications. the new guidelines also state that children, even those with recurrent infections, shouldn ' t be on long - term daily antibiotics to try to prevent infections from occurring. long - term antibiotic use has its own downfall. children can develop a rash and diarrhea ( causing dehydration. ) the biggest concern is that the child will build up immunity to the antibiotic, making it ineffective over time. when children have recurrent ear infections they should be referred to an ear, nose and throat specialist. recurrent is defined as children who have three or more ear infections in a six - month period, or four or more infections in a one - year period ( with at least one infection occurring in the previous six months. ) the new guidelines also recommend staying current on your child ' s vaccine schedule, especially the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( pcv ), and the flu shot. " studies show that anything that decreases viral infection will decrease the incidence of ear infections, " lieberthal said. many parents are beginning to see the logic of not over - using antibiotics, but some are still unaware of the dangers. physicians may now be more assertive about watchful waiting and follow - ups when a child ' s ear infection isn ' t severe. that may not comfort the parent of a crying child in pain, but it may be the best approach for the child in the long run. michelle healy http : / / www. usatoday. com / story / news / nation / 2013 / 02 / 25 / ear - infections - new - guidelines / 1935493 /? utm _ source = feedburner & utm _ medium = feed & utm _ campaign = feed % 3a + usatoday - newstopstories + ( news + - + top + stories )


shutters and blinds 1x4 boards to mount behind the shutters screws and anchors drill with screw driver bits saving energy with window blinds and shutters the windows in your home may be responsible for up to 25 percent of your heating and cooling bills. when it comes to energy conservation, most windows don ' t do a very good job. so, if you want to make your windows more efficient when it comes to saving energy and maintaining the temperature in your home, you might want to take a careful look at your choice of window coverings. here are a few tips to help you shop smart as you try to save energy with your new window coverings. - consider cellular blinds - cellular blinds are an excellent choice for energy saving window coverings. the honeycomb ( or cell ) that forms when the blinds are lowered traps air within it, providing an extra layer of insulation for your window. of course the more layers in the blinds and the deeper they are, the better they insulate. - keep your colors light - light colored window coverings help reflect the intense summer sun, keeping the hot air out and your cooler air in. when the weather gets cooler you can open them to let in the light and warmth of the winter sun. - keep window direction in mind - do your windows face south or do you have a harsher western exposure? consider the direction of your windows as you are looking for the best energy saving window coverings. windows facing west receive the most intense sun, so as a result they would need greater insulation. southern facing windows receive a gentler light and therefore need less protection. - leave less space when hanging drapes - if you chose to go with energy saving drapes or curtains, be sure to hang them as close to the window as possible. this prevents the air in your room from being affected by the heat or cold outside.


citations with the tag : children - - diseases results 1 - 50 - an evaluation of clinical indicators for severe paediatric illness. paxton, l. a. ; redd, s. c. / / bulletin of the world health organization ; 1996, vol. 74 issue 6, p613 evaluates the clinical indicators of severe pediatric illnesses in a rural district of western kenya. development of treatment algorithm known as sick child charts ; signs indicative of severe illness ; mortality and morbidity rates ; giving high priority on training and supervision of health workers. - childhood diseases aren ' t just kids ' stuff. paul, p. / / current health 2 ; may89, vol. 15 issue 9, p26 report that when teenagers and adults catch a childhood disease, the symptoms are often more severe than in young children. viruses ; measles and rubella ; mumps ; chicken pox and whooping cough. - no aspirin, please. kaitschuck, gail / / current health 2 ; dec92, vol. 19 issue 4, p12 discusses the link between reye ' s syndrome, a potentially deadly condition afflicting children and teenagers, and the use of aspirin during viral infections such as chicken pox and the flu. australian physician ralph doyle reye, who discovered the syndrome ; symptoms ; decline in aspirin use and... - the dilemmas of childhood hiv infection. rudigier, a. f. ; crocker, a. c. / / children today ; jul / aug90, vol. 19 issue 4, p26 examines the problem of children with hiv infection. danger posed by substance abuse ; examples of natural, foster and adoptive families caring for hiv children ; central nervous system ( cns ) dysfunction ; principles of program management ; future directions. - many childhood diseases can be prevented. guthrie, richard a. / / diabetes in the news ; mar / apr93, vol. 12 issue 2, p29 provides an overview of common childhood diseases, their symptoms, recommended immunization schedules, and complications due to diabetes. rubeola or red measles ; rubella or german measles ; chicken pox ; mumps ; influenza. insets : additional disease immunizations. ; what a parent can do... - it ' s time to talk about children ' s medications. young, f. e. / / fda consumer ; oct89, vol. 23 issue 8, p6 describes how


with hiv as african american ; performance of hiv - infected children as compared with children of their age ; high risk of placement in foster care ; importance of consideration at developmental risk. - a metabolic problem that ' s easily missed. brazdziunas, dana m. ; roizen, nancy j. m. / / rn ; may92, vol. 55 issue 5, p111 states that a child who suffers chronic infections, gains little or no weight, has poor muscle tone and coordination, and is very lethargic, may have a metabolic disorder called carnitine deficiency. details of the study ; based on a press release from assistance for babies and children with... - non - organic failure - to - thrive : origins and psychoeducational implications. phelps, leadelle / / school psychology review ; 1991, vol. 20 issue 3, p417 examines the origins and psychoeducational implications of non - organic failure - to - thrive ( noft ) disorder in children. defects exhibited by infants diagnosed with noft ; proposed model for treatment or mitigation ; realization of long - term results for the child with noft. - the phantom pains of childhood. phelps, leadelle / / nutrition health review : the consumer ' s medical journal ; 1992, issue 63, p10 presents the results of a study done by seattle pediatric rheumatologists on the psychosomatic pain many children feel. not unusual in children ; typical child with psychosomatic pain ; importance of a physical exam to rule out physical problems ; detail of study ; most significant findings of... - the birth defect : ` doctors wouldn ' t listen - - but i knew something was wrong. ' busby, k. ; raymond, b. b. / / redbook ; feb91, vol. 176 issue 4, p100 recounts the years of agony and indecision the author felt until her daughter ' s birth defect was finally diagnosed as cranio synastosis. her form, trigonocephaly, means ` tri - forehead. ' it causes the skull to be malformed. early surgery corrected the problem. inset : cher ( talks about the... - common pediatric disabilities : medical aspects and educational implications. tyler, janet siantz ; colson, steven / / focus on exceptional children ; dec94, vol. 27 issue 4, p1 presents information on several pediatric disabilities and their implications for educators. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ; cerebral


tyler, janet siantz ; colson, steven / / focus on exceptional children ; dec94, vol. 27 issue 4, p1 presents information on several pediatric disabilities and their implications for educators. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ; cerebral palsy ; down syndrome ; fragile x syndrome ; leukemia ; neurofibromatosis ; seizure disorders ; traumatic brain injury ; turner syndrome. - genes : key for curing kids ' diseases. mcphee, a. t. / / current science ; 11 / 17 / 89, vol. 75 issue 6, p8 reports on the latest findings in genetic research and what the findings mean to people afflicted with a gene - related disease. relationship between genes and chromosomes. illustrates how genes cause disease. gene - related diseases. - imagination triggers illness among kids. mcphee, a. t. / / current science ; 12 / 14 / 90, vol. 76 issue 8, p15 reports on an illness that was triggered by the overactive imaginations of children at a summer day - care program in florida. symptoms ; mass sociogenic illness. - common infections in child care. o ' connor, deborah l. / / patient care ; 8 / 15 / 1998, vol. 32 issue 13, p60 focuses on the challenges of preventing and the management of child care infections by primary care physicians in the united states. question whether infections in children under child care differ from those cared for at home ; factors which predispose children attending child care to... - a - z of children ' s health. o ' connor, deborah l. / / australia ' s parents ; oct95, issue 88, p45 presents information on various childhood ailments. pneumonia ; polio ; pyloric stenosis ; rashes ; ringworm ; rubella. - healthy parenting. godbey, susan flagg ; walsh, therese / / prevention ; jul96, vol. 48 issue 7, p40 provides tips for parents on the prevention and treatment of children ' s ailments. use of hair dryers to prevent swimmer ' s ear ; breastfeeding mothers ' alteration of diets an antidote to colic attack in infants ; types of food that trigger colic episodes. inset : making better babies.. - the silent genocide. taylor, r. j. / / canada & the world ; dec90, vol. 56 issue 4, p31 discusses the fact that 11 million children will die in the third world this year from prevent


better babies.. - the silent genocide. taylor, r. j. / / canada & the world ; dec90, vol. 56 issue 4, p31 discusses the fact that 11 million children will die in the third world this year from preventable or curable diseases. causes of the deaths ; why they are not being prevented ; what world leaders have done about this problem. - don ' t be fooled! m. e. r. / / cortlandt forum ; 02 / 25 / 97, vol. 10 issue 2, p133 narrates how mothers could tell that their children would develop sickness even if they appear healthy. - henoch - schonlein purpura : a review. kraft, debra m. ; mckee, denise ; scott, carol / / american family physician ; 8 / 1 / 1998, vol. 58 issue 2, p405 offers information on henoch - schonlein purpura, a disorder of children and young adults. number of incidence in cases per 100, 000 persons ; symptoms of the disorder ; what have been associated with the disorder ; what has been linked to the development of the disorder ; details on the disorder ;... - the first casualties of war. hoskins, eric / / new statesman & society ; 1 / 29 / 93, vol. 6 issue 237, p16 reports that mysterious illnesses showing up in iraqi children may be caused by close contact with abandoned gulf war weaponry. rise in childhood cancers, especially leukemia ; usually fatal ; radioactive bullets called depleted uranium ( du ) penetrators ; how children use bullets as toys ;... - new stomach - bug vaccine. bluestein, stephanie stassel / / parenting ; jun / jul98, vol. 12 issue 5, p41 focuses on the illness rotavirus, which affects children between the ages of 3 months and 2 years. symptoms of the illness ; information on the vaccine rotashield ; comments from william sears, a california pediatrician. - ` my baby will grow old - - but she ' ll never grow up. ' schulz, l. d. / / redbook ; feb89, vol. 172 issue 4, p44 personal account by the mother of a child suffering from progeria, a rare genetic disease which causes children to age prematurely. life expectancy for children with the disease is approximately 13 years. - experts baffled by mysterious disease. bateman, chris / / cme : south africa ' s continuing medical


progeria, a rare genetic disease which causes children to age prematurely. life expectancy for children with the disease is approximately 13 years. - experts baffled by mysterious disease. bateman, chris / / cme : south africa ' s continuing medical education journal ; feb2012, vol. 30 issue 2, p85 the article reports on the investigation being done by ugandan authorities into a disease that has left about 3, 000 victims, mainly children. - beyond measles and chickenpox : other childhood diseases cause rashes. stehlin, d. / / fda consumer ; apr92, vol. 26 issue 3, p32 examines various rash - producing childhood diseases. types of diseases ; symptoms and causes ; treatments. a quick look at rash diseases ; impetigo ; roseola. inset : treating a child ' s fever, by d. s.. - danger in dairyland. carey, benedict ; fraser, laura / / health ( time inc. health ) ; mar / apr93, vol. 7 issue 2, p11 warns about school children drinking raw milk from cows during field trips. epidemiologist michael osterholm at the minnesota department of health ; outbreaks of campylobacter from unpasteurized milk ; why farmers are not affected ; recommendations ; details. - dodging the day care disease. carey, benedict ; fraser, laura / / people ' s medical society newsletter ; apr92, vol. 11 issue 2, p6 focuses on a study published in the april 1991 issue of the ` journal of pediatrics ' which reports that children under the age of three who attend day care develop more respiratory infections and more serious illnesses than do children that stay at home during that period of life. no surprise... - childhood diseases at a glance. carey, benedict ; fraser, laura / / mothering ; winter95, issue 77, p37 presents information on childhood diseases. incubation ; infectious period ; signs and symptoms. - ` new morbidites ' afflict children. carey, benedict ; fraser, laura / / new hampshire business review ; 9 / 3 / 93, vol. 15 issue 16, p14 reports on the new morbidities that afflict children. opinion by dr. steve kairys, acting chairman of the department of pediatrics at the dartmouth hitchcock medical center in hanover, new hampshire ; comparison with old morbidities ; issues in pediatrics ; efforts by the children ' s hospital at... - is


. steve kairys, acting chairman of the department of pediatrics at the dartmouth hitchcock medical center in hanover, new hampshire ; comparison with old morbidities ; issues in pediatrics ; efforts by the children ' s hospital at... - is a temperature trouble? gilbert, susan / / redbook ; mar93, vol. 180 issue 5, p154 recommends the proper treatment for kids ' fevers, acknowledging that many parents are getting contradictory advice from doctors. recent study ; ` fever phobia ' ; comment from survey head ariane may of boston city hospital. - saint vitus ' s dance. dajer, t. / / discover ; mar1990, vol. 11 issue 3, p86 presents the case history of a 10 - year - old girl with sydenham ' s chorea, or saint vitus ' s dance, developed several weeks after a strep infection. symptoms ; history of illness ; treatment ; rheumatic fever. - mom, my tummy hurts. webster, harriet / / better homes & gardens ; sep96, vol. 74 issue 9, p50 presents suggestions on how to deal with children ' s illnesses. implication of children ' s illness on parents ; ways of determining when to keep a sick child at home ; ways to keep children healthy ; interpreting adolescent ailments ; alternative plans for child care. - too sick for school? webster, harriet / / scholastic parent & child ; sep2003, vol. 11 issue 1, p56 the article presents information on children ' s diseases. overview of different diseases, their symptoms, how long to stay at home and their treatment is given. - frequency of resistant virus and options for a second - line treatment for hiv - 1 infected children under haart in mozambique. chaix, marie - laure ; jani, ilesh ; macassa, eugenia ; bila, dulce ; vubil, adolfo ; andersson, soren ; rouzioux, christine ; vaz, paula ; blanche, stphane / / retrovirology ; 2009 supplement 1, vol. 6, p1 an abstract of the article " frequency of resistant virus and options for a second - line treatment for hiv - 1 infected children under haart in mozambique, " by marie - laure chaix and colleagues, is presented. - evolution of the biological follow - up of efficiency and tolerance of a once daily antiretroviral treatment with 3tc + ddi + efv in children


mozambique, " by marie - laure chaix and colleagues, is presented. - evolution of the biological follow - up of efficiency and tolerance of a once daily antiretroviral treatment with 3tc + ddi + efv in children infected with hiv - 1 ( clinical trial anrs 12 103 ). nacro, boubacar ; diasso, yaya ; zoure, emmanuelle ; diabouga, potiendi serge ; van de perre, philippe ; drabo, aly ; ouiminga, adama ; rouet, franois ; kania, dramane ; yameogo, souleymane ; hien, alain ; hien, herv ; msellati, philippe / / retrovirology ; 2009 supplement 1, vol. 6, p1 an abstract of the article " evolution of the biological follow - up of efficiency and tolerance of a once daily antiretroviral treatment with 3tc + ddi + efv in children infected with hiv - 1, " by boubacar nacro and colleagues, is presented. - transient elastography ( fibroscan ) in hiv - 1 vertically infected children. a cross - sectional study. monpoux, fabrice ; huguon, emilie ; truchi, rgine ; rubio, amandine ; riolo, valrie ; deville, anne ; boutte, patrick ; tran, albert / / retrovirology ; 2009 supplement 1, vol. 6, p1 an abstract of the article " transient elastography, fibroscan, in hiv - 1 vertically infected children : a cross - sectional study, " by fabrice monpoux and colleagues, is presented. - adherence in hiv - 1 infected children taking once daily haart with didanosine + lamivudine + efavirenz in west africa. anrs 12103 clinical trial. som, jerme ; nacro, boubacar ; hien, herv ; tamboura, hassane ; zour, emmanuelle ; diagbouga, serge ; ouiminga, adama ; drabo, aly ; hien, alain ; yamogo, souleymane ; van de perre, philippe ; msellati, philippe / / retrovirology ; 2009 supplement 1, vol. 6, p1 an abstract of an article related to hiv - i infected children is presented. - didano


both positive and negative effects of deafness on visual attention. the purpose of this study was to replicate and expand findings of previous studies by examining visual attention abilities in children with deafness and children with normal hearing. twenty - eight... - listening effort and fatigue in school - age children with and without hearing loss. hicks, candace bourland ; tharpe, anne marie / / journal of speech, language & hearing research ; jun2002, vol. 45 issue 3, p573 parents, audiologists, and educators have long speculated that children with hearing loss must expend more effort and, therefore, fatigue more easily than their peers with normal hearing when listening in adverse acoustic conditions. until now, however, very few studies have been conducted to... - cochlear implants and the deaf child : a nursing perspective. russell, katherine e. ; coffin, cheryl / / pediatric nursing ; jul / aug99, vol. 25 issue 4, p396 presents information on a study which focused on pediatric cochlear implantation. benefits of cochlear implantation ; preoperative assessment and care ; opposition to implantation. - childhood fevers : developing an evidence - based anticipatory guidance tool for parents. krantz, chantal / / pediatric nursing ; nov / dec2001, vol. 27 issue 6, p567 provides information on a study which explored the concepts of the health belief model applied to parent behavior to promote a greater understanding of their actions in the face of childhood fever. importance for parents to have knowledge about fever ; perceptions of severity and threat of... - pediatric management problems. belkengren, richard ; sapala, shirley / / pediatric nursing ; nov / dec2001, vol. 27 issue 6, p611 presents a pediatric case where presenting symptoms are cough, but afebrile. assessment ; management plan ; physical examination. - fighting the flu season. belkengren, richard ; sapala, shirley / / scholastic news - - edition 3 ; 10 / 27 / 2008, vol. 65 issue 6, p3 the article presents ways on how children can overcome flu. - the paths of chlorpyrifos. renner, rebecca / / environmental health perspectives ; mar2002, vol. 110 issue 3, pa 150 presents a study on the exposure routes of chlorpyrifos in the u. s. effects of the pesticide on children ; discussions on inhalation pathway ;


what happens when you let two bots have a conversation? cornell researchers igor labutov, jason yosinski and hod lipson find out. follow the links at the bottom of this post for more about " ai vs. ai. " laughing babies, talking dogs and rebecca black may be internet sensations, but if you want to add something more substantive to your viral video diet, turn your dial to dueling chatbots, dancing ph. d. theses and other highlights from the past year ' s surfeit of science videos. talking bots can be just as surprising and silly as talking dogs. take " ai vs. ai, " for example. cornell researchers igor labutov, jason losinski and hod lipson took two cleverbot artificial - intelligence programs, hooked them up to each other, and typed in " hi " as an ice - breaker. hilarity ensues. " we just assembled the pieces, the audio and the avatars, and let the program run, " lipson, an associate professor at the cornell creative machines lab, told me today. the funniest line in the video comes when one ai program tells the other that they ' re chatting together as robots. the other bot replies, " i am not a robot, i am a unicorn. " where did that come from? " the conversations are based on millions of conversations that it had before, " lipson said. " probably this term is something it had encountered in some conversation with a human. " the best guess is that someone made a reference to the unicorn from lewis carroll ' s " through the looking glass, " and somehow that stuck in the cleverbot ' s electronic brain. the takeaway is that artificially intelligent chatbots can become as petulant and irrational as the humans who made them. this cleverbot conversation provides further evidence of that. ( " i ' m talking about you... how you are a creep, " one clone - bot tells another. ) here are 10 other clever and creepy science videos from 2011 to while away the minutes with. i ' ve added links to more information about each of them at the bottom of this item : science educator james drake put together 600 pictures from the international space station to create this video view of an orbital night flight. it ' s been viewed more than 6 million times on youtube since september. follow the links at the bottom for more night - flight videos. the top video in this year ' s " dance your ph. d " contest was "


orbital night flight. it ' s been viewed more than 6 million times on youtube since september. follow the links at the bottom for more night - flight videos. the top video in this year ' s " dance your ph. d " contest was " microstructure - property relationships in ti2448 components produced by selective laser melting : a love story " from joel miller on vimeo. follow the links at the bottom to watch more winners from the " dance your ph. d " video file. one of the year ' s most trafficked videos is " a day made of glass, " which depicts corning ' s vision for a glassy future. it ' s been viewed more than 16 million times on youtube since february. follow the links at the bottom of this story for more about the future of glass. an octopus rises from the deep at the fitzgerald marine reserve in california... and walks over land on its legs. it turns out this behavior is not all that uncommon. the video is among txchnologist ' s top 10 science videos. follow the links at the bottom for more about walking octopi and the txchnologist list.. speaking of octopi, here ' s a soft robot that crawls along a surface like an octopus out of water. follow the links at the bottom to see more videos from chemical & engineering news. soft robots may look cute, but this hard - charging alphadog proto looks downright creepy. it ' s being developed by boston dynamics with funding from darpa and the u. s. marine corps. the first version of the complete robot will be ready in 2012. follow the links at the bottom to learn more about alphadog. minute physics focuses on the faster - than - light neutrino research in its latest video. follow the links listed below for more from minute physics. quantum levitation sounds like a science - fiction phenomenon, but the superconductivity group at the university of tel aviv shows that it really, really works. watch this report from today. com ' s dara brown, and follow the links at the bottom of this post to learn more. in one of a series of math - themed videos, vi hart takes potshots at pi and talks up tau instead. and she proves she can make a cherry pie. follow the links at the bottom for more about hart and tau day. the " readers choice " honors in the 2011 labby awards went to " weaver ants " by mark moffett and melissa wells. this


proves she can make a cherry pie. follow the links at the bottom for more about hart and tau day. the " readers choice " honors in the 2011 labby awards went to " weaver ants " by mark moffett and melissa wells. this video was posted by thescientistllc on vimeo. follow the links below for more about the labbies. update for 8 : 35 p. m. et : for 10 more must - see, humorous science videos, check out this tree of life blog posting by uc - davis biologist jonathan a. eisen. he says his no. 1 pick, the " bad project " lady gaga parody, is " simply awesome " — and i simply agree. more about the videos : - cleverbots at cornell : ai vs. ai - how the cleverbot chats like a human - night flights : sleigh ride in orbit - night flights : the best of nasa ' s night lights - ph. d. dance - off makes science sexy - a day made of glass : the story from corning - future of tech : the evolution of glass - scientific american explains the walking octopus - txchnologist : ten of 2011 ' s top science videos - top 10 videos of 2011 from c & en, including soft robot - four - legged battlefield robot evolves into ' alphadog ' - minute physics ' youtube channel - video wows with quantum levitation - vi hart ' s math blog | the tau manifesto - the scientist ' s 2011 labby awards | doctor bugs more year - end reviews : - cast your vote for the weird science awards - 11 scientific twists from 2011 - the biggest ancient mysteries of 2011 - the year in space | 2011 slideshow - who ' s on the a - list for bad celebrity science? alan boyle is msnbc. com ' s science editor. connect with the cosmic log community by " liking " the log ' s facebook page, following @ b0yle on twitter and adding the cosmic log page to your google + presence. you can also check out " the case for pluto, " my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.


gilbert, sir william schwenck gilbert, sir william schwenck, 1836 - 1911, english playwright and poet. he won fame as the librettist of numerous popular operettas, written in collaboration with the composer sir arthur sullivan. while on the staff of the magazine fun, he first became known as the author of bab ballads, amusing but often bitter and cynical poems, published in that magazine and collected in 1869. his first play dulcamara was produced in 1866. it was followed by several fairly successful comedies, dramas, and burlesques. in 1871, gilbert began his collaboration with arthur sullivan, lasting about 20 years, which resulted in the popular operettas for which they are famous. the first of their joint works was thespis ( 1871 ) and the last was the grand duke ( 1896 ). their most famous operettas are trial by jury ( 1875 ), h. m. s. pinafore ( 1878 ), the pirates of penzance ( 1879 ), patience ( 1881 ), iolanthe ( 1882 ), princess ida ( 1884 ), the mikado ( 1885 ), ruddigore ( 1887 ), the yeoman of the guard ( 1888 ), and the gondoliers ( 1889 ). gilbert ' s lyrics are those of a metrical craftsman. in his songs he satirized various aspects of victorian life : aesthetes, the navy, the law, and women ' s education. the savoy theatre, built by richard d ' oyly carte in 1881 to house gilbert and sullivan operas, gave them the name savoy operas. about 1896 a quarrel between gilbert and sullivan concerning a business arrangement with carte terminated their collaboration. thereafter neither of them produced anything to equal their joint works. we ' re sorry this article wasn ' t helpful. tell us how we can improve.


new clues to possible genetic basis for adhd10 / 04 / 10 monday, oct. 4 ( healthday news ) - - children whose mothers are likely to produce too little of the brain chemical serotonin because of gene mutations may be at higher risk of developing attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) later in life, norwegian researchers report. serotonin is involved in many physiological functions and plays an important role during development, especially in the development of nerve cells, the researchers say. " an impaired maternal serotonin production may have profound long - term behavioral effects on [ offspring ], independent of the children ' s own genotypes, " said lead researcher dr. jan haavik, from the department of biomedicine at the university of bergen. " as technologies evolve, systematic gene sequencing can provide new insight into mechanisms of complex disorders like adhd, " he added. the report is published in the october issue of the archives of general psychiatry. for the study, haavik and colleagues took blood samples from 495 adults with adhd and 97 of their family members as well as from 187 people without adhd from across norway. in addition, they collected data on these individuals ' psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms. the researchers then sequenced the genes of 646 of the participants and found nine mutations, eight of which were linked to the two enzymes involved in the body ' s synthesis of the researchers found that children of mothers who were predisposed to impaired serotonin production were more likely to have adhd. among 38 family members and 41 of the children, those whose mother had one of the mutations had a 1. 5 to 2. 5 higher risk of developing adhd, compared with people or children who did not have these mutations or children whose father had the the number and severity of adhd symptoms varied widely, which suggested that for children of mothers with these mutations, " the clinical outcome probably depends on a sum of many different genetic or environmental factors in addition to variations in maternal serotonin levels, " the norwegian researchers noted. they also stressed that further studies replicating the results, " preferably in larger samples, will be required to corroborate this dr. stephan zuchner, an associate professor and director of the center for human molecular genomics at the university of miami miller school of medicine, said there is considerable debate of how much of adhd is genetically based. " there is an extreme spectrum, from people who think it ' s not so much to people who think it


molecular genomics at the university of miami miller school of medicine, said there is considerable debate of how much of adhd is genetically based. " there is an extreme spectrum, from people who think it ' s not so much to people who think it ' s a lot, " he said. " i think it ' s certainly significant - - the genetic contribution. there is little doubt that adhd has a genetic component. " however, zuchner thinks that developing adhd is a result of both genetics and environment. " it is rare to see that genetics alone can cause adhd, " he said. zuchner also noted this is a small study, so it is premature to try to identify the risk of developing adhd based on these genetic mutations. " i would be careful from this small study not to draw any larger conclusions, " he said. at least one other study has found some evidence of a genetic basis for adhd. a report in the sept. 30 online edition of the lancet found that many who suffer from adhd appear to have a genetic abnormality that may predispose them to the condition, british researchers report. the u. k. team analyzed the genetic information of 366 children with adhd, comparing it to more than 1, 000 unrelated but ethnically matched individuals in a control group. children with adhd were significantly more likely to have missing or duplicated segments of dna - - called copy number variations ( cnvs ) - - than were children without adhd, the researchers found. this type of genetic variation is more common in those with brain disorders, they noted. the findings were replicated in a study of 825 icelandic patients with adhd and more than 35, 000 icelandic control group in background materials to the study, the british researchers said they hoped their findings would help overcome the stigma associated with adhd - - which some people associate with parenting problems or poor diet - - by suggesting that it has a genetic finally, a third study - this time a small case - control study of about 250 children - - found that children with adhd are more likely to suffer from depression or attempt suicide as teens. in fact, 16 to 37 percent of those with adhd suffer from major depressive disorder or a relatively mild form of depression known as dysthymia, noted andrea chronis - tuscano of the university of maryland and colleagues. " these findings suggest that it is possible to identify children with adhd at very young ages who are at very high risk for later depression and suicidal


something missing here : across a wide stretch of midwestern farms, sweltering temperatures and a dearth of rain are threatening what was expected to be the nation ’ s largest corn crop in generations. already, some farmers in illinois and missouri have given up on parched and stunted fields, mowing them over. national specialists say parts of five corn - growing states, including indiana, kentucky, and ohio, are experiencing severe or extreme drought conditions. and in at least nine states, conditions in one - fifth to one - half of cornfields have been deemed poor or very poor, federal authorities reported this week, a notable shift from the high expectations just a month before. crop insurance agents and agricultural economists are watching closely, a few comparing the situation with a devastating drought of 1988, when corn yields shriveled significantly, while some farmers have begun alluding, unhappily, to the dust bowl of the 1930s. far more is at stake in the coming pivotal days : with the brief, delicate phase of pollination imminent in many states, miles and miles of corn will rise or fall on whether rain soon appears and temperatures moderate. “ it all quickly went from ideal to tragic, ’ ’ said don duvall, a farmer in illinois who has already watched two of his cornfields dry up and perish as others remain in peril. for him, it has been a virtually rainless month. ‘ ‘ every day that passes, more corn will be abandoned, ’ ’ duvall said. ‘ ‘ but even if it starts raining now, there will not be that bumper crop of corn everyone talked about. ’ ’ ( via boston globe ) not word one about climate change. almost like a conspiracy of silence. it ' s the most important issue of our times, and therefore the most ignored.


functional brain imaging is thought to be one of the most important discoveries in sleep research in the past 100 years. researchers are using it to look at what happens in the whole brain during sleep, both in healthy individuals and in people who suffer sleep disturbances such as depression, sleep apnea, and insomnia. before brain imaging techniques developed, researchers relied on electroencephalograms, or eegs, to learn about the different stages of sleep. eegs detect the electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on a patient ' s scalp. the technique measures general patterns of brain activity, such as the speed of neural spikes, but is not sensitive enough to distinguish activity in different brain regions or in the deeper structures of the brain, below the cortex. | in the past, traces from an electroencephalogram, left, provided information about the stages of sleep. that method has been upstaged by functional magnetic resonance imaging, above, which provides a comparison of sensory processing during wakefulness, shown in the scan on the left, and light sleep. sound signals are transmitted to the auditory cortex during wakefulness, as indicated by increased neural activity, but not during sleep. credits : hannah gal / photo researchers, inc. ; czisch et al., 2004. | scientists know how sounds are processed in the brain when someone hears something while they are awake, with neural signals passing from the auditory nerve to the thalamus and then to the primary cortex, where the signals are processed. to find out what happens when someone is sleeping and hears a noise, thomas pollmacher, a lead investigator at the max planck institute of psychiatry in munich, and colleagues are using functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fmri, and eeg. for these experiments, a volunteer lies in the mri scanner with electrodes on his or her head. when the volunteer falls asleep, the researchers play a sound repeatedly. significantly, the scientists do not detect activation in the thalamus or auditory cortex. the researchers interpret this lack of a strong signal to mean that the brain is actually trying to repress outside stimuli, as if trying to maintain sleep and prevent waking. during rapid - eye movement sleep, or rem, during which most dreaming occurs, the group has observed a similar pattern in which the auditory cortex is quiet. " the brain functions in a closed mode, " pollmacher says. " it tries to exclude external sensory information and reinforce internal signals. " that observation agrees with experimental data showing that sleep is important for reinforcing memories.


cortex is quiet. " the brain functions in a closed mode, " pollmacher says. " it tries to exclude external sensory information and reinforce internal signals. " that observation agrees with experimental data showing that sleep is important for reinforcing memories. while a person sleeps, the brain reviews the tasks or events of the day, storing them more securely than if the brain processed them only at the moment they occurred. meanwhile, eric nofzinger and colleagues at the western psychiatric institute and clinic in pittsburgh are examining what regions of the brain are active during sleep in healthy and depressed volunteers and are helping to explain why patients with depression have a hard time sleeping. in these experiments, volunteers sleep in a normal bedroom setting, with eeg electrodes attached and an intravenous ( iv ) needle in their arms. when volunteers reach a specified stage of sleep, the scientists inject a solution of radioactive glucose through the iv. they then wake the volunteers and put them in a positron emission tomography, or pet, scanner. because the glucose goes to the cells that are most active, the team can see what regions of the brain were in use when they injected the solution. during rem sleep depressed patients have an overactive limbic system, which controls emotions. " it ' s like they have a raw nerve, which is too easily overstimulated, " nofzinger says. the team has started to look at what happens in patients who are depressed but receiving treatment. nofzinger says they have preliminary results in these patients, and that although it is too early to draw conclusions, there are undoubtedly differences between untreated and treated patients. sleep is key to restoring an individual ' s brain power. if scientists can find out what healthy sleep looks like and what happens when it is disrupted - as occurs in depression - they may be able to correct it. one striking observation, pollmacher says, is what happens when his team uses eeg to see what is going on in a patient who complains about severe sleep disturbances : " the eegs are almost non - remarkable. it could be that by looking at deeper regions [ with imaging techniques ] we will be able to understand why people perceive their sleep is so bad. "


| | ensure that all students are on track to graduate from high school on - time and ready for college and careers. | | students will enter elementary school ready to succeed in school and in life. | how progress is measured : | | the percent of 3 - and 4 - year - olds enrolled in preschool programs : 2005 – 07 and 2007 – 09 | why is this measure important? | | ensuring that all students, especially high - need students, are on track for success in school and beyond requires increasing access to high - quality early learning programs. this is particularly important for high - need students who have less access to quality early learning programs and often enter kindergarten behind their age - peers. children who attend high - quality early learning programs, receive comprehensive services, and have opportunities to learn across all domains of school readiness are likely to do measurably better in school than their peers who do not. this is particularly important for high - need students who have less access to quality early learning programs and often enter kindergarten behind their age - peers. | what do the data tell us at the national level? | | the enrollment rate of 3 - and 4 - year - olds in the united states was higher in 2007 – 09 ( 48 percent ) than it was in 2005 – 07 ( 46 percent ). | what are the limitations of the indicator? | | while the dashboard provides data on enrollment in preschool programs, there is no source of comparable state - by - state data on the quality of programs or the extent to which kindergartners enter school ready to succeed. as such, data on preschool enrollment are being used as incomplete proxies for the objective, based on the assumption that access to an early learning program is an important element of increasing school readiness. since the measure reflects averages over a 3 - year time period, short - term changes may not be apparent. additionally, information is not provided on the extent to which high - need children are participating in preschool programs. | documentation for the indicator : | | data on participation in preschool programs were obtained through a sample survey of households in each of the states. data are from the public use microdata sample ( pums ) of the american community survey ( acs ), produced by the u. s. census bureau. the percentages reflect the participation of young children in early learning programs at the time the survey was administered and are subject to sampling error. a small number of children enrolled in kindergarten are included. estimates are 3 - year averages. use of a 3 - year average


barfield ' s abiding passion for the romantic movement in literature and philosophy dates back at least as early as his oxford days prior to world war i. most interested in the work of the german romantic and the englishman samuel taylor coleridge ( about whom he wrote a book - - what coleridge thought - - as well as his writings contain numerous references as well to most of the other major british romantics and to the german romantic philosophers as well ( especially schelling ). for barfield, romanticism represents a rebirth of the " perennial philosophy " ( huxley ), of ideas that had oriental equivalents2 and had been around in the west since the ancient greeks, as he made clear as early as history in english words. but romanticism gave these ideas a new, more " natural " emphasis ; indeed, romanticism equated imagination and nature. slowly the divers of the romantic expedition brought up to the surface of consciousness that vast new cosmos which had so long been blindly forming in the depths. it was a cosmos in which the spirit and spontaneity of life had moved out of nature and into man. the magic of persia, the muses of greece, the witches and fairies and charms and enchantments or romance - - all these had been locked safely in man ' s bosom, there to sleep until the trumpet of romanticism sounded its call to imagination to give back their teeming life to nature.... this re - animation of nature was possible because the imagination was felt as creative in the full religious sense of the word. it had itself assisted in creating the natural forms which the senses were now contemplating. it had moved upon the face of the waters. for it was the " repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation " - - the word made human. ( 212 ) barfield chose to call a collection of occasional writings and lectures published during world war ii ( his first published book since poetic diction ) romanticism comes of age - - a title which referred to a central barfield thesis : that the thought of rudolf could become, if accepted and fully realized, the mature fruition of romantic thought. this thesis is developed in the three representative passages quoted below, all from romanticism comes of age : for there is no doubt [ for the romantics ] about where the life in an invented or fictitious image comes from. there can be no " pathetic fallacy " there, 3 what is peculiar to the romantic movement - - as, indeed, its very name recalls -


doubt [ for the romantics ] about where the life in an invented or fictitious image comes from. there can be no " pathetic fallacy " there, 3 what is peculiar to the romantic movement - - as, indeed, its very name recalls - - is the further reaction of this enthusiasm for fictitious and fabulous representations on the phenomena - - on nature herself. this is also what took the romantic conception of art, properly understood, a step beyond the neo - platonic theory.... the neo - platonic theory holds that man the artist is, in some measure, a creator. the romantic conception agrees - - but goes further and returns him, in this capacity, to nature herself. ( sa 129 ) twenty three years later, barfield seemed less optimistic that romanticism had, in fact, grown up. in saving the appearances he seems to have less faith that his prediction will come true : " the tremendous impulse underlying the romantic movement has never grown to maturity ; " he concedes there, " and after adolescence, the alternative to maturity is puerility " ( 130 - 31 ). a young man may be considered as fully come of age only when he has discovered two things : firstly his identity and secondly his vocation.... the young man called the romantic impulse appears to have gone a long way... toward discovering his identity, but... i see little sign as yet of his having discovered his vocation. ( 22 ) to make romanticism into a self - sufficient organic being, able to stand on its own legs and face the rest of the world, there ought to have been added to the new concept, beauty, the renewed conception of freedom, a new idea also of the nature of truth. ( 28 ) in the legend of parsifal tragic consequences follow the failure of the hero to ask the crucial question at the crucial moment. the question he should have asked when he saw the holy grail was " of what is it served? " the same question should have been asked by the romantic movement, when it saw the visionary grail of the human imagination. but it was not asked... except by coleridge.... and in the state of romanticism, as it exists today, we see the tragic consequences that followed. the charm faded. the mirror cracked from side to side. just as coleridge, who had indeed had a vision of imagination as the vessel by which the divinity passes down into humanity - - just as he fell back from this kind of


blog challenge # 2 : ask a question. get an answer. note : class polls are a great way to get your kids thinking, and with web tools like google forms, you can get them thinking nationally or even globally. if anyone ever asks you why a teacher would want a pln ( professional learning network ) here ’ s one thing you can throw back at them. “ did you ever want to ask the world a question? ” our third grade did. they wanted to know what the world had for breakfast on april 1st, 2009. we created a google form then i sent the link out on twitter saying, “ let ’ s show this teacher the power of our newtork. ” twenty - four hours later we had over 400 responses which i painstakingly added one by one to a google map. ( read more about it : it ’ s all about the network ) last year while the winter olympics were in full swing, our third grade wanted to know about your favorite winter olympic sport. this time we used a new tool called map - a - list to take the location data from the form to automatically generate a map of the responses. ( if you ’ d like to learn to do this yourself look at “ collaborative maps “. ) in both surveys, the class was able to get global results in 24 hours – something that was unthinkable when i was in school. kids couldn ’ t wait to check the map as the responses came in. a lesson about the olympics quickly became a lesson in geography. math and graphing were added as the results were tallied. which sport was the most popular? students were able to compare their class responses with people in other states and countries. their teacher was even able to pose thinking questions like … “ barbara in new zealand ate muesli and tinned peaches. what are tinned peaches? ” “ why do you think different sports are popular in different places? ” “ why do you think most of the people who answered our survey live in english speaking countries? ” she then led the class discussion as students worked to find the answers. all this learning from one simple question. what would you ask the world?


carlos andres perez, twice venezuela ’ s president in 1974 and 1989 died yesterday at 88. a controversial figure, cap, as he was known, was twice in exile as a young adeco activist in 1948 and the 1950 ′ s and was in charge of the fight against guerrillas during romulo betancourt ’ s presidency from 1959 to 1964, first as a director general of the ministry of interior and justice and later as minister. he developed an image of being tough during this time. when the 1973 presidential campaign arrived, romulo betancourt quickly said he would not be a candidate, leaving the field open for cap. it was the first multimedia electoral campaign in venezuela ’ s history with cap projecting an energetic image ( he was a tireless worker ), visiting all corners of the country and defeating lorenzo fernandez of the incumbent copei party. once elected, cap was dramatic the first few months of his presidency, nationalizing oil and iron his first day in power, benefiting from the sharp rise in oil prices. but cap, like most venezuelan presidents, had no economic knowledge and his government was a hodge podge of cepal - like recipes and the conception that the government could do it all. but he dazzled the population, in the first month in power, he cleaned up caracas, froze the prize of arepas ( which made areperas disappear in short order ) and decreed that all elevators had to have an operator, as a way of creating employment ( pleno empleo, full employment, was his motto ). the economy boomed, thanks to the oil windfall, but the same windfall hid all of the problems as cap developed his vision of the “ gran venezuela ”. money was thrown at steel, aluminum and technology projects in which the government was the owner or provided the financing, but there was little control and / or know how to make it successful. he did try to protect some of the windfall, creating the fondo de inversiones de venezuela, reduced oil production because so much money was not needed and maintained the structure of the oil industry before it was nationalized, creating pdvsa and naming general ravard to preside it. the boom was so huge that everyone benefited, poverty reached the lowest levels in venezuela ’ s history, he created the mariscal de ayacucho program that sent 10, 000 venezuelans abroad for mostly graduate degrees, protected wild areas in national parks, he created the oil research institute intevep, he built important hydroelectric projects. he was a democrat and he


mariscal de ayacucho program that sent 10, 000 venezuelans abroad for mostly graduate degrees, protected wild areas in national parks, he created the oil research institute intevep, he built important hydroelectric projects. he was a democrat and he was a populist, a bit of megalomaniac, worried about his image and his legacy. he gave a boat to bolivia which has no ports, as a symbol of its fight to have access to the sea. he reached out to fidel castro, while shunning the dictators from the south, while making it attractive and facilitating for thousands of highly educated people from the latter countries to move to venezuela to help in his push to increase the number of university students. but his economic policies had as their central theme the intervention by the state. he removed the independence of the venezuelan central bank, while increasing salaries periodically, which debased the currency leading to inflation. venezuela was not ready for the huge inflows and there were lots of corrupt people ready to make a lot of money off the government. by the end of his term, corruption charges, including the infamous sierra nevada refrigerated boat scandal, tarnished his image. he was brought to trial because of that case, curiously, it was jose vicente rangel who cast the deciding vote to exonerate cap. that was cap, he was capable of talking to everyone and anyone, even his staunchest enemies felt that he was someone he could talk to. his last year in power, oil prices dropped, forcing cap to lower the budget by 10 %, venezuelans had the feeling that things were worse for the first time in many years ( little did they know! ) and his party lost. cap spent the ten years required by law between terms, traveling around the world, involving himself with the south commission and talking to world leaders. this changed his ideas, but still, he had little economic knowledge and as he ran for president in 1988, he promised to return to the hey day years of his first term. but it was not be. cap reached out to a group of well educated non - adecos, including those that were involved in studies on how to change the state. it was not until they began talking to the people of the lusinchi government, after cap was elected. that they realized how dire the situation was. international reserves were less than us $ 400 million. after a lavish “ crowning ” with all of the pomposity that was simply out of place, the cap


##ential rate when the government was ready to devalue, he was accused and impeached. he was later sentenced to 28 months in prison and charged with other crimes. he was elected senator in 1998, which gave him immunity, but the 2000 constitution eliminated the senate and this rule, removing the protection he had. he never returned to venezuela. he was in the end, a true democrat, too ignorant on economic matters to have a coherent plan, but smart enough to follow his instincts with his collaborators, he allowed corruption to flourish around him, there was so much money to be made. but he did many positive things, implementing changes in his second government that were very important. some of them even took power away from him! he was willing to change, but sadly he did not sell the change the same way he sold himself. on a relative scale, he was not that bad, better than caldera, who would never change, better than luis herrera, who had no program on how to change the country, better than lusinchi, who had no clue. betancourt was better, because he understood economics, oil and what the country needed, he had a program. leoni simply followed betancourt ’ s plans with honesty and surrounded by many of the same people. and of course, he was much better than hugo, who is not a democrat and has failed at all of his economic initiatives, allowing the largest corruption levels in venezuela ’ s history and failing to leverage the biggest oil boom in the country ; s history for the benefit of the people. may carlos andres perez rest in peace!


| green coloring of leaves and plants needed for photosynthesis | | male reproductive structure which produces gametes in ferns, mosses, fungi and algae | | 1. | | any of the cordlike bundles of fibres that conduct sensory or motor impulses between the brain or spinal cord and another part of the bodyrelated : neural | | 2. | | courage, bravery, or steadfastness | | 3. | | lose one ' s nerve to become timid, esp failing to perform some audacious act | | 4. | | informal boldness or effrontery ; impudence : he had the nerve to swear at me | | 5. | | muscle or sinew ( often in the phrase strain every nerve ) | | 6. | | a large vein in a leaf | | 7. | | any of the veins of an insect ' s wing | | 8. | | touch a nerve, touch a raw nerve, hit a nerve, hit a raw nerve, strike a nerve, strike a raw nerve to mention or bring to mind a sensitive issue or subject | | 9. | | to give courage to ( oneself ) ; steel ( oneself ) | | 10. | | to provide with nerve or nerves | | [ c16 : from latin nervus ; related to greek neuron ; compare sanskrit snavan sinew ] | any of the cordlike bundles of nervous tissue made up of myelinated or unmyelinated nerve fibers and held together by a connective tissue sheath through which sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass between the brain or other parts of the central nervous system and the eyes, glands, muscles, and other parts of the body. the sensitive tissue in the pulp of a tooth. | nerve ( nurv ) pronunciation key any of the bundles of fibers made up of neurons that carry sensory and motor information throughout the body in the form of electrical impulses. afferent nerves carry information to the central nervous system, and efferent nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles, organs, and glands. efferent nerves include the nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which control voluntary motor activity and of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary motor activity.


| html ( web ) | | epub ( nook, ipad ) | | mobi ( kindle ) | | pdf ( print ) | | part one | | part one | | part one | | part one | | part two | | part two | | part two | | part two | sample 2012 syllabus.... unit introductions / overviews.... lecture notes throughout the year, version 1. 1 ( 2013 ) of dala will be under development. you may follow its progress here : future version 1. 1. every attempt has been made to provide original primary literary materials that are no longer under copyright protections in the united states of america. in some cases, the ' electronic ' versions of the texts provided are still under copyright protection where noted, though available for educational, non - commercial uses. the copyright notices for these works must be maintained. if you believe that any of the original materials here are still under copyright, please contact the editor. | a selection of academic web resources | | academic resources in the study of american literature | | native peoples, native influences | | explorers, invaders and colonists | | pilgrims, puritans and opponents | | nationalism and awakenings in the age of enlightenment | | transcendental theory and practice, an american romanticism | | the new nation and its literature | | american gothic, a dark romanticism | | edgar allan poe | | slavery in america, introduction | | harriet beecher stowe | | rise of realism | this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 unported license. to offer feedback, commentary, complaints, or compliments, please go to the dala blog.


journal of industrial teacher education national association of industrial and technical teacher educators initiatives to integrate engineering design within the field of technology education are increasingly evident ( lewis, 2005 ; wicklein, 2006 ). alliances between technology education and engineering were prominent in the development of the standards for technological literacy ( international technology education association, 2000 ), and leaders from both disciplines have expressed support for the outcomes described in the standards ( bybee, 2000 ; council of the national academy of engineering, 2000 ; dugger, meade, delany, and nichols, 2003 ; gorham, newberry, and bickart, 2003 ). the national science foundation ( nsf ) has also encouraged and funded opportunities for technology educators and engineers to work collaboratively. the bridges for engineering education projects and more recently the $ 10 million, 5 - year funding for the national center for engineering and technology education exemplify the commitment of the nsf to support these activities. the history of technology education is replete with trends and changes in curriculum, technical content, instructional materials and equipment, instructional strategies, and even identity ( lewis, 2004, 1999 ; sanders, 2001 ). the profession has revised its name and made substantial efforts to affect public perceptions of the field. the historical benchmarks in technology education bear labels such as industrial arts curriculum project, maryland plan, jackson ’ s mill, or technology for all americans. a movement to embrace engineering design as a focal element in technology education would be another significant event in the ongoing history of technology education and could become another benchmark in shaping the profession. perspectives regarding the role engineering should play within the discipline of technology education vary considerably. these positions range from advocating that technology education take on the role of pre - engineering for high school students to arguments in favor of retaining a broad focus for technology education in which it treats engineering design as simply one of many forms of creative activity. the perspective underlying the position presented here is that technology education should retain a general education role, providing hands - on learning activities for all students and encompassing approaches to design and problem - solving that extend beyond engineering to embrace aesthetics and artistic creativity. engineering design, however, can provide a focus for the field of technology education that is applicable for students in all grade levels and career pathways. implementing an engineering design focus within technology education has significant ramifications. classroom teachers, teacher educators, and support staff will need additional knowledge and skills to successfully shift the focus of the field toward engineering design. changes will especially affect the preparation of technology teachers. curriculum, educational philosophy, instructional strategies,


maotian mountain just doesn ’ t seem to fit in with its surroundings these days. set in the high country of southwest china, overlooking the town of chengjiang, this little peak stands framed against a postcard - perfect lake and terraced tobacco fields that lead up to the tropical sky like some giant staircase. here in the central yunnan plateau, spring weather lasts all year long and the air carries a crisp fragrance mercifully free of the pollution that chokes cities to the east. the small mountain itself, however, is looking a little haggard. maotian today displays a face pockmarked by gaping pits, heaps of broken stone, and bald patches stripped of vegetation. in the last few years scientists have blasted maotian with dynamite and hired local peasants to whack at it with shovels ; even foreign dignitaries have taken a few cracks at the clay - colored rock. it seems that everyone has an urge to disfigure this unassuming ridge. the assault on maotian started in 1984, when chinese paleontologist hou xianguang split open a stone on the west face of the mountain and discovered an unfamiliar egg - size fossil. although the animal had spent more than a half - billion years entombed in rock, it had weathered the eons so well that hou could discern its individual limbs, spread out like an army marching in single file ; in hou ’ s trembling hands this long - dead creature seemed caught in the act of scuttling across the rain - soaked stone. thus began one of the most important fossil discoveries of the century. prospecting around the town of chengjiang, hou and other researchers have since uncovered thousands of exquisitely preserved fossils that offer a glimpse back to a pivotal event in the history of life. this moment, right at the start of earth ’ s cambrian period, some 550 million years ago, marks the evolutionary explosion that filled the seas with the world ’ s first complex creatures. in a blink of geologic time a planet dominated by simple spongelike animals gave way to one ruled by a vast variety of sophisticated beasts, animals whose relatives still inhabit the world today. this biological big bang reverberated through all facets of existence, altering not only the shape of animals but also the way they lived together. it was at this time that the world ’ s first predators appeared, an event that forever split life into the hunters and the hunted. today, after nine years spent analyzing these fossils, hou and his colleagues are faced with a startling conclusion.


. it was at this time that the world ’ s first predators appeared, an event that forever split life into the hunters and the hunted. today, after nine years spent analyzing these fossils, hou and his colleagues are faced with a startling conclusion. the picture emerging from chengjiang reveals that the animal kingdom took shape far faster than researchers had previously thought. life rocketed from primeval to modern in the space of a few million years, an astonishingly short period of time. for paleontologists, the chengjiang fossils fire the imagination because they offer a chance to understand how this happened. this is genesis material, gushed one researcher, in reviewing a paper written by hou and his colleagues. when ordinarily sober - minded scientists reach for biblical references, it ’ s clear that something unusual has turned up - - a fact hou quickly recognized that fateful day on maotian mountain. when i found the first fossil, i didn ’ t know what this animal was. i didn ’ t know its detailed structure. but i realized that you could see the impression of the soft body parts. that night i put the fossils under my bed. but because i was so excited, i couldn ’ t sleep very well. i got up often and pulled out the fossils just to look at them. soft - tissue impressions like these represent the rarest of all fossil finds. most animals, when they die, decompose without leaving any trace. if conditions do conspire to form a fossil, it ’ s almost always the case that only the mineral - rich parts of the body, such as teeth, bones, or solid shells, are preserved. as a rule, softer, unmineralized features like muscles, skin, and insect exoskeleton fall apart far too quickly to survive the eons. infrequently, though, that rule breaks down and fossil hunters will find the remnants of whole animals staring them in the face. in one of the great ironies of paleontology, another of these extremely rare soft - tissue finds turned up the day after hou made the chengjiang discovery : nearly halfway around the world, in northern greenland, a team of researchers uncovered a set of soft - body fossils at a cambrian - age site. prior to these finds, the last major discovery of such well - preserved cambrian fossils occurred 75 years earlier in the burgess shale of western canada. because of their unique status, these three cambrian sites have earned the appellation lagerstatte. this german word translates


finds, the last major discovery of such well - preserved cambrian fossils occurred 75 years earlier in the burgess shale of western canada. because of their unique status, these three cambrian sites have earned the appellation lagerstatte. this german word translates literally as lode place, as in the english mining expression mother lode. of the three cambrian lagerstatten, the burgess shale has the most venerable history. since its discovery in 1909, this site has shaped the way researchers view the origin of modern animals. but fossils from the canadian site can ’ t provide a clear picture of the actual evolutionary explosion because they hail from the middle of the period, some 15 to 20 million years after the start of the cambrian drama. trying to interpret the earliest events by studying the burgess shale is like walking into macbeth in the middle of the third act - - although the principal characters are still alive at that point, it would be difficult to piece together exactly how the tragic scotsman got himself into such a pickle. both chengjiang and the greenland site lie much closer to the cambrian ’ s start, so they raise the curtain nearer to the beginning of the play. the chinese site is believed to fall within about 5 million years of the cambrian boundary, and the greenland site appears to be somewhat later. even so close to the start, though, the fossils from chengjiang show a remarkable diversity in the broad body types, or phyla, that had evolved by then. there are some fleshy, clamlike creatures anchored inside shells, others with exoskeletons, jointed legs, and complete digestive systems, and still others at just about every point in between. the chengjiang fauna demonstrates that the large animal phyla of today were present already in the early cambrian and that they were as distinct from each other then as they are today, says jan bergstrom, a paleontologist at the swedish museum of natural history in stockholm. bergstrom was the first foreign paleontologist to visit chengjiang after hou ’ s discovery, and the two have worked side by side in sweden since hou arrived there three years ago. the time available for evolving this early cambrian fauna is very much shorter now, bergstrom says. we have just 5 million years instead of the 20 million years that we had when only the burgess shale fauna was known. when bergstrom discusses the cambrian events, he ’ s really talking about an innovation in biological architecture. before the start of the cambrian, the most complex creatures visible in the fossil record had bodies about


we had when only the burgess shale fauna was known. when bergstrom discusses the cambrian events, he ’ s really talking about an innovation in biological architecture. before the start of the cambrian, the most complex creatures visible in the fossil record had bodies about as interesting as an oreo cookie without the filling. like sponges and jellyfish, these precambrian animals had exteriors and interiors but lacked a middle layer of tissue - - the mesoderm, which forms skeleton, muscle tissue, the circulatory system, and some internal organs. they had no hearts ; they had no brains. without a mesoderm, these early creatures - - called the ediacara fauna - - could do little more than spend quiet lives anchored to the seafloor or floating in the ocean currents. some of the ediacara forms look so different from modern life that several paleontologists believe they weren ’ t even animals. instead they may represent a separate offshoot of multicellular evolution that left no heirs in the modern world. judging from fossilized tracks in the precambrian rock, researchers surmise that the ediacara fauna had some company in the seas. apparently wormlike creatures had evolved by this time and were slithering across the seafloor. but the traces they left are none too complicated, suggesting these first crawlers had relatively simple forms. take a short step forward in time to the cambrian, though, and you step into a marvelous world of animal innovation. exoskeletons and hard shells appear for the first time, as do such biological novelties as legs, antennae, and segmented bodies. shuffle these features together in various arrangements and you get the broad categories of modern ocean life. not only did the cambrian beasts look wholly unlike their predecessors, they also had developed an entirely different style of life. for the first time in the planet ’ s history, animals were highly mobile, displaying a newfound ability to swim, walk, and even burrow complex, tunnellike mazes through the seafloor sediments. within the rocks of chengjiang, paleontologists have found a menagerie of clam cousins, sponges, segmented worms, and other invertebrates that would seem vaguely familiar to any scuba diver. animals called branchiocaris, for instance, appear to have been remarkably like shrimp, while plump vetulicola could have been early forerunners of lobsters, with their long segmented tails at one end and beady little eyes at the other. the community also included


of the spectacular things we have found is monsters, the earliest monsters, chen says excitedly, pausing to let the impact of the words sink in. chen ’ s monsters are actually large, toothy animals that represent the earliest known predators in the fossil record. in a sense, the appearance of these creatures marks the birth of violence, when one set of large bullies began snacking on weaker animals. so started the evolutionary arms race between predator and prey that continues to this day. one of the chengjiang predators may have reached gigantic proportions relative to most of the cambrian creatures, which generally measured no longer than a finger. anomalocaris, an armor - plated behemoth equipped with a round mouth surrounded by knifelike blades, may have been more than three feet in length. it had spiny arms and probably moved along the ocean bottom. similar creatures found in the burgess shale had remnants of other animals in their intestines, indicating that anomalocaris was a deadly carnivore. paleontologists have found another, even bigger mouth, which may have been part of another predator called peytoia. the mouth consists of a circular set of plates that looks remarkably like a pineapple slice with a central hole. inside, it has seven or eight rows of teeth that are largest near the opening and smallest toward the back of the mouth. evidently the entire system worked like an assembly line, first chopping the prey into large bits and then passing the food farther into the mouth, where it was cut into smaller morsels. chen ’ s monsters help flesh out some of the details of the evolutionary burst at the start of the cambrian. it not only gave birth to a pageant of different phyla, it also created animals that filled a wide variety of ecological niches, from the rock - scraping grazers, to the filter feeders, right up to the large predators. our study shows that the ecosystem is already very advanced by the time of the chengjiang animals, says chen. with its diversity of characters, the chengjiang community raises a fundamental question that has long plagued researchers who study the cambrian explosion : why was the beginning of this period so different from the rest of time? almost all the major phyla appeared in one brief burst a half - billion years ago, and nothing as dramatic has happened since then. sure, many new kinds of animals have developed in the intervening time, especially when organisms crawled up onto the continents for the first time and evolved bodies suited to the hazards of life out of water. our


, and nothing as dramatic has happened since then. sure, many new kinds of animals have developed in the intervening time, especially when organisms crawled up onto the continents for the first time and evolved bodies suited to the hazards of life out of water. our own four - limbed chassis, for example, sports a host of features not seen on the creatures swimming through the cambrian ocean. yet homo sapiens and other modern additions to the animal world do not represent wholesale changes in body plans ; rather, they are mere variations on the broad themes established at the start of the cambrian. look back to the burgess shale, and you can find one animal, named pikaia, with evidence of a hardened structure running down its back - - a feature that would develop into a full - fledged backbone in later animals. say hello to an ancient relative, for pikaia is the earliest known member of our own phylum, the chordates. in trying to explain the unique flowering of phyla in the cambrian, paleontologists such as bergstrom instinctively reach for the conventional answer, which centers on the key darwinian concept of competition. in this view, animals of the cambrian explosion had the freedom to develop new body plans because they ventured into virgin ecological territory. as the first complex animals, these creatures faced little competition from the simpler organisms already populating earth. the cambrian newcomers could explore a wide array of different architectural paths to exploit the planet ’ s bounteous resources. but once those ecological niches were filled, the wild party ceased. no more could evolution simply slap different features together and create a viable body plan, because new additions had to compete with already successful animals occupying the available niches. in ecology, as in congress, incumbents enjoy a strong advantage over challengers, so the odds greatly favor the established animals, making it nearly impossible for new phyla to develop. yet that darwinian argument may not provide the entire answer. as interest in the cambrian explosion has grown in recent years, many scientists outside paleontology have started exploring the problem by looking inside animals for other ways to explain the unique radiation of phyla. in particular, some researchers wonder whether creatures that appeared in the cambrian had lost the ability to create new body plans ; perhaps their genes had become wired together in too complex a fashion to allow the evolution of totally novel phyla. according to this internalistic view, once you fix all the features of development, they get very rigidly tied together and you can ’ t change it, says rudolf raff, a developmental