jerome jay wolken, a biophysicist at carnegie mellon university in pittsburgh who delved into the mysteries of sight and light and invented a lens system that gave sight to some legally blind people, died on may 10 at his home in pittsburgh. he was 82. dr. wolken ' s light concentrating lens system, developed in the 1980 ' s and used in eyeglasses, opened new vistas on medical science, photography, astronomy and the collection of sunlight. one of the patents for the system involves a pear - shaped lens 10 times more sensitive to light than a standard camera lens. the system reproduced the lenses that deep - sea creatures adapted over millions of years to see objects at depths of up to 1, 500 feet in almost total darkness. the key was a special geometric relationship between the curvature of the top and the curvature of the bottom of the lens. made of glass or plastic for an eyeglass frame, the system increased the light - gathering ability of eyes that could not send enough light to their retinas. it was used primarily by people with cataracts. in researching deep - sea optics, dr. wolken worked with the marine biological laboratory and the oceanographic research institute at woods hole on cape cod, mass., and with similar institutions in miami, bermuda, the bahamas, europe and japan. he applied his findings to lenses of enhanced photosensitivity. jerome jay wolken was born in pittsburgh and received a bachelor ' s degree in chemistry from the university of pittsburgh in 1946. he received a master ' s degree in biological sciences in 1948 and a ph. d. in biophysics in 1949, both from pittsburgh, where he taught in the 1950 ' s and was named a professor of biophysics physiology in 1962. two years later, carnegie mellon appointed dr. wolken a professor and head of the biological sciences department at morrison carnegie college. he wrote nine books in his field, edited two more and contributed some 120 papers to scientific journals. he retired in 1982, but he continued his work until recently. dr. wolken is survived by his wife of 43 years, tobey holstein wolken ; their daughter and son, johanna zorn of chicago and erik a., of chapel hill, n. c. ; a daughter and son by an earlier marriage, ann wolken of los angeles, and jonathan, of washington depot, conn., and five grandchildren. his first wife, dorothy mallinger wolken, died in 1954.


a 12 - day global wildlife conference concluded after granting better protection to hundreds of threatened animal and plant species. more than 1, 000 delegates at the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora voted to introduce trade regulations for vulnerable animal species such as sharks, manta rays, tortoises and turtles, and rejected proposals that would have allowed three species of crocodiles to be traded internationally. cites meets every three years to discuss how to regulate trade in plants and animals to ensure the survival of more than 35, 000 species. cites delegates represent 178 governments, businesses, non - governmental organisations and groups speaking for indigenous peoples. cites secretary - general john scanlon said this year ' s conference in bangkok was " a watershed moment " for the organization in realising the seriousness of wildlife crime and toughening measures against it. five shark species are under severe threat because of the voracious market for shark fins, an expensive delicacy in asia. " this is a major win for some of the world ' s most threatened shark species, with action now required to control the international trade in their fins, " said susan lieberman of the pew charitable trusts, a non - profit organisation. " today was the most significant day for the ocean in the 40 - year history of cites. " conservationists also placed controls on a range of rosewood and ebony wood from asia, central america and madagascar that are exploited by illegal logging. not all proposals for protecting animals were adopted. a us proposal to ban the international trade of polar bears failed to garner the two - thirds of votes needed to pass, while the convention was criticised for failing to issue strong measures against elephant poaching. host country thailand and seven other asian and african nations were criticized by cites for failing to adequately crack down on the ivory trade and were asked to come up with " national action plans " with targets to curb the trade across and within their borders. they must meet those targets or face trade sanctions next year. " any discussions on legalising trade in wildlife products - be it ivory, rhino horns, or tiger parts - accomplishes only one thing, which is stimulating demand, " mary rice, executive director of the british - based environmental investigation agency, said in a statement. " such rhetoric must cease immediately if we are to reverse the trend toward extinction of these and other species. " the next meeting is to be held in 2016 in south africa.


objective of ola : separation of wealth and state a major objective of ola is to achieve the separation of wealth and state and to redress and resolve grievances related to the abuse of economic power. the current situation has merged wealth and state so that he who has the gold makes the rules. wealth is the new sovereign as private corporate banks and large corporations have a dominating influence on our government. excessive and unaccountable concentration of economic power in the hands of the very few has fueled massive system - wide corruption and fraud and has allowed the system itself to be structured in favor of the 1 %. examples of this abuse include : - the financial industry orchestrated legislation that led to rampant income inequality, socially destructive decision making, fraud and injustice. - credit rating agencies worked in collusion with the big banks to pass off toxic assets as highest - grade investments. - fund managers gambled with the capital of mortgages and pension funds, putting those funds at undue risk. - major financial institutions such as the federal reserve operate without transparency or accountability. only by a single forced partial audit did we discover that the fed gave $ 16 trillion at 0 % interest to bailout banks all over the world during the latest crisis. - lenders used fraud as a business model to create a system that guaranteed record profits and bonuses, while leaving a scorched earth of foreclosures and underwater mortgages. - those who devised and implemented the massive fraud have so far escaped prosecution. civil and criminal penalties have been token or non - existent. - corporate executives whose contribution to society, and to their own companies, has been massively negative continue to receive exorbitant bonuses. the economic catastrophe that has resulted from these abuses has plunged the people of america into a plight unparalleled since the great depression. examples include : - savings, pension funds and other social nets have been obliterated. - millions of people have defaulted on loans and millions of families are being kicked out of their homes through fraud - ridden foreclosures. - millions of americans have lost their jobs and livelihoods creating great personal hardships, hopelessness and stress. - income inequality has increased astronomically - - the current staggering disparity surpasses even levels seen during the great depression. the financial industry through its dominance of the political and economic life of the nation executed a massive theft of private and public money. this historic crime of grand larceny and fraud must not be swept under the rug of history. it must be addressed, corrected and prevented


materials for writing, and forms of books ( originally published 1893 ) probably the earliest efforts of the human race to record its thoughts and history were by scratching with some hard instrument on stone or bone. the permanence of the result has always made stone or metal a satisfactory substance to receive engraving, whether for sepulchral tablets, for some official records, such as state decrees, or for honorary inscriptions. among obvious examples are the drawings of prehistoric man on the walls of caves, the ten commandments graven on stone, the nicene creed cut in silver by pope leo iii. ' s order ( to fix the absolute form decreed by the second general council ), the parian chronicle, the rosetta stone, and tombs of all ages. it is on stone almost alone that we find in the early classical days of rome the pure capital forms of letters, as on the tombs of the scipios. and as material tends to act on style, and as curves are harder to grave than straight lines, writing on stone tends to discard the former and to encourage the latter, so that we find in such inscriptions a decided preference for angular forms of letters. but another very early material for writing was the wood or bark of trees. it was easy to obtain, soft, and fairly durable. three of our common terms are derived from the custom of cutting or scratching on wooden boards or bark, the latin liber ( a book, properly the bark of a tree, whence such words as library, libretto ), the latin codex ( or caudex, a tree - stump, then sawn boards, then a book, now narrowed to a manuscript book ; compare codicil, a diminutive form ), and perhaps the teutonic word which appears in german as buck and in english as book, meaning originally a beech tree and beechen boards. next we come to the substance which has given us much of the terminology of books. a common reed, chiefly found in egypt, and known to the greeks as ( papuros ), and to the romans as papyrus, was discovered to be, when properly pre - pared, a facile and cheap material for writing. the inner rind was cut lengthways into thin strips ( bubloi ), and laid in order thus : on this was glued, with the help of rich nile water or other substance, another set of slips laid on the former transversely, thus : this cross - formed substance, properly pressed, hammered and dried, presented a


and laid in order thus : on this was glued, with the help of rich nile water or other substance, another set of slips laid on the former transversely, thus : this cross - formed substance, properly pressed, hammered and dried, presented a smooth but soft receptive surface for ink, and was most extensively used in classical times until parchment competed with it, or, more accurately, till the export of papyrus began to fail. the papyrus, however, was not used in the form of our books, but as a long roll, with the writing in broad columns placed thus, the writing being represented by wavy lines : birt, in his book das antike buchwesen ( 1882 ), has endeavoured to prove that there was a normal length of about thirty - eight letters in each line, but the length of the entire roll might be anything up to 150 feet. there are also a face and a back to papyri, a right and a wrong side for writing. in the british museum there is a papyrus roll containing, in greek, the funeral oration of hyperides on leosthenes, b. c. 323 ; on the other side of this is a horoscope of a person born in a. d. 95. naturally, for some time it was believed that the horoscope was casually inscribed on the back of the hyperides ; but a closer examination has proved that the horoscope is on the face of the papyrus, and the hyperides perhaps a school exercise accidentally entered on the back. so that a. d. 95 is not the terminus ad quem of the date, but the terminus a quo. unfortunately, of all possible materials for permanent record, papyrus is among the worst. even when first written on, it must have seemed ominous that a heavy stroke was wont to pierce and scratch the smooth surface ; so much so that in all papyrus records the writing is along the line of the uppermost layers or strips ( not across them ), and is also of necessity light, and hardly distinguishable into up and down strokes. this foreshadowed the time when, on the complete drying of the substance in course of years, the residuum would be fragile, friable, and almost as brittle as dead leaves. every papyrus that comes into a library should therefore be at once placed between two sheets of glass, to prevent, as far as possible, any further disintegration. the terms used in connexion with writing in greek, latin and


. every papyrus that comes into a library should therefore be at once placed between two sheets of glass, to prevent, as far as possible, any further disintegration. the terms used in connexion with writing in greek, latin and english are chiefly derived from the rolls of papyrus. let us begin with two words which have had an interesting history. our ` paper ' is derived from the greek ( through the latin papyrus ), explained above as the name of an egyptian reed. thence it carne to mean the papyrus as prepared to receive writing. how then has paper, which has always been made out of rags, usurped the name without taking over the material? simply because the term came to signify whatever substance was commonly employed for writing ; so when papyrus was disused ( the latest date of its systematic use is the eleventh century ), a material formed of rags was beginning to be known, and carried on, so to speak, the term. the latin charta ( paper ) has had a partly similar history, for when first found it is applied to papyrus as distinguished from parchment. still more interesting is the word bible. ( bubloi ) was the greek term for the strips of the inner part of papyrus. then the book formed of papyrus began to be called ( biblos ) and ( biblion, a diminutive form ). the romans took over the second word, but chiefly used it in the plural, biblia, which came later to be regarded as a feminine singular, as if its genitive were biblia and not bibliorum. lastly, the word became specially and exclusively applied to the book, the bible, and as such has passed into english. other terms which recall the days of papyrus are volume ( latin volumen, ` a thing rolled up, ' from volvo, i roll ; corresponding to the greek kulindros ), the long stretch of papyrus rolled up for putting away ; the latin term evolvere, to unroll, in the sense of ` to read ' a book ; and the common word explicit, equivalent to ` the end, ' but properly meaning ' unrolled ' ( ' explicitus ' ), the end of the roll having been reached. so, too, the custom of writing on parchment with three or even four columns to a single page, as may be seen in our most ancient greek mss. of the new testament, is probably a survival of the parallel columns of writing found on papyri. we next come


writing on parchment with three or even four columns to a single page, as may be seen in our most ancient greek mss. of the new testament, is probably a survival of the parallel columns of writing found on papyri. we next come to the most satisfactory material ever discovered for purposes of writing and illumination, tough enough for preservation to immemorial it will be observed that ' explicit ' is a vox nihili, and can only be properly explained as a contraction of ' explicit ( us ) ' est liber, the book ' is unrolled to the end. ' the corresponding term is incipit, ' here begins, ' which is a good latin word time, hard enough to bear thick strokes of pen or brush without the surface giving way, and yet fine enough for the most delicate ornamentation. parchment is the prepared skin of animals, especially of the sheep and calf ; the finer quality derived from the calf being properly vellum, and if from the skin of an abortive calf, uterine vellum, the whitest and thinnest kind known, employed chiefly for elaborate miniatures. parchment has neither the fragile surface of papyrus nor the coarseness of medieval paper, and has therefore long enjoyed the favour of writers. its only disadvantages in medieval times were its comparative costliness and its thickness and weight, but neither of these was a formidable obstacle to its use. the name of this substance contains its history. in the first half of the second century before christ, eumenes ii., king of pergamum, found himself debarred, through some jealousy of the ptolemies, from obtaining a sufficient supply of papyrus from egypt. from necessity he had recourse to an ancient custom of preparing skins for the reception of writing by washing, dressing and rubbing them smooth ; probably adding some new appliances, by which his process became so famous that the material itself was called ; in latin, pergamena, ` stuff prepared at pergamum, ' whence the english word parchment. both parchment and paper have had less effect than stone or papyrus on styles of writing, because both are adapted to receive almost any stroke of the pen. they have rather allowed styles to develop themselves naturally, and are specially favourable to flowing curves, which are as easy as they are graceful in human penmanship. paper has for long been the common substance for miscellaneous purposes of ordinary writing, and has till recent. times been formed solely from rags ( chiefly of linen ), reduced to a pulp, poured


are as easy as they are graceful in human penmanship. paper has for long been the common substance for miscellaneous purposes of ordinary writing, and has till recent. times been formed solely from rags ( chiefly of linen ), reduced to a pulp, poured out on a frame in a thin watery sheet, and gradually dried and given consistence by the action of heat. it has been a popular belief, found in every book till 1886 ( now entirely disproved, but probably destined to die hard ), that the common yellowish thick paper, with rough fibrous edge, found especially in greek mss. till the fifteenth century, was paper of quite another sort, and made of cotton ( charta, bombyx being usually silk, but also used of any fine fibre such as cotton ). the microscope has at last conclusively shown that these two sorts are simply two different kinds of ordinary linen - rag paper. a few facts about the dates at which papyrus, parchment and paper are found may be inserted here. the use of papyrus in egypt is of great antiquity, and the earliest greek and latin mss. we possess are on papyrus ; in the case of greek of the fourth century b. c., in latin of the first century a. d. it was freely exported to greece and rome, and, though it gradually gave way before parchment for the finest books, from the first century b. c. onwards, it was not till the tenth century a. d. that in egypt itself its use was abandoned. practically in about a. d. 935 its fabrication ceased, although for pontifical bulls it was invariably used till a. d. 1022, and occasionally till 1050. parchment has also been used from the earliest times ; and its use was revived, as we have seen, in the second century before christ, and lasted till the invention of printing, after which it was reserved for sumptuous editions, and for legal and other durable records. paper was first manufactured ( outside china ) at samarkand in turkestan in about a. d. 750 ; and even in spain, where first it obtained a footing in europe ( in the tenth century ), it was imported from the east, not being manufactured in the west till the twelfth century ; but from that time its use spread rapidly. in england there was a paper - mill owned by john tate in 1495, when bartholomcus glanville ' s de proprietatibus rerum was issued on native paper. watermarks


from that time its use spread rapidly. in england there was a paper - mill owned by john tate in 1495, when bartholomcus glanville ' s de proprietatibus rerum was issued on native paper. watermarks in paper ( see p. 16 ) are entirely a western invention, found first towards the end of the thirteenth century, and never found at all in oriental paper. besides stone, papyrus, parchment, and paper, the materials used for writing, though numerous, are rather curious than important. tablets of wood, hinged like a book and covered with wax, on which letters were scratched with a small pointed metal rod ( stilus, whence our words style, stiletto, etc. ), were common at rome in classical and later times, and are believed to have suggested the form of our ordinary books. for private accounts and notes these wax tablets are said to have been in use in western europe until the time of printing. various metals, especially lead, have been made use of to bear writing ; and also bones ( in prehistoric times ), clay inscribed when soft and then baked ( as in assyria ), potsherds ( ostraka ), leaves, and the like. b. — forms of books we now come to the forms of books — the way in which they are made up. in the case of papyrus, as has already been observed, we almost always find the roll - form. the long strip was, of course, rolled round a round rod or two rods ( one at each end ) when not in use, much as a wall - map is at the present day. with parchment the case has been different. though in classical times in rome, so far as can be judged, the roll - form was still in ordinary use even when parchment was the material, and though, in the form of court - rolls, pedigrees, and many legal kinds of record, we are still familiar with the appearance of a roll, the tendency of writers on parchment has been to prefer and perpetuate the form of book best known at the present day, in which pages are turned over by the reader, and no membranes unrolled. the normal formation of a parchment book in the middle ages was this : — four pieces of parchment, each roughly about 10 inches high and r8 inches broad, were taken and were folded once across, so that each piece formed four pages ( two leaves ) as a basis for making a quarto volume. these pieces


— four pieces of parchment, each roughly about 10 inches high and r8 inches broad, were taken and were folded once across, so that each piece formed four pages ( two leaves ) as a basis for making a quarto volume. these pieces were then fitted one inside another, so that the first piece formed the 1st and 8th leaves, the second the 2nd and 7th, the third the 3rd and 6th, and the fourth the two middle leaves of a complete section of eight leaves or sixteen pages, termed technically in latin a quaternio, because made of four ( quatuor ) pieces of parchment. when a sufficient number of quaternions were thus formed to contain the projected book, they were sent in to the scribe for writing on, and were eventually bound. many variations of form, both smaller and larger than quarto, are found, and often more or fewer pieces than four make up the section or quire. paper was essentially different from parchment, in that it could be made of larger size and folded smaller ; whereas the cost of skins was almost prohibitive, if very large and fine pieces were required. as a fact, paper has almost always been used in book and not roll - form. the normal formation of paper - books has been this : — a piece about 12 inches high by 16 inches wide was regarded as a standard size. this was folded across along the dotted line a b, and if this singly - folded sheet was regarded as the basis of a section, and the whole book was made up of a set of these sections, it was called a folio book ; if, however, the singly - folded sheet was folded again across the dotted line c d, and this was treated as a section ( containing four leaves or eight pages ), the book made up of such sections was called a quarto. once more, if the doubly - folded sheet was again folded along the dotted line e f, and this trebly - folded sheet was treated as a section ( containing eight leaves or sixteen pages ), the book was called an octavo. the methods of folding the sheet so as to pro - duce a duodecimo, a 16mo, etc., and the use of half - sheets to form sections, are matters which concern printing rather than writing. but it should be clearly understood that, whereas we now mean by a folio a tall narrow book, by a quarto a shorter broad book, and by an octavo a


form sections, are matters which concern printing rather than writing. but it should be clearly understood that, whereas we now mean by a folio a tall narrow book, by a quarto a shorter broad book, and by an octavo a short narrow book, judging by size and shape ; in the earlier days of paper, these terms indicated, not size or even shape, but form, that is to say, the way in which the sheets of paper were folded up to form sections ; and that it is only owing to the fact that a certain size of paper was generally adopted as a standard that the terms came to have their modern signification. so true is this, that some early folios are quite small, and many quartos larger or smaller than what we call quarto. but there is one infallible test of a true folio, quarto, or octavo. observe the diamond on the figures on pp. 15 - 16, and the lines drawn across them. the diamond represents the watermark, a trade design ( such as a jug, a unicorn, a pair of scissors, etc. ) inserted by the maker in every sheet, and the lines are ` chain - lines, ' the marks where the wire frames supported the half liquid paper - sheet as it gathered consistency by being dried. the position of the watermark and the direction of the chain - lines were fortunately invariable, and therefore ( as may be easily seen by a paper model ) every true folio has the watermark in the centre of a page and the chain - lines perpendicular ; every quarto has the watermark in the centre of the back, not easy to see, and the lines horizontal ; and every octavo has a watermark at the top of the back at the inner edge, and the lines perpendicular. these points are not necessarily true of modern books. c. — instruments and ink on this subject few words are necessary. for hard substances and for wax and clay, a graving tool or pointed metal rod is necessary ; for papyrus and parchment and paper, a pen. pens have till modern times always been of one of two kinds, either made of a reed ( calamus, arundo, a reed - pen ), or made of a quill, usually from a bird ' s feather ( penna, a quill - pen ). the latter appears to be the later in invention, but is found as early as the sixth century of our era. ink


, or made of a quill, usually from a bird ' s feather ( penna, a quill - pen ). the latter appears to be the later in invention, but is found as early as the sixth century of our era. ink ( atramentum ) has hardly varied in composition from the earliest times, having been always formed in one of two ways : either, as was the common practice in classical times, by a mixture of soot with gum and water, which produces a black lustrous ink, but is without much difficulty removed with a sponge ; or by galls ( gallic acid ) with sulphate of iron and gum, which is the modern method, though also so ancient as to be found on the herculanean rolls. at pompeii ink of this kind was found still liquid after seventeen centuries of quiescence. the chief coloured inks known to antiquity were red, purple, green, and yellow : gold and silver liquids were sometimes used, especially when the parchment had been stained purple to enhance the effect. for the colours used in illumination, chapter v. may be consulted. so far we have been concerned with passive sub - stances prepared and presented to the scribe, to become instinct with life when the message of the author is consigned to the expectant page. our next chapters will naturally treat of the writing itself, and of scribes and their ways, the living elements in a book.


carolyn vachani, msn, rn, aocn last modified : may 21, 2002 in june of 2000, the institute of medicine issued a report addressing barriers to palliative care in the united states. from this report came a mandate for improvements in palliative care. a presentation at the asco annual meeting addressed the collaborative response from the american society of clinical oncology ( asco ) and the oncology nursing society ( ons ). presenting the collaborative plans were ronald blum, md, betty ferrell, phd, city of hope national medical center, neil macdonald, md, clinical research institute of montreal, and kathleen shedlock, ms, mpa, chairperson of the ons ethics committee. in order to understand the barriers to palliative care, one must have an accurate definition of palliative care. the world health organization defines palliative care as the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. control of pain, other symptoms, and psychological, social and spiritual problems is paramount. the goal of palliative care is achievement of the best possible quality of life for patients and their families. many aspects of palliative care are also applicable earlier in the course of the illness, in conjunction with anticancer treatment. palliative care : affirms life and regards dying as a normal process ; neither hastens nor postpones death ; provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms ; integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of patient care ; offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death ; and offers a support system to help the family cope during the patient ' s illness and in their own bereavement. radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery have a place in palliative care, provided that the symptomatic benefits of treatment clearly outweigh the disadvantages. investigative procedures are kept to a minimum. unfortunately, end of life care is often introduced too late to be effective for patients and their families. only 17 % of dying patients were cared for by hospices in 1995. a gallup survey in 1996 found that 90 % of americans would prefer to die at home, yet nearly 80 % die in institutions. in researching the scope of the problem, the 50 leading nursing textbooks used by nursing schools were reviewed. only 2 % of content, and 1. 4 % of the 1750 chapters contained information related to end of life care. a review of textbooks used by medical schools found, similarly, only 2 % of the


nursing textbooks used by nursing schools were reviewed. only 2 % of content, and 1. 4 % of the 1750 chapters contained information related to end of life care. a review of textbooks used by medical schools found, similarly, only 2 % of the content related to end of life care. the ons conducted a study of 2300 practicing nurses, asking what dilemmas they faced regarding end of life care. the responses included : use of advance directives, preserving patient choice, uncertainty about prognosis, causing death by giving pain medication, and withdrawing / withholding iv fluids. the study also looked at barriers to appropriate end of life care. these included : managed care, lack of continuity, family discomfort with death, and professional discomfort with death. a study entitled? decisions and outcomes of palliative surgery? is addressing surgeons? difficulties in providing palliative care to patients. the study estimates that 21 % of all cancer surgeries are considered palliative. one physician stated that the biggest difficulty is providing honest information without destroying hope and preserving patient choice. the findings of the asco and ons investigations found a need for improved education for both medical and nursing professionals. the groups feel that optimal end of life care would be best achieved through a collaborative and interdisciplinary practice. the program presenters pointed out that both the nursing and medicine code of ethics refer to collaborating with other disciplines. these findings have lead to the development of several programs. the end of life nursing education consortium project ( elnec ) is a comprehensive, national education program to improve end - of - life care by nurses, and is funded by a major grant from the robert wood johnson foundation. primary project goals are to develop a core of expert nursing educators and to coordinate national nursing education efforts in end - of - life care. in addition, a 2 1 / 2 year series on palliative care is ongoing in the american journal of nursing, which reaches 350, 000 nurses. the education for physicians on end of life care ( epec ) program was launched in 1998, through the northwestern university school of medicine. epec is also supported by a grant from the robert wood johnson foundation, and is designed to educate all physicians on the essential clinical competencies required to provide quality end - of - life care. the asco and ons response to the iom also includes a model for collaborative practice. in this collaboration, the physician completes the history & physical, review of systems, and exam, with the nurse being responsible for evaluating the response to illness, psychosocial aspects


ons response to the iom also includes a model for collaborative practice. in this collaboration, the physician completes the history & physical, review of systems, and exam, with the nurse being responsible for evaluating the response to illness, psychosocial aspects, support system, and the impact on the patient? s role. the traditionally differing perspectives of nursing and medicine naturally allow for a balance of care. studies analyzing collaborative practice have found improved quality of care, increased patient satisfaction, and improved long term grief of families, when they are included. collaboration has benefits for the healthcare providers, as well. in a strong collaborative practice there is increased job satisfaction, improved self care ( by setting and communicating realistic goals and having a life outside of work ), and ethical crises may be prevented through a collaborative plan of care. the groups define collaboration to include : mutual care planning, respect for one another, open conflict management, role and professional responsibilities met, maintaining professional competence, members available and responsive to each other, being fair, truthful, open to constructive criticism and change, being free of bias, trusting each other, and being comfortable with flexible team leadership. this model can be implemented in interdisciplinary rounds, protocols or pathways, joint educational endeavors, family meetings, and through a focus on patient / family goals and values. the national cancer institute plans to develop it? s own response to the iom at an upcoming july meeting. funding for palliative care research made up only 0. 9 % of the 1999 nci research budget. if palliative care is to improve, this will need to change. the nci has provided funding to the city of hope national medical center for the disseminating end of life education to cancer centers ( deletcc ) program. the primary aim of deletcc is to prepare clinical leaders with the information and resources to assure high - quality end - of - life care for cancer patients. interdisciplinary two person teams, made up of physicians, nurses, social workers or other professionals from 300 cancer treatment centers will be selected, from submitted applications, to attend one of four annual courses. the programs mentioned are a great start, but will need continued funding and support to become standard. asco and ons have committed to improving palliative care throughout the united states, and we are sure to hear more about this topic in the coming years. oncolink ' s asco coverage made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from bristol - myers squibb oncology.


nowadays it is very common among people who are ageing to have weak bones which render them prone of encountering injury and developing chronic diseases such as arthritis, medical experts say. the common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis, a kind of a very debilitating disease by which pain triggered several hip replacement procedures and is associated with the depuy - led campaign attacking a british medical journal metal - on - metal hip article. osteoarthritis is a painful disease which can interfere with a patient ' s ability to perform routine daily activities, depending on which joints are affected. early diagnosis and treatment is very important. the goals of osteoarthritis treatment are to relieve pain and other osteoarthritis symptoms, preserve or improve joint function and reduce physical disability. the american college of rheumatology ( acr ) offers guidelines for the treatment of osteoarthritis, although it emphasizes that treatment decisions ultimately rest with the doctor and patient. acr guidelines include non - pharmacologic and pharmacologic ( i. e., drug ) treatment options for osteoarthritis, according to the about. com website. there are two major factors that affect older people such as an increased risk of falling because of poor stability ( from a decrease in muscle, joint, and nerve function ) and poor vision ; and ( 2 ) weak bones that break easily because of osteoporosis. it has been estimated that 250, 000 ( a quarter of a million ) people in the united states suffer hip fractures each year. hip fracture is a terrible injury. it typically requires major surgery for repair. operations involve either metal pinning with screws and / or plates or replacement of the hip joint with artificial parts. these operations can be complicated by infections, blood clotting, bleeding, and failure of the repair work. after such a surgical procedure, long and aggressive rehabilitation programs are necessary for optimal success. for the very frail, elderly person, ultimate recovery can be extremely difficult and long - term loss of independence, nursing - home placement, and even death may result. prevention of hip fractures is a key part of caring for the health of the elderly. elderly people may take measures to decrease their own risk for hip fractures. these measures include participating in regular, proper exercise, " clearing the runway " in homes for walking and transferring, undergoing regular general and eye - health checkups, and addressing osteoporosis ( bone - density exams, calcium and vitamin din


many of the soviet gulag camps are now deserted, but vyatlag is still in operation, though now most of the prisoners are there for criminal rather than political offences. but as ekaterina loushnikova has found, memories of the cruelty and hardship of those terrible years remain. in 1938 a special order from the ussr people ’ s commissariat of internal affairs established vyatlag, one of the biggest concentrations of forced labour camps in the gulag system, in the north of the kirov oblast, 1000 km north east of moscow. its 75th anniversary falls in 2013. during the period 1938 - 56 more than 100, 000 prisoners from 20 countries and of 80 different nationalities were sent here to serve their sentence. 18, 000 of them were destined never to see their homes again. the settlement in the marsh there are two ways of reaching the settlement of lesnoy [ literally, forest ], the capital of vyatlag, called after the vyatka region where it is situated : prisoners come here by prisoner transport, in a special train ; civilians hitch a lift if a car is going their way. regular buses have not served this place for many years and there is no rail connection either. a few ‘ stolypin ’ carriages [ prisoner trains ] rust in the sidings of the deserted station, one of them still bearing the words ‘ all power to the soviets! ’ perhaps it was one of these carriages that brought my grandfather, andrei konstantinovich, here. he was an academic, a mathematician who had volunteered for front line service in the war with nazi germany, been taken prisoner and managed to escape, only to be accused by the nkvd of betraying his country. i still don ’ t know what became of him … inside one of the carriages i find a rotting quilted jacket that prisoners used to wear and some winter footwear, which were called ‘ chuni ’ and were worn by prisoners in stalin ’ s time. the first prisoner transport arrived here in 1938. initially the prisoners were generally peasants from the dispossessed ‘ kulak ’ [ rich peasant ] class, but then they were joined by actors, artists, poets, writers, academics and politicians. anyone, in other words, who had been convicted of offences under the notorious article 58, ' anti - soviet agitation ' and ' counterrevolution '. inside the camp they were described succinctly as ' blabbermouths. ' in 1940 special prisoner transports started arriving from estonia, lithuania and latvia,


58, ' anti - soviet agitation ' and ' counterrevolution '. inside the camp they were described succinctly as ' blabbermouths. ' in 1940 special prisoner transports started arriving from estonia, lithuania and latvia, occupied by soviet troops during the time of the molotov – ribbentrop pact. after 1945 there were captured german soldiers, hungarians, italians and other nationalities who had served in hitler ' s armies, as well as people who had been deported from conquered parts of europe. the prisoners were set to work logging, building roads and the settlement itself by spreading earth over the marshland. even today, when walking about the village, you feel as though you ' re either in the forest or on marshland : one false step and you can be up to your knees in bog or falling over a tree stump sticking out of the marsh. ' you might ask who someone was and what he or she was here for, and you would hear they were “ enemies of the people ”. and of course we believed it at the time ’. uprooting tree stumps was one of the forms of work done by prisoners in the past ; they included actress tatyana okunevskaya, the star of many soviet films, while japanese film star yoshiko okada lopped off branches and the composer paul marcel ( pavel rusakov ) worked on tree felling. all three of them took part in camp amateur dramatics, appearing alongside visiting professional actors on the stage of the village house of culture. one of the members of the camp ' s artistic circle at that time was nadya voshchenko, the daughter of one of the guards, who had a keen interest in choreography. she may be 86 now but she can remember everything that happened then, thrilling to the memory of ' the whole of the bolshoi theatre being among the prisoners here ' and the operettas, oratorios and even scenes from swan lake that they performed – ‘ the whole village came to see them! ’ i asked if it hadn ' t bothered her that most of the performers were prisoners, but she assured me that they didn ' t think about it. ' you might ask who someone was and what he / she was here for, and you would hear they were “ enemies of the people ” and of course we believed it. there were even people with an indefinite sentence, who didn ' t even know that they would be released. men and women were put together in one camp and of


you would hear they were “ enemies of the people ” and of course we believed it. there were even people with an indefinite sentence, who didn ' t even know that they would be released. men and women were put together in one camp and of course they got together. it was forbidden, but you can ' t keep tabs on everyone! there was even a special hut for the mums, where women lived when they were pregnant and with their babies for the first year. then the babies were taken to the children ' s home ; vyatlag had three of those. ' construction engineer yury yurkevich, a scion of an ancient branch of a polish noble family, was arrested as a counterrevolutionary. he remembers : ' the bread was always bad. the dough was so watery that if you added one more drop it would have been impossible to bake. the flour contained all sorts of additives, like bran and barley. when they added in buckwheat flour it made the bread bluish. but whatever they added, it had no nutrition in it at all. we were supposed to have hot food three times a day and it was always either flour or cereal - based, with barely detectible traces of vegetable oil – and not always even that. sometimes the gruel had rotting salted tomatoes or cabbage in it. fish or meat was a rare luxury. the food always tasted foul, but that was unimportant as it was rated only by its thickness and quantity. behind the huts there were long rows of privies. there was a rule about going there during the night : in the summer you could go in your underwear, but in winter you had to wear a coat - not, of course, out of concern for the inmates, but so that the sentry in the watchtower could make out who it was. if you were inappropriately dressed, he could shoot you. that was how things were … ' emergency rations : not just tins of sprats in vyatlag it was always raining or a blizzard was howling. meteorological statistics show that there are no more than 40 good days a year in the settlement of lesnoy and its surroundings. the air itself lies like impenetrable smoke over the marshes, as if saturated with evil and disaster. in the stalin years the streets there were paved with boards, but now they have rotted and the filth has risen to the surface, running viscously between the houses. to keep upright, anyone trying


as if saturated with evil and disaster. in the stalin years the streets there were paved with boards, but now they have rotted and the filth has risen to the surface, running viscously between the houses. to keep upright, anyone trying to get to the settlement ' s shop has to wear rubber boots and carry a torch, because the street lighting hasn ' t worked for ages. there aren ' t many inhabitants left, because anyone who could has got away from this miserable place by acquiring a ' certificate ' enabling them to buy somewhere to live elsewhere. the only people remaining either work in the camp or are former prisoners who don ' t have anywhere else to go. prisoners whose crimes are not too serious and don ' t have to be under guard all the time also work in the village. many of them run away. some do it in style, using their mobiles to order a taxi to their home town ; others take their chances and try to escape through the taiga, though few of them get far... ' where is there to go round here? it ' s all forest and marshes and you ' ll probably get eaten by bears, ' says irina movshovich, who ' s been a nurse at vyatlag for a good 50 years. she lives with a variety of cats in a small flat in the middle of lesnoy. ' emergency rations …. when one man takes another with him, so that he can eat him, a convict tradition. it still happens. ' ' only one political prisoner escaped successfully that i can remember, a polish musician, after the war. it was some festival or other and he disappeared immediately after the performance. he obviously had a car waiting for him because they never found him. criminals escaped more often, usually taking ‘ emergency rations ’ with them so as to survive in the taiga. ' ' not what you think – i ’ m not talking about tins of sprats. it ' s when one man takes another with him, so that he can eat him, a convict tradition. it still happens. and don ' t look so amazed! ' ' irina moiseyevna, what does “ living by the code ” mean? ' ' well, to give you an example, i was watching tv yesterday. a man had raped a girl. he was caught and put in solitary. he hanged himself and he did the right thing, because if he ' d been put straight into the camp he ' d have been raped so many times he ' d


yesterday. a man had raped a girl. he was caught and put in solitary. he hanged himself and he did the right thing, because if he ' d been put straight into the camp he ' d have been raped so many times he ' d have been a total wreck. anyone who ' s sent down for that crime is simply passed from one man to another. that ' s the code of the underworld. ' ' did medical staff like you ever get taken hostage? ' ' of course, it happened many times. one time there was even a revolt in the “ zone ” [ penal camp ] and alpha special branch officers were flown in. but for some reason that wasn ' t as frightening as when stalin died and there was a revolt in the camp in another settlement called kommendant. i was just a child but i remember it very well because the revolt was put down with extreme cruelty. convicts were taken out on to the ice of the lake and hosed down with icy water. others were shot. it was almost 40°c below freezing, so cold you couldn ' t breathe ; the sky was red, as if bloodshot, and the corpses lay about on the shore. the ringleaders were then put on trial in the house of culture, those that were still alive, that is. and we children all came running to have a look … ' there are no traces on the shore of the lake of the tragedy that happened there so many years ago, just some rusty wire and logs rotting in the water. there is still a penal colony nearby, but the prisoners these days are in for criminal, not political, offences. ' the only monument to vyatlag prisoners stands three kilometres away : a cross commemorating the latvians who perished there, ' victims of stalin ' s terror '. if you ask why there are no monuments in the settlement itself, the locals ask you why enemies of the people need a memorial. ' there ' s no memorial to all those political prisoners, tormented and dying of hunger in vyatlag and the lesnoy settlement. the main space in front of the central prison administration building is still embellished by a statue of lenin with his hand raised in greeting, and dzerhzhinsky smiling craftily into his moustache. no changes there then. the only monument to vyatlag prisoners stands three kilometres from the settlement : a cross commemorating the latvians who perished there, ' victims of stalin ' s terror '. it stands on its own across the road from the old


no changes there then. the only monument to vyatlag prisoners stands three kilometres from the settlement : a cross commemorating the latvians who perished there, ' victims of stalin ' s terror '. it stands on its own across the road from the old russian cemetery, a symbol of different national attitudes to the past ; the russian graves on one side and the latvian cross on the other are separated by more than just the road between them. and if you ask why there are no monuments in the settlement itself, the locals ask you why enemies of the people need a memorial. the common fate – the pit vladimir veremeyev has written several research papers on the subject of vyatlag. he tells me that many years ago he collected money for a memorial to all political prisoners, but the money was stolen and there ' s still no memorial. officially there are 34 burial sites for vyatlag convicts, but no one has any idea of how many unofficial sites there are. prisoners who died were buried in pits, just beside the barracks where people were living. and in the winter no one wanted to hack away at the frozen earth, so the corpses were piled up on top of each other until the spring and then thrown into a common grave. their clothes were removed because they could be worn by others, so the corpses were bare, save only for a number tag on their ankle. ' it was a way of killing people off by just dragging the torment out for months. death from a bullet can in no way be compared to what many millions of people had to survive while they were dying of hunger. ' i asked vladimir what the inmates died of. ' many things – cold, hunger, frost, pellagra, scurvy, dysentery and other diseases, cruel treatment and back - breaking labour. ' and by the way … the philosopher dmitry panin, formerly a vyatlag prisoner, remembers : ' in vyatlag a man could be a goner in as little as two weeks. there may not have been gas chambers, but there was cold, hunger, disease and forced labour. instead of gas there were : - negligible food rations - a lack of proper camp clothing - absolutely impossible work quotas - an 8 - 9 km walk across the snowy taiga to the work area - terrible frosts of - 35°c - a 7 - day working week - regiments of bedbugs and lice - the cold in the living huts ' between two weeks and a month was enough to make a man unfit


to the work area - terrible frosts of - 35°c - a 7 - day working week - regiments of bedbugs and lice - the cold in the living huts ' between two weeks and a month was enough to make a man unfit for work. after that a convict would lose his remaining strength and be so weak that he couldn ' t reach the logging site or even manage to stand throughout roll - call. beyond that it was a slow death. it was a way of killing people off by just dragging their suffering out for months. death from a bullet can in no way be compared to what many millions of people had to go through when they were dying of hunger. this kind of death sentence is the height of sadism, cannibalism and hypocrisy. ' ' i compared the death rates for vyatlag and buchenwald for the years 1938 - 45, ' says vladimir veremeyev. ' and i discovered that during this period about 90, 000 were put on the special register at vyatlag and 21, 000 of them died, which is 24 %. if we compare the same period in buchenwald, 236, 000 were on the register, of whom 33, 000 died, in other words just over 14 %. so the figure for vyatlag is almost two to one! ' i compared the death rates for vyatlag and buchenwald for the years 1938 - 45. in buchenwald the rate was just over 14 %, in vyatlag 24 % - almost two to one! ’ ' on top of that, the germans usually sent the relatives of someone who had died an official letter requesting them to collect the ashes ( for a fee of 5 marks ). i ' m not saying this was humane, but people did at least know that their relative had died. in russia the relatives of some people who were in the camps still don ' t know what happened to them. several millions people who died there are still officially registered as alive. i told vladimir veremeyev that i still don ’ t know what happened to my grandfather. he spent some time searching his card index, looking for my grandfather andrei konstantinovich in the list of the dead, but he didn ' t find him … so it ' s like the song by one of our russian singer - songwriters : ' no trace, no cross, no family star … ' just bones rotting in the forests and souls crying out to hear the prayers for the dead.


| " a manager ' s guide to the business and organisational applications of open source technologies " | this mobile operating system was first created by android inc. following the company ' s purchase by google inc in 2005, development has moved to the open handset alliance and google. the first release of android as open source ( android open source project ) was announced in a press release by the open handset alliance on 21 october 2008 with the first handset - the htc dream - being released on 22 october 2008. a major release of the android operating system happened on 5 january 2010 when google and the htc corporation began shipping the nexus one mobile internet handset. google has reported that 60, 000 android handsets were being shipped per day in february 2010. android supports standard smartphone hardware, but can also manage larger vga displays and other specialist hardware such as video and stills cameras, touchscreens, gps, accelerometers and 2d / 3d graphics. communications protocols supported include gsm, umts, bluetooth and wi - fi. android is written in c and is built upon a modified derivative of the linux kernel version 2. 6. applications can be written in java using java libraries. data is stored in an sqllite database. android will run on arm, mips, power and x86 architectures. the software is released as open source under the apache software license 2. 0 with linux kernel patches under the gpl version 2 license. in order to protect the android open source project, each contributor must sign an individual or corporate contributor license grant before their code is accepted as part of the project. by doing so the contributor grants the copyright of their code to the project and also grants any patent rights to the project. additionally signing the contributor license grant is a statement that the contribution was created by the contributor themselves, which is important to prevent any future claims of copyright infringement.


then there is also the " relative " as in kinship or family " relation ", and we should not replace " relative " with " kinship " either, unless that is what you are speaking of. i think what you are using is definition 8, which may be appropriate. that is happiness in regard to a person ' s view, or happiness stemming from a person ( change " happiness " to " truth " ). we exude truths, we do not live by them. that would be futile indeed. in western metaphysics, the word relative has specific meaning, that is, not the common everyday meaning. metaphysics is a form of math as presented by russell. logic must be adhered to, otherwise it is " just whatever you want it to be ". words are operators in logic. a fuzzy word is not too useful, as you can tell from the firestorm. as you know from mindfulness, things do not have to be considered in relation to other things. the divide between such things is a false divide that stems from the so view of the world. here in moq we understand that. it is the nature of what creates the appearance of such separation that we are interested in. that, of course, is quality. everything we can put into sq has qualities, and moq is an sq ghost of quality. thank you for the clafification in what you meant. (? ).


according to the national fire protection agency, 85 % of the candle fire incidents were started because of consumer misuse of the product. candle fires account for 2. 4 % of all fires and result in 6 % of total injuries from fires and 3 % of all fatalities from fires. the national fire incident reporting system ( nfirs ) reports candle fire incidents occur most often in the bedroom ( 45. 2 % ), then in the family room ( 17. 5 % ) and the bathroom ( 11. 2 % ). the kitchen accounts for 6. 3 % of candle fire incidents. nfirs also reports that the materials most often ignited by candles are cabinetry ( 9. 4 % ) ; bedding ( blankets, sheets, comforters, etc. ) ( 7. 7 % ) ; curtains and drapery ( 7. 2 % ) ; mattresses & pillows ( 5. 5 % ). a study by the u. s. consumer product safety commission suggests that 85 percent of candle fires could be avoided if consumers followed three basic safety rules : 1. never leave a burning candle unattended. 2. never burn a candle on or near anything that might catch fire. 3. keep candles out of the reach of children and pets. proper candle burning 1. trim the wick to ¼ inch each time before burning. long or crooked wicks can cause uneven burning, dripping or flaring. 2. burn candles in a well - ventilated room. 3. place the candleholder on a stable, heat - resistant surface. 4. keep the wax pool clear of wick trimmings, matches and debris at all times. 5. avoid drafts, vents or air currents. this will help prevent rapid or uneven burning, and sooting, 6. follow recommended burn times. this will prevent excessive heat build up. 1. never touch or move a burning candle. never move a votive or container candle when the wax is liquefied. 2. don ' t burn a candle all the way down. for a margin of safety, discontinue burning a candle when 10 % of the wax is left. 3. extinguish a candle if the flame becomes too high or flickers repeatedly. let the candle cool, trim the wick, and check for unwanted drafts before re - lighting. 4. always keep the candle within your sight. if you are going to leave the room, be sure to first blow out all candles. 1. use a candle snuffer to extinguish


mastectomy ( removal of the breast ) for breast cancer mastectomy is removal of the breast. other nearby tissue may also be removed if it appears that cancer may have spread to these areas. all mastectomies remove the whole breast. because the size and location of tumors and where the cancer might have spread differ from one person to another, the amount of other tissue removed during surgery also varies. reference mastectomy procedures include : - total or simple mastectomy, which is the removal of the whole breast. - modified radical mastectomy, which is the removal of the breast, some of the lymph nodes under the arm, and sometimes part of the chest wall muscles. - radical mastectomy, which is the removal of the breast, chest muscles, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm ( reference axillary lymph node dissection ). this surgery is rarely used now. depending on the location of the tumor in the breast or other factors, some women may be able to have a skin - sparing or nipple - sparing mastectomy. skin - sparing mastectomy leaves most of the skin that was over the breast, except for the nipple and the areola. nipple - sparing mastectomy saves the skin over the breast as well as the nipple and areola. some women choose to have breast reconstruction after a mastectomy. reconstruction can be done during the same surgery as the mastectomy, or it may be done later as a separate procedure. - opens new window breast cancer : should i have breast reconstruction after a mastectomy? opens new window in addition to surgery, you may have reference radiation therapy opens new window, reference chemotherapy opens new window, reference hormone therapy opens new window, or a combination of these treatments. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : june 28, 2011 | | medical review : | | reference sarah marshall, md - family medicine reference douglas a. stewart, md - medical oncology


the road to reading starts in infancy, when children acquire a love of words, an excitement about storytelling, and the wonder of sharing life ' s experience with loved ones using words. family members can nurture the joy of reading through activities that build these skills and interests. here are some tips for making reading a central part of your child ' s life : talk to your baby. use your face and voice to tell her all about the world and herself. pick a time when she is quiet and alert, and just start talking. she knows the sound and rhythm of your voice, having listened to it before birth. now help her connect those sounds to interaction with the world. echo what your baby says. coo back to her when she makes those delicious little sounds. she ' s learning that sounds can make the world react a and that words have power. become a news commentator. narrate your day to your baby, what you are doing with her, and even what you ' re reading in her presence. you ' re making connections between words and events ; you ' re helping her learn the elements of a story. label things. as you care for your baby, make a point of saying her name and naming her body parts, her clothes, and her gear. although the connections will take weeks to months, you ' re building the basics of language and literacy. look at picture books together. beginning when your baby is about 6 months, introduce books as fun and exciting things. accept your child ' s short attention span ; each brief interaction is fostering a love of books. don ' t worry about your baby eating his books. young infants learn about their world using their hands and mouth. use heavy board books as your child ' s first books. if he chews on them a bit, don ' t worry. he ' ll soon figure out that there are other more interesting things to do with them, like look at the pictures. that ' s the first step toward reading. look, point, then name. young infants and toddlers start out their literary lives by first learning to turn the pages, then looking at the pictures generally, then looking at pictures as the images are named, then pointing at the named pictures, and finally naming the pictures themselves. where is your child on that road? can you prompt him to do the next step? you can ' t push him if he isn ' t ready, but you will be able to support him to move ahead if he ' s reached readiness. pack a book. tuck a


that road? can you prompt him to do the next step? you can ' t push him if he isn ' t ready, but you will be able to support him to move ahead if he ' s reached readiness. pack a book. tuck a storybook or two in the diaper bag and in the car for the older infant and toddler. the habit of filling in life ' s spaces with books and always having them handy helps a child see them as a regular part of life. learn rhymes and songs. children experiment with the sounds of language with rhyme, which builds their interest in words and sounds. rhymes with gestures help to link actions with the action words. poetry for children also builds this awareness and love of language. give books. give every child you know a book for every occasion, and then look at it together. keep that home library in a special but accessible place. tell bedtime stories. make stories, both those read aloud and the ones you tell, part of the bedtime ritual from infancy on. never take away the bedtime story as a punishment ; it should be sacred. don ' t let the sun set on a book - free day. make books part of every day with your child. don ' t let a day go by without reading a book, a poem, or a story.


if you were in medical school just 20 years ago you might have been taught that the human brain was incapable of producing new brain cells. doctors and brain scientists believed this because the nervous system did not seem capable of repairing itself and no new brain cells had ever been demonstrated. new technologies that let us study the brain in more detail are changing many old beliefs about how the brain works, maintaining brain fitness and memory and what the brain is capable of. the brain is estimated to have 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion connections between neurons. however, what we still don ' t know about the brain is considerable. think of the brain as an entire universe that we are just beginning to journey into. when brain scientists use the word plasticity they don ' t mean plastic — they are talking about the brain ’ s ability to reorganize itself and adapt to new knowledge and experience. research over the past 20 years shows that this ability to change and adapt is not lost with age. neurogenesis is the brain ’ s ability to actually make new nerve cells called neurons. it was once thought that we were stuck with our original 100 billion ( a number you might think would be enough! ), but we now know we are making new neurons, even as we get older, in an area of the brain that is responsible for memory and learning. here are a few brain facts from the recent research : " studies show that diverse, mentally stimulating tasks result in more brain cells, more robust connections among those cells, and a greater ability to bypass disease related trouble spots in the brain. " — aarp magazine as we have learned more and more about the brain ' s ability to add new connections and new neurons throughout life, a growing number of software companies have developed programs to help people find the right exercise for their brains. using terms like " brain fitness, " " brain cross - training " and " cognitive stimulation, " these programs seek to help you remember more, prevent brain decline, strengthen your attention, and even help you drive better. the logic behind keeping your brain active certainly seems convincing. most of these brain game training programs are based on some solid brain science, and there are many studies to support the " use it or lose it " approach to brain health. a study in the new england journal of medicine even suggests that participating in brain stimulating activity may decrease your risk of alzheimer ' s disease. the question is whether these new software programs are any better than a stimulating conversation or a crossword puzzle. here are some points to consider : the jury may still


even suggests that participating in brain stimulating activity may decrease your risk of alzheimer ' s disease. the question is whether these new software programs are any better than a stimulating conversation or a crossword puzzle. here are some points to consider : the jury may still be out, but there are plenty of smart people working on designing brain exercises that strengthen brain functions. another thing to consider is that these programs are actually fun to use and unlike other types of “ treatments, " they are drug free. they also present a challenging alternative to crossword puzzles, sudoku and scrabble games and can be an enjoyable addition to your mix of diversions. " as scientists gain more knowledge about the relationship between sensory perception, memory, and cognition, they are learning to design brain exercises that strengthen brain function. " — michael merzenich, phd, neuroscientist the science behind brain games is solid. research supports the concept of " use it or lose it " for brain health. you might find them to be both fun and effective. remember that in addition to brain fitness games, research shows that there are other things you can do to keep your brain functioning at a high level. here are some healthy brain habits to practice : brain training software is a growing market that targets seniors and baby boomers. there are new competitors in the market all the time, but the major manufacturers are :


during the 3rd trimester, you ' ll likely have these tests : glucose testing. sometime between weeks 24 and 28, your doctor will test to see if your body is using sugar correctly. you ' ll drink a very sugary liquid and then, an hour later, you ' ll have a blood test. you do not need to fast before this 1 - hour glucose test, but don ' t have a doughnut on your way to the doctor ' s office either. if there is excess sugar in your blood, your doctor will order additional bloodwork to determine whether you have gestational diabetes. hematocrit. this blood test determines whether you have anemia, a shortage of iron in the blood. syphilis screen. a woman can have syphilis without knowing it, and she can unknowingly pass the infection on to her baby. if she tests positive for the bacteria, she can be treated with antibiotics during pregnancy, and her baby will receive antibiotic treatment shortly after birth. without treatment, some babies who are infected in the uterus die within a few days of delivery. those who survive are at very high risk for blindness, brain damage, hearing loss, and problems with bones, skin, and teeth. rh factor. your blood was checked for rh factor at your first prenatal visit. ( rh factor is a protein that is found on red blood cells. most women have this protein, but about 15 percent of caucasian women and 7 percent of african - american women don ' t. they are considered to be " rh - negative. " ) many doctors will repeat the rh test sometime in weeks 26 - 28 to confirm your rh status, particularly if you tested rh - negative earlier in your pregnancy and if the baby ' s father is rh - positive. in such cases, there is a chance your baby will have rh - positive blood and your body will build up antibodies to it during pregnancy. if your body does develop these antibodies, they could jeopardize future pregnancies. if you are rh - negative, you will get a shot of rhogam ( rh - immune globulin ) at 26 - 28 weeks as a precaution ; it fights those antibodies if a small amount of rh - positive fetal blood has mixed with your blood. if you are rh - negative and your baby is rh - positive, you will receive an injection of rhogam ( rhig ) within 72 hours of delivery


by james r. doty from the huffington post why, in a country that consumes 25 % of the world ’ s resources ( the u. s. ), is there an epidemic of loneliness, depression, and anxiety? why do so many in the west who have all of their basic needs met still feel impoverished? while some politicians might answer, “ it ’ s the economy, stupid, ” based on scientific evidence, a better answer is, “ it ’ s the lack compassion, stupid. ” i recently attended the templeton prize ceremony at st. paul ’ s cathedral in london and have been reflecting on the words of his holiness the dalai lama in conversation with arianna huffington : “ if we say, oh, the practice of compassion is something holy, nobody will listen. if we say, warm - heartedness really reduces your blood pressure, your anxiety, your stress and improves your health, then people pay attention. ” as director of the center for compassion and altruism research and education ( ccare ) at stanford university ( one of the two organizations recognized in the templeton prize press release ), i would agree with the dalai lama. what exactly is compassion? compassion is the recognition of another ’ s suffering and a desire to alleviate that suffering. often brushed off as a hippy dippy religious term irrelevant in modern society, rigorous empirical data supports the view of all major world religions : compassion is good.


why do you think you need to double the backslash on windows? it ' s not because of windows, it ' s because perl uses the backslash as the escape character. in your first attempt, perl was trying to escape " p " and " l ", converting regular characters to special characters, but then the path you were trying to reach didn ' t exists. in your second attempt, you double the backslash, basically you escape the special character " \ " and it becomes a regular character, so perl really see a backslash, and the path now exists. but, in perl on windows, you can also use the forward slash " / " in file paths. hope this help you understand what was going on internally. testing never proves the absence of faults, it only shows their presence. posts are html formatted. put < p > < / p > tags around your paragraphs. put < code > < / code > tags around your code and data! read where should i post x? if you ' re not absolutely sure you ' re posting in the right place. please read these before you post! — posts may use any of the perl monks approved html tags : outside of code tags, you may need to use entities for some characters : - a, abbr, b, big, blockquote, br, caption, center, col, colgroup, dd, del, div, dl, dt, em, font, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, hr, i, ins, li, ol, p, pre, readmore, small, span, spoiler, strike, strong, sub, sup, table, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead, tr, tt, u, ul, wbr link using perlmonks shortcuts! what shortcuts can i use for linking? see writeup formatting tips and other pages linked from there for more info. | & | | & | | < | | < | | > | | > | | [ | | [ | | ] | | ] | |


town in western ukraine ( former soviet union ) in the heart of historical area of galicia / halychyna, which was formerly also part of austrian empire ( 1772 - 1918 ) and poland ( 1375 - 1772 and 1919 - 1939 ) other names and spellings : peremyshliany, peremyslany, peremyshlany przemyshlany, przemysliany, przemyslany ( polish ), przemyslani ( slovenian ), przemyslani, przemislany ( german, hungarian ), peremyschlany ( german ) above : map of western ukraine with peremyshlyany. as you see town is just one hour drive from lviv, in the middle of what was earlier eastern galicia during austrian rule peremyshlyany photo gallery - page 1 peremyshlyany photo gallery - page 2 short history, description and major info : above : coat of arms of peremyshlyany during polish rule ( 1919 - 1939 ). it has a straw bee - hut with bees flying around it on the white - red background. this was to signify the high developed bee - keeping in peremyshlyany area. white and red were national colors of poland. nowadays, ukrainian coat of arms of peremyshlyany obviously does not have this background, probably blue instead since blue and yellow are national colors of ukraine. peremyshlyany is a small town in western part of ukraine. it has about 13. 000 inhabitants and is administrative center of peremyshlyanskyy rayon ( peremyshlyany district ) which belongs to lviv ' ska oblast ( lviv region ), the westernmost region of ukraine. polish name of the town is przemyslany and is spelled as [ pzhemyslany ]. this polish name you will find on the most of documents and maps dating before 1939, when peremyshlyany and whole ukrainian province of galicia ( halychyna / ggalizien / galicja ) was part of austria ( austria - hungary, during 1772 - 1918 ) and poland ( 1375 - 1772 and 1919 - 1939 ). in 1939 peremyshlyany and whole galicia was occupied by soviet troops and incorporated into ukrainian soviet socialist republic ( of the soviet union ) which is now independent ukraine ( since 1991 ). name peremyshlyany possibly comes from slavic word " promysl / przemysl " which can be translated as " business,


into ukrainian soviet socialist republic ( of the soviet union ) which is now independent ukraine ( since 1991 ). name peremyshlyany possibly comes from slavic word " promysl / przemysl " which can be translated as " business, work or, industry ". town is located on the highest part of podillya uplands. and the highest mountain of podillya - kamula ( about 500 meters above sea level ) is located near peremyshlyany. around peremyshlyany hills are 406 meters high. the closest one in village lypivtsi which is on the top of it. thick forest of horn - beam trees and beech trees surround the area. economically speaking peremyshlyany is quite backward with little industry. there is no railway connection to peremyshlyany, though there was one before the second world war. it used to connect lviv and berezhany via peremyshlyany. but it was destroyed by germans during the war and never restored again. during the first world war there was a front line in peremyshlyany along hnyla lypa ( gnila lipa ) river and fierce battles between austrian and russian troops. thus many military cemetries remained since those times in nearby forests. peremyshlyany is located on highway connecting lviv with berezhany and rohatyn, as well as with whole ivano - frankivsk region. the main road runs through main street which is also a key street in the town. it is called " halyts ' ka " ( galician ) street. telephone code for peremyshlyany is ( + 380 ) 3263, where 380 is international code for ukraine. if you dial within ukraine you should dial 0 in front of 3263. the closest international airport is in lviv ( lvov - lwow - lemberg ) which is one hour drive from peremyshlyany. lviv is the major city in western ukraine and peremyshlyany belongs to lviv region. there are many daily connections to peremyshlyany from the main bus station in lviv ( at stryiska street ) as well as from secondary bus station ( at lychakivska street ). all buses going from lviv to rohatyn, berezhany, ivano - frankivsk, halych, kolomyya, yaremcha, dolyna, kalush etc. stop in and go via peremyshly


buses going from lviv to rohatyn, berezhany, ivano - frankivsk, halych, kolomyya, yaremcha, dolyna, kalush etc. stop in and go via peremyshlyany. town is ukrainian speaking and ukrainians are the most of population there. no jews or poles left. one can count those by fingers, a few tens. the closest towns to peremyshlyany are : berezhany ( my hometown ), zolochiv ( zloczow ), bibrka ( bobrka ) and rohatyn ( rogatin ). above : roman catholic church of st peter and paul in peremyshlyany address of roman catholic parish in peremyshlyany : kosciol parafialny p. w. swietych apostolow piotra i pawla w przemyslanach 81200 peremyshliany, chupernosivska str., 3, tel. + 380 ( 3263 ) 223 - 28 current priests : fr. peter smolka sdb ( 1953, 1980 - krakow, 1993 - parish priest ) fr. francishek roslan sdb ( 1933, 1965 - lodz, 1997 - vicary ) they serve in addition in villages svirzki ( svirzhky ) and glibovychi ( hlebovychi ), the chapel in mytulyn, the church of sacred heart of lord christ union of ukrainian women ( " soyuz ukrayinok " ) in peremyshlyany : tel. + 380 3263 21116 above : general map of western ukraine with peremyshlyany marked on it. villages around peremyshlyany include ( in limits of pre - war przemyslany district and some beyond it ) * ukrainian name - polish name - russian / soviet name * bachiv - baczow - bachev, bachov - village * bile - biale, biala - beloye - village 22 km south east of peremyshlyany, close to dunayiv. name is very common and means " white " * bilka - bialka - belka - village naer bryukhovychi, off the road, some 10 km south east of peremyshlyany. name means " squirell " in english. * bolotnya, bolotnia, bolotna - blotnia,


naer bryukhovychi, off the road, some 10 km south east of peremyshlyany. name means " squirell " in english. * bolotnya, bolotnia, bolotna - blotnia, blotna - bolotnya - village 18 km south east of peremyshlyany, on the border with berezhany district and ternopil region. name comse from boloto - marches, swamp * borshchiv ( borshiv ) - borszow - borshov : village 3 km south east of peremyshlyany. dont mix it up with major town borshchiv in ternopil region! * brykun - brykun - brikun - little hamlet betwen pletenychi and vovkiv, some 8 km south east of peremyshlyany. * bryukhovychi, briukhovychi - brzuchowice, brzuchowicze, bruchowice / bruchowicze - brukhovychi - large village 15 km to the south of peremyshlyany. * chemeryntsi - czemierince, czmerince, czemerynce, czemierynce - chemeryntsy, chemyeryntsy, chemerintsy - large village straight east of peremyshlyany, some 18 km from it, on the road busk - pomoriany - berezhany. * dunayiv, dunajiv - dunajow - dunayev : village 24 km south east from peremyshlyany * dusaniv - dusanow - dusanov : village 18 km straight south from peremyshlyany * hanachiv, ganachiv - hanaczow - ganachev : village 13 km north east of peremyshlyany * hlebovychi, glebovychi, hlybovychi - hlibowice, hlibowicze - glebovichi : village 15 km south west of peremyshlyany. name derives from ukrainian word " hlybokyi " meaning " deep ". there are merely hlebovychi and velyki ( velikiye / wielkie ) hlebovychi ( great hlebovychi ) nearby each other. * hlyn


: village on left bank of river hnyla lypa, 10 km south of peremyshlyany * kuzubatytsya - kuzubatica, kuzubatice - kuzubatitsa, kuzubatitsya - little hamlet near bile and dunayiv, 23 km south east of peremyshlyany. maybe it derives its name from " zub " which measn " tooth " in ukrainian. * lahodiv, lagodiv - lahodow - lagodov : village 12 km north of peremyshlyany * ladantsi - ladance - ladantsy : village 5 km south east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word " ladan " ( a kind of precious metal ) * lony - lonie - lony : village 13 km north east of peremyshlyany * lypivtsi - lipowce - lipovtsy : village on hnyla lypa river, 14 km east of peremyshlyany * lyashky - laszki, laszki krolewskie - lashki : village 28 km north west of peremyshlyany * mereshchiv - mereszczow, mrzeszczow - mereshchev, mereshchov - village just 5 km to the south of peremyshlyany town, on the main road * mizhhirya, mizhgirya - miedzygorze, mizgirja - mezhgorye, myezhgorye - village 7 km north east of peremyshlyany. it si located between two mountains ( one is 402 meters high and other one 424 meters high ). hence its name mizhhirya which means " between mountains ". * mytulyn - mytulin - mitulin - mitulyn - village in forest on the side of the mountain ( 460 meters high ), near slovita and yaktoriv, 21 km north east of peremyshlyany town. * nestyuky - nesciuki, nestiuky - nyetsyuki - village near town pomoryany ( pomorzany ) and next to the villages dunayiv and bibshchany ( bibszczany / bobszczny ). 30 km east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian " nesty " to carry, or to nestle also


to the villages dunayiv and bibshchany ( bibszczany / bobszczny ). 30 km east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian " nesty " to carry, or to nestle also. * novosilky - nowosiolka / nowosiolki - nowosilki : little village halfway between berezhany and peremyshlyany, at the beginnings of river narayivka ( narajowka ). 18 km south east from peremyshlyany * novosilky - nowosiolka / nowosiolki - nowosilki : large village some 25 km to the north east of peremyshlyany. dont mix it with the same name novosilky to the south east of peremyshlyany. generally speaking novosilka is extremely common name in ukraine. * pecheniya - peczenia - pechenia : village 23 km north west from peremyshlyany * perehnoyiv - peregnojow, przegnojow, perehnojow - peregnoyev, peregnoyov - village 35 km north of peremyshlyany. closest village are slovita ( slowita ) and kryvychi ( krzywicze / krywicze ). * pidhaychyky, pidgaychky - podhajczyki - podgaychiki, podgaytchiki : village 14 km north west of peremyshlyany. name literally means " little pidhaytsi ". maybe as opposite to the town pidhaytsi / podgaytsy some 100 km south east from it. it consists of two ukrainian words : " pid " ( under ) and " hay " ( wood ) * pletenychi - pletenicze, plecenicze, pletenice - pletenichi, plyetyenichi - village 15 km south east of peremyshlyany. name comes from verb " plesty " - to weave. * malyy polyukhiv - poluchow maly, pluchow maly - malyi poliukhov - village 17 km south of peremyshlyany. * pnyatyn - pniatyn, pniacin - pnyatin, pniatin - village 10 km east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word " pen ' " which means "


peremyshlyany. * pnyatyn - pniatyn, pniacin - pnyatin, pniatin - village 10 km east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word " pen ' " which means " tree trunk ". * podusiv - podusow - podusov - village 15 km south east of peremyshlyany, oclose to the border with ternopil region. * podusilna - poduselna, podusielna - poduselnaya, podusyelna, podusyelnaya - village in the extreme south east corner of peremyshlyany district, some 30 km from peremyshlyany. name comes from nearby village podusiv, and can be translated " in direction of podusiv " since its on the way to podusiv in fact. * poltva - poltew - poltva : village 30 km north of peremyshlyany * polyukhiv, polukhiv - poluchow - polukhov : village 18 km south east of peremyshlyany * pryhodiv - przygodow - prigodov : village 16 km north of peremyshlyany * slovita - slowita - slovita : village 14 km north from peremyshlyany * stanimizh, stanimirzh - stanimirz : village 15 km north west of peremyshlyany * univ - uniow - uniov, unev, unov : village 10 km north east of peremyshlyany. place of the monastery of studytes and holy dormition lavra. studytes is monks order of ukrainian greek catholic church. located in forests. * svirzh - swirz - svirzh : village 13 km to the west from peremyshlyany * trudovach - trudowacz - trudovatsch, trodovatch - village near holohory and novosilky, 20 km north east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word " trud " i think. " trud " means " work " or " labour " in english. * velyka vilshanytsya, vilshanytsya - olszanica wielka, olszanica - olshanitsa - large village 30 km north of peremyshly


" in english. * velyka vilshanytsya, vilshanytsya - olszanica wielka, olszanica - olshanitsa - large village 30 km north of peremyshlyany, close to novosilky and holohory. name comes from " vilkha " ( olcha / olsza in polish ) which is " alder tree " in english. and velyka ( polish wielka ) means " great ". * vypysky, vypyski - vypyski - vipiski, vipiski : village 12 km east of peremyshlyany * vyshnivchyk - wiszniewczyk, wiszniawczyk, visznievczyk - vishnyevchyk, vishnevchik - large village north of chemeryntsi east of peremyshlyany. 20 km to the aest of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word " vyshnya " meaning cherry tree. * vyzhnyany - wyzniany - vizhnyany : village 22 km north east of peremyshlyany * yaktoriv, jaktoriv - jaktorow - yaktorov : village 10 km north from peremyshlyany * zatemne & ndash zaciemne & ndash zatemnoye - village some 5 km north west of peremyshlyany. " temny " mean " dark " in ukrainian. jews in peremyshlyany : for more info on jews of peremyshlyany and nearby glinyany you may see johan mehlman : " three years of nazi rule in glinyany " 2. 500 jews from peremyshlyany were deported to belzec death camp in september 1942 and in december 3. 000 more were deported to belzec. jewish hasidic tsaddik meir ( maer ) peremyshlyaner ( premishlaner ) and his family lived in peremyshlyany. rabbi meir of peremyshlyany ( premishlaner ) said : " they will never whip me in the world to come for not being abraham. i was not abraham. they will whip me for not being meir. " the grave of meir and his family had been restored recently and chapel was


) said : " they will never whip me in the world to come for not being abraham. i was not abraham. they will whip me for not being meir. " the grave of meir and his family had been restored recently and chapel was built on its place at peremyshlyany jewish cemetery. menakhem mendel ( 1728 - 72 ) from peremyshlyany ( premishlaner ) was one of the disciples and followers of the founder of hasidism, israel b. eliezer baal shem tov of medzibezh ( mezdhybizh ) ( ca. 1700 - 1760 ). other disciples of baal shem tov were dov baer of mezhirech ( mezhyrichchya ), jehiel michael of zloczow ( zolochiv ) and meshullam fayvish heller of zbarazh. later in 1764 - 65, this menakhem mendel of peremyshlyany and other follower of the baal shem tov, - nahman of horodenka ( d. 1786 ) had settled in jerusalem and tiberias, respectively. at that time safed was still in ruins, a result of the 1759 earthquake in which the majority of the jewish community had perished. in 1764 rabbi simha of zalosce had estimated that only forty or fifty jews still remained there ( rabinowicz, hasidism and the state of israel, pp. 34 - 42 ). peremyshlayny jewish cemetery description : data from : http : / / www. jewishgen. org / cemetery / e - europe / ukra - p. html alternative names : german - przemislani, polish - przemyslany. it is located in lvovskaya oblast at 49º40 ' 24º33 ', 42 km from lvov. the cemetery is located at w part of village on i. franko st., near kvitnevaya st 1. present town population is 5000 - 25000 with no jews. - - town : town soviet chief, bodnar yakov andreevich, peremyshlayny, galitskaya st., 50. tel. : 21634. - - regional : lvov regional state administration, lvov, vinnichenko st. 18, reception room, tel. : 722947, 728093. - - lvov jewish commmunity, lvov


- regional : lvov regional state administration, lvov, vinnichenko st. 18, reception room, tel. : 722947, 728093. - - lvov jewish commmunity, lvov, mikhnovskih st., 4, tel. : 330524, rabbi mordekhai shloime bold. - - interested : lvov center state historical archives, lvov, sobornaya square, 3a, tel. : 723508. the unlocked cemetery has no caretaker. the earliest jewish community was 18th century. in 1934 jewish population ( census ) was 3000. tzadakkim maer premyshlayner and his family lived here. the cemetery dates from the 18th century with last known jewish burial before june 1941. orthodox ( hasidic followers of premyshlyaner family ) community used this unlandmarked cemetery. the isolated urban hillside has no sign or marker. reached by turning directly off the road, access is open to all with a broken fence and no gate. the approximate size of the cemetery before the world war ii was 1, 32 hectares. 1 - 20 tombstones, some in original location and more than 75 % broken, date from 18th - 20th centuries. some of the removed stones are part of roads or structures. the sandstone finely smoothed and inscribed stones or flat stones with carved relief decoration have hebrew inscriptions. some gravestones have traces of painting on their surfaces. the cemetery has no unknown mass graves. municipality owns property used only as jewish cemetery. residential property borders site. the cemetery boundaries are smaller than in 1939 because of the housing development. from time to time, organized individual tours and local citizens ( jews ) visit. the cemetery was vandalized during the world war ii and since. jewish groups within the country and abroad were reconstructing maer premyshlayner ' s ohel in summer 1998. there are no other structures. serious threat : incompatible construction : near ohel of maer premyshlayner, almost with one wall is a two - story house is being built. moderate threat : safety, pollution, vandalism, and incompatible planned construction. slight threat : vegetation overgrowth. survey by iosif gelston from lvov, who visited site on 15. 10. 1998 and completed survey in 30. 10. 1998. documentation : csha, fond 186, inventory 4, page 4 ; jewish encyclopedia, b. 12, p. 911, st petersburg


lvov, who visited site on 15. 10. 1998 and completed survey in 30. 10. 1998. documentation : csha, fond 186, inventory 4, page 4 ; jewish encyclopedia, b. 12, p. 911, st petersburg, 1912 ; catechism of lvov archdiocese of greeks - catholic church, lvov, 1934 - 1935, p. 236. interviewed was shoikhet meilakh from lvov. additional information : during earth excavation around old ohel of maer promyshlayner, inside ohel were found gravestones from end of 18th century and early 19th century that appeared to be buried under the ohel ruins. the gravestones were covered with rich wood engraving and had traces of painting. at present, work on their restoration is being carried out. after that, they are supposed to be established inside the reconstruction ohel. page created by roman zakharii from berezhany. berezhany is town 35 kilometers south east of peremyshlyany. i was in peremyshlyany many times and passed it hundred of times on bus going from berezhany to lviv and vice versa when i studied in lviv university for 5 years ( from 1992 to 1995 ), being quite familiar with the district and area of peremyshlyany. * * * page created on 1st of september, 2001, in oslo, norway ( where i lived, worked and studied, doing two years mphil in medieval studies at the university of oslo ). i had graduated in history of ukraine from the university of lviv in ukraine and hold ma in modern central european history ( specializing in polish jewish historiography ) from board of regents of the university of state of new york ( i did it at ceu in budapest ). i would be interested to teach ukrainian, russian, soviet, polish history or languages or eastern european jewish history abroad. page updated in jan. 2008 in reykjavik, iceland, where i live and work now. please contact me, if you have any suggestions. all copyrights reserved. see my cv. if you have any comments you may write me at email @ example. com return to halychyna - galicia peremyshlyany photo gallery - page 1 peremyshlyany photo gallery - page 2 [ main index ] [ berezhany yellow pages ] [ berezhany town website ] [ berezhany early and medieval history ] [ photos of berezhany ] [ berezhany genealogy and 19


scientific research : asserting that animals can dream part of the science behind whether or not our pets are actually dreaming is rooted in a study conducted by matthew a. wilson, a professor in mit ' s department of brain and cognitive sciences. the study recorded the brain signals of lab mice in the areas that formed memory of experience ( the hippocampus ) and visual imagery ( the visual cortex ) during the day while running mazes, and again at night while they were sleeping. researchers monitored the mice to see if any matching brain wave patterns from the day session could be detected while the mice were sleeping. detecting a matching pattern in the sleeping mice would indicate that the mice were, essentially, dreaming, re - living and re - visualizing the experiences they had when they ran the maze. based on their scientific approach, researchers did find that the mice were dreaming. " based on this approach, we have determined that animals do re - experience the day ' s events during sleep in a way that includes visual imagery ( what they saw ) and action sequences ( what they did ) ", said dr. wilson. " that would satisfy most people ' s definition of dreaming. " given their research, it ' s reasonable to apply the scientific findings to other animals, including our pets, and postulate that they do in fact have dreams. what do pets dream about? most likely, pets, like the mice involved in dr. wilson ' s experiment, dream ( at least in some related fashion ) about the day ' s events. but they may have more complex dreams than the mice. " while human dreams may seem more complicated and include more varied experiences than our laboratory animals, that may be a result of the very controlled conditions that we use so that we can actually do the experiment, " dr. wilson commented. why do pets twitch or move when they dream? the telltale sign that our pets are dreaming, their movements and ticks during sleep, are more complicated than you might think. to understand why they move, it ' s first essential to understand that, like humans, pets experience two types of sleep, a deep sleep ( often associated with producing dreams ) called rem sleep and non - rem sleep. in rem sleep, a sleep that produces a dream, the cells in animals ( and humans, too ) that control muscle movement shut down, presumably to keep them from acting out their dreams ( the equivalent of doggy sleep walking ). this suppressed movement, dr. wilson notes, is what brings on the adorable twitching we perceive to be


issued by the scientific leadership council this information is for general information only. these guidelines may not apply to your individual situation. you should rely on the information and instructions given specifically to you by your ph specialist and / or the nurses at your ph center. this information is general in nature and may not apply to your specific situation. it is not intended as legal, medical or other professional advice, and should not be relied upon as a substitute for consultations with qualified professionals who are familiar with your individual needs. a brief description of the disease and genetic testing is provided here, and sources for more extensive information are cited at the end. what is familial pah? in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension ( ipah ), formerly called primary pulmonary hypertension ( pph ), there is blockage to blood flow through the small arteries in the lungs. the disease occurs more often in women and may begin at any age. most ipah patients have no known affected relatives, and are said to have sporadic ipah. ipah patients who have one or more blood relatives with ipah are said to have familial pah ( fpah ). it is estimated that a few hundred families in the us have fpah. sometimes it is difficult to recognize that pah has a familial basis, because the disease can skip generations, which happens when the parents or grandparents of a patient do not have pah. what causes familial pah? in most families, fpah is caused by an inherited change ( mutation ) in the genetic directions for making a protein called bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 ( bmpr2 ). the bmpr2 protein helps regulate the growth of cells in the walls of the small arteries of the lungs. other factors, probably genetic or environmental, are also needed to produce disease because only about 20 % of individuals with a bmpr2 mutation ever develop ipah. fpah can occur at any age and affects women almost 3 times more often than men. some individuals in families with a different genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ( hht ) may also develop ipah, due to a mutation in a different gene, called alk1. knowledge about genes that cause ipah is still growing, so it is possible that other genes may contribute and will be discovered in the future. what is a gene? genes are units of genetic information that are passed from parents to children. each gene contains the