{"text": "polycystic ovarian syndrome polycystic ovarian syndrome ( pcos ) is a condition of unknown cause. it is associated with problems such as irregular ( usually less frequent ) menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth, acne, obesity, infertility and the possible development of diabetes and osteoporosis. treatment for pcos depends on the associated problems and can include weight reduction, hormones or - in some cases - an operation. normally the ovary produces large amounts of the female hormone estrogen, lesser amounts of the male hormone testosterone, and the pregnancy hormone progesterone ( which is only produced in greater amounts after ovulation and during pregnancy ). in pcos, testosterone levels may be mildly increased. causes of pcos the causes of pcos are unknown. in some cases, it seems to run in the family ; for other women, the condition only occurs when they are overweight. recent research suggests that pcos is related to insulin resistance and the development of diabetes, especially in women who are overweight. women who have pcos may have problems such as : - irregular menstrual cycles - menstruation may be less frequent due to less frequent ovulation, and may be either heavier or lighter than average - amenorrhea - some women with pcos do not menstruate, in some cases for many years - obesity - the cause of this is unclear - excessive hair growth - may be due to increased testosterone - acne - the cause is unclear - infertility - related to less frequent or absent ovulation there may also be long term health risks. some women with pcos develop diabetes, especially if overweight. women with infrequent periods are at risk of osteoporosis. diagnosing polycystic ovarian syndrome pcos is usually diagnosed based on the woman ' s history and an examination. it may be confirmed by ultrasound and by measuring hormone levels in the blood. early diagnosis is important, as it will allow symptoms to be managed and may prevent long term health problems from developing. it is important that a broad approach ( by a general practitioner with interest or expertise in this area, or perhaps involving several specialists - for example, an endocrinologist or a gynecologist ) be used to manage and treat pcos. if only one or two symptoms are addressed on a short term basis, the woman may be left with long term clinical problems. the treatment for pcos will depend on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4889600357288957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:757f218d-4570-4885-99a0-f9c6a1f7f63a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.335307"}
{"text": "the french revolution : a history title : the french revolution : a history. publisher : british library, historical print editionsthe british library is the national library of the... show synopsis title : the french revolution : a history. publisher : british library, historical print editionsthe british library is the national library of the united kingdom. it is one of the world ' s largest research libraries holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats : books, journals, newspapers, sound recordings, patents, maps, stamps, prints and much more. its collections include around 14 million books, along with substantial additional collections of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 300 bc. the historical works of the french revolution collection includes books from the british library digitised by microsoft. this collection contains works in both french and english highlighting the history of the girondists and the jacobins, the storming of the bastille, the napoleonic wars, restorations of the monarchy, the spread of secularism, and the role of women. + + + + the below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. this data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification : + + + + british library carlyle, thomas ; 1837. 3 vol. ; 8. 1059. e. 22 - 24.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4199901744994492, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ceaa4bb8-ac16-47f5-b413-d43f8b4f89af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.337896"}
{"text": "glaucoma - health information what is glaucoma glaucoma is a condition affecting the eye, where pressure of fluid inside the eye increases above the normal level and affects vision. the progression of the disease may lead to destruction of the nerve fibre and impaired vision in later life. how does it occur the eye is approximately the size of a ping - pong ball and its walls are composed of several layers of muscles. the innermost layer of this wall is called the retina and is light sensitive, being responsible for detecting light rays and sending them to the brain via the optic nerve which transmits the light in the form of electric impulses. this helps to establish vision. inside the eyeball is a lens suspended by muscles near the front of the eye and this focuses incoming light rays from outside onto the retina. in front of the lens is the iris which, by alteration of its diameter, controls the amount of light entering the eye. the eyeball is filled with jelly like fluid which fills the inside of the eyeball and gives the eye its shape and tension. the fluid between the lens and the front of the eye is known as aqueous humour and fills the area known as the anterior chamber whilst the remainder of the eye behind the lens is known as the posterior chamber and the contents known as vitreous humour. this liquid is constantly being produced by cells in the eye and is drained away through a drainage channel. thus the constant flow of liquid maintains a constant pressure in the eyeball called the intraocular pressure and in health is between 15 and 20 mm mercury. if there is an excessive production or an inadequate drainage of fluid the pressure will rise abnormally high to a point where vision is affected. this is glaucoma. glaucoma affects more than 1 % of the general population over 40 years. the incidence increases with age up to 3 % over 70 and is one of the major causes of registerable blindness in the uk. why does it happen in glaucoma, for reasons not quite known, the thin fluid does not drain as quickly as it should. when this happens the fluid backs up and puts pressure on the delicate optic nerve which can then become damaged. at first, the increased fluid pressure damages only those nerve cells and fibres that control \" side vision \". as a result this peripheral vision is destroyed. in the final stages of the disease, the pressure destroys the fibres which permit central vision resulting eventually in total loss of vision. if caught early the damage may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5818882358935464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5eca619-2310-4380-ab4a-3edcce83d737>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.350752"}
{"text": "fibres that control \" side vision \". as a result this peripheral vision is destroyed. in the final stages of the disease, the pressure destroys the fibres which permit central vision resulting eventually in total loss of vision. if caught early the damage may be slight and both medical and surgical treatments exist which can stop progression of the disease. the amount of pressure it takes to cause damage varies from person to person and that is why individual screening is important. who is at risk - the chance of developing glaucoma increases with advancing age - it tends to run in families - diabetics are at higher risk - patients who have suffered eye injury or had eye surgery are at risk of this complication - glaucoma is more common in afro - americans what are the symptoms glaucoma occurs in two forms, namely acute and chronic : acute glaucoma : in this case there is a sudden blockage of the duct that drains the aqueous fluid at the front of the eye resulting in an abrupt rise in the intraocular pressure. as the pressure increases the normally clear cornea at the front of the eye becomes waterlogged and hazy. the eye becomes painful and red. there may be \" haloes \" around lights and blurring of vision. nausea and vomiting may also occur. this form of glaucoma is more common in the long sighted who have smaller eyes and older people in whom the lens actually grows larger. in both cases the drainage canal in front of the iris closes off. this is known as angle closure glaucoma. chronic glaucoma : by contrast, in this case, the blockage is gradual and there may or may not be a build up of pressure great enough to cause pain and discomfort. the intraocular pressure rises gradually and the eye adjusts partially to the raised pressure so the patient may not realise that there is a problem even though the optic nerve is being gradually damaged as the blood supply is being slowly cut off by the pressure. the effect on the vision is to cause blank areas to occur and enlarge until there remains only a small central island of vision. in chronic glaucoma the increase in pressure is not great enough to cause pain and discomfort and in this condition the drainage canal remains open but becomes silted up preventing drainage of the aqueous humour in front of the iris. what are the tests regular eye examinations by an optician or ophthalmologist are the most important ways to detect glaucoma. the examination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5084099537898836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5eca619-2310-4380-ab4a-3edcce83d737>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.351760"}
{"text": "becomes silted up preventing drainage of the aqueous humour in front of the iris. what are the tests regular eye examinations by an optician or ophthalmologist are the most important ways to detect glaucoma. the examination ( which is quite painless ) will comprise the following : - measurement of the intraocular pressure ( called tonometry ) - inspection of the drainage angle of the eye ( called gonioscopy ) - evaluation of the optic nerve ( called ophthalmoscopy ) - testing of the visual field of each eye what is the treatment acute glaucoma : this is a medical emergency and the patient should be referred to hospital immediately. the aim will be to reduce the pressure as soon as possible and open the drainage channel for the eye fluid. a drug called acetazolamide which prevents eye fluid being formed is given initially, as well as eye drops called pilocarpine to the affected eye which make the pupil smaller and open up the drainage canal. if the pressure settles quickly then surgery or a laser can be used to drill a hole at the edge of the iris near the white of the eye to open up the drainage canal and so relieve the pressure. chronic glaucoma : treatment is commonly by anti - glaucoma drops of various types and the aim here is to control the eyeball pressure gradually and help prevent further loss of vision. the eye specialist will prescribe beta blocking drugs ( eg. timoptol ) which reduce production of fluid into the eye. they may be used alone or with pilocarpine drops or with adrenaline drop, both of which have effects on the production and drainage of fluid within the eye. acetazolamide tablets may be used also. a treatment called laser trabeculoplasty may work in some cases. this involves the creation of a drainage canal from within the eye to the exterior part just below the upper eyelid and so improve the drainage process. are there side effects of treatment the eye drops have side effects. pilocarpine makes the pupil small and alters vision, whilst adrenaline can make the eyes sore and red. beta blockers can worsen asthma - type breathing difficulties. acetazolamide tablets may cause pins and needles in the hands and nausea. are there recommended lifestyle changes practically speaking, the eye drops should be stored in a cool place and if opened will last about four weeks. should hospital admission be necessary or a holiday planned, then it is important not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4910482722269526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5eca619-2310-4380-ab4a-3edcce83d737>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.352783"}
{"text": "the us department of labor requires large employers to collect diversity statistics annually and suggests they be based on employees \u2019 classification of themselves. in cases in which employees do not self - identify, federal regulations allow some administrators to make judgment calls on the correct categories using \u201c employment records or observer identification. \u2019 \u2019 the linked article also recounts the history of harvard law ' s perceived diversity problem circa 1990, just before warren arrived. lawprof derrick bell had gone on \" strike \" ( unpaid leave ) to protest, some students brought a lawsuit ( unsuccessful ), and the u. s. department of labor audited what the article calls \" harvard ' s diversity practices \" and found 10 violations. warren arrived in 1992 ( as a visiting professor ), at which point she \" had been listing herself for seven years as a minority in a legal directory often used by law recruiters to make diversity - friendly hires. \" she was still on that list when harvard law gave her a permanent position in 1995. the administrator responsible for harvard law school \u2019 s faculty diversity statistics from 1996 to 2004, the period in question, was alan ray, a citizen of the cherokee nation who, like warren, has fair skin, blue eyes, and oklahoma roots. but ray, now president of elmhurst college in illinois, said in a statement that he \u201c did not encourage the law school to list any faculty member as one particular race or ethnicity, including professor warren. \u2019 \u2019 he further said through a spokeswoman that he \u201c never encouraged any faculty member to list himself or herself in a particular way. \u2019 \u2019 ray added that harvard \u201c always accepted whatever identification a faculty member wanted to provide, \u2019 \u2019 a characterization another highly placed former harvard administrator backed up. in 1996, law school news director mike chmura, speaking to the harvard crimson, identified warren as a native american professor. i find it hard to believe that \u2014 after all the uproar over diversity in 1990 \u2014 that the law school could quietly pass off warren as its \" first woman of color. \" there were so many people who were genuinely angry over the lack of diversity. why would they have tolerated the school making such a lame assertion? wouldn ' t they have wanted to keep up the pressure? if you were at harvard in the 1990s, what do you remember about this? in 1997, the fordham law review, citing chmura, referred to warren as harvard law \u2019 s \u201c first woman of color. \u2019 \u2019 the globe article has more detail about harvard ' s \" affirmative action plan, \" a 1999 document, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.456700467712955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b00d079-62ed-436a-bd01-514a587827eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.356312"}
{"text": "? in 1997, the fordham law review, citing chmura, referred to warren as harvard law \u2019 s \u201c first woman of color. \u2019 \u2019 the globe article has more detail about harvard ' s \" affirmative action plan, \" a 1999 document, which \" lists one native american senior professor at the entire university, \" and, in a section on the law school, specifies that there is \" a single native american senior professor. \" this must be warren, right? but this document also defines native american in a way that would not include warren : \" a person having origins in any of the original peoples of north america and who maintains cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition. \" the inference is that harvard itself lied on diversity documents filed with the federal government ( and posted on line for years ). note that this information is used to recruit students, some of whom may care a great deal about whether there are faculty who seem as though they will be special mentors. i wonder whether there were students who chose harvard and sought out warren as a mentor because of her perceived status as a native american. there ' s something very odd here. a lot of things, actually. this isn ' t just about whether elizabeth warren is a worthy candidate for the u. s. senate. this is about more general chicanery about diversity at harvard and even more general deception and manipulation in the politics of diversity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5126194097443285, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b00d079-62ed-436a-bd01-514a587827eb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.356867"}
{"text": "who is affected? on the basis of comparisons of large groups of people with alzheimer ' s disease with others who have not been affected, researchers suggest that there are a number of risk factors. this means that some people are more likely to suffer from the disease than others. however, it is unlikely that the disease could be traced to a single cause. it is more likely that a combination of factors lead to its development, with the importance of particular factors differing from one person to another. about one person out of twenty over the age of 65 suffers from alzheimer ' s disease and less than one person in a thousand under the age of 65. however, it is important to note that although people do tend to become forgetful as times goes on, the vast majority of people over 80 stay mentally alert. this means that although the likelihood of suffering from alzheimer ' s disease increases with age, old age does not itself cause the disease. nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that age related problems such as arteriosclerosis may be important contributing factors. also, as people are now living longer than in the past, the number of people with alzheimer ' s disease and other forms of dementia will most probably increase. some studies have suggested that more women are affected by the disease than men at any one time. however, this can be misleading because women as a group live longer than men. this means that if men were to live as long as women and did not die of other illnesses, the number suffering from alzheimer ' s disease would be about the same as that for women. genetic factors ( heredity ) in an extremely limited number of families alzheimer ' s disease is a dominant genetic disorder. members of such families inherit from one of their parents the part of the dna ( the genetic make - up ), which causes the disease. on average, half the children of an affected parent will develop the disease. for the members of such families who develop alzheimer ' s disease, the age of onset tends to be relatively low, usually between 35 and 60. the onset is fairly constant within the family. a link between chromosome 21 and alzheimer ' s disease has been discovered. as down ' s syndrome is caused by an anomaly in this chromosome, many children with down ' s syndrome will develop alzheimer ' s disease if they reach middle age, although they may not display the full range of symptoms. there is evidence to suggest that a person who has received a severe blow to the head may be at risk of developing alzheimer ' s disease. this risk is higher if at the time of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47970641235273803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e5b8483-2e22-4b64-a9b5-14b865703c5a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.359748"}
{"text": "ethics of dementia research the universal declaration on the human genome and human rights ( unesco, 1997 ) is of relevance to research, treatment or diagnosis affecting an individual \u2019 s genome and covers areas such as human dignity, the rights of people concerned and the way that such treatment, diagnosis or research is carried. in the general preamble to the declaration it is stated : \u201c recognizing that research on the human genome and the resulting applications open up vast prospects for progress in improvising the health of individuals and of humankind as a whole, but emphasizing that such research should fully respect human dignity, freedom and human rights, as well as the prohibition of all forms of discrimination based on genetic characteristics. \u201d two types of genetic characteristics might be identified in the course of research, namely genetic mutations and a person \u2019 s genetic susceptibility. in an extremely limited number of families, alzheimer \u2019 s disease is a dominant genetic disorder. it is transmissible and known as familial alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( fad ). the first gene to be identified was the amyloid precursor protein ( app ) on chromosome 21 but this is limited to approximately 20 families. in most cases, the mutation occurs in the presenilin - 1 gene on chromosome 14. in a very small group of families, the fault is in the presenilin - 2 gene on chromosome 1 ( lovestone and gauthier, 2001 ). on average, half the children of an affected parent will develop the disease. for the members of such families who develop alzheimer \u2019 s disease, the age of onset tends to be relatively low, usually between 35 and 60. it is important to bear in mind that these genes are associated with the early onset, or familial form of the disease occurring in late middle age and that more than 90 % of cases of alzheimer \u2019 s disease occur in the 65 + age group ( eisenstein, 2011 ). in 2009 and 2010, a genome - wide association study, led to the discovery of additional gene variants of cr1, clu and picalm, and in 2011 of the gene variant bin 1 ( all of which are believed to affect the development of late onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( eisenstein, 2011 ; vaughn, 2011 ). there is no single gene responsible for all cases of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. however, everyone risks developing the disease at some time and it is now known that there is a gene which can affect this risk. this gene is found on chromosome 19 and it is responsible for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5320426097825725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea91109-f87b-459a-9b9d-04c2210a58f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.376815"}
{"text": "gene responsible for all cases of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. however, everyone risks developing the disease at some time and it is now known that there is a gene which can affect this risk. this gene is found on chromosome 19 and it is responsible for the production of a protein called apolipoprotein e ( apoe ). there are three main types of this protein : allele \u03b52, \u03b53 and \u03b54 and as every person inherits two allele, six combinations are possible. the \u03b54 allele, although uncommon, makes it more likely that alzheimer \u2019 s disease will occur and at an earlier age. just one copy would increase the likelihood fourfold, whereas two copies would lead to a tenfold increase in risk ( eisenstein, 2011 ). the \u03b52 allele, on the other hand, is believed to offer some degree of protection. however, the \u03b54 allele does not cause the disease, but merely increases the likelihood. for example, a person of 50, would have a 2 in 1, 000 chance of developing alzheimer \u2019 s disease instead of the usual 1 in 1, 000, but might never actually develop it. there is no way to predict whether a particular person will develop the disease. it is possible to test for the apoe4 gene mentioned above, but such a test does not predict whether a particular person will develop alzheimer \u2019 s disease or not. it merely indicates that s / he is at greater risk. there are in fact people who have had the apoe4 gene, lived well into old age and never developed alzheimer \u2019 s disease, just as there are people who did not have apoe4, who did develop the disease. nevertheless, researchers may be interested in a person \u2019 s genetic status, even if this is limited to his / her susceptibility to develop dementia, as it may be affect the drug they are testing or lead to the development of more targeted and hence more effective drugs ( i. e. which will be more effective for some people than others ). however, whilst research into genetic status or susceptibility is of vital importance for the development of medication for dementia, the outcome of such research could have negative implications for some groups of people. in 2001, alzheimer europe produced a position paper on genetic testing in which it recognised the importance of research into genetic factors linked to dementia ( which might further our understanding of the cause and development of the disease and possibly contribute to future treatment ). at the same time, it cautioned against the use of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.478684296759099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea91109-f87b-459a-9b9d-04c2210a58f5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.377788"}
{"text": "genetic testing in which it recognised the importance of research into genetic factors linked to dementia ( which might further our understanding of the cause and development of the disease and possibly contribute to future treatment ). at the same time, it cautioned against the use of any genetic test for dementia unless such test was known to have a high and proven success rate either in assessing the risk of developing the disease ( or not as the case may be ) or in detecting the existence of it in a particular individual. alzheimer europe did not, at that time, consider the ethical issues linked to genetic research. emotional disturbance or benefit a person who discovers by any means that s / he possesses a gene known to result in dementia may suffer emotional distress which is why genetic counselling is so important. in the case of badly conducted research, there is a risk of the person finding out about his / her genetic status \u201c in passing \u201d ( e. g. based on allocation to a particular group or if it was used as a criterion for inclusion in a study ), without there being any provisions for genetic counselling. on the other hand, for some people, genetic testing resulting in a normal result may spare people and their relatives the stress of not knowing and years of uncertainty. this would of course only apply to genetic tests which had been reliably shown to be capable of predicting future disease ( please see sub - section 7. 8. 6 on mere susceptibility ). in most cases, genetic information is probabilistic ( white, 2000 ). however, leibowitz ( 1999 ) points out that people react very differently to the perceived risk of disease based on statistical probability. whereas some people will interpret 45 % probability as meaning that they are less than likely to be affected, others will treat a 3 % probability as practically a diagnosis. she concludes, \u201c genetic information on an individual level has the potential to change people \u2019 s lives through the infinitely powerful mechanisms of the mind. the danger lies in distortion and despair ; the hope lies in a realistic understanding and appreciation of life. \u201d ( leibowitz, 1999 ). however, as people are likely to react very differently and unpredictably with regard to personal risk, one might ask whether it is justifiable to risk psychological harm in the sole interests of research. possible impact on relatives in the case of forms of dementia which are genetically inherited from parents, the identification of that gene in one person could have a dramatic impact on the lives of other family members who did not necessarily receive the counselling that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5312418096726905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea91109-f87b-459a-9b9d-04c2210a58f5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.378800"}
{"text": "research. possible impact on relatives in the case of forms of dementia which are genetically inherited from parents, the identification of that gene in one person could have a dramatic impact on the lives of other family members who did not necessarily receive the counselling that the person participating in the research received. there are very few families in which dementia is genetically inherited but this does not make it any less of an ethical issue. moreover, should there be an increased interest in carrying out research on this particular group of people, the problem would occur more frequently. in \u201c pedigree studies \u201d, which study the incidence and progression of a disease in families, pressure may be exerted within families on certain relatives to take part in a study which might eventually reveal unexpected information about their risk of developing that disease ( white, 2000 ). this raises the issue of voluntariness, which is an important condition for informed consent. discrimination and stigmatization an obvious risk linked to identifying a person \u2019 s genetic status or susceptibility is that they may suffer some form of discrimination if such information was disclosed to a third party ( e. g. in the domain of healthcare, insurance, banking or housing ). as long as a person does not know such information, s / he does not risk such discrimination ( provided that confidentiality is maintained by the researchers ), but once known, the person may be legally obliged to reveal it in certain circumstances and thereby suffer the consequences. this might include not being able to obtain a loan or travel insurance, or having to pay higher insurance premiums. as significant advances are made by researchers every year, it cannot be known at a particular moment in time the predictive value or implications of specific genetic information nor how society will respond to such knowledge. even in the absence of actual discrimination, a person with a particular genetic status or susceptibility may feel stigmatized and suffer the consequences of anticipated discrimination. this could be the case not only for the person who was tested but also any of his / her relatives who are equally concerned by the results of the test. on the other hand, anderlik and rothstein ( 2001 ) argue that singling out genetic information for special protection ( please see sub - section on genetic exceptionalism ) may actually increase the likelihood of stigma through the implication that such information must be particularly shameful. in its position statement on genetic testing for late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease, the american geriatrics society ( 2000 ) draws attention to the fact that very little if anything is known about the \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5013929330156655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea91109-f87b-459a-9b9d-04c2210a58f5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.379806"}
{"text": "implication that such information must be particularly shameful. in its position statement on genetic testing for late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease, the american geriatrics society ( 2000 ) draws attention to the fact that very little if anything is known about the \u201c genetic literacy \u201d of older adults. many left school before dna was discovered and before prenatal genetic testing became available. they may therefore be less familiar with genetic concepts and have more difficulty grasping the issues at stake such as what they are agreeing to and the implications of having or not having access to the results of any genetic test administered in the context of research. genetic exceptionalism is the belief that genetic information is qualitatively different from other forms of medical or personal information. this is generally accompanied by the belief that such information should be treated differently in law ( dow, 2009 ) and may have implications for research. this is reflected article 4 of the international declaration on human genetic data ( unesco, 2003 ). article 4 \u2013 special status ( a ) human genetic data have a special status because : ( i ) they can be predictive of genetic predispositions concerning individuals ; ( ii ) they may have a significant impact on the family, including offspring, extending over generations, and in some instances on the whole group to which the person concerned belongs ; ( iii ) they may contain information the significance of which is not necessarily known at the time of the collection of the biological samples ; ( iv ) they may have cultural significance for persons or groups. ( b ) due consideration should be given to the sensitivity of human genetic data and an appropriate level of protection for these data and biological samples should be established. there may also be strongly held beliefs that genetic information is inherently unique and symbolically equated with the uniqueness of the individual. it \u2019 s protection may therefore be seen by some as a reflection of respect for individuals as unique members of the human species ( dow, 2009 ). shah ( 2001 ) criticises such assumptions, suggesting that health and identity cannot be reduced to the sum of our genes. moreover, health insurers typically have access to non - genetic medical information which may have predictive value ( such as a history of past tuberculosis in one \u2019 s family ). legislation to protect genetic information has been described as under - inclusive and leading to inequity as it is based on the fact that whilst genetic risks transcend social class, many non - genetic risk factors ( e. g. environmental factors ) frequently do not ( suter, 2001 ). according to dow (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.538788854952245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea91109-f87b-459a-9b9d-04c2210a58f5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.381019"}
{"text": "leading to inequity as it is based on the fact that whilst genetic risks transcend social class, many non - genetic risk factors ( e. g. environmental factors ) frequently do not ( suter, 2001 ). according to dow ( 2009 ), genetic exceptionalism may lead to a paternalistic approach to genetics and the application of the \u201c precautionary principle \u201d which implies that when potential adverse effects of an activity are not fully understood, such activities should not be proposed ( united nations world charter for nature, 1982 ) or should require proof of cost - effectiveness in the light of perceived threats of serious or irreversible damage. he argues that whilst there is a need to protect people, there is a risk that genetic exceptionalism might lead to regulations which deny the public the tremendous benefits that might result from research into how genetic information predicts disease and improves medical outcomes. anxiety about the possible implications on insurance contracts of knowing one \u2019 s genetic status may prevent people from taking part in research or lead to hostility against such research. insurance companies may also be concerned about the possible asymmetry of information resulting in adverse selection ( i. e. people with a high risk, which is unknown to the insurer, purchasing more insurance ). joly et al. ( 2003 ) point out that the restriction of access to genetic information may even be counter - productive in that life insurers are interested in covering a maximum number of applicants. having access to genetic information might actually fuel research by the insurance industry to broaden the insurability of the general population by gaining more precise information about the link between genetic tests and mortality rate. rather than proposing greater protection of genetic information, joly et al. ( 2003 ) propose the use of moratoria, codes of conduct established in collaboration with the general public and transparency on the part of insurance companies. where the genetic information obtained is only linked to the likelihood of a person developing alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( his / her apoe4 status ), the risk of discrimination and stigmatization is still present. people carrying the allele associated with the highest risk of developing dementia may never actually develop dementia and people carrying the allele associated with the lowest risk of developing alzheimer \u2019 s disease might develop it. as genetic susceptibility status is not a biomarker in that it cannot determine with any degree of certainty that a person will develop alzheimer \u2019 s disease and there is as yet no cure for alzheimer \u2019 s disease, alzheimer europe stated in its position of genetic testing that it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5506718004355142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea91109-f87b-459a-9b9d-04c2210a58f5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.383014"}
{"text": "is not a biomarker in that it cannot determine with any degree of certainty that a person will develop alzheimer \u2019 s disease and there is as yet no cure for alzheimer \u2019 s disease, alzheimer europe stated in its position of genetic testing that it was not in favour of promoting the use of such tests. we felt that the results of susceptibility testing could cause considerable distress to some people who do not fully understand their basis and limitations, particularly if the tests were to become widely available without there being adequate provisions for genetic counselling. the right to be informed within the context of research, which is by definition based on uncertainty, the value of susceptibility testing may be justifiable. it may, for example, contribute towards the development of more targeted drugs. however, is it morally right for researchers to withhold information about a person \u2019 s genetic status which indicates the presence or likelihood of a medical condition? even if the research participant never develops that condition, they might want to make certain changes in their lives based on that information ( e. g. making informed decisions about their future care and treatment or delaying the possible or certain development of the condition by adapting their lifestyle habits ). it is stated in article 5c of the the universal declaration on the human genome and human rights ( 1997 ) that each individual has the right to decide whether to be informed or not of the results of genetic examination and that the resulting consequences should be respected. there is also the issue of transparency. participants should be informed if researchers take genetic samples for use in any study ( e. g. one which is not directly related to genetics but for which such data may be useful in comparing different sub - groups ). in some cases, such information is not essential to the main study, although beneficial to the future development of drugs which are more targeted to individuals. in such cases, layered consent might be useful ( white, 2000 ). - research affecting an individual \u2019 s genome shall be undertaken only after rigorous and prior assessment of the potential risk and benefits pertaining thereto. - genetic researchers should abide by laws pertaining to this type of research. - researchers should try to avoid contributing towards the coercion of relatives to take part in certain forms of genetic research. - no genetic samples should be taken or genetic information recorded without the awareness and informed consent of the participant ( or his / her legal representative ). - as genetic testing may have implications for family members, potential participants should be encouraged to involve relatives in the consent process. - researchers should ensure that participants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4917866091386789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea91109-f87b-459a-9b9d-04c2210a58f5>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.384219"}
{"text": "metachromatic leukodystrophy ( mld ) by alexander kurz metachromatic leukodystrophy ( mld ) is an autosomal recessive disorder of myelin metabolism. due to the deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase a sulfatides ( cerebroside sulfate ) accumulate in the white matter of the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in other body organs including kidney, liver, pancreas, testes, and retina. the sulfatides show a peculiar staining which is called \u201e metachromatic \u201c. there are late infantile, juvenile, and adult variants of the disease. symptoms and course in the adult variant of mld onset may occur from the mid - teens to the seventh decade. the most common signs are personality or behavioural change and signs of intellectual deterioration. patients show impairment of memory and concentration, and their behaviour becomes childish. atypical psychotic features are common and often lead to a misdiagnosis of schizophrenia. progressive dementia is usually accompanied by spasticity, unvoluntary movements, emotional lability and involuntary movements. evidence of peripheral neuropathy is variable, but occasionally this is the presenting feature. the disease may progress slowly over several decades ; the mean survival time is 14 years. in the final stages patients are mute, blind, quadriparetic, and unresponsive. causes and risk factors the defect in mld involves the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase. a number of mutations were identified in the arylsulfatase a ( arsa ) gene ( 22q13. 31 ). inheritance is autosomal recessive. the arylsulfatase a deficit generates an abnormal storage of sulfatides. microscopically there is diffuse demyelinisation in the white matter of the central nervous system, ventricular enlargement and atrophy of the corpus callosum with loss of oligodendroglia and accumulation of sulfatide - containing metachromatic granules in neurons and glial cells. similar changes are seen in the peripheral nerves. the prevalence is estimated at 1 : 40. 000 ( ben - yoseph and mittchell, 1995 ). the diagnosis of mld can be established during life by the demonstration of reduced activity of arylsulfatase a in peripheral blood leukocytes or by the finding of metachromatic lipid material in centrifuged urine or peripheral nervous tissue. the cerebrospinal fluid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4789020690112766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d054606-9166-4347-9fd3-8c4e3f40a58d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.389433"}
{"text": "during life by the demonstration of reduced activity of arylsulfatase a in peripheral blood leukocytes or by the finding of metachromatic lipid material in centrifuged urine or peripheral nervous tissue. the cerebrospinal fluid may show an elevated protein content. nerve conduction studies may reveal evidence of a peripheral neuropathy with slowed motor nerve conduction and absent sensory action potentials. the ct shows symmetrical hypodensities of the white matter whereas brain atrophy is only mild. abnormal signal in the periventricular white matter on t2 - weighted mri scanning appears to be more specific. proton mrs shows reduced n - acetylaspartate and increased myoinositol in affected areas. genetic test can be used to identify mutations in the arylsulfatase a gene on chromosome 22 or mutations in the sufatid activator gene on chromosoms 10 ( rare ). care and treatment bone marrow transplantation is used in mld to replace the deficient enzyme. after successful transplantation, enzyme activity increases to normal or heterozygote levels, and the correction is permament without the need for further treatment. the new enzyme levels prevent the accumulation of sulfatades and contribute to the removal of abnormal tissue deposits. in patients with mld bone marrow transplantation slows down or even halts the progression of the disease and stabilises clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuroradiologic features. these favourable result occur when transplantation is performed early in the disease. at more advanced stages results have been disappointing. results in significant improvements in the clinical course of mld. outcomes based on neuropsychological tests indicate continued maintenance and in some cases increase in cognitive function. united leukodystrophy foundation 2304 highland drive sycamore, illinois usa 60178 http : / / www. ulf. org / you can also contact the department of neurology. - j austin, d armstrong, s fouch, c mitchell, d a stumpf, l shearer, o briner : metachromatic leukodystrophy ( mld ). viii. mld in adults : diagnosis and pathogenesis. arch neurol 18 : 225 - 240, 1968 - e bayever, s ladisch, m philippart, n brill, m nuwer, r s sparkes, s a feig : bone - marrow transplantation for metachromatic leucod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4876766447935303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d054606-9166-4347-9fd3-8c4e3f40a58d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.390381"}
{"text": "18 : 225 - 240, 1968 - e bayever, s ladisch, m philippart, n brill, m nuwer, r s sparkes, s a feig : bone - marrow transplantation for metachromatic leucodystrophy. lancet ii : 471 - 473, 1985 - t a betts, w t smith, r e kelly : adult metachromatic leukodystrophy ( sulphatide lipidosis ) simulating acute schizophrenia : report of a case. neurology 18 : 1140 - 1142, 1968 - v gieselmann, j zlotogopra, a harris, d a wenger, c p morris : molecular genetics of metachromatic leukodystrophy. hum mutat 4 : 233 - 242, 1994 - t. hagemann et al. : clinical symptoms of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy and arylsulfatase a pseudodeficienty. arch neurol 52 : 408 - 413, 1995 - w krivit, e shapiro, w kennedy, m lipton, l lockman, s smith, c g summers, d a wenger, m y tsai, n k c ramsay, j h kersey, j k yao, e kaye : treatment of late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy by bone marrow transplantation. new eng. j. med. 322 : 28 - 32, 1990 - w krivit, c peters, e g shapiro : bone marrow transplantation as effective treatment of central nervous system disease in globoid cell leukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy, mannosidosis, fucosidosis, aspartylglucosaminuria, hruler, maroteaux - lamy, and sly syndromes, and gaucher disease type iii. curr opin neurol 12 : 167 - 176, 1999 - c navarro, j m fernandez, c dominguez, c fachal, m alvarez : late juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy treated with bone marrow transplantation : a 4 - year follow - up study. neurology 46 : 254 - 256, 1996 - g. waltz et al. adult metachromatic leukodystrophy. value of computed tomographic scanning and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4761097970094111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d054606-9166-4347-9fd3-8c4e3f40a58d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.391103"}
{"text": "we again suggest that readers purchase a copy of genealogist \u2019 s handbook for atlantic canada research, edited by terrence m. punch. available from our sales department for $ 10. 00 ( plus $ 2. 50 postage and handling ), this book is the most up - to - date discussion of research methodology in atlantic canada, with details about records and sources. it will save you much time and help you better plan your next trip \u201c down home \u201d! originally a part of nova scotia, new brunswick was set off as a separate colony in 1784, the year after large numbers of loyalists came into saint john to join pre - loyalist new englanders along the st. john river and others who had established themselves in the wilds of western nova scotia. later influxes of irish and scots to northern and eastern new brunswick, yorkshiremen to westmorland county, english to southern new brunswick, germans via philadelphia to the fundy shore of what is now albert county, and scotch - irish baptists into eastern new brunswick, plus large - scale irish immigration into saint john in the 1840s and 1850s all come together to make new brunswick a varied and interesting genealogical challenge. the only officially bilingual province in canada, about one - third of the population is of french origin - mostly acadian, with some in northern new brunswick akin to the quebecois. their customs are as different as their dialects ( chiaque or joual ). new brunswick also has a considerable population of native americans, belonging mainly to the maliseet and micmac tribes, with some admixture of other races. and of course, the city of saint john is a modem urban port which draws people from all backgrounds. we have much new brunswick source material at nehgs. 25 reels of microfilm cover all existing county marriage registers to 1888, when the province officially began keeping vital statistics ( incomplete until after 1900 ). the registers for victoria county and the early years of sunbury county are lost, but for the latter some substitute records, 1766 - 1888, have been published in book form and are available here. also in print are marriage registers for queens county ( 1812 - 1861 ) and kings county ( a & b ). readers should check as well b. wood - holt \u2019 s early marriage records of new brunswick before 1839 ( 1986 ). another key set of new brunswick microfilms at the society contains late registrations of births ( 1810 - 1888, 12 reels ), often filed many years after the event. a recent publication by wallace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44106254976188064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81790440-685a-44c4-875a-df9fe7e0a187>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.400099"}
{"text": "of new brunswick before 1839 ( 1986 ). another key set of new brunswick microfilms at the society contains late registrations of births ( 1810 - 1888, 12 reels ), often filed many years after the event. a recent publication by wallace hale, early new brunswick probate records, 1785 - 1835 ( 1989 ) abstracts probate documents from all regions of the province. print cemetery inscriptions include burial records of the loyalist burial ground in saint john, cemeteries of albert county, and cedar hill extension cemetery, in saint john. most 1851 census records have now been published, along will a few for later census years and an index to the 1871 census for st. john county. and the indefatigable daniel johnson has published 38 volumes of the ongoing new brunswick vital statistics from newspapers, so far covering 1784 - 1876. all newspapers for the province are said to be abstracted therein. anyone beginning new brunswick research must consult researching your ancestors in new brunswick, canada ( c. 1979 ) by robert f. fellows, in addition to our genealogist \u2019 s handbook cited above. fellows discusses the various classes of records at the archives, and provides helpful hints about research in repositories throughout the province. a partial list of good genealogies of new brunswick families might include the descendants of daniel and elizabeth ( disbrow ) keith ; kicrsteads of new brunswick, canada ; the hors ( e ) man family ; the descendants of edmund and jane ( webb ) price ; the wests of coles island ; the bowser family ; and others, all available here. numerous u. s. genealogies treat branches which \u201c went down \u201d into new brunswick as well. les familles de caraquet covers genealogies of the various acadian families of caraquet in some detail. and our library also subscribes to generations, quarterly of the new brunswick genealogical society, which features cemetery records, queries, and articles of interest. a surname index through march 1987 is available at nehgs. prince edward island the micmacs called it minegoo, or abegweit, but this small island has been known as st. john \u2019 s island, then prince edward island, since europeans came there in the first half of the 18th century. famed for its wonderful potatoes and other garden crops ( thus the epithet \u201c garden of the gulf \u2019 ), it should perhaps be more famous for its major export, people. while the population of \u201c the island \u201d has never been greater than now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4250220495358753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81790440-685a-44c4-875a-df9fe7e0a187>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.401087"}
{"text": "century. famed for its wonderful potatoes and other garden crops ( thus the epithet \u201c garden of the gulf \u2019 ), it should perhaps be more famous for its major export, people. while the population of \u201c the island \u201d has never been greater than now ( approximately 130, 000 ), every generation has sent thousands of its residents to all corners of the world. the ubiquitous \u201c islander \u201d can be found every - where, and where there is one, there are often many. large numbers came to the greater boston area and to the lumber camps of maine and new hampshire ; others went to new york city and perth amboy, new jersey ; and some can be found in pennsylvania coal mining communities. still others went to the great lakes region, to mining towns of the black hills, to butte, montana, and to denver. many settled in and around oakland, california. people of island descent may be found in all parts of north america. this migration often seemed to complete a circle, as descendants of new england fishermen and loyalists returned to the areas their ancestors had left earlier. as with the rest of atlantic canada, the largest immigration occurred ca. 1880 - 1920. since 1924 and the advent of us. immigration restrictions, movement from canada to the states has diminished. previously it was easy to move back and forth over \u201c the line, \u201d and many a young woman from \u201c down east \u201d had only to marry an american to become a u. s. citizen, leaving no immigration or naturalization paper trail. as with other parts of atlantic canada, the island \u2019 s population is a mixture of native americans, french acadians, new englanders, loyalists from coastal colonies and direct arrivals from the british isles. approximately one - third is said to be of scottish descent, one - fourth of irish descent, and one - fourth of english descent. about 15 percent is acadian - but not all island acadians speak french or practice a unique culture. many island communities are still predominantly scottish, irish, french or micmac. some are ethnically even more specific, with populations mostly of monaghan irish or scottish highlanders from the isle of skye. mac - donald catholic scots are still very visible at the east end of the island. accents and word choices from different parts of the island denote the predominant strain in each area. relatively little in - migration and, until recently, not much movement within the island itself, have allowed communities to retain distinctive characteristics. we have much at the library to help researchers with island ancestry, including the surviving colonial and federal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43615654798433207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81790440-685a-44c4-875a-df9fe7e0a187>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.402067"}
{"text": "strain in each area. relatively little in - migration and, until recently, not much movement within the island itself, have allowed communities to retain distinctive characteristics. we have much at the library to help researchers with island ancestry, including the surviving colonial and federal censuses through 1891 ( the first federal census was in 1881 ; in 1871 the island was not yet a member of the confederation owing to an argument with ottawa over funding for the railroad ). however, the first place to look is the master name index, a microfilm copy of the massive card file at the p. e. i. museum and heritage foundation. this file contains census and various newspaper abstracts, all island gravestone inscriptions, early land grants, inquisitions post mortem, funeral home records, references to landowners on the 1880 atlas, and items from many other sources. in addition, we have microfilm copies of virtually all island catholic church records to 1900, and of many presbyterian, united church, methodist, bible christian, and anglican church records. of particular note is \u201c the roman catholic book, \u201d a fragment of a catholic church register kept from 1809 - 1811 by bishop maceachern as he made his rounds of the island and other parts of the maritimes. this fragment was discovered a few years ago between the walls of an old house in scotchfort, but the records cover all parts of the island plus other areas around the gulf of st. lawrence. in 1925 all congregational churches in canada ( there were never any on the island ), all methodist churches ( which had earlier absorbed the bible christians ), and some presbyterian churches came together in \u201c church union \u201d as the united church of canada ; on must look among the archives of each united church for records of its predecessors. many presbyterian churches, however, remained \u201c out of union. \u201d other microfilm holdings include marriage registers, 1832 - 1888 ( found some years ago in the attic of province house ), and all marriage bonds, 1849 - 1902. in the 1970s, the department of health called in all church registers from around the province and abstracted them onto cards. we have microfilms of pre - 1886 baptismal and pre 1906 death / burial records. also on film are several early diaries such as those of benjamin chappell ( 1775 - 1788, august 1797 - july 1817 ), and rev. robert dyer ( 1859 - 1883, covering the alberton area ). we expect to add others later. all researchers will want to familiarize themselves with alan rayburn \u2019 s geographical names of prince edward island ( 1973", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4632219980366135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81790440-685a-44c4-875a-df9fe7e0a187>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.403023"}
{"text": "july 1817 ), and rev. robert dyer ( 1859 - 1883, covering the alberton area ). we expect to add others later. all researchers will want to familiarize themselves with alan rayburn \u2019 s geographical names of prince edward island ( 1973 ), while meacham \u2019 s 1880 atlas showing property owners lot by lot ( \u201c lot \u201d means \u201c township \u201d in island parlance ) will help you locate the exact place where your ancestors lived. in many cases the farm is still owned by relatives. ian robertson \u2019 s the p. e. i. land commission of 1860 ( 1988 ) is helpful for understanding the complicated land question on the island. genealogist \u2019 s handbook for atlantic canada research covers the various island record repositories and discusses various features of the records themselves. the island magazine, a semi - annual journal of history and genealogy, contains, among other items, passenger lists ( few exist ), lists of people involved in the irish \u201c repeal \u201d movement, and discussions of land records. those with irish interests will want to read relevant chapters of the irish in canada by robert o \u2019 driscoll and lorna reynolds ( 2 vols., 1988 ), plus the three special \u201c irish \u201d issues of the abegweit review ( especially if you are a goodwin or mcguigan ). loyalist descendants will want to read an island refuge : loyalists and disbanded troops on the island of st. john ( 1983 ), edited by orb jones and david haslam. many questions will be answered by such fine community histories as j. clinton morrison \u2019 s along the north shore : a social history of township 11, p. e. i., 1765 - 1982 ( 1984 ). published genealogies include the exemplary wrights of bedeque ( 2 vols. ), and william schunnan, loyalist, and his descendants ( 2 vols. ), along with the kinsman family of prince edward island ; genealogy of the match family ; leaves from the birches of avoca ( on the denis birch family ) ; emigrant from the highlands ( on the morrisons of sutherlandshire ) ; and works on the beairsto and lidstone families. the macleods of prince edward island attempts to identify all bearers of one of the most common surnames on the island. in sum then, your first step in tracing island ancestry should be a visit to 101 newbury st. ask for george f. sanborn, jr. director of library operations, who has a special interest in this province and may be able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42829947190721396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81790440-685a-44c4-875a-df9fe7e0a187>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.404216"}
{"text": "- historic sites the great diamond fraud two slick miners fooled tiffanys and rothschilds until a geologist found the fake \u201c mountain of gems \u201d february 1956 | volume 7, issue 2 in england, baron rothschild was watching developments. after the testimony of tiffany and janin, the baron ordered his agents to get control of the gem enterprise. ralston laughed at this move but he had rothschild \u2019 s agent, a. gansel, elected to the board of directors. meanwhile, arnold and slack decided they had had enough of the last company. after showing several corporation officials how to locate the diamond field, they sold out. they took for their interest $ 300, 000 each and a percentage of the future profits. king and gardner still were sure that the mine was fraudulent, and they decided that they must talk to henry janin. since they did not expect janin to want to talk to them, they learned where he customarily ate dinner and waited for two days until he appeared. when he entered the restaurant, king invited janin to eat with them. to their astonishment, janin opened the conversation by asking if they had heard about the arizona diamond discovery. he was proud that his name was associated with it. he related that the journey on horseback had followed an erratic course. even with their blindfolds, he could tell that at times arnold and slack seemed lost. perplexed, they argued about the position of the sun ; arnold left the party to climb a high peak in search of landmarks. long after the san franciscans were ready to give up the search, the guides removed their blindfolds and announced that they had reached their goal. the spot was at a high elevation, about 7, 000 feet above sea level, and near a conical mountain. immediately all fatigue and irritation disappeared. the party began to scratch and dig where arnold and slack pointed. within ten minutes a san franciscan found a diamond. then they all began to have fantastic success. diamonds were everywhere ; occasionally the hunters found a ruby, a garnet, a sapphire, or an emerald. janin swore that twenty rough laborers could wash out a million dollars \u2019 worth of diamonds per month indefinitely. when janin was spent, king and gardner began a cross - examination. \u201c of course, you know exactly where the place is? \u201d king asked. \u201c no. no, i don \u2019 t. i was taken a long distance on a train, about 36 hours. then we left the railroad at some small station where there was no attendant. we were brought out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.441730172647668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98155224-27f8-4e16-87d3-adf529b28e1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.408885"}
{"text": "place is? \u201d king asked. \u201c no. no, i don \u2019 t. i was taken a long distance on a train, about 36 hours. then we left the railroad at some small station where there was no attendant. we were brought out of the station blindfolded and put on horses which our guides secured in some way. for two days we rode, and at last they took our blinds off when we got to this mountain. if i hadn \u2019 t gone through it all myself, i should hardly believe it. \u201d \u201c why? \u201d gardner asked. \u201c it \u2019 s a curious place, a desert with a conical but flattopped mountain rising right out of it, and on the mountain you find everything from garnets to diamonds! \u201d king then commented, \u201c it \u2019 s a pity you had such had weather to ride in. \u201d \u201c why, we had splendid weather, \u201d janin said. \u201c in fact, we had the sun in our laces for the entire two days during the trip ; it was quite too hot. \u201d when the mining expert left, king explained to gardner why he had asked janin about the weather, janin was fooled about the mine \u2019 s location, or he had not been entirely frank with them. it was impossible to get to arizona by a 36 - hour train trip followed by a two - day ride on horseback. thirty - six hours on the central pacific would have taken the party east of promontory point in utah and on into wyoming. this checked with some information they had about rainfall. almost all the mountainous areas in nevada and utah had been covered with rains and storms at the time of the trip, yet janin had said that his trip was dry. only southwestern wyoming and northern utah had escaped the deluge. the party must have been traveling generally southward since janin made such a point about facing the sun for the entire day. unless they had wound and twisted a great deal, two days \u2019 trip to the south would have taken them into utah. king and gardner studied their maps. they had a faint recollection ol the mountain janin had described, but neither could place it exactly. in a few minutes, they found such a mountain on the edge of the uinta range east of salt lake city, which they had surveyed only a year before. thirty - six hours later, king arrived at rawlings springs, near what is now green river, wyoming. here he hired an elderly german prospector who had some horses to carry the barometers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49155243725250286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98155224-27f8-4e16-87d3-adf529b28e1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.409992"}
{"text": "which they had surveyed only a year before. thirty - six hours later, king arrived at rawlings springs, near what is now green river, wyoming. here he hired an elderly german prospector who had some horses to carry the barometers, transits, sextants, food and books king found necessary for all his trips. king and the german cut across red canyon and the valley of the green river and up into the gulches and ravines of the uinta foothills, about 140 miles east of salt lake city. finally they climbed onto the mountain of their destination, table rock, a plateau of 6, 840 feet elevation. they arrived on november 2. at first they found nothing. quickly satisfied that their search was profitless. king quit scratching around in the rocks and began to took supper ; the old prospector, however, still continued digging, just as the meal was ready, the german called from a spot several hundred feet from their camp site. he had discovered what | an! n and the san francisco reports had promised : raw diamonds, emeralds, rubies and sapphires. the geologist and the prospector pitched camp and went to bed, but neither of them slept much. at sunrise, the prospector was again scurrying around picking up the valuable stones. suddenly he held up a stone and shouted, \u201c look, mr. king. this diamond field not only produces diamonds but cuts them also! \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42725468683907114, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98155224-27f8-4e16-87d3-adf529b28e1f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.410550"}
{"text": "- historic sites shooting the moon practical rather than idealistic reasons pushed president kennedy to challenge america to land a man on the moon within the decade winter 2010 | volume 59, issue 4 gazing up at the texas night sky from his ranch, senator lyndon b. johnson did not know what to make of sputnik i, the first artificial earth satellite launched into orbit by a soviet missile on october 4, 1957. but an aide \u2019 s memorandum stoked his political juices. \u201c the issue is one which, if properly handled, would blast the republicans out of the water, unify the democratic party, and elect you president. \u201d back in washington johnson chaired blue - ribbon hearings to determine how the united states had fallen behind in \u201c the race to control the universe. \u201d whether or not sputniks were a threat, they were a \u201c technological pearl harbor \u201d and a terrible blow to u. s. prestige because \u201c in the eyes of the world first in space means first, period ; second in space is second in everything. \u201d in fact sputnik was no surprise to the eisenhower administration, which had monitored soviet rocket tests and expected satellite launches during the international geophysical year. but dwight d. eisenhower \u2019 s top priority was to establish the legality of satellite overflight in anticipation of the american spy satellites needed to verify arms control treaties with the secretive soviets. thus, the u. s. satellite mission was given to a new civilian program rather than to the army \u2019 s existing redstone rocket group. just four months later, eisenhower \u2019 s patient, building - blocks plan was dead, but not because the kennedy administration had new ideas. the new president \u2019 s science adviser, jerome wiesner, advised against crash programs, and kennedy himself ( fearing dead astronauts on his watch ) put safety above prestige. but vice president johnson had expansive ideas, which he impressed upon his personal choice for nasa \u2019 s new boss, james webb. as early as march 20 webb regaled kennedy with talk of \u201c pioneering on a new frontier \u201d to boost u. s. prestige. the president agreed to buy time by accelerating the saturn. time ran out on april 12, when yuri gagarin \u2019 s capsule orbited the earth and safely reentered the atmosphere. newspapers and members of congress called it another \u201c psychological victory of the first magnitude \u201d that would persuade neutral nations \u201c the wave of the future is russian. \u201d kennedy \u2019 s response was a staged brainstorming session in the oval office : \u201c can we put a man on the moon before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44306213174562425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa41f02f-0a0e-4ac6-9848-e36b82babf39>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.417788"}
{"text": "another \u201c psychological victory of the first magnitude \u201d that would persuade neutral nations \u201c the wave of the future is russian. \u201d kennedy \u2019 s response was a staged brainstorming session in the oval office : \u201c can we put a man on the moon before them?... if somebody can just tell me how to catch up.... there \u2019 s nothing more important. \u201d important for what? boosting public morale and the president \u2019 s ratings, appeasing congress, stimulating the aerospace industry, promoting science in schools, reassuring nato allies, or competing for hearts and minds in the third world? many motives pushed the young president in the same direction, especially after april 17, when the cia \u2019 s botched invasion of cuba made the bay of pigs a byword. two days later kennedy asked johnson to recommend a moon landing or \u201c any other space program which promises dramatic results. \u201d eminently aware of what to do with such carte blanche, johnson lobbied, leveraged, and lubricated leaders in congress, the military, and the business community until all understood how a big civilian space program could serve them as well as the country. the last holdout was webb himself. rather than expose nasa by lobbying for apollo, he insisted that the agency be given the task by an anxious nation. the whole business could have blown up on the morning of may 5, when a redstone rocket lifted off at cape canaveral with alan shepard inside the mercury capsule. its suborbital flight to an altitude of 116. 5 miles was nowhere near as impressive as gagarin \u2019 s orbits. but the thrill of praying and yelling \u201c go! go! \u201d at their televisions put relieved americans in the perfect mood to answer a clarion call. on may 24 johnson received a letter from webb that said : \u201c the president has approved the program you submitted, with very few changes, and the message will go up on wednesday. \u201d the message was part of an extraordinary address to a joint session of congress on may 25, 1961. kennedy listed the initiatives by which he would wage the cold war with renewed vigor. last but not least came this : \u201c finally, if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny.... i believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. \u201d because congress did commit to that goal and nasa did meet that goal, kennedy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4581698725342118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa41f02f-0a0e-4ac6-9848-e36b82babf39>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.418758"}
{"text": "april 1989 | volume 40, issue 3 clues uncovered during the recent restoration of his house at springfield help humanize the lincoln portrait one good measure of our apparently inexhaustible interest in abraham lincoln is that this year eight hundred thousand of us will be led through his house at the corner of eighth and jackson streets in springfield, illinois. so many people edge past the horsehair furniture and stomp up and down the narrow stairs that the national park service had to close the place down in 1987, take much of it apart, and put it back together again, newly decorated and sturdily reinforced with steel, to withstand the next generation of pilgrims. i use the word pilgrims advisedly, for the refurbished house, its windows newly sealed against dust and weather, its air climate - controlled for the sake of the artifacts, the sanctioned path past its relics marked out by a narrow gray carpet and bound by wooden railings, seems more shrine than home. it is hard to believe that a prairie lawyer and politician, his wife, four sons, and a perpetually shifting cast of cooks and hired girls, cats and dogs, all ever really lived in these chaste rooms. no small boy ever tracked black illinois mud across these bright belgium carpets ; no dirt ever sullied the broom that leans against the kitchen wall ; no visiting pol ever missed the brown - and - white ceramic spittoon in the corner of the sitting room. the site \u2019 s curious sterility is not really the fault of the park service, which has labored hard to make this old house a home again. the structure \u2019 s modest size and the long lines of people who wait in front of it each day to take the twentyminute tour demand that severe limitations be placed on visitors ; much of the period furniture that fills the rooms has no genuine link with the lincolns ; and a good deal of educated guesswork has inevitably gone into the restoration. no one is even entirely certain anymore just where everyone slept. and it should not surprise us that lincoln \u2019 s house remains a shrine. he himself sympathized with the impulse to revere heroes. \u201c let us believe as in the days of our youth, \u201d he once said, \u201c that washington was spotless. it makes human nature better to believe that one human being was perfect \u2014 that human perfection is possible. \u201d from the moment of his assassination \u2014 and despite the hard work of a host of scrupulous biographers \u2014 lincoln has remained a martyred saint to most of us : unfailingly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4096150793352198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.444266"}
{"text": "human being was perfect \u2014 that human perfection is possible. \u201d from the moment of his assassination \u2014 and despite the hard work of a host of scrupulous biographers \u2014 lincoln has remained a martyred saint to most of us : unfailingly modest and loving, candid and forbearing, selfless and self - depreciating. but even as the lincoln home has grown more immaculate, more monumentlike, discoveries made as the work went forward offer further clues to the real human being who lived here for seventeen years, adding fresh details to a lincoln oortrait that will always be tantalizingly incomplete. reconstructing the daily lives of the lincolns is a tricky business. precisely one letter from mary todd lincoln to her husband written during the springfield years has survived, and while a handful of lincoln letters home do still exist, he was always reticent about his private life \u2014 \" the most shutmouthed man that ever lived, \u201d a close friend said \u2014 and routinely left the details of daily living to his wife. most of his letters mirror little more than his genuine affection for mary and for the boys he called \u201c the codgers. \u201d the result is that much of what we think we know about the lincolns \u2019 domestic lives is distinctly second - and third - hand, drawn from the memories of friends and neighbors and family members, some unwilling to be anything but worshipful, a few with old scores to settle. opinions differ even on the quality of the meals prepared in the lincolns \u2019 small kitchen. one frequent springfield visitor remembered that they were \u201c famed for the excellence of many rare kentucky dishes and, in season,... venison, wild turkey, prairie chickens, quail and other game \u201d ; another guest remembered \u201c an old - fashioned mess of indigestion, composed mainly of cake, pies and chickens. \u201d most of the finds made during the recent renovation were important primarily to specialists : a staircase once led from one garret to the other ; a cistern was uncovered behind the house, and a pump relocated to conform to it ; the lincolns \u2019 wallpaper was gaudier than had once been thought. but two discoveries were of wider interest. the first of them has permanently altered one of the oldest legends about the lincolns. the dwelling to which the lincolns brought their year - old son, robert, in 1844 was a story - and - a - half greek revival cottage, built by dr. charles dresser, the episcopal minister who had married the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4524817512720756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.445309"}
{"text": "about the lincolns. the dwelling to which the lincolns brought their year - old son, robert, in 1844 was a story - and - a - half greek revival cottage, built by dr. charles dresser, the episcopal minister who had married the couple two years earlier. tradition has always held that although the family steadily grew \u2014 edward baker lincoln was born here in 1846, william wallace in 1850, thomas, known as tad, in 1853 \u2014 lincoln earned too little money to make any improvements on their increasingly crowded cottage until 1856, when mary sold off eighty acres of land inherited from her father and took it upon herself to order up a second story. lincoln was said to have been away circuit - riding while the work went on and to have claimed not to recognize his old house when he got back, asking a neighbor, \u201c stranger, do you know where lincoln lives? \u201d if he did ask such a question, he meant it purely as a joke, for it is now clear from structural evidence and the town tax records that the lincolns together improved and expanded their home not once but six times while they lived in it \u2014 in 1846, 1849, 1853, 1855, 1856, and 1860 \u2014 and apparently approved a seventh renovation from the white house in 1863. this record of constantly growing affluence and comfort is further proof that abraham lincoln \u2019 s celebrated penury was always relative. lincoln himself did little to dispel the myth of his poverty. illinois was traditionally a democratic state, and the whigs, with whom he identified from boyhood until their party went out of existence, were widely denounced as \u201c aristocratical \u201d ; it was not merely good politics, it was probably essential politics, that lincoln appear always a little more threadbare than he really was. in fact, as the comparative spaciousness and affluent furnishings of his home attest, he had come a very long way from the dark one - room cabins of his boyhood in kentucky and indiana and a considerable distance from the log houses of new salem. he knew his rail - splitting youth was a political asset, but he did not like to dwell upon it ; his whole boyhood, he told a campaign biographer, could be \u201c condensed into one line and that one line you can find in gray \u2019 s elegy : \u2018 the short and simple annals of the poor. \u2019 \u201d his marriage to the daughter of a wealthy kentucky merchant - banker had helped make the \u201c flourishing about in carriages \u201d of springfield \u2019 s most fashionable citizens seem less intimidating than it had seemed when he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3902568702084782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.446568"}
{"text": "\u2018 the short and simple annals of the poor. \u2019 \u201d his marriage to the daughter of a wealthy kentucky merchant - banker had helped make the \u201c flourishing about in carriages \u201d of springfield \u2019 s most fashionable citizens seem less intimidating than it had seemed when he first arrived in 1837, and the house he and his wife occupied and steadily improved together nicely symbolizes the great and growing distance his will to succeed had put between the circumstances of his own life and those of his father, a gulf so wide he finally did not try to bridge it. no member of lincoln \u2019 s family was asked to attend his wedding ; neither his father nor his stepmother ever met his wife or saw their grandchildren. lincoln revered the memory of his mother, nancy hanks lincoln, dead when he was nine, but was frankly scornful of his father, thomas, who, he said, \u201c never did more in the way of writing than to bunglingly sign his own name. \u201d he visited thomas lincoln from time to time but never invited him to his home in springfield, did not go to see him on his deathbed in 1851, never even ordered a headstone for his grave. in fact, only one member of lincoln \u2019 s family is known to have stayed with the lincolns, a cousin named harriet hanks, who lived at eighth and jackson for a time while attending a local seminary for young ladies ; she later said she had been treated as a servant by mary lincoln. he may have sometimes been irritated by the pretensions of his in - laws \u2014 lincoln is supposed to have wondered why, if god was content with one d, the todds demanded two \u2014 and they evidently never quite thought him worthy of mary ; but it was the kind of life led by todds, not lincolns, that he wanted for himself and for his children. the aggregate of lincoln \u2019 s own schooling, he once said, was less than a year \u2014 asked in 1858 to summarize his education, he answered simply \u201c defective \u201d \u2014 but when it came time to educate his eldest son, he sent him to phillips exeter and harvard, evidently intending to make of him an eastern gentleman. he may have succeeded too well. on the centennial of his father \u2019 s birth in 1909, robert refused to attend the dedication of the big greek temple near hodgenville, kentucky, that now harbors the small cabin in which lincoln is alleged to have been born. archie butt, military aide to the main speaker, president theodore roosevelt, thought he knew why : \u201c if it be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39695846831224557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.448008"}
{"text": "big greek temple near hodgenville, kentucky, that now harbors the small cabin in which lincoln is alleged to have been born. archie butt, military aide to the main speaker, president theodore roosevelt, thought he knew why : \u201c if it be true, as i hear, that bob lincoln... does not relish the perpetuation of this cabin, \u201d he wrote, \u201c i cannot blame him. the very thought of it... would make any member of his family shudder with horror. it does not bear the stamp of poverty alone, but degradation and uncleanliness. \u201d if we are made a little nervous by the notion of a resolutely aspiring abraham lincoln, apparently willing to put behind him the people from whom he sprang in the course of bettering himself, we are still more wary when asked to consider him as a vote - seeking politician. yet \u201c politics were his life, newspapers his food, and his great ambition his motive force, \u201d as his law partner, william herndon, remembered. \u201c he delighted [ in politics ], he revelled in it, as a fish does in water, as a bird disports itself on the sustaining air. \u201d the declining fortunes of his whig party in democratic illinois led some of lincoln \u2019 s early biographers to portray lincoln as a political failure ; in fact, he was a considerable success, a state legislator at twenty - five, a promising party leader well before he married. but a second discovery made during the renovation of his home reminds us that there was nothing inevitable about his rise to power, that in order to become the emancipator we remember best, lincoln first had to master the small, sometimes seamy world of state and county politics and to learn to take seriously the importuning of ordinary citizens. in 1849, park service experts now speculate, someone \u2014 probably six - year - old robert or one of his playmates \u2014 fed some of his father \u2019 s old papers into a crack above the baseboard in the kitchen \u2019 s north wall. they were soon obliterated by a shower of plaster shaken down upon them by further alterations to the house. a field mouse then constructed its nest atop the plaster. ( when what was left of the papers was uncovered in 1987, the delicate skeleton of the nest \u2019 s builder still lay cuddled up inside it. ) there was nothing momentous in this cache ; nothing in lincoln \u2019 s own hand, in fact, except part of a franked but empty envelope addressed to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4177741932229997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.449761"}
{"text": "the delicate skeleton of the nest \u2019 s builder still lay cuddled up inside it. ) there was nothing momentous in this cache ; nothing in lincoln \u2019 s own hand, in fact, except part of a franked but empty envelope addressed to the washington landlady in whose boardinghouse he lived while in congress. the papers include two more or less intact letters from illinois political allies, termite - chewed fragments of two additional letters from constituents seeking favors, and a copy of an 1849 speech by a fellow whig congressman, james wilson of new hampshire, opposing slavery \u2019 s spread into the lands newly acquired from mexico, its pages still uncut. one letter, from david dickinson, a political backer from lacon, illinois, was written in early 1846, while lincoln was maneuvering to assure his own nomination for the state \u2019 s single safe whig congressional seat. lincoln believed that he had an agreement with the two other leading party hopefuls \u2014 edward d. baker ( for whom his second son was named ) and john j. hardin \u2014 that they would rotate the nomination among themselves, and that 1846 was his turn. but hardin, a former incumbent ( and mary \u2019 s distant cousin ), had other ideas and schemed to seize the nomination for himself. lincoln finally forced him to withdraw, but he was evidently still wary of a last - minute betrayal, for dickinson wrote to reassure him that he had been scouting putnam county, on the lookout for hardin \u2019 s \u201c moccasin tracks, \u201d and that all was well. during his single term in congress, lincoln was besieged by letters from constituents demanding services. two of these survived beneath the mouse nest. one voter asked him to register a patent for a \u201c compound vegetable \u201d elixir that cured \u201c dyspepsia... weakness... or a bad cold... \u201d ; the other hoped the congressman could arrange for him a commission in the army, then fighting the mexican war. \u201c i hope to obtain your interference in my behalf, \u201d the aspiring officer wrote, \u201c and if i succeed rest assured sir that it will never be forgotten by me.... \u201d it is unlikely that the young congressman \u2019 s interference did his eager constituent much good with the democratic administration ; lincoln was a freshman and a whig who believed the current struggle in the southwest \u201c a war of conquest brought into existence to catch votes. \u201d but it is likely that he did his best ; he could not afford to be forgotten by any voter. lincoln \u2019 s first love may have been politics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41691315587148076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.451007"}
{"text": "believed the current struggle in the southwest \u201c a war of conquest brought into existence to catch votes. \u201d but it is likely that he did his best ; he could not afford to be forgotten by any voter. lincoln \u2019 s first love may have been politics, but he made his money as a lawyer, at least five thousand dollars annually by the 1850s, and the result was that he wasn \u2019 t home much ; for up to six months a year he was away politicking and trying cases on the eighth circuit, a vast shifting area that once encompassed fourteen counties, one - fifth of the state. \u201c during my childhood and early youth, \u201d robert lincoln once recalled, trying to explain why his father had never found the time to tell him much about his own boyhood, \u201c [ my father ] was almost constantly away... attending courts or making political speeches. \u201d during all that time, year after year, mary was left to run her household and raise her children largely on her own, and it is understandably her impress rather than her husband \u2019 s that is most evident in their house. it was mary who studied miss leslie \u2019 s house book, or manual of domestic economy for town and country ; who saw to it that the ceilings were freshly whitewashed and the oil lamps were filled and their wicks trimmed ; who arranged the seashells on the what - not shelves in the parlor. ( lincoln \u2019 s own mussed, intensely masculine world was epitomized by the law office, five blocks away, where he spent most daylight hours when he was in springfield. it was so disheveled, a clerk recalled, that government seeds brought back with him from washington actually sprouted in one unswept corner. ) a reporter from upstate new york, ushered through the springfield house shortly after lincoln was nominated for the presidency, reassured his republican readers that they need not fear that they were being asked to vote for an untamed frontiersman. the candidate \u2019 s \u201c house was neatly without being extravagantly furnished, \u201d he wrote. \u201c an air of quiet refinement pervaded the place. you would have known instantly that she who presided over the modest household was a true type of the american lady. there were flowers upon the tables... pictures upon the walls.... the thought that involuntarily blossomed into speech was \u2014 \u2018 what a pleasant home abe lincoln has. \u2019 \u201d making that home pleasant was a demanding task, especially for a woman who came to her marriage speaking fluent french", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3820213677556603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.452004"}
{"text": ".... the thought that involuntarily blossomed into speech was \u2014 \u2018 what a pleasant home abe lincoln has. \u2019 \u201d making that home pleasant was a demanding task, especially for a woman who came to her marriage speaking fluent french but unable to prepare the simplest dish. but the newly restored house barely hints at the difficulties she faced every morning. the lincolns \u2019 backyard today is as well groomed as a putting green ; the freshly painted back porch is kept bare of everything but an empty woodbox whose purpose has to be explained to visitors, most of whom have never seen one. but a photograph of the same scene, made while the lincolns \u2019 wartime tenants still occupied the house, suggests something of the shabbier reality of daily life in their time : the grass is ragged ; the paint is peeling ; logs overflow the woodbox, and bark litters the porch, which is crowded with fire - blackened pots and battered washtubs. and even the old photograph cannot convey the perpetual buzz of flies in summer or the reek produced by the milk cow kept tethered behind the house, the two horses in the barn, the privy at the back of the garden, the hogs rooting along the unplanked streets just beyond the fence. mary lincoln had a string of hired girls to help her, but her relations with them were frequently turbulent and she complained because the \u201c wild irish \u201d whom she often had to employ were not as admirably submissive as the slaves who had served her family in kentucky. her problems may have rested less with her servants \u2019 temperaments than with her own. mary todd \u2019 s wit and coquettish vivacity had made her a great prize when lincoln began to court her but beneath that surface she was insecure, quick - tempered, sharp - tongued, seeing slights where none were intended, suffering from migraine headaches that frequently drove her to bed in her darkened room, living in daily dread that those she loved most would be taken from her \u2014 as her mother had been by death at six, as her beloved father had been by his remarriage to a stranger who bore him eight children and had little time for a stepdaughter. in 1849 and 1850 her worst fears seemed confirmed as first her father died, then the grandmother who had done all she could to fill in for her dead mother, then her own eddie, not yet four, who succumbed to diphtheria despite his parents \u2019 desperate nursing. she was inconsola", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41497271174414485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.452977"}
{"text": "first her father died, then the grandmother who had done all she could to fill in for her dead mother, then her own eddie, not yet four, who succumbed to diphtheria despite his parents \u2019 desperate nursing. she was inconsolable for months and increasingly fearful thereafter, especially when her husband was away, certain one of the other boys would fall ill and die, that the house would catch fire or be hit by lightning. when a bearded umbrella mender knocked unexpectedly at the front door one day, she screamed, \u201c murder! murder! \u201d so loudly that a neighbor ran over and escorted the astonished man away. mary herself once called lincoln \u201c my sainted idol.... a sainted man who had a holy smile. \u201d her own tumultuous personality had a good deal to do with the myth of his saintliness, for if, as some of her husband \u2019 s closest associates said, she was a \u201c she - devil \u201d and \u201c hell - catical, \u201d was lincoln not all the more wonderful for having put up with her for so long? in fact, his home was not a \u201c hell on earth, \u201d as william herndon claimed, and many of the stories that seem to suggest it was and that lincoln was \u201c woman - whipped and woman - carved \u201d were amassed by his junior partner, whose loathing for mary lincoln was surpassed only by hers for him. although a photograph of the two partners hung on her parlor wall, she would not have herndon in her home. \u201c mr. herndon had always been an utter stranger to me, \u201d mary wrote many years later ; \u201c he was not considered an habitue, at our house. the office was more, in his line. \u201d there is no reason to suppose that lincoln ever regretted having had \u201c love is eternal \u201d engraved on mary \u2019 s wedding ring. mary todd lincoln may not have been easy to live with, but neither was her husband, and some of his wife \u2019 s eccentricities were certainly exacerbated by his own. mary owens, to whom lincoln had once been engaged, gently recalled that he had been \u201c deficient in those little links which make up the chain of a woman \u2019 s happiness, \u201d and even herndon believed he \u201c ought never to have married anyone. he had no quality of a husband. \u201d despite mary \u2019 s best efforts, an early writer said, lincoln was inherently \u201c unparlorable. \u201d his company manners had improved a good deal since he first moved to springfield, when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38161583612409156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.453924"}
{"text": "married anyone. he had no quality of a husband. \u201d despite mary \u2019 s best efforts, an early writer said, lincoln was inherently \u201c unparlorable. \u201d his company manners had improved a good deal since he first moved to springfield, when he was still capable of stalking into a fashionable ball with friends wearing muddy boots and shouting, \u201c oh, boys \u2014 how clean those girls look! \u201d but despite her exhortations to \u201c dress up and look like somebody, \u201d his clothes remained rumpled, his hair unbrushed ; the stovepipe hat he hung on the arched hat tree in the front hall every evening usually looked \u201c as if a calf had licked it. \u201d he was perpetually \u2014 and unapologetically \u2014 late for meals, used the wrong knife to spread his butter, and persisted in answering the door himself instead of allowing the serving girl to do it, sometimes in his shirt sleeves and without his boots. once, to mary \u2019 s acute embarrassment, he told some visiting ladies his wife would be down \u201c as soon as she gets her trotting harness on. \u201d lincoln could be solicitous, insisting that mary not try to do everything herself, and genuinely concerned when she fell victim to one of her headaches : \u201c he was never himself \u2014 when i was not perfectly well, \u201d mary remembered. but he was also laconic and undemonstrative ; no one who knew him well ever slapped his back or called him abe. at the best of times he spoke and thought and moved so slowly, a friend remembered, it seemed as if he needed oiling, and he dealt with mary \u2019 s tantrums by stalking from the house until she calmed down, his forbearing silence only adding further to her frustration. at his worst he was given to spells of severe and morbid depression, which must have frightened his wife and from which even she could sometimes not rouse him. the closing stanza of \u201c mortality, \u201d his favorite poem, hints at the sort of lugubriousness that sometimes gripped him : the last letter fragments found in the kitchen wall came from a whig editor to whom lincoln had sent the poem in 1846 ; the newspaperman wanted to know whether lincoln himself had written it. \u201c beyond all question, i am not the author, \u201d he replied ( the scottish poet william knox was ). \u201c i would give all i am worth, and go in debt, to be able to write so fine a piece as i think that is. \u201d her husband \u2019 s frequent absences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40628347324390124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.454838"}
{"text": ", \u201d he replied ( the scottish poet william knox was ). \u201c i would give all i am worth, and go in debt, to be able to write so fine a piece as i think that is. \u201d her husband \u2019 s frequent absences were difficult enough for mary to bear, but even when at home, he often seemed to disappear within himself. she dealt with his strange, brooding withdrawals as lightly as she could when guests were present. her half - sister emilie helm remembered an evening in the sitting room when lincoln and robert were playing checkers and someone asked her brother - in - law a question. there was no answer. \u201c your silence is remarkably soothing, mr. lincoln, \u201d mary finally said, \u201c but we are not quite ready for sleep just yet. \u201d everyone, including lincoln, laughed. but when the lincolns were alone together, mary was evidently less forgiving. after suggesting three times that he poke up the dying fire without spurring him to the slightest action, she once went at him with a stick of wood. another time a neighbor woman had just reached the back door when lincoln burst through it with his wife close behind, hurling potatoes. the park service has done its best to evoke the lively presence of the lincoln sons throughout the restored house. their original stereoscope rests on a table in the sitting room, and wooden hoops, alphabet blocks, and a little book called the passionate child lie scattered about the room the curators believe the two younger boys occupied just across the hall from their mother \u2019 s bedroom, where a child \u2019 s table and chairs are clustered at the end of the bed in which they often slept. inevitably, these period artifacts convey nothing of their individual personalities. robert was high - spirited as a small boy but increasingly reserved as he got older, evidence perhaps of the impact of his younger brother \u2019 s death when he was only six and the responsibility he felt for keeping his anxious mother calm while his father was away. willie and tad were uniformly boisterous ; even their mother called them her \u201c noisy boys. \u201d willie was his father \u2019 s favorite, perhaps the brightest of his sons and fond of poetry as well as mischief. tad suffered from a speech impediment so severe that outsiders found it hard to understand him, and he may also have suffered from what we now call hyperactivity, unable to sit still for long, unable to read until he was twelve. the lincoln literature is filled with stories of his sons \u2019 wildness. one kicked over the chessboard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4214021697031383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.455767"}
{"text": "and he may also have suffered from what we now call hyperactivity, unable to sit still for long, unable to read until he was twelve. the lincoln literature is filled with stories of his sons \u2019 wildness. one kicked over the chessboard while his father was trying to concentrate on his next move ; tad smeared black ink all over the white marble counter at the telegraph office and raced through a reception swinging a side of bacon to scatter the formally dressed guests. no one found the boys more tiresome than herndon, who often had to clean up after them. \u201c sometimes, \u201d he recalled, \u201c lincoln would, when his wife had gone to church, to show off her new bonnet, or when she had kicked him out of the house, bring to the office willie and tad \u2014 these little devils... would take down the books, empty ash buckets, coal ashes, inkstands, papers, gold pens, letters, etc., etc., in a pile and then dance on the pile. lincoln would say nothing, so abstracted was he, and so blinded to his children \u2019 s faults. had they s - - t in lincoln \u2019 s hat and rubbed it on his boots, he would have laughed and thought it smart. \u201d \u201c mr. lincoln... was very exceedingly indulgent to his children, \u201d mary later wrote, trying to explain the boys \u2019 behavior. \u201c he always said : \u2018 it is my pleasure that my children are free, happy and unrestrained by parental tyranny. love is the chain whereby to bind a child to its parents. \u2019 \u201d some have taken this at face value, seeing in it further evidence of lincoln \u2019 s patient wisdom, his foresightedness in understanding the advantages of the more permissive style of child raising familiar in our own day. it seems at least as likely that lincoln was a fond but preoccupied and often absent father who, when he did make it home, wished to enjoy his children, not to discipline them. child raising, he believed, was woman \u2019 s work. \u201c since i began this letter, \u201d he wrote to a friend when robert was small, \u201c a messenger came to tell me, bob was lost ; but by the time i reached the house, his mother had found him, and had him whip [ p ] ed \u2014 and, by now, very likely he is run away again. \u201d the boys \u2019 chronic obstreperousness may simply have been the only way they knew to attract their oblivious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4188555718672029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.456743"}
{"text": "had found him, and had him whip [ p ] ed \u2014 and, by now, very likely he is run away again. \u201d the boys \u2019 chronic obstreperousness may simply have been the only way they knew to attract their oblivious father \u2019 s sustained attention. according to herndon, they rarely held it long. \u201c on a winter \u2019 s morning, \u201d he remembered, \u201c [ lincoln ] might be seen stalking and stilting it toward the market house, basket on his arm, his old gray shawl wrapped around his neck, his little willie or tad running along at his heels, asking a thousand little quick questions, which his father heard not, not even then knowing that little willie or tad was there fast running after him, so abstracted was he. when he thus met a friend on the road, he said that something he had just seen, heard, or left put him in mind of a story which he heard in indiana or egypt [ southern illinois ] or elsewhere, and tell it he would and there was no alternative... but to patiently stand and hear it. \u201d the stories his friends stood to hear were often strong stuff. after lincoln \u2019 s death an old woman who had known him as a youth began to recite for an interviewer a piece of doggerel she believed he had written, then stopped, blushing furiously, and explained that since the \u201c poem is smutty... i can \u2019 t tell it to you, will tell it to my daughter - in - law, she will tell her husband ; and he will tell it to you. \u201d when a friend asked lincoln why he didn \u2019 t publish his stories, he wrinkled his nose. \u201c such a book, \u201d he said, \u201c would stink like a thousand privies. \u201d such redolent tales would not have been spun out in mary lincoln \u2019 s parlor, but they were surely told in the upstairs bedroom, where her husband often retreated with his political friends, and that room remains, it seems to me, the place in the restored house most successfully evocative of its owner. there oval portraits of his whig heroes, henry clay and daniel webster, hang above the black parlor stove ; on a baizecovered table rests the battered mahogany lap desk he carried in his saddlebags while riding the circuit ; his original shaving mirror is nailed to the west wall, startlingly high. bargains were struck in this room, campaigns were planned, political news was received, and tactics were altered to fit new circumstances", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42096538894742835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.457737"}
{"text": "in his saddlebags while riding the circuit ; his original shaving mirror is nailed to the west wall, startlingly high. bargains were struck in this room, campaigns were planned, political news was received, and tactics were altered to fit new circumstances. mary may not have been immediately privy to the salty intriguing that went on next door to her own bedroom \u2014 few women in her time wished to be considered \u201c political females \u201d \u2014 but she was always intensely interested in his career, amiable to his allies, unforgiving of his enemies, and unwilling to allow setbacks to impede his progress. lincoln wondered at the skill with which she served as his hostess in the springfield house, sometimes presiding over gatherings attended by three hundred guests \u2014 and once, if the local newspaper is to be believed, \u201c thronged by thousands \u201d inching their way through the downstairs rooms. but he also reserved the right to be a little bemused by it all. at one reception the guests were expected to serve themselves from pyramidal shelves piled high with sandwiches, fruit, and frosted cakes. \u201c do they give you anything to eat here? \u201d lincoln murmured to the man ahead of him in line. mary \u2019 s ambition was every bit as consuming as herndon said her husband \u2019 s was, and while the evidence offered by some of her admiring biographers that she greatly influenced his political thinking seems thin, at least to me, she was certainly his most effective and persistent booster. \u201c mr. [ stephen a. ] douglas is a very little, little giant by the side of my tall kentuckian, \u201d she told a relative, \u201c and intellectually my husband towers above douglas just as he does physically. \u201d when the whigs won the white house in 1848, it was she who wrote more than forty letters to washington applying for a federal post and signed his name to each \u2014 and she who helped talk him out of taking the dead - end ones offered in response. he was destined for greater things, and so, she thought, was she. during the 1858 senate race against douglas, a sudden downpour forced lincoln and a reporter to take shelter together in an empty boxcar. \u201c my friends got me into this business, \u201d he told his companion as the rain splattered through the open door. \u201c i did not consider myself qualified for the united states senate, and it took me a long time to persuade myself that i was.... mary insists, however, that i am going to be senator and president of the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4151508758446638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.458738"}
{"text": "open door. \u201c i did not consider myself qualified for the united states senate, and it took me a long time to persuade myself that i was.... mary insists, however, that i am going to be senator and president of the united states, too. \u201d he clasped his long arms around his knees and laughed. \u201c just think of such a sucker as me as president! \u201d lincoln \u2019 s legendary humility was the public product of private self - assurance ; we can be certain that he had himself often thought about the presidency. mary shared her husband \u2019 s aspirations and helped focus his energies upon realizing them, but she did not create them. lincoln \u2019 s subsequent loss to douglas was disappointing but not devastating. \u201c i believe... you are \u2018 feeling like h - 11 yet, \u2019 \u201d lincoln told one supporter a few days after the votes were counted. \u201c quit that ; you will soon feel better. another \u2018 blow - up \u2019 is coming ; and we shall have fun again. \u201d a national figure at last, he was flooded with invitations to speak, and in september he packed his bag, said good - bye to the boys, as he had so many times before, and set forth on a political swing through ohio. this time his wife went with him. in cincinnati, on september 17, a large crowd turned out at the fifth street market to hear him. mary sat proudly near the platform. \u201c there is no permanent class of hired laborers amongst us, \u201d she heard him tell his audience. \u201c twenty - five years ago, i was a hired laborer. the hired laborer of yesterday, labors on his own account today, and will hire others to labor for him tomorrow. advancement \u2014 improvement in condition \u2014 is the order of things in a society of equals. \u201d for lincoln, the comfortable house in which he and mary and their children lived provided vivid, reassuring proof of how far a man might rise in the society of equals that he would one day give his life to preserve.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4128684413764682, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee924e3-dc0b-4712-a492-58aa72bfebac>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.459555"}
{"text": "jarquin family history jarquin surname history this page is dedicated to the complete history of the jarquin last name, jarquin etymology, and stories of jarquin family members. the jarquin family name is an old heredity that has migrated all across the world for many generations, and as the jarquin family has spread, it has evolved making its origin challenging to piece together. jarquin family history has rich origins whose details have been accumulated over the years by jarquin family researchers. no content has been submitted here about jarquin. the following is speculative information about jarquin. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the evolution of jarquin starts at it ' s earliest origins. even in the early generations of a name there are variations in that single name simply because last names were infrequently written down back when few people could write. it was common for a last name to change as it enters a new country or language. jarquin family members have travelled across various regions all throughout history. as these families emigrated between countries, the jarquin name may have changed with them. jarquin country of origin no content has been submitted about the jarquin country of origin. the following is speculative information about jarquin. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the nationality of jarquin is often complicated to determine in cases which regional boundaries change over time, leaving the original nationality indeterminate. the original ethnicity of jarquin may be difficult to determine depending on whether the surname came about organically and independently in various locales ; e. g. in the case of names that come from a profession, which can crop up in multiple regions independently ( such as the last name \" archer \" which was given to people who were bowmen ). meaning of the last name jarquin no content has been submitted about the meaning of jarquin. the following is speculative information about jarquin. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the meaning of jarquin come may come from a craft, such as the name \" bishop \" which may have been taken by church officials. a lot of these craft - based surnames might be a profession in some other language. this is why it is useful to research the ethnicity of a name, and the languages spoken by its ancestors. many western names like jarquin originate from religious texts like the bhagavadgita, the bible, the quran, and so forth. often these family names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as \" grace of god \". - l m jarquin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4506978213963862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d0c7214-1969-4f7d-865d-b6513bac525f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.463303"}
{"text": "jarquin originate from religious texts like the bhagavadgita, the bible, the quran, and so forth. often these family names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as \" grace of god \". - l m jarquin 1942 - 1996 - fernando jarquin 1940 - 2003 - maria j jarquin vazq 1964 - 2011 - marcos a jarquin 1954 - 2006 - gloria jarquin 1917 - 1990 - jean b jarquin 1944 - 2004 - angela jarquin 1922 - 1995 - edith socorro jarquin 1951 - 2009 - teodoro jarquin 1902 - 1993 - r jarquin? - 1968 - maria jarquin 1907 - 1986 - david h jarquin 1951 - 2011 - gloria anne jarquin 1949 - 2010 - ileana del carmen jarquin 1956 - 2010 - consuelo jarquin 1918 - 2009 - pedro jarquin 1918 - 1980 - miguel h jarquin 1929 - 2001 - elba jarquin 1932 - 2009 - jeannette jarquin 1960 - 2005 - ofelia jarquin 1900 - 1968 jarquin family tree famous people named jarquin no famous people named jarquin have been submitted. you can submit your information by clicking edit. nationality and ethnicity of jarquin no content has been submitted about the ethnicity of jarquin. the following is speculative information about jarquin. you can submit your information by clicking edit. we do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name jarquin. many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace. more about the name jarquin fun facts about the jarquin family we have no fun facts about jarquin. you can submit your information by clicking edit. jarquin spelling variations no content has been submitted about alternate spellings of jarquin. the following is speculative information about jarquin. you can submit your information by clicking edit. in the past, when few people knew how to write, names such as jarquin were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people ' s names were recorded in official records. this could have resulted in misspellings of jarquin. family names like jarquin change in their spelling as they travel across tribes, family unions, and languages across time. researching misspellings and alternate spellings of the jarquin family name are important to understanding the history of the name.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4008864758346566, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d0c7214-1969-4f7d-865d-b6513bac525f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.465110"}
{"text": "asked questions about the - what is the amo? - how much of the atlantic are we talking about? - what phase are we in right now? - what are the impacts of the amo? - how does the amo affect rainfall and - how does the amo affect florida? - how important is the amo when it comes to hurricanes - in other words - is it one of the biggest drivers? or just a minor player? - does the amo influence the intensity or the frequency of hurricanes ( which )? - if the amo affects hurricanes - what drives the - can we predict the amo? - is the amo a natural phenomenon, or is it related to global warming? the amo is an ongoing series of long - duration changes in the sea surface temperature of the north atlantic ocean, with cool and warm phases that may last for 20 - 40 years at a time and a difference of about 1\u00b0f between extremes. these changes are natural and have been occurring for at least the last 1, 000 years. most of the atlantic between the equator and greenland changes in unison. some area of the north pacific also seem to be affected. since the mid - 1990s we have been in a warm phase. the amo has affected air temperatures and rainfall over much of the northern hemisphere, in particular, north america and europe. it is associated with changes in the frequency of north american droughts and is reflected in the frequency of severe atlantic hurricanes. it alternately obscures and exaggerates the global increase in temperatures due to human - induced global warming. recent research suggests that the amo is related to the past occurrence of major droughts in the midwest and the southwest. when the amo is in its warm phase, these droughts tend to be more frequent and / or severe ( prolonged? ). vice - versa for negative amo. two of the most severe droughts of the 20th century occurred during the positive amo between 1925 and 1965 : the dustbowl of the 1930s and the 1950s drought. florida and the pacific northwest tend to be the opposite - warm amo, more rainfall. the amo has a strong effect on florida rainfall. rainfall in central and south florida becomes more plentiful when the atlantic is in its warm phase and droughts and wildfires are more frequent in the cool phase. as a result of these variations, the inflow to lake okeechobee - which regulates south florida \u2019 s water pply - changes by 40 % between amo extremes. in northern florida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43319231762874644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db6b461b-6c59-4f67-946a-fce7822bcc9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.469385"}
{"text": "and wildfires are more frequent in the cool phase. as a result of these variations, the inflow to lake okeechobee - which regulates south florida \u2019 s water pply - changes by 40 % between amo extremes. in northern florida the relationship begins to reverse - less rainfall when the atlantic is warm. during warm phases of the amo, the numbers of tropical storms that mature into severe hurricanes is much greater than during cool phases, at least twice as many. since the amo switched to its warm phase around 1995, severe hurricanes have become much more frequent and this has led to a crisis in the insurance industry. the frequency of weak - category storms - tropical storms and weak hurricanes - is not much affected by the amo. however, the number of weak storms that mature into major hurricanes is noticeably increased. thus, the intensity is affected, but, clearly, the frequency of major hurricanes is also affected. in that sense, it is difficult to discriminate between frequency and intensity and the distinction becomes somewhat meaningless. models of the ocean and atmosphere that interact with each other indicate that the amo cycle involves changes in the south - to - north circulation and overturning of water and heat in the atlantic ocean. this is the same circulation that we think weakens during ice ages, but in the case of the amo the changes in circulation are much more subtle than those of the ice ages. the warm gulf stream current off the east coast of the united states is part of the atlantic overturning circulation. when the overturning circulation decreases, the north atlantic temperatures become cooler. we are not yet capable of predicting exactly when the amo will switch, in any deterministic sense. computer models, such as those that predict el nino, are far from being able to do this. what is possible to do at present is to calculate the probability that a change in the amo will occur within a given future time frame. probabilistic projections of this kind may prove to be very useful for long - term planning in climate sensitive applications, such as water management. instruments have observed amo cycles only for the last 150 years, not long enough to conclusively answer this question. however, studies of paleoclimate proxies, such as tree rings and ice cores, have shown that oscillations similar to those observed instrumentally have been occurring for at least the last millennium. this is clearly longer than modern man has been affecting climate, so the amo is probably a natural climate osci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48190520347889243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db6b461b-6c59-4f67-946a-fce7822bcc9c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.470370"}
{"text": "babylon : a test case in prophecy [ part ii ] [ editor \u2019 s note : part i of this two - part series appeared in the november issue. part ii follows below, and picks up where the first article ended. ] in the preceding article of this two - part study, i began an investigation of certain old testament prophecies that focused on the famous city of babylon. three major points were discussed : ( 1 ) the prophets emphatically declared that wicked and arrogant babylon would fall ; ( 2 ) the providential instrument of the lord, employed in the initial destruction of the city, would be the medo - persian regime ; and ( 3 ) the immediate fall, and ultimate deterioration, would come after the hebrews had languished seventy years in babylonian captivity. in this article, i would like to highlight a number of particulars that are reflected prophetically in the biblical record. the works of herodotus and xenophon are the two principal sources of historical confirmation. herodotus ( 484 - 425 b. c. ), known as the \u201c father of history, \u201d produced the first attempt at secular narrative history. his work, which dealt primarily with the persian wars, is an important source of information on the ancient world. he vividly describes the overthrow of babylon. xenophon ( c. 430 - 355 b. c. ), a student of socrates, was a greek historian born in athens. he served in the persian army and produced several valuable literary works. one of these, called cyropaedia, is a sort of romance founded on the history of cyrus the great ( 559 - 530 b. c. ). it provides considerable data on the fall of babylon. again, we emphasize that one of the traits of true prophecy is that it deals in specific details, not generalities. let us examine some of these particulars. babylon had been a brutal force. she was \u201c the glory of the kingdoms \u201d ( isaiah 13 : 19 ). she had been jehovah \u2019 s providential \u201c battle - axe \u201d that had broken in pieces the nations of the ancient world ( jeremiah 51 : 20 - 24 ). for example, nebuchadnezzar had defeated thoroughly the egyptians at the battle of carchemish ( 605 b. c. ), and had enjoyed great success in syria and palestine, even subjugating \u201c zion \u201d at the lord \u2019 s bidding. one might surmise that babylon would have feared no one. oddly, though, jeremiah said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4787474513542571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.483550"}
{"text": "605 b. c. ), and had enjoyed great success in syria and palestine, even subjugating \u201c zion \u201d at the lord \u2019 s bidding. one might surmise that babylon would have feared no one. oddly, though, jeremiah said : \u201c the mighty men of babylon have ceased fighting. they stay in the strongholds ; their strength is exhausted, they are becoming like women \u201d ( jeremiah 51 : 30 ). how remarkably this conforms to the actual history. xenophon said that when cyrus brought his army to babylon, he initially was perplexed as to how he would take the city, since the chaldean soldiers \u201c do not come out to fight \u201d ( vii. v. 7 ). the babylonians fearfully remained behind their massive walls refusing, for the most part, to encounter the enemy \u2014 exactly as the prophet had indicated. euphrates river to be diverted when cyrus surveyed babylon \u2019 s fortifications, he said : \u201c i am unable to see how any enemy can take walls of such strength and height by assault \u201d ( xenophon, viii. v. 7 ). accordingly, he devised a brilliant strategy for capturing the city. as i mentioned in the previous article, the euphrates river ran under the walls through the center of babylon. from the river, canals \u2014 quite broad and sometimes navigable \u2014 were cut in every direction. the jews in captivity could thus lament : \u201c by the rivers of babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered zion \u201d ( psalm 137 : 1 ). just to the west of the city was a huge lake - basin, some thirty - five feet deep and covering forty miles square, but which, at the time of the invasion, was but a marsh. cyrus stationed soldiers at the point where the river entered the city, and also where it exited. at a given time, he diverted the euphrates from its bed into the marshy lake area. his forces then entered babylon under the city walls ( herodotus, i. 191 ). consider what the prophets declared regarding babylon \u2019 s fall. isaiah, writing more than a century and a half earlier, referred to jehovah \u2019 s decree. the lord \u201c saith to the deep : be dry, and i will dry up thy rivers, that saith of cyrus, he is my shepherd and shall perform my pleasure \u201d ( isaiah 47 : 27 ). some contend that the language of this passage is an allusion to the exodus, which occurred in israel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44490154026712664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.484484"}
{"text": "i will dry up thy rivers, that saith of cyrus, he is my shepherd and shall perform my pleasure \u201d ( isaiah 47 : 27 ). some contend that the language of this passage is an allusion to the exodus, which occurred in israel \u2019 s early history. that cannot be the case, however. the utterance is framed in the future tense, and the context specifically relates this matter to cyrus. the prophecy \u201c is usually taken as referring to the device cyrus used in order to capture babylon \u201d ( fitch, 1954, p. 593 ). later, in his famous oracle against babylon, jeremiah exclaimed : \u201c a drought is upon her waters, and they shall be dried up : for it is a land of graven images, and they are mad over idols \u201d ( 50 : 38 ). again, \u201c i will dry up her sea, and make her fountain dry \u201d ( 51 : 36 ). though these passages have been interpreted in various ways, the language is quite consistent with the diversion of the river, which allowed the persians to take the city virtually unopposed ( see wiseman, 1979, p. 849 ). surprise capture during drunken feast concerning babylon \u2019 s fall, jeremiah represented the lord as saying : \u201c i have laid a snare for you, and you are also taken, o babylon \u201d ( 50 : 24 ). the term \u201c snare \u201d suggests that the citizens of the city would be taken by surprise ; they \u201c were not aware \u201d of what was happening until it was too late ( 50 : 24b ). herodotus wrote : \u201c had the babylonians been apprised of what cyrus was about, or had they noticed their danger, they would never have allowed the persians to enter their city \u201d ( i. 191 ). one aspect in the rapid conquest of the city had to do with the fact that the babylonians, in their smug security, were engaged in drunken festivities ; thus, they were wholly unconcerned about the enemy beyond their massive walls. but the lord had declared : \u201c when they are heated, i will make their feast, and i will make them drunken, that they may rejoice, and sleep a perpetual sleep, and not wake, says jehovah \u201d ( jeremiah 51 : 39 ). again : \u201c and i will make drunk her princes and her wise men, her governors and her deputies, and her mighty men ; and they shall sleep a perpetual sleep, and not wake, says the king whose name is jehovah of hosts \u201d (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4641490761739165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.485463"}
{"text": ": \u201c and i will make drunk her princes and her wise men, her governors and her deputies, and her mighty men ; and they shall sleep a perpetual sleep, and not wake, says the king whose name is jehovah of hosts \u201d ( jeremiah 51 : 57 ). herodotus recorded that the citizens of the central section of the city did not know that babylon had fallen for a good while because \u201c they were engaged in a festival, continued dancing and revelling until they learnt the capture \u201d ( i. 191 ). similarly, xenophon said that \u201c there was a festival in babylon, in which all the babylonians drank and revelled the whole night \u201d ( vii. 5. 15 ). babylon to be sacked the prophets indicated that when great babylon was taken, her rich treasures would be looted. the lord, speaking prophetically to cyrus, had promised : \u201c [ a ] nd i will give you the treasures of darkness, and hidden riches of secret places \u201d ( isaiah 45 : 3 ). jeremiah announced : \u201c and they shall become as women : a sword is upon her treasures, and they shall be robbed \u201d ( 50 : 37 ). the treasures of babylon were splendid beyond description. herodotus, in describing just one of the temples in the city, declared that it contained more than twenty tons of gold ( i. 183 ). it is interesting to note that when cyrus issued his famous decree that allowed the jews to return to their land, he endowed them with silver and gold to help finance the project, as well as returning some 5, 400 vessels of gold and silver that originally had been taken from the hebrew temple ( ezra 1 : 4, 11 ). when jehovah beckoned the persians to come against evil babylon, he charged : \u201c [ o ] pen up her store - houses [ granaries, asv footnote ] ; cast her up as heaps, and destroy her utterly ; let nothing of her be left \u201d ( jeremiah 50 : 26 ). xenophon reports that babylon \u201c was furnished with provisions for more than twenty years \u201d ( viii. 5. 13 ). no wonder they felt secure ; the storehouses were bulging. but god emptied them \u2014 just as his prophet had announced! walls to be abolished i already have mentioned babylon \u2019 s famous walls. an ancient historian, diodorus, stated that it took 200, 000 men a full year to construct these fortifications ( fausset, 1990 p. 181 ). but jeremiah prophesied : \u201c the broad walls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4340231970783723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.486608"}
{"text": "babylon \u2019 s famous walls. an ancient historian, diodorus, stated that it took 200, 000 men a full year to construct these fortifications ( fausset, 1990 p. 181 ). but jeremiah prophesied : \u201c the broad walls of babylon shall be utterly overthrown, and her high gates shall be burned with fire \u201d ( 51 : 58 ). where are babylon \u2019 s walls, and her one hundred gates of brass ( herodotus, i. 179 ) today? under the \u201c summary \u201d below, i will detail more precisely the demolition of the city. babylon to fade into oblivion the prophets repeatedly proclaimed the eventual utter desolation of ancient babylon. isaiah gave the following particulars : and babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the chaldeans \u2019 pride, shall be as when god overthrew sodom and gomorrah. it shall never be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation : neither shall the arabian pitch tent there ; neither shall shepherds make their flocks to lie down there. but wild beasts of the desert shall live there ; and their houses shall be full of doleful creatures ; and ostriches shall dwell there, and wild goats shall dance there. and wolves shall cry in their castles, and jackals in the pleasant palaces : and her time is near to come, and her days shall not be prolonged ( 13 : 19 - 22 ). jeremiah was equally graphic ; the reader may consult chapters 50 and 51 of his book for the numerous details given there. at this point, i would like to mention two points that i made in part i of this series. first, there was to be an initial defeat of babylon. second, afterwards there would be a gradual but progressive degeneration of the locale, which ultimately would become a site of absolute waste. in the following section, i will catalogue the destructions and degeneration of once - great babylon. a summary of events after a siege of two years, the city of babylon was captured by cyrus, commander of the medo - persian forces, in october of 539 b. c. this brought the neo - babylonian empire ( 614 - 539 b. c. ) to a close. significant damage to the city was not inflicted at this time, though some of the walls may have been broken down, at least partially. following a rebellion of the babylonian subjects, darius hystaspes took the city again in 520 b. c. he demolished the walls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43667506290632313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.487618"}
{"text": "city was not inflicted at this time, though some of the walls may have been broken down, at least partially. following a rebellion of the babylonian subjects, darius hystaspes took the city again in 520 b. c. he demolished the walls significantly and carried off the huge gates ( see jeremiah 51 : 58 ). elsewhere i have given a detailed account of how the city was taken \u2014 again by a \u201c snare \u201d ( jackson, 1996 ). herodotus wrote : \u201c thus was babylon taken for a second time. darius having become master of the place, destroyed the wall, and tore down all the gates ; for cyrus had done neither the one nor the other when he took babylon \u201d ( iii. 159 ). apparently, however, there was some subsequent repair of the walls ( see mcclintock and strong, 1969, 1 : 596 ). during the reign of xerxes ( 485 - 465 b. c. ), the temple of bel ( marduk ) was plundered and destroyed. much of the city was turned into ruins in 483 b. c., and the walls were dismantled further. babylon again fall to alexander the great in 331 b. c. as alexander neared the city, priests and nobles went out to meet him with lavish gifts, surrendering the city. alexander proposed that he would rebuild the temple of marduk. he employed 10, 000 men to clear the dirt and rubble. they labored in vain for two months. alexander died and the work was abandoned ( rollin, 1857, 1 : 575 ). a clay tablet has been found that confirms this enterprise. it records that in the sixth year of alexander \u2019 s reign, he made a payment of ten manehs of silver for \u201c clearing away the dust of e - sagila [ marduk \u2019 s great temple ] \u201d ( king, 1919, 2 : 284 - 288 ). in 270 b. c. antiochus soter, a greek ruler, restored several of the temples in babylon, but the general decay of the city continued. in the time of strabo ( at the end of the 1st century b. c. ), the site was in ruins. jerome ( fourth century a. d. ), learned that babylon had been used as a wild game park for the amusement of numerous persian dignitaries ( mcclintock and strong, 1969, 1 : 596 ). in the fifth century a. d., according to cyril of alexandria, due to the bursting of canal banks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3809733301138547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.488632"}
{"text": "used as a wild game park for the amusement of numerous persian dignitaries ( mcclintock and strong, 1969, 1 : 596 ). in the fifth century a. d., according to cyril of alexandria, due to the bursting of canal banks, babylon became a swamp ( jeremias, 1911, 1 : 294 ). volney, the french atheist who was such a militant adversary of the bible, wrote his book, the ruins of empires, in 1791. therein he stated : \u201c nothing is left of babylon but heaps of earth, trodden under foot of men \u201d ( as quoted in holman, 1926, p. 333 ). as jeremiah had prophesied : \u201c [ c ] ast her up as heaps \u201d ( 50 : 26 ). it is ironic that a skeptic should lend support to confirming the accuracy of the biblical narrative! when archaeologist austen layard explored babylon in the mid - nineteenth century, he described the heaps of rubbish that rendered the area a \u201c naked and hideous waste \u201d ( 1856, p. 413 ). later, when robert koldewey excavated the city for eighteen seasons beginning in 1899, he said that as he gazed over the ruins, he could not help but be reminded of jeremiah 50 : 39 ( 1914, p. 314 ). he reported that many of the sites were covered with forty to eighty feet of sand and rubble. a relatively modern air - view of babylonia \u2014 once the world \u2019 s greatest city \u2014 shows only a mound of dirt and broken - down walls ( boyd, 1969, pp. 153ff. ). in recent years, sadam hussein attempted to build a tourist center near the site of old babylon. the 1990 persian gulf war seriously impaired his plans. the critics and the prophecy the accuracy of the dozens of prophecies regarding the fall of babylon has baffled skeptics for generations. so remarkable has been the precision of the fulfillment that critics often have resorted to redating the predictions in both isaiah and jeremiah so as to make them appear to be records of history instead of prophecy! for example, in commenting upon the oracles of jeremiah, chapters 50 - 51, james philip hyatt wrote : \u201c some of the poems in this present collection seem to reflect the city \u2019 s downfall, as prophecies after the event rather than predictions... \u201d ( 1956, 5 : 1124, emp. added ). such a view ignores the evidence for dating the books at a much earlier period. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46702479588924695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.489596"}
{"text": "city \u2019 s downfall, as prophecies after the event rather than predictions... \u201d ( 1956, 5 : 1124, emp. added ). such a view ignores the evidence for dating the books at a much earlier period. a former professor in a christian university has even capitulated to this liberal viewpoint. anthony ash asserted : dating chapter 50 is virtually impossible. the arrangement of the text indicates that it was a composite, probably containing materials from different periods.... the chapter may have reached this form near the mid - sixth century b. c., when the fall of babylon appeared likely ( 1987, p. 309, emp. added ). upon this basis, then, one supposes that jeremiah \u2014 or whoever put the composite together! \u2014 simply made a lucky guess as to the fall of babylon. such a view is disgusting, and unworthy of any christian writer. the prophetic details regarding the fall of ancient babylon, as minutely recorded in the old testament narratives, truly are astounding. this is but another example of the amazing evidence that demonstrates the character of the bible as the inspired word of god. ash, anthony l. ( 1987 ), jeremiah and lamentations ( abilene, tx : abilene christian university press ). boyd, robert ( 1969 ), a pictorial guide to biblical archaeology ( new york : bonanza ). fausset, a. r. ( 1990 reprint ), \u201c jeremiah, \u201d a commentary on the old and new testaments, volume 2, part 2, ed. robert jamieson, a. r. fausset, and david brown ( grand rapids, mi : eerdmans ). fitch ( 1954 ), \u201c isaiah, \u201d the new bible commentary, ed. f. davidson ( grand rapids, mi : eerdmans ). herodotus ( 1956 ), the history of herodotus, transl. by george rawlinson ( new york : tudor ). holman, thomas ( 1926 ), \u201c prophecy vindicated by volney, \u201d new testament christianity, ed. z. t. sweeney ( columbus, in : nt christianity book fund ). hyatt, james phillip ( 1956 ), the interpreter \u2019 s bible, ed. george a. buttrick ( nashville, tn : abindgon ). jackson, wayne ( 1996 ), \u201c zopyrus the persian, \u201d christian courier, 32 : 27, november. jeremias, alfred ( 1911 ), the old testament in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4501805701189126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.490517"}
{"text": "buttrick ( nashville, tn : abindgon ). jackson, wayne ( 1996 ), \u201c zopyrus the persian, \u201d christian courier, 32 : 27, november. jeremias, alfred ( 1911 ), the old testament in the light of the ancient east ( new york : putnam \u2019 s sons ). king, leonard w. ( 1919 ), a history of babylonia and assyria ( london : chatto & windus ). koldewey, robert ( 1914 ), the excavations at babylon ( london : macmillan ). layard, austen h. ( 1856 ), the ruins of nineveh and babylon ( new york : harper ). mcclintock, john and james strong ( 1969 ), cyclopedia of biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature ( grand rapids, mi : baker, reprint ). rollin, charles ( 1857 ), ancient history ( new york : harper & brothers ). xenophon ( 1893 edition ), cyropaedia, transl. by j. s. watson and henry dale ( london : george bell & sons ). wiseman, d. j. ( 1979 ), \u201c jeremiah, \u201d the new layman \u2019 s bible commentary, ed. g. c. d. howley, f. f. bruce, and h. l. ellison ( grand rapids, mi : zondervan ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42126773751765995, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d49970-ab8d-4254-b679-8ab771782df9>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.491086"}
{"text": "family maps of hancock county, illinois by gregory a. boyd, j. d. 328 pages with 83 total maps locating original landowners in maps has never been an easy task - until now. this volume in the family maps series contains newly created maps of original landowners ( patent maps ) in what is now hancock county, illinois, gleaned from the indexes of the illinois state archives. but it offers much more than that. for each township in the county, there are two additional maps accompanying the patent map : a road map and a map showing waterways, railroads, and both modern and many historical city - centers and cemeteries. included are indexes to help you locate what you are looking for, whether you know a person ' s name, a last name, a place - name, or a cemetery. the combination of maps and indexes are designed to aid researchers of american history or genealogy to explore frontier neighborhoods, examine family migrations, locate hard - to - find cemeteries and towns, as well as locate land based on legal descriptions found in old documents or deeds. the patent - maps are essentially plat maps but instead of depicting owners for a particular year, these maps show original landowners, no matter when the transfer from the federal government was completed. dates of patents typically begin near the time of statehood and run into the early 1900s. list of details found below... what ' s mapped in his book? what years are these maps for? what cities and towns are in hancock county, illinois ( and in this book )? acts of congress authorizing... indexes in this book reviews by the experts... surnames found in this book book specifications what ' s mapped in this book ( that you ' ll not likely find elsewhere )... 3877 parcels of land ( with original landowner names and patent - dates labeled in the relevant map ) 93 cemeteries plus... roads, and existing rivers, creeks, streams, railroads, and small - towns ( including some historical ), etc. back to top of description what years are these maps for? here are the counts for parcels of land mapped, by the decade in which the patent applications were made : back to top of description what cities and towns are in hancock county, illinois ( and in this book )? adrian, augusta, basco, bentley, bowen, breckenridge, burnside, carthage, chili, colusa, dallas city, denver, disco, durham, elderville, elvaston, ferris, fountain green, hamilton,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42504895793903097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.507820"}
{"text": "? adrian, augusta, basco, bentley, bowen, breckenridge, burnside, carthage, chili, colusa, dallas city, denver, disco, durham, elderville, elvaston, ferris, fountain green, hamilton, joetta, la crosse, la harpe, mccall, middle creek, nauvoo, niota, old niota, plymouth, pontoosuc, powellton, pulaski, quashquema ( historical ), saint mary, sonora ( historical ), stillwell, sutter, tioga, warsaw, webster, west pointback to top of description acts of congress authorizing the land patents in this book : april 24, 1820 : sale - cash entry ( 3 stat. 566 ) may 6, 1812 : scripwarrant act of 1812 ( 2 stat. 728 ) back to top of description indexes in this book - surnames in the county * number of times each surname occurs - surname / township index * every surname and the frequency in which each appears in relevant township - level maps - full - name index ( of original landowners ) for each township - multi - patentees ( groups of people who acquired land together ) back to top of description reviews by the experts what they are saying about the family maps back to top of description - instant gratification! - elizabeth shown mills, author, evidence explained : citing history sources from artifacts to cyberspace - incredible on - going series... - christine rose, author, courthouse research for family historians - must have publications... - dick eastman, eastman ' s online genealogy newsletter - a great service... - sharon tate moody, former president, association of professional genealogists surnames found in this book : abbot, abbott, abel, abernathy, abernethy, accor, adams, agnew, airs, albright, aldrich, alexander, allard, allen, allison, allton, alterfiet, ambler, ames, amos, anderson, andrews, angel, annis, anson, archdeacon, archer, armstrong, asher, ashley, atchison, atherton, atkins, augur, austin, autinger, avery, avise, ayers, aylward, ayres, babbit, babcock, babcook, bacon, bagby, bailes, bailey, bainter, baker, baldwin, ball, bancroft, bangs, barber, barger, barker, barlow, barnes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43136920758992514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.508756"}
{"text": "ayres, babbit, babcock, babcook, bacon, bagby, bailes, bailey, bainter, baker, baldwin, ball, bancroft, bangs, barber, barger, barker, barlow, barnes, barnethy, barnum, barr, barret, barrett, barrow, bartlett, bartol, barton, basely, bass, bates, battell, bayard, beals, beamer, bean, beard, beasely, beattle, beaty, beausseir, beck, beckwith, bedell, bedinger, beebe, beebee, beede, beedle, beehler, belknap, bemar, benbow, bender, bennett, bennum, benson, benton, berlstein, bernard, berry, berthold, besom, bettesworth, betting, bettisworth, bibb, bigford, bingham, bird, bisbee, bissell, bither, bixby, bixley, black, blackburn, blackman, blackwell, blagg, blake, bland, blauvelt, bloomfield, bloyd, blythe, bobbit, bobbitt, bockour, bodwell, bohannan, boid, bolden, bolton, bonck, bond, bone, bonner, bonny, booth, boothe, bostrom, bothwick, botts, bouck, bourne, bowen, bowles, bowlsby, bowman, bowtell, box, boyd, boyde, boyle, boynton, bradbury, bradford, bradish, bradley, bradly, brady, brafford, bragdon, bragg, bransford, branton, brattain, brent, brewer, brewster, briant, bridges, briggs, bright, briley, brinkman, brinn, brislow, brock, brockway, brodhead, brook, brooks, bross, broughton, brower, brown, brownell, browning, brumley, brunson, bryant, bryerly, buchanan, buck, buckalew, buckallew, buckels, bucken, budd, bugby, bullard, bundage, bunnell, bunton, burgan, burgess, burgman, burk, mcallister, mcarthur, mcatee, mcauley, st clair, burke, burklow, burnham, burns, burrows, burrs, burton,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42415429842183333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.509420"}
{"text": "bunton, burgan, burgess, burgman, burk, mcallister, mcarthur, mcatee, mcauley, st clair, burke, burklow, burnham, burns, burrows, burrs, burton, busan, busey, bushnell, butcher, butler, byer, byram, byre, caban, cain, call, callighan, callison, calumber, calver, cambson, camburn, cameren, campbell, campunell, camren, camron, cane, cannon, cappenger, carels, cargill, carl, carmack, carmean, carns, carpenter, carr, carrier, carson, carten, carter, case, cash, cason, cass, casson, castleberry, castlebury, caswell, catlin, caughlan, caulder, cavan, caven, caze, chadbourn, chadwick, chamberlain, chambers, champinoise, champlin, chandler, chaney, chapman, charles, chase, chattin, chedal, cheney, childers, childress, chittenden, christee, clandenning, clapp, clark, clarkson, clauges, clay, clayborn, cleaveland, clemans, clements, clemons, clewley, close, coarser, cochran, cochrane, cockrum, coffin, coffman, cofran, colburn, colby, cole, coleby, coleman, colfix, collings, collins, combs, comings, comley, conant, conder, conklin, connally, connell, conner, connor, conrad, cook, cooke, cooley, coolidge, coon, cooper, cordle, corey, cormick, corson, cosgrove, cosner, cossage, cotton, counse, coursan, courtney, cox, crabbin, craft, craig, crampsey, crandall, crane, craven, crawford, crenshaw, crockett, crosier, cross, crouch, crow, crowley, crozier, crull, crumb, cruson, crutchfield, cuddeback, culkin, culpepper, cummings, cummins, cunningham, curl, curran, curtis, cushing, cushman, cuteral, cutler, cyrus, dabler, dacker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42959551864873663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.510172"}
{"text": "crutchfield, cuddeback, culkin, culpepper, cummings, cummins, cunningham, curl, curran, curtis, cushing, cushman, cuteral, cutler, cyrus, dabler, dacker, dailey, dale, dalton, dame, daniels, darby, darnall, darrah, daubenheyer, davis, dawson, day, de gaffarelly, de long, de witt, deakins, dean, decoster, dedman, delany, dellica, delling, delonge, deming, dempsey, denison, denney, denningsbury, dennis, denniston, denny, denton, denyke, desnoyer, devolld, dewey, dewing, dickens, dickerson, dickinson, dicus, dietz, dilday, dill, dillett, dillon, dilts, dimick, dimond, disney, doane, dodd, dodge, dodson, doleby, dolibar, donelly, donmead, donoho, doolittle, dorman, dorothy, doss, doty, doud, dougherty, doughty, douglass, dow, dowell, downing, doxen, doyle, drake, drew, drown, dudley, duff, duffey, duffie, duffield, duffy, dumbolton, dumbotton, dunbar, duncan, dungan, dunham, dunn, dunnel, dunscomb, durgeon, durkee, durphy, duskey, dutton, duyckinck, dyas, dye, dyer, eagan, eagleston, earl, east, eaton, edgar, edmonds, edmondson, edmunds, edrington, edwards, egbers, eggleston, eldridge, elkins, elliott, ellis, ellison, elwell, emda, emens, emerson, emery, emmerson, emmons, ennis, enos, etheridge, eubanks, evans, evington, ewing, exon, fagan, fairbank, fairchild, falconer, fales, fanar, farley, farmer, farnham, farrell, farrer, farrier, farrington, fawcet, faxon, fee, feilding, fellows, felt, felton, fenshaw, ferris, fessenden, fields, fincher, finney, first, fish, fisher, fister, fitzgerald,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41701564912093947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.510978"}
{"text": "farrington, fawcet, faxon, fee, feilding, fellows, felt, felton, fenshaw, ferris, fessenden, fields, fincher, finney, first, fish, fisher, fister, fitzgerald, fitzsimmons, flagg, fletcher, flickinger, florida, florie, floyd, flynth, fogg, folkrod, follett, folsom, forbus, ford, forrest, forsaith, forsyth, forsythe, fosdick, foster, foulk, fowler, fox, foy, foyle, frakes, frame, francisco, franklin, franks, fraser, frazee, frazier, freeman, french, frenenburgh, frey, fritter, fudge, fulk, fuller, fulmer, fuqua, furnace, futchey, gabriel, gafrey, gaines, galbreath, gallaher, galland, gallimore, galloway, gardiner, gardner, garland, garner, garr, garrett, gaston, gates, gaunt, gay, gaylord, gedding, geddis, george, gerree, gibbs, gibson, gilbert, giles, gill, gillet, gillett, gillis, gillock, gilmer, gilmor, gilmore, gilmour, gitting, gittings, gladdin, glasier, glazier, gleason, gliddon, glines, goddard, godfrey, goff, golden, goldsmith, gooch, goodger, goodin, goodrich, goodwin, gordon, gorham, gormley, gosner, gough, goulder, gowen, grady, graft, graham, granger, grant, graves, gray, grayson, greely, green, greene, greenleaf, greenwood, greewell, gregory, grey, griffen, griffin, griffith, griffiths, griffitts, griggs, grimes, grinell, gristy, griswold, groscup, grover, groves, grush, guinn, hadley, hadlock, hagan, hagerty, haggard, halbert, halcomb, hale, hales, hall, hallay, hambleton, hamilton, hamlin, hammond, hammons, hancock, handy, hankinson, hanlon, hanna, hannah, hannum, hanscom, hanson, hardman, hardy, hargin, harman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4357097203244802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.511692"}
{"text": "kellogg, kelly, kelso, kelsoe, kelton, kendall, kendoll, kendrick, kenneday, kennedy, kenney, kent, kerby, kern, kernell, kerr, kessler, kierens, killum, kimball, kimberly, kimbrough, kimmel, king, kingman, kinniston, kinsley, kirby, kirk, kirman, kitcham, kitchell, kittelthorp, klett, kneuse, kniffin, knight, knights, knott, knowles, knowlton, knox, kremeyer, kreps, kroop, lacompt, lacouse, lacy, lafon, lager, lake, lambert, lamme, lamo, lamphier, lamson, lancaster, land, lane, lang, langley, lapier, larabee, laradon, larkam, latellier, latham, lathrop, laton, latta, laughlin, law, lawson, layland, layson, learned, leary, ledbetter, ledmon, lee, legett, leicester, lenix, lenny, lently, lepper, leverett, lewis, libbey, libby, liddle, liggett, lightfoot, lillie, limley, lincoln, lindsey, lionberger, lions, lisk, little, littlefeild, loan, lock, lockheart, locklin, lockwood, logan, long, loomis, lord, losee, lott, louis, love, loveland, lovett, lovewell, lovit, lowe, lowell, lowman, lubey, luddington, ludwick, lurvey, lush, luther, lynch, lyon, lyons, machett, macker, mackey, madan, madarer, magee, magher, magill, major, mallett, malone, maltoon, manley, mann, manning, manton, manus, march, margrave, mariner, marker, marno, marr, marsh, marshall, marso, martial, martin, martz, marvin, massey, massie, masters, mathews, matthews, mattox, maxwell, mayhew, maynard, mcbride, mccance, mccannon, mccarman, mccarthy, mccartney, mccarty, mcclaskey, mcclaughry, mcclaury, mcclelland, mcc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4069735426154374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.513115"}
{"text": "matthews, mattox, maxwell, mayhew, maynard, mcbride, mccance, mccannon, mccarman, mccarthy, mccartney, mccarty, mcclaskey, mcclaughry, mcclaury, mcclelland, mcclure, mccolloc, mcconnell, mcconnemy, mcconnoughey, mcconvell, mccoole, mccoy, mccreary, mccubbin, mccullen, mcdaniel, mcdonald, mcdonnell, mcdowell, mcdutch, mcelroy, mcfadden, mcfall, mcfarland, mcfarrin, mcfate, mcferling, mcgaddins, mcgee, mcgennis, mcglassin, mcglone, mcgowan, mcguffie, mcguire, mchard, mcintire, mcintosh, mckay, mckeel, mckeevers, mckenney, mckerris, mckinley, mckittrick, mcknight, mckuen, mclaughlin, mcmahan, mcmillan, mcnab, mcneal, mcneil, mcnorton, mcpherson, mcquarg, mcqueston, mcrady, mead, meads, meagher, mease, medearis, meguire, mellen, meloney, melton, mendenhall, merrick, merrill, merrit, merryfield, mervin, metcalf, meyers, michael, michell, middleton, miers, miles, miller, mills, millson, milner, milnor, milton, milum, minor, minton, mitchell, mix, moat, mobley, moffett, moffit, moffitt, mollett, monden, monson, montague, montgomery, moore, moorin, moran, morgan, morris, morrison, morrow, morse, mosby, moseley, moses, mott, moulthrop, moulton, mourton, moxley, moyer, mudd, mulholland, mulican, mullett, mullica, mullin, mumford, muncreef, munday, munn, munro, munroe, murphy, murray, murrey, murrow, myers, nail, nason, naylor, neal, neale, nelson, nesbit, nevitt, newbegin, newell, newton, nichols, nickerson, nielson, nigh, nisfin,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4234150585163935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.513747"}
{"text": "murrow, myers, nail, nason, naylor, neal, neale, nelson, nesbit, nevitt, newbegin, newell, newton, nichols, nickerson, nielson, nigh, nisfin, nixon, noble, norcross, north, northrop, norton, nudd, nulton, nunn, nurse, nutt, oakes, oatman, obrian, ocallihan, ofarrell, ogden, oliver, ollis, oneale, oprouty, orcutt, orr, osborn, osborne, osgood, osmore, ostrander, ottinger, owen, page, painter, palmer, pangsburn, parham, parker, parkinson, parks, parshley, parsley, parslow, parsons, paschal, pasley, paslow, passley, patch, patrick, patterson, patton, pavy, payne, payton, peabler, peabody, peak, pearson, peas, pease, peck, pectal, peeble, peebler, peirce, peloux, pendleton, penharlow, penhollow, pennell, penney, pennock, penoyer, penson, perkins, perry, pervear, peters, peterson, pettibone, pettit, peyton, phelps, philips, phillips, phillrick, physick, pidgeon, pierce, pike, pinchin, pinkerton, pinkham, pinney, piper, pitcher, pittsbury, place, plain, plankenhorn, plankinghorn, plumb, plummer, polgar, pollott, pontine, pool, poor, pope, porter, porterfield, potter, powe, powell, powers, powler, pratt, pray, prentiss, prescheo, preston, pretzman, price, pridham, prior, proctor, pryor, pugh, pulcifer, pulley, purvis, puryear, putnam, rader, ralston, ramsey, rand, randal, randall, rapp, rardon, rathbun, rauth, ray, raymond, read, reason, reban, redding, redgrave, redman, reed, reeder, reese, regent, remington, renner, renshaw, retherford, reynolds, rhea, rice, rich, richards, richardson, richie, richmond, ricker, rider, rigby, riggins,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47247923731199093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.514528"}
{"text": "spees, spencer, sperry, spiker, spillman, spilman, splaun, sprague, spratt, sprung, squires, sribner, stakes, stanley, stansbury, stanton, stanwood, stark, statford, staulter, stearns, steel, steele, stephens, stevens, stevenson, stewart, stifler, stillman, stillwagon, stillwell, stimpson, stimson, stinson, stocker, stockwell, stoddard, stone, stonebraker, stophlett, stover, stow, stray, streets, strickler, stuart, studley, stump, sturtivant, suggs, summers, sutton, swartwood, swinny, swoap, swope, syhock, sykes, syms, talbot, taliaferro, talley, tally, tanner, tarborough, tarr, tasken, taunt, taylor, teas, teer, terrell, terry, thomas, thompson, thornburgh, thornton, thurber, tibbetts, tiffany, tilbarn, tillson, tillyon, timperley, timperly, tinkum, toland, tolin, tolizan, tolson, tomblings, toner, tongue, totman, totten, tower, towles, towson, trahune, trainer, trammel, transway, treadaway, trexall, trimble, trucks, tryon, tucker, tull, tunnell, turner, turrell, turrill, tuttle, tweed, tyler, tyrrell, tyson, underhand, vail, valentine, van deworker, van natter, van riper, van tassell, vanalstyne, vance, vancil, vangeesen, vannest, varney, vawter, venard, vermule, vickory, vineyard, vinica, vinton, vittum, vivrett, vowell, vulgermitt, waddill, wade, wadkins, waggoner, waite, wakeman, waldo, waldren, walker, wallace, walter, walton, ward, warener, warner, warren, washburn, wassom, wasson, waterhouse, watson, watt, watts, way, waybourn, weakley, weaver, webb,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3998818596462568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.517348"}
{"text": "##n, walker, wallace, walter, walton, ward, warener, warner, warren, washburn, wassom, wasson, waterhouse, watson, watt, watts, way, waybourn, weakley, weaver, webb, webber, webster, wedge, weed, weeks, welch, weldon, wellington, wells, welp, welsh, wentworth, west, westbrook, weston, whaley, wheeler, wheelock, whetstone, whidden, whipple, whitaker, whitcomb, white, whiteman, whitford, whiting, whitmore, whitney, whittaker, whittall, whittemore, whittington, whittlesey, whitton, wiggins, wightman, wilcox, wilds, wilke, wilkenson, wilkie, wilkins, wilkinson, willett, willey, williams, williamson, willis, wills, willson, wilsey, wilson, wilton, wimp, winn, winship, winslow, winstead, winters, wise, witton, wolcott, wood, woodard, woodburn, woodcock, wooden, woodram, woods, woodsworth, woody, woolworth, work, workman, worrell, worth, wright, wyatt, wyne, wyre, yager, yarborough, yates, yeaton, yetter, york, young, youngblood, zellers, zerbyback to top of description back to top of description | binding option | | copyright year | | dimensions | | isbn | | isbn13 | | paperback | | 2010 | | 8 - 5 / 16 \" x 10 - 3 / 4 \" | | 1420311654 | | 9781420311655 | | spiral - bound | | 2005 | | 8 - 1 / 2 \" x 11 \" ( plus coil ) | | 1420301543 | | 9781420301540 | | hardbound | | 2009 | | 8 - 1 / 2 \" x 11 \" | | 1420301535 | | 9781420301533 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45086160264330566, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c310970-4539-4291-b9c4-0b5f625adc9a>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.518842"}
{"text": "sugarbeet research unit, fort collins, co 2008 cris project plan objectives non - chemical pest control and enhanced sugar beet germplasm via traditional and molecular technologies this project focuses on development of improved sugarbeet germplasm that serves the diverse and changing needs of the u. s. beet sugar industry ( seed companies, and grower cooperatives, which produce and process all sugarbeet in the u. s. ). in addition, this project facilitates development of sugarbeet germplasm with greater disease resistance and assist in the development of improved and innovative management principles for pathogens that impact the northern plains and u. s. sugarbeet growing areas. we also seek to understand the etiology and epidemiology of important sugarbeet diseases to develop alternatives to manage diseases more effectively. this work is in direct cooperation with the national sugarbeet improvement program. objective 1 : evaluate, characterize, and utilize available sugarbeet genetic resources and ascertain the diversity ( genetic, proteomic, morphological, and pathogenic ) within and among sugarbeet and sugarbeet pathogen populations to fulfill the objectives below. this objective is an important part of the ars npgs beta germplasm collection, which is available to public and private breeders and geneticists. objective 2 : characterize the interaction of major sugarbeet pathogens ( esp. cercospora beticola, rhizoctonia solani, and fusarium oxysporum ) with sugarbeet. objective 3 : develop and distribute enhanced germplasm with novel stress resistance genes. as molecular tools are adapted for use in germplasm enhancement programs, it is hoped that the prebreeding process will become more rapid and efficient. a multidisciplinary approach combining traditional genetics, molecular biology, and biochemistry allows for identification of key resistance - associated genes / proteins. characterization of resistance using varied techniques provides a better understanding of plant defense against disease and identifies candidate genes and novel sources of resistance to move into sugar beet germplasm. furthermore, this greater knowledge of sugar beet defense opens up avenues for creating novel selection tools, including exploitation of polymorphisms and use of biomarkers. the same analyses can be used to understand and better manage pathogens of sugar beet through the creation of novel disease management strategies. diseases are recognized as the major cause of sugar beet losses worldwide. the fort collins ars sugarbeet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5104374726662338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:680e9979-aec8-49cd-8377-dd53482120ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.522423"}
{"text": "protecting surface and ground waters in emerging farming systems of the north central united states location : soil and water management research title : biochar \u2019 s role as an alternative n - fertilizer : ammonia capture submitted to : plant and soil publication type : peer reviewed journal publication acceptance date : july 19, 2011 publication date : january 6, 2012 citation : spokas, k. a., novak, j. m., venterea, r. t. 2012. biochar \u2019 s role as an alternative n - fertilizer : ammonia capture. plant and soil. 350 ( 1 ) : 35 - 42. interpretive summary : biochar is the name given to a special type of black carbon ( or charcoal ) that is created for the purpose of reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, or carbon sequestration. biochar \u2019 s role as a carbon sequestration agent, while also providing substantial soil quality improvements when applied to soil has been receiving significant attention across all portions of our society. this has lead to significant publicity and potential confusion over the material. the purpose of this paper is to review the recent observations of ammonia sorption ( or trapping ) by biochar and what this could mean for the agricultural use of this material. these recent observations support the idea of the potential use of biochar as an improved management tool for reducing the environmental damage associated with nitrogen fertilizer use. this information is important to farmers and policy makers and will assist scientists and engineers in developing improved agronomic systems. biochar \u2019 s role as a carbon sequestration agent, while simultaneously providing substantial soil fertility improvements when used as an amendment, has been receiving significant attention across all sectors of society, ranging from academia, industry, governmental, as well as the general public. this has lead to significant hype and potential confusion over the material, as well as its ability to be an amendment for soil fertility and carbon sequestration improvements. one sparsely explored area that biochar could have a significant impact is on the soil nitrogen cycle. taghizadeh - toosi et al. ( this issue ) has examined ammonia sorption on biochar as a mean of providing a nitrogen - enriched amendment. a new twist on this paradigm was the longevity of ammonia trapping ; it was sequestered in a stable form for at least 12 d under air laboratory air flow. furthermore, the authors observed an increased 15n uptake by plants grown in soil amended with this ammonia - enriched biochar, indicating that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5319403983407379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f081371e-1a24-4d69-8ef7-8aa4edcb6869>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.525107"}
{"text": "knowing the exact cause of a child ' s hearing loss can assist clinicians and parents in making decisions regarding treatment and educational options. it may surprise some parents to know that more than half of all children who are born deaf or who become deaf very early in life have a genetic cause for their hearing loss. in fact, recent studies have revealed that approximately 50 - 60 % of moderate to profound, congenital, or early - onset hearing loss is genetic. the remaining 40 - 50 % of hearing loss is due to non - genetic effects, such as maternal infection ( cmv or rubella ), prematurity, postnata infection ( meningitis, otitis media ), ototoxic drugs, or acoustic / cranial trauma. genetic forms of hearing loss result from changes in the genetic material. the genetic material, called dna ( deoxyribonucleic acid ), is contained in almost every cell in the human body. the long chains of dna can be divided into sections, called genes. each person inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. genes control the production and function of proteins, which form the structural and regulatory elements of the body. genes, composed of a specific sequence of the chemical units adenine ( a ), guanine ( g ), cytosine ( c ), and thymine ( t ), are fairly consistent from person to person. estimates suggest that humans have approximately 30, 000 genes, of which at least 10 % are involved in determining the structure and function of the ear. recent progress in identification of these genes has provided insight into how the ear functions and how mutations in a single gene can cause hearing loss. more than 400 different forms of hereditary hearing loss are known. many of these forms can be distinguished from one another by audiologic characteristics ( type, degree, or progression ), vestibular characteristics, mode of inheritance, or the presence of other medical or physical characteristics. in the majority of cases ( 60 - 70 % ), hearing loss occurs as an isolated finding and is referred to as non - syndromic. the remaining 30 - 40 % of hereditary hearing loss is syndromic, resulting from a mutation in a gene that affects the development of multiple organs. some common syndromes associated with hearing loss are described in table 1, however the complete list of genetic syndromes associated with hearing loss is long and complex. although it is not essential that professionals who work with deaf children be familiar with all of the features of syndromic forms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5441417613740234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce942ac2-8ef9-4b24-91f8-dd98b9be4394>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.529980"}
{"text": "with hearing loss are described in table 1, however the complete list of genetic syndromes associated with hearing loss is long and complex. although it is not essential that professionals who work with deaf children be familiar with all of the features of syndromic forms of hearing loss, an appreciation of the complexity of these disorders and the effect they can have on the health of these individuals as well as family members ( siblings and offspring ) emphasizes the importance of providing referrals for genetic evaluation and encouraging families to follow through with the referrals. genetic forms of hearing loss can also be classified by inheritance pattern. when only one copy of a mutation in a gene is necessary to cause hearing loss, the trait is inherited in a dominant pattern. approxi - mately 10 - 20 % of non - syndromic deafness is inherited in a dominant manner. when two copies of a mutation in the same gene ( one from each parent ) are necessary to cause hearing loss, the trait is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. roughly 70 - 80 % of hearing loss is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. when recessive genes for deafness are located on the x chromosome, the trait is inherited as x - linked recessive. a small percentage, around 1 - 2 %, of hearing loss can be attributed to x - linked recessive inheritance. mitochondrial inheritance refers to the inheritance of a genetic mutation in the genes contained within the mitochondria. the mitochondria contain a small amount of dna ( 37 genes ) which is passed on to the next generation only through the egg cell. thus, mitochondrial mutations are only inherited from the mother and are passed on to all of her children. these mutations may account for 0 - 20 % of inherited hearing loss, depending on ethnic background. the most common form of hereditary deafness is caused by mutations in the gjb2 gene. this gene, which encodes the gap junction beta protein connexin 26, is most commonly inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. hearing loss which results from mutations in the gjb2 gene varies in degree and progression, but most individuals have congenital, profound, stable sensorineural hearing loss. between 10 - 37 % of individuals with an \" unknown \" cause for their deafness have mutations in gjb2. a genetic evaluation can often identify the exact cause of hearing loss or at the very least, exclude many causes of the hearing loss. at some point after the identification of their hearing loss, most children can benefit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.51533845295562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce942ac2-8ef9-4b24-91f8-dd98b9be4394>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.532034"}
{"text": "##ness have mutations in gjb2. a genetic evaluation can often identify the exact cause of hearing loss or at the very least, exclude many causes of the hearing loss. at some point after the identification of their hearing loss, most children can benefit from a genetic evaluation. in 2002, the american college of medical genetics ( acmg ) published a statement entitled \" genetic evaluation guidelines for the etiologic diagnosis of congenital hearing loss. \" in this statement, the acmg emphasized that the appropriate management of all persons identified with congenital hearing loss requires a comprehensive genetic evaluation. the genetic evaluation should include a detailed family history, a complete physical examination, a thorough patient history, and examinations by other medical specialists, when necessary. during genetic evaluation and counseling the geneticist and / or genetic counselor will assist patients and families with the diagnosis of a genetic condition, identify associated medical issues and provide referrals for medical management. the geneticist / genetic counselor will also calculate and communicate the recurrence risk and provide psychosocial support for the family. audiologists can play an essential role in the process of genetic diagnosis. whether providing the initial referral to genetic services, helping to reinforce or correct misinformation, or by identifying those in need of additional support, the audiologist is an important member of the health care team. audiologists, speech - language pathologists, and other interested professionals may obtain additional information about genetics and / or the gallaudet university genetics program by viewing the web site. [ editor ' s note : arnos, pandya, and burton gave the audiology keynote focused on genetics nov. 18, 2005 at the asha convention in san diego. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.479903992417807, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce942ac2-8ef9-4b24-91f8-dd98b9be4394>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.533529"}
{"text": "what are stem cells? every cell in the human body can be traced back to a fertilized egg that came into existence from the union of an egg and sperm. there are over 200 different types of cells in the body that evolve from an early embryo \u2019 s identical, undifferentiated stem cells. during early development, as well as later in life, various types of stem cells give rise to differentiated cells that carry out the specific functions of the body, such as skin, blood, muscle, and nerve cells1. over the past two decades, scientists researching stem cell health have been gradually deciphering the processes by which undifferentiated stem cells become the many specialized cell types in the body. stem cells can regenerate themselves and produce specialized cell types. this property makes stem cells appealing for scientists seeking to create medical treatments that are used for replacing lost or damaged cells. collecting and preserving healthy stem cells early will ensure our clients access to many of today \u2019 s and tomorrow \u2019 s stem cell therapies and the option of treating diseases and regenerating tissues and organs with their own stem cells. for example, studies are now underway where doctors expect to be able to treat patients within ten days of a heart attack with stem cells to regenerate heart muscle, increase heart vascularity and improve electrical function based on clinical trial data. for more information, see clinicaltrials. gov \u00bb when are adult stem cells produced? after we are born, stem cells continue to be produced in bone marrow and circulate naturally throughout our blood stream, tissues and organs \u2013 these cells are considered to be adult stem cells ( asc ). the principal difference age makes is in the quality of the stem cells circulating in our blood. younger cells are more likely to be free of oxidative damage and mutations. we continue to produce stem cells throughout our lives at a steady state. as we reach our 60s and 70s the number of cells produced begins to diminish. when we are in our 80s and older, stem cell production is significantly reduced.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4629222872129457, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:750f5d53-d038-4b00-bfe5-154ee7a6fec2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.536151"}
{"text": "significance and use test method \u2014 the pulse test method is used to determine the transmissivity and storativity of low - permeability formations surrounding the packed - off intervals. this test method is considerably shorter in duration than the pump and slug tests used in more permeable rocks. to obtain results to the desired accuracy, pump and slug tests in low - permeability formations are too time consuming, as indicated in fig. 1 ( from bredehoeft and papadopulos ( 1 ) ). analysis \u2014 the transient pressure data obtained using the suggested method are evaluated by the curve - matching technique described by bredehoeft and papadopulos ( 1 ), or by an analytical technique proposed by wang et al ( 2 ). the latter is particularly useful for interpreting pulse tests when only the early - time transient pressure decay data are available. conversions \u2014 the permeability of a formation is often expressed in terms of the unit darcy. a porous medium has a permeability of 1 darcy when a fluid of viscosity 1 cp ( 1 mpa \u00b7 s ) flows through it at a rate of 1 cm3 / s ( 10\u22126 m 3 / s ) / 1 cm2 ( 10\u22124 m2 ) cross - sectional area at a pressure differential of 1 atm ( 101. 4 kpa ) / 1 cm ( 10 mm ) of length. one darcy corresponds to 0. 987 \u03bcm2. for water as the flowing fluid at 20\u00b0c, a hydraulic conductivity of 9. 66 \u03bcm / s corresponds to a permeability of 1 darcy. viscosity of water \u2014 table 1 shows the viscosity of water as a function of temperature. table 1 viscosity of water as a function of temperature | temperature, \u00b0c | | absolute viscosity, mpa \u00b7 s | 1. 1 this test method covers a field procedure for determining the transmissivity and storativity of geological formations having permeabilities lower than 10\u22123 \u03bcm2 ( 1 millidarcy ) using the pressure pulse technique. 1. 2 the transmissivity and storativity values determined by this test method provide a good approximation of the capacity of the zone of interest to transmit water, if the test intervals are representative of the entire zone and the surrounding rock is fully water saturated. 1. 3 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values in parentheses are for information only. 1. 4 this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5169572727957775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9d649dd-3630-4b67-8316-9e8254c94a18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.539443"}
{"text": ", if the test intervals are representative of the entire zone and the surrounding rock is fully water saturated. 1. 3 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values in parentheses are for information only. 1. 4 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. borehole drilling ; discontinuities ; fault zones ; field testing flow and flow rate ; groundwater ; permeability ; pressure testing ; pulse testing ; rock ; saturation ; storativity ; transmissivity ; viscosity ; water ; water saturation : borehole drilling ; discontinuities - - rock ; fault zones ; field testing - - rock ; flow and flow rate - - soil / rock / related materials ; permeability - - soil / rock ; pressure testing - - rock ; pulse testing ; rock materials / properties / analysis ; saturation ; storativity ; transmissivity and reflectivity ; viscosity - - rock ; water analysis ; water saturation ; ics number code 93. 020 ( earth works. excavations. foundation construction. underground works ) astm international is a member of crossref. citing astm standards [ back to top ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189007687364467, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9d649dd-3630-4b67-8316-9e8254c94a18>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.539971"}
{"text": "new study counters clovis comet \u201c there \u2019 s no plausible mechanism to get airbursts over an entire continent, \u201d said boslough, a physicist. \u201c for this and other reasons, we conclude that the impact hypothesis is, unfortunately, bogus. \u201d in a december 2012 american geophysical union monograph, first available in january, the researchers point out that no appropriately sized impact craters from that time period have been discovered, nor have any unambiguously \u201c shocked \u201d materials been found. in addition, proposed fragmentation and explosion mechanisms \u201c do not conserve energy or momentum, \u201d a basic law of physics that must be satisfied for impact - caused climate change to have validity, the authors write. also absent are physics - based models that support the impact hypothesis. models that do exist, write the authors, contradict the asteroid - impact hypothesizers. the authors also charge that \u201c several independent researchers have been unable to reproduce reported results \u201d and that samples presented in support of the asteroid impact hypothesis were later discovered by carbon dating to be contaminated with modern material. the boslough trail his credibility was on the line on in july 1994 when eos, the widely read newsletter of the american geophysical union, ran a front - page prediction by a sandia national laboratories team, led by boslough, that under certain conditions plumes from the collision of comet shoemaker - levy 9 with the planet jupiter would be visible from earth. the sandia team - - boslough, dave crawford, allen robinson and tim trucano - - were alone among the world \u2019 s scientists in offering that possibility. \u201c it was a gamble and could have been embarrassing if we were wrong, \u201d said boslough. \u201c but i had been watching while shoemaker - levy 9 made its way across the heavens and realized it would be close enough to the horizon of jupiter that the plumes would show. \u201d his reasoning was backed by simulations from the world \u2019 s first massively parallel processing supercomputer, sandia \u2019 s intel paragon. on the one hand, it was a chance to check the new paragon \u2019 s logic against real events, a shakedown run for the defense - oriented machine. on the other, it was a hold - your - breath prediction, a kind of babe ruth moment when the babe is reputed to have pointed to the spot in the center field bleachers he intended to hit the next ball. no other scientists were willing to point the same way, partly due to previous failures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43867170340637796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d529a5b3-5f99-4957-a5f5-65cd5a0778c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.544264"}
{"text": "prediction, a kind of babe ruth moment when the babe is reputed to have pointed to the spot in the center field bleachers he intended to hit the next ball. no other scientists were willing to point the same way, partly due to previous failures in predicting the behavior of comets kohoutek and halley, and partly because most astronomers believed the plumes would be hidden behind jupiter \u2019 s bulk. that the plumes indeed proved visible started boslough on his own trajectory as a media touchstone for things asteroidal and meteoritic. it didn \u2019 t hurt that, when he stands before television cameras to discuss celestial impacts, his earnest manner, expressive gestures and extraterrestrial subject matter make him seem a combination of carl sagan and luke skywalker, or perhaps tom sawyer and indiana jones. standing in jeans, work shirt and hiking boots for the discovery channel at the site in siberia where a mysterious explosion occurred 105 years ago, or discussing it at sandia with his supercomputer simulations in bold colors on a big screen behind him, the rangy, 6 - foot - 3 sandia researcher vividly and accurately explained why the mysterious explosion at tunguska that decimated hundreds of square miles of trees and whose ejected debris was seen as far away as london most probably was caused neither by flying saucers drunkenly ramming a hillside ( a proposed hypothesis ) nor by an asteroid striking the earth \u2019 s surface, but rather by the fireball of an asteroid airburst - - an asteroid exploding high above ground, like a nuclear bomb, compressed to implosion as it plunged deeper into earth \u2019 s thickening, increasingly resistive atmosphere. the governing physics, he said, was precisely the same as for the airburst on jupiter. among later triumphs, boslough was the sandia component of a national geographic team flown to the libyan desert to make sense of strange yellow - green glass worn as jewelry by pharaohs in days past. boslough \u2019 s take : it was the result of heat on desert sands from a hypervelocity impact caused by an even bigger asteroid burst. in the present case in the clovis case, boslough felt that his ideas were taken further than he could accept when other researchers claimed that the purported demise of the clovis civilization in north america was the result of climate change produced by a cluster of comet fragments striking earth. in a widely reported press conference announcing the clovis comet hypothesis in 2007, proponents showed a national geographic animation based on one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.497092104033139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d529a5b3-5f99-4957-a5f5-65cd5a0778c9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.545301"}
{"text": "\u201c early one spring morning, a little seed woke up after her long winter sleep. she yawned and stretched. with a loud crack her hard brown jacket fell away. ' oh! ' said the surprised seed. the earth above felt warm. \u201d... this was just the beginning of big changes to come. the colorful illustrations in this book are made by the author from dyed wool fibers, felted together to create a solid piece of \u201c fabric. \u201d she employed a technique known as \u201c dry, \u201d or \u201c needle, \u201d felting, which requires a small hand tool called a felting needle with barbs along the shaft to catch the fibers as it pierces the surface of the wool and binds them together. jan describes the experience as \u201c painting with a needle. \u201d hardcover, 28 beautifully illustrated pages, 8x10 inches, ages 3 - 5. jan schubert has been a waldorf early childhood educator for more than twenty years. in a one - room - school house on sixty acres in northern california, she founded and operated a preschool program. she holds a ba in ece and has taught kindergarten at the davis waldorf school ( davis, california ), where she currently teaches preschool. jan also worked in a lifeways program. she has a lifelong love of handwork and textiles, which is expressed in her visual storytelling and puppetry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5106533956412678, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f8bef1e-0698-4fd1-93e6-fa943cfc0fa1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.548709"}
{"text": "the achievement of the millennium development goals is dependent on the effectiveness of institutions of governance, including parliaments, ministries or departments of government, traditional leadership groups, and civil society organisations. without effective governance, the chances for development, growth and poverty reduction are compromised. this means that basic services such as education and maternal health are not delivered effectively, and poor and marginalised people often miss out. since 2010 we have been increasing expenditure on governance. in 2010 \u2013 11 the total oda for governance was $ 792. 5 million, and in 2011 \u2013 12 this figure increased to $ 943. 3 million. key achievements in recent years include : - supporting the ministry of finance in timor - leste to improve its systems for government spending - increasing access to justice for victims of violence against women in png - strengthening the electoral cycle process in solomon islands leading to the 2010 elections being declared \u2018 free and fair \u2019 by international observers. following the government \u2019 s announcement on 17 december 2012 to reprioritise resources within the aid budget, the 2012 \u2013 13 budget estimate for the governance program was reduced by $ 37. 6 million to approximately $ 885. 9 million. the new budget estimate for governance reflects changes to global programs, including in election support and political governance, and in country programs, including deferral of leadership and civil society programs into future financial years. in 2012 \u2013 13, australia will continue to support partner governments in their efforts to deliver basic services, through capable and well - functioning state institutions. the australian aid program \u2019 s support for effective governance falls into three pillars : - delivering better services through improved government efficiency and effectiveness, and more accountable, open and responsive governments. - improved security and enhanced justice. - enhanced human rights. read more about the australian aid program ' s effective governance strategy. read more about our support for effective governance in the following countries :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4183216041961413, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae717832-b3d8-4626-8c60-329fba2e7759>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.552050"}
{"text": "the purpose of this report is to provide information concerning injury mortality among infants, children ( ages 1 - 14 ) and adolescents ( ages 15 - 19 ) in arizona. the data for 1997 are placed in a temporal context by comparison with the data for the preceding ten years. data on the number and characteristics of injury deaths among arizona residents 19 years old or younger were obtained from the death certificates filed with the arizona department of health services. in this report, fatal injuries as the underlying cause of death are defined and coded according to icd - 9 * in the following manner : population denominators for arizona residents, used to calculate rates, are projections from the population statistics unit in the arizona department of economic security ( data for 1987 - 1989 and 1993 - 1997 ) and the u. s. census bureau ( data for 1990 and data by ethnic group for 1997 ). detailed population data by gender, age and county were unavailable for 1991 - 1992. in order to obtain the population denominators for these two years, the 1990 percentages of population breakdowns ( or census shares ) were applied to 1991 and 1992 total state or county population estimates published by the des. office of epidemiology and statistics bureau of public health statistics arizona department of health services phone : ( 602 ) 542 - 7333 fax : ( 602 ) 542 - 1244", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45103472720579985, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b0f1dbb-e2b8-4b59-9074-7d5127291fe2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.556389"}
{"text": "toddlers are just like the rest of us \u2013 they don ' t always listen. in fact, at their age they need you to teach them how to pay attention. \" but what often happens, \" says roni leiderman, associate dean of the family center at nova southeastern university in fort lauderdale, florida, \" is that parents say something ten times, then they start counting down to punishment. what this does is actually condition the child not to listen until the tenth time. \" by not listening, your child is getting your attention ( though constant nagging isn ' t the best form of it ). but being a good listener helps your child learn more effectively, obey warnings, get along better with you and her teachers and other adults she ' ll be expected to heed, and make better friends. there are many simple strategies that, when consistently followed, teach toddlers the skills they need to become good listeners. and, as leiderman points out, \" it ' s never too early to begin teaching your child. a toddler may not listen as well as a 5 - year - old, but she still has lots of these skills. \" get on his level. as every parent realizes sooner or later, bellowing from a great height ( much less from the other room ) rarely has the desired effect. squat down or pick your child up, so you can look him in the eye and grab his attention. he ' ll listen much more closely if you sit down next to him at the breakfast table when reminding him to eat up his cornflakes, or perch on his bed at night when telling him you ' re about to turn out the light. eye contact is critical and most effective when you ' re face - to - face with your child. state your message clearly, simply, and authoritatively. your child will zone out if you harp on a topic too long. it ' s hard to find the point of a wordy message such as \" it ' s really cold outside, and you ' ve been sick lately, so i want you to put on your sweater before we go to the store. \" on the other hand, \" it ' s time to get your sweater \" is unmistakable. and don ' t phrase something as a question if your child doesn ' t actually have a choice. \" it ' s time to climb into your car seat \" has a lot more impact than \" come climb into your car seat, okay, honey? \" it ' s good to give toddlers choices, too. just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43399378332797833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808d1345-3e20-4e86-b2b6-1693f756111f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.571763"}
{"text": "t actually have a choice. \" it ' s time to climb into your car seat \" has a lot more impact than \" come climb into your car seat, okay, honey? \" it ' s good to give toddlers choices, too. just be sure you ' re okay with the options you offer \u2013 and stick with only two. by allowing your toddler to make limited choices, she ' ll feel empowered ( and you ' ll be satisfied with the result ). follow through \u2014 quickly. make it clear that you mean what you say, and don ' t make threats \u2013 or promises \u2013 you won ' t keep. if you tell your 2 - year - old, \" you need to drink some milk at dinnertime, \" don ' t waffle five minutes later and let him have juice instead. if you warn him he ' ll have a time - out if he hits his brother, give him that time - out when the blow comes. make sure your spouse or partner shares your rules and respects them as well, so that neither of you undermines the other. and if there ' s a disagreement, talk it through so you ' re both clear about what needs to be said or done when the issue comes up again ( as it surely will ). in addition, make your follow - through speedy. you would never expect to have to shout \" don ' t run across the street! \" five times before your child stops. it ' s also important for your child to know when something is especially dangerous and for you to demonstrate a safe way to approach the situation. for example, when your child crosses the street, always hold his hand \u2013 that way he ' ll associate the danger of cars with being careful. and don ' t fall into the trap of repeating less urgent instructions, such as \" set your cup on the table, \" over and over again before expecting your child to comply. gently guide your child ' s hand to place the cup on the table so he knows exactly what you want him to do. reinforce your message. it often helps to follow up your verbal statement with a number of other kinds of messages, especially if you are trying to pull your child away from an absorbing activity. say \" time for bed! \" and then give a visual cue ( flicking the light switch on and off ), a physical cue ( laying a hand on her shoulder to gently pull her attention away from her doll and toward you ), and a demonstration ( steering her toward her bed, pulling down the covers, and patting the pillow )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4494005684696567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808d1345-3e20-4e86-b2b6-1693f756111f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.573928"}
{"text": "switch on and off ), a physical cue ( laying a hand on her shoulder to gently pull her attention away from her doll and toward you ), and a demonstration ( steering her toward her bed, pulling down the covers, and patting the pillow ). give your child some advance notice before a big change will take place, especially if he ' s happily involved with toys or a friend. before you ' re ready to leave the house, say, \" we ' re going to leave in a few minutes. when i call you, it ' s time to come out of the sandbox and wash your hands. \" give realistic instructions \u2013 and make them fun. \" if you tell a 2 - year - old to put her toys away, she looks around the room and says, ' sheesh! ' \" says leiderman. \" give realistic tasks, like ' let ' s put the yellow blocks away. ' then you can make it into play : ' good, now let ' s put the blue blocks away. ' \" yelling orders may produce results ( in some children ), but no one will enjoy the process. most children respond best when you treat them with confident good humor. for example, occasionally use a silly voice or a song to deliver your message. you might sing, \" now it ' s time to brush your teeth \" to the tune of \" london bridge. \" stress the benefits of complying over mere dutifulness ( \" brush your teeth and then you can pick out your favorite jammies \" instead of \" you have to brush your teeth or you ' ll get cavities \" or \" brush your teeth now! \" ). praise him when he finishes brushing, with \" good listening! \" the good humor, affection, and trust you demonstrate to your child when speaking to him this way will make him want to listen to you, because he ' ll know that you love him and think he ' s special. this is an important aspect of even those strategies that require firmness. giving straightforward, authoritative instructions does not mean you have to be crabby \u2013 such messages are much more powerful when accompanied by a hug or a smile. then your child learns that paying attention to you is worthwhile. model good behavior. preschoolers will be better listeners if they see that you are a good listener, too. make it a habit to listen to your child as respectfully as you would to any adult. look at her when she talks to you, respond politely, and let her finish without interrupting whenever possible. while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48138803481132914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808d1345-3e20-4e86-b2b6-1693f756111f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.575763"}
{"text": "that you are a good listener, too. make it a habit to listen to your child as respectfully as you would to any adult. look at her when she talks to you, respond politely, and let her finish without interrupting whenever possible. while it may seem like a tall order when you ' re cooking dinner and your toddler is being especially chatty, try not to walk away from her or turn your back on her while she ' s talking. as with so many other behaviors, the old advice \" do as i say, not as i do \" has no value when teaching your children to listen. catch your child being good. how often do you talk to your child about what he ' s doing wrong? would you want to listen to someone \u2013 like your boss, for example \u2013 who only gave you negative guidance? your child is more likely to listen to you if you notice when he ' s behaving well and comment on it. \" you put your blocks away the first time i asked. good job! \" or \" you were very gentle with the puppy. i ' m proud of you! \" make sure you give your toddler plenty of positive reinforcement and he ' ll be less likely to tune you out when you need to steer him back on course. numerous books provide sound advice in this area. among the most popular are how to talk so kids will listen, and listen so kids will talk, by adele faber and elaine mazlish, discipline without spanking or shouting, by jerry wyckoff and barbara unell, and raising your spirited child, by mary sheedy kurcinka.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40141002974903095, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808d1345-3e20-4e86-b2b6-1693f756111f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.576954"}
{"text": "men might get a fertility boost by taking an antioxidant supplement, but the same may not hold true for women, according to a study on mice that found common antioxidants, including vitamins c and e, may pose problems for female fertility. published january 10, 2011 in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences, the study examined the effect of antioxidants on female ovulation, noting that in mice exposed to high levels of antioxidants, lower than normal numbers of eggs were released during ovulation. what ' s the connection? antioxidants work by eliminating cell - damaging molecules known as \" reactive oxygen species, \" the culprit thought to be behind inflammation and other health ailments. researchers in this study now believe that perhaps some level of inflammation is needed to jumpstart the ovulation process ( and enhance an egg ' s ability to \" burst \" from the follicle ). by doing too good a job at reducing inflammation, antioxidants may disrupt this natural process. natural health nut? it ' s always a good idea to run your supplements by your doctor to better understand how certain herbs, vitamins, and other holistic remedies you use may affect your fertility ( same is true for your partner ). worried because your prenatal vitamin contains vitamins c and e? no need to stop taking it. subjects in the study were exposed to much higher amounts of antioxidants than those found in prenatal vitamins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47267218210654877, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93bd034c-e6a0-4634-b2a0-e49fd9ca3de4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.579872"}
{"text": "family matters - august 2008 if you \u2019 re happy and you know it \u2026 by molly brown koch in a television commercial, an adorable little girl in a pink tutu emerges victorious from the bathroom. she jumps up and down and, along with her mother, claps her hands over her success at toilet training. perhaps her first. mom ought to memorize the picture of her child ' s glee and satisfaction over \" a job well done \" as a reminder of the vital role success plays in a child ' s we may not think of toilet training as anything more than the end of the endless stream of diapers, but it seems to me that it is more. here was the little girl ' s first awareness of herself as a capable person. she will want to repeat her success, especially because it met with her mother ' s approval and but it is also important for her to see herself as capable. she is learning how to value her own accomplishments. this is how she gets to accept her specialness. and to top it all off, her triumph in the bathroom made her happy. so this brings us to the question of what makes children happy. for some, such as the little girl in the pink tutu, it \u2019 s the sense of accomplishment ( and pleasing her mother ). for others, it is having good friends, while others are happy when they discover new ideas or facts. for most children, it is the time they spend with attentive parents. for many children, happiness seems to hinge on getting the latest toy or gadget. the problem with that is it is short - lived. children tire of toys, and electronic gadgets are often outdated even before the bill is paid. computer games are fun to play, but the child is happiest when he or she wins \u2014 and there is an accomplishment to boast about. yes, we want our children to be happy, but is it our job to make them happy? for example, do we feel we ' re supposed to make our children happy when they are sad? what ' s so bad about sad? don ' t children have the right to feel the full sweep of human emotions? instead of trying to happy them out of it, we need to help them learn how to handle sadness. and, when they do learn how to handle sadness on their own, they ' ll be well on their way to being happy again because they did it on we can and should comfort our children, but not so excessively that they are robbed of the chance to nur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48011292463906263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cda08f58-3fe0-494b-918a-0c7775436a38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.588914"}
{"text": "they do learn how to handle sadness on their own, they ' ll be well on their way to being happy again because they did it on we can and should comfort our children, but not so excessively that they are robbed of the chance to nurture themselves \u2014 a blueprint they will need when they are out on their own. we can also show them how their sad feelings can lead to having sympathy and compassion for others who are sad. are we supposed to make our children happy by entertaining them when they are some parents are glad to drop everything and spend time with their restless child, which can be good. but not all of the time. parents should also be mindful of their child ' s need to find ways to entertain him or herself. shouldn ' t we try to make the angry child happy? it would certainly make us feel one thing we ought not to do is try to humor him or her out of being angry. children have a right to be angry and, by our acceptance of it, we help them accept themselves in their worst let ' s take a cue from the constitution of the united states, which does not guarantee its citizens happiness \u2014 just the freedom to pursue it. just think of what it would take for the government to make each one of us happy! we, too, can give our children the freedom to pursue happiness. we can give them a safe place to live, where joy happens, where they are loved, nurtured, accepted, and respected, where their goodness is cultivated, and where we bring out the best in them. then, we can leave the rest up to them. after all is said and done, there is a way you can contribute to your children ' s happiness. perhaps the best way of all. be happy yourself ; it ' s contagious. then show them how to take delight in the little things, how to make the best of bad situations, and how to enjoy the work of your own hands. fill your house with laughter and fun, sing with them, dance with them, cherish them. walk in the park with them, talk with them, listen to them, support them, reach out to them. be happy they are your children. that ought to do it. when the late opera star beverly sills was asked how she could be so happy when she had two disabled children, one whose deafness precluded her ever hearing her mother ' s beautiful voice, sills replied, \" even if i cannot be happy, i can in or out of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40349806676216404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cda08f58-3fe0-494b-918a-0c7775436a38>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.591056"}
{"text": "gamification is about taking the essential ingredients of a game and applying them to real - world, non - game situations. by introducing game mechanics such as rules, challenges and rewards for achievements ; businesses can not only increase the fun factor, but most importantly motivate and engage their audience. early endeavors have proven that a healthy dose of competition really can make all the difference. training, for example, is key to any business, yet traditional teaching methods are often more likely to induce slumber than an expansion of expertise. here, gamification can provide a very real solution ; but it \u2019 s not as simple as providing points or badges for a job well done \u2013 effective gamification is something of an art form. the psychology of play in any context, a game is only as good as it \u2019 s design. when training, a clear understanding of how game elements can drive learning behavior must be gained before a gamified framework can be constructed. one of the most powerful aspects of games is their ability to ignite a player \u2019 s emotions, producing everything from frustration to pride and therefore deeply engaging them in the task at hand. beyond raw emotion - rules, for example, provide the player with boundaries within which they are free to explore and discover \u2013 testing theories and learning through trial and error. problem solving can also be approached from a fresh perspective as players are provided with the opportunity to assume new identities and tackle challenges from within that new role. once considered, a game designer has to work out how to harness these drivers by carefully selecting the basic building blocks of a gamified system and placing them within the framework. these mechanics can include anything from points and leaderboards to levels, achievements and virtual goods. each of these blocks have to satisfy basic human motivations, such as that for status, recognition and self - expression that are important to the player. the secret of successful gamified training is to accurately pinpoint the motivations of the learner and provide them with the perfect balance between challenge and reward. these small rewards represent only part of the overall gain, as they come accompanied by a reinforcement of learning objectives, constructive feedback and dynamic classroom environment. playing games in the workplace typically, having fun doesn \u2019 t trump deadlines on the to - do list of business executives \u2013 but gamification can be a potent way to dispel the tedium of training and boost the talent pool \u2013 without trivializing the learning content. deloitte, for example, created a leadership academy \u2013 an innovative digital training program that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4983180402182815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da39d70c-ae8b-403f-bf5d-0a4f5674fc7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.602774"}
{"text": "but gamification can be a potent way to dispel the tedium of training and boost the talent pool \u2013 without trivializing the learning content. deloitte, for example, created a leadership academy \u2013 an innovative digital training program that is currently accessed by more than 50, 000 users in over 14 different countries around the world. the academy provides content from leading educational and training institutions using an online portal and mobile applications. by signing up to the academy, senior executives can deepen their knowledge of effective self - development, communication methods, talent management, developing strategy and innovation. most recently, collaborating with software company badgeville, users who complete course modules, share ideas or reach notable leaderboard statuses are rewarded with badges - and can share their achievements through social networks, such as linkedin and twitter. getting serious about gaming gamified mechanics, such as these are only the tip of the iceberg. serious games can also involve the use of simulations that immerse the learner in a virtual world, allowing them to put theoretical knowledge to the test within a safe environment. the learning value of games such as these is marked. research carried out by the federation of american scientists revealed that, \u201c students remember only 10 percent of what they read ; 20 percent of what they hear ; 30 percent if they see visuals related to what they hear ; 50 percent if they watch someone do something while explaining it ; but almost 90 percent if they do the job themselves, even if only as a simulation \". with such effective learning outcomes - it \u2019 s easy to understand why the aviation industry, the military and medical teams have for decades relied on the strength simulations when training their experts ; and finally companies have caught up. with the seeds of potential having been sown, it is increasingly clear that with careful development and commitment, gamification could reinvent the way we train and learn \u2013 helping industries meet the complex challenges presented by the modern world and taking them to the next level. michelle katics is the ceo of bankerslab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48007518868502286, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da39d70c-ae8b-403f-bf5d-0a4f5674fc7e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.604578"}
{"text": "dilation and curettage ( d and c ) ( dilatation and curettage, d & c ) what is a dilation and curettage ( d & c )? a dilation and curettage procedure, also called a d & c, is a surgical procedure in which the cervix ( lower, narrow part of the uterus ) is dilated ( expanded ) so that the uterine lining ( endometrium ) can be scraped with a curette ( spoon - shaped instrument ) to remove abnormal tissues. a suction d & c uses suction to remove uterine contents. this is sometimes called a dilation and evacuation ( d & e ). other related procedures used for diagnosing and treating the endometrium include endometrial ablation, hysteroscopy, and hysterectomy. please see these procedures for additional information. click image to enlarge what are female pelvic organs? the organs and structures of the female pelvis are : endometrium. this is the lining of the uterus. uterus ( also called the womb ). the uterus is a hollow, pear - shaped organ located in a woman ' s lower abdomen, between the bladder and the rectum. the uterus sheds its lining each month during menstruation, unless a fertilized egg ( ovum ) becomes implanted and pregnancy follows. ovaries. two female reproductive organs located in the pelvis in which egg cells ( ova ) develop and are stored and where the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced. cervix. the lower, narrow part of the uterus located between the bladder and the rectum, forming a canal that opens into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body. vagina ( also called the birth canal ). the passageway through which fluid passes out of the body during menstrual periods. the vagina connects the cervix and the vulva ( the external genitalia ). vulva. the external portion of the female genital organs. fallopian tube. two thin tubes that extend from each side of the uterus, toward the ovaries, as a passageway for eggs and sperm. the menstrual cycle with each menstrual cycle, the endometrium prepares itself to nourish a fetus, as increased levels of estrogen and progesterone help to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48545842309918863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0f29a14-85fe-4416-a7f9-c765685fd6aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.620015"}
{"text": "as a passageway for eggs and sperm. the menstrual cycle with each menstrual cycle, the endometrium prepares itself to nourish a fetus, as increased levels of estrogen and progesterone help to thicken its walls. if implantation of the fertilized egg does not occur, the lining of the endometrium, coupled with blood and mucus from the vagina and cervix ( the lower, narrow part of the uterus located between the bladder and the rectum ), make up the menstrual flow ( also called menses ) that leaves the body through the vagina. after menopause, menstruation stops and a woman should not have any bleeding. reasons for the procedure a d & c may be used as a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure for abnormal bleeding. a d & c may be performed to determine the cause of abnormal or excessive uterine bleeding, to detect cancer, or as part of infertility ( inability to become pregnant ) investigation. causes of abnormal bleeding include the presence of abnormal tissues, such as fibroid tumors ( benign tumors that develop in the uterus, also called myomas ) polyps, or cancer of the endometrium or uterus. tissues obtained from the d & c can be examined under a microscope. abnormal uterine bleeding may also be due a hormone imbalance or disorder ( particularly estrogen and progesterone ) especially in women approaching menopause or after menopause. a d & c may be used following a miscarriage to remove the fetus and other tissues if they have not all been naturally passed. infection or heavy bleeding can occur if these tissues are not completely removed. this type of d & c may also be called a surgical evacuation of the uterus or a d & e. occasionally following childbirth, small pieces of the placenta ( afterbirth ) remain adhered to the endometrium and are not passed. this can cause bleeding or infection. a d & c may be used to remove these fragments so that the endometrium can heal properly. there may be other reasons for your doctor to recommend a d & c. risks of the procedure as with any surgical procedure, complications may occur. some possible complications of a d & c may include, but are not limited to, the following : patients who are allergic to or sensitive to medications, iodine, or latex should notify their doctor. if you are pregnant or suspect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4773875579735229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0f29a14-85fe-4416-a7f9-c765685fd6aa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.622193"}
{"text": "occur. some possible complications of a d & c may include, but are not limited to, the following : patients who are allergic to or sensitive to medications, iodine, or latex should notify their doctor. if you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you should notify your health care provider. there may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor prior to the procedure. a vaginal, cervical, or pelvic infection may interfere with a d & c. before the procedure your doctor will explain the procedure to you and offer you the opportunity to ask any questions that you might have about the procedure. you will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the procedure. read the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear. in addition to a complete medical history, your doctor may perform a complete physical examination to ensure you are in good health before undergoing the procedure. you may undergo blood tests or other diagnostic tests. if your procedure requires general, spinal, or epidural anesthesia, you will be asked to fast for eight hours before the procedure, generally after midnight. if your procedure is to be done under local anesthesia, your doctor will give you instructions about fasting. if you are pregnant or suspect that you are pregnant, you should notify your health care provider. he or she may recommend a pregnancy test prior to the procedure. notify your doctor if you are sensitive to or are allergic to any medications, iodine, latex, tape, and anesthetic agents ( local and general ). notify your doctor of all medications ( prescribed and over - the - counter ) and herbal supplements that you are taking. notify your doctor if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any anticoagulant ( blood - thinning ) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. it may be necessary for you to stop these medications prior to the procedure. if a sedative is given before the procedure, you will need someone to drive you home afterwards. you may want to bring a sanitary napkin to wear home after the procedure. based on your medical condition, your doctor may request other specific preparation. during the procedure click image to enlarge a d & c may be performed in a doctor \u2019 s office, on an outpatient basis, or as part of your stay in a hospital. procedures may vary depending on your condition and your doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4561187897044067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0f29a14-85fe-4416-a7f9-c765685fd6aa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.624249"}
{"text": ". during the procedure click image to enlarge a d & c may be performed in a doctor \u2019 s office, on an outpatient basis, or as part of your stay in a hospital. procedures may vary depending on your condition and your doctor \u2019 s practices. the type of anesthesia will depend on the specific procedure being performed. some d & c procedures may be performed while you are asleep under general anesthesia, or while you are awake under spinal or epidural anesthesia. if spinal or epidural anesthesia is used, you will have no feeling from your waist down. the anesthesiologist will continuously monitor your heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and blood oxygen level during the surgery. generally, a d & c follows this process : you will be asked to remove clothing and be given a gown to wear. you will be instructed to empty your bladder. you will be positioned on an operating or examination table, with your feet and legs supported as for a pelvic examination. an intravenous ( iv ) line may be started in your arm or hand. a urinary catheter may be inserted. your doctor will insert an instrument called a speculum into your vagina to spread the walls of the vagina apart to expose the cervix. your cervix may be cleansed with an antiseptic solution. for local anesthesia, the doctor may numb the area using a small needle to inject medication. if general or regional anesthesia is used, the anesthesiologist will continuously monitor your heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and blood oxygen level during surgery. a type of forceps, called a tenaculum, may be used to hold the cervix steady for the procedure. the inside of the cervical canal may be scraped with a small curette if the cervical tissue needs to be examined. a thin, rod - like instrument, called a uterine sound, may be inserted through the cervical opening to determine the length of the uterus. if you have local anesthesia, this may cause some cramping. the sound will then be removed. the cervix will be dilated by inserting a series of thin rods. each rod will be larger in diameter than the previous one. this process will gradually enlarge the opening of the cervix so that the curette ( spoon - shaped instrument ) can be inserted. the curette will be inserted through the cervical opening into the uterus and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4752980368611953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0f29a14-85fe-4416-a7f9-c765685fd6aa>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.626170"}
{"text": "the previous one. this process will gradually enlarge the opening of the cervix so that the curette ( spoon - shaped instrument ) can be inserted. the curette will be inserted through the cervical opening into the uterus and the sharp spoon - shaped edges will be passed across the lining of the uterus to scrape away the tissues. in some cases, suction may be used to remove tissues. if you have local anesthesia, this may cause cramping. the instruments will be removed. any tissues collected with the procedure will be sent to the lab for examination. pregnancy tissues ( called products of conception ) may be sent to the lab for culture or testing for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. after the procedure the recovery process will vary depending on the type of procedure performed and type of anesthesia that was administered. if you received regional or general anesthesia, you will be taken to the recovery room for observation. once your blood pressure, pulse, and breathing are stable and you are alert, you will be taken to your hospital room or discharged to your home. if this procedure was performed on an outpatient basis, you should plan to have another person drive you home. after a d & c using local anesthesia, you may rest for about two hours before going home. you may want to wear a sanitary pad for bleeding. it is normal to have some spotting or light vaginal bleeding for a few days after the procedure. you may experience cramping for the first few days after a d & c. you may be instructed not to douche, use tampons, or have intercourse for two to three days after a d & c, or for a period of time recommended by your doctor. you may also have other restrictions on your activity, including no strenuous activity or heavy lifting. because a d & c removes the lining of the uterus, the lining must build back up. your next menstrual period may begin earlier or later than usual. you may resume your normal diet unless your doctor advises you differently. take a pain reliever for cramping or soreness as recommended by your doctor. aspirin or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of bleeding. be sure to take only recommended medications. your doctor will advise you on when to return for further treatment or care. notify your doctor if you have any of the following : your doctor may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation. the content provided here is for informational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4377618920838942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0f29a14-85fe-4416-a7f9-c765685fd6aa>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.628328"}
{"text": "the belief in astrology was almost universal in the middle of the seventeenth century ; it began to waver and become doubtful towards the close of that period, and in the beginning of the eighteenth the art fell into general disrepute, and even under general ridicule. yet it still retained many partisans, even in the seats of learning. grave and studious men were loth to relinquish the calculations which had early become the principal objects of their studies, and felt reluctant to descend from the predominating height to which a supposed insight into futurity, by the power of consulting abstract influences and conjunctions, had exalted them over the rest of manking. among those who cherished this imaginary privilege with undoubting faith, was an old clergyman, with whom mannering was placed during his youth. he wasted his eyes in observing the stars, and his brains in calculations upon their various combinations. his pupil, in early youth, naturally caught some portion of his enthusiasm, and laboured for a time to make himself master of the technical process of astrological research ; so that, before he became convinced of its absurdity, william lilly himself would have allowed him a curious fancy and piercing judgement in resolving a question of nativity. on the present occasion, he arose as early in the morning as the shortness of the day permitted, and proceeded to calculate the nativity of the young heir of ellangowan. he undertook the task secundum artem, as well to keep up appearances, as from a sort of curiosity to know whether he yet remembered, and could practice, the imaginary science. he accordingly erected his scheme, or figure of heaven, divided into its twelve houses, placed the planets therein according to the ephemeris, and rectified their position to the hour and moment of the nativity. without troubling our readers with the general prognostications which judicial astrology would have inferred from these circumstances, in this diagram there was one significator which pressed remarkably upon our astrologers attention. mars having dignity in the cusp of the twelfth house, threatened captivity, or sudden and violent death, to the native ; and mannering having recourse to those further rules by which diviners pretend to ascertain the vehemency of this evil direction, observed from the result, that three periods would be particularly hazardoushis fifthhis tenthhis twenty - first year. it was somewhat remarkable, that mannering had once before tried a similar piece", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031420384934098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc4ef4e-a5e6-4296-91f9-ddb2b9d4b50a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.654733"}
{"text": "to ascertain the vehemency of this evil direction, observed from the result, that three periods would be particularly hazardoushis fifthhis tenthhis twenty - first year. it was somewhat remarkable, that mannering had once before tried a similar piece of foolery, at the instance of sophia wellwood, the young lady to whom he was attached, and that a similar conjunction of planetary influence threatened her with death, or imprisonment, in her thirty - ninth year. she was at this time eighteen ; so that, according to the result of the scheme in both cases, the same year threatened her with the same misfortune that was presaged to the native or infant, whom that night had introduced into the world. struck with this coincidence, mannering repeated his calculations ; and the result approximated the events predicted, until at length the same month and day of the month, seemed assigned as the period of peril to both. it will be readily believed, that in mentioning this circumstance we lay no weight whatever upon the pretended information thus conveyed. but it often happens, such is our natural love for the marvellous, that we willingly contribute our own efforts to beguile our better judgements. whether the coincidence which i have mentioned was really one of those singular chances, which sometimes happen against all ordinary calculations ; or whether mannering, bewildered amid the arithmetical labyrinth and technical jargon of astrology, had insensibly twice followed the same clue to guide him out of the maze ; or whether his imagination, seduced by some point of apparent resemblance, lent its aid to make the similitude between the two operations more exactly accurate than it might otherwise have been, it is impossible to guess ; but the impression upon his mind that the results exactly corresponded was vividly and indelibly strong. he could not help feeling surprise at a coincidence so singular and unexpected. does the devil mingle in the dance, to avenge himself for our trifling with an art said to be of magical origin? or is it possible, as bacon and sir thomas browne admit, that there is some truth in a sober and regulated astrology, and that the influence of the stars is not to be denied, though the due application of it, by the knaves who pretend to practise the art, is greatly to be suspected? a moments consideration of the subject induced him to dismiss this opinion as fantastical, and only sanctioned by those learned men, either because they durst not at once shock the universal prejudices of their age,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5283466380465999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc4ef4e-a5e6-4296-91f9-ddb2b9d4b50a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.657779"}
{"text": "the art, is greatly to be suspected? a moments consideration of the subject induced him to dismiss this opinion as fantastical, and only sanctioned by those learned men, either because they durst not at once shock the universal prejudices of their age, or because they themselves were not altogether freed from the contagious influence of a prevailing superstition. yet the result of his calculations in these two instances left so unpleasing an impression on his mind, that, like prospero, he mentally relinquished his art, and resolved, neither in jest nor earnest, ever again to practise judicial astrology. he hesitated a good deal what he should say to the laird of ellangowan concerning the horoscope of his first - born ; and at length resolved plainly to tell him the judgement which he had formed, at the same time acquainting him with the futility of the rules of art on which he had proceeded. with this resolution he walked out upon the terrace. if the view of the scene around ellangowan had been pleasing by moonlight, it lost none of its beauty by the light of the morning sun. the land, even in the month of november, smiled under its influence. a steep but regular ascent led from the terrace to the neighbouring eminence, and conducted mannering to the front of the old castle. it consisted of two massive round towers, projecting, deeply and darkly, at the extreme angles of a curtain, or flat wall, which united them, and thus protecting the main entrance that opened through a lofty arch in the centre of the curtain into the inner court of the castle. the arms of the family, carved in freestone, frowned over the gateway, and the portal showed the spaces arranged by the architect for lowering the portcullis, and raising the drawbridge. a rude farmgate, made of young fir - trees nailed together, now formed the only safeguard of this once formidable entrance. the esplanade in front of the castle commanded a noble prospect. the dreary scene of desolation, through which mannerings road had lain on the preceding evening, was excluded from the view by some rising ground, and the landscape showed a pleasing alternation of hill and dale, intersected by a river, which was in some places visible, and hidden in others where it rolled betwixt deep and wooded banks. the spire of a church, and the appearance of some houses, indicated the situation of a village at the place where the stream had its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44979557319069263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc4ef4e-a5e6-4296-91f9-ddb2b9d4b50a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.660753"}
{"text": ", which was in some places visible, and hidden in others where it rolled betwixt deep and wooded banks. the spire of a church, and the appearance of some houses, indicated the situation of a village at the place where the stream had its junction with the ocean. the vales seemed well cultivated, the little enclosures into which they were divided skirting the bottom of the hills, and sometimes carrying their lines of straggling hedge - rows a little way up the ascent. above these were green pastures, tenanted chiefly by herds of black cattle, then the staple commodity of the country, whose distant low gave no unpleasing animation to the landscape. the remoter hills were of a sterner character, and at still greater distance swelled into mountains of dark heath, bordering the horizon with a screen, which gave a defined and limited boundary to the cultivated country, and added at the same time the pleasing idea that it was sequestered and solitary. the sea - coast, which mannering now saw in its extent, corresponded in variety and beauty with the inland view. in some places it rose into tall rocks, frequently crowned with the ruins of old buildings, towers, or beacons, which, according to tradition, were placed within sight of each other, that in times of invasion or civil war they might communicate by signal for mutual defence and protection. ellangowan castle was by far the most extensive and important of these ruins, and asserted, from size and situation, the superiority which its founders were said once to have possessed among the chiefs and nobles of the district. in other places, the shore was of a more gentle description, indented with small bays, where the land sloped smoothly down, or sent into the sea promontories covered with wood. a scene so different from what last nights journey had presaged, produced a proportional effect upon mannering. beneath his eye lay the modern housean awkward mansion, indeed, in point of architecture, but well situated, and with a warm pleasant exposure. how happily, thought our hero, would life glide on in such a retirement! on the one hand, the striking remnants of ancient grandeur, with the secret consciousness of family pride which they inspire ; on the other, enough of modern elegance and comfort to satisfy every moderate wish. here then, and with thee, sophia! on entering the gateway, he found that the rude magnificence of the inner court amply corresponded with the grandeur of the exterior. on the one side ran a range of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45365157644531706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc4ef4e-a5e6-4296-91f9-ddb2b9d4b50a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.662522"}
{"text": "every moderate wish. here then, and with thee, sophia! on entering the gateway, he found that the rude magnificence of the inner court amply corresponded with the grandeur of the exterior. on the one side ran a range of windows, lofty and large, divided by carved mullions of stone, which had once lighted the great hall of the castle ; on the other were various buildings of different heights and dates, yet so united as to present to the eye a certain general effect of uniformity of front. the doors and windows were ornamented with projections, exhibiting rude specimens of sculpture and tracery, partly entire and partly broken down, partly covered by ivy and trailing plants, which grew luxuriantly among the ruins. that end of the court which faced the entrance had also been formerly closed by a range of buildings ; but owing, it was said, to its having been battered by the ships of the parliament under deane, during the long civil war, this part of the castle was much more ruinous than the rest, and exhibited a great chasm, through which mannering could observe the sea, and the little vessel ( an armed lugger ) which retained her station in the centre of the bay. 1 while mannering was gazing round the ruins, he heard from the interior of an apartment on the left hand the voice of the gipsy he had seen on the preceding evening. he soon found an aperture through which he could observe her without being himself visible ; and could not help feeling that her figure, her employment, and her situation, conveyed the exact impression of an ancient sibyl. she sat upon a broken corner - stone in the angle of a paved apartment, part of which she had swept clean to afford a smooth space for the evolutions of her spindle. a strong sunbeam, through a lofty and narrow window, fell upon her wild dress and features, and afforded her light for her occupation ; the rest of the apartment was very gloomy. equipped in a habit which mingled the national dress of the scottish common people with something of an eastern costume, she spun a thread, drawn from wool of three different coloursblack, white, and greyby assistance of those ancient implements of housewifery, now almost banished from the land, the distaff and spindle. as she spun, she sang what seemed to be a charm. mannering, after in vain attempting to make himself master of the exact words of her song, afterwards attempted the following paraphrase of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4967869193633886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc4ef4e-a5e6-4296-91f9-ddb2b9d4b50a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.664121"}
{"text": "land, the distaff and spindle. as she spun, she sang what seemed to be a charm. mannering, after in vain attempting to make himself master of the exact words of her song, afterwards attempted the following paraphrase of what, from a few intelligible phrases, he concluded to be its purport : ere our translator, or rather our free imitator, had arranged these stanzas in his head, and while he was yet hammering out a rhyme for dwindle, the task of the sibyl was accomplished, or her wool was expended. she took the spindle, now charged with her labours, and undoing the thread, gradually measured it, by casting it over her elbow, and bringing each loop round between her forefinger and thumb. when she had measured it out, she muttered to herself, a hank, but not a haill anethe full years othree score and ten, but thrice broken, and thrice to oop ( i. e. to unite ) ; hell be a lucky lad an he win through wit. he was apparently a seafaring man, rather under the middle size, and with a countenance bronzed by a thousand conflicts with the north - east wind. his frame was prodigiously muscular, strong, and thickset ; so that it seemed as if a man of much greater height would have been an inadequate match in any close personal conflict. he was hard - favoured, and, which was worse, his face bore nothing of the insouciance, the careless frolicsome jollity and vacant curiosity of a sailor on shore. these qualities, perhaps, as much as any others, contribute to the high popularity of our seamen, and the general good inclination which our society expresses towards them. their gallantry, courage, and hardihood, are qualities which excite reverence, and perhaps rather humble pacific landsmen in their presence ; and neither respect nor a sense of humiliation, are feelings easily combined with a familiar fondness towards those who inspire them. but the boyish frolics, the exulting high spirits, the unreflecting mirth of a sailor, when enjoying himself on shore, temper the more formidable points of his character. there was nothing like these in this mans face ; on the contrary, a surly and even savage scowl appeared to darken features which would have been harsh and unpleasant under any expression or modification. where are you, mother de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4727769557119161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc4ef4e-a5e6-4296-91f9-ddb2b9d4b50a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.667469"}
{"text": "points of his character. there was nothing like these in this mans face ; on the contrary, a surly and even savage scowl appeared to darken features which would have been harsh and unpleasant under any expression or modification. where are you, mother deyvilson? he said, with somewhat of a foreign accent, though speaking perfectly good english. donner and blitzen! we have been staying this half hour. come, bless the good ship and the voyage, and be cursed to ye for a hag of satan! at this moment he noticed mannering, who, from the position which he had taken to watch meg merriliess incantations, had the appearance of some one who was concealing himself, being half hidden by the buttress behind which he stood. the captain, for such he styled himself, made a sudden and startled pause, and thrust his right hand into his bosom, between his jacket and waistcoat, as if to draw some weapon. what cheer, brother? you seem on the outlookeh? ere mannering, somewhat struck by the mans gesture and insolent tone of voice, had made any answer, the gipsy emerged from her vault and joined the stranger. he questioned her in an undertone, looking at manneringa shark alongsideeh? tousand donnerno ; im all in the way of fair tradejust loaded yonder from douglas, in the isle of manneat cogniacreal hyson and souchongmechlin lace, if you want anyright cogniacwe bumped ashore a hundred kegs last night. there was a mixture of impudence, hardihood, and suspicious fear about this man, which was inexpressibly disgusting. his manners were those of a ruffian, conscious of the suspicion attending his character, yet aiming to bear it down by the affectation of a careless and hardy familiarity. mannering briefly rejected his proffered civilities ; and after a surly good morning, hatteraick retired with the gipsy to that part of the ruins from which he had first made his appearance. a very narrow staircase here went down to the beach, intended probably for the convenience of the garrison during a siege. by this stair, the couple, equally amiable in appearance and respectable by profession, descended to the sea - side. the soi - disant captain embarked in a small boat with two men, who appeared to wait for him, and the gipsy remained on the shore, reciting or singing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4388932316263996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc4ef4e-a5e6-4296-91f9-ddb2b9d4b50a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.670571"}
{"text": "moon landings | looking back to nasa ' s apollo lunar missions channel | bbc four first broadcast | 27 february 2006 duration | 118 minutes 4 seconds july 1969 saw one of mankind ' s greatest technological achievements - the first landing on the moon. in this special compilation of archive footage, originally broadcast as part of bbc4 ' s ' moon night ', patrick moore presents the story of man ' s first steps onto another world. as patrick moore notes at the beginning of this programme, much of the live commentary and discussion from the bbc ' s presentation of the moon landings has been lost. producer paul vanezis pieced together this compilation using all of the surviving footage, including segments from the sound archives, bridged with suitable material from nasa ' s own recordings. patrick moore was then able to cover any missing segments with his own narration, which was specially recorded for this broadcast. man goes into space - next stop : the moon! an astronomer states the case for putting telescopes on the moon. is there life on the moon? reg turnill explores nasa ' s quarantine facilities. what will the apollo astronauts actually be doing on the moon? was the race to get man on the moon a waste of money? a british scientist awaits samples of moon dust. remembering the moon landings and exploring the solar system. an interview with former nasa chief dr thomas paine. reg turnill reports on apollo 15 ' s discovery of the ' genesis rock '. a christmas conversation about the moon. how 13 women were blocked from joining nasa ' s space program. michael portillo revisits the race to the moon. looking back to 20 july 1969. which will be the next nation to reach the moon? why should any nation need to go to the moon again? celebrating the 50th anniversary of ' the sky at night ' with eugene cernan. the artist astronaut of apollo 12. the apollo 16 astronaut finds his way on the moon. the scientist astronaut of apollo 17. this page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets ( css ) enabled. while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets ( css ) if you are able to do so.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.448800984621866, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:904aa2a7-07a0-42ec-bbd3-6333efe3d021>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.678486"}
{"text": "despite autonomy from german policies, petain brought in legislation setting up a jewish statute in october 1940. by then about 150, 000 jews had crossed what was known as the demarcation line to seek protection from vichy in the south - only to find they were subjected to fierce discrimination along lines practised by the germans in the north. jews were eventually banned from the professions, show business, teaching, the civil service and journalism. after an intense propaganda campaign, jewish businesses were ' aryanised ' by vichy ' s commission for jewish affairs and their property was confiscated. more than 40, 000 refugee jews were held in concentration camps under french control, and 3, 000 died of poor treatment during the winters of 1940 and 1941. the writer arthur koestler, who was held at le vernet near the spanish frontier, said conditions were worse than in the notorious german camp, dachau. during 1941 anti - semitic legislation, applicable in both zones, was tightened. french police carried out the first mass arrests in paris in may 1941when 3, 747 men were interned. two more sweeps took place before the first deportation train provided by french state railways left for germany under french guard on 12 march 1942. on 16 july 1942, french police arrested 12, 884 jews, including 4, 501 children and 5, 802 women, in paris during what became known as la grande rafle ( ' the big round - up ' ). most were temporarily interned in a sports stadium, in conditions witnessed by a paris lawyer, georges wellers. ' all those wretched people lived five horrifying days in the enormous interior filled with deafening noise... among the screams and cries of people who had gone mad, or the injured who tried to kill themselves ', he recalled. within days, detainees were being sent to germany in cattle - wagons, and some became the first jews to die in the gas chambers at auschwitz. french courts, responding to mitterrand ' s warnings that trials would cause civil unrest, blocked other prosecutions, including that of the vichy police chief, rene bousquet, who organised the paris and vichy zone mass arrests. he was assassinated by a lone gunman in june 1993. it was not until mitterrand retired in 1995 that france began to face up to its responsibility in the persecution of jews. when the new right - wing president, jacques chirac, came to power, he immediately condemned vichy as a criminal regime and two years later the catholic church publicly asked for forgiveness for its failure to protect the jews. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42754621951398886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1ecb07b-6fcf-47e6-8168-b5b8347a3f30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.687995"}
{"text": "in the persecution of jews. when the new right - wing president, jacques chirac, came to power, he immediately condemned vichy as a criminal regime and two years later the catholic church publicly asked for forgiveness for its failure to protect the jews. but the most significant step forward was the trial in 1997 of maurice papon, 89, for crimes concerning the deportation of jews from bordeaux. he had served as a cabinet minister after the war, before losing a 16 - year legal battle to avoid trial. he was released from jail because of poor health, but his ten - year prison sentence has been interpreted as official recognition of french complicity in the holocaust, although there are still those who continue to defend his actions. since the trial, france has opened up hidden archives and offered compensation to survivors - and ensured that schools, where history manuals used not to mention france ' s part in the deportations, now have compulsory lessons on vichy persecution. while anti - semitism is still a social problem in france, there is no official discrimination, and today ' s 600, 000 - strong jewish community is represented at every level of the establishment, including in the catholic church, where the archbishop of paris is cardinal jean - marie lustiger. in 1942, while on the run from the french police, lustiger converted to catholicism, but three years later was told that his mother had died in the auschwitz gas chambers. it seems fitting that he presently ( june 2003 ) occupies such an important position within french society. find out more a history of the jews by paul johnson ( weidenfeld and nicholson, 1987 ) vichy france and the jews by michael marrus, robert paxton ( schocken, 1983 ) vichy - auschwitz by serge klarsfeld ( fayard, 1983 ) the collapse of the third republic by william shirer ( pan, 1969 ) france : the dark years by julian jackson ( oxford university press, 2001 ) occupation by ian ousby ( pimlico, 1997 ) the extreme right in france : 1789 to present by peter davies ( routledge, 2002 ) verdict on vichy by michael curtis ( weidenfield and nicholson, 2002 ) places to visit a complete repertory of anti - jewish legislation and its consequences was drawn up by a government commission headed by jean matteoli in 2000. a printed version of the findings can be obtained from la documentation francaise, 29 - 31 quai voltaire, 75344 paris cedex 07. telephone : 00331 - 40157000 a cd - rom for libraries and researchers with a facsimile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4365780971446968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1ecb07b-6fcf-47e6-8168-b5b8347a3f30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.690237"}
{"text": "with support from : a piece of green sky at aeomart toulouse 2012 the aerospace industry is taking a commitment to reducing its impact on the environment and consumption of fossil energy. with skyrocketing air traffic green technologies are becoming a necessity for the industry. the following companies will show off their innovations in 2012 : at the green village, airbus will highlight its participation in the european clean sky research programme, which aims to develop technologies for cleaner and quieter aircraft in order to secure an innovative and competitive air transport system for the decades to come. airbus will provide information on its two main research & technology activities within the smart fixed wing aircraft ( sfwa ) integrated technology demonstrator ( itd ) projects : - the design and test flight of an all - new natural laminar flow full scale wing - the integration and flight demonstration of the contra rotating open rotor ( cror ) propulsion system. atr is the \" green reference \" in regional aviation. atr aircraft fuel consumption, and as a consequence, its co2 emissions, are 50 % lower than compared to a regional jet. over a one - year period, a fleet of 10 atrs save more than 50, 000 tons of co2 compared to an equivalent fleet of regional jets. atr is also the first regional aircraft manufacturer to have obtained the iso14001 environmental certification throughout the life cycle of its products. workshop : december 5, wednesday 11 : 55am - 12 : 25pm care : clean aerospace for regions presented by francois aumonier, care project manager, aerospace valley green technologies are key competitive advantages of future air transport systems. major environmental challenges are at stake in aircraft life cycle management, air traffic management and integration of air transport into multimodal transport system. the care project will reinforce the r & d networking already instigated at regional level through research - driven clusters and will increase the competitiveness of these regions in the field of green aircraft transportation by : corac is the council for civil aeronautics research ( conseil pour la recherche aeronautique civile ). it was created in july 2008 following commitments made in late 2007 during the grenelle environment forum. established according to the acare ( * ) model, it brings together, under the impetus of dgac and gifas, all of the french players in the air transport sector, meaning the aviation industry, airlines, airports, onera, and relevant institutions and ministries. the implementation of corac represents a desire to ensure the consistency of research and innovation efforts in the aviation sector", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4748958080004937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99b0f93c-5a7e-47e2-acc6-52fb565587c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.703239"}
{"text": "all of the french players in the air transport sector, meaning the aviation industry, airlines, airports, onera, and relevant institutions and ministries. the implementation of corac represents a desire to ensure the consistency of research and innovation efforts in the aviation sector, especially in terms of preservation of the environment and sustainable development. among its first achievements, it created the technological road map for aeronautics research, serving as the foundation for the implementation of an ambitious and coordinated research strategy focusing on objectives for management of the environmental footprint of air transport by 2020 : world wide leader in painting system lines, assembly, measure and industrial cleaning process, we are revolutionizing cleaning with our new vapor saturated and combined solution : ecocsteam. developed and patented in our french competence center durr ecoclean, our ecocsteam machine is the achievement of a great collaboration between germany and france. our solution cleans without chemical products and ensures a high quality degreasing ; it is the most profitable, economic and ecological cleaning solution. ecocsteam enables to clean parts of any dimension and various materials such as : composites, plastics, carbon parts, slewing rings or even aluminum parts. we ensure technical training and an after sales services everywhere in the world. faustson was founded 30 years ago in colorado by paul svaldi, whose father ' s name is faust, hence its name. it is unique in its expansion from a one - machine, single - handed, after hours activity to what it has become today : a preferred supplier to ball aerospace and lockheed martin - among others - excelling in high - precision manufacturing. our recent expansion into europe is a logical progression, and laying stress on growing green was a natural choice. we ' ve adapted our work ethic to become initiators in our region of the us. we as a company recycle all metal chips and solid parts when many others discard them. all oils and fluids are disposed of with a minimum environmental impact. we also have changed our weekly timetable to four 10 - hour days, which saves a full day ' s worth of gas for all of us, as well as one less day of energy consumption at the shop. we are an environmental engineering and sustainable development consulting company. our positioning regarding aircraft and space businesses relates to the environmental performance of products, processes and industrial sites. our main services are : regulatory assessment / compliance and environmental management system setting up ( site & product, iso 14000 / emas ), risk analysis and management, environmental analysis covering the whole product life cycle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4927503383886218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99b0f93c-5a7e-47e2-acc6-52fb565587c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.705266"}
{"text": "performance of products, processes and industrial sites. our main services are : regulatory assessment / compliance and environmental management system setting up ( site & product, iso 14000 / emas ), risk analysis and management, environmental analysis covering the whole product life cycle, carbon footprint strategy, eco design of materials and components, life cycle engineering, environmental database ( composite materials ), eco efficiency of new concepts / eco technologies including involved organizations. tarmac aerosave, the biggest aircraft storage company in europe, is the leading european aeronautical company exclusively dedicated to storage, maintenance and recycling of aircraft in an entirely environmentally friendly manner. with its headquarters in tarbes ( france ) and a new aircraft storage facility in teruel ( spain ), which will be operative by the end of 2012, tarmac aerosave is able to offer the largest aircraft storage capacity in europe : space for some 250 aircraft. in addition, tarmac aerosave provides not only aircraft storage services but also aircraft maintenance and aircraft recycling services. it performs the work to keep the aircraft in flying conditions or to recycle them once the aircraft have reached the end of their life cycles. along with its qualified partners, tarmac aerosave proposes a flexible and reliable solution for all aircraft owners and operators : at one single location, close to you, in safe and legal conditions and completely environmentally friendly. tarmac aerosave, your one - stop - shop partner. specialized in plastic injection to supply parts and subsets, cabin fitting, cockpit and aeration. our team works beforehand on your project in thoroughly monitoring technology on \u201c green \u201d materials. the environment of tomorrow is the center of our concerns. telino is specialized on electronic data interchange ( edi ) every day our team working to provide solutions for our customers with technical, economic and ecologic added - values our solutions are focused on : - management of the flows of dematerialized data ( invoices, company formalities, fiscal bundles ) - performances of data - exchange should you believe your organization has the right expertise to be part of this specific pavilion, contact us today and we \u2019 ll discuss it with you : tel. + 33 1 41 86 41 98,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43896485973343397, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99b0f93c-5a7e-47e2-acc6-52fb565587c2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.707186"}
{"text": "part 1 - introduction sean m. o \u2019 brien, p. e., leed ap michael b. waite, leed ap as energy resources are diminished, energy costs increase, and the detrimental environmental effects of combustion emissions become more pronounced and better understood, optimizing building energy performance becomes essential to building owners, the global community and the planet itself. the building design and construction industry is becoming more aware of the effect of the building enclosure on energy use, particularly with the increasing prominence of \u201c green \u201d building rating systems, such as leed, higher stringency in energy efficiency standards, such as ashrae 90. 1, and stricter enforcement of building energy codes. however, with only a few exceptions, rating systems, standards and codes in the united states all but ignore air barriers. and, despite numerous studies and extensive analysis showing the benefits of air barriers, and many architects and engineers espousing the advantages of reducing air leakage, the industry has been slow to adopt air leakage control as a priority, producing buildings with admirable intentions, but marginal performance. enclosure air leakage can increase heating and cooling energy use of buildings. many buildings are designed to maintain a slight positive air pressure ( relative to the exterior environment ), so the greater the air leakage through the enclosure, the greater the volume of ventilation air necessary to maintain the required pressure differential. typically, this air needs to be either heated or cooled to reach the system \u2019 s supply air temperatures. in some cases, the air may need to be dehumidified even when hvac zones demand heating, which requires the ventilation air to be cooled ( and dehumidified ) before it is heated. air infiltration due to negative building air pressure in southern climates, or during the summer throughout most of the u. s., carries both heat and moisture into buildings. this can result in moisture - related problems, but also increases the burden on the building \u2019 s cooling systems. air conditioning systems will be required to provide more sensible and latent heat removal than would otherwise be needed with lower levels of air leakage. consequently, the balance between latent and sensible cooling may be different than that predicted for design conditions, especially since exterior air will often contain significantly more moisture than interior air. this may result in mechanical systems being unable to maintain the required interior temperature or relative humidity levels without operating more frequently. the effects described above are significant, but the most substantial impact of air leakage on building energy use is generally an increase in building heating requirements in cold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5663501087297358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.768666"}
{"text": "in mechanical systems being unable to maintain the required interior temperature or relative humidity levels without operating more frequently. the effects described above are significant, but the most substantial impact of air leakage on building energy use is generally an increase in building heating requirements in cold climates. verifying this effect is simple : stand by a leaky window on a cold windy day or feel the air rush in behind you when opening the door of a tall building during the winter. the negative implications of air leakage are not limited solely to cold northern climates. a 1995 study performed by nist ( national institute of standards and technology ) found that 15 % of the heating load in commercial buildings nationwide is caused by air leakage. the conclusions of this study are particularly noteworthy because the authors found that, perhaps counter intuitively, this percentage is higher for newer buildings than for older buildings. this does not necessarily mean that air leakage is higher in newer buildings, but it likely indicates that other enclosure characteristics ( e. g. insulation levels and passive solar heating design concepts ) are improving. 3. moisture problems moisture - related problems due to enclosure air leakage can be caused by humid interior air coming into contact with cold surfaces while exiting the building, or by humid exterior air finding a detrimental path into the building. as with many issues with air leakage, the problems typically occur at the details, such as transition areas between envelope components and assemblies, rather than in the field of the wall. when buildings or portions of buildings are under negative pressure, the air flow is inward. as discussed above, exterior air can contain a significant amount of moisture. when this air is pulled into the building through wall cavities, ceiling plenums or similar spaces, moisture in the air can condense if it passes over cool surfaces, which are common in air - conditioned spaces. water can accumulate on materials that are known to be conducive to mold growth, such as paper - faced gypsum wallboard. when building or portions of buildings are at positive pressure relative to the exterior air, the air flow is outward. in most buildings, this may not be a problem as interior humidity levels are not high enough in the winter to cause significant problems. however, in high humidity buildings, such as museums and natatoriums ( pool structures ), the interior air contains ample moisture to cause condensation if it reaches cold surfaces. the most visible cases of condensation in these buildings are where thermal bridging \u2013 high conductivity materials bypassing low conductivity materials \u2013 occurs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5446405965520817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.770752"}
{"text": "structures ), the interior air contains ample moisture to cause condensation if it reaches cold surfaces. the most visible cases of condensation in these buildings are where thermal bridging \u2013 high conductivity materials bypassing low conductivity materials \u2013 occurs, such as at window frames and structural members. in positively pressurized buildings with air leakage paths to the exterior, humid air often \u201c finds \u201d hidden cold surfaces within the enclosure. the air flow paths are typically within concealed spaces, allowing moisture to accumulate over time undetected, and potentially causing catastrophic failures. over the past few decades, the building industry has developed some understanding of the causes of moisture - related problems. however, much focus has been placed on vapor retarders without adequate attention to the effects of air leakage. vapor retarders are intended to prevent the migration of moisture through building materials by diffusion. in many cases, drawings call for vapor retarders where a continuous air barrier system is necessary. humid air can carry up to 100 times more moisture than can be transferred by diffusion through typical porous building materials. the discrepancy between the widespread application of vapor retarders and the generally poor design of air barriers is likely due to the prevalence of vapor retarder requirements and the near - complete lack of air barrier requirements in u. s. building codes. 4. codes and standards state building codes typically reference or adopt ashrae standard 90. 1 \u2013 energy standard for buildings except low - rise residential buildings, or the international energy conservation code ( iecc ), which references ashrae 90. 1 itself. the most widely used and referenced energy codes and standards have well - developed requirements for wall and roof insulation, and for glazing assembly thermal transmittance and solar heat gain. they contain requirements for maximum allowable conductive thermal transmission through the envelope. every few years these values are evaluated and, often, slightly increased. these requirements may be approaching \u2013 many would argue they have reached \u2013 a point of diminishing returns for which very little additional performance is gained by adding insulation or by reducing solar heat gain through glazing. neither the iecc nor ashrae 90. 1 contains quantitative requirements for air barriers. while there are requirements that seams and transition areas be sealed, these provisions are difficult to enforce and contain no performance requirements for the sealing materials. the lack of air barrier requirements in energy standards is a significant oversight, as reducing air leakage can have a greater impact on building energy use than the incremental increases in insulation or reductions in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5486089074348247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.772928"}
{"text": "enforce and contain no performance requirements for the sealing materials. the lack of air barrier requirements in energy standards is a significant oversight, as reducing air leakage can have a greater impact on building energy use than the incremental increases in insulation or reductions in glazing shgc typically included in new editions of codes and standards. voluntary guidelines are also falling short of their stated goals. leed, a widely accepted guideline for sustainable building design, references ashrae 90. 1 for its energy efficiency prerequisite and credits, but contains no separate provisions specific to air barriers. while some benefit can be obtained through the leed energy performance credit, the performance rating method \u2013 outlined in ashrae 90. 1 and used by leed to compare a proposed building design to a \u201c baseline \u201d building \u2013 requires that a building not be given credit for reducing air leakage ( i. e., designers can specify an air leakage rate, but that rate must be the same for both the baseline and the \u201c improved \u201d buildings ). this process used to exhibit anticipated improved energy performance prescribes that the air infiltration input in the energy model be the same for the proposed design and the baseline building. some states have begun adopting air barrier requirements, yet even the most stringent among them do not meet the code provisions implemented in some other countries ( e. g. canada and the uk ), or the recommendations of enclosure design professionals and energy efficiency experts. the u. s. army corps of engineers recently began requiring air barriers ( and quantifiable enclosure air leakage performance ) for all new and renovated buildings, and federal building design guidelines now contain air barrier provisions. however, the lack of a national standard air barrier requirement prevents the concept from taking hold on the scale we have seen with insulation, thermally - broken windows and vapor retarders. the importance of air barriers in building design is clear and well - documented. this is particularly true now that enough of the the \u201c low - hanging fruit \u201d in energy efficient enclosure design \u2013 insulation and improved glazing performance, for example \u2013 has been picked, bringing us near the point of diminishing returns on those improvements. sustainable building design considerations \u2013 an essential aspect of all building design \u2013 can no longer be compartmentalized. as with other building features, air barriers need to be designed and constructed as a system, and integrated with all other building systems. the next article in this series will discuss methods and materials that can be used to produce acceptable enclosure air leakage performance. part 2 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4954263116761116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.774979"}
{"text": "building features, air barriers need to be designed and constructed as a system, and integrated with all other building systems. the next article in this series will discuss methods and materials that can be used to produce acceptable enclosure air leakage performance. part 2 - design guidelines for air barrier systems sean m. o \u2019 brien, p. e., leed ap michael b. waite, leed ap 1. air barrier basics the basic function of an air barrier system is to prevent uncontrolled air leakage through the building enclosure. to this end, an air barrier must be a complete system of materials and components that work together to provide a continuous barrier to airflow. even small discontinuities in an air barrier can significantly reduce its performance, since air will follow the path of least resistance regardless of its location. air barriers must resist air pressure caused by wind, stack effect, or mechanical pressurization of a building, so they must also be relatively rigid or have solid backing capable of resisting moderate to high pressures. unfortunately, the system concept is often ignored and designers \u201c specify an air barrier \u201d by including a specification section for self - adhered or spray - applied membranes or spray - applied foam insulation \u2013 sometimes as an addendum or afterthought once the rest of the building has been designed. this article discusses performance criteria for air barrier systems and highlights common problems found in air barrier specifications. 2. air barrier or vapor retarder? a major stumbling block for many designers has been appreciating the difference between air barriers and vapor retarders. this is made more difficult by the fact that many air barriers are also vapor retarders, such as the ubiquitous \u201c peel - and - stick \u201d membranes that are used in some way, shape, or form on nearly all new construction projects. the danger in confusing these two systems is that the proper location for a vapor retarder is dependent on both the interior and exterior environments, while an air barrier can typically be located anywhere within the building enclosure as long as it is continuous. table 1, below, summarizes the differences between air barriers and vapor retarders. table 1 \u2013 summary of differences between air barriers and vapor retarders | vapor retarder | | air barrier | | purpose | | control of water vapor flow via diffusion through building materials. | | control of water vapor flow via air movement, primarily through gaps or cracks in the building enclosure. | | requirements for continuity | | does not need to be completely continuous ; can contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4951709891534236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.777163"}
{"text": "| control of water vapor flow via diffusion through building materials. | | control of water vapor flow via air movement, primarily through gaps or cracks in the building enclosure. | | requirements for continuity | | does not need to be completely continuous ; can contain small gaps, holes, or unsealed laps without significant loss of performance. | | must be continuous to be effective ; even small discontinuities can significantly affect performance. | | location | | typically installed on \" warm - in - winter \" side of insulation ( some exceptions apply depending on climate ). improper location can exacerbate condensation problems. | | can be installed anywhere in the building envelope if vapor permeable, otherwise follow guidelines for vapor retarder. | | structural support | | no structural support. | | must be continuously supported and be capable of resisting forces from wind, mechanical pressurization, and stack effect. | | detailing | | minimal detailing required to achieve design intent. | | careful detailing of transitions and changes in material are necessary to support proper system installation and meet the design intent of an air barrier system. | another area of confusion is the concept of air barrier materials vs. air barrier assemblies and systems. the following definitions are presented to establish the difference between materials, assemblies, and systems : \u2022 an air barrier material is a primary element that provides a continuous barrier to the movement of air ( e. g., self adhered membranes ) \u2022 an air barrier assembly consists of the air barrier materials and accessories that provide a continuous designated plane of resistance to the movement of air through portions of building enclosure assemblies. air barrier assemblies typically consist of both air barrier materials and connections to adjacent materials, as well as penetrations, laps, seams, etc. \u2022 an air barrier system is the combination of air barrier assemblies installed to provide a continuous barrier to the movement of air through building enclosures. 3. performance criteria specifying appropriate ( and more importantly, achievable ) performance criteria for air barrier assemblies and systems is a surprisingly challenging task. established performance criteria exist for nearly all aspects of the building enclosure, such as windows and doors, curtain walls, and roof systems. this is the result of many years of work by designers, testing companies, and industry organizations. over the course of several decades, unrealistic or unverifiable performance criteria such as \u201c windows shall not leak under any conditions \u201d have gradually been replaced by criteria such as \u201c windows shall not experience water leakage at a test pressure of 5. 5 pounds per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5228894273677144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.779082"}
{"text": "several decades, unrealistic or unverifiable performance criteria such as \u201c windows shall not leak under any conditions \u201d have gradually been replaced by criteria such as \u201c windows shall not experience water leakage at a test pressure of 5. 5 pounds per square foot ( psf ) when tested according to astm standard e1105 \u201d. performance criteria for air barrier assemblies and systems are still developing ; the third article in this series summarizes the current testing and performance standards for air barriers. although performance criteria for air barrier materials are relatively well established, problems with air barrier systems rarely develop as a result of air leakage through the field of an air barrier sheet or membrane. further, air barrier products such as spray - applied or self - adhered membranes often have leakage rates that are orders of magnitude lower than the generally accepted criteria of 0. 004 cfm / sf at 0. 3 in. water for air barrier materials, making leakage through the field of the barrier unlikely to be a significant problem. since most air leakage occurs at details and transitions, the air permeance of the primary air barrier material ( s ) is often unrelated to the overall air leakage through a building. the air barrier association of america ( abaa ) recommends a maximum air leakage rate of 0. 04 cfm / sf at 0. 3 in. water for air barrier assemblies, which takes into account seams and penetrations and is more representative or real building conditions. the 2005 national building code of canada recommends ( but does not require ) a slightly more conservative value of 0. 02 cfm / sf at 0. 3 in. water for buildings that maintain interior relative humidity levels between 27 and 55 % - typical of most buildings with the exception of cold storage facilities and natatoriums. since even \u201c seamless \u201d systems such as fluid - applied membranes will still have transitions and penetrations, such as brick ties or other cladding attachments, applying the more stringent air barrier material criterion to air barrier assemblies is unrealistic. the effects of air leakage through windows, doors, and curtain walls ( i. e., fenestration ) are rarely considered when evaluating air barrier assemblies. this is a significant oversight, as most of the air leakage through a properly designed air barrier system will likely occur through these components. established values for air leakage through fenestration range from 0. 06 cfm / sf at 1. 2 in. of water for glazed curtain walls to 0. 4 cfm /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48593312680376965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.782114"}
{"text": "properly designed air barrier system will likely occur through these components. established values for air leakage through fenestration range from 0. 06 cfm / sf at 1. 2 in. of water for glazed curtain walls to 0. 4 cfm / sf at 1. 2 in. of water for operable windows. maximum air leakage rates are included in most building / energy codes as well as industry standards from organizations such as ashrae and aama. \u201c typical \u201d values for air leakage through fenestration are somewhat difficult to determine as the various ( local, state, and national ) codes and standards attempt to reach a consensus. although the test procedures for air barrier assemblies ( astm e2357 ) include the air barrier connections at windows, the window opening itself is \u201c blanked off \u201d during the test so that only the perimeter is evaluated. consider the example of a 10 ft x 10 ft air barrier assembly containing a 4 ft x 4 ft double hung window. specifying a maximum assembly leakage rate of 0. 04 cfm / sf would result in an allowable airflow of 4 cfm through the assembly. for a typical code - compliant window meeting the performance criteria of 0. 4 cfm / sf, the window leakage alone would be 6. 4 cfm, exceeding the allowable value for the entire assembly without even considering leakage through other air barrier components. if a window is specified in assembly testing, a modified value for assembly leakage that considers the inherently \u201c leakier \u201d windows must be used. to account for the wide range of materials, details, and transitions in the air barrier of any particular building, it is often more useful to speak in terms of system ( i. e., whole - building ) air leakage than material, assembly, or component leakage. this is especially true for purposes of energy simulation or hvac load calculation, where the global quantity of air leakage is the primary concern. unfortunately, there are very few established standards for whole - building air leakage that designers can reference. the 2009 ashrae handbook of fundamentals, chapter 16 notes three \u201c levels \u201d of air leakage for typical buildings. these are 0. 1 cfm / sf at 0. 3 in. water for \u201c tight \u201d buildings, 0. 3 cfm / sf for \u201c average \u201d buildings, and 0. 6 cfm / sf for \u201c leaky \u201d buildings. these general classes of air leakage were first presented in the results of a study of 8 commercial buildings in canada,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48648720001355866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.784721"}
{"text": ". 3 cfm / sf for \u201c average \u201d buildings, and 0. 6 cfm / sf for \u201c leaky \u201d buildings. these general classes of air leakage were first presented in the results of a study of 8 commercial buildings in canada, ranging in height from 11 to 22 stories, and clad with glazed aluminum curtain walls. despite being based on a small sample size and very specific building types, these \u201c classes \u201d are frequently cited in discussions of typical building airtightness or building performance criteria. a more recent study of approximately 200 low rise commercial and institutional buildings in the united states found an overall average leakage rate of 1. 55 cfm / sf at 0. 3 in. water \u2013 over 5 times greater than the \u201c average \u201d value of 0. 3 cfm / sf noted above. unfortunately, neither study clarifies if the buildings were designed with continuous air barriers. considering this limitation, the average value of 1. 55 cfm / sf from the 2005 study could be seen as a maximum value for building air leakage, as a new building with a dedicated, continuous air barrier is likely to provide greatly improved performance. for buildings designed and constructed with continuous air barriers, abaa currently recommends an overall building air leakage rate of 0. 4 cfm / sf at 0. 3 in. of water. more stringently, the u. s. army corps of engineers specifies a maximum leakage rate of 0. 25 cfm / sf at 0. 3 in. of water for some of their projects, and is considering the use of that criteria as a standard for all new buildings ( although no formal design guide has been developed to include airtightness criteria at the time of this writing ). in 2002, the united kingdom added a requirement for whole building / system air leakage to their \u201c building regulations for england & wales \u201d for commercial buildings greater than 10, 760 sf ( currently 5, 380 sf in the 2006 code ). the established value, which is required to be verified through whole - building testing, is 0. 547 cfm / sf at 0. 2 in. of water. preliminary findings have shown a marked improvement in airtightnes of more \u201c standardized \u201d building types such as warehouses and retail stores, with many buildings exceeding the code - required value. this is a significant improvement in airtightness, as typical values for air permeability of the same building types prior to the 2002 code change were on the order of two to three times higher than values achieved in recent years. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45234885214104664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.787657"}
{"text": "value. this is a significant improvement in airtightness, as typical values for air permeability of the same building types prior to the 2002 code change were on the order of two to three times higher than values achieved in recent years. however, less standardized building types, such as offices, schools, and hospitals, have exhibited a much lower \u201c passing \u201d rate. this is most likely attributed to the general lack of attention to air barrier detailing at conditions for which typical practices are not well established, in contrast to less unique building types for which a large body of detailing experience exists. given the results of recent studies in the united states, the average commercial building significantly exceeds this target. until additional studies of more recently constructed buildings ( designed with continuous air barriers ) are available, system air leakage criteria may be difficult to enforce due the lack of knowledge about what level of air leakage is typical and achievable for new buildings. in addition, the acceptability of leakage criteria is likely to fluctuate as new data becomes available and more testing is performed. 4. specifications of air barrier systems at present, there is a significant disconnect between the criteria contained in most specifications for air barrier system and the actual performance achieved in the field. this is due to a combination of factors, including designers \u2019 unfamiliarity with air barrier systems, poor understanding of how air barriers function, and misunderstanding regarding test procedures and limitations. the air barrier association of america has proposed a new specification section to establish the administrative and procedural requirements necessary for the construction of a complete air barrier system in a new building. since the air barrier system consists of multiple materials covered under several specification sections ( including windows, doors, curtain walls, roofing systems, and exterior wall air barriers ), this specification seeks to establish some kind of connection between the various sections and provide a means of coordinating the different trades involved in the construction of the air barrier system. as the popularity of air barriers has grown in the past few years, so too have the number of projects where air barriers were added to the scope during design ( or even early construction ) by the inclusion of a single specification section for a sheet or spray - applied membrane. this approach creates an air barrier in name only, and does not address the numerous connections of that material / assembly to other components in the building. details such as window perimeters and roof - to - wall joints are critical to the performance of the overall air barrier system, and require much more coordination and planning than is likely to happen during the construction process,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48306203263531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.791064"}
{"text": "assembly to other components in the building. details such as window perimeters and roof - to - wall joints are critical to the performance of the overall air barrier system, and require much more coordination and planning than is likely to happen during the construction process, when trades may be running behind schedule and design / consulting budgets may have been exhausted. the following common mistakes should be avoided when specifying air barrier systems : \u2022 failure to coordinate air barrier components, such as specifying windows that are difficult to integrate successfully with the air barrier, or specifying air barrier materials or assemlblies with conflicting performance. since the air barrier is only as strong as the weakest component, specifying high performance windows in a building with a poor ( or no ) air barrier will do little for overall airtightness. the same is true of specifying an air barrier in a wall but not in the adjacent roof, while requiring the entire building to pass an airtightness test. quantitative testing of air barrier systems installed as part of a building addition where the \u201c base \u201d building has no such systems is also generally of little value, unless the addition is separated by airtight interior partitions to make it a truly separate volume. \u2022 failure to provide sufficient details for the air barrier system, especially at critical locations such as window perimeters and roof - to - wall interfaces. many specifications provide only general information or do not show sufficient detail on the drawings, but may include language intended to place the detailing design burden on the contractor. air barrier systems are complex and require careful design to be effective. just as we would not allow the contractor to design the structural system for the building \u201c on the fly \u201d, it is unreasonable to expect contractors to assume the role of primary designer of the air barrier details. \u2022 specification of impossible or unrealistic test criteria. some specifications require that air barrier assemblies be tested in the field to verify performance, but do not take into account the numerous issues associated with qualitative testing that may make testing impractical or unlikely to yield useful results. some specifications contain incompatible test criteria, such as including a window in the air barrier assembly that is tested but not adjusting the assembly criteria to account for the inclusion of that window. given the differences between criteria for windows and criteria for air barrier assemblies, it may be impossible to meet the \u201c typical \u201d assembly leakage of 0. 04 cfm / sf due to leakage at the window. \u2022 specification of system performance criteria that are not backed up by research or practical experience. given the lack of whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4992363786455667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.794461"}
{"text": "may be impossible to meet the \u201c typical \u201d assembly leakage of 0. 04 cfm / sf due to leakage at the window. \u2022 specification of system performance criteria that are not backed up by research or practical experience. given the lack of whole - building airtightness data on relatively recent buildings that include air barrier systems, specifying a system leakage rate can lead to confusion or disagreement if the building fails to achieve the test criteria. without realistic established values for system leakage ( with the exception of the 2006 united kingdom building regulations, which is still in its infancy ), it may be difficult to enforce compliance with a seemingly arbitrary requirement. next article in the air barrier systems series : field testing of air barrier systems part 3 - field testing of air barrier systems sean m. o \u2019 brien, p. e., leed ap michael b. waite, leed ap 1. why test? for some enclosure systems such as thermal insulation, in - place performance is generally consistent with calculated performance. however, physical testing is often the only way to accurately assess the installed performance of air barrier systems. the sensitivity of air barriers to workmanship ( e. g., sealing laps, making transitions, etc. ) and their potentially large impact on building energy use, make in - place performance testing an important quality control measure for air leakage assessment of specific details, and verification on a whole building ( or \u201c system \u201d ) level. 2. test methods 2. 1 quantitative testing in this arrangement, the measured airflow is a combination of flow through the specimen and the test chamber. to separate these flows, the test ( using an interior chamber ) is initially performed with the exterior of the specimen sealed off, typically with an impermeable sheet material. after this initial test, a second set of measurements is taken with the specimen unsealed. the difference in measurement between these two tests is the leakage through the specimen. chambers are typically constructed on the interior of the specimen for practical reasons ( e. g., access ), although they can technically be located on either side. for typical punched windows, air leakage, on the order of several cubic feet per minute cfm ), can be measured reliably with equipment designed for use in the field. air barrier assemblies, consisting of several components, can be tested in a similar manner, but the testing is generally more difficult for several reasons. first, air barrier assemblies are typically much larger than discrete components such as windows and doors. second, air barrier assemblies may contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5092892793786559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.796385"}
{"text": ", consisting of several components, can be tested in a similar manner, but the testing is generally more difficult for several reasons. first, air barrier assemblies are typically much larger than discrete components such as windows and doors. second, air barrier assemblies may contain unique geometries that make construction of an air - tight test chamber difficult, such as parapets, structural members or slab edges that interrupt the test chamber ( or in the case of steel studs, create so many penetrations in the chamber that it must be constructed from the exterior ). if performed during construction, scaffolding or other temporary constructions may interfere with access to the assembly. third, testing of complete assemblies may not be practical due to the installation of different materials at different times, as in the case of a wall air barrier being installed long before the roof air barrier. figure 2 illustrates the same assembly being tested using an exterior chamber, which resolves some, but not all, of these issues. although the use of an exterior chamber and seal eliminates leakage through the surrounding walls, it raises a new problem \u2013 how to remove the seal following the initial test. due to the need for accurate measurement of relatively small airflows, even a small amount of uncertainty in the testing could result in \u201c false negative \u201d results. removing some or all of the chamber will disturb perimeter conditions and invalidate the initial chamber leakage measurement. chambers with operable doors or removable panels are required to allow for removal of the initial seal. these chambers must be tested multiple times, following operation of the door / panel, to demonstrate that operation does not modify the basic chamber leakage rate. only after this is demonstrated can the initial seal be removed and a reliable measurement of specimen leakage be made. 2. 2 qualitative testing since a primary goal of air barriers is the reduction in air infiltration and corresponding reduction in heating cooling loads, a useful value to designers is typically the system air leakage rate. knowing the leakage rates through individual components can be useful for verifying component performance ( typically windows and curtain walls ) or comparing the relative performance of existing vs. replacement components in retrofit applications, but for new construction these rates are less critical to determining overall building performance than the whole - building value. at the component or assembly level, knowing where air leakage occurs is often far more useful than knowing how much leakage is actually occurring, especially in the case of high humidity buildings, such as museums and swimming pools, where even small air leaks can cause significant condensation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5244106663693058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.797366"}
{"text": "level, knowing where air leakage occurs is often far more useful than knowing how much leakage is actually occurring, especially in the case of high humidity buildings, such as museums and swimming pools, where even small air leaks can cause significant condensation. qualitative testing has the advantage of providing installers with the locations of defects in the air barrier that require repairs. providing an air barrier installer with an air leakage rate through the overall system provides little practical information ( e. g., locations of major air leaks ) on how the system can be improved. the test chambers and setups used for quantitative testing can be used for qualitative testing as well. however, chambers for qualitative testing are often easier to construct since then need only provide a level of airtightness sufficient to achieve the desired test pressure ; this is in contrast to chambers for quantitative testing, which must be relatively airtight to allow for accurate measurement of the airflows in question. a basic test chamber can be constructed on the interior of the component ( photo 4 ), connected to a fan and differential pressure gage only. the chamber is typically necessary in new construction projects, where the building enclosure is still relatively open to the elements. for enclosed, or partially enclosed, buildings, a blower door or similar device can be used to place whole rooms or whole buildings under positive or negative pressure, eliminating the need for a specially - constructed chamber. rather than measure the air leakage directly, visualization aids such as tracer smoke or infrared thermography ( if temperature conditions allow ) are used to locate leaks in the air barrier system tracer smoke is a relatively simple method of locating air leaks while a specimen or area has a pressure differential applied. the smoke will quickly reveal air leakage paths as it is drawn into gaps or blown away from them ( photo 5 ). an alternate method is to use a large smoke generator within the test chamber so that smoke is \u201c blown out \u201d through any breaches in the system. a variety of test methods are available for both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of air barrier systems. a summary of the most common methods is provided in table 1. understanding the special requirements for these procedures, as well as the difficulties and limitations associated with the tests, are critical for performing successful tests that produce accurate and meaningful results. table 1 \u2013 common tests for air barriers astm e2178 - standard test method for air permeance of building materials | quantitative \u2013 laboratory test | | air barrier materials ( membranes, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5433273129442173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.798969"}
{"text": "successful tests that produce accurate and meaningful results. table 1 \u2013 common tests for air barriers astm e2178 - standard test method for air permeance of building materials | quantitative \u2013 laboratory test | | air barrier materials ( membranes, etc. ) | | astm e2357 - standard test method for determining air leakage of air barrier assemblies. | | quantitative \u2013 laboratory test | | air barrier assemblies ( membrane, including laps and penetrations but not including fenestration components ) | | astm e283 - standard test method for determining rate of air leakage through exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors under specified pressure differences across the specimen | | quantitative \u2013 laboratory test | | fenestration components | | astm e783 - standard test method for field measurement of air leakage through installed exterior windows and doors | | quantitative - field test | fenestration components ; can be modified to test air barrier assemblies | | astm e1186 - standard practices for air leakage site detection in building envelopes and air barrier systems | | qualitative - field test | | all air barrier materials, assemblies, and components | astm e779 - standard test method for | quantitative - field test | | air barrier systems ( i. e., whole buildings ) | part 4 - energy analysis sean m. o \u2019 brien, p. e., leed ap michael b. waite, leed ap the first article of this series discussed the problems with excessive air leakage, detrimental air leakage paths through the enclosure, and pressurization for certain building types and environments. in subsequent articles we presented materials and design strategies to minimize air leakage, and discussed how to quantify enclosure air leakage in existing buildings, and the challenges this poses. this article addresses the difficult question of how to predict the amount of air leakage in a new design, and the implications of inaccurate quantification of air leakage in new and existing buildings. underestimating air leakage could result in undersized mechanical equipment, but this is not typically the case since mechanical engineers employ safety factors in the design of cooling and, especially, heating systems. with the evolving implementation of sustainable design practices and the understanding of the effects of peak building energy on the required capacity of on - site equipment and the nation ' s energy infrastructure ( i. e. the number of power plants ), more sophisticated tools have gained prominence in sizing mechanical equipment and predicting building energy use. by employing more advanced tools,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5259477944071629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.799886"}
{"text": "the required capacity of on - site equipment and the nation ' s energy infrastructure ( i. e. the number of power plants ), more sophisticated tools have gained prominence in sizing mechanical equipment and predicting building energy use. by employing more advanced tools, there is a potential for smaller safety factors and, thus, smaller equipment. however, smaller safety factors coupled with inaccurate assumptions about building performance may cause problems. complicating matters, building owners and designers often expect energy analyses developed during design to be absolute predictors of building energy use. this expectation is generally unrealistic due to the wide variation in actual versus assumed building operation. in addition, mischaracterizing air leakage rates will reduce the accuracy of energy models and may adversely affect design decisions that depend on whole building energy analysis results. a theme throughout this series has been the importance of designing and understanding an air barrier as a system. in much the same way, the building enclosure itself is a system made up of many component assemblies, such as fenestration, insulation, waterproofing and air barriers. and, as discussed previously, the overall building is a system with far too many interdependent performance characteristics to allow for compartmentalization of our design evaluations. whole building energy analysis the use of whole building energy analysis ( often referred to as \" energy modeling \" ) to evaluate design options is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the building design community, and particularly in high performance building design. energy modeling allows users to include many more aspects of building design and operation than traditional hvac sizing approaches. naturally, it is very dependent on the accuracy of those inputs. no matter how simple or complex the tool, its performance relies on the user ' s understanding of the capabilities and limitations of that tool. the complexity and interdependence of building systems require that engineers constructing energy models understand how the systems interact and how the inputs and assumptions for individual systems relate to other systems and affect the predicted building performance as a whole. some practitioners in the building industry may expect energy models to be absolute predictors of building energy use. however, software developers ( and most users ) make no such claims. still, the presence of engineers ( or \" modelers \" who are not engineers or architects ) who claim the ability to predict actual energy use has provided fodder for energy modeling ' s detractors. though this article does not aim to examine - and certainly not adjudicate - the current deliberations in the industry over the proper role of whole building energy analysis, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5848251906902543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.800891"}
{"text": "use has provided fodder for energy modeling ' s detractors. though this article does not aim to examine - and certainly not adjudicate - the current deliberations in the industry over the proper role of whole building energy analysis, we think it is important to understand these tools have their shortcomings, but also their advantages. to evaluate design options, system control schemes and building operation considerations, whole building energy analysis is beneficial in its primary role as a comparative tool. the assumed level of air leakage affects both the predicted energy performance of a building and what systems may appear attractive to a designer. that is, the relative performance of some energy efficiency measures is affected by the assumed air infiltration. the first item here is understood, and perhaps even intuitive, to the majority of designers. mischaracterizing the air leakage performance of the enclosure in an energy model will likely affect the building energy use predicted by that model. the effect will be particularly pronounced in heating - dominated climates, where the effect of air leakage is more significant. probably less intuitive is the fact that incorrect air leakage assumptions, even if they are consistent across all analyses, can affect the predicted improvement or increase in energy use for the design option ( or combination of criteria ) being evaluated. at higher leakage rates, the heating and cooling requirements are higher. since the absolute increase or reduction in energy use is similar under most conditions, the relative effect of air leakage will be less at higher leakage rates ( the denominator in the equation increases while the numerator remains the same ). generally, however, the opposite problem seems to present itself in many energy models we have seen : the predicted air leakage rate is much lower than that of the actual building. this can result in overstated energy savings, which can affect the economic analyses for a project. in most climates, the effect of inaccurate air leakage modeling on the evaluation of design options will not be significant enough to significantly influence the decision - making process. existing buildings, as is often the case in energy modeling, present unique challenges. on existing building projects, we are often trying to evaluate and predict the reduction in energy use associated with \" tightening \" the building enclosure. in these cases, improvements in thermal ( or solar heat gain ) performance are often coupled to reductions in air leakage in the same energy efficiency strategy ( e. g. replacing windows ). the best approach is to evaluate the envelope modifications with a range of air leakage rates to gauge the sensitivity of the building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5610180540888334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.801888"}
{"text": ") performance are often coupled to reductions in air leakage in the same energy efficiency strategy ( e. g. replacing windows ). the best approach is to evaluate the envelope modifications with a range of air leakage rates to gauge the sensitivity of the building ' s predicted performance to the assumed air leakage. we have found that utilizing the testing techniques discussed in the previous article to be effective in evaluating an existing building and envelope improvements. whole building tests establish a baseline and component tests can be used to quantify the contribution of specific envelope areas to the overall leakage rate. by assuming a leakage rate for these components after upgrading the envelope, the whole building rate can be adjusted in the energy model. air barriers in high performance building design standards the first article in this series touched upon the rise in popularity of \" green building \" rating systems, such as leed, and the increasing stringency of energy efficiency codes and standards, such as ashrae 90. 1. we discussed the lack of air barrier requirements in most codes and standards and the absence of any credit in leed rating systems for reducing air leakage. these systems - and the codes and standards themselves - rely heavily on whole building energy analysis to show compliance or to exhibit improved energy performance. due to the issues discussed above, the energy savings associated with various energy efficiency measures may be misrepresented if air leakage is modeled inaccurately. that said, the effect this has on certification under leed, while worthy of discussion, is a secondary concern. a good, continuous air barrier is essential to acceptable enclosure performance in high performance buildings. however, the supporting infrastructure for projects attempting to achieve a sustainable design has not been formalized. the benefits of air leakage must be properly included in these standards and programs, and the high performance building design process must account for air leakage in whole building energy analyses. we have now developed an understanding of the importance of good air barrier design ; outlined important design considerations, materials and methods ; discussed approaches to quantifying and tracking enclosure air leakage in existing buildings ; and presented the implications of inaccurate quantification or expectation of air leakage rates. we have touched upon the interaction between the enclosure and other building systems. we now must understand how a good air barrier changes overall building performance and how other systems need to be designed, constructed and controlled. the next article in this series will discuss the requirements for mechanical systems in tight buildings. we will focus primarily on how \" business - as - usual \" is often not an option and that code requirements may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5418332627405873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.802956"}
{"text": "systems need to be designed, constructed and controlled. the next article in this series will discuss the requirements for mechanical systems in tight buildings. we will focus primarily on how \" business - as - usual \" is often not an option and that code requirements may not be sufficient to provide an acceptable level of performance. about the authors sean o \u2019 brien is a senior project manager in the new york city office of simpson gumpertz & heger inc. mr. o \u2019 brien specializes in building science and building envelope performance, including computer simulation of heat, air, and moisture migration issues. he has investigated and designed repairs for a variety of buildings, from condominiums to natatoriums and art museums, and has published extensively on building science - related matters including moisture migration in masonry wall systems and condensation resistance of windows and curtain walls. he can be reached at email @ example. com michael waite is an engineer in the new york city office of simpson gumpertz & heger inc. he specializes in the interaction between mechanical systems and the building enclosure. he has designed and investigated a wide range of building types and has focused primarily on building energy performance, building enclosure design, and thermal and hygrothermal performance building enclosures. he is a member of ashrae sspc 90. 1 and its envelope subcommittee, as well as several other industry organizations. he can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5609953663271098, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b8a9988-101a-4e76-aa96-c5d0be9e7718>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.803527"}
{"text": "most of us have heard the expression, \u201c sleep tight ; don \u2019 t let the bed bugs bite. \u201d in recent years, this folksy turn of phrase has taken on a disturbingly literal meaning. reports of bed bug infestation rose more than 70 % since 2001. it \u2019 s unclear why they have made such a startling resurgence but there are ways to avoid becoming an ongoing victim of these what are they? bed bugs, or \u201c cimex lectularius \u201d in the nasty name of science, were put on this earth to terrify you. warm blood is the only substance they consume. scarier still, the tiny lil \u2019 vampires are extremely difficult to spot. bed bugs are nearly invisible to the naked eye. a fully - grown bug is a scant 4 millimeters long. to put that in perspective, the iphone 5 is 7. 6 millimeters thick. the pests even learn your sleeping habits and will attack regardless of the time of day. did i mention that females of the species can lay 500 eggs in their lifetime? that is horrifying! are you freaked out yet? well, buckle up because it gets even worse. bed bugs can survive for a full year without eating. like in a nightmare? yep! houses and apartments on the market can be actively infested even when unoccupied for months. another common breeding ground is hotels. bed bugs are like hitchhikers ; they sneak into a passing suitcase and catch a ride to the next destination. other hotspots include dormitories, schools, theaters, offices, hospitals, stores, trains, buses, taxis, and just about anywhere else people pass through in large numbers. is there any way to control this exsanguinous scourge? is all hope lost? prevention and detection of bed bugs bed bugs are blood - sucking monsters created by the devil himself but they will not kill you. the first step to protection is detection. if you think you might have an infestation, lift up your sheets and take a look. adult bugs are reddish - brown with flat bodies about the size of an apple seed. they will likely be hiding in any crevices available so grab a flashlight and start looking in the deepest, darkest recesses of your bed. small bloodstains on your sheets are also an indication of a bed bug problem. if you do find yourself with an infestation, don \u2019 t take it personally. bed bugs are not drawn to dirty homes any more than immaculate ones. however, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4414242672085108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bacefc0a-77c7-4986-b879-a53ec55db95f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.806891"}
{"text": "##stains on your sheets are also an indication of a bed bug problem. if you do find yourself with an infestation, don \u2019 t take it personally. bed bugs are not drawn to dirty homes any more than immaculate ones. however, it is wise to reduce clutter around the house to minimize the number of hiding spots for the pests. when fighting bed bugs, make sure you have the right weapons. \u201c bug bombs \u201d or \u201d foggers \u201d have not proven to be effective because the bugs will simply hide from them. any products that claim to eradicate bed bugs should have an endorsement from the environmental protection agency or you may be combating vampire bugs with snake oil. a \u201c bed bug encasement \u201d for your mattress or box spring is a good investment since it protects against hiding pests but it still can \u2019 t protect against critters jumping from behind headboards and nightstands. to truly get rid of bed bugs is no easy feat. bed bugs are a common plight due to the hitchhiking of the bugs and the ignorance of the hosts. always search a new home / apartment for bed bugs. keep bags sealed in public places and steam clean the bag and the laundry upon arriving home. check reviews of bed bug hot spots online for any mention of trouble. finally, if your home is infested with tiny bloodsuckers, contact a professional to eradicate them. they are just bugs after all. invisible, death - proof, blood - sucking, monstrous bugs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4191493694335031, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bacefc0a-77c7-4986-b879-a53ec55db95f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.807515"}
{"text": "- car insurance - van insurance - bike insurance - home insurance - other products - about us - contact us a huge proportion of drivers are now relying on modern technology to help them get from a to b. and while, on the whole, sat - navs are one in a range of extremely useful tools available to motorists they can lead to frustration when they lead us astray. however, a recent study has found that too much reliance on sat - navs has lead to a possible decrease in driving skill for some motorists. the problem is due to one of concentration ; in a similar way that it has been found that talking on a mobile phone can reduce attention levels and lead to impaired driving. after taking repeated tests in a driving simulator participants were found to have driven less safely with a sat - nav in the car than without. the tests showed that although a few simple instructions were easy to cope with many drivers \u2019 ability faltered when too much information was available. driving errors included swerving on the road, speeding up and failure to notice pedestrians all of which would likely lead to a higher risk of accidents and even fatalities. on the positive side the researchers found that taking verbal instructions in the car was a really good way to get information to the driver and that it was much safer than trying to use a map whilst driving.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4515348448621053, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84e96aba-61a3-4833-90a4-762d64b5f80f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.809292"}
{"text": "1. wrap each section of tube with a 4 - 1 / 2 - inch strip of colored paper. secure with glue stick. trace around the bottom of tube onto the foam to make circles for the wheels. cut out the wheels and glue the tops to the sides of the paper - covered tubes. the wheels will hang down below the tubes. glue two additional smaller wheels to each side of the train engine tube. glue wooden stars to the center of all the wheels. glue a craft stick across both sets of wheels on the engine. 2. make two folds in a 4x2 - inch rectangle of colored paper to make the engine cab. cut a window in the two outer sections and then glue either side to the top of the engine car. glue a spool funnel in front of the cab. decorate the other cars with colored paper rectan6gles and stripes. 3. cut the bottoms off the plastic cups. they will make the end caps to each train car. carefully punch a hole in the center of the bottoms. thread cord onto a darning needle and then string a cup bottom, paper tube, another cup bottom, and a spool. repeat the process until all cars are strung. if you push the cup bottoms onto the train cars, they ' ll fit tightly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45185518823683146, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a132650a-a80d-409d-bbaa-7f922b672cbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.811015"}
{"text": "international. global oil consumption increased by 0. 7 % in 2011 to reach an all - time high of 88. 03 million barrels per day, according to new research conducted by the worldwatch institute for its vital signs online service. this rate of increase was considerably slower than in 2010, when oil consumption rose by 3. 3 % following a decline of 1. 3 % in 2009 due to the global financial crisis. china ' s oil consumption increased by 5. 5 % in 2011, and china accounted for about 85 % of global net growth in oil use. an increase in oil consumption of 5. 7 % in the former soviet union contributed another 37 % of net growth. but these increases were offset by declines in the united states and european union, where oil consumption fell by 1. 8 and 2. 8 percent respectively, writes worldwatch climate and energy research associate shakuntala makhijani. the gap in oil consumption between countries in the organisation for economic co - operation and development and all other countries narrowed further in 2011, with the two groups respectively accounting for 51. 5 % and 48. 5 % of total oil consumption. oil remained the largest source of primary energy worldwide in 2011, but its share fell for the twelfth consecutive year to 33 %. to meet continued growth in demand, global oil production rose for the second year in a row, by 1. 3 % in 2011, to reach 83. 58 million barrels per day. most of this increase was driven by higher production in countries that belong to the organization of petroleum exporting countries ( opec ), which overall grew by 3 percent in 2011. meanwhile oil production in non - opec countries fell slightly by 0. 1 %. oil production growth was slow compared with natural gas and coal production, which grew by 3. 1 % and 6. 1 %, respectively, in 2011. political unrest in the middle east and north africa had a significant effect on oil production in certain countries in the region. output in libya fell by 71 % in 2011 - - - - from 1. 7 million barrels per day ( 2 % of global production in 2010 ) to just 479, 000 barrels ( 0. 6 % of global output ) due to the disruptions related to the civil war. at the same time, tense political situations and violence in iran, syria, and yemen resulted in production declines of 0. 6, 13. 7, and 24 %, respectively, in 2011. the global impacts of the april 2010 deepwater horizon offshore drilling rig blowout and oil spill have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45915065475592476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1f19075-39d9-426d-a68e-01fba57dcceb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.816702"}
{"text": "and violence in iran, syria, and yemen resulted in production declines of 0. 6, 13. 7, and 24 %, respectively, in 2011. the global impacts of the april 2010 deepwater horizon offshore drilling rig blowout and oil spill have been limited thus far, with reviews in most countries finding that existing safety requirements suffice to prevent similar accidents. despite expanding offshore drilling efforts, the share of offshore oil is expected to remain steady at 30 % of global oil production due to declining output from north sea and mexican offshore oil wells. deepwater oil production is expected to constitute a growing portion of this production and is projected to go from 6 percent of total global oil supply today to 9 % by 2016. \" against the backdrop of fluctuating oil prices and concerns about supply risk, many countries are paying more attention to their dependence on imports and the stability of the countries they purchase oil from, \" said makhijani. \" in 2011, the united states imported 60 percent of the oil it needed, europe imported 90 %, and imports accounted for 68 % of china ' s oil consumption. \" the middle east remains the world ' s largest oil exporter, accounting for 36. 2 % of exports in 2011 and a growing share of the global market. the cis and the asia pacific region were the second and third largest exporters, with shares of 15. 9 % and 11. 4 %, respectively. oil exports from north africa fell by 32. 8 % in 2011 due largely to the disruptions in oil production caused by political instability in the region. exports from the united states grew by 19. 4 percent in 2011, faster than in any other region, but they accounted for only 4. 7 % of the global market. further highlights from the report : \u2022 oil remained the largest source of primary energy worldwide in 2011, but its share fell for the twelfth consecutive year to 33 %. \u2022 average annual prices for west texas intermediate crude reached us $ 94. 83 per barrel in 2011, close to the average 2008 price of us $ 99. 67 per barrel. \u2022 opec countries control 72. 4 % of global oil reserves, and the middle east has the largest share of reserves of any region, at 48. 1 % of the total. about the worldwatch institute : worldwatch is an independent research organization based in washington, d. c. that works on energy, resource, and environmental issues. the institute ' s state of the world report is published annually in more than 18 languages. for more information, visit www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4529352579179844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1f19075-39d9-426d-a68e-01fba57dcceb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.817790"}
{"text": "cold spring harbor, ny - - a team co - led by neuroscientists at cold spring harbor laboratory ( cshl ) has shed light - - literally - - on circuitry underlying the olfactory system in mammals, giving us a new view of how that system may pull off some of its most amazing feats. it has long been known from behavioral experiments that rodents, for instance, can tell the difference between two quite similar odors in a single sniff. but in such instances, what precisely happens in the \" wiring \" leading from sensory neurons in the nose to specialized cells in the olfactory bulb that gather the signals and transmit them to the brain? how can this occur within the brief span of a single respiratory cycle - - one inhalation and one exhalation? using a new method of exploring this question, cshl scientists, in collaboration with researchers at harvard university and the national centre for biological science in bangalore, india, have assembled evidence suggesting that the olfactory bulb in mice is not merely a relay station between the nose and brain, as many have supposed. their data, published today in nature neuroscience, indicates that \" there are many more information output channels leaving the olfactory bulb [ en route to the cortex ] than the number of information types entering it, \" from sensory receptors in the nose. this complexity in sensory coding, which the team speculates may help the brain rapidly make highly accurate odor distinctions, became evident when the team used beams of light to activate highly specialized cells within the olfactory bulb, as prelude to measuring their electrical activity during single respiratory cycles. using beams of light to trace the circuit the first step of the investigation involved using genetic engineering to generate a line of mice whose sensory neurons expressed a gene borrowed from a kind of algae that make them fire when beams of light are focused upon them. | contact : peter tarr | cold spring harbor laboratory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5931563588791485, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c98ce817-b90b-4a59-9dd0-fbc93439ce4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.819999"}
{"text": "contact us by email or phone. cut back meat consumption : experts people should halve the amount of meat they eat as part of efforts to cut pollution caused by nutrients such as nitrogen, experts have said. nitrogen and other mineral fertilisers are key to feeding the world ' s population but burgeoning use of nutrients is causing water, land and air pollution which harms human health, oceans and wildlife, and contributes to climate change, they claimed. use of the minerals is expected to increase by up to 50 % over the next 40 years, causing more pollution and damage to habitats, and more greenhouse gases, according to a report for the united nations environment programme. but improving the efficiency of the way nutrients are used by 20 % by 2020 could reduce the annual use of nitrogen and save the world about \u00a3110 billion a year, in reduced fertiliser use and reductions in the cost to human health and the environment, the study said. one of the main sources of pollution of minerals is agriculture. around four - fifths of the nitrogen and phosphorus applied in farming is consumed by livestock rather than directly by humans, and about 70 % of the world ' s agricultural land is used for producing meat and dairy. by reducing the amount of meat they eat, people could help reduce pollution. report lead author professor mark sutton, of the centre for ecology and hydrology in the uk, said : \" people say we need nitrogen to feed people, actually we need nitrogen to feed our high livestock population. \" the experts did not call for people to become vegetarian, but for people in countries such as the uk where meat consumption is excessive to reduce their intake, for example by having smaller portions, wasting less or eating meat less often. prof sutton warned : \" south east asia, china and india are racing to catch up with levels we ' re eating. our choices we ' re making in europe are influencing the cultural aspirations in those places. \" he said a good aim was to be demitarian, halving the amount of meat normally eaten. this would also benefit health, as europeans currently consume 70 % more protein per day on average than is needed. the experts also recommended more localised systems of farming, where crops and livestock are grown and reared closer together so that, for example, the fertiliser created by manure can be used more efficiently to grow crops, rather than being wasted and causing pollution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.484530184303326, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d853992-11f6-43b2-8b92-fc0d13a253fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.822616"}
{"text": "man recalls fleeing hitler ' s germany published : saturday, march 2, 2013 at 4 : 30 a. m. last modified : friday, march 1, 2013 at 6 : 05 p. m. when adolf hitler rose to power in 1933, a young hans kahn saw the writing on the wall. kahn, a jew, lived through the ugly segregation as a kid. jews weren ' t allowed to swim in certain pools or eat in certain places. the discrimination, however, really sunk in hours before kahn was to compete against jesse owens in the 1936 olympics. hitler discovered kahn was a jew and two hours before he was set to compete in the long jump, kahn said, german officials informed him that he wouldn ' t be allowed to compete. he was removed from the team and the premises. kahn, who now lives in arden, was devastated. \u201c that ' s the most disappointing experience of my life, \u201d he said friday morning. kahn, now 93 and living at ardenwoods, recalls the memory vividly. he was a vibrant 17 - year - old who was ready to compete for his country. kahn and the other german athletes had spent nearly two years in isolation preparing for the summer olympics, which was hosted by germany that year. he ran six miles to the new stadium in berlin, jumped rope for an hour, ran 10 laps around the stadium and only then was allowed to practice his long jumps. \u201c we had very little to do with the outside world at the time, \u201d he recalled. \u201c there was a lot of pressure on each athlete. \u201d that pressure, however, didn ' t measure up to the weight of disappointment he felt during his 600 - mile journey home to stuttgart. in the next year, kahn graduated high school and attempted architecture school, but his freedoms were limited. hitler wasn ' t going to allow a jewish architect to function creatively in germany, kahn said, and he knew what he had to do. by then, the jewish population was disappearing. kahn says people around him were murdered by the government because of their jewish backgrounds. \u201c quite a few people committed suicide, \u201d he added. for kahn, it was time to leave the country. \u201c i had no choice, \u201d he said. \u201c i didn ' t want to end up in a concentration camp. \u201d kahn ' s two grandmothers perished in concentration camps. with the help of his stepmother, ellen beck, kahn and his brother, peter, plotted to leave germany. they showed up at the american consulate in germany and quickly realized they weren ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40648951753527907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd452fda-898c-419d-8ee4-0ad8b89fcded>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.826553"}
{"text": "\u201d kahn ' s two grandmothers perished in concentration camps. with the help of his stepmother, ellen beck, kahn and his brother, peter, plotted to leave germany. they showed up at the american consulate in germany and quickly realized they weren ' t the only people ready to leave. beck, who didn ' t leave, had a plan to save the lives of her two stepsons. beck bribed the custodian who cleaned the american consulate offices and asked him to move the boys ' application to the top. the plan worked. ten days later, on nov. 16, 1937, kahn had made his way to the french coast, boarded a ship and was on his way to new york city. he arrived in new york with $ 10 in his pocket. hitler didn ' t allow jews to leave germany with anything more than that amount, kahn remembers. he also arrived with no knowledge of the english language. two women tried to teach him some of the language on the seven - day journey to america, but it wasn ' t enough. in his first two years in america, he would purchase the new york times daily and check words in a translation dictionary, teaching himself english. \u201c it wasn ' t easy, i ' ll tell you, \u201d he said of adapting without knowing the language. \u201c every day i learned a new word. \u201d nonetheless, kahn immersed himself in american culture. he was no longer a german. \u201c once i left, that was it, \u201d he said. \u201c from then on i was an american. \u201d he eventually settled in new jersey where, despite not being a citizen, he was drafted into the u. s. army. he remained stateside for the four years he served during world war ii. during that time, he earned a degree from ohio state university in engineering and earned his united states citizenship. he was discharged and returned to new jersey. before he was drafted, he was basically a dishwasher at a chemical company, kahn says. after the war, he returned as a chemist. through the gi bill, he earned another degree at seton hall university in chemistry. after that, he lived all over the country from new jersey to california, working as a chemical engineer before retiring to the asheville area 15 years ago. kahn has lived in ardenwoods for the last three years. but even now, nearly 80 years later, kahn recalls the heartbreak of not being an olympic athlete. even more than that, however, he remembers the fear that drove him away from germany. the alternative to leaving was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4583155478112235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd452fda-898c-419d-8ee4-0ad8b89fcded>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.827535"}
{"text": "the leaves are changing colors and the temps are beginning to drop. in fluctuating temperatures, staying hydrated is still important. water is an essential component for all processes the body completes each day. the human body is made up of 70 % water ; most of the water is found in and around tissues like skin and within the tiny individual cells that make up our body parts like organs. dehydration can occur when we don \u2019 t take in enough water to compensate for the water lost during routine processes or exercise. awareness, recognition and education are the ways to help prevent dehydration during cold weather training. the goal is to replace 100 % of sweat and electrolytes lost during exercise outdoors. read more about dehydration and performance and cold weather nutrition and hydration from jeffrey a. kline, atc, nasm - pes. during warmer weather we are very aware of water loss because of the sweating mechanism our body uses to keep cool, but it is harder to recognize when there is cold weather. shifting temperatures and not having enough water can cause cramping and increases injuries. read more about hydration and cramping at www. livestrong. com. drinking water or sports drinks before, during and after sports is especially important for children and pre - teens because they have special fluid needs compared to adults, or even teenagers. as a parent or coach, make sure you take precautions to prevent heat illnesses in children and that they follow recommended sports hydration guidelines. review the youth sports hydration guidelines reviewed by susan yeargin, phd, atc on www. momsteam. com. written by : brittney ryba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5092459862847165, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed17bc9c-e40f-45da-985e-b353aeaba882>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.829133"}
{"text": "mid - book test ( up to part 2, scene 1 ) | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this test consists of 15 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. what was the effect of the constitution of 1812? a ) creating a parliament. b ) exiling the dissenters. c ) expanding the king ' s power. d ) curtailing the king ' s power. 2. what is king ferdinand ' s opinion of goya after reading the letter? a ) he is a genius or an idiot. b ) he is an enemy to be reckoned with. c ) he is a disgrace to spain. d ) he is a fool or a brave man. 3. what confidential order does king ferdinand give calomarde? a ) martin zapater is to come to him tomorrow. b ) goya is to come to him tomorrow. c ) the royal volunteers are to come to him tomorrow. d ) calomarde is to... this section contains 573 words | ( approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45466128864841104, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d031b9f4-fe06-47fd-8a05-f2d21d619d26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.830430"}
{"text": "my fondest memories of school are of the occasions on which i made stuff. when i think about what other aspects of my learning i enjoyed most, i always come back to the basic principle of creativity. getting me involved in creative tasks that result in tangible outcomes was one of the ways my teachers ensured that i remained engaged and enjoyed the process of learning. working on a model of the solar system was a sure way of getting me to remember the planets ( 9 in those days ) and our place in the universe. i was never naturally good at maths or physics, but making tracks and ramps down which to throw ball bearings gave me a much better understanding of newtonian physics than any number of equations you might want to throw at me. technology today gives us the tools and the possibility to enjoy making stuff and exercise our pupil \u2019 s creativity in new ways : now you can make stuff virtually as well as actually. my classes and i exploit these new possibilities by regularly embarking on projects which require exercising creative skills and, in so doing, going far beyond the confines of the curriculum. web applications are fun for both teachers and students, but often both teachers and students can become too preoccupied with the tool itself and forget what its purpose ought to be : to support teaching and learning. here \u2019 s a little guide to using three fantastic web applications successfully and effectively. in fact, time wasting and lack of academic rigour are two criticism often levelled at the use of web applications in the classroom. however, just like any other tool, when used appropriately, these web applications will soon prove their worth to you and your students as an effective learning tool and i am certain they will become an essential part of your schemes of work. whilst the tool may change the principles remain the same. let \u2019 s look at how to plan a series of lessons before we look at each of the tools in more detail, but first a note of caution : not a magic bullet i use web applications regularly. regularly does not mean so often that your class gets bored of them. to me regularly means once or twice every half term \u2013 roughly 6 weeks. i also vary the web application so that any single class uses a variety of tools throughout the academic year. in my experience, overusing any of the tools below may lead to your students quickly becoming weary of any particular tool, as the novelty factor wears off and their interest and engagement wanes. in order to stop the tool itself becoming an obstacle to successful learning, how you plan and deliver the series of lessons leading up to actually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5507109107661459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:276d62f4-e20a-4a1a-869c-39bcc23df93d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.836210"}
{"text": "students quickly becoming weary of any particular tool, as the novelty factor wears off and their interest and engagement wanes. in order to stop the tool itself becoming an obstacle to successful learning, how you plan and deliver the series of lessons leading up to actually using the tool is therefore essential. approximately once every half term i will plan a series of lessons culminating in the use of one of these web applications. i generally follow this pattern : teachers can set up accounts for their pupils and organise them into classes, the work pupils produce is then shared among the members of the class and, crucially, it can now be published for the whole world to see. but it wasn \u2019 t always thus. storybird, in order to ensure content was kept to safe and appropriate standards, only allowed the publishing of storybirds books that had been written in english. therefore storybird \u2019 s appeal for foreign language teachers was limited, as their stories and their pupils \u2019 stories could not be made public. however, in an exemplary display of engagement with customers, storybird listened to foreign language teachers who were calling \u2013 on social networks like twitter and in blogs like this one \u2013 for the ability to moderate their own pupils \u2019 work and changed their policies so that teachers could moderate and publish their pupils \u2019 stories. storybird is a fantastic tool that allows your and your pupils to make wonderful and engaging story books \u2026 so long as they are in english. i \u2019 ve been using storybird with my pupils for a little while now but, thus far, have not felt i could really recommend storybird to other teachers of foreign languages because storybird refuses to accept work produced in any language other than english. this means that you cannot embed your storybirds or share them with other people. sadly, as of today, this is still their policy. i have been in touch with the makers of storybird about this situation and, to their credit, they have always answered my questions and tried to address my concerns, although, i have to say, not always satisfactorily. storybird insists that all story books should be cleared by storybird staff prior to publishing to ensure a safe environment for children. this is a very laudable aim but, in my view, an impractical one. since teachers and parents are encouraged to use storybird with their students and their children, why not pass on to them the responsibility of moderating the storybird books the children produce?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4343292177726632, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:276d62f4-e20a-4a1a-869c-39bcc23df93d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.838317"}
{"text": "you exercise your body to stay physically in shape, so why shouldn ' t you exercise your brain to stay mentally fit? with these daily exercises you will learn how to flex your mind, improve your creativity and boost your memory. as with any exercise, repetition is necessary for you to see improvement, so pick your favorite exercises from our daily suggestions and repeat them as desired. try to do some mentalrobics every single day! what you eat can have a large impact on how your mind operates. after all, the brain accounts for 20 % of your body ' s total energy consumption. the brain needs a steady supply of glucose throughout the day to keep in tip - top working order, so be sure to not skip any meals, especially breakfast. salads contain antioxidants such as beta - carotene and vitamins c and e, which help your brain stay healthy. yogurt contains the amino acid tyrosine, which is needed for some essential brain chemistry. fish contains omega - 3 fatty acids, which help prevent dementia and keep your brain working in tip - top shape. curry contains a spice called turmeric which can help prevent alzheimer ' s disease. try to avoid junk food high in sugar and fat. there have been some studies that imply a connection between junk food and mental disorders such as dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism. short term memory test interactively test your short term memory. mentalrobics public forums chat about these articles and other mind related topics. sudoku logic puzzle this puzzle requires logic and a good memory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4887893948053492, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ca7533b-1836-478a-bd44-7ba4bbe3addc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.840798"}
{"text": "what are the northern lights? iceland ' s northern lights are naturally occurring phenomena which happen as a result of gas produced by solar activity on the surface of the sun. when this gas hits earth it reacts with the earth ' s magnetic field causing the frissons of colour which we call the aurora borealis. when is the best time to see iceland ' s northern lights? if you thinking of taking a northern lights tour in iceland, then the best time to see these natural phenomena is during the colder periods of september through to march. iceland ' s long daylight hours make it almost impossible to view the aurora during the summer months. time - wise, the best time to see iceland ' s aurora borealis is around midnight when iceland ' s aurora oval is said to pass over the observer. where is the best place to take a northern lights holiday? to be in with the best chance of viewing iceland ' s northern lights you need to ensure that you are staying in an area free from any light pollution. therefore, you need to venture out of large cities and towns into iceland ' s natural wilderness. a popular location with both locals and tourists alike is the 4 * hotel ranga, which is located just over an hour ' s drive from the centre of reykjavik. the hotel manager, bjorn erikkson, conducts daily tours of iceland ' s northern lights and with his year ' s of experience, is considered to be something of an expert on the subject. the 360 degree aerial views and mountain backdrops also help to provide the perfect setting for iceland ' s stunning aurora borealis. how long do displays last? typically iceland ' s aurora borealis displays last for just a couple of minutes and occur a few times a night. however, large displays that last up to three hours have also been observed, although they are far less frequent. the amount of energy that is produced during these larger displays is said to be the equivalent of a small nuclear explosion. are there any myths or folklore surrounding iceland ' s aurora borealis? there are plenty and your guide will almost certainly regale you with many of them during your northern lights tour. the aurora feature prominently in inuit and norse mythology and are even mentioned in the old testament. in iceland it was also once believed that if pregnant women gazed at the aurora then their children would be born cross - eyed. what colours are iceland ' s aurora borealis? iceland ' s aurora borealis respond to the different gases in the ionosphere. whilst oxygen atoms will produce red and green light, nitrogen molecules produce a violet light.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48598540795600126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b520aa6-0261-4c8f-9072-03b6c7f5d43d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.843441"}
{"text": "real reasons for tension lost in rush to judgment \" the issues in logan are those many migrant or ethnic youth face : clashing values, clashing behavioural expectations, limited resources and unclear or even dubious role models. \" photo : courtesy of channel nine ' mobs tearing up logan. did any of them do a day ' s work today, or was it business as usual and welfare on tap? ' ' the coalition ' s indigenous health spokesman, andrew laming, tweeted in response to recent violence in logan, queensland, between aboriginal and pacific islander groups. clearly both groups face discrimination, yet we know comparatively little about pacific islanders as a marginalised minority group in australia. as police were called in to broker peace talks between the two logan families - the briggs and the palaus - it ' s important to ask why the fight broke out in the first place. violence is always a complex issue, but where pacific islander youths are involved there are several observations that might help us understand. it needs to be stressed that those involved are a small minority. but the logan violence is not an isolated incident. in 2011 there were riots in mount druitt in which pacific islander youths fought each other outside the local westfield shopping centre. one aspect of the riots was the involvement of youth gangs. while ' ' mounty country ' ' was mostly tongans from the mount druitt area, ' ' g40 ' ' was a group of mainly samoans. however, it was not interpreted by those involved as ethnic violence. so what lies behind violence involving pacific island youth in places such as logan and mount druitt? every pacific island culture is different. there are some general characteristics, though, that some of the time might help explain some of the violence. first is work. although laming pointed to unemployment in logan, in fact sometimes the opposite is an issue. first - generation pacific islanders come to australia to better themselves, their families here and their families back home. but they often end up in low - paying or unskilled employment, often involving shift work. in other words, they work very hard for very little. another issue is supervision. although the first ( and sometimes subsequent ) generation of parents works hard, the kids get less parental supervision, and often the supervision they do get is from elder siblings. this means they lack parental role models in their everyday life. in pacific cultures, you typically don ' t speak back to elders. so, these youths have very limited scope to express their frustration - and anger builds. the next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42471250183441817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddaf8e18-aa16-4545-ac7a-de3eec15849b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.848297"}
{"text": "is from elder siblings. this means they lack parental role models in their everyday life. in pacific cultures, you typically don ' t speak back to elders. so, these youths have very limited scope to express their frustration - and anger builds. the next problem is education. first generation parents put a very high value on education. their children are meant to be shy and respect elders. talking to teachers, let alone questioning them, is difficult. at the same time, at home if they adopt australian ways of interacting with their pacific island elders, they are sternly rebuked. on the other hand, if they don ' t succeed at school, they also face heavy stricture from their parents. they get in trouble whatever they do. recent changes in immigration laws have made many pacific islanders ineligible for hecs. even if they do well in school, they are unlikely to pursue a university degree due to the additional financial pressures this involves. hence, many feel stuck and unable to break the circle of unskilled employment and parental expectations. then there is the pressure to support the family, sending money to relatives in the pacific islands, or other parts of australia and the world - known as remittances. there is significant social pressure to do this. also, a lot of money is funnelled to churches as pacific islanders are generally very religious. consequently, even if the parents are working hard and earning money, their immediate family in australia may not enjoy the benefits of this. because so much of their earnings needs to be distributed to family and church, working is actually not as financially rewarding as it might appear. it ' s almost like they are at the top tax rate but are only earning minimum wage. then there is the complexity of belonging. as a result of these work and educational issues, self - esteem problems often arise. young people look for alternative communities where they can find acceptance and more freedom. last is locality. most of these youths live in outer suburbs in our cities, areas of low income where many ethnic minorities reside. this has the effect of grouping them and the difficulties they face. the issues in logan are those many migrant or ethnic youth face : clashing values, clashing behavioural expectations, limited resources, and unclear or even dubious role models. these are just a few of the underlying issues that need to be taken into account before judgments about the violence in logan or mount druitt are made. elisabeth betz is a doctoral candidate in anthropology at la trobe university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4493524512151148, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddaf8e18-aa16-4545-ac7a-de3eec15849b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.849550"}
{"text": "leed\u00ae standardsarticle free pass leed\u00ae standards, in full leadership in energy and environmental design standards, a certification program devised in 1994 by the u. s. green building council ( usgbc ; founded 1993 ) to encourage sustainable practices design and development by means of tools and criteria for performance measurement. it is \u201c a voluntary, consensus - based, market - driven building rating system based on existing proven technology. \u201d the usgbc has established standards for new construction and major renovation as well as existing structures ; their standards can be applied to core and shell and to commercial interiors \u2014 i. e., the core and shell alone can be certified with no requirement that the interior be so certified. many building types \u2014 schools, offices, retail, health care facilities, and private residences \u2014 have been addressed, and standards for neighbourhood development are also in progress. the five critical areas of focus, as laid out by the usgbc, are \u201c sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. \u201d - sustainable site development involves, whenever possible, the reuse of existing buildings and the preservation of the surrounding environment. the incorporation of earth shelters, roof gardens, and extensive planting throughout and around buildings is encouraged. - water is conserved by a variety of means including the cleaning and recycling of gray ( previously used ) water and the installation of building - by - building catchments for rainwater. water usage and supplies are monitored. - energy efficiency can be increased in a variety of ways, for example, by orienting buildings to take full advantage of seasonal changes in the sun \u2019 s position and by the use of diversified and regionally appropriate energy sources, which may \u2014 depending on geographic location \u2014 include solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, water, or natural gas. - the most desirable materials are those that are recycled or renewable and those that require the least energy to manufacture. they ideally are locally sourced and free from harmful chemicals. they are made of nonpolluting raw ingredients and are durable and recyclable. - indoor environmental quality addresses the issues that influence how the individual feels in a space and involves such features as the sense of control over personal space, ventilation, temperature control, and the use of materials that do not emit toxic gases. leed ratings in order of value from lowest to highest, based on the number of points assigned for green compliance, are certified, silver, gold, and platinum. what made you want to look up \" leed standards \"? please share", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5442400678662371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db324bd9-d47f-41d6-99a3-b221a0f71e9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.852232"}
{"text": "herodarticle free pass herod, byname herod the great, latin herodes magnus ( born 73 bc \u2014 died march / april, 4 bc, jericho, judaea ), roman - appointed king of judaea ( 37 \u2013 4 bc ), who built many fortresses, aqueducts, theatres, and other public buildings and generally raised the prosperity of his land but who was the centre of political and family intrigues in his later years. the new testament portrays him as a tyrant, into whose kingdom jesus of nazareth was born. herod was born in southern palestine ; his father, antipater, was an edomite ( an arab from the region between the dead sea and the gulf of aqaba ). antipater was a man of great influence and wealth, who increased both by marrying the daughter of a noble from petra ( in southwestern jordan ), at that time the capital of the rising nabataean kingdom. thus herod was, although a practicing jew, of arab origin on both sides. when pompey ( 106 \u2013 48 bc ) invaded palestine in 63 bc, antipater supported his campaign and began a long association with rome, from which both he and herod were to benefit. six years later herod met mark antony, whose lifelong friend he was to remain. julius caesar also favoured the family ; he appointed antipater procurator of judaea in 47 bc and conferred on him roman citizenship, an honour that descended to herod and his children. herod made his political debut in the same year, when his father appointed him governor of galilee. six years later mark antony made him tetrarch of galilee. in 40 bc the parthians invaded palestine, civil war broke out, and herod was forced to flee to rome. the senate there nominated him king of judaea and equipped him with an army to make good his claim. in the year 37 bc, at the age of 36, herod became unchallenged ruler of judaea, a position he was to maintain for 32 years. to further solidify his power, he divorced his first wife, doris, sent her and his son away from court, and married mariamne, a hasmonean princess. although the union was directed at ending his feud with the hasmoneans, a priestly family of jewish leaders, he was deeply in love with mariamne. during the conflict between the two triumvirs octavian and antony, the heirs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41043245854177374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de39bfb4-e37b-4adc-9f00-18a3e4287de8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.857566"}
{"text": "union was directed at ending his feud with the hasmoneans, a priestly family of jewish leaders, he was deeply in love with mariamne. during the conflict between the two triumvirs octavian and antony, the heirs to caesar \u2019 s power, herod supported his friend antony. he continued to do so even when antony \u2019 s mistress, cleopatra, the queen of egypt, used her influence with antony to gain much of herod \u2019 s best land. after antony \u2019 s final defeat at actium in 31 bc, he frankly confessed to the victorious octavian which side he had taken. octavian, who had met herod in rome, knew that he was the one man to rule palestine as rome wanted it ruled and confirmed him king. he also restored to herod the land cleopatra had taken. herod became the close friend of augustus \u2019 great minister marcus vipsanius agrippa, after whom one of his grandsons and one of his great - grandsons were named. both the emperor and the minister paid him state visits, and herod twice again visited italy. augustus gave him the oversight of the cyprus copper mines, with a half share in the profits. he twice increased herod \u2019 s territory, in the years 22 and 20 bc, so that it came to include not only palestine but parts of what are now the kingdom of jordan to the east of the river and southern lebanon and syria. he had intended to bestow the nabataean kingdom on herod as well, but, by the time that throne fell vacant, herod \u2019 s mental and physical deterioration made it impossible. herod endowed his realm with massive fortresses and splendid cities, of which the two greatest were new, and largely pagan, foundations : the port of caesarea palaestinae on the coast between joppa ( jaffa ) and haifa, which was afterward to become the capital of roman palestine ; and sebaste on the long - desolate site of ancient samaria. at herodium in the judaean desert herod built a great palace, which archaeologists in 2007 tentatively identified as the site of his tomb. in jerusalem he built the fortress of antonia, portions of which may still be seen beneath the convents on the via dolorosa, and a magnificent palace ( of which part survives in the citadel ). his most grandiose creation was the temple, which he wholly rebuilt. the great outer court, 35 acres ( 14 hectares ) in extent, is still visible as al - hara", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3878725668711183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de39bfb4-e37b-4adc-9f00-18a3e4287de8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.858610"}
{"text": "and a magnificent palace ( of which part survives in the citadel ). his most grandiose creation was the temple, which he wholly rebuilt. the great outer court, 35 acres ( 14 hectares ) in extent, is still visible as al - haram ash - sharif. he also embellished foreign cities \u2014 beirut, damascus, antioch, rhodes \u2014 and many towns. herod patronized the olympic games, whose president he became. in his own kingdom he could not give full rein to his love of magnificence, for fear of offending the pharisees, the leading faction of judaism, with whom he was always in conflict because they regarded him as a foreigner. herod undoubtedly saw himself not merely as the patron of grateful pagans but also as the protector of jewry outside of palestine, whose gentile hosts he did all in his power to conciliate. unfortunately, there was a dark and cruel streak in herod \u2019 s character that showed itself increasingly as he grew older. his mental instability, moreover, was fed by the intrigue and deception that went on within his own family. despite his affection for mariamne, he was prone to violent attacks of jealousy ; his sister salome ( not to be confused with her great - niece, herodias \u2019 daughter salome ) made good use of his natural suspicions and poisoned his mind against his wife in order to wreck the union. in the end herod murdered mariamne, her two sons, her brother, her grandfather, and her mother, a woman of the vilest stamp who had often aided his sister salome \u2019 s schemes. besides doris and mariamne, herod had eight other wives and had children by six of them. he had 14 children. in his last years herod suffered from arteriosclerosis. he had to repress a revolt, became involved in a quarrel with his nabataean neighbours, and finally lost the favour of augustus. he was in great pain and in mental and physical disorder. he altered his will three times and finally disinherited and killed his firstborn, antipater. the slaying, shortly before his death, of the infants of bethlehem was wholly consistent with the disarray into which he had fallen. after an unsuccessful attempt at suicide, herod died. his final testament provided that, subject to augustus \u2019 sanction, his realm would be divided among his sons : archelaus should be king of judaea and samaria, with philip and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4045578332502418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de39bfb4-e37b-4adc-9f00-18a3e4287de8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.859585"}
{"text": "last year, u. s. employees filed the second highest number of eeoc complaints claiming they suffered discrimination at work. you know that u. s. anti - discrimination laws require treating all applicants and employees equally. but do your organization \u2019 s supervisors understand the relevant laws? pass along this primer on federal anti - bias laws to make sure your compliance efforts start right on the front line. age : the age discrimination in employment act says you can \u2019 t discriminate in any way against applicants or employees age 40 or older because of age. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to never take a person \u2019 s age ( or proximity to retirement ) into account when making decisions on hiring, firing, pay, benefits or promotions. avoid any comments about an employee \u2019 s age. base yourdecisions solely on the person \u2019 s ability to do the job. race : the federal civil rights act makes it unlawful to discriminate in any employment matter based on a person \u2019 s race. currently, more employee complaints are filed over race discrimination than any other type of job discrimination ( 33, 579 claims in 2009 ). managers must also avoid race bias based on a person \u2019 s marriage to or association with someone of a particular race. this law applies regardless of whether the discrimination is directed at blacks, whites, asians, latinos or people of any other race, color or ethnicity. national origin : this type of discrimination relates to treating employees or applicants less favorably because they come from a particular place, because of their ethnicity or accent or because they have a particular ethnic background. gender : various laws make it unlawful to discriminate because of a person \u2019 s sex in hiring, termination, promotion, pay or any other employment terms. those laws also prohibit employment decisions based on stereotypes or assumptions about abilities based on gender. pregnancy : the prohibits job discrimination on the basis of \u201c pregnancy, childbirth and related medical conditions. \u201d you can \u2019 t deny a job or promotion merely because an employee is pregnant or has had an abortion. she can \u2019 t be fired because of her condition or forced to go on leave. pregnant employees must be permitted to work as long as they are able to perform their jobs. the law requires managers to treat pregnant employees the same as other workers who have similar limitations. sexual harassment : sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that violates the civil rights act. when does it cross the line? the eeoc says, \u201c unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42836750617390207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c68a73f-7d09-462b-8ee5-f3134bc47de0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.869514"}
{"text": ". sexual harassment : sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that violates the civil rights act. when does it cross the line? the eeoc says, \u201c unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual \u2019 s employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual \u2019 s work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. \u201d religion : managers can \u2019 t treat employees or applicants more or less favorably because of their religious beliefs or practices. you also must \u201c reasonably accommodate \u201d an employee \u2019 s sincerely held religious beliefs and practices, unless it causes an \u201c undue hardship \u201d on the organization. for example, that may mean giving employees leave time to attend religious services or allowing them to wear religious clothing. disability : the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) makes it illegal to discriminate against people with qualifying disabilities. new ada amendments that took effect at the start of 2009 broadened the definition of \u201c disability, \u201d meaning many more employees are eligible for accommodations and job protection. the ada requires employers to make \u201c reasonable accommodations \u201d for employees with disabilities. also, you can \u2019 t ask about a person \u2019 s disability during the hiring phase. and you must keep employees \u2019 medical - related info confidential and prevent harassment of disabled employees. retaliation : federal laws make clear that it \u2019 s illegal for employers to fire, demote, harass or otherwise retaliate against employees who \u2019 ve filed a discrimination charge or participated in a discrimination investigation. like what you ' ve read?... republish it and share great business tips! attention : readers, publishers, editors, bloggers, media, webmasters and more... we believe great content should be read and passed around. after all, knowledge is power. and good business can become great with the right information at their fingertips. if you ' d like to share any of the insightful articles on businessmanagementdaily. com, you may republish or syndicate it without charge. the only thing we ask is that you keep the article exactly as it was written and formatted. you also need to include an attribution statement and link to the article. \" this information is proudly provided by business management daily. com : http : / / www. businessmanagementdaily. com / 12693 / make - sure - managers - know - laws - against - employee - discrimination \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4577089465071268, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c68a73f-7d09-462b-8ee5-f3134bc47de0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.870571"}
{"text": "for haiti, key to economic recovery may be in the garbage credit : jesse colaizzi. one year after haiti \u2019 s devastating earthquake, the country is still in the early stages of recovery. while financial aid, food and medical supplies have made it to the island nation, which is considered to be one of the poorest countries on earth, many argue that little has been done to improve haiti \u2019 s long - term economic stability. a pittsburgh - based group of entrepreneurs is trying to change that. known as thread ( the haitian redevelopment directive ), the organization is committed to building a factory that turns discarded plastic bottles into fabric for use in high - performance apparel. they hope the factory will be operational by year - end. the haitian factory, which plans to initially employ 10 to 15 workers and pay them a fair wage, would be able to supply the fabric to end users at a lower cost than companies located in other parts of the world, while providing jobs and a de facto sanitation system for haiti \u2019 s people. \u201c i \u2019 ve been all over world, \u201d said thread \u2019 s president and ceo ian rosenberger. \u201c the two things i see most are poverty and trash. \u201d thread \u2019 s factory would address both problems. by paying locals to recycle their trash, while providing skilled jobs for haitian citizens, the business would create an economic system that addresses the need for jobs, infrastructure and hope for the future development of haiti into a country that can compete economically and stand on its own one day. it would also provide a roadmap for the birth of a business that could be used to build factories in other parts of haiti and in other developing countries. \u201c there \u2019 s not a lot to restart economic engines in the developing world, \u201d said rosenberger, who works full - time as director of business development for the pittsburgh - based advertising firm strategic images. the technology to recycle plastic into fabric already exists. companies such as patagonia and nike, already use fabric made from recycled plastic in their high - performance apparel. the key to making the technology work in haiti would be re - engineering the production process so it could be done in smaller factories. \u201c the technology exists, \u201d said rosenberger. \u201c it \u2019 s just a matter of scaling it down, producing a bolt of fabric and getting it on someone \u2019 s desk. \u201d rosenberger and the rest of the thread team \u2014 which is made up of business people, individuals from the nonprofit sector and educators \u2014 hopes to start raising money for the first thread factory this spring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4282968114209481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52159d94-3ba4-47d0-bb2c-4255d698dc37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.874999"}
{"text": "of fabric and getting it on someone \u2019 s desk. \u201d rosenberger and the rest of the thread team \u2014 which is made up of business people, individuals from the nonprofit sector and educators \u2014 hopes to start raising money for the first thread factory this spring. the company anticipates it will need $ 250, 000 for the first six months of operation and another $ 500, 000 after that. it is actively seeking venture capitalists, angel investors and foundations interested in investing in its project. rosenberger believes haiti is particularly well - suited for this kind of export because the country already has a foundation in the textile industry. \u201c the environment is favorable for textile exports to the states, \u201d rosenberger said. \u201c and, the u. s. government is taking down some of the roadblocks necessary to help jump start business. \u201d thread is partnering with an organization called haitian partners for christian development as well as with students from the engineering departments penn state university and at hungary \u2019 s corvinus university of budapest. rosenberger believes thread \u2019 s \" social - preneurial \" efforts are the way of the future for countries trying to pull themselves out of poverty. \u201c in developing world, you don \u2019 t hear words like \u2018 economic stimulus \u2019 and \u2018 job recovery, ' \u201d rosenberger told businessnewsdaily. \u201c you hear about aid and donations. those words need to come into conversation. \" \" creating jobs is a ladder to climb out of poverty, \u201d rosenberger said. at least one u. s. manufacturer of high - performance apparel, such as running shirts, thinks there is a healthy u. s. market for importing the fabric thread plans to produce. \" people are starting to pay more attention to where things are coming from and want to buy from factories that are paying a fair wage and not exploiting the environment, \u201d said jeremy litchfield, owner of atayne, a brunswick, maine - based manufacturer of apparel that uses fabric similar to what thread hopes to produce. \u201c there could be many companies interested in buying from them. there \u2019 s a tremendous potential market out there. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42479164664296254, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52159d94-3ba4-47d0-bb2c-4255d698dc37>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.875845"}
{"text": "the declining areal cover and thickness of summer ice in the arctic sea continues, with 2012 shaping up to be another record - breaking year. read the bbc summary here. these declines are of course predicted as a consequence of warming air temperatures due to anthropogenic global warming, but what really alarms me is the speed at which it is progressing. basically, ice loss is accelerating every year, and has been since we noted a drastic speed - up in 2007. the consequences of an ice free arctic will be far - reaching. first there are physical consequences. losing the ice reduces the regional albedo, and creates a feedback that will continue the acceleration. furthermore, thinner ice means that more light penetrates into the depths, warming the water beneath. the region \u2019 s biology is also changing, and this too will accelerate. warmer, brighter waters will most likely increase biological productivity in the arctic sea, which will be good news for some human industries, but isn \u2019 t good news for all. the opening of the seaway, and increasing productivity, will change the ecology of the region, displacing many species, while allowing invasion from neighbouring waters in the northern pacific and atlantic. geerat vermeij and i wrote a predictive paper about this, oh, 4 years ago now. it is difficult to predict exactly what the consequences of those changes will be because of the problem \u2019 s complexity, but they will be large. and finally, of course, opening the sea exposes many many resources of interest to humans, including fossil fuel deposits and shipping lanes. let the wrangling begin. noe note though is that the arctic sea ice melting will not contribute significantly to sea level rise ; that ice is already in the ocean. our planet continues to change in response to global warming, and it seems that some of those changes are accelerating. i cannot be certain, and we will only know this in hindsight, but in my opinion we are beginning to cross thresholds. the time for discussion is long past. now is the time for increased mitigation and implementation of adaptive strategies. i don \u2019 t think that we are yet at the point where we need to consider drastic measures, such as extreme geoengineering. but, in the same way that a failure to agree upon and implement effective mitigating measures has brought us to this point, we may well be on our way to addressing this problem with technologically challenging, ecosystem - altering, economically difficult and socially painful actions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4700660232988219, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ab4ce27-7611-48b3-a399-c7b486534524>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.878397"}
{"text": "the concept and of jihad in islam michael g. knapp from parameters, spring 2003, pp. 82 - 94. all these crimes and sins committed by the americans are a clear declaration of war on god, his messenger, and muslims.... [ t ] he jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the muslim countries.... as for the fighting to repulse [ an enemy ], it is aimed at defending sanctity and religion, and it is a duty.... on that basis, and in compliance with gods order, we issue the following fatwa to all muslims : the ruling to kill the americans and their alliescivilian and militaryis an individual duty for every muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it. osama bin laden et al., in declaration of the world islamic front for jihad against the jews and crusaders, 23 february 1998 the word jihad means struggle or striving ( in the way of god ) or to work for a noble cause with determination ; it does not mean holy war ( war in arabic is harb and holy is muqadassa ). unlike its medieval christian counterpart term, crusade ( war for the cross ), however, the term jihad for muslims has retained its religious and military connotation into modern times. the word jihad has appeared widely in the western news media following the 11 september 2001 terrorist attacks on the world trade center and the pentagon, but the true meaning of this term in the islamic world ( it is sometimes called the sixth pillar of the faith ) is still not well understood by non - muslims. in war, the first essential is to know your adversaryhow he thinks and why he thinks that way, and what his strategy and objectives areso that you can attempt to frustrate his plans and protect the lives of your fellow citizens. understanding how radical muslims see jihad and are employing it asymmetrically against us can provide us with that kind of perspective. this article will trace the development of jihad through early islamic history into the present day, and will focus on how jihad in concept and practice has been appropriated and distorted by muslim extremists as part of their violent campaign against the west and their own governments. jihad as a centerpiece of radical thought is illustrated by examining the doctrines of prominent extremist groups such as hamas and egyptian islamic jihad. misuse of the term by prominent extremist leaders, such as by osama bin laden and others in the quote above, is also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5592607044033624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.907054"}
{"text": "radical thought is illustrated by examining the doctrines of prominent extremist groups such as hamas and egyptian islamic jihad. misuse of the term by prominent extremist leaders, such as by osama bin laden and others in the quote above, is also addressed. the classical concept of jihad quranic and early legal perspectives muslims themselves have disagreed throughout their history about the meaning of the term jihad. in the quran ( or koran ), it is normally found in the sense of fighting in the path of god ; this was used to describe warfare against the enemies of the early muslim community ( ummah ). in the hadith, the second - most authoritative source of the sharia ( islamic law ), jihad is used to mean armed action, and most islamic theologians and jurists in the classical period ( the first three centuries ) of muslim history understood this obligation to be in a military sense. 1 islamic jurists saw jihad in the context of conflict in a world divided between the dar al - islam ( territory under islamic control ) and the dar al - harb ( territory of war, which consisted of all lands not under muslim rule ). the inhabitants of the territory of war are divided between people of the book ( mainly jews and christians ) and polytheists. this requirement to continue jihad until all of the world is included in the territory of islam does not imply that muslims must wage nonstop warfare, however. although there was no mechanism for recognizing a non - muslim government as legitimate, jurists allowed for the negotiation of truces and peace treaties of limited duration. additionally, extending the territory of islam does not mean the annihilation of all non - muslims, nor even their necessary conversion : jihad cannot imply conversion by force, since the quran ( 2 : 256 ) states that there is no compulsion in religion. more than a religious aim, jihad really had a political one : the drive to establish a single, unified muslim realm justified islams supercession of other faiths and allowed for the creation of a just political and social order. 2 jihad was generally understood not as an obligation of each individual muslim ( known as fard ayn ) but as a general requirement of the muslim community ( fard kifaya ). only in emergencies, when the dar al - islam comes under unexpected attack, do all muslims have to participate in jihad. under normal circumstances, therefore, an individual muslim need not take part so long as other muslims carry the burden for all of defending the realm. 3 other philosophical perspectives this consensus view of a restricted, defensive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5772359380642111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.908263"}
{"text": ", do all muslims have to participate in jihad. under normal circumstances, therefore, an individual muslim need not take part so long as other muslims carry the burden for all of defending the realm. 3 other philosophical perspectives this consensus view of a restricted, defensive version of jihad was contested by muslim legal philosopher taqi al - din ahmad ibn taymiyya ( 1263 - 1328 ). he declared that a ruler who fails to enforce the sharia rigorously in all aspects, including the conduct of jihad ( and is therefore insufficiently muslim ), forfeits his right to rule. ibn taymiyya strongly advocated jihad as warfare against both the crusaders and mongols who then occupied parts of the dar al - islam, and most important, broke with the mainstream of islam by asserting that a professing muslim who does not live by the faith is an apostate ( unbeliever ). by going well beyond most jurists ( who tolerated rulers who violated the sharia for the sake of community stability ), ibn taymiyya laid much of the groundwork for the intellectual arguments of contemporary radical islamists. 4 islamic law condemns all warfare that does not qualify as jihad, specifically any warfare among muslims. thus, military action against muslims is justified only by denying them the status of muslims ( e. g., classifying them as apostates or rebels ). 5 islamic juristic tradition is also very hostile toward terror as a means of political resistance. classical muslim jurists were remarkably tolerant toward political rebels by holding that they may not be executed nor their property confiscated. this tolerance vanished, however, for rebels who conducted attacks against unsuspecting and defenseless victims or who spread terror through abductions, rapes, the use of poisoned arrows and poisoning of wells ( the chemical warfare of this period ), arson, attacks against travelers, and night attacks. in these cases, jurists demanded harsh penalties ( including death ) and ruled that the punishment was the same whether the perpetrator or victim was muslim or non - muslim. 6 three main views of jihad thus coexisted in pre - modern times. in addition to the classical legal view of jihad as a compulsory, communal effort to defend and expand the dar al - islam, and ibn taymiyyas notion of active jihad as an indispensable feature of legitimate rule, there was also the sufi movements doctrine of greater jihad. the sufis ( a mystical sect of islam ) understood the greater jihad as an inner struggle against the base instincts of the body but also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4627069229440919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.909446"}
{"text": "jihad as an indispensable feature of legitimate rule, there was also the sufi movements doctrine of greater jihad. the sufis ( a mystical sect of islam ) understood the greater jihad as an inner struggle against the base instincts of the body but also against corruption of the soul, and believed that the greater jihad is a necessary part of the process of gaining spiritual insight. to this day, most muslims see jihad as a personal rather than a political struggle, while physical actions taken in defense of the realm are considered the lesser jihad. it is not surprising, then, that disagreement over the meaning of jihad has continued into the modern era. 7 origins of radical ideologies muslim reform movements in the middle east first acquired a sense of urgency with the arrival of european imperialism in the latter part of the 19th century. the end of colonialism and acquisition of independence by most muslim countries after world war ii accelerated this drive. however, the massive social changes that accompanied these reforms and the simultaneous introduction of new ideas that were alien to classical islamic traditionsuch as nationalism, popular sovereignty, and womens rightsdisrupted traditional ways of life and caused traumatic dislocations in these societies. 8 disillusionment with the path muslim societies have taken in the modern period reached its height in the 1970s. increasingly widespread rejection of western civilization as a model for muslims to emulate has been accompanied by a search for indigenous values that reflect traditional muslim culture, as well as a drive to restore power and dignity to the community. the last 30 years have seen the rise of militant, religiously - based political groups whose ideology focuses on demands for jihad ( and the willingness to sacrifice ones life ) for the forceful creation of a society governed solely by the sharia and a unified islamic state, and to eliminate un - islamic and unjust rulers. these groups are also reemphasizing individual conformity to the requirements of islam. 9 militant islam ( also referred to as political or radical islam ) is rooted in a contemporary religious resurgence in private and public life. 10 the causes of islamic radicalism have been religio - cultural, political, and socio - economic and have focused on issues of politics and social justice such as authoritarianism, lack of social services, and corruption, which all intertwine as catalysts. many islamic reform groups have blamed social ills on outside influences ; for example, modernization ( e. g., westernization and secularization ) has been perceived as a form of neocolonialism, an evil that replaces muslim religious and cultural identity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48656325007282364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.910589"}
{"text": "many islamic reform groups have blamed social ills on outside influences ; for example, modernization ( e. g., westernization and secularization ) has been perceived as a form of neocolonialism, an evil that replaces muslim religious and cultural identity and values with alien ideas and models of development. 11 islamic militancy is still not well understood by americans. this is partly due to the secrecy which radical islamic groups practice to protect themselves from the authorities and from outsiders who do not share their views and aims, but also because western public communications media frequently tend to marginalize such groups. they are dismissed as religious fanatics, anti - western hooligans, or mindless terrorists, without making an attempt to comprehend the deep discontents that have produced these islamic groups violent actions or the logic of their radical cause which compels them to behave as they do. 12 differences in sunni and shia interpretations of jihad sunni and shia ( shiite ) muslims agree, in terms of just cause, that jihad applies to the defense of territory, life, faith, and property ; it is justified to repel invasion or its threat ; it is necessary to guarantee freedom for the spread of islam ; and that difference in religion alone is not a sufficient cause. some islamic scholars have differentiated disbelief from persecution and injustice, and claimed that jihad is justified only to fight those unbelievers who have initiated aggression against the muslim community. others, however, have stated more militant views which were inspired by islamic resistance to the european powers during the colonial period : in this view, jihad as aggressive war is authorized against all non - muslims, whether they are oppressing muslims or not. the question of right authorityno jihad can be waged unless it is directed by a legitimate ruleralso has been divisive among muslims. the sunnis saw all of the muslim caliphs ( particularly the first four rightly guided caliphs to rule after the prophet muhammads death, who possessed combined religious and political authority ) as legitimate callers of jihad, as long as they had the support of the realms ulama ( islamic scholars ). the shia see this power as having been meant for the imams, but it was wrongly denied to them by the majority sunnis. the lack of proper authority after the disappearance of the 12th ( hidden ) imam in 874 a. d. also posed problems for the shia ; this was resolved by the ulama increasingly taking this authority for itself to the point where all legitimate forms of jihad may be considered defensive, and there is no restriction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.493253007382728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.911684"}
{"text": "( hidden ) imam in 874 a. d. also posed problems for the shia ; this was resolved by the ulama increasingly taking this authority for itself to the point where all legitimate forms of jihad may be considered defensive, and there is no restriction on the kind of war which may be waged in the hidden imams absence so long as it is authorized by a just ruler ( this idea reached its zenith under irans ayatollah ruhollah khomeini ). both sects agree on the other prerequisites for jihad. right intention ( niyyah ) is fundamentally important for engaging in jihad. fighting for the sake of conquest, booty, or honor in the eyes of ones companions will earn no reward ; the only valid purpose for jihad is to draw near to god. in terms of last resort, jihad may be waged only if the enemy has first been offered the triple alternative : accept islam, pay the jizyah ( the poll tax required for non - muslim people of the book living under muslim control ), or fight. 13 conditions also are placed on the behavior of combatants in jihad : discrimination of noncombatants from warriors is required, along with the prohibition of harm to noncombatants such as women, children, the disabled, monks and rabbis ( unless they are involved in the fighting ), and those who have been given the promise of immunity ; and proportionality, meaning that the least amount of force is used to obtain the desired ends in combat. 14 ideas on jihad in the modern era sayyid abu al - ala mawdudi ( 1903 - 1979 ) was the first islamist writer to approach jihad systematically. warfare, in his view, is conducted not just to expand islamic political dominance, but also to establish just rule ( one that includes freedom of religion ). for mawdudi ( an indo - pakistani who agitated for pakistans independence from india ), jihad was akin to war of liberation, and is designed to establish politically independent muslim states. mawdudis view significantly changed the concept of jihad in islam and began its association with anticolonialism and national liberation movements. his approach paved the way for arab resistance to zionism and the existence of the state of israel to be referred to as jihad. 15 radical egyptian islamist thinkers ( and members of the muslim brotherhood ) hasan al - banna ( 1906 - 1949 ) and sayyid qutb ( 1906 - 1966 ) took hold of mawdudis activist and nationalist conception of jihad and its role in establishing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5260469770018901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.912728"}
{"text": "islamist thinkers ( and members of the muslim brotherhood ) hasan al - banna ( 1906 - 1949 ) and sayyid qutb ( 1906 - 1966 ) took hold of mawdudis activist and nationalist conception of jihad and its role in establishing a truly islamic government, and incorporated ibn taymiyyas earlier conception of jihad that includes the overthrow of governments that fail to enforce the sharia. this idea of revolution focuses first on dealing with the radicals own un - islamic rulers ( the near enemy ) before muslims can direct jihad against external enemies. if leaders such as egyptian president anwar sadat, for example, are not true muslims, then they cannot lead jihad, not even against a legitimate target such as israel. significantly, radical islamists consider jihad mandatory for all muslims, making it an individual rather than a communal duty. 16 the use of jihad by islamic militants regional islamic militant groups perceptions classical islamic criteria for jihad were based on the early unified muslim empire. the imposition of the modern nation - state on middle east societies, however, has made such ideas no longer applicable ; this can be seen by examining contemporary muslim militant groups ideologies. the islamic resistance movement ( commonly known as hamas ) sees its situation as similar to that of the muslim ruler saladin in his struggle against the christian crusaders, as can be seen by examining portions of its charter. the goal of hamas is to establish an islamic palestinian state in place of israel, through both violent means ( including terrorism ) and peaceful political activity. hamas argues that the current situation of the palestinians, living under israeli control or dispersed from their homeland, is part of an ongoing crusade by christians to take the holy lands out of palestinian hands. the loss of palestine and the creation of israel, the charter continues, were brought about by the great powers of east and west, and taken together constitute a great tragedy not only for the palestinians but for the entire islamic community. this, hamas proclaims, requires jihad not in the sense of expanding the territory of islam, but of restoring it, and to recover land rather than conquer it. nor is it a rebellion in the classical sense ; rather, this is a struggle to regain a lost portion of the territory of islam. the hamas charter thus provides a uniquely islamic rationale for al - intifada, the shaking off of illegitimate rule. 17 this language thus seems to suggest defensive jihad, rather than an offensive struggle. since hamas is not acting on behalf of an established government, it must find authorization elsewhere for its struggle against not only external enemies but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5130889149515245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.913808"}
{"text": ", the shaking off of illegitimate rule. 17 this language thus seems to suggest defensive jihad, rather than an offensive struggle. since hamas is not acting on behalf of an established government, it must find authorization elsewhere for its struggle against not only external enemies but also so - called muslim governments that collaborate with the non - muslim powers ( by cooperating with israel or allowing the basing of western troops on their soil ). the group considers muslim governments that cooperate with the west as ignorant of the non - muslim nations true intentions, or corrupt. hamas argues that it obtains its authority to declare jihad in another way : the western powers invasion of islamic territory has created an emergency situation where muslims cannot wait for authorization other than that given directly by god, so jihad is a required duty for all conscientious muslims. 18 this exceptional situation suspends the usual lines between parties in a relationship so that every muslim can participate in the struggle. hamas charter thus relates the current situation of muslims to the classical period, but also marks a break with that classical past. this extraordinary situation also means a change in the nature of muslim obligation under jihad, from a collective responsibility to extend the dar al - islam to a duty for each individual muslim to restore that territory. 19 the same pattern of thinking is present in the neglected duty, a pamphlet produced by egyptian islamic jihad ( or eij, the group that assassinated anwar sadat in 1981 ). this pamphlet, the groups announced testament, is also a clear expression of the sunni islamist perspective on political violence as jihad. it argues that jihad as armed action is the heart of islam, and that the neglect of this type of action by muslims has caused the current depressed condition of islam in the world. eij attempts to communicate a sense of urgency to muslims, who are being victimized and whose territory is being divided and controlled by non - muslim powers. the document also seeks to justify jihad against other muslims who, because they are ignorant of this situation, actively cooperate with the unbelievers in the name of modernization, and are worse than rebelsthey are muslim traitors and apostates. furthermore, fighting such unbelievers without the limits imposed if they were rebellious muslims is justified, since they are worse than other unbelievers. 20 the neglected duty defines the current rulers of the muslim world ( as sadat was defined ) as the primary enemies of islam and apostates, despite their profession of islam and obedience to some of its laws, and advocates their execution. this document is explicitly messianic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5361882169242564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.915046"}
{"text": "the current rulers of the muslim world ( as sadat was defined ) as the primary enemies of islam and apostates, despite their profession of islam and obedience to some of its laws, and advocates their execution. this document is explicitly messianic, asserting that muslims must exert every conceivable effort to bring about the establishment of truly islamic government, a restoration of the caliphate, and the expansion of the dar al - islam, and that the success of these endeavors is inevitable. 21 the neglected duty cites a different historical analogy for this struggle than does hamas charter, however : more appropriate than the threat posed by the european crusaders was the struggle of muslims against the mongol invaders. eij is raising an important issue connected with irregular war : the group is advocating mass resistance against an established government, and such revolution can be justified in islam only where the ruler becomes an unbeliever through public displays of unbelief. the most significant of such acts is introduction of an innovation ( bidah ), which is a policy, teaching, or action that violates precedents in the quran or hadith. the leadership thus loses its divinely given authority when it commits apostasy, and muslims not only must no longer obey such a ruler, but are required to revolt and depose him. this reference to the obligation to god for the creation and maintenance of an islamic state and the responsibilities of muslims serves to answer the question of authorization for militant islamic forces. 22 the neglected duty provides further justification for armed action by arguing that egypt, like most of its neighbors, is not an islamic state because its constitution and laws are a mix of traditional islamic judgments and european law codes. imposition of such a mixed legal system ( non - islamic laws that are an innovation ) by egypts leaders on their subjects thus means that the nation is not part of the territory of islam, but part of the territory of war or unbelief. 23 shia radicals have a similar perspective to their sunni extremist brothers in arms. ayatollah ruhollah khomeini ( 1902 - 1989 ) contended that islamic jurists, by means of jihad and enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, must expose and overthrow tyrannical rulers and rouse the people so the universal movement of all alert muslims can establish islamic government in the place of tyrannical regimes. the proper teaching of islam will cause the entire population to become mujahids [ literally strugglers for god ]. ayatollah murtaza muta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5625031820930824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.916879"}
{"text": "movement of all alert muslims can establish islamic government in the place of tyrannical regimes. the proper teaching of islam will cause the entire population to become mujahids [ literally strugglers for god ]. ayatollah murtaza mutahhari ( 1920 - 1979 ), a top ideologue of the iranian revolution, considered jihad a necessary consequence of islams content : by having political aims, islam must sanction armed force and provide laws for its use. mutahhari deemed jihad to be defensive, but his definition includes defense against oppression and may require what international law would consider a war of aggression. for example, he endorses an attack on a country of polytheists ( some muslims see christians as polytheists due to christianitys belief in a god who can exist in three manifestations ) with the goal simply to eliminate polytheisms evils, not to impose islam. 24 another radical shia perspective on the justification for jihad can be found in the words of shaykh muhammad hussein fadlallah, spiritual leader of lebanese hizballah. in a 1986 interview, he stated that although violence is justified only for defensive purposes and as a last resort, the contemporary situation of the people of the middle east, in particular of muslims, creates a scenario that breeds violence. the establishment of israel, the dislocation of the palestinians, and the interference of a great oppressive power ( in other words, the united states ) in arab - islamic political, economic, and social affairs leads some muslims ( e. g., militant groups ) to consider themselves justified in using force to achieve their goals, and this can even sometimes lead to extreme behavior. 25 fadlallah does clarify that terrorism ( hudna, or violence in arabic ) is not legitimate or justified in islam, to include the destruction of life, kidnapping, or the hijacking of airliners or ships, and suggests that militants have gone too far in the conduct of their struggle when they employ such means. nevertheless, he concludes by informing the american people that it is up to them to improve the situation by pressing for reforms in the policies of their government. 26 how should the west respond to islamic militant groups? shaykh fadlallah suggests that the west should listen to the anger expressed by such groups. while stressing that the way to peace is through dialogue, fadlallah said that the west must first recognize that muslims who act in ways that are harmful to western interests are responding to pain of their own. islam, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49317687286682055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.918029"}
{"text": "by such groups. while stressing that the way to peace is through dialogue, fadlallah said that the west must first recognize that muslims who act in ways that are harmful to western interests are responding to pain of their own. islam, he added, should not be thought of as uncompromisingly hostile to the west, since militant groups do not speak for all of the community. fadlallah adds that if the west does listen to these groups, however, it will understand that the concerns these groups have ( for justice, human rights, and self - determination ) are legitimate, even if their methods are excessive. 27 al qaeda and a new twist on old complaints before his emergence as the prime suspect in the 9 / 11 attacks, osama bin laden had described his goals and grievances and the tactics of his transnational al qaeda network in great detail in a series of statements and interviews. taken together, these statements provide insight into an ideology that may seem abhorrent or crazy to americans but has been carefully crafted to appeal to the disgruntled and dispossessed of the islamic world. 28 bin ladens ideology, however, is really more political than religious. at the heart of bin ladens philosophy are two declarations of war jihadagainst the united states. the first, his bayan ( statement ) issued on 26 august 1996, was directed specifically at americans occupying the land of the two holy places, as bin laden refers to the cities of mecca and medina that are located in his native saudi arabia. here he calls upon muslims all over the world to fight to expel the infidels... from the arab peninsula. 29 in his fatwa of 23 february 1998, titled declaration of the world islamic front for jihad against the jews and crusaders, which he issued along with the leaders of extremist groups in egypt, pakistan, and bangladesh, bin laden broadened his earlier edict. in the fatwa, he specifies that the radicals war is a defensive struggle against americans and their allies who have declared war on god, his messenger, and muslims. the crimes and sins perpetrated by the united states are threefold : first, it stormed the arabian peninsula during the gulf war and has continued occupying the lands of islam in the holiest of places ; second, it continues a war of annihilation against iraq ; and third, the united states supports the state of israel and its continued occupation of jerusalem. the only appropriate muslim response, according to the fatwa, is a defensive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47378207771893766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.919049"}
{"text": "in jihads against their own not - islamic - enough governments and societies. the readiness of millions of young men trained in these schools to sacrifice their lives for islamand their unquestioning acceptance of anti - american and pro - islamic extremist propagandawill continue to be a powerful and enduring weapon against the us - led global war on terrorism, and one that bin laden and other militants who are bent on attacking the united states and its allies can call on in the years ahead. acceptance of militants ideas and methods is limited the thrust of the entire jihad tradition which islamic radicals have hijacked makes it clear that not everything is permissible. although the language in the quran and hadith and in other classical muslim sources is overwhelmingly militant in many places, this is a reflection of the muslims world in the seventh century, which consisted initially of resistance to a variety of more powerful non - islamic tribes and then successful military campaigns to spread the faith. besides containing exhortations to fight, however, islamic sacred texts have also laid out the rules of engagement for war, which ( as mentioned earlier ) included prohibitions against the killing of noncombatants such as women, children, the aged, and disabled. these texts also require notice to the adversary before an attack, require that a muslim army must seek peace if its opponent does, and forbid committing aggression against others and suicide. 37 those who are unfamiliar with the quran and hadith can miss these points when confronted with the propagandistic calls to jihad of militant islamic groups. the actions of rebels in the classical period of islam encountered widespread resentment and condemnation, and this strong sentiment against rebellion remains in modern islamic thought. most muslims agree with the presumption in islamic teachings on war that individuals are innocent and therefore not subject to harm unless they demonstrate by their actions that they are a threat to the safety or survival of muslims. on this basis, the overwhelming majority of islamic scholars have for centuries rejected indiscriminate killing and the terrorizing of civilian populations as a legitimate form of jihad. 38 also, at no point do islamic sacred texts even consider the horrific and random slaughter of uninvolved bystanders that is represented by the 9 / 11 airliner attacks ; most muslims throughout the world were as shocked by those attacks as americans were. the radical message in works such as hamas charter, the neglected duty, and the writings of khomeini and his fellow revolutionary iranian shia clerics nevertheless finds a lot of acceptance with contemporary muslims. the reason is simply because of the poor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4965968219596728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.922948"}
{"text": "were. the radical message in works such as hamas charter, the neglected duty, and the writings of khomeini and his fellow revolutionary iranian shia clerics nevertheless finds a lot of acceptance with contemporary muslims. the reason is simply because of the poor socioeconomic circumstances and lack of human dignity that many muslim peoples find themselves subject to, brought about by secular failures to attend to their problems. 39 militant islamic groups, exempli - fied by hamas and the palestinian branch of islamic jihad, have been able to use such poor conditions to their advantage. they provide social services ( such as operating free or low - cost schools, medical clinics, sports clubs, and womens support groups ), many of which the palestinian authority itself often cannot provide, to build public support and attract recruits in the occupied territories. 40 public statements over the last several months by some moderate muslim religious authorities and commentators that islamic extremists are corrupting a peaceful religious faith for their own twisted ends are encouraging. equally positive is the growing recognition in the muslim world both of bin ladens lack of proper religious qualifications to issue any religious edicts that promote jihad, and his lack of success, on a strategic level, in forcing the united states to withdraw its military forces completely from saudi arabia or to give up its campaign against islamic terrorism. a few prominent muslim scholars have not only condemned the terrorist attacks upon the united states, but have declared the perpetrators of these attacks to be suicides, not martyrs. this is significant, since islam forbids suicide and teaches that its practitioners are sent not to paradise but to hell, where they are condemned to keep repeating their suicidal act for eternity. 41 as described herein, jihad in islamic thought and practice possesses a range of meanings, with muslim radicals focusing on the physical, violent form of struggle to resist what they see as cultural, economic, military, and political assaults from outside the ummah and oppression and injustice within. so long as societal conditions within many muslim states remain poor, with unrepresentative governments ( which are seen to be propped up by the united states ) that are unwilling or unable to undertake meaningful but difficult reforms, then militant islamic groups will continue to attract recruits and financial support. in spite of logical fallacies and inconsistencies in the doctrine of jihad of radical islamic groups, and the fact that most of the broad constituency they are attempting to appeal to does not buy into their ideology or methods, such groups nevertheless remain as significant threats to us interests everywhere in the world. the challenge for the us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069137820086057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.923958"}
{"text": "jihad of radical islamic groups, and the fact that most of the broad constituency they are attempting to appeal to does not buy into their ideology or methods, such groups nevertheless remain as significant threats to us interests everywhere in the world. the challenge for the us government over the next several years will be to encourage and support lasting reform by muslim states who are our allies in the middle east, while maintaining a more balanced and fair - minded foreign policy toward all key regional players. we must also do a better job of countering the islamic extremists widely disseminated version of jihad, while being more persuasive that our own governmentand our societyare truly not anti - islamic. such actions will do much to deny a supportive environment to our radical muslim foes. for its part, the us military needs to better understand the religious and cultural aspects of our adversaries asymmetric mindsetin this case, how islamic militants conceive of and use jihadto be successful and survivable in its global campaign against terrorism. 1. bernard lewis, the political language of islam ( chicago : univ. of chicago press, 1988 ), p. 72, as quoted in douglas e. streusand, what does jihad mean? middle east quarterly, 4 ( september 1997 ), 1. 2. streusand, p. 2. 4. emmanuel sivan, radical islam : medieval theology and modern politics ( new haven : yale univ. press, 1990 ), p. 101 ; as quoted in streusand, pp. 2 - 3. 5. fred m. donner, the sources of islamic conceptions of war, in just war and jihad : historical and theoretical perspectives on war and peace in western and islamic traditions, ed. john kelsay and james turner johnson ( new york : greenwood press, 1991 ), pp. 51 - 52, as quoted in streusand, p. 3. 6. khaled abou el fadl, terrorism is at odds with islamic tradition, los angeles times, 22 august 2001. 7. streusand, pp. 3 - 4. 8. johannes j. g. jansen, the neglected duty : the creed of sadats assassins and islamic resurgence in the middle east ( new york : macmillan, 1986 ), pp. xi - xii. 9. ibid., pp. xii - xiii. 10. the term fundamentalism is also used incorrectly in conjunction with islam to describe this phenomenon, but this concept is really more appropriate to american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5067782169222479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.926130"}
{"text": ", 1986 ), pp. xi - xii. 9. ibid., pp. xii - xiii. 10. the term fundamentalism is also used incorrectly in conjunction with islam to describe this phenomenon, but this concept is really more appropriate to american christian thought, whence it originated. 11. john l. esposito, political islam and the west, military technology, february 2001, pp. 89 - 90. 12. jansen, pp. xiii - xiv. 13. mehdi abedi and gary legenhausen, eds., jihad and shahadat : struggle and martyrdom in islam ( houston : institute for research and islamic studies, 1986 ), pp. 21 - 23. 14. ibid., pp. 23 - 24. 15. streusand, p. 5. 16. sivan, pp. 16 - 21 and 114 - 16, as quoted in streusand, p. 5. 17. john kelsay, islam and war : a study in comparative ethics ( louisville, ky. : westminster / john knox press, 1993 ), pp. 95 - 97. 18. kelsay bases his discussion on the translation by muhammad maqdsi, titled charter of the islamic resistance movement ( hamas ) of palestine ( dallas : islamic association for palestine, 1990 ), pp. 17 - 18. another translation of this document, by raphael israeli, is available on the internet at www. ict. org. il / documents / documentdet. cfm? docid = 14. 19. kelsay, islam and war, p. 98. 20. ibid., pp. 100 - 01. 21. jansen, p. 162, as quoted in streusand, p. 5. 22. kelsay, islam and war, pp. 101 - 02. 23. ibid., p. 102. 24. abedi and legenhausen, p. 89, as quoted in streusand, p. 6. 25. kelsay, islam and war, p. 109. 26. ibid., pp. 109 - 10. 27. quoted in kelsay, islam and war, p. 108. 28. michael dobbs, inside the mind of osama bin laden, the washington post, 20 september 2001. 30. sohail hashmi, the terrorists zealotry is political not religious, the washington post, 30 september 2001. for a good analysis of bin ladens fatwa, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5304361207073566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.927229"}
{"text": "##ama bin laden, the washington post, 20 september 2001. 30. sohail hashmi, the terrorists zealotry is political not religious, the washington post, 30 september 2001. for a good analysis of bin ladens fatwa, including its historical background, see bernard lewis, license to kill, foreign affairs, 77 ( november / december 1998 ), 14 - 19. the translated text of the fatwa itself is available on the federation of american scientists website at www. fas. org / irp / world / para / docs / 980223 - fatwa. htm. 34. jeffrey goldberg, inside jihad u. : the education of a holy warrior, new york times magazine, 25 july 2000. 35. indira a. r. lakshmanan, in some schools, jihad, anger at us are lessons, boston globe, 4 october 2001. 37. teresa watanabe, extremists put own twist on islamic faith, los angeles times, 24 september 2001. 39. jansen, p. 2. 40. islamic groups going for goodwill, daily progress ( charlottesville, va. ), 18 november 1998, p. a8. 41. bernard lewis, jihad vs. crusade, the wall street journal, 27 september 2001. michael knapp is a middle east / africa analyst with the us army national ground intelligence center ( ngic ), in charlottesville, virginia. he has worked in us government intelligence for over 24 years, both as a civilian and ( now retired ) military intelligence officer in the us army reserve. mr. knapps previous civilian assignments included analytical positions in the defense intelligence agency and the drug enforcement administration, and his military career consisted of active duty in germany and texas, and service in the virginia army national guard. go to spring issue table of contents. go to cumulative article index. go to parameters home page. reviewed 7 february 2003. please send comments or corrections to firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4640584494830663, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f9bce0-8e74-46c4-b020-328ef2599629>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.928361"}
{"text": "since canadian confederation in 1867, twenty - one men and one woman have served as prime minister of canada, assuming the ultimate challenge of political leadership in canada ' s federal parliamentary system ; they successfully battled both party rivals and opposition parties to gain, and hold, the office that has been called \" the apex of power \" in canada ; and they left an extraordinary documentary record. library and archives canada ( lac ) was founded in 1872 by canada ' s first prime minister, sir john a. macdonald ; fittingly, macdonald ' s papers ( 125 linear feet ) were lac ' s first prime ministerial acquisition, in 1914 ; the prime ministers collection has subsequently grown to include approximately 12, 700 linear feet of textual records, 18. 9 gigabytes of electronic records, 700 reels of microfilm, and over one million photographs, as well as numerous paintings, caricatures, posters, films, videocassettes, audio cassettes, philatelic items, medals, and political buttons. the collection held at lac encompasses the original textual records of eighteen prime ministers, with microfilm copies of the papers of another two ; these extensive holdings comprise not only official and political documents, but also personal and family papers, constituting an invaluable source that is regularly consulted by students, scholars, journalists, and other researchers ; the historian john english, who recently worked on the early papers of pierre elliott trudeau at lac, underscored the importance of such holdings : \" trudeau ' s private papers are an exceptionally rich lode for a biographer to mine, and valuable nuggets appear in virtually every box. \" the collection includes many such treasures, but arguably the most remarkable is the diary kept by canada ' s longest - serving prime minister, william lyon mackenzie king ; this document, which king began in 1893 when he was an undergraduate student, ended in 1950, a few days before his death ; it comprises nearly 30, 000 pages and more than 7, 500, 000 words ; not only is it a remarkable political record, but it is also one of canada ' s greatest literary achievements ; according to the critic robert fulford, it \" might turn out to be the only canadian work of our century that someone will look at in 500 years. \" in 2003, lac made the entire diary available on its web site under the title : a real companion and friend. king ' s diary is only one of many significant prime ministerial items now available on the lac web site ; most of the prime ministers ' finding aids are online, as are detailed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4206355951945311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd5a23c8-3be4-4a8d-89d5-c59dc5fc829e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.934309"}
{"text": "- does global change increase the success of biological invaders? trends in ecology & evolution, volume 14, issue 4, 1 april 1999, pages 135 - 139 jeffrey s. dukes and harold a. mooney abstractbiological invasions are gaining attention as a major threat to biodiversity and an important element of global change. recent research indicates that other components of global change, such as increases in nitrogen deposition and atmospheric co2 concentration, favor groups of species that share certain physiological or life history traits. new evidence suggests that many invasive species share traits that will allow them to capitalize on the various elements of global change. increases in the prevalence of some of these biological invaders would alter basic ecosystem properties in ways that feed back to affect many components of global change. abstract | full text | pdf ( 101 kb ) - roles of parasites in animal invasions trends in ecology & evolution, volume 19, issue 7, 1 july 2004, pages 385 - 390 john prenter, calum macneil, jaimie t. a dick and alison m dunn abstractbiological invasions are global threats to biodiversity and parasites might play a role in determining invasion outcomes. transmission of parasites from invading to native species can occur, aiding the invasion process, whilst the \u2018 release \u2019 of invaders from parasites can also facilitate invasions. parasites might also have indirect effects on the outcomes of invasions by mediating a range of competitive and predatory interactions among native and invading species. although pathogen outbreaks can cause catastrophic species loss with knock - on effects for community structure, it is less clear what impact persistent, sub - lethal parasitism has on native - invader interactions and community structure. here, we show that the influence of parasitism on the outcomes of animal invasions is more subtle and wide ranging than has been previously realized. abstract | full text | pdf ( 130 kb ) - understanding the long - term effects of species invasions trends in ecology & evolution, volume 21, issue 11, 1 november 2006, pages 645 - 651 david l. strayer, valerie t. eviner, jonathan m. jeschke and michael l. pace abstractwe describe here the ecological and evolutionary processes that modulate the effects of invasive species over time, and argue that such processes are so widespread and important that ecologists should adopt a long - term perspective on the effects of invasive species. these processes ( including evolution, shifts in species composition, accumulation of materials and interactions with abiotic variables ) can increase, decrease, or qualitatively change the impacts of an invader through time. however, most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47393002995327355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9978e2e6-d907-421a-abd0-ef43088fb2b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.938927"}
{"text": "- the magazine glass coatings currently used to reduce energy consumption in buildings already represent a multi - billion - dollar global market with significant room for further growth. improving the performance and reducing the costs of these products will be a key focus of the development partnership. residential and commercial glass facades have a major impact on energy used for heating and cooling, which together account for 4060 %? of all energy consumed in u. s. buildings, according to the u. s. department of energy. \u201c glass was one of mankind \u2019 s first breakthroughs in materials science, and it has undergone tremendous development over its 5000 - year history, \u201d said scott thomsen, guardian \u2019 s chief technology officer and group vice president for glass in north america. \u201c through our work with intermolecular, we hope to take materials innovation in glassmaking to an entirely new level. intermolecular \u2019 s high productivity combinatorial\u2122 approach to r & d allows us to comprehensively and efficiently explore the periodic table of elements, and to quickly develop and commercialize high - performance coatings for a variety of high - growth applications. glass coatings still have enormous potential for innovation. working with intermolecular will allow us to extend our technical leadership, improve the performance of our existing products, and accelerate new product development with lower cost and risk. \u201d technologists from guardian \u2019 s science & technology center and intermolecular will collaborate on multiple product development projects simultaneously, with guardian team members spending significant time at intermolecular \u2019 s development facilities in san jose, calif. for more information visit www. guardian. com or www. intermolecular. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5824312983181097, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1ef144b-b19e-49ac-8da1-d5de10a5d0e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.940806"}
{"text": "the holiday season can be the happiest time of year - but it also can be the most wasteful. americans generate about 25 percent more waste than usual - an extra million tons - between thanksgiving and new year \u2019 s day, according to the u. s. environmental protection agency. that \u2019 s a lot of garbage. if you typically strive to tread lightly on the earth, you don \u2019 t necessarily have to abandon your green lifestyle to enjoy the festivities. consider these simple steps when giving thanks, giving gifts and ringing in the new year. an evergreen tree is a cherished part of the holiday season for many, but growing, harvesting, transporting, and then tossing a tree - every year - well, that takes a toll. an artificial tree made with plastics lasts for years, reducing waste, water use and cleanup - and it can be displayed for months without the worry of a dry tree and falling needles. new technologies have dramatically improved the look and feel of the plastic needles, branches and trunk, so it \u2019 s often difficult to notice the difference. when shopping for holiday light displays both indoors and out, consider led lights that minimize energy use. led lights use up to 90 percent less energy, which can translate into big savings on your energy bill over the course of the holiday season. led lights also are protected by a lightweight, durable plastic casing that makes them weather - resistant, shatter - resistant, and easy to hang. leds produce much less heat than a glowing filament - and the plastic casing also is resistant to heat - so the lights remain cool to the touch, even after running for hours. it \u2019 s easier than ever to find holiday decorations made with recycled materials. there are plenty of websites that can teach you and your children how to fashion ornaments and decorations out of recycled materials that can live another life. elaborate holiday meals and celebrations mean leftovers. promptly refrigerating your food in airtight, re - sealable plastic storage containers can help keep your food fresh so you can enjoy it longer and reduce food waste. and now you can find storage containers made with recycled plastics. send your friends and family home from the party with leftovers in plastic zipper bags or in used tubs from margarine or cottage cheese. consider giving gifts made with repurposed or recycled materials. an easy way to search online : consider what you want to buy and then add \u201c recycled \u201d to your search. for example, you now can find more and more high - quality consumer goods - such as clothing, accessories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4482091892687433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0d1c319-348a-486c-99f2-d164ce2b3160>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.944227"}
{"text": "##urposed or recycled materials. an easy way to search online : consider what you want to buy and then add \u201c recycled \u201d to your search. for example, you now can find more and more high - quality consumer goods - such as clothing, accessories, children \u2019 s toys, furniture and electronics - that contain recycled plastics, since plastics recycling has grown significantly. there are all sorts of \u201c eco - gift \u201d options for everyone in your family, so you can give something good while doing something good. recycle, recycle, recycle recycling programs vary across the country, so determine in advance of your celebrations what materials can be recycled in your community. place a clearly labeled recycling bin next to the trash can to make recycling easy for you and your guests ; that way, you won \u2019 t have to fish the recyclables out of the trash at the end of your party. remember you can return plastic bags and product wraps from water bottles, paper towels, diapers, etc., to participating grocery and retail stores ( such as walmart, target, and lowe \u2019 s ) for recycling. and you can close the recycling loop by looking for tableware made with recycled plastics, which helps create new uses for this material. these and other simple steps to save energy and reduce waste can lighten your environmental footprint this holiday season. from decorating the house to choosing gifts, it \u2019 s fun to get the whole family involved in planning sustainable holiday celebrations - and it \u2019 s easier than you may think.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47344441074279137, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0d1c319-348a-486c-99f2-d164ce2b3160>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.944799"}
{"text": "i have often wondered why winemakers put their wines, white or red, in oak barrels and age them for sometimes months at a time. the university of california davis recently conducted a seminar on oak management and wine sensory issues. it looked at the use of oak barrels and oak adjuvants such as oak staves and oak powder with regard to how the oak may affect the wine \u2019 s chemical composition, aroma and flavors. to me, the aroma of a wine is the \u201c smell \u201d of the specific grape varietal. but this very sensitive element can be easily influenced by the winemaking techniques and the use of oak barrels. one obvious question is : why were oak barrels chosen to store wine in the beginning? the barrel is a perfect container to age wine in and is easily moved around manually. the answer seems to be related to the fact that oak barrels do not leak if properly coopered. one of the most intriguing questions that was discussed at this seminar was what would have been the impact on wine tastes and wine \u2019 s appeal if a different tree had been chosen for barrel production. has the effects of the oak barrel basically defined our tastes for different styles of wine? most european oak barrels are made from the quercus petrea or quercus robur while quercus alba or the white oak is the main species used in american oak barrels. today a good french oak barrel sells for around $ 1, 000 a barrel and many of these barrels can only be used for several years before they lose their ability to enhance the flavors of the wine. oak barrels are usually toasted using a fire placed inside the open barrel, and the time of exposure and intensity of the fire will determine the level of toast in the barrel. you can create a light toast, a medium toast and the heavy toast. the heavier the toast, the more impact the barrel will have of the flavor components of the wine. these flavor impacts are more pronounced in white wines than in red wines mainly because red wines are more complex and heavier in body. white wines may be fermented in stainless steel or in the oak barrel but red wines are typically fermented and aged in oak barrels and thus may have a greater expression of the oak sensory components. so, exactly what does the toasted oak barrel do to the wine? the alcohol content of the wine also has an important effect on the transfer of the flavor components from the barrel to the wine. the most important class of oak factors that influence the flavor profile of the wine are related to what is known as the volatile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.396089206319423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c1a4864-3285-4b0b-814b-1d3c2b3fb50a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.950921"}
{"text": "? the alcohol content of the wine also has an important effect on the transfer of the flavor components from the barrel to the wine. the most important class of oak factors that influence the flavor profile of the wine are related to what is known as the volatile oak compounds in the toasted inner surface of the barrel. one of these is eugenol, which provides a smokey, spicy and clove element to the wine. then there is furfural, which introduces that toasty, toasted almond and butterscotch flavors to some wines. of course there is vanillan, which adds a taste of vanilla and oak to the wine. another class of volatile compounds includes the lactones that produce the woody and coconut flavors in some wines. it has been shown that the impact or effects of the oak barrel diminishes after four uses of the barrel and some elements like vanillan seem to be lost after just 12 months of wine contact. when you go to a winery and walk through the wine cellar, look at the face of each barrel and you will see either an l for light toast, an m for medium toast or an h for heavy toast. it would appear that after many years and considerable research and discussion, the oak barrel is now viewed by many winemakers as a flavor component in today \u2019 s winemaking. much of the american wine culture has been somewhat addicted to the \u201c oaky \u201d style of many wines, and i have often met wine lovers who are turned off by wines that do not project some level of oak. many wine lovers are looking for that toasty, oaky, buttery chardonnay and nothing will ever take its place. over the past several years, i think we have seen a change in attitude with regard to high levels of alcohol in wine and the increasing levels of oak of many wines, especially some of our california favorites. a number of wineries throughout the world are now producing un - oaked white wines that are created using stainless steel fermentation techniques and very little, if any, contact with oak barrels. the flavor profile of these wines is quite different \u2014 refreshing and easy on the palate. in my opinion these un - oaked white wines are more food - friendly since we know that the oak component in the wine is often very hard to manage in food and wine pairing. here is an experiment you can try. the next time you are in your wine shop, ask the owner for a bottle of un - oaked chardonnay and a bottle of a good oaky chardon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45484803452830064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c1a4864-3285-4b0b-814b-1d3c2b3fb50a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.951881"}
{"text": "- cigna medicare - individual & family plans - international plans - offered cigna through work? - find a doctor - informed on reform - health and wellness \u00bb - cigna home delivery pharmacy toe, foot, and ankle injuries at one time or another, everyone has had a minor toe, foot, or ankle injury that caused pain or swelling. most of the time our body movements do not cause problems, but it ' s not surprising that symptoms develop from everyday wear and tear, overuse, or an injury. toe, foot, or ankle injuries most commonly occur during : - sports or recreational activities. - work - related tasks. - work or projects around the home. in children, most toe, foot, or ankle injuries occur during sports, play, or falls. the risk for injury is higher in sports with jumping, such as basketball, or sports with quick direction change, such as soccer or football. any bone injury near a joint may injure the growth plate ( physis ) in a child and needs to be evaluated. certain athletes, such as dancers, gymnasts, or soccer or basketball players, have an increased risk of toe, foot, or ankle injuries. older adults are at higher risk for injuries and fractures because they lose muscle mass and bone strength ( osteopenia ) as they age. they also have more problems with vision and balance, which increases their risk of injury. most minor injuries will heal on their own, and home treatment is usually all that is needed to relieve your symptoms and promote healing. sudden ( acute ) injury an acute injury may occur from a direct blow, a penetrating injury, or a fall, or from twisting, jerking, jamming, or bending a limb abnormally. your pain may be sudden and severe. bruising and swelling may develop soon after your injury. acute injuries include : - bruises ( contusions ). after an ankle injury, bruising may extend to your toes from the effects of gravity. - puncture wounds. sharp objects, such as nails, tacks, ice picks, knives, teeth, and needles, can all cause puncture wounds. puncture wounds increase your risk of infection because they are hard to clean and they provide a warm, moist place for bacteria to grow. the bacteria pseudomonas is a common cause of infections when a puncture wound occurs through the sole of an athletic shoe. - injuries to ligaments that support your joints. - injuries to tendons, such as ruptured tendons in your heel ( achilles tendon ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4473526289442362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.968109"}
{"text": "common cause of infections when a puncture wound occurs through the sole of an athletic shoe. - injuries to ligaments that support your joints. - injuries to tendons, such as ruptured tendons in your heel ( achilles tendon ). young boys ages 8 to 14 may have a condition known as sever ' s disease, which causes injury to the growing bone where the achilles tendon is attached. this usually occurs during activity and is relieved with home treatment. - injuries to your joints ( sprains ). if a sprain does not appear to be healing, a condition known as osteochondritis dissecans may be present, causing persistent symptoms. - pulled muscles ( strains ). muscles of the foot and ankle can be strained and can also rupture. - broken bones ( fractures ), such as a broken toe. - a bone moving out of place ( dislocation ). - a crushing injury, which can lead to compartment syndrome. overuse injuries occur when too much stress is placed on your joint or other tissue, often by \" overdoing \" an activity or repeating the same activity over and over. overuse injuries include : - retrocalcaneal bursitis, which is inflammation of the bursa. this condition causes swelling and tenderness of the back of the heel and ankle. pain usually gets worse while you are wearing shoes and during activity, and it improves during rest. - achilles tendinitis or tendinosis ( tendinopathy ), which is the breakdown of soft tissues in and around the achilles tendon that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. - stress fracture, which is a hairline crack in a bone. - plantar fasciitis, which is an inflammation of the plantar fascia, a broad, flat ligament on the bottom of the foot that extends from the front of the heel to the base of the toes and helps maintain the arch of the foot. - metatarsalgia, which is pain in the front ( ball ) of the foot. treatment for your toe, foot, or ankle injury may include first aid measures ( such as the application of a brace, splint, or cast ), a special shoe ( orthotic device ), physical therapy, medicine, and, in some cases, surgery. treatment depends on : - the location, type, and severity of your injury. - when the injury occurred. - your age, your overall health condition, and your activities ( such as work, sports, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42119450832524274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.969078"}
{"text": "and, in some cases, surgery. treatment depends on : - the location, type, and severity of your injury. - when the injury occurred. - your age, your overall health condition, and your activities ( such as work, sports, or hobbies ). check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor. check your symptoms this feature requires a web browser which supports macromedia flash. if your browser does not support macromedia flash, the information contained in this feature is also available within the written content. most minor injuries will heal on their own, and home treatment is usually all that is needed to relieve your symptoms and promote healing. but if you suspect that you may have a more severe injury, use first aid measures while you arrange for an evaluation by your doctor. first aid for a suspected broken bone - if a bone is sticking out of your skin, do not try to push it back into your skin. it is better to leave the bone alone and cover the area with a clean bandage. - it is important to control bleeding from your injury. - be sure to remove all anklets or rings immediately. it may be hard to remove the jewelry after swelling occurs, which in turn can cause other serious problems, such as nerve compression or restricted blood flow. - try to free your trapped toe or foot if it is stuck in an object, such as a pipe, toy, or jar. - splint your injured area without trying to straighten your injured limb. loosen the wrap around the splint if you develop signs that mean the wrap is too tight, such as numbness, tingling, increased pain, swelling, or cool skin below the wrap. a problem called compartment syndrome can develop. if a cast or splint is applied, be sure to keep it dry, and try to move the uninjured part of your extremity as normally as possible to help maintain muscle strength and tone. your doctor will give you instructions on how to care for your cast or splint. home treatment for a sore or sprained toe - use rest, ice, compression, and elevation ( rice ) for pain and swelling. - if you do not have diabetes or peripheral arterial disease, your sore or sprained toe can be \" buddy - taped \" to your uninjured toe next to it. protect the skin by putting some soft padding, such as felt or foam, between your toes before you tape them together. your injured toe may need to be buddy - taped for 2 to 4 weeks to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4258688502127546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.970028"}
{"text": "your uninjured toe next to it. protect the skin by putting some soft padding, such as felt or foam, between your toes before you tape them together. your injured toe may need to be buddy - taped for 2 to 4 weeks to heal. if your injured toe hurts more after buddy - taping it, remove the tape. then check your symptoms again. home treatment for a minor foot or ankle injury if you have a minor injury, try home treatment measures to relieve pain, swelling, and stiffness. - be sure to remove all rings, anklets, or any other jewelry that goes around a leg or ankle. it will be harder to remove the jewelry later if swelling increases. - use rest, ice, compression, and elevation ( rice ) to relieve pain and swelling. - clean a skin wound as soon as possible to help prevent infection, scarring, and tattooing of the skin from dirt left in the wound. the bacteria pseudomonas is a common cause of infections when a puncture wound occurs through the sole of an athletic shoe. - if you have pain from blood under a nail, you can drain it to relieve the pain. - walk or bear weight on your affected foot as long as it is not painful. if it is painful and the pain continues, check your symptoms again. - gently massage or rub the area to relieve pain and encourage blood flow. do not massage the injured area if it causes pain. - for the first 48 hours after your injury, avoid things that might increase swelling in the injured area, such as hot showers, hot tubs, hot packs, or alcoholic beverages. - after 48 to 72 hours, if your swelling is gone, apply heat and begin gentle exercise to help restore and maintain flexibility. some experts recommend alternating between heat and cold treatments ( contrast baths ). - start exercises using the msa process ( gentle exercise ). msa stands for movement, strength, and alternate - movement. resume a full range of motion as soon as possible after an injury. after 24 to 48 hours of rest, begin moving the injured area. stop any activity if it causes pain, and give the injured area more rest. gentle stretching will prevent scar tissue formation that may decrease movement. - strength. as soon as the swelling is gone and range of motion is restored, begin gradual efforts to strengthen the injured area. - alternate activities. after the first few days but while the injury is still healing, phase in regular exercise using activities or sports that do not place a strain on the injured area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.421862891065767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.970997"}
{"text": "range of motion is restored, begin gradual efforts to strengthen the injured area. - alternate activities. after the first few days but while the injury is still healing, phase in regular exercise using activities or sports that do not place a strain on the injured area. if certain activities cause pain, stop doing those activities but continue doing your other exercises. begin gentle range - of - motion exercises right after your injury while you have ice on your ankle. perform a set of exercises by repeating them 10 to 30 times. do each set 3 to 5 times a day. try the following simple range - of - motion exercises : - trace the alphabet with your toe, encouraging ankle movement in all directions. - sit in a chair with your foot flat on the floor. slowly move your knee from side to side while keeping your foot pressed flat. towel curls. while sitting, place a hand towel on a smooth floor, such as wood or tile. while keeping your heel on the ground, curl your toes and grab the towel with your toes to scrunch the towel. let go, and continue scrunching up the entire length of the towel. when you reach the end of the towel, reverse the action by grabbing the towel with your toes, scrunching it, and pushing it away from you. repeat the exercise until you have pushed the entire length of the towel away from you. about 48 to 72 hours after your injury, start exercises to stretch your achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles on the back of the lower leg to the bone at the base of the heel. towel stretch. if you can ' t stand, sit with your knee straight and a towel looped around the ball of your foot. gently and slowly pull back on the towel for 15 to 30 seconds until you feel your calf stretch. repeat 2 to 4 times. in moderate to severe ankle sprains, at first it may be too painful to pull your toes far enough to feel a stretch in your calf. use caution, and let pain be your guide. a little pain is normal, but you should not feel moderate to severe pain. do this exercise 2 or 3 times each day for about a week. then, make achilles stretches part of your daily routine to maintain flexibility. calf stretch. if you are able to stand, you can do this exercise by facing a wall with your hands at shoulder level on the wall. place your injured foot behind the other with the toes pointing forward. keep your heels down and your back leg straight. slowly bend your front knee until you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3951340236117433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.972180"}
{"text": ", you can do this exercise by facing a wall with your hands at shoulder level on the wall. place your injured foot behind the other with the toes pointing forward. keep your heels down and your back leg straight. slowly bend your front knee until you feel the calf stretch in the back leg. repeat as above. as soon as you can bear weight without increased pain or swelling, begin muscle - strengthening exercises. these exercises should be held for 3 to 5 seconds. do 15 to 20 repetitions once or twice daily for 2 to 4 weeks, depending on the severity of your injury. start by sitting with your foot flat on the floor and pushing it outward against an immovable object such as a wall or heavy furniture. after you feel comfortable with this, try using rubber tubing looped around the outside of your feet for resistance. while still sitting, put your feet together flat on the floor. press your injured foot inward against your other foot. next, place the heel of your other foot on top of the injured one. push down with the top heel while trying to push up with your injured foot. balance and control exercises when you are able to stand without pain, you can begin balance and control exercises. you can start by standing in a doorway and lightly holding on to the doorjamb. when you can do this for 60 seconds, try adding the advanced moves in the next level. stand on your injured foot only and hold your arms : - out to the side with your eyes open. - across your chest with your eyes open. - out to the side and close your eyes. - across your chest and close your eyes. do six repetitions, holding each for 60 seconds, once a day. take good care of your feet - wear supportive footwear to prevent re - injuring your foot or ankle. - wear roomy footwear, especially if the front of your foot hurts. - consider using an orthotic shoe device, such as an arch support, to help relieve foot pain. - treat blisters to prevent an infection. do not smoke or use other tobacco products. smoking slows healing because it decreases blood supply and delays tissue repair. for more information, see the topic quitting smoking. | try a nonprescription medicine to help treat your pain : | talk to your child ' s doctor before switching back and forth between doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen. when you switch between two medicines, there is a chance your child will get too much medicine. | be sure to follow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3967713392503527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.973265"}
{"text": "talk to your child ' s doctor before switching back and forth between doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen. when you switch between two medicines, there is a chance your child will get too much medicine. | be sure to follow these safety tips when you use a nonprescription medicine : | symptoms to watch for during home treatment call your doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment : - pain or swelling develops. - signs of infection develop. - numbness ; tingling ; or cool, pale skin develops. - symptoms do not improve with home treatment. - symptoms become more severe or more frequent. the following tips may prevent toe, foot, or ankle injuries. toe, foot, and ankle tips - avoid problems by wearing good footwear. wear comfortable, supportive shoes. - do not walk barefoot in areas such as streets and parks where you have an increased risk of stepping on an object. - use a rubber mat to stand on if your work requires you to stand on hard surfaces. this will help to reduce stress on your feet. - buy new running shoes often. experts recommend getting new athletic shoes every 3 months or after 500 miles of wear. overworn shoes may not absorb shock well or provide traction or protection. - reduce your risk of reinjury by wrapping your foot or ankle or wearing a supportive brace during activities or exercises where injury is a risk. - prevent blisters caused by poorly fitting shoes or socks. - do exercises for heel pain and tightness. this is especially important for athletes before they participate in sports. it is also helpful for people who are not involved with sports. - to help prevent foot injuries and problems : - wear good athletic shoes, such as shoes with cushioned soles ( especially heels ) and good arch support. physical therapists, orthopedists, podiatrists, and sports medicine health professionals can advise you. - buy new shoes every few months, because padding wears out. also buy new shoes if the tread or heels wear down. the expense is worth preventing ongoing ( chronic ) foot or ankle problems. reasonable in your training : - stretch your foot, ankle, and leg muscles before and after exercise. - avoid rapidly increasing the number of miles you run, running or training uphill, and running on hard surfaces, such as concrete. - avoid excessive sprinting ( short, rapid bursts of running ). - never cut calluses and corns with a razor or a pocketknife. - avoid foot problems or injuries, especially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44565860686666214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.974300"}
{"text": "and running on hard surfaces, such as concrete. - avoid excessive sprinting ( short, rapid bursts of running ). - never cut calluses and corns with a razor or a pocketknife. - avoid foot problems or injuries, especially if you have diabetes. - take steps to prevent falls and injuries in adults, such as removing any obstacles from your walking path. - take steps to prevent falls and injuries in babies and toddlers, such as not leaving your baby unattended in any infant seat or \" sitting \" toy. general prevention tips - use a step stool. do not stand on chairs or other unsteady objects. - wear protective gear during sports or recreational activities, such as roller - skating or soccer to prevent injuries for you or your child. supportive splints may reduce your risk of injury. - maintain a reasonable weight for your height. - stretch before and after physical exercise, sports, or recreational activities to warm up your muscles. - walk regularly to improve circulation, increase flexibility, reduce fatigue, and encourage bone and muscle development. - use the correct techniques ( movements ) or positions during activities so that you do not strain your muscles. - avoid overusing your foot and ankle with repeated movements that can injure your bursa or tendon. in daily routines or hobbies, examine activities in which you make repeated movements. - if you feel that certain activities at your workplace are causing pain or soreness from overuse, talk to your human resources department for information on alternative ways of doing your job or to discuss equipment modifications or other job assignments. keep your bones strong - eat a nutritious diet with enough calcium and vitamin d, which helps your body absorb calcium. calcium is found in dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt ; dark green, leafy vegetables, such as broccoli ; and other foods. - exercise and stay active. it is best to do weight - bearing exercise, such as walking, jogging, stair climbing, dancing, or lifting weights, for 2\u00bd hours a week. one way to do this is to be active 30 minutes a day, at least 5 days a week. in addition to weight - bearing exercise, experts recommend that you do resistance exercises at least 2 days a week. talk to your doctor about an exercise program that is right for you. begin slowly, especially if you have not been active. for more information, see the topic fitness. - do not drink more than 2 alcoholic drinks a day if you are a man, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42695317373844144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.975357"}
{"text": "your doctor about an exercise program that is right for you. begin slowly, especially if you have not been active. for more information, see the topic fitness. - do not drink more than 2 alcoholic drinks a day if you are a man, or 1 alcoholic drink a day if you are a woman. people who drink more than this may be at higher risk for weakening bones ( osteoporosis ). alcohol use also increases your risk of falling and breaking a bone. - do not smoke or use other tobacco products. smoking puts you at a much higher risk for developing osteoporosis. it also interferes with blood supply and healing. for more information, see the topic quitting smoking. injuries such as bruises, burns, fractures, cuts, or punctures may be a sign of abuse. suspect possible abuse when an injury cannot be explained or does not match the explanation, repeated injuries occur, or the explanations for the cause of the injury change. you may be able to prevent further abuse by reporting it and seeking help. preparing for your appointment to prepare for your appointment, see the topic making the most of your appointment. you can help your doctor diagnose and treat your condition by being prepared to answer the following questions : - what are your main symptoms? - how long have you had your symptoms? - how and when did an injury occur? how was it treated? - can you walk, or is walking difficult? - have you had any injuries in the past to the same area? do you have any continuing problems because of the previous injury? - what activities related to sports, work, or your lifestyle make your symptoms better or worse? - what home treatment measures have you tried? did they help? - what nonprescription medicines have you taken. did they help? - do you have any health risks? - bruises and blood spots under the skin - nail problems and injuries - puncture wounds - using ice and cold packs | primary medical reviewer | | william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | h. michael o ' connor, md - emergency medicine | | last revised | | october 4, 2012 | | by : | | healthwise staff | | last revised : october 4, 2012 | | medical review : | | william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine | h. michael o ' connor, md - emergency medicine \u00a9 1995 -, healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45199641991819556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544edd0-3d73-441a-a64c-1dc2de66aa44>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.976370"}
{"text": "the concept of a welfare pedestal has been popularized by noel pearson. as a lawyer and passionate advocate for the interests of aboriginal people who live on the cape york peninsula of north queensland, some readers might expect that he would spend his time arguing for more government hand - outs to remedy social problems in aboriginal communities. however, pearson recognizes that the welfare programs are actually a major cause of the social problems in those communities and his main focus is on finding ways to stop hand - outs from harming his clients. he is not against government help for his clients, he just wants to ensure that it does them more good than harm. the insight behind the welfare pedestal is that welfare payments can provide perverse incentives by encouraging some people to remain on welfare rather than to seek paid employment. over the last decade or so, concern about an emerging problem of inter - generational welfare dependency ( in non - indigenous communities as well as indigenous communities ) has led to some tightening up in the provisions attached to unemployment benefits. it is too soon to claim that the problems associated with unemployment benefits and pretend work schemes have all been resolved, but the problems are now widely recognized and some appropriate remedial action is being taken. the example of a government program contributing to the welfare pedestal that pearson gives in his recent lecture, \u2018 pathways to prosperity for indigenous people \u2019, is family benefits. he suggests : \u2018 life on the welfare pedestal in a country that distributes money through a generous family tax benefit system is quite a rational choice \u2019 ( the sir ronald trotter lecture, new zealand business roundtable, 2010 ). i had not previously thought of the family tax benefit in that way. i have tended to view the family tax benefit as a kind of negative income tax, providing net benefits for families with low and modest incomes. i was previously aware of adverse incentives resulting from fairly high effective marginal tax rates for people on fairly modest family incomes above the point where the means test begins to cut in ( about $ 45, 000 ). according to the way economists usually look at these things, however, a family with four children obtaining $ 19, 600 per annum from family benefits has no disincentive to obtaining additional income from work of more than $ 25, 000. in another paper pearson acknowledges that the absence of punitive marginal tax rates is probably not an important consideration when people in cape york peninsula make their decisions about how many hours of the week they allocate to work or leisure. he writes : pearson argues that \u2018 conditions and incentives to make active and beneficial life choices should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635281412779547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:465dbbdc-b8bc-4e6f-8dc8-a262851aa310>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.979754"}
{"text": "rates is probably not an important consideration when people in cape york peninsula make their decisions about how many hours of the week they allocate to work or leisure. he writes : pearson argues that \u2018 conditions and incentives to make active and beneficial life choices should apply to family payments \u2019 even though he acknowledges that problems arise because such payments \u2018 are not indigenous - specific schemes \u2019. that poses a question : if people make the choice to live on generally available family benefits rather than to earn higher incomes, why should we view this as a problem? i see no problem in individuals choosing to live on low incomes. we should respect the choices that some individuals make to live a life of poverty ( and of chastity too, if that is their choice ). i can \u2019 t see why anyone should have a problem with individuals making whatever income / leisure choice that they desire. i can see a problem, however, in governments providing family benefits to people who do not have adequate regard for the well - being of their children. i think we ( taxpayers / voters ) should insist that family assistance should only be provided to parents when they meet conditions such as ensuring that their children attend school regularly. perhaps it would not be too difficult for a prime minister who has a special interest in educational opportunity to find a simple way for such a condition to be applied to family tax benefits across all sections of the community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4358767626030061, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:465dbbdc-b8bc-4e6f-8dc8-a262851aa310>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.980356"}
{"text": "posted 1 year ago known as the most important artifact ever to have arrived on new zealand shores... the \" pompallier madonna \" was brought out here in the mid 1800 ' s by a french missionary. rumours persist that their was secret vatican involvement after the original byzantine parchment was stolen from a local high school in wellington nz in the 1960 ' s. there are also rumours that the next day it turned up in a secondhand shop window but as the original has never been found it is a true unsolved mystery!! given to the pope pius ix in 1846 as a coronation gift by the sisters of the campus martius. he later gave it to bishop jean baptiste francois pompallier in rome in 1847 - to bring the ancient small painting to new zealand to establish the catholic church in new zealand. pope pius ix ( 1792 - 1878 ) he proclaimed the dogmas of the immaculate conception of the virgin in 1854 his pontificate was the longest in history. henceforth the virgin icon representing his vision of the catholicism. interesting it wasn ' t christ at the centre of the faith. in 750ad, the sisters of the immaculate conception took it from byzantine to rome during a time of iconoclastic persecution in the east. mine is a lithograph reproduction of the original and the same size. it has golden gilt? on it. the original was in an oval frame as shown in the reproduction. i hope one day to stumble upon the original if it is still in nz. i am unsure as to how many lithographs exist??? would anybody know??? an interesting article on this icon in nz newspaper - ( i stole bits : - ) a real life da vinci code - who can crack this?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4324731509961472, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebf30543-982d-48f4-8428-5c496ec3d6fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.983855"}
{"text": "website detail page written by chandralekha singh this 30 - question research - based multiple - choice test is designed to evaluate students ' conceptual understanding of symmetry and gauss ' s law. the test may be administered to students in calculus - based introductory physics courses or upper - level undergraduate e & m courses. the survey is based on investigations of students ' difficulties with the concepts of symmetry, electric field, and electric flux and should be given in a 50 - minute period. statistical results have shown the survey to be reliable and valid. a summary of the construction and analysis of the survey is available in student understanding of symmetry and gauss ' s law of electricity, am. j. phys. 74 ( 10 ), 923 - 936 ( 2006 ). this assessment is free for use by instructors in their classroom. however, as it takes years of development effort to create and validate reliable assessment instruments, the file is password - protected. furthermore, the author requests that 1. students are not given copies following examination ; and 2. none of the questions are incorporated into web - based question delivery systems without adequate security to prevent printing or unauthorized access by students. to obtain the password, please send a request with your name, email, institution, and a link to a page at your institution that confirms you are an instructor. compadre is beta testing citation styles! disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications. citation source information the ajp / prst - per presented is based on the aip style with the addition of journal article titles and conference proceeding article titles. the apa style presented is based on information from apa style. org : electronic references. the chicago style presented is based on information from examples of chicago - style documentation. the mla style presented is based on information from the mla faq. symmetry and gauss ' s law conceptual evaluation : is key reference of student understanding of symmetry and gauss ' s law of electricity a summary of the survey ' s development, reliability, and validity is provided in c. singh, \" student understanding of symmetry and gauss ' s law of electricity, \" am. j. of phys 74 ( 10 ), 923 - 936 ( 2006 ). relation by lyle barbato know of another related resource? login to relate this resource to it. is key reference of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.630400361271013, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb9a2814-f60c-4ffa-ba7b-36f2b172fbff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.989030"}
{"text": "the north and eastern shores of new brunswick stretch for nearly 1, 700 kilometres from the restigouche river at the quebec border to baie verte at the nova scotia border. a plane ride up the coast offers a dramatic view of the most distinguishing features of this coastline. it is low lying, with a string of barrier islands, dunes and reefs stretching from capetormentine to the bay of chaleur and it has sand, lots of sand. these sands are as characteristic and influential in defining the nature of the north and eastern coasts of new brunswick as are the tides in the bay of fundy. like the dynamic and powerful tides of fundy, the movement of sand shapes coastlines and determines the distribution of habitat and species. just as changes to the natural flow of tides can have dramatic ecological impacts, altering the flow of sand can also have ecological consequences. over the past one hundred years, more than the sands have shifted on the northern and eastern coasts of new brunswick. the ecology and the economy of the region have shifted as well. it is tempting to think of these shifts as natural \u2013 the result of changes in technology or climate, increases in the scales of economies, changes in market demand, periodic fluctuations in wild populations, or the rise of globalization. perhaps this is true for some industries or ecosystems. however, there is nothing natural about the incremental and systematic contamination and destruction of wild fish stocks and coastal habitat. mining operations, pulp and paper mills and other industries have contaminated rivers, estuaries and bays. salt marshes have been filled in for residential, cottage and business development. ecologically sensitive areas have been proposed for conversion to golf courses. channel mouths, gullies and bays have been dredged to make way for boat harbours and marine service centres. and in 2007, a task force on self - sufficiency recommended the province undertake a massive expansion of the shellfish, primarily oyster, aquaculture industry in the bays and estuaries of the north and east coast. for more than a decade, citizens and community - based organizations have been doing their part to raise awareness of contamination and coastal issues and to monitor and restore habitats. all too often, however, they find themselves powerless to act when the legislation regulating certain activities is inadequate or not enforced, or when there is no legislation protecting certain habitats. ten years ago, the conservation council marked the1998 international year of the oceans by initiating a comprehensive review of the issues facing the coastal ecosystems of new brunswick \u2019 s north and eastern coasts. the product of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44941909890804266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef0f734d-9f33-450b-90a9-22bf209b5b25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.993477"}
{"text": "the people of georgia having dissolved their political connection with the government of the united states of america, present to their confederates and the world the causes which have led to the separation. for the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non - slave - holding confederate states with reference to the subject of african slavery. they have endeavored to weaken our security, to disturb our domestic peace and tranquility, and persistently refused to comply with their express constitutional obligations to us in reference to that property, and by the use of their power in the federal government have striven to deprive us of an equal enjoyment of the common territories of the republic. in the momentous step which our state has taken of dissolving its connection with the government of which we so long formed a part, it is but just that we should declare the prominent reasons which have induced our course. our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery - - the greatest material interest of the world. its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. these products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. these products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. that blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. there was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. texas abandoned her separate national existence and consented to become one of the confederated union to promote her welfare, insure domestic tranquility and secure more substantially the blessings of peace and liberty to her people. she was received into the confederacy with her own constitution, under the guarantee of the federal constitution and the compact of annexation, that she should enjoy these blessings. she was received as a commonwealth holding, maintaining and protecting the institution known as negro slavery - - the servitude of the african to the white race within her limits - - a relation that had existed from the first settlement of her wilderness by the white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time. her institutions and geographical position established the strongest ties between her and other slave - holding states of the confederacy. those ties have been strengthened by association. but what has been the course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4762341423766428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:580cb76f-5be4-4052-9b72-a4da729b1b91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.998564"}
{"text": "white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time. her institutions and geographical position established the strongest ties between her and other slave - holding states of the confederacy. those ties have been strengthened by association. but what has been the course of the government of the united states, and of the people and authorities of the non - slave - holding states, since our connection with them? the controlling majority of the federal government, under various pretences and disguises, has so administered the same as to exclude the citizens of the southern states, unless under odious and unconstitutional restrictions, from all the immense territory owned in common by all the states on the pacific ocean, for the avowed purpose of acquiring sufficient power in the common government to use it as a means of destroying the institutions of texas and her sister slaveholding states. declaration of causes of seceding states the constitution, it is true, secured every essential guarantee to the institution while it should last, and hence no argument can be justly urged against the constitutional guarantees thus secured, because of the common sentiment of the day. those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. they rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. this was an error. it was a sandy foundation, and the government built upon it fell when the \" storm came and the wind blew. \" our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea ; its foundations are laid, its corner - stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man ; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition. this, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. ~ alexander h. stephens march 21, 1861 savannah, georgia the american civil war was not fought to end slavery ; it was fought to preserve it. the people who started it just lost.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5319451087658508, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:580cb76f-5be4-4052-9b72-a4da729b1b91>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:34.999687"}
{"text": "problem - oriented guides for police series the cops - funded series of problem - oriented guides for police, or pop guides, consists of 49 problem - specific guides, 5 response guides, and 6 problem - solving tool guides. the problem - specific guides provide law enforcement with problem - specific questions to help identify potential factors and underlying causes of specific problems, identify known responses to each problem, and provide potential measures to assess the effectiveness of problem - solving efforts. response guides are pop guides that summarize the collective knowledge from research and practice about how, and under what conditions, certain common police responses to crime and disorder do and do not work. problem - solving tools series are pop guides that explain how various analytical methods and techniques can be applied to improve an understanding of crime and disorder problems. choose one of the following to view either all or a segment of the pop guides series \u2013 these problem - oriented guidebooks are available on this cd or for download. by opening any of the pop guides on this cd - rom, you will be able to search the document, read individual chapters, and print only the sections you want. if you wish to have a hard copy sent to you, call the cops office response center at 800. 421. 6770 or send an e - mail to askcopsrc @ usdoj. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4762372126167457, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e641ca3-39c5-4fbc-8051-6fbf3f0b9b89>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.001447"}
{"text": "hepatitis a is a preventable disease. a vaccine is currently available for people at risk for hepatitis a. it is also recommended as a routine childhood immunization. hepatitis a, at the top of the alphabet of viruses causing liver disease, puts travelers at risk and, until recently, worried parents of children in day care. aside from immunization, hand washing before eating or preparing food and after using the bathroom or changing a baby ' s diaper, remains one of the best preventions against getting or spreading hepatitis a virus ( hav ), according to the cdc. the disease is spread by feces - to - mouth contact. the virus can be carried on an infected person ' s hands and spread by direct contact or by consuming food or drink the infected person handled. hav also can be transmitted through oral - anal sex or by consuming water or raw shellfish contaminated by sewage. how is it spread? hav is not spread by coughing, sneezing, or other casual contact, such as sitting next to a person or being in the same room. people at increased risk for hepatitis a include travelers to developing countries, injecting drug users, men who have sex with men, and possibly children and workers in day care centers where outbreaks occasionally occur. what are the symptoms? symptoms include fatigue ( tiredness ), mild fever, flu - like illness, nausea and vomiting, stomach ache, and loss of appetite. some people also have jaundice ( yellow eyes and skin ), dark urine, and light - colored bowel movements. children, especially young ones, may have few if any symptoms. diagnosis is made through a blood test. the average incubation period is 30 days, but it can range from 15 to 50 days, and people can be contagious up to 14 days before symptoms appear. what is the treatment? treatment is mainly rest, a low - fat diet and plenty of liquids. antibiotics aren ' t useful, because hepatitis a is a virus. this is not a chronic disease ; once you get it, you will never get it again. people who have recovered from hepatitis a do not continue to carry the virus. healthy people rarely die from hepatitis a, and most people recover in a few weeks. people who already have a chronic liver disease when they get hepatitis a are at higher risk of developing liver failure. the hepatitis a vaccine has become part of the routine childhood immunization schedule, and, as of 2006, is recommended for all children, not just those at risk. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.461054824986294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c4f4d0d-32c0-4c23-b5ba-59a9cb74e17a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.004852"}
{"text": "disease when they get hepatitis a are at higher risk of developing liver failure. the hepatitis a vaccine has become part of the routine childhood immunization schedule, and, as of 2006, is recommended for all children, not just those at risk. these adults should consider immunization : travelers who will be visiting or living in high - risk areas, including countries in latin and south america and many parts of africa and asia men who have sex with men injecting drug users people working in institutions and day care centers people with chronic liver disease or who have clotting - factor disorders also may want to get the vaccine. tips for prevention if you are not immunized against hepatitis a, here are suggestions on how to avoid infection : wash hands thoroughly with soap and running water after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. this is the most important step in preventing hepatitis a. teach children to wash their hands. change diapers on surfaces that can be cleaned and disinfected after each use. a good disinfectant is one tablespoon liquid household bleach to one quart of water. never change diapers on eating or food preparation surfaces. cook shellfish thoroughly before eating, especially if you already have a chronic liver disease. drink water from approved sources only. let your doctor or health department workers know if someone in your family has hepatitis a. get the vaccine if you are in a high - risk group or are planning an extended trip to a country with a high rate of hepatitis a.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40238066543717677, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c4f4d0d-32c0-4c23-b5ba-59a9cb74e17a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.005447"}
{"text": "cd, cd - r, sacd, and dvd - audio glossary click on a letter below to jump to that section of the glossary. analog record level control cd - r / rw decks with this feature let you adjust the volume level when recording from analog sources such as lp, tape, and radio. for anyone who makes compilation cd - rs from a variety of these sources, this control is especially important because it helps you maintain consistent volume from song to song. cd - r ( audio and data ) cd - rs are recordable cds that can be written to ( i. e., recorded upon ) once. when an audio cd - r has been recorded and finalized, the disc can be played like a regular cd in all home, car, and computer cd drives. however, a cd - r can never be re - recorded. cd - rs commonly hold 80 minutes of music, though some discs today can hold as much as 99 - minutes of music. cd - rs are designated for either \" audio \" or \" data \" use. blank discs labeled \" audio \" can be used with home cd recording decks as well as computer cd - r / w drives, and cost more than data - grade cd - rs. blank cd - rs designated as \" data \" tend to cost less than audio cd - rs, but can only be recorded to using a computer cd - r / w drive. cd - rw ( audio and data ) unlike cd - rs, cd - rws are rewritable cds that can be written and rewritten to many times. when you make a recording on an audio cd - rw and finalize it, you can play it in many standard cd and dvd players. but when you want to change the disc ' s contents, you can erase it and re - write to it \u2014 from 30 to 50 times. otherwise, cd - rws are fairly similar to cd - rs. they commonly hold 80 minutes of music ; some discs today can hold as much as 99 minutes. however, keep in mind that they are not compatible with as many kinds of cd players, especially older ones. cd - rws are designated for either \" audio \" or \" data \" use. blank discs labeled \" audio \" can be used with home cd recording decks as well as computer cd - r / w drives, and cost more than data - grade cd - rws. blank cd - rws designated as \" data \" tend to cost less than audio cd - rws, but can only be recorded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343094050764361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78d105c7-bbd7-4105-bd57-ea9ec992f50a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.017618"}
{"text": "decks as well as computer cd - r / w drives, and cost more than data - grade cd - rws. blank cd - rws designated as \" data \" tend to cost less than audio cd - rws, but can only be recorded to using a computer cd - r / w drive. another name for a component cd recorder. the designation \" cd - r / rw \" indicates that such decks can record and play back both cd - rs and cd - rws. players with cd text display will show disc, track, and artist names for all cd text - encoded discs. this information is typically displayed on the player ' s front panel, although some models also display it on an lcd remote or on your television screen. a cd - r / rw deck with cd text entry lets you encode titles and artist names onto any cd - r you record, prior to disc finalization. the digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) converts the numeric values stored on a cd into a series of voltages, which then produce the audio signal we hear. most cd players use 1 - bit d / a converters ; some cd models ( and most dvd players ) use multi - bit converters. both kinds of dacs provide excellent sound quality. the two most common types of digital output are optical and coaxial. optical digital connections require an optical digital cable. though coaxial digital connections use standard rca - style jacks, a coaxial digital audio cable designed specifically for the wider frequency bandwidth of digital signals is recommended. digital record level control cd - r / rw decks with this feature let you adjust the volume level for digital recording. this is a great feature for anyone who makes compilation cd - rs from various cds, because it helps you keep the volume consistent from song to song. ( note : if you ' ve got a deck with only analog record level control, you can use this to adjust levels for digital sources, too, but you ' ll sacrifice a small amount of sound quality in the translation from digital to analog and back to digital. ) direct disc ( or track ) access just push a button for instant access to any disc ( or song ). to hear or program track 7, just push \" 7 \". this feature can be accessible from the unit ' s front panel, the remote, or both. one loaded disc keeps playing while you change other discs in the player. you enter names for your discs ; the names then display on the player ' s front - panel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5127366068415672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78d105c7-bbd7-4105-bd57-ea9ec992f50a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.018659"}
{"text": "can be accessible from the unit ' s front panel, the remote, or both. one loaded disc keeps playing while you change other discs in the player. you enter names for your discs ; the names then display on the player ' s front - panel display. dsd ( direct stream digital ) direct stream digital ( dsd ) is the advanced recording technology that makes sacd possible. standard cds use 44. 1khz / 16 - bit pcm ( 44, 100 samples - per - second pulse code modulation, encoded at 16 - bit resolution ) to represent audio in digital form. dsd, on the other hand, is a 1 - bit technology that samples music 2. 82 million times per second, capturing 4 times more information. the resulting sound is warmer, smoother, and more \" analog \" than anything 44. 1khz / 16 - bit pcm can deliver. a dualdisc is a two - sided disc that combines audio on one side with a dvd on the other side. the audio side carries stereo music, while the dvd side usually offers a multichannel version in dolby digital, dts, or dvd - audio in addition to video footage. extras can include lyrics, documentaries, interviews, photo galleries, and more. a dualdisc will probably play in most cd or dvd players. however, since dualdisc is slightly thicker than regular cds, it may get stuck in some slot - loading players, or the dvd side may get scratched. a number of consumer electronics manufacturers have posted advisories regarding these issues, including denon, jvc, onkyo, sony, and toshiba. keep in mind, if the dualdisc has dvd - audio content on the dvd side, you ' ll need a dvd - audio - capable player in order to listen to that portion of the disc. even if you don ' t have a dvd - audio player, most discs will have a multichannel dolby\u00ae digital mix in addition to dvd - audio, so that they can still be played in a regular dvd player. a music - oriented dvd format that can carry up to 6 channels of 96khz / 24 - bit audio ( music for 5. 1 - channel home theater systems ), or 2 channels of ultra high - resolution 192khz / 24 - bit audio. most dvd - audio discs also carry lower - resolution dolby digital or stereo soundtracks for playback on dvd players that lack dvd - audio decoders. a dvd - audio disc may also contain liner notes, lyrics, menu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5204853728481134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78d105c7-bbd7-4105-bd57-ea9ec992f50a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.019605"}
{"text": "it typically takes about a minute to scan a cd. pcm ( pulse code modulation ) a signal sampling and transmission standard which is used by numerous digital audio formats. standard cds employ pcm at a sampling rate of 44. 1khz, encoded at 16 - bit resolution. a memory feature found mainly in multi - cd changers. if you choose, the changer can store a portion of a cd ' s \" table of contents \" \u2014 including its unique identification information. this means that whenever you play this particular disc, the changer will recognize it. also, many models let you create and store titles for the discs loaded in the changer. \" jukebox \" - style changers often allow you to classify and store your music in categories like rock, jazz, etc. for easy group playback ( see \" music groups \" above ). a few cd and cd - r / rw decks let you increase or decrease the playback speed in precise increments \u2014 a great feature for djs, musicians, and dance instructors. standard track programming lets you pick which songs you want to hear. program delete takes a shortcut, letting you simply delete the songs that you don ' t want to hear. enables playback of the tracks on a cd ( or in the case of some cd changers, tracks on multiple discs ) in a random order selected by the player or changer. although sacds look the same as standard discs, they can hold much more digital information than regular cds. all sacds contain a studio - mixed, high - resolution stereo signal, and many also contain a high - resolution surround sound signal, which can carry up to six independent channels. sacd uses a process of sound recording and reproduction called direct stream digital\u2122, or dsd, instead of standard pcm. when an analog - to - digital converter digitizes an analog audio signal, it rapidly samples ( or takes \" snapshots \" of ) the analog signal ' s amplitude at regular intervals. these amplitude measurements are then converted to binary digital data \u2014 1s and 0s \u2014 for storage on a cd or other digital audio medium. the sampling rate ( or frequency ) is the number of samples taken per second. the standard sampling rate for cd is 44. 1khz \u2014 that ' s 44. 1 thousand snapshots per second. sampling rate converter converts incoming digital source signals at other sampling rates to the cd - standard 44. 1khz. most of our cd recorders offer this feature, which gives you more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6037504746937989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78d105c7-bbd7-4105-bd57-ea9ec992f50a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.021680"}
{"text": "' s 44. 1 thousand snapshots per second. sampling rate converter converts incoming digital source signals at other sampling rates to the cd - standard 44. 1khz. most of our cd recorders offer this feature, which gives you more options when recording from digital sources. in addition to 44. 1khz sources like cd and minidisc, you can make direct digital recordings of dat material at 32khz or 48khz, or digital satellite audio at 48khz. cd recorders with a sample rate converter bypass let you make a bit - for - bit perfect copy of any 44. 1khz audio disc \u2014 even dts or hdcd. skip track id cd recorders with this feature enable you to encode, prior to disc finalization, skip ids for tracks containing recording mistakes or unwanted material. when you play the disc back in the cd recorder itself, the tracks you have designated will automatically be skipped. ( note : some, but not all, standard cd and dvd players will support this feature when playing back discs recorded with skip ids ; others will play back all tracks on a disc, regardless of skip ids. ) the measure of the musical signal relative to background noise. the higher the s / n ratio, the cleaner the sound. lets you program a sequence of songs for playback in any order. variable line outputs if a cd player lists \" remote with volume control \" as a feature, that means it has variable line outputs \u2014 you can use the remote to adjust the volume level of the signal coming from the cd player itself. this feature is especially helpful for applications where the receiver or amplifier doesn ' t have its own remote control.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49833030069655265, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78d105c7-bbd7-4105-bd57-ea9ec992f50a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.022319"}
{"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / sylvan learning ) - summer outdoor play is central to a child ' s development. many experts agree that reading, however, is just as important. according to richard e. bavaria, ph. d., senior vice president of education outreach for sylvan learning, summer is the perfect time for learning and discovery. \" it ' s very important that children continue to practice their academic skills in summer as strong reading skills are incredibly important for all subjects in school. the more children read, the more they ' ll enjoy reading, and the better readers they ' re likely to become. \" here are some reading tips from the brain - trust at the national summer learning association and tutoring authority, sylvan learning. * be a reading role model. by spending time reading at the beach or using the lengthy directions to put the grill together, you show your child that reading is both fun and useful. * set aside a consistent time each day for reading. depending on your family ' s schedule, reading time might be in the morning, afternoon or before bed. whatever time you choose, stick to it! consistency is key to building good habits. * let your child make their reading choices. let kids read whatever they want. now is a good time to encourage reading about topics they don ' t study during school to explore new interests, discover new talents or delve into old hobbies. * get your child to savor the book she or he is reading. don ' t rush through a book - - take time to enjoy it. have your child stop and think about plot points and characters. this will develop their analytical skills. * set goals and reward effort. reward reading with more reading. download the next book in your child ' s favorite series on your tablet or kindle. let your child peruse library catalogues online for e - books. * read the book, then watch the movie. few things make kids feel more \" superior \" than comparing and contrasting a movie to the book it ' s based on. \" that ' s not the way it was in the book! \" let them explain the differences, guess why a director made those changes and then discuss which version they preferred. * go online for ideas. there are lots of websites for kids ' book choices. visit www. bookadventure. com for reading tips, book suggestions and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4289466186745987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:871836d8-88d1-4246-86e8-0c413f5d5eab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.024983"}
{"text": "the uk food standards agency ( fsa ) has issued a press release advising pregnant mothers to limit their intake of coffee and caffeine - containing substances. \" pregnant women are advised to limit their daily caffeine intake to 200mg a day \u2013 roughly two mugs of coffee a day \" due to a potential link with foetal growth retardation ( fgr ). this is a reduction from the previous advice of 300 mg per day, following an updated report from the fsa ' s independent committee on toxicity ( cot ). according to the committee, if there is a causal link then there may be no lower ' safe ' limit, but a caffeine intake of less than 200 mg per day during pregnancy may reduce the risk of fgr to less than 2 %. fgr is defined as failure of the baby to attain its growth potential as determined by genetic and environmental factors. the fsa funded research published by the british medical journal which measured caffeine intake from all sources ( coffee, tea, colas and medication ) in pregnant women, and then measured their babies when they were born. the xenobiotic caffeine can be detoxified from the body in four main ways, 3 - demethylation being quantitatively the most important : caffeine is converted to paraxanthine by the enzyme cytochrome p450 1a2 ( cyp1a2 ). this is one of the enzymes which often has low activity in the gt4 explorer genotype, and is responsible for explorers being up all night after drinking coffee. the researchers measured the cyp1a2 enzyme activity as the main form of caffeine clearance in the mothers taking part in the study. they found that the mothers with the highest cyp1a2 activity passed the most caffeine and caffeine metabolites to their foetus via the placenta. cyp1a2 activity is absent in the placenta and the fetus. this means that like the gt4 explorer, the unborn baby won ' t get much sleep after their mother has drunk coffee. what is the problem with having smaller babies? it is a well known epigenetic risk factor, as the cot study says : fgr is an important outcome because it is associated with an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity, including perinatal asphyxia. moreover, there is epidemiological evidence that fgr correlates with adverse effects in adult life. for example, affected individuals have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44738490998310837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb5778d1-2c6c-432a-b787-cdd0cf2ff11e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.028885"}
{"text": "when news happens, text sde and your photos or videos to 80360. or contact us by email and phone. southampton ' s historic dock gates saved from demolition southampton \u2019 s famous dock gates have been saved. a government preservation order has been placed on the imposing landmarks, just days before they could have been knocked down. when plans by associated british ports ( abp ), owners and operators of the city \u2019 s docks, emerged last month to demolish the distinctive structures, there was a local outcry to save the long - standing landmark gates. following a recommendation by english heritage to the government, the entrances at dock gate 8 and dock gate 10 have now been safeguarded for future generations and are officially listed as grade ii buildings. heritage watchdog the city of southampton society was so concerned over the planned destruction it submitted an application straight away once details of the proposed scheme were made public. arthur jeffery, the society \u2019 s vice - chairman, said : \u201c we are absolutely delighted at this news as the gates are an important part of the city \u2019 s historic waterfront. \u201c these are art deco style gates and the society feared that they could have gone the same way as the former ocean terminal in the eastern docks back in 1982. \u201d southampton city council also recommended the gates to be listed, describing them as \u201c a rare and evocative survival of inter - war maritime port structures of clear special architectural and historical interest \u201d. a grade ii listing means a structure is considered to be nationally important and imposes strict regulations and limitations on future work and repairs, which can be carried out on the structure. back in the 1950s when the docks were known as the \u201c gateway the world \u201d because of the many ships departing to all corners of the globe, these were the two gates through which most people began their journeys. during the second world war the structures, especially dock gate 8, guarded the docksides, especially during the build - up to d - day in june, 1944, when more than two million american soldiers left southampton for the beaches of normandy. the same gate was the backdrop when hundreds of dispirited german prisoners of war trudged from the waterfront before being dispersed to various camps. abp had wanted permission to demolish the gates and was making preparations for the work to be done at the end of this month. the port operator argued that the gates, which have stood since the development of the western docks in the 1930s, were obstacles standing in the way of progress and demolition would allow bigger loads to enter the port, ease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41762730555943833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32cd7af7-af32-4c2a-aeb7-248e5b917e91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.034476"}
{"text": "states navy ships each year face many threats. while large threats mandate heavy munitions or rockets, the majority of threats are from small motorboats with armed occupants. dealing with these threats is tricky - - larger munitions are potentially lethal and expensive. but using smaller munitions places the ship ' s crew at risk. thus the non - lethal accuracy of a laser weapon would be a highly desirable tool for the u. s. maritime warriors. sailors ' dreams of having such a weapon at their disposal advanced a step forward to reality, with northrop grumman corp. ( noc ) and the u. s. office of naval research ( onr ) completing the first live test [ press release ] of a solid state weapon laser at on wednesday the uss paul foster, a decommissioned destroyer, was retrofitted with northrop grumman ' s 15 - kilowatt solid - state high - energy laser ( hel ) prototype. the laser creates a high - energy burst of light by running electrons through specially designed pieces of glass or crystals. the eventual goal of the $ 98m usd maritime laser demonstrator ( mld ) is to install 100 - kilowatt lasers on ships. but the smaller 15 - kilowatt system proved it might be sufficiently deadly for some applications. motoring into the u. s. ' s pacific testing range near san nicholas island off the coast of central california, the ship set its aim at a large inflatable motorboat, moving a mile away. firing a pulse of light, the experimental laser struck a crippling blow [ video ] damaging the engines and setting them on fire. the target was crippled, floating dead in the ocean. the success was not easy. the scientists had to deal with ocean waves that could reach four feet in height. and they had to deal with the day ' s humidity and the salty air over ocean waters. but adverse conditions did not stop the laser from finding is mark with a killing shot. describes rear adm. nevin carr [ profile ] in an interview with wired ' s danger room, \" i spent my life at sea and i never thought we \u2019 d see this kind of progress this quickly, where we \u2019 re approaching a decision of when we can put laser weapons on ships. when we were doing the shot and the engine went, there was elation in the control room. it \u2019 s a big step, a proof of principle for directed energy weapons. [ ten kilowatt beams like the test laser ] can be operated in existing power levels and cooling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49360199724033826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34e498f9-5a79-4b69-bef6-10ab2b5c8f50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.038083"}
{"text": "and the engine went, there was elation in the control room. it \u2019 s a big step, a proof of principle for directed energy weapons. [ ten kilowatt beams like the test laser ] can be operated in existing power levels and cooling levels on the u. s. navy could see deployment of lasers to warships over the course of the next decade, though their installation will require new crew training and the development of new battle tactics to fully leverage their capabilities. small lasers could be used effectively both against airborne targets like uavs and against small ships that lack thick metal plating. northrop grumman ' s rival raytheon comp. ( rtn ) has successfully killed uavs with a laser system that couples six solid - state lasers with an output of 32 kilowatts. in the more distant future ( the 2020s, specifically ) the navy is working on a \" superlaser \", a megawatt - class laser capable of cutting through 2, 000 feet of steel per second and offering battle - sinking power. the more powerful onr laser is called the free electron laser. leveraging a new technique called free electron injection, the project has made significant progress already. adm. carr comments, \" this is an important data point, but i still want the megawatt death ray. \" the u. s. navy is not alone in its thirst for laser guns. the u. s. air force is also testing new laser designs that could be mounted to helicopter gunships and used to cripple uavs, missiles, humvees and lesser vehicles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5329493504506659, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34e498f9-5a79-4b69-bef6-10ab2b5c8f50>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.038656"}
{"text": "there is a \" quick \" method of estimating time to harvest a drought damaged corn field : the \" squeeze test \". - select a few stalks ( like described in the previous paragraph ) and chop them into pieces about the same size that the silage chopper would using a heavy knife or cleaver. also, you could chop a round of the field with a silage chopper and sample the chopped material. grab a hand full of the chopped material and squeeze it for 30 seconds. - if the juices drip easily from the material, then it is too wet. in this situation, wait to chop in a couple of days or test again in a couple of days. - if the sample doesn ' t drip any juices from the squeezed material, then slowly open your hand. - if the stalk material remains compacted and doesn ' t fall apart or quickly expand back, the moisture level is acceptable for ensiling. - if your hand is not wet and the stalk material falls apart when you open your hand, the material is too dry to ensile. if the chopped silage is too wet : - stop chopping and allow the field to dry. - or - - add whole corn, dried distillers grains, or ground dry forage. to avoid the nitrates, the chopper head could be set to leave an 8 inch stubble. this will result in a reduction in yield. the ensiling process will reduce nitrate 30 to 60 percent, so a compromise is leaving a 6 inch stubble. droughted corn silage will be 85 % to 95 % the energy value of regular corn silage depending on the number of ears on the stalk. the protein content can be slightly greater than regular corn silage. before feeding, sample and test for moisture, energy ( tdn ), crude protein, and nitrates. pricing drought corn silage is a bit of a challenge. rule of thumb has been that each ton of 65 % moisture corn silage in the bunker is priced at 9 to 10 times price of a bushel of corn ( normal, well - eared corn ). pricing the standing crop is a little more difficult to determine. below are two ways some have priced it in the field. - ton price is 5 times price of a bushel of corn ( earless corn ) - ton price is 6 to 7 times price of a bushel of corn ( low grain corn - less than 100 bu / a ). it is hard to estimate the amount of silage that will be produced in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4338179764974251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68d33b01-d554-41cf-8fcc-9005c5e3dfa8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.041379"}
{"text": "this website is no longer being updated. visit dartmouth now for all news published after june 7, 2010. dartmouth college office of public affairs \u2022 press release posted 5 / 10 / 10 \u2022 media contact : office of public affairs ( 603 ) 646 - 3661 by using entire islands as experimental laboratories, two dartmouth biologists have performed one of the largest manipulations of natural selection ever conducted in a wild animal population. their results, published online on may 9 by the journal nature, show that competition among lizards is more important than predation by birds and snakes when it comes to survival of the fittest lizard. podcast : lizards and evolution \" when tennyson wrote that nature is ' red in tooth and claw ', i think the image in his head was something like a discovery channel version of a lion chasing down a gazelle \" said ryan calsbeek, an assistant professor of biology at dartmouth college and a co - author of the study. \" while that may often be the case, intense natural selection can also arise through competition. sometimes, death by competitor can be more important than death by predator \". to show this effect, the researchers covered multiple small islands in the bahamas with bird - proof netting to keep predatory birds at bay. other islands were left open to bird predators, and on still other islands, the researchers added predatory snakes to expose the lizards to both bird and snake predators. next, they tracked the lizards over the summer to record which lizards lived and which died on the different islands. \" we found repeated evidence that death by predators occurred at random with respect to traits like body size and running ability \" said robert cox, a post - doctoral researcher at dartmouth and calsbeek ' s co - author. \" but we also found that increasing the density of lizards on an island consistently created strong natural selection favoring larger size and better running ability. \" calsbeek and cox explain that in high - density populations, the intensity of competition for food, space, and other resources is likely to increase. in turn, this increased competition favors the biggest, toughest lizards on the island. \" the lizards play for keeps, \" said calsbeek, \" and there ' s no room for the meek when times get tough \". though the researchers note that competition will not always be more important than predation in other species or in different environments, they emphasize that their study has broad social implications because it demonstrates the ability to conduct evolutionary experiments in natural animal populations. \" many people are skeptical of evolutionary biology because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48608567730127333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68f61f8e-08a4-4451-87a3-616cbebb6771>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.044186"}
{"text": "it costs far more to execute a person than to keep him or her in prison for life. a 2011 study found that california has spent more than $ 4 billion on capital punishment since it was reinstated in 1978 and that death penalty trials are 20 times more expensive than trials seeking a sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole. california currently spends $ 184 million on the death penalty each year and is on track to spend $ 1 billion in the next five years. 2 ) there is no credible evidence that capital punishment deters crime. scientific studies have consistently failed to demonstrate that executions deter people from committing crime anymore than long prison sentences. moreover, states without the death penalty have much lower murder rates. the south accounts for 80 % of us executions and has the highest regional murder rate. 3 ) innocent people have been convicted and executed. the wrongful execution of an innocent person is an injustice that can never be rectified. since the reinstatement of the death penalty, 140 men and women have been released from death row nationally.... some only minutes away from execution. moreover, in the past two years evidence has come to light which indicates that four men may have been wrongfully executed in recent years for crimes they did not commit. this error rate is simply appalling, and completely unacceptable, when we are talking about life and death. 4 ) race plays a role in determining who lives and who dies. the race of the victim and the race of the defendant in capital cases are major factors in determining who is sentenced to die in this country. in 1990 a report from the general accounting office concluded that \" in 82 percent of the studies [ reviewed ], race of the victim was found to influence the likelihood of being charged with capital murder or receiving the death penalty, i. e. those who murdered whites were more likely to be sentenced to death than those who murdered blacks. \" 5 ) the death penalty is applied at random. politics, quality of legal counsel and the jurisdiction where a crime is committed are more often the determining factors in a death penalty case than the facts of the crime itself. the death penalty is a lethal lottery : of the 22, 000 homicides committed every year approximately 150 people are sentenced to death. 7 ) the usa is keeping company with notorious human rights abusers. the vast majority of countries in western europe, north america and south america \u2014 more than 139 nations worldwide \u2014 have abandoned capital punishment in law or in practice. the united states remains in the same company as iraq, iran and china as one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43258078564289887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33555471-2ddf-4942-971c-6850622c2a70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.049261"}
{"text": "##rs. the vast majority of countries in western europe, north america and south america \u2014 more than 139 nations worldwide \u2014 have abandoned capital punishment in law or in practice. the united states remains in the same company as iraq, iran and china as one of the major advocates and users of capital punishment. 8 ) millions currently spent on the death penalty could be used to assist the families of murder victims. many family members who have lost love ones to murder feel that the death penalty will not heal their wounds nor will it end their pain ; the extended process prior to executions can prolong the agony experienced by the family. funds now being used for the costly process of executions could be used to help families put their lives back together through counseling, restitution, crime victim hotlines, and other services addressing their needs. 9 ) bad lawyers are a persistent problem in capital cases perhaps the most important factor in determining whether a defendant will receive the death penalty is the quality of the representation he or she is provided. almost all defendants in capital cases cannot afford their own attorneys. in many cases, the appointed attorneys are overworked, underpaid, or lacking the trial experience required for death penalty cases. there have even been instances in which lawyers appointed to a death case were so inexperienced that they were completely unprepared for the sentencing phase of the trial. other appointed attorneys have slept through parts of the trial, or arrived at the court under the influence of alcohol. 10 ) life without parole is a sensible alternative to the death penalty in every state that retains the death penalty, jurors have the option of sentencing convicted capital murderers to life in prison without the possibility of parole. the sentence is cheaper to tax - payers and keeps violent offenders off the streets for good. unlike the death penalty, a sentence of life without parole also allows mistakes to be corrected. there are currently over 3, 300 people in california who have received this alternative sentence, which also has a more limited appeals process last approximately 3 years. according to the california governor ' s office, only seven people sentenced to life without parole have been released since the state provided for this option in 1977, and this occurred because they were able to prove their innocence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43139993307056995, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33555471-2ddf-4942-971c-6850622c2a70>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.050391"}
{"text": "through education, outreach, legal reform, and direct support for on - the - ground conservation programs, defenders is working to enhance the conservation of six of the world ' s seven endangered species of sea turtles that nest in mexico. we have succeeded in getting new regulations adopted to protect sea turtle nesting sites from disruption by light sources, vegetation removal, dune destruction and mishandling of nests and newborn sea turtles. visit our species at risk : sea turtles page for more information about what we \u2019 re doing to help sea turtles. despite a moratorium on commercial whaling that began in the 1980s, every year some countries try to overturn the moratorium and remove international protections for whales. defenders continues to fight these attempts through our work with international treaties. another major threat to whales accidental trapping in fishing gear. in 2007, defenders was successful in getting drift nets and surface nets banned in the shark fishery in mexico. mangroves are a very important coastal ecosystem that supports many endangered species like sea turtles, manatees, parrots and many types of fish. they also support 70 % of all commercial fisheries serving as breeding, refuge and feeding sites \u2014 for example the shrimp fishery. defenders has been instrumental in getting landmark legislation adopted in mexico to protect mangroves from tourist and industrial developments, shrimp farms and other threats. migratory birds face many threats during their migration as a result of habitat destruction and pollution. in mexico, wild birds are still being trapped for the pet trade and, in some parts, are still hunted for food. defenders of wildife has launched a campaign to promote birdwatching to encourage bird conservation. we are working alongside environmental and tourism authorities and helping produce bird guides to help state and local governments and local conservation groups promote birdwatching in their areas. our goal is to change the way mexicans perceive birds and put an end to bird trapping for the pet trade.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42566719625512606, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14477ebf-a35f-4c75-9140-2adb628d6062>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.052547"}
{"text": "nasa ' s romantically named new horizons is well on its way to the distant dwarf - planet pluto. the plutonium - powered spacecraft, traveling at 47, 000 mph, will flyby chilly pluto in july 2015. if successful, it will be the first manmade object ever to reach pluto which swings between 2. 7 and 4. 5 billion miles from the sun. new mexico astronomer clyde tombaugh discovered pluto accidentally in 1930. i had the honor of meeting and chatting with tombaugh at a 1977 meeting of the lehigh valley amateur astronomical society of pennsylvania. tombaugh was a gentle and humble man. i think he would be proud of the new horizons mission to reach this smallest of planets. pluto is one of the farthest, large planetary body from our sun. occasionally, pluto gives up this position to neptune due to the unusual, elliptical plutonian orbit. a year on pluto lasts 248 terrestrial years. in 2000, after scrubbing its so - called pluto fast flyby, later renamed kuiper - pluto express mission, space agency officials were forced to reconsider their mistake when many scientists and vocal pro - space groups protested loudly. \" we have to get to pluto quickly, \" many experts claimed. so, from the ashes of the pff / kpe mission was born new horizons. but what ' s the hurry and why should we visit pluto now? as it moves away from the sun, pluto ' s atmosphere will re - freeze falling to the surface as a nitrogen - carbon dioxide - methane snow sometime around the year 2020. hence, scientists are anxious to get to pluto now, while it still has a gaseous atmosphere. what will we find when we finally visit pluto? varying in its elliptical orbit between 2. 7 and 4. 5 billion miles from the sun, the rock and ice - bound planet ' s surface must be terribly cold, colder than liquid nitrogen. estimates place pluto ' s surface at a cryogenically chilly minus 396 degrees fahrenheit. that ' s cold enough for water ice to act like rock. but the warmer interior protected by miles of thick nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide ices, and heated by radioactive rocks at the planet ' s core, may support a deep layer of liquid water - a plutonian ocean. it ' s fun to speculate what life forms might have evolved in that stygian sea.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4860946493281588, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64b4d232-43ce-4da5-8d1a-9c3fcd2fedae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.054967"}
{"text": "the netbeans open source story one of the most interesting places where open source and java technology overlap is a little integrated development environment ( ide ) known as netbeans. netbeans ' path to open - sourcedom was a circuitous one. in 1996, a group of czech students set out to author an ide in pure java. the idea was to take the best features of delphi and create an easy - to - use, cross - platform environment where code could be edited, tested, and debugged. they called their software xelfi. enter czech entrepreneur - engineer roman stanek. encouraged by meeting with internet visionary and venture capitalist esther dyson, stanek was on the lookout for a good idea to capitalize on. he stumbled across the xelfi group on the web, struck a deal with the developers, founded netbeans with his own money, and then received funding from dyson. the company remained lean, releasing several versions of the ide and supporting the latest in java technology, such as swing, servlets, jdbc, javaserver pages ( jsp ), and xml. the ide was built to be compact, robust, and easy to use and install. sales offices were opened in silicon valley. but the company was hard - pressed to turn big profits, given the economics of software tools and java ' s client - side behavior. because the product was written in java, it was slower and required more memory than native - code ides. also, other development tool vendors most notably microsoft could afford to give their products away cheaply, or even for free. meanwhile, sun microsystems, creator of java, had no real java development tools to speak of. most users found sun ' s java workshop and java studio products lacking and difficult to work with. in order to promote the use of java, wanting to make java a universal language, sun had a strong reason to support a powerful java ide that ran on any platform and could easily be extended. the pc had some strong ides for java development such as borland ' s jbuilder, symantec ' s visual cafe ( now owned by webgain ), ibm ' s visual age, oracle ' s jdeveloper, and microsoft ' s now - discontinued visual j + +. but there were few good java - centric environments for linux, solaris, or other operating systems. so sun bought two leading java tool companies forte and netbeans. they rolled together forte", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43273106414488793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7186f7c4-4af9-4e17-8a91-1a13be2ced9e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.062229"}
{"text": "microsoft ' s now - discontinued visual j + +. but there were few good java - centric environments for linux, solaris, or other operating systems. so sun bought two leading java tool companies forte and netbeans. they rolled together forte ' s synerj ide and netbeans and released a pretty decent product called forte for java community edition. they gave forte away for free. they also released pricier versions : an internet edition for developing back - end software on a single web server and an enterprise edition for deploying large, distributed java applications. but while the forte products were popular, they didn ' t exactly spread like wildfire. and it was costly to continually add all the features that developers were requesting. and so, in june 2000, sun decided to take every netbeans component ( except for the browser and compiler ) open source. with the help of a company called collab. net, sun deployed a place for developers to work called netbeans. org. the license is called the sun public license ( spl ), a minor variation of the open - source mozilla public license ( mpl ) from netscape. netbeans code continues to form the basis for sun ' s official suite of forte products. essentially, sun \" productizes \" major netbeans drops by extensively testing them and branding them with items such as official sun splash screens. they then provide forte ' s users with full technical support. setting it free sun ' s motivation for open sourcing netbeans is clear. letting developers get their hands dirty with the code will make for a richer ide that will work on many platforms and contain features and a user interface that developers actually find useful. such a product would, so goes the theory, create a wider base of more dedicated java programmers. allowing the community to work on netbeans code is also a smart political move on sun ' s part, helping to build trust and dedication among java developers. many people have their eyes on netbeans as a possible indicator of whether sun will embrace open source for other java products, or even components of the java language itself. along with the usual open - source debate, such as whether letting too many cooks stir the pot will add bugs or make for higher - quality product, there are lots of other questions : can forte compete with commercial ides, which are usually faster and more stable? so far, it seems to be keeping pace. forte ' s ability to quickly weave together the latest java technologies makes it a favorite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44255598104173555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7186f7c4-4af9-4e17-8a91-1a13be2ced9e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.063263"}
{"text": ", there are lots of other questions : can forte compete with commercial ides, which are usually faster and more stable? so far, it seems to be keeping pace. forte ' s ability to quickly weave together the latest java technologies makes it a favorite among both reviewers and users. and the price is definitely competitive. but it ' s unclear whether forte ' s target audience hard - core developers enjoy using ides at all : many are happy using notepad or vi or other text editing programs. but the real question is how many independent developers will actually take their time and effort to work on netbeans for no pay? looking at the latest list of contributors brings up only 60 different developers, most of who are on the sun payroll. certainly, having access to the source code is incredibly useful for companies hoping to write plug - ins or attachments to forte. but for the average java developer, there ' s little reason other than sheer curiosity to waste much time with netbeans. all that being said, netbeans is an impressive collection of code. the open architecture allows third - party vendors to develop plug - ins such as no magic ' s magic draw uml diagram designer or metamata ' s debug utility. sun itself has created a cool j2me wireless toolkit that plugs into forte and makes it easy for developers to create applications for java - based cell phones. netbeans ' main modules include the core, the source editor, a debugger, a form editor, java support, open ide plug - in support, web support, and other tools. some experimental modules modules that are currently being worked on but are not necessarily stable include integration with the ant build tool, support for c or c + +, an emacs text editor, a way to view or edit java bytecode, jini support, scripting language support, a wizard to help make classes serializable, and native filesystem support. there ' s also a lengthy wish list for future modules requesting support for things like argouml, the retrologic obfuscator, to - do lists, pizza, xml beans, junit testing, jni, jikes, image editing, javacc, java3d, and much more. it ' s easy to join the development effort. as with all open source products, you can help a lot just by trying out forte or the latest netbeans drop and writing detailed bug reports when things go awry. you can also request features or modules that you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4322885972540134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7186f7c4-4af9-4e17-8a91-1a13be2ced9e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.064966"}
{"text": "to join the development effort. as with all open source products, you can help a lot just by trying out forte or the latest netbeans drop and writing detailed bug reports when things go awry. you can also request features or modules that you think sound cool without having to write them yourself. your dreams might be made reality. of course, the biggest component of open source is the source code itself. you can either download the latest archive of code or see the code online. if you want to get serious about netbeans, though, you ' ll need to use the concurrent versions system ( cvs ) of source control an open standard for storing and editing source code. the source for netbeans can be found in a cvs database with directories for every top - level project and subdirectories for individual components. you can download a cvs client, or, surprise - surprise, use cvs support via a stable version of netbeans itself. you can log in without a password to get anonymous read - only access to any code file. often, you ' ll just need to build the specific component you ' re interested in working on. the component can then \" plug in \" to a stable netbeans build. you can either build by hand using the latest version of the java development kit, or use a custom make - system such as ant. the first thing you ' ll want to play around with is bug fixing. find a module you ' re interested in and have a look at the bugzilla database. if you find the solution, either post your idea for a fix or write a code patch and post it to the bug database. really motivated programmers may want to create their own modules from scratch. one can write a module according to the netbeans openapi and sell it, give it away, whatever. if you want your module part of the open source effort, however, send the finished code to firstname. lastname @ example. org. an archive of your message, as well as any responses, is available on the netbeans site. if your module is accepted, you ' ll become the proud owner of the component and can oversee its development. it will be given its own cvs directory, bug database category, mailing list, and series of web pages. you can use the sun public license or any license you want ( general public license, lesser general public license ). if you ' re ready to contribute seriously to a piece of the netbeans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43041387432664624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7186f7c4-4af9-4e17-8a91-1a13be2ced9e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.066333"}
{"text": "reston, va. \u2014 for the first time, u. s. geological survey scientists have mapped long - term average evapotranspiration rates across the continental united states \u2013 a crucial tool for water managers and planners because of the huge role evapotranspiration plays in water availability. why are evapotranspiration rates so important to know? it ' s because the amount of water available for people and ecosystems is the amount of annual precipitation \u2013 that is, snow or rain \u2013 minus the amount of annual evapotranspiration. evapotranspiration itself is the amount of water lost to the atmosphere from the ground surface. much of this loss is the result of the \" transpiration \" of water by plants, which is the plant equivalent of breathing. just as people release water vapor when they breathe, plants do too. \" since evapotranspiration consumes more than half of the precipitation that happens every year, knowing the evapotranspiration rates in different regions of the country is a solid leap forward in enabling water managers and policy makers to know how much water is available for use in their specific region, \" said bill werkheiser, associate director for water at the usgs. \" just as importantly, \" he added, \" this knowledge will help them better plan for the water availability challenges that will occur as our climate changes since transpiration rates vary widely depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, soil type, and wind. \" in spite of its importance, evapotranspiration has been difficult to measure accurately on a regional or continental scale. to produce these maps, usgs scientists ward sanford and david selnick examined landsat satellite imagery for climate and land - cover data from 1971 to 2000 and streamflow data for more than 800 watersheds for the same time period. this information allowed them to generate a mathematical equation that can be used to more precisely estimate long - term evapotranspiration at any location in the continental united states. \" the map of the long - term average annual evapotranspiration rates for different areas should be immensely helpful for ensuring the long - term, sustainable use of water in different regions, especially since forecasted climate change will, in many places, change the amount of precipitation and evapotranspiration that occurs, \" sanford said. \" this tool, for example, allows water managers to quantify surface water runoff to reservoirs or water recharge to aquifers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4693647116212971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d56e73fe-2447-46cf-8d7c-f91193b0be37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.072731"}
{"text": "many places, change the amount of precipitation and evapotranspiration that occurs, \" sanford said. \" this tool, for example, allows water managers to quantify surface water runoff to reservoirs or water recharge to aquifers. it will also enable natural resource planners to understand the water needed for healthy - functioning ecosystems. \" one interesting finding illustrated in the maps is that in certain regions of the united states, such as the high plains and the central valley of california, evapotranspiration exceeds the amount of precipitation because water is imported from other regions. the map also shows that the pacific northwest has many areas with low evapotranspiration to precipitation rates because of the area \u2019 s very high rainfall and low - to - moderate temperatures. in contrast, counties in the arid southwest have evapotranspiration rates that usually exceed 80 percent of precipitation. the research was published this week in the journal of the american water resources association. to read the article and see the maps, click here. denton, texas - residents and business owners in haltom city, texas can now enjoy a reduction in flood insurance premiums because of the city ' s active participation in the national flood insurance program ' s ( nfip ) community rating system ( crs ). in addition to lower premiums, the crs program helps to reduce the threat of damage due to flooding. language english denton, texas \u2013 residents, business and residential renters, and business owners in deer park, texas can now enjoy a 5 to 10 percent reduction in flood insurance premiums because of the city \u2019 s active participation in the national flood insurance program \u2019 s ( nfip ) community rating system ( crs ). this means those policyholders who reside in special flood hazard areas ( sfha ) will receive a 10 percent reduction on flood insurance premiums, and policyholders located outside the sfha will enjoy a 5 percent discount. language english new york \u2013 survivors with home accessibility needs because of hurricane sandy, especially older adults and people with disabilities, are encouraged to stay in touch with the federal emergency management agency. fema may be able to assist if elevators or electricity are not working properly, even if the structure did not sustain damage. language english trenton, n. j. - - just two weeks remain for hurricane sandy survivors in new jersey to register for potential recovery assistance with the federal emergency management agency. the deadline is friday, march 1 at 10 p. m. local time by phone and at midnight for those who register online.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4471260964253865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d56e73fe-2447-46cf-8d7c-f91193b0be37>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.073758"}
{"text": "just two weeks remain for hurricane sandy survivors in new jersey to register for potential recovery assistance with the federal emergency management agency. the deadline is friday, march 1 at 10 p. m. local time by phone and at midnight for those who register online. language english new york \u2013 disaster help begins with registering with the federal emergency management agency and the feb. 27 deadline is coming up soon. less than two weeks remain for hurricane sandy survivors to register for help from fema. that \u2019 s the same deadline for returning the disaster loan application to the u. s. small business administration. language english harrisburg, pa. - - philadelphia county has been added to the public assistance declaration for hurricane sandy recovery in pennsylvania, according to officials from the pennsylvania emergency management agency ( pema ) and the federal emergency management agency ( fema ). this announcement makes categories a - g of the federal public assistance program available to eligible local governments and certain private nonprofit organizations in philadelphia county. language english trenton, n. j. - - disaster recovery centers in new jersey will close for presidents day monday, feb. 18. small business administration disaster loan outreach and business recovery centers also will be closed. the centers will resume normal hours tuesday, feb. 19. language english following is a summary of key federal disaster aid programs that can be made available as needed and warranted under president obama \u2019 s major disaster declaration issued for mississippi. assistance for affected individuals and families can include as required : language english washington - - the u. s. department of homeland security ' s federal emergency management agency announced that federal disaster aid has been made available to the state of mississippi and ordered federal aid to supplement state, tribal, and local recovery efforts in the area affected by severe storms, tornadoes, and flooding beginning on february 10, 2013, and continuing. the president ' s action makes federal funding available to affected individuals in forrest and lamar counties. language english new york \u2013 more than 500 residents from new york city \u2019 s five boroughs and long island have been hired by fema in the aftermath of hurricane sandy. within the first weeks of the storm, fema deployed nearly 3, 800 reservists from all over the country. these reservists came from every walk of life and professional background. for example, in external affairs, a former tv broadcaster from tennessee may work alongside a retired navy public affairs officer from missouri. language english trenton, n. j. - - the disaster recovery center at boardwalk hall in atlantic city will close thursday, feb. 14, at 7 p. m. state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38742500619304276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d56e73fe-2447-46cf-8d7c-f91193b0be37>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.074902"}
{"text": "broadcaster from tennessee may work alongside a retired navy public affairs officer from missouri. language english trenton, n. j. - - the disaster recovery center at boardwalk hall in atlantic city will close thursday, feb. 14, at 7 p. m. state and federal officials have been paying close attention to how many applicants are visiting centers throughout the state. over the past weeks, the number of individuals seeking help at the atlantic city center has dropped, indicating the information needs of survivors in the area have mostly been met. language english trenton, n. j. - - getting free advice on how to repair or rebuild your home to minimize future disaster damage is as easy as visiting your local home improvement store. specialists from the federal emergency management agency will offer their expertise on building techniques that can help protect your home, business or other property. this free service also offers information and publications on topics such as : language english new york \u2013 hurricane sandy survivors in new york have until 3 p. m. saturday, feb. 16, 2013, to visit four disaster recovery centers. the state of new york and the federal emergency management agency closely monitor visitor traffic at all new york recovery centers. traffic at the four centers has slowed, indicating the information needs of survivors in those areas have mostly been met. so far, there have been more than 13, 000 visits to the four centers combined. language english new york \u2013 following hurricane sandy, the federal emergency management agency has been working to reimburse local governments and some private nonprofits for some of the costs of emergency response, debris removal and for repairing or rebuilding damaged public facilities. so far, nearly $ 608 million in public assistance ( pa ) grant funding from fema has been approved for projects in the 14 new york counties designated for pa disaster assistance. language english", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3909654525613564, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d56e73fe-2447-46cf-8d7c-f91193b0be37>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.075687"}
{"text": "what is hpv? hpv stands for human papillomavirus. there are animal papillomaviruses too, but they cannot infect humans. hpv is a large family composed of species ( groups ) and then types. for instance, there are two major species that contain the 15 types of hpv that cause cancer. one species contains hpv 18 and 45, the most common causes of glandular cancers ; the other species contains hpv 16, 31, 33, 51, 52, 58, the most common causes of squamous cancers. most of the cancers are related to hpv 16 because hpv 16 is the quickest to progress into a cancer, but the other types, given enough time, can also form cancers. there is another species that contains 6 types associated with genital warts including hpv 6, 11, 13, 44, 55, and 74. these types do not cause cancer. when hpv invades the skin cell and stays separate from your human dna, it can change cells into warts and abnormal areas that are not cancer pre - cursors, and it can reproduce making more viruses to infect you or others. when hpv invades the skin cell and inserts itself into your human dna to become part of your human dna, it can no longer reproduce and make more viruses, but it can set off the genes to start the cancer process. how does one get hpv? do i have to have sex to get hpv? what about oral sex? hpv is a human skin - to - human skin contact infection. not fluids, not blood, not saliva, not sperm. hpv that causes hand and feet warts are very different types than the types that cause genital warts or cancer. a hand wart will not give you genital warts. hpv types that cause cancer live in moist, generally dark, places, such as in the soft tissue under your fingernails, and the genitals, anus and mouth. for men who are not circumcised, under the foreskin is the most likely place of infection and cancer. but the penile shaft and the scrotum can be hpv - infected as well. for women, the vulva or outside genital skin, including the labia ( lips ), can be infected with hpv types that cause cancer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4568742706610037, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b17d8a6d-0fab-4233-be3f-f1efb9c016db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.077971"}
{"text": "the oyster farm oyster clusters are raised on wires, known as \" strings \", submerged into drakes estero. drake \u2019 s bay oyster company ' s growing area has the finest water quality of any growing area in the state of california, period. these waters contain the only approved growing waters in the state of california. this approved growing area is the only one in the state that is never closed due to potential pathogen spikes following rainfall events. decades of water sampling have proven this is one of the safest shellfish growing waters on the north american continent. a deep - water upwelling just off the coast of drakes bay provides cool, nutrient - rich water year - round to drake \u2019 s estero. this clean, nutrient - rich water produces what are recognized as some of the finest oysters in the world. in california, drake \u2019 s bay oyster company is the only commercial oyster producer that performs its own remote seed setting. remote setting allows the company to produce its own oyster seed ( baby oysters ) on site. farm worker moving the day ' s catch to shore. currently, the shellfish species produced in the drake \u2019 s estero include pacific oysters and manila clams. these shellfish continue to be produced as \" singles \" and are sold live in - shell as well as shucked and packed in various sized containers. the water temperature of drakes estero is too cold for the non - native oysters to spawn on their own, so they must be seeded by hand, eliminating the risk of unintended invasion. the drakes bay oyster farm produces its own shellfish seed by performing remote setting on - farm. this advanced hatchery technique allows the farm to curtail the purchasing of seed ( small shellfish ) from producers in other waters and thus the risk of introduction of other contaminates and non - native species.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4504096495370995, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6498957a-0445-47b2-ae3d-68d2575f0e27>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.079892"}
{"text": "severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) is a serious form of pneumonia, resulting in acute respiratory distress and sometimes death. it is a dramatic example of how quickly world travel can spread a disease. it is also an example of how quickly a networked health system can respond to an emerging threat. this contagious respiratory infection was first described on february 26, 2003. sars was identified as a new disease by who physician dr. carlo urbani. he diagnosed it in a 48 - year - old businessman who had traveled from the guangdong province of china, through hong kong, to hanoi, vietnam. the businessman died from the illness. dr. urbani subsequently died from sars on march 29, 2003 at the age of 46. in the meantime, sars was spreading, and within 6 weeks of its discovery, it had infected thousands of people around the world, including people in asia, australia, europe, africa, and north and south america. schools had closed throughout hong kong and singapore. national economies were affected. the who had identified sars as a global health threat, and issued an unprecedented travel advisory. daily who updates tracked the spread of sars seven days a week. it wasn \u2019 t clear whether sars would become a global pandemic, or would settle into a less aggressive pattern. the rapid, global public health response helped to stem the spread of the virus, and by june 2003, the epidemic had subsided to the degree that on june 7 the who backed off from its daily reports. nevertheless, even as the number of new cases dwindled, and travel advisories began to be lifted, the sober truth remained : every new case had the potential to spark another outbreak. sars appears to be here to stay, and to have changed the way that the world responds to infectious diseases in the era of widespread international travel. causes and risk factors sars is caused by a new member of the coronavirus family ( the same family that can cause the common cold ). the discovery of these viral particles represents some of the fastest identification of a new organism in history. sars is clearly spread by droplet contact. when someone with sars coughs or sneezes, infected droplets are sprayed into the air. like other coronaviruses, the sars virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours after the droplets have dried. while droplet transmission through close contact was responsible for most of the early cases of sars, evidence began to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4904939145852227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a3c50a-ef00-400a-8472-a37c65fde10d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.086183"}
{"text": "live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours after the droplets have dried. while droplet transmission through close contact was responsible for most of the early cases of sars, evidence began to mount that sars might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets had touched. airborne transmission was a real possibility in some cases. live virus had even been found in the stool of people with sars, where it has been shown to live for up to four days. and the virus may be able to live for months or years when the temperature is below freezing. with other coronaviruses, re - infection is common. preliminary reports suggest that this may also be the case with sars. preliminary estimates are that the incubation period is usually between two and ten days, although there have been documented cases where the onset of illness was considerably faster or slower. people with active symptoms of illness are clearly contagious, but it is not known how long contagiousness may begin before symptoms appear or how long contagiousness might linger after the symptoms have disappeared. reports of possible relapse in patients who have been treated and released from the hospital raise concerns about the length of time individuals can harbor the virus. minimizing contact with people with sars minimizes the risk of the disease. this might include minimizing travel to locations where there is an uncontrolled outbreak. where possible, direct contact with people with sars should be avoided until at least 10 days after the fever and other symptoms are gone. the cdc has identified hand hygiene as the cornerstone of sars prevention. this might include hand washing or cleaning hands with an alcohol - based instant hand sanitizer. people should be taught to cover the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing. respiratory secretions should be considered to be infectious, which means no sharing of food, drink, or utensils. commonly touched surfaces can be cleaned with an epa approved disinfectant. in some situations, appropriate masks and goggles may be useful for preventing airborne or droplet spread. gloves might be used in handling potentially infectious secretions. the hallmark symptoms are fever greater than 100. 4 f ( 38. 0 c ) and cough, difficulty breathing, or other respiratory symptoms. symptoms found in more than half of the first 138 patients included ( in the order of how commonly they appeared ) : - chills and shaking - muscle aches less common symptoms include ( also in order ) : these symptoms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4572843375989551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a3c50a-ef00-400a-8472-a37c65fde10d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.087147"}
{"text": ", or other respiratory symptoms. symptoms found in more than half of the first 138 patients included ( in the order of how commonly they appeared ) : - chills and shaking - muscle aches less common symptoms include ( also in order ) : these symptoms are generally accompanied by findings on the chest x - ray and on laboratory tests. signs and tests : listening to the chest with a stethoscope ( auscultation ) may reveal abnormal lung sounds. in most people with sars, progressive chest x - ray changes or chest ct changes demonstrate the presence of pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome. much attention was given early in the outbreak to developing a quick, sensitive test for sars. specific tests for the sars virus include the pcr for sars virus, antibody tests to sars ( such as elisa or ifa ), and direct sars virus isolation. all current tests have some limitations. general tests used in the diagnosis of sars might include : - a chest x - ray or chest ct - a cbc ( people with sars tend to have a low white blood cell count ( leukopenia ), a low lymphocyte count ( lymphopenia ), and / or a low platelet count ( thrombocytopenia ). - clotting profiles ( often prolonged clotting ) - blood chemistries ( ldh levels are often elevated. alt and cpk are sometimes elevated. sodium and potassium are sometimes low ). people suspected of having sars should be evaluated immediately by a physician and hospitalized under isolation if they meet the definition of a suspect or probable case. antibiotics are sometimes given in an attempt to treat bacterial causes of atypical pneumonia. antiviral medications have also been used. high doses of steroids have been employed to reduce lung inflammation. in some serious cases, serum from people who have already gotten well from sars ( convalescent serum ) has been given. evidence of general benefit of these treatments has been inconclusive. other supportive care such as supplemental oxygen, chest physiotherapy, or mechanical ventilation is sometimes needed. as the first wave of sars began to subside, the death rate proved to have been about 14 or 15 percent of those diagnosed. in people over age 65 the death rate was higher than 50 percent. many more were sick enough to require mechanical ventilation. and more still were sick enough to require icu care. intensive public health policies are proving to be effective in controlling outbreaks. many nations have stopped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4871967472894769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a3c50a-ef00-400a-8472-a37c65fde10d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.088086"}
{"text": "animating with flash keyframes keyframes are the frames that are key to your animation. in frame - by - frame animation, every frame is a keyframe. in tweened animation, only the first and last frames of a tween are keyframes. by creating keyframes, you specify the duration and therefore the speed of an animated sequence. to create a keyframe, select a frame on the timeline and choose insert - - > keyframe. for faster service, right - click ( windows ) or control + click ( mac ) a frame on the timeline and choose insert keyframe from the shortcut menu. you can also press f6. you can change the display of the appearance of frames on the timeline by clicking the frame view button in the upper - right corner of the timeline. this action brings up the frame view pop - up menu. with this menu, you can - set the width of frame cells to tiny, small, normal, medium, or large. - decrease the height of frame cells by choosing short. - turn on or off the tinting of frame sequences. - choose to display a thumbnail of the contents of each frame. if you choose preview, the thumbnail is scaled to fit the timeline frame ; if you choose preview in context, the thumbnail also includes any empty space in the frame. frame after frame after frame if your animation isn ' t a simple motion in an easily definable direction or a change of shape ( or color ), you probably need to use frame - by - frame animation. if you must, you must. some complex animations just have to be created frame by frame. the basic procedure is simple. to create an animation by using the frame - by - frame technique, follow these steps : 1. select a frame in the row of the layer you want to use. the animation starts in that frame. 2. right - click ( windows ) or control + click ( mac ) the frame and choose insert keyframe from the menu. the first frame on a movie ' s timeline is automatically a keyframe, so you don ' t have to create it. 3. create the graphic for the first frame. you can import a graphic, paste a graphic from the clipboard, or use the flash drawing tools. 4. right - click ( windows ) or control + click ( mac ) the next frame and choose insert keyframe again. the next frame on the timeline now has the same graphic as the preceding one. 5. modify the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46360449268130316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a90e3c1a-e04b-4ada-a5b0-481661719c3b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.094533"}
{"text": "the flash drawing tools. 4. right - click ( windows ) or control + click ( mac ) the next frame and choose insert keyframe again. the next frame on the timeline now has the same graphic as the preceding one. 5. modify the graphic to create the second frame of the animation. 6. repeat steps 4 and 5 until you ' ve created all the frames you need for your animation. 7. as you work, you can continually check your cool animation by pressing enter to play it back. stillness in the night regular frames cannot contain changes. therefore, if you insert a graphic in the first keyframe, the graphic remains throughout the timeline until it reaches another keyframe with a new graphic. for several reasons, you may need to copy objects over a number of frames. sometimes, you want a still image to sit unmoving for a while on a layer of your animation \u2014 as a background image, for example \u2014 while your animation moves in front. a background gives context to your animated objects. even animated objects often need to remain on the stage after they ' ve finished moving about. to make this happen, add a new layer for your background or other object. with that layer active, create or paste your object ( or objects ) at the starting frame you choose. then click your chosen ending frame and choose insert - - > frame. flash duplicates your image throughout all intermediate frames. as a shortcut, after you have your object or objects in the starting frame, alt + drag ( windows ) or option + drag ( mac ) the frame along the timeline until you reach the last frame that you want to contain the object. flash copies the contents of the first keyframe through all the frames. if you copy the objects to a keyframe, they remain on the stage until the next keyframe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46799123244282237, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a90e3c1a-e04b-4ada-a5b0-481661719c3b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.096238"}
{"text": "| | a - b - c - d | e - f - g - h | i - j - k - l | m - n - o - p | q - r - s - t | u - v - w - x - y - z | black or gray object that reflects the same light intensity whatever the viewing angle or light source angle ( not glossy ). artifacts in images, with a maze shape, due to errors during demosaicing. a metric is a lens or camera sensor image quality performance characteristic selected for analysis on dxomark. there are three metrics for scoring camera sensors ( color depth, dynamic range, low - light iso ), and five metrics for scoring lenses ( resolution, distortion, vignetting, transmission, chromatic aberration ). read more about lens metric definitions and sensor use case definitions ( metrics and use cases are equivalent for sensors ). the mid - light score is the average performance of a lens with a camera body the different focal lengthfor a defined exposure conditions. it is equivalent to the dxomark score except that it is based on mid - lighting conditions ( 5, 000 lux and 1 / 125s exposure time ). mid - light score makes a lot of sense when evaluating lenses with camera used in good lighting conditions : particularly appropriate for medium - format cameras used in studio environments. exposure levels corresponding to medium gray levels on the sensor. function describing the ratio between the amplitude of a pure frequency signal before and after a system as a function of the frequency. megapixel, a million pixels. part of a measured signal which is different from the original signal. in an image, noise is especially visible in uniform areas for a multichannel image, matrix giving the covariance of the noise in the different channels. algorithm aiming to retrieve the part of the signal directly related to the scene random variations of the light perceived by the sensor due to the fact that photons are not emitted at a constant rate, but follow a random process ( see poisson process ). pixel response non - uniformity. noise due to the inhomogeneity of pixels properties on the sensor. also known as dark current noise. part of the noise due to thermally generated free electrons. it is currently considered that thermal noise doubles for an increase of 8\u00b0 of the ambient temperature. this noise is particularly visible in low - light. action of changing numerical values with respect to a given reference in order to facilitate comparison between, for example, cameras having different sensor resolutions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6004269192778074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3d6171a-fcc9-4934-a519-c1feb0cc7106>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.101734"}
{"text": "thermal noise doubles for an increase of 8\u00b0 of the ambient temperature. this noise is particularly visible in low - light. action of changing numerical values with respect to a given reference in order to facilitate comparison between, for example, cameras having different sensor resolutions or sizes. results obtained after several mathematical transformations, used to easily compare systems with different characteristics, as camera resolution, pixel pitch, etc. axis of symmetry of an optical system, usually set at the center of the picture. an exposure that is too important, resulting in burnt highlights. the term \" peak score \" is not used anymore on dxomark. ranking used to be provided using this peak score ; now ranking is provided using the dxomark score. former definition of peak score ( now renamed as mid - light score and shown in the lens measurement page ) : the peak score is the performance of a lens ( with a camera body ) for its best focal length and aperture combination. therefore, it does not show how the lens behaves over its entire focal range. other lens scores, such as use case and optical metric scores, report average performances over the whole focal length and aperture ranges. also, the peak score is measured for defined exposure conditions corresponding to typical studio photography with 5, 000 lux illumination and an exposure time of 1 / 125s. photography using traditional film composed of chemical components and silver ions. the elemental particle of light. it has a zero mass, travels at light speed, and is characterized by its wavelength. part of a sensor that receives photons. each photosite corresponds to a pixel at the end of image processing. picture element, the smallest element of a digital image. width of a pixel on a sensor, expressed usually in \u00b5m. a pixel ( or photosite ) whose response to light is very different from the mean response of the other pixels on the sensor. they produce small but very visible artifacts on an image. stochastic ( or random ) process modeling queuing phenomena. it is a good model of photons arrival on a sensor. taking close - up photos of people, generally in a controlled environment ( such as a studio ). the portrait score is defined as the color depth performance and its unit is a number of bits. a color depth of 22bits is excellent, differences below 1 bit are barely noticeable. this score is named \" portrait \" because generally what matters most when shooting portraits is to aim for the richest color rendition. read more about portrait score. dispersion of light : different wavelengths are refracted with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6597390985763039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3d6171a-fcc9-4934-a519-c1feb0cc7106>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.102855"}
{"text": "radio - collaring elephants in namibia with keith leggett keith leggett radio - collars enormous elephants in the namibian desert to find out where they range and roam - and gets help from a bbc film crew. attaching a radio - collar to a 5 - ton animal is no easy task. especially if that animal, say, an elephant, has no interest in cooperating and does not necessarily turn up where you expect it to. this is keith leggett ' s challenge as a researcher with the northwestern namibia desert - dwelling elephant and giraffe project in namibia, africa. with the help of earthwatch volunteers since 2002, leggett has been radio - collaring and tracking these enormous pachyderms in the namibian desert to find out more about their home ranges and travel routes. why? these elephants don ' t make very good neighbors - they drink upwards of 30 gallons of water per day, even in the dry season when water is scarce, and are extremely destructive eaters, pushing down and trampling trees and anything in their paths. not surprisingly, elephants and people in this area have trouble coexisting. but, namibian elephants are of great interest to tourists, and this may be the key to their salvation in this country that has been described as the land that god created in anger. probably a pretty fair description of the environment, says leggett. understanding the routines and ecology of elephants is the first step in helping them coexist with humans. last february, leggett got the chance to capture and collar an elephant in front of bbc cameras. this is his report on how it went : \" i went up to the bush two days before the collaring was due and met the bbc team and enjoyed them straight off. we found the mature bull ( wkm - 14 ) but the younger bull was nowhere to be seen. after searching for two days and not finding the younger bull it was decided to go with the older mature male. everyone had arrived in camp by the morning of the proposed collaring so we went straight out to collar the bull. the collaring was absolutely textbook, couldn ' t think of a more perfect one. the collar went straight under the bull without any hassles, the bull fell in an open area and he responded perfectly to the drugs... perfect! \" on top of all that he moved straight into the floodplains of the hoanib river, a move none of the previously collared elephants had undertaken. it will be very interesting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4405634891673761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:015f4b05-56f2-4463-8bdd-8e038a204a0f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.107671"}
{"text": "and he responded perfectly to the drugs... perfect! \" on top of all that he moved straight into the floodplains of the hoanib river, a move none of the previously collared elephants had undertaken. it will be very interesting to see his movements when he comes into musth especially in response to the other dominant bull in the area. \" the film crew themselves were great fun, the only drawback was doing some takes 3 or 4 times... don ' t know how actors do it. i simply don ' t have the patience for it. though they were very good when we were doing the collaring and stayed in the background and out of the way. mind you it will probably work out to be about 2 minutes of airtime, but at least i have another collar. \" in the last three years of leading earthwatch volunteers into the namibian desert, leggett has tracked, observed, and collared numerous elephants, and sends our office back emails from his trips, such as this report from may 18, 2005 : \" the first night we were in purros, 3 elephants walked straight past camp. it appeared that we were going to have a good trip after all, or so we thought. the next two days was spent in the fruitless search for elephants... not another hide nor hair was observed... it was decided to head to the hoanib river. \" the first we observed on arriving in the hoanib river was a herd of 5 elephants with one of the cows having a calf of about 3 months of age. he is still totally uncoordinated and lurches from one misadventure to another. the previous calf born in the west was 12 months ago and so a new calf is still a novelty and most of the herd females take turns in guarding and guiding him around. the minders are very vigilant and when the older calf came to play the older animals saw him off... quite amusing at times. the mothers appears to play only a minor role in the overall rearing of the individual, though they are usually doing the nursing though i have seen even other females nurse young periodically. the group takes responsibility for the offspring. \" later that day we saw the rest of the herd of 14 so it was hog heaven for 2 days and then the elephants disappeared again. it appears as though they are doing circuits at this time of year wandering between feeding areas. they are always moving never slopping for long in one area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40584104036729385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:015f4b05-56f2-4463-8bdd-8e038a204a0f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.108686"}
{"text": "the herd of 14 so it was hog heaven for 2 days and then the elephants disappeared again. it appears as though they are doing circuits at this time of year wandering between feeding areas. they are always moving never slopping for long in one area. \" overall, the volunteers were excellent and put up with the vehicle breakdowns, lack of elephants and then the total abundance, then absence again with a resigned tolerance... they were also pretty good fun. the west has dried out significantly and the days were very hot, but the nights were cool. there has been significant grass growth this year with the good rains and the animals are all looking in extremely good shape. springbok, gemsbok and ostrich were abundant and while the elephants have spread pretty thin the rest of the wildlife has collected in feeding aggregations. \" after a shower, a shave and some relaxation time, i feel almost human again... \" leggett ' s study is one of the first to scientifically document the home range and movements of these massive animals. preliminary findings recently published in african zoology show that elephant movements range from 50 to 625 kilometers ( 31 to 388 miles ), over a period of up to five months, in response to available water and vegetation. in june, july, and august of 2006, earthwatch teams will help leggett track this animal, as well as up to a dozen others that he has radio - collared. they will also identify individual elephants in the field, using distinguishing tusk characteristics, ear scars, and footprint patterns, and observe their behavior. this information will help conservation agencies better manage namibia ' s unique desert elephants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.403170511237152, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:015f4b05-56f2-4463-8bdd-8e038a204a0f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.109461"}
{"text": "anthrax is an infection caused by a biological agent, a bacterium call bacillus anthracis by spores entering through : - broken skin malignant pustules \u2013 on exposed area of skin pulmonary anthrax \u2013 through inhalation, typical influenza symptoms intestinal anthrax \u2013 through ingestion, severe stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea historically horse hair, and has been used in construction, usually as an admixture of plaster, but occasionally on ceilings as an insulant. although regulations to combat anthrax were introduced in 1907, they were virtually ineffectual until the outbreak of the second world war. thus, architects or those involved in refurbishment of historic buildings should be aware that sampling and analysis would be prudent in buildings over 50 years old to establish whether or not there is a problem. bacillus anthracis is in hazard group 3, i. e. it is a biological agent that can cause severe human disease and present a serious hazard to employees ; it may present a risk of spreading to the community but there is usually effective prophylaxis or treatment available. - removal of infected material similar to asbestos removal. - disposal by incineration and the standard followed should be same as clinical waste. - following incineration the residue may be disposed to landfill. - seek expert advice and briefing as follows : - briefing to contractor and all involved on site should cover risk to health, hse involvement, reservoirs, incidence, transmission, occupations, activities, personal hygiene, ms ( b ) 3 carry card on anthrax, cautionary notice, clinical diagnosis, immunisation, legislation, safety procedures, signing permit to work, records, sampling methodology and emergency procedures. 1. hse guidance note eh23, 1979 the occupational zoonoses, 1993 immunisation against infectious diseases chapter 25, joint committee on vaccination and immunisation. doh, hmso publ. isbn 0 11 3215150", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4810617675358, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb019039-f5f3-4e1f-991b-f5596561ddbc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.111547"}
{"text": "piero sraffa ( * 5 august 1898 in turin ; \" 3 september 1983 in cambridge, great britain ) was an italian economist. sraffa developed a theory of the production prices. its beginning is that each commodity needs goods in a certain quantity for its production. for each commodity thus an equation can be set up, in which one specifies, which is necessary for their production other goods in which quantities. if this happened for each commodity, i received a set of equations, which indicates, in which relationship the different goods to be exchanged to have. if a commodity of the is, then all prices are given. however the set of equations has still one \" degree of freedom \", so that a size of, for instance the wages, must be specified. if one assumes for example the workers must buy a certain warenkorb, so that they can receive their worker ( subsistenzlohn ), then this definition took place. when \" remainder size remains \" the profit and a profit rate leaves itself also to then calculate, which is the lower, the is specified more highly the wage rate. if the profits are differently expressed fully reinvested into more workers and more means of production or, the multi - product is used each time fully for the extension of the overall economic produktionsumfanges, then the economy with a rate, those grows is just as high as the profit rate ( of the consumption of the entrepreneurs also one foresees ). if the profit rate amounts to about 5 %, then each year 5 % more workers are adjusted and it is produced annually by all 5 % more. with sraffa the profit rate must sink, if the wages rise. the same had already maintained david ricardo. therefore the sraffaschule is called also neoricardianisch. with marx against it both the wages can sink, and the profit rate, if for instance the capital expenditure for means of production increases accordingly strongly. sraffa was also the publisher of the collected works david ricardos. sraffa understood its model as criticism at neoclassical models. its model led to \" reswitching \" - the debate. according to neoklassik rising wages lead to the fact that the capitalists production engineering select, which needs less work but more means of production such as machines. the capitalists evade thus to the expensive becoming work and select for it techniques, which need for the reconciliation of more means of production. they substitute work through \" capital \". sraffa compared different techniques with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5124745686422076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90df324a-3e35-48d6-a3b2-9c1fdae7961b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.117457"}
{"text": "more means of production such as machines. the capitalists evade thus to the expensive becoming work and select for it techniques, which need for the reconciliation of more means of production. they substitute work through \" capital \". sraffa compared different techniques with one another with different working intensity, especially he regarded, as the profit rates develop with the different techniques, if the wages rise. with all techniques the profit rate will sink, but the sequence of the techniques arranged according to the size of the profit rate can change thereby. perhaps a technology, which exhibits the highest profit rate with low wages, drops back, if the wages rise, can however again the highest profit rate get, if the wages continue to rise. for the capitalists this that they change with rising wages to another technology with higher profit rate, is called continues to rise the wages however, changes it again back ( \" reswitching \" ), because the old technology exhibits again the highest profit rate now. the fact that this can result under certain circumstances contradicts the neoclassical production theory, which does not plan this case. the neoklassik assumes in its production functions that by the factors of production work and \" capital \" certain quantities are used. the problem that with the capital stick goods train locomotives and drawing pins cannot be added so easily, is solved by the fact that the prices of the different capital goods are added to a size, so that a capital stick at a value of sound as much billion euro is present. \" pure ones in timing are again out - counted thereby on certain procedures. after sraffa this is not permissible. if the trade unions implement for instance a higher wage rate, then this ( under the sraffa acceptance like uniform new profit rate in all industries ) decreases the profit rate and changes all prices of the goods, also the capital goods such as goods train locomotives and drawing pins. the size of the capital stick as sum of the prices of all capital goods depends thus on which wage level is implemented, which contradicts the neoclassical acceptance one \" material \" given capital stick. profit rate and capital stick can be determined not independently, but only simultaneously. the argument around this problem is called capital controversy. by its criticism to the neoklassik was arranged sraffa as a left economist. its models seemed to offer also a modern mathematical basis for the marxsche economic theory. the marx statements were examined on the basis the sraffa model, were not confirmed in each case. work value teachings thus the model permits the computation of work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5795361284898063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90df324a-3e35-48d6-a3b2-9c1fdae7961b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.118861"}
{"text": ". its models seemed to offer also a modern mathematical basis for the marxsche economic theory. the marx statements were examined on the basis the sraffa model, were not confirmed in each case. work value teachings thus the model permits the computation of work values, thus how much work time is directly and indirectly over the vorprodukte in the individual goods in it, which can do same however for each important product as coal or steel are exactly the same carried out. why thus work values, if steel values go exactly the law of the tendentious case of the profit rate also this law was mathematically examined and disproved within the sraffa world. if the subsistenzlohn is given and if an individual capitalist can select a production engineering with smaller employment at workers, for it increased employment at means of production and for itself a higher profit rate to obtain in such a way, then this, if the new technology were generally accepted in the respective industry, leads also overallally economic to ever higher profit rates. marx had maintained the opposite. social democrats originally appointed themselves to marx, came however gradually to a ever more favorable estimate of capitalism, so that also the marxist economic theory was ever more analyzed. keynes had shown ( or seemed to have shown ), as economic crises arise, in addition, by national measures again to be overcome to be able, without having to abolish equal capitalism. it stood thereby between the market fundamentalists on the one hand and for the fundamental opposition marxism on the other hand. a gap in the keynesschen theory formed however the long view. keynes had said \" long - term is we all dead \" and its conception of \" a marginal efficiency of the capital \" sinking on a long - term basis reminded suspiciously of the marx law of the tendentious case of the profit rate. from therefore it it met favorably that with sraffa a further was found on the left of economist who can be estimated, its theory in addition suitable seemed themselves, also the long - term crisis and stagnation tendencies, like it the marx theory stated and through keynes yet was not disproved to question with appropriate political consequences ( reformism ). with the sraffa proceeding the komparativ static analysis is to be criticized. different national economies are compared with one another, which use a certain production engineering. if it comes to a technical improvement, then one examines, how a national economy with this new technology behaves. within the sraffa world it is actually trivially that regards national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.577973424738452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90df324a-3e35-48d6-a3b2-9c1fdae7961b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.120023"}
{"text": "in this lesson our instructor gives an introduction to conditional loops. first, he discusses while loop, looping over arrays, and array traversal functions. then he talks bout looping over indexed and associative arrays. he also lectures on looping over arrays using list ( ) and each ( ), control structure scope and coding conventions. he ends the lesson with a helpful homework challenge. a while loop is a conditional control structure that executes a statement group repeatedly as long as its specified test condition remains a while loop \u2019 s test condition \u2019 s value is compared to truebefore each execution of the loop \u2019 s statement group. ' looping over arrays ' is a common programming function, and php provides several built - in functions for doing so. they work on the basis of an array cursor, which is a ' marker ' for the ' current ' array element : current ( ) \u2013 returns the value of the array element at the current array cursor position key ( ) \u2013 returns the key of the array element at the current array cursor position next ( ) \u2013 advances the array cursor by one prev ( ) \u2013 moves the array cursor back by one reset ( ) \u2013 sets the array cursor to the 1st element end ( ) \u2013 sets the array cursor to the last element the list ( ) construct and the each ( ) function are also used to loop over arrays. list ( ) is used to assign values to multiple variables at a time from an each ( ) returns key / value information for the current array element in an array and advances the array cursor by one. it returns false if the end of the array is reached. unlike some programming languages, php does not have \u2018 block - level \u2019 scope used with control structures. lecture slides are screen - captured images of important points in the lecture. students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5311413165597748, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed63306a-0c96-488e-bfb0-b477bcdd3fa5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.121945"}
{"text": "editor \u2019 s note : this is part one of an ongoing series on testing memory. engineers have traditionally characterized floating - gate nand flash memory using dc instruments such as source - measurement units ( smus ) after pulse generators had programmed and / or erased the memory cell. this approach requires some type of switch to apply the dc or pulse signal alternately to the device under test ( dut ). occasionally, oscilloscopes were used to verify pulse fidelity ( pulse width, overshoot, pulse voltage level, rise time, fall time ) at the dut. measuring the pulse is important because the flash memory state is quite sensitive to the pulse voltage level. the use of oscilloscopes was relatively rare, even in research, however, because the required setup for oscilloscope measurements differed from that for the pulse - source / dc - measure approach. even when scopes were used for flash characterization, the complexity of measuring the transient current meant that voltage was the only measurement taken while pulsing. the transition to smaller geometries and multi - bit cells has increased the need for more precise pulse source and measurement for floating - gate nand flash development. recently, new instrumentation options for nvm testing have been developed that make it possible to measure the current and voltage simultaneously with a single instrument while applying pulses to a memory device or material. let \u2019 s take a closer look at testing technology for two options : phase - change memory ( pcm ) and ferro - electric random - access memory ( fram ). for nearly 20 years, fg nand flash memory technology has been the non - volatile memory ( nvm ) technology of choice for a broad array of consumer products from digital cameras and mp3 players to smartphones and tablet computers. because flash cells are implemented on the foundation of mosfet transistors, they have standard source, gate ( actually, control gate or cg ), drain, and bulk / substrate connections. fowler - nordheim current tunneling through gate oxide and hot carrier injection represent the two standard methods for storing and removing charge from the floating gate ( see figure 1 ). these methods are degradation mechanisms of standard ( non - nvm ) mosfet transistors, which are also responsible for the limited endurance of flash memory. click image to enlarge. figure 1 : diagram of flash memory structure shows the program and erase conditions for fowler - nordheim tunneling. among consumer electronics manufacturers with products that incorporate memory devices, there is growing concern that floating - gate flash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5436703648300499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ffbe7cd-8a48-42e6-99a4-1f0421cf0ab2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.126575"}
{"text": ". click image to enlarge. figure 1 : diagram of flash memory structure shows the program and erase conditions for fowler - nordheim tunneling. among consumer electronics manufacturers with products that incorporate memory devices, there is growing concern that floating - gate flash memory may not be able to continue providing higher storage capacities at the ever - lower cost - per - bit requirements that drive the nvm market. research on potential alternatives to replace floating gate flash technology includes pcm, charge trap flash, resistive memory, ferro - electric memory ( fram ), and magneto - resistive memory ( mram ), and samples of each are currently available in the market in some form. the potential of other nvm technologies, including spin - transfer torque mram, floating - body ram, and various types of carbon - nanotube - based memory is also being investigated. phase - change memory pcm cells are made of a chalcogenide alloy, i. e., an alloy with at least one element from the vi group of the periodic table, plus one element each from the v and iv groups. these same types of materials are also widely used in the active layers of rewritable optical media such as cds and dvds. through the application of heat in the form of an electrical pulse ( or a laser pulse in cds / dvds ), pcm cells can be switched rapidly from an ordered crystalline phase ( with low resistance ) to a disordered, amorphous phase ( with much higher resistance ). the switch from the crystalline to the amorphous phase and back is triggered by melting and quick cooling, or a slightly slower process known as re - crystallization. germanium antimony tellurium ( gst ), with a melting temperature from 500\u00b0 to 600\u00b0c, has emerged as one of the most promising materials for pcm devices. these devices can store binary data because of the differing levels of resistivity of the crystalline and amorphous phases of these alloys. the high - resistance amorphous state represents a binary 0 ; the low resistance crystalline state represents a binary 1. multiple resistive levels will permit multi - bit pcm, which has been demonstrated, allowing pcm to scale and provide lower cost - per - bit. these states are stable over time, which is important for any commercial application. in the amorphous phase, the gst material has short - range atomic order and low free - electron density, which means higher resistivity. this is sometimes referred to as the reset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5510609480917801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ffbe7cd-8a48-42e6-99a4-1f0421cf0ab2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.127500"}
{"text": "stable over time, which is important for any commercial application. in the amorphous phase, the gst material has short - range atomic order and low free - electron density, which means higher resistivity. this is sometimes referred to as the reset phase because it is usually formed after a reset operation, in which the temperature of the cell is raised slightly above the melting point, and then the material is suddenly quenched to cool it. the cooling rate is critical to the formation of the amorphous state, and typical resistance can be greater than 1 m\u03c9. if the rate is too slow, then the material will be less amorphous. for so - called \u201c slow materials, \u201d the cooling rate is about 30 ns ; for \u201c fast materials, \u201d it is in the range of single nanoseconds or faster. the fall time of the pulse can be slower than the required speed ; what is important is the fall rate at the top of the pulse, when the cell cools from melting point to crystallization. after reaching crystallization temperature, the crystalline order is frozen. for example, the pulse fall time may be 20 ns, but it might take 5 ns to go from tmelt, resulting in a resistance from 1 k\u03c9 to 10 k\u03c9.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5534936201096794, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ffbe7cd-8a48-42e6-99a4-1f0421cf0ab2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.128001"}
{"text": "description from flora of china plants 30 - 100 cm tall. branches spreading, pubescent when young. leaves rather remote ; petiole 1 - 3. 5 cm, pubescent ; leaf blade ovate or ovate - lanceolate, 4 - 12 \u00d7 1. 5 - 4 cm, abaxially pubescent along midvein, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, margin slightly serrulate, apex long acuminate. racemes 4 - 10 cm ( including peduncle ), pubescent. pedicel slen - der, with a bract and a pair of bracteoles. tepals white or pink, elliptic or obovate - oblong, 2 - 2. 5 mm, in fruit 3 - 3. 5 mm, green, reflexed. stamens shorter than and alternate with tepals. berry globose or pyriform, 3 - 4 mm. seeds ca. 2 mm. 2n = 126. this species is cultivated as an ornamental. cultivated, possibly escaped as a weed around houses or rubbish heaps. fujian ( fuzhou ), guangdong ( guangzhou ), zhejiang ( hangzhou ) [ probably native to tropical america ; now widespread in tropics and subtropics ].", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4437767969642118, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db1f503-10a7-424e-a138-4e855ea53d2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.130270"}
{"text": "u. s. energy information administration - eia - independent statistics and analysis today in energy note : normal system frequency of 60 cycles per second appear as blue. green and red colors indicate higher than normal frequency. a large region of electric systems, called the western interconnection, responded to the san diego blackout on september 8 in less than a minute. a youtube video vividly illustrates how changes in frequency across interconnected alternating current ( ac ) electric systems ripple across such a large area in a very short time. the video shows the variation of frequency ( the number of times per second that the electric charge reverses direction ) in the western interconnection associated with the san diego blackout on september 8. an event, which has still not been fully characterized, drove system frequency below 60 cycles per second for about 25 seconds. interconnected electric systems in north america are designed to operate within a very narrow frequency band around 60 cycles per second ( hertz ). a frequency below 60 cycles per second indicates that instantaneous demand exceeds supply of electricity. after an extended period of insufficient supply ( 25 seconds ), the system automatically shed load in san diego. the blackout suddenly reduced system demand and frequency shot up well above 60 cycles per second. the video uses data from a network of small, low - cost devices that plug into wall outlets. they reveal \u2014 for the first time \u2014 electric system dynamics during disturbances. frequency, phase angle, and voltage of the power system are measured every few seconds and transmitted via the internet to computers at the university of tennessee and virginia tech. the resulting gps - synchronized wide - area network makes possible the geographic presentation of the data and system disturbance animations. frequency is shown as the vertical scale on the graph on the left and the color - coded map legend on the right. the red dots on the map are the locations of the monitors. each line on the graph represents the frequency recorded over time by a monitor. there are monitors in the eastern interconnection as well. the video below shows changes in electric system frequency in the 12 seconds after the loss of the two large north anna nuclear units near richmond virginia due to the east coast earthquake on august 23. note : normal system frequency of 60 cycles per second appear as red. green and blue colors indicate lower than normal frequency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5492725524920824, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3aa470e8-f72d-4d2c-b2b3-8a26373bfa11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.134046"}
{"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. blood tests are done to check the health of blood cells. anemia occurs when there are not enough healthy red blood cells ( rbcs ) in the body. rbcs are important because they contain hemoglobin. hemoglobin is a protein that allows rbcs to carry oxygen throughout the body. mild anemia can cause your child to feel very tired or have less energy than normal. severe anemia can cause many health problems. it can also affect how your child grows. talk to your child \u2019 s healthcare provider about treatment options. anemia has many causes including : not enough rbcs being made too many rbcs being destroyed ( hemolysis ) blood loss ( from things like injury or surgery or menstrual bleeding ) inherited blood disorders some children have no symptoms at all. if symptoms are present, they may include : shortness of breath trouble doing normal amounts of physical activity ( exercise intolerance ) dizziness or fainting jaundice ( yellowing of the eyes, skin, or mouth ; tea - colored urine ) your child \u2019 s healthcare provider will examine your child. he or she will also ask about your child \u2019 s symptoms, diet, and health history. tests will be done. most of the tests are performed by taking a blood sample from a vein in the arm or from a finger or heel. tests may include : a complete blood cell count ( cbc ) to measure the amounts of different types of cells in the blood. when diagnosing anemia, gathering information about the rbcs is particularly important. a blood smear to check the size and shape of blood cells. a drop of blood is looked at with a microscope. a stain is added to make parts of the blood easier to see. hemoglobin electrophoresis to check for the amounts and types of hemoglobin in the blood. iron studies to measure the amount of iron in the blood. iron is needed to make hemoglobin, so too little iron can lead to anemia. a reticulocyte count to measure the amount of new rbcs being made by the bone marrow. treatment for your child \u2019 s anemia depends on the type, cause, and severity of symptoms. treatment can include : diet changes. certain nutrients can affect the rbcs. for instance, iron is needed to help build rbcs. if lack of iron is the cause of your child \u2019 s anemia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4917057062266755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5adaf0f4-c56f-4ead-a653-71b2207bf14c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.154868"}
{"text": "type, cause, and severity of symptoms. treatment can include : diet changes. certain nutrients can affect the rbcs. for instance, iron is needed to help build rbcs. if lack of iron is the cause of your child \u2019 s anemia, you \u2019 ll be told to increase the amount in your child \u2019 s diet. other nutrients can be involved with anemia as well, including low amounts of folate and vitamin b12. medications. these are prescribed to treat an underlying infection or condition that is causing your child \u2019 s anemia. blood transfusions. these are needed if the level of hemoglobin or number of rbcs is low enough to cause physical symptoms. surgery to remove the spleen ( splenectomy ). the spleen stores extra blood and helps remove old rbcs from the body. though done less often, removing the spleen is a treatment for certain types of anemia. bone marrow transplant. in rare cases, this treatment is done if the body can \u2019 t make enough healthy blood cells. it replaces diseased bone marrow cells with healthy cells from a matched donor. most children recover from anemia without any long - term effects. for some children, anemia may be a lifelong condition. in mild to moderate cases, regular visits with the healthcare provider are needed for routine tests and help in managing symptoms. in severe cases, children will need ongoing treatment and supportive care. work closely with your child \u2019 s healthcare provider to learn all you can about your child \u2019 s condition and how to help your child.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43237163882603974, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5adaf0f4-c56f-4ead-a653-71b2207bf14c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.157312"}
{"text": "what is diverticulosis? diverticulosis is a condition that develops when pouches ( diverticula ) form in the wall of the colon ( large intestine ). these pouches are usually very small ( 5 to 10 millimeters ) in diameter but can be larger. in diverticulosis, the pouches in the colon wall do not cause symptoms. diverticulosis may not be discovered unless symptoms occur, such as in painful diverticular disease or in diverticulitis. as many as 80 out of 100 people who have diverticulosis never get diverticulitis. 1 in many cases, diverticulosis is discovered only when tests are done to find the cause of a different medical problem or during a screening exam. what causes diverticulosis? the reason pouches ( diverticula ) form in the colon wall is not completely understood. doctors think diverticula form when high pressure inside the colon pushes against weak spots in the colon wall. normally, a diet with adequate fiber ( also called roughage ) produces stool that is bulky and can move easily through the colon. if a diet is low in fiber, the colon must exert more pressure than usual to move small, hard stool. a low - fiber diet also can increase the time stool remains in the bowel, adding to the high pressure. pouches may form when the high pressure pushes against weak spots in the colon where blood vessels pass through the muscle layer of the bowel wall to supply blood to the inner wall. what are the symptoms? most people don ' t have symptoms. you may have had diverticulosis for years by the time symptoms occur ( if they do ). over time, some people get an infection in the pouches ( diverticulitis ). for more information, see the topic diverticulitis. the symptoms of painful diverticular disease are the same as those of irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ), including diarrhea and cramping abdominal pain, with no fever or other sign of an infection. for information on the symptoms of ibs, see the topic irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ). how is diverticulosis diagnosed? how is it treated? the best way to treat diverticulosis is to avoid constipation. here are some ideas : this treatment may help reduce the formation of new pouches ( diverticula ) and lower the risk of developing diverticulitis. treatment for painful diverticular disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45484619577798185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cf030b7-5c8e-4243-867d-ad7069bc41f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.204709"}
{"text": "the original wordlist seems to be offlinethe wordlist containing your word and definition doesn ' t exist anymore, or, the website doesn ' t exist anymore. on this page you can find a copy of the original information. the information may have been taken offline because it is outdated. a mechanical assembly that positions the read / write head assembly over the appropriate tracks. advanced intelligent network ; a service - independent telecommunications network in which the intelligence is moved from the switch and hosted in computer nodes distributed throughout the network. advanced intelligent tape ; a helical scan technology developed by sony for tape backup / archive of networks and servers, specifically addressing midrange to high - end backup requirements. an arrangement of two or more disk drives : may be in raid or daisy - chain fashion. asynchronous transfer mode ; a network architecture that divides messages into fixed - size units ( cells ) and establishes a switched connection between the originating and receiving stations ; enables transmission of various types of data ( video, audio, etc. ) over the same line without one data type dominating the transmission. the underlying network communication conduit or line by which all main servers and devices are connected ; backbone devices are typically servers, routers, hubs, and bridges ; client computers are not connected directly to the backbone. the amount of data that can be transmitted via a given communications channel ( e. g., between a hard drive and the host pc ) in a given unit of time. a portion of a volume usually 512 bytes in size ; often referred to as a ' logical block. ' a temporary, high - speed data transfer mode that can transfer data at significantly higher rates than would normally be achieved with non - burst technology ; the maximum throughput a device is capable of transferring data. the main communication avenue in a computer ; an electrical pathway along which signals are sent from one part of the computer to another. the fundamental data unit for personal computers, comprising 8 contiguous bits. a large bank of random access memory used for temporary storage of information. computer - aided design ; the use of a computer in industrial design applications such as architecture, engineering, and manufacturing. a secure, self - contained telecommunications equipment building that houses servers, storage systems, switching equipment, emergency power systems, and related devices that are used to run telephone systems. the concept of combining multiple host computers together through a private communication line, such as ethernet backbone, to form a ring of host computers ; this ring of host computers act as a single entity, capable of performing multiple complex instructions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6902014013043924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df8968b-5165-4f6a-a000-26823b14e264>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.246832"}
{"text": "used to run telephone systems. the concept of combining multiple host computers together through a private communication line, such as ethernet backbone, to form a ring of host computers ; this ring of host computers act as a single entity, capable of performing multiple complex instructions by distributing the workload across all members of the ring. the concept of combining multiple storage servers together to form a redundant ring of storage devices ; clustered storage systems typically perform multiple read and write requests through parallel access lines to the requesting computer. commerce service provider ( csp ) a company that provides e - commerce solutions for retailers. competitive local exchange carrier ( clec ) a long distance carrier, cable company, or small startup local exchange carrier that competes for business in a local telephone market ; many clecs also offer internet services. a unit or circuitry that manages the information flow between storage disks and the computer. cost of ownership the purchase price of equipment plus the cost of operating this equipment over its projected life span. commercial off - the - shelf ; commercially available products that can be purchased and integrated with little or no customization, thus facilitating customer infrastructure expansion and reducing costs. computer telephony integration ; providing a link between telephone systems and computers to facilitate incoming and outgoing call handling and control ; the physical link between a telephone and server. digital audio tape ; a digital magnetic tape format originally developed for audio recording and now used for computer backup tape ; the latest dat storage format is dds ( digital data storage ). disk array ( or array ) an arrangement of two or more hard disks, in raid or daisy - chain configuration, organized to improve speed and provide protection of data against loss. distributed computing environment a set of middleware standards that defines the method of communication between clients and servers in a cross - platform computing environment ; enables a client program to initiate a request that can be processed by a program written in a different computer language and housed on a different computer platform. digital linear tape ; a serpentine technology first introduced by digital equipment corporation and later developed by quantum for tape backup / archive of networks and servers ; dlt technology addresses midrange to high - end tape backup requirements. electronic industries association ; a trade association that establishes electrical and electronics - oriented standards. electromagnetic interference ; what occurs when electromagnetic fields from one device interfere with the operation of some other device. enterprise storage network ( esn ) an integrated suite of products and services designed to maximize heterogeneous connectivity and management of enterprise storage devices and servers ; a dedicated, high - speed network connected to the enterprise ' s storage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6627217747914895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df8968b-5165-4f6a-a000-26823b14e264>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.251719"}
{"text": "of some other device. enterprise storage network ( esn ) an integrated suite of products and services designed to maximize heterogeneous connectivity and management of enterprise storage devices and servers ; a dedicated, high - speed network connected to the enterprise ' s storage systems, enabling files and data to be transferred between storage devices and client mainframes and servers. a local area network standard for hardware, communication, and cabling. the transfer of operation from a failed component ( e. g., controller, disk drive ) to a similar, redundant component to ensure uninterrupted data flow and operability. the ability of a system to cope with internal hardware problems ( e. g., a disk drive failure ) and still continue to operate with minimal impact, such as by bringing a backup system online. fibre channel - arbitrated loop ; a fibre channel implementation in which users are attached to a network via a one - way ring ( loop ) cabling scheme. a high - speed storage / networking interface that offers higher performance, greater capacity and cabling distance, increased system configuration flexibility and scalability, and simplified cabling. the amount of floor space that a piece of equipment ( e. g., a rackmount enclosure ) occupies. the physical size and shape of a device ; often used to describe the size of disk arrays in a rackmount enclosure. approximately one billion bytes, 1, 024 megabytes. host bus adapter ; a hardware card that resides on the pc bus and provides an interface connection between a scsi device ( such as a hard drive ) and the host pc. the main page on a web site that serves as the primary point of entry to related pages within the site and may have links to other sites as well. a storage system that is connected directly to the network server ; also referred to as server - attached storage. a backup component ( e. g., disk or controller ) that is online and available should the primary component go down. the ability to replace a component ( e. g., disk drive, controller, fan, power source ) while the system is on line, without having to power down ; also referred to as hot - plug removable. hierarchical storage management ; a storage system in which new, frequently used data is stored on the fastest, most accessible ( and generally more expensive ) media ( e. g., raid ) and older, less frequently used data is stored on slower ( less expensive ) media ( e. g., tape ). a device that splits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6281820353426313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df8968b-5165-4f6a-a000-26823b14e264>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.253915"}
{"text": "on the fastest, most accessible ( and generally more expensive ) media ( e. g., raid ) and older, less frequently used data is stored on slower ( less expensive ) media ( e. g., tape ). a device that splits one network cable into a set of separate cables, each connecting to a different computer ; used in a local area network to create a small - scale network by connecting several computers together. the physical equipment ( computers, cases, racks, cabling, etc. ) that comprises a computer system. a scsi device that requests another scsi device ( a target ) to perform an operation ; usually a host computer acts as an initiator and a peripheral device acts as a target. a connection between hardware devices, applications, or different sections of a computer network. a worldwide system of linked computer networks. internet service provider ( isp ) a company that provides internet access services to consumers and businesses ; isps lease connections from internet backbone providers ; while most isps are small companies that service a local area, there are also regional and national isps ( such as america online ). the ability of one computer system to control another, even though the two systems are made by different manufacturers. a computer network, based on internet technology, that is designed to meet the internal needs for sharing information within a single organization or company. i / os per second ; a measure of performance for a host - attached storage device or raid controller. just a bunch of disks ; a disk array without a controller. the core of an operating system such as windows 98, windows nt, mac os or unix ; provides basic services for the other parts of the operating system, making it possible for it to run several programs at once ( multitasking ), read and write files and connect to networks and peripherals. a computer, system, or software that was created for a specific purpose but is now outdated ; anything left over from a previous version of the hardware or software. local area network a network of computers within a limited area ( e. g., a company or organization ). linear tape open ; a new standard tape format developed by hp, ibm, and seagate ; expected availability in 2000. logical unit number ; an addressing scheme used to define scsi devices on a single scsi bus. approximately one million bytes, 1, 024 kilobytes a method of storage in which data from one disk is duplicated on another disk so that both drives contain the same information, thus providing data redundancy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6301330963362005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df8968b-5165-4f6a-a000-26823b14e264>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.256116"}
{"text": "single scsi bus. approximately one million bytes, 1, 024 kilobytes a method of storage in which data from one disk is duplicated on another disk so that both drives contain the same information, thus providing data redundancy. any computer process that cannot fail during normal business hours ; some computer processes ( e. g., telephone systems ) must run all day long and require 100 percent uptime. mean swaps between failure ; a statistical calculation used to predict the average usefulness of a robotic device ( e. g., a tape library ) with any interruption of service. mtbf : mean time between failure ; a statistical calculation used to predict the average usefulness of a device without any interruption of service. mean time to repair ; the average amount of time required to resolve most hardware or software problems with a given device. the ability of a product or network to support a variety of computer platforms ( e. g. ibm, sun, macintosh ) ; also referred to as cross - platform. network service provider ( nsp ) a company that provides the national or international packet - switching networks that carry internet traffic ; also called a backbone operator. network - attached storage ( nas ) a disk array storage system that is attached directly to a network rather than to the network server ( i. e., host attached ) ; functions as a server in a client / server relationship, has a processor, an operating system or micro - kernel, and processes file i / o protocols such as smb and nfs. node ( or network node ) any device that is directly connected to the network, usually through ethernet cable ; nodes include file servers and shared peripherals. nt ( microsoft windows nt ) an operating system developed by microsoft for high - performance processors and networked systems. original equipment manufacturer ; a company that manufactures a given piece of hardware ( unlike a value - added reseller, which changes and repackages the hardware ). open systems network a network comprised of equipment that conforms to industry standards of interoperability between different operating systems ( e. g., unix, windows nt ). the master control program ( e. g., windows ) that manages a computer ' s internal functions and provides a means of control to the computer ' s operations and file system. a block of information mathematically created from several blocks of user data to allow recovery of user data contained on a drive that has failed in an array ; used in raid levels 3 and 5. personal computer interconnect ; an industry - standard bus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6307121608396355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df8968b-5165-4f6a-a000-26823b14e264>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.258315"}
{"text": "a block of information mathematically created from several blocks of user data to allow recovery of user data contained on a drive that has failed in an array ; used in raid levels 3 and 5. personal computer interconnect ; an industry - standard bus used in servers, workstations and pcs. a hardware standard, such as ibm, sun or macintosh, etc privately developed and owned technology. a standard that specifies the format of data and rules to be followed in data communication and network environments. the cabinet that houses a server / storage workstation ( also referred to as a server rack ) ; to mount equipment into a cabinet. redundant array of independent ( or inexpensive ) disks ; a collection of storage disks with a controller ( or controllers ) to manage the storage of data on the disks. immediate processing of input or notification of status. reduced instruction set computer ; a computer processing architecture that requires fewer instructions to run applications, thus increasing processing speed. an electronic device that connects two or more networks and routes incoming data packets to the appropriate network. storage area network ; a network infrastructure of shared multi - host storage, linking all storage devices as well as interconnecting remote sites. the ability of a product or network to accommodate growth. small computer system interface ; an interface that serves as an expansion bus that can be used to connect hard disk drives, tape drives, and other hardware components. a computer that stores application and data files for all workstations on a network ; also referred to as a file server. mechanism inside a hard disk drive that moves the heads into place ; the axle on which a disk turns. serial storage architecture ; a high - speed method of connecting disk, tape, and cd - rom drives, printers, scanners, and other devices to a computer. a method of storage in which a unit of data is distributed and stored across several hard disks, which improves access speed but does not provide redundancy. the measured transfer rate of a given device during normal operation. a network traffic monitoring device that controls the flow of traffic between multiple network nodes. an individual or company that combines various components and programs into a functioning system, customized for a particular customer ' s needs. a scsi device that performs an operation requested by an initiator. tag command queuing ; a feature introduced in the scsi - 2 specification that permits each initiator to issue commands accompanied by instructions for how the target should handle the command ; the initiator can either request the command to be executed at the first available opportunity, in the order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6415539801637876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df8968b-5165-4f6a-a000-26823b14e264>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.261234"}
{"text": "introduced in the scsi - 2 specification that permits each initiator to issue commands accompanied by instructions for how the target should handle the command ; the initiator can either request the command to be executed at the first available opportunity, in the order in which the command was received, or at a time deemed appropriate by the target. abbreviation for ' telecommunications company. ' approximately one trillion bytes, 1, 024 gigabytes. measures the number of service requests on the i / o channel per unit of time. geometric arrangement of nodes and cable links in a local area network ; may be either centralized and decentralized. the number of megabytes of data that can be transferred from the read / write heads to the disk controller in one second. a product or system that can be plugged in, turned on, and operated with little or no additional configuring. an operating system that supports multitasking and is ideally suited to multi - user applications ( such as networks ). value - added reseller ; a business that repackages and improves hardware manufactured by an original equipment manufacturer. wide - area network ; a network that uses high - speed, long - distance communications technology ( e. g., phone lines and satellites ) to connect computers over long distances. a web cache fills requests from the web server, stores the requested information locally, and sends the information to the client ; the next time the web cache gets a request for the same information, it simply returns the locally cached data instead of searching over the internet, thus reducing internet traffic and response time. a location on the world wide web that is owned and managed by an individual, company or organization ; usually contains a home page and additional pages that include information provided by the site ' s owner, and may include links to other relevant sites. world wide web a global hypertext system operating on the internet that enables electronic communication of text, graphics, audio, and video. process or set of instructions that calculates data bit relationships in a raid subsystem. searchtyp a word and hit ` search `. recent searchesthe most recent searches on encyclo. between brackets you will find the number of results and number of related results. \u2022 pongalur block ( 1 ) \u2022 mobile gambling ( 1 ) \u2022 hypercatalectic ( 7 ) \u2022 cyproterone acetate ( 3 ) \u2022 compton white ( 1 ) \u2022 chierry ( 1 ) \u2022 foci ( 7 ) \u2022 morter ( 2 ) \u2022 athletic heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5965803734476252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df8968b-5165-4f6a-a000-26823b14e264>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.263946"}
{"text": "department of environment and conservation ( nsw ), 2005 isbn : 1 7412 2144 7 7 previous recovery actions - 7. 1 survey - 7. 2 profile and environmental impact assessment guidelines - 7. 3 establishment of a recovery team - 7. 4 community awareness initiatives - 7. 5 in - situ protection during the preparation of this recovery plan, 18 d. sp. c illawarra sites were surveyed by the dec with the assistance of anders bofeldt ( wollongong botanic gardens ) and community volunteers. habitat details, threats and observations of flowering and fruit production were recorded at each surveyed site. a species profile and environmental impact assessment guidelines have been prepared for d. sp. c illawarra ( appendix 4 ) to assist public authorities, community groups and private landholders in the conservation of the species. these documents also aim to assist consent and determining authorities in the statutory assessment of potential impacts on the species. the illawarra regional threatened flora recovery team was established in june 2001 to coordinate the recovery planning for six plant species which occur in the illawarra region and are listed as endangered at a state and national level. these species are d. sp. c illawarra, irenepharsus trypherus, zieria granulata, pterostylis gibbosa, cynanchum elegans and pimelea spicata. representatives of the public authorities that are involved in the planning and / or management of remnant vegetation in the region are present on the recovery team, as are representatives of various regional organisations and community groups. - an information brochure has been prepared and distributed to raise awareness of the six \u201c threatened plants of the illawarra \u201d including d. sp. c \u2018 illawarra \u2019. - in june 2002, the australian network for plant conservation and wollongong council hosted a workshop to raise awareness of issues relating to the conservation of threatened flora in the illawarra. d. sp. c \u2018 illawarra \u2019 was one of the subject species of that workshop. - in november 2002, landcare illawarra hosted a workshop to raise awareness of d. sp. c \u2018 illawarra \u2019 and five other endangered flora species in the illawarra. - the dec has initiated a program of meeting landholders with d. sp. c \u2018 illawarra \u2019 on their property to discuss sympathetic management of the species and the opportunities for entering into conservation agreements. - a voluntary conservation agreement ( vca ) under the np & w act has been signed to protect habitat for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44564065512375445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1045ccb-eb51-4cc4-a94d-dc699accc8f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.270125"}
{"text": "by maina kiarie shimoni caves are located in shimoni village, a sleepy fishing village about 75kms south of mombasa near the wasini islands. shimoni is along the mombasa - lungalunga road, in the heart of digo land. in late 19th century, the imperial british east africa company, the commercial company chartered by the british government to administer her sphere of influence in east africa had its headquarters in shimoni. a cave is a natural opening in the ground, some part of which is in total darkness having extended beyond the zone of light and it is large enough for a human to enter. caves are often found on hillsides or cliffs. most caves are created when slowly - moving water dissolves or eats away at a rock, creating spaces, caverns and even tunnel - like passages. the caves at shimoni are limestone caves, several in number, once joined together and believed to extend some 5km inland. in swahili, the word \u201c shimoni \u201d means \u201c the place of the hole \u201d. shimoni village derives its name from the presence of caves by the seashore formed by natural forces millions of years back. it is very dark inside the bat infested caves at shimoni. during the indian ocean trade centuries ago the caves today known as shimoni caves were used by slave merchants as holding pens for slaves captured by slave hunters - both arab \u2018 caravans \u2019 and africans - from the hinterland. the slaves - on - transit were shackled and then fastened on metal hooks on the cave walls to hinder their movement awaiting slave dhows to ship them to zanzibar, the main slave market on the east african coast. slaves were used as porters of ivory from the hinterland to the coast for shipment. from zanzibar the slaves were shipped to arabia, yemen, turkey, india and persia. driven by the sultanates of the middle east slave trade in east africa resulted in african slaves serving as sailors in persia, pearl divers in the gulf, soldiers in the omani army, workers on the salt pans of mesopotamia ( modern day iraq ), domestic slaves, and women as sex slaves. in the caves can be found iron shackles on the walls, wooden crates likely used to transport slaves in, and old rusted pieces of chains. the metallic studs against which the slaves were held are now being swallowed by stalactites ( a type of secondary mineral that hangs from the ceiling of limestone caves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4564782570607787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:513df520-cf6e-4ee4-bd1b-32e887a0dc6c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.273196"}
{"text": "a short note on the libraries kept by initiates and mahatmas helena p. blavatsky helena p. blavatsky wrote of \u201c several esoteric schools \u201d that claim to be \u201c in possession of the sum total of sacred and philosophical works in mss. and type \u201d. ( \u201c the secret doctrine \u201d, vol. i, p. xxiii. ) the following fragment is reproduced from the volume \u201c from the caves and jungles of by h. p. blavatsky, 720 pp., see pp. 74 - 77. t. p. h., usa ( c. c. a. ) generally speaking, the position of archaeologists in is a sad one. the masses, immersed in ignorance, are utterly unable to be of any use to them, while the learned brahmanas, initiated into all the mysteries of the secret libraries in the pagodas, remain silent and do all they can to prevent archeological research. however, after all that has occurred, it would be unjust to find fault with the conduct of the brahmanas in these matters. india the bitter experience of many centuries has taught them that their only salvation was in distrust and caution, without which their national history and their most sacred treasures would have been irrevocably lost. political upheavals and moslem invasions which have for so many centuries torn india and shaken that country to its very foundations, the all - destructive fanaticism of the moslem vandals, and the catholic padris, capable of any cunning scheme to secure manuscripts and destroy them - all these more than justify the brahmanas. however, in spite of these destructions occurring through the centuries, there exist in many places in india vast libraries, access to which would shed a bright light not only on the ancient history of india itself, but also on the darkest problems of universal history. some of these libraries, filled with priceless manuscripts, are in the possession of native princes and of the pagoda priests subservient to them, but the greater part is in the hands of the jainas ( the oldest sect ) and of the rajputana thakurs, whose ancient hereditary castles are scattered all over rajasthan, like so many eagle \u2019 s aeries on the summits of rocks. the existence of the celebrated collections at jaisalmer and pathana are known to the government, but they remain wholly beyond its reach. the manuscripts are written in an ancient and long forgotten language, intelligible only to the high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4690274564690082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0dbb4f3-d771-4dad-b55f-64308fbd079e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.278599"}
{"text": "##s ( apart from their owners ) are allowed free access to them. it is well known that no torture would ever induce any of them to reveal the secret, especially when one bears in mind the fact that they daily inflict torture upon rajasthan : a state in nw ( c. c. a. ) india at this point the editor of hpb \u2019 s \u201c collected writings \u201d, boris de zirkoff, says in a footnote that colonel james tod ( 1782 - 1835 ) wrote a two volume work entitled \u201c annals and antiquities of rajasthan... \u201d. it was published in in 1829 - 1832. london boris de zirkoff underlines the fact that this is a reference to \u201c annals and antiquities of rajasthan... \u201d. ( c. c. a. ) a sibylline book is a collection of oracular utterances. ( \u201c webster \u2019 s encyclopedic unabridged dictionary of the english language \u201d, portland house, n. y., 1989 edition. ) ( c. c. a. ) our readers are invited to see the text \u201c the importance of esoteric libraries \u201d. it can be found at the list of texts by alphabetical order in www. esoteric - philosophy. com and www. theosophyonline. com ; or at the lista de textos por ordem alfabetica, at www. filosofiaesoterica. com. if you want to have access to a daily study of the original teachings of theosophy, write to email @ example. com and ask for information on the yahoo e - group e - theosophy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5058061083463516, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0dbb4f3-d771-4dad-b55f-64308fbd079e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.280309"}
{"text": "park city, utah, uses gis to create environmental information repository data viewer popular beyond expectations incorporated in 1884, park city, utah, has a rich silver mining history that spans from 1863 until the turn of the century. however, because of various economic downturns, mining interest dwindled, and consequently, in 1985, the city defined a boundary encompassing 618 acres of residential and commercial property that is required to be remediated to isolate the lead from human contact by installing a six - inch clean topsoil cap. coupled with that concern was the explosive development the city must manage in a manner that preserves the precious and unique environment of the wasatch mountains. to assist in environmental preservation, the park city council adopted a sensitive area overlay ( sao ) zone ordinance in 1992 with the primary intent of restricting development in aesthetically and environmentally sensitive areas. the sensitive areas protected by the ordinance include steep slopes, ridgelines, entry corridors, wetlands, streams, and wildlife habitat. the park city environmental data viewer ( mapserv. utah. gov / parkcitygis ) was developed specifically as an innovative information repository to educate the numerous stakeholders within park city of the local environment, sao, and the remediation that remains ongoing to improve both the east canyon creek and silver creek watersheds. in developing this application, several goals were accomplished, resulting in a community that is more aware of the city ' s past and is able to plan for the future in a manner that protects and preserves sensitive environmental areas within the city limits. in 2004, the building department spearheaded the development of a gis that was capable of managing environmental ordinances and compliance. therefore, the remediation boundary and regulated lots were digitized with arcgis desktop software, which was connected to the database system that contained the historical soil sampling data. once this was completed, the value of the gis for tracking the remediation progress within the boundary was immediately recognized. not only could the city track compliance, but since the underlying contaminant levels were mapped within the gis, a utility installation contractor could research different routes to avoid contamination and potentially avoid excessive soil disposal costs. in addition, the city recognized the substantial savings for the public works department, which could research the contamination level at different areas of the city before with that question, the building department contacted the utah automated geographic reference center ( agrc ) to inquire into its interests in assisting the city in developing an environmental data viewer. agrc approved the idea to develop such an application with arcgis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4174839428578022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3703b1c3-1026-49d9-a786-9bae2491eb88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.289628"}
{"text": "before with that question, the building department contacted the utah automated geographic reference center ( agrc ) to inquire into its interests in assisting the city in developing an environmental data viewer. agrc approved the idea to develop such an application with arcgis server software. the application went through several different renditions with regard to format and implementing stakeholder ideas. the city provided all the gis dataset layers from its arcgis desktop software. in addition, since park city did not have a gis server, the city and agrc drafted a mutual agreement that would allow the data viewer to be located at agrc. meanwhile, staff recognized there was no budget for such an application. therefore, the idea of the data viewer was presented to the east canyon watershed committee, which also embraced the development of a gis environmental data viewer for the watershed. the watershed committee unanimously voted to provide section 319 clean water act grant money to fund 60 percent of the cost for development. in december 2007, the data viewer was finalized, comprising all ideas from the committee. the park city environmental data viewer has been such a success that building official ron ivie is amazed by its popularity and the number of users that access the data. upon starting this endeavor, he thought there would probably be 4 services per day for the site ; instead, he is completely astounded by the statistic of 576 services per day, which remains consistent. additionally, the department managers are also very satisfied with the viewer, since they now have a resource they can access without having to go to different locations to obtain answers to their environmental questions. the planning department is able to enforce stream setbacks and uniformly enforce the sensitive area overlay. the building department can research whether a proposed building will be built over a mine shaft before issuing a building permit. the public works department is able to determine where the drinking water source protection delineation exists, monitor activities within the boundaries, and prohibit potential contaminant sources. the city engineer can evaluate lead levels and determine if the generated soils from installing utilities will need to be managed appropriately and disposed of at a permitted facility. usepa and udeq have a product that provides them with up - to - date information with regard to the remediation progress of residential lots. also, the city can consult with the army corps of engineers or department of natural resources cooperatively for activities that may intrude on jurisdictional waters. the watershed committee is using the data viewer to evaluate different areas of the watershed that can be improved. and park city", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.446449134814994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3703b1c3-1026-49d9-a786-9bae2491eb88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.290892"}
{"text": "can consult with the army corps of engineers or department of natural resources cooperatively for activities that may intrude on jurisdictional waters. the watershed committee is using the data viewer to evaluate different areas of the watershed that can be improved. and park city high school science classes use the data viewer for their research projects and field trips. the city also recognizes the value the data viewer provides in managing the risks associated with the historic mine impacts that exist throughout park city. numerous other stakeholders, including the real estate community, lenders, buyers, owners, consultants, contractors, and developers, use the data viewer continuously to assist them in answering specific questions about park city ' s unique environment, lead concentrations, remediation progress, and other issues related to past impacts. the program has successfully streamlined decision - making processes internally and improved internal and external services. it is a stable platform that will only become more useful and successful as additional gis data is procured. finally, the data viewer is an excellent model for other mining communities that are experiencing similar explosive growth and need to manage development while also protecting the environment during remediation and enforcement of institutional and engineering controls. for more information, visit the park city environmental data viewer at mapserv. utah. gov / parkcitygis or contact jeff schoenbacher, environmental coordinator, park city, utah ( tel. : 435 - 615 - 5058, e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ), or barry biediger, utah automated geographic reference center ( tel. : 801 - 537 - 9078, web : agrc. utah. gov ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45715911600440773, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3703b1c3-1026-49d9-a786-9bae2491eb88>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.291649"}
{"text": "1971 : south pole total ozone data before the ozone hole existed 1986 : first year of continuous balloon soundings at the south pole 1993 : record low total ozone related in part to the pinatubo volcanic eruption ( see below ) 2003 : this year is an example of contemporary ozone depletion at the south pole while stratospheric chlorine remains near its peak. stratospheric chlorine is not expected to increase substantially in the future and interannual variations in the magnitude of ozone loss will be determined by atmospheric dynamics and temperature variations, the latter affecting the occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds necessary for ozone depletion. however, a major volcanic eruption during the next 20 - 30 years, while stratospheric chlorine levels are high, will result in the additional ozone loss of about 20 du in mid - october, as observed in 1993. the south pole balloon measurements of the vertical profile of ozone can be integrated to obtain the total column ozone. during most soundings, the balloon obtains altitudes of about 30 km and does not sample the atmosphere above this altitude where 10 % or less of the ozone resides. the amount to add on above the highest altitude obtained by the balloons can be estimated from ozone climatology obtained by the noaa sbuv satellite instrument. using this procedure, total ozone can be measured at the south pole even in darkness when instruments which use ultraviolet radiation to measure ozone are inoperative. the total ozone determined in this way is shown in the figure for several years during the july 1 to december 31 period, which includes the spring when sunlight returns to the south pole and the ozone hole develops. on october 6, 1993, the lowest total ozone value ever recorded on earth ( 89 du with an uncertainty of 5 % using the sbuv extrapolation ) was observed. this was mainly due to chlorine - catalyzed heterogeneous chemistry on volcanic aerosol particles from the pinatubo eruption in the lower stratospheric 10 - 15 km region where it is normally not cold enough to form polar stratospheric clouds in great abundance. antarctic total ozone is not expected to reach these extremely low values until another major volcanic eruption occurs during the period when stratospheric chlorine remains high ( the next 20 - 30 years ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4744133655965078, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd6b19be-644a-46f2-8cee-dd406fe2113b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.294166"}
{"text": "speaking to euractiv on the margins of the climate summit taking place in the danish capital, luc van brande, president of the committee of the regions, an eu consultative body, said regions needed a clear legal framework but also the financial tools to act. his statement was echoed by michele sabban, president of the assembly of european regions, during the climate leaders summit, a side event in copenhagen organised by the climate group with over 60 presidents and ministers from state and regional governments. \" it is up to the regions and the local authorities to implement the commitments taken. for that to happen, a multi - level partnership is needed, \" she said. kyoto protocol signatories are already struggling to meet their target of reducing greenhouse gases by 5. 2 % compared to 1990 levels. and with emissions in 2007 at 11 % above 1990 levels, the risk is high that it will be not met, said regional leaders. new types of policies, partnerships and instruments that dramatically scale up present efforts will be needed, they argue. these must be cross - sectoral and programmatic to ensure sufficient gains across all sectors of the economy. regional government sees itself as the forerunner of advanced climate policies. european regions and north american states and provinces have established mandatory, long - term greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emission reduction goals and similar progress can be witnessed elsewhere, for example in the state of sao paolo in brazil or in the western cape province of south africa, they said. speaking to euractiv, jane davidson, welsh environment minister, said states and regions often move ahead of national governments, noting that wales is committed to reducing ghg emissions by 40 % by 2020. although davidson is calling for the highest target possible here in copenhagen, she stresses that underlying the target there should be a plan. \" we are not just signing up to targets, we have spent the last two years developing a plan against which these targets will be delivered, \" she said. within national policies and frameworks the territorial approach targets sub - national authorities, experts said. \" sub - national governments are making big moves. we heard from scotland its intention to reduce emissions by 42 % by 2020. other similar initiatives are taking place in canadian provinces, in us states, \" commented mark kenber, policy director of the climate group, a non - profit organisation bringing together governments and corporations. \" on the ground the implementation is really beginning to happen now. what they need to go ahead is that international signal, \" kenber added. adaptation and mitigation to climate change are dependent on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4374561042443487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83cc76cf-5a5e-4834-959d-2c89e00d7391>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.301392"}
{"text": "non - profit organisation bringing together governments and corporations. \" on the ground the implementation is really beginning to happen now. what they need to go ahead is that international signal, \" kenber added. adaptation and mitigation to climate change are dependent on local planning decisions, the regional leaders underlined. similarly, it is believed that between 50 and 80 % of ghg emissions are influenced by local behaviour and investment choices, according to the united nations environmental programme ( unep ). however, regions are demanding clear financial incentives from national governments to achieve this. a third of public expenditure in the eu is related to regional authorities and two - thirds of the investments are made at regional level, said van den brande. simon brooks, vice - president of the european investment bank, the eu ' s lending arm, said regions have an obligation to act on climate change. but he noted that cities and regions are attractive customers for banks as they are significant institutions in their own right, with the opportunity to use local taxation to back their loans. in copenhagen, sub - national governments have set up of an \" action tank \" between local authorities and companies, which would together come up with concrete proposals for national governments. \" it is important to take stock of the experiences that have worked and that we will make available to those regions which need them, \" sebban said. transatlantic regional partnership the committee of the regions and the us conference of mayors have been working towards the signature of a memorandum of understanding between the two bodies. although the us national government has not signed the kyoto protocol, almost 1, 000 mayors from the us conference of mayors, representing 87 million people in the us, signed the ' us mayors climate protection agreement ' pledging to meet or beat the kyoto protocol targets. \" we need to work together on climate initiatives to tackle global warming, \" said vice - president of the us conference of mayors elizabeth kautz. \" eveybody can make a difference, one light bulb at the time, \" she said, noting that authorities in the us are working on the energy efficiency of public buildings and switching public transport to biodiesel or other alternatives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45930466028346995, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83cc76cf-5a5e-4834-959d-2c89e00d7391>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.302638"}
{"text": "what ' s the difference between stealing a cd from a music store and ripping off music online? the music industry and law enforcers say that there is none : theft is theft, whether it ' s physical or digital. college students participating in a newly published study, however, said that while they were unlikely to shoplift and viewed that behavior as immoral, they were not exactly motivated to follow the laws governing digital music piracy - - a finding that underscores the difficulties of enforcing such laws and to find new ways to discourage the theft of all types of digital content. in the study by university of nebraska - lincoln researchers, nearly 200 undergraduates were asked to react to a hypothetical fellow student either shoplifting a cd or illegally downloading one. students who reacted to the shoplifting scenario endorsed various motivations to obey the law - - morality, influence from family and friends, fear of getting caught and an inherent obligation to follow the law - - significantly more than those reacting to the downloading scenario. \" we examined theoretical explanations for law - abiding behavior that have been traditionally used to account for compliance, and found weaker support for these explanations when it comes to digital piracy, \" said twila wingrove, the study ' s lead author. \" the results suggest that students perceive shoplifting and digital piracy differently, despite the fact that they are both forms of theft. \" the study ' s data was collected in the mid - 2000s, during highly publicized efforts by the music industry to deter piracy that included filing lawsuits against some offenders. in fact, fear of penalties was the traditional compliance factor that was most strongly related to participants ' reporting reduced downloading behavior. still, while hearing about the lawsuits had some effect on students ' motivations to obey downloading laws, many still saw little chance of being caught and perceived that downloading and file sharing wasn ' t as serious as stealing music from a store. why? the very nature of music piracy is likely the largest obstacle to curbing it, the authors say. there is no risk of physical harm to a victim and no physical object as a target - - making it easier to deduce that digital music theft is harming no one at all. also, there is widespread social support for the behavior within the internet community and on college campuses. the attitude could bleed into other industries that have digitally downloadable content, such as motion pictures, video games and online news outlets that have recently put up paywalls, the research suggests. the study hints similar enforcement problems as the music industry ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5290901260528468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc58f1b-18fb-46fd-b230-659768503e28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.311836"}
{"text": ". the attitude could bleed into other industries that have digitally downloadable content, such as motion pictures, video games and online news outlets that have recently put up paywalls, the research suggests. the study hints similar enforcement problems as the music industry ' s could set in. \" interestingly, while respect for legal authorities is generally found to be significantly related to compliance with the law, this relationship did not seem to exist for college students and music. it wouldn ' t be a stretch to speculate that a similar disconnect might exist with regard to other digitally available forms of media, like television and movies. this is an avenue that should be explored in future research, \" she said. vicky weisz, co - author of the study, agreed : \" we have much to learn about the rapidly changing digital world and the views of younger generations about the legitimacy of the constraints on that world. \" a deterrence strategy with threats of penalties and fines, as the recording industry association of america undertook in early 2004 with the lawsuits, may work as a short - term fix. whether that fear of punishment can be sustained over time, however, remains to be seen. \" we studied college students who grew up with internet access at a time when the internet was considered an access point for free information and media and when there were no convenient, popular methods to pay for online content, \" wingrove said. \" as more industries begin to restrict content and to streamline the purchase of content, perhaps these attitudes will shift and people will have lower expectations of entitlement, but that is a process that will likely happen very slowly. \" wingrove, who is now at appalachian state university, conducted the research while at unl along with angela korpas of the department of psychology and weisz, of unl ' s center on children, families, and the law. the study appears in the journal psychology, crime and law. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44494129529256277, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc58f1b-18fb-46fd-b230-659768503e28>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.315460"}
{"text": "how you get the chameleon of the molecules to settle on a particular \" look \" has been discovered by rub chemists led by professor dominik marx. the molecule ch5 + is normally not to be described by a single rigid structure, but is dynamically flexible. by means of computer simulations, the team from the centre for theoretical chemistry showed that ch5 + takes on a particular structure once you attach hydrogen molecules. \" in this way, we have taken an important step towards understanding experimental vibrational spectra in the future \", says dominik marx. the researchers report in the journal \" physical review letters \". in the ch5 + molecule, the hydrogen atoms are permanently on the move the superacid ch5 +, also called protonated methane, occurs in outer space - where new stars are formed. researchers already discovered the molecule in the 1950s, but many of its features are still unknown. unlike conventional molecules in which all the atoms have a fixed position, the five hydrogen atoms in ch5 + are constantly moving around the carbon centre. scientists speak of \" hydrogen scrambling \". this dynamically flexible structure has been explained by the research groups led by dominik marx and stefan schlemmer of the university of cologne as part of a long - term collaboration ( we reported in july 2005 and march 2010 : http : / / www. pm. ruhr - uni - bochum. de / pm2005 / msg00209. htm, http : / / aktuell. rub. de / pm2010 / msg00066. htm ). marx ' s team now wanted to know if the structure can be \" frozen \" under certain conditions by attaching solvent molecules \u2013 a process called microsolvation. microsolvatation : addition of hydrogen molecules to ch5 + one by one to this end, the chemists surrounded the ch5 + molecule in the virtual lab with a few hydrogen molecules ( h2 ). here, the result is the same as when dissolving normal ions in water : a relatively tightly bound shell of water molecules attaches to each ion in order to then transfer individual ions with several solvent molecules bound to them to the gas phase. to describe the ch5 + hydrogen complexes, classical ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are not sufficient. the reason is that \" hydrogen scrambling \" is based on quantum effects. therefore marx ' s group used a fully quantum mechanical method which they developed in house, known as ab initio path integral simulation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5877195955673937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b6a5518-f14f-4416-bbfd-7f1a4f8d6d21>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.322677"}
{"text": "initio molecular dynamics simulations are not sufficient. the reason is that \" hydrogen scrambling \" is based on quantum effects. therefore marx ' s group used a fully quantum mechanical method which they developed in house, known as ab initio path integral simulation. with this, the essential quantum effects can be taken into account dependent on the temperature. hydrogen molecules give the ch5 + molecule \" structure \" the chemists carried out the simulations at a temperature of 20 kelvin, which corresponds to - 253 degrees celsius. in the non - microsolvated form, the five hydrogen atoms in the ch5 + molecule are permanently changing positions even at such low temperatures - and entirely due to quantum mechanical effects. if ch5 + is surrounded by hydrogen molecules, this \" hydrogen scrambling \" is, however, significantly effected and may even completely come to a halt : the molecule assumes a rudimentary structure. how this looks exactly depends on how many hydrogen molecules are attached to the ch5 + molecule. \" what especially interests me is if superfluid helium - like the hydrogen molecules here \u2013 can also stop hydrogen scrambling in ch5 + \" says marx. experimental researchers use superfluid helium to measure high - resolution spectra of molecules embedded in such droplets. for ch5 + this has so far not been possible. in the superfluid phase, the helium atoms are, however, indistinguishable due to quantum statistical effects. to be able to describe this fact, the theoretical chemists at the rub spent many years developing a new, even more complex path - integral - based simulation method that has recently also been applied to real problems. researchers at the rub explore the influences of microsolvation on small molecules in the gas phase and in helium droplets in the excellence cluster \" ruhr explores solvation \" resolv ( exc 1069 ), which was approved by the german research foundation in june 2012. a. witt, s. ivanov, d. marx ( 2013 ) : microsolvation - induced quantum localization in protonated methane, physical review letters, doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 110. 083003 a figure related to this press release can be found online at : http : / / aktuell. ruhr - uni - bochum. de / pm2013 / pm00080. html. en prof. dr. dominik marx, centre for theoretical chemistry, department of chemistry and biochemistry at the ruhr - universitat,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6379461743679286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b6a5518-f14f-4416-bbfd-7f1a4f8d6d21>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.325814"}
{"text": "the evolution deceit the first person to propose the theory of evolution in the form it \u2019 s accepted today was charles robert darwin, an amateur british naturalist. darwin never received any genuine training in biology and possessed only an amateur knowledge of nature and living things. as a result of his interest he took his place as a volunteer on the discovery vessel hms beagle, which sailed from britain in 1832 and traveled through various regions of the world over the next five years. darwin was highly influenced by the different species he saw during the course of this voyage, and especially by the different species of finches he observed on the galapagos islands. he concluded that the differences in these birds \u2019 beaks stemmed from their adaptation to their surroundings. as a consequence of this idea, he assumed that the concept of environmental adaptation lay at the heart of all the variety among living things. yet in making that assumption, darwin ignored the scientific facts, opposed the evidence that god created all living species, and suggested that living things were all descended from some common ancestor and became differentiated from another due over time, due to environmental conditions. this hypothesis of darwin \u2019 s was based on no scientific facts or experiments. however, with the support and encouragement that he received from eminent materialist biologists of the time, darwin gradually worked up these hypotheses into a coherent theory, according to which all living things were descended from a single primitive ancestor, but had been subjected to minute changes over very lengthy periods of time, and thus diverged anatomically from one another. the ones that best adapted to their surroundings passed their characteristics on to subsequent generations, and these beneficial changes thus accumulated in such a way as to turn these individuals \u2019 offspring into life forms that were very different from their forerunner. ( how these beneficial changes came about unclear, however. ) according to darwin, human beings were the most advanced product of this hypothetical mechanism. darwin called this product of his own imagination \u201c evolution by way of natural selection. \u201d he now imagined that he had discovered the origin of species. the origin of any one species was another, less developed species. he eventually announced these ideas in his book the origin of species, published in 1859. darwin constructed his theory on the concept of natural selection, which meant the survival of the strongest individuals or those best able to adapt to environmental conditions in the struggle for survival in their environment. that is the claim emphasized in the subtitle of darwin \u2019 s book : the origin of species : by means of natural selection. there are natural and random differences within any living", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5233330708494086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c61fe78-ae37-4b51-9970-ce9e97c41234>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.335360"}
{"text": "to adapt to environmental conditions in the struggle for survival in their environment. that is the claim emphasized in the subtitle of darwin \u2019 s book : the origin of species : by means of natural selection. there are natural and random differences within any living species. some cattle are larger than others, for example, and others are darker in color. those characteristics that are most advantageous will be favored through natural selection, and the beneficial characteristic in question will thus come to predominate in that animal population. through an accumulation of these features over a long period of time, a new species will emerge. however, this theory of evolution by way of natural selection, as by darwin proposed it, left unanswered the most fundamental questions right from the outset. if living things had evolved in stages, as darwin claimed, then a great many transitional forms must have existed as well. yet the fossil record revealed no trace of these theoretical transitional life forms. darwin puzzled over this problem for a long time and eventually had to conclude that hopefully, such fossils would be unearthed in the future. despite the passage of the intervening 150 years, however, the expected fossils have still not been found. darwin was in an equally hopeless position when it came to accounting for such complex organs as the eye, ear and wing in terms of natural selection. it was impossible to maintain that these organs developed in stages, since the absence of even a single component would render them totally functionless,. ( see irreducible complexity. ) indeed, darwin was forced to state the difficulties he experienced regarding his theory in his book. ( see origin of species, the ) before all, the question of how the organism that by darwin referred to as the ancestor of all living things came into being remained a complete mystery \u2014 because it is impossible for inanimate matter to come alive by means of natural processes. eventually, advances in science and technology were to fundamentally undermine his theory, which was the product of darwin \u2019 s primitive knowledge of science. 2009 - 08 - 14 16 : 00 : 59", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5517078482827142, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c61fe78-ae37-4b51-9970-ce9e97c41234>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.336712"}
{"text": "let ' s open this piece with a few sobering facts. as of today, 780 million people worldwide lack access to clean drinking water. in the united states alone, we will consume 328 billion gallons of water every day. we needn ' t even mention the number of people that fall victim to water born pathogens leaving them sick or worse. water is life \u2013 \u2013 if it ' s clean. one of the earth ' s magnificent givers of life, water is something we can ' t live without. at least not for more than three days say the experts. the brain trust at camelbak know this better than most. their hydration systems have kept millions of physiques hydrated and performing at optimum levels. it only makes sense they would create a means of not just delivering water, but making it safe to drink. the camelbak all clear water purification system uses the power of ultra violet light to make any water safe for consumption. uv rays are often the bad boys of the light spectrum, but with regard to water purification, they are a powerful force. uv light, as used in the all clear system, is a simplistic way of neutralizing harmful pathogens that would otherwise attack our bodies from within. giardia, e. coli, cryptosporidium, and even rare water born viruses are no challenge for the all clear. the all clear is effectively a water purification system build within a standard sized water bottle. housed inside the lid is a uv bulb, lcd readout screen, and a highly efficient rechargeable battery system. to make any water safe to consume, simply fill the bottle, thread on the lid, press the on button, follow the prompts, and wait just 60 seconds. the lcd screen will clarify if the procedure has been effective. that ' s all there is to it. by the numbers, the all clear will purify your water in exactly one minute. the bulb has a lifespan of 10, 000 cycles, and the lithium ion battery can produce as many as 80 liters of water on a single charge. charging the battery takes as as few as five hours via the included usb charger, and can be charged with a number of consumer available solar chargers like the solio classic. the total system weighs little more than 7 ounces and costs only $ 99. 00. it fits neatly in a glove box, ditch bag, or backpack ready for bold adventures or unfortunate emergencies. when your thirst requires safe drinking water, wouldn ' t you like that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.503302600608756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b08fb3b1-7041-4862-b40f-ea824a4ee738>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.341883"}
{"text": "the following article is about the term nirvana in the context of buddhism. see nirvana ( disambiguation ) for other meanings. nirvana ( sanskrit - - pali : nibbana - - \" beyond all that can be described or defined \" ) is the \" goal \" of buddhism. in chinese buddhist scriptures, the word is transliterated as nie4 pan2 ( ). siddartha gautama, the buddha described buddhism as a raft which, after floating across a river, will reach nirvana. as a term, it denotes the extinguishing or \" blowing out \" of a fire or candle flame and carries the connotations of stilling, cooling, and peace. this state is in opposition of suffering in which all greed, aversion, delusion, ignorance, craving and ego - centered consciousness are extinguished. often considered ineffable, nirvana may be denoted as a continuity of void processes. according to the physics taught at the time of the buddha, a burning fire seizes or adheres to its fuel ; when extinguished, it is unbound to brahmin and indian thought during the time of gautama buddha, when a fire was extinguished it went into a state of latency. rather than ceasing to exist, it became dormant and in that state - - unbound from any particular fuel - - it became diffused throughout the cosmos. when the buddha used the image to explain nibbana to the indian brahmans of his day, he bypassed the question of whether an extinguished fire continues to exist or not, and focused instead on the impossibility of defining a fire that doesn ' t burn : thus his statement that the person who has gone totally \" out \" can ' t be described. however, when teaching his own disciples, the buddha used nibbana more as an image of freedom. apparently, all indians at the time saw burning fire as agitated, dependent, and trapped, both clinging and being stuck to its fuel as it burned. to ignite a fire, one had to \" seize \" it. when fire let go of its fuel, it was \" freed, \" released from its agitation, dependence, and entrapment - - calm and unconfined.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6021278917138515, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d3437b3-1dbe-4d07-bb71-c236e6c0fdbc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.346416"}
{"text": "pioneering periodic arrangements of the elementslaws of triads and of octaves early in the 19th cent., a number of chemists had noticed certain relationships between the properties of elements and their atomic weight. in 1829 j. w. dobereiner stated that there existed some three - element groups, or triads, in which the atomic weight of the middle element was the average of the other two and the properties of this element lay between those of the other two. for example, calcium, strontium, and barium form a triad ; lithium, sodium, and potassium, another. the english chemist j. a. newlands found ( 1863 \u2013 65 ) that if the elements are listed according to atomic weight starting with the second, the 8th element following any given element has similar chemical properties, and so does the 16th. this became known as the law of octaves. about the same time, a. e. de chancourtois arranged the elements according to increasing atomic weight in the form of a vertical helix with eight elements in a turn, so that elements having similar properties fell along vertical lines. d. i. mendeleev was the first to state the periodic law close to its present form. he proposed in 1869 that the properties of elements are periodic functions of the atomic weight and grouped the elements accordingly in a periodic system. working independently and not aware of mendeleev ' s work, lothar meyer arrived at a similar system, publishing his results about a year after mendeleev ' s. when mendeleev devised his periodic table a number of positions could not be fitted by any of the then known elements. mendeleev suggested that these empty spaces represented undiscovered elements and by means of his system accurately predicted their general properties and atomic weights. sections in this article : the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on periodic law pioneering periodic arrangements of the elements from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : chemistry : general", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5519949136880515, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48d2b0ec-0881-4853-8b34-ed576cb5e8c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.349202"}
{"text": "minorca ( minor\u02c8k\u0259 ) [ key ], span. menorca, spanish island ( 1991 pop. 65, 109 ), 271 sq mi ( 702 km ), baleares prov., in the w mediterranean sea, the second largest of the balearic islands. port mahon is the chief city and port. the terrain is mostly low but has a hilly center. cereals, wine, olive oil, and flax are the chief products. much of the agriculture is irrigated. lobster fishing, the export of livestock, and local light industries add to the economy. tourism is also important. a great number of megalithic monuments exist on the island. minorca shared the history of the other balearic islands until 1708, when it was occupied by the english during the war of the spanish succession. england retained it until the seven years war, when it was seized by the french. the treaty of paris ( 1763 ) restored minorca to britain, but the french and spanish again seized it ( 1782 ) in the american revolution. in 1798, in the french revolutionary wars, england regained control ; the peace of amiens ( 1802 ) awarded minorca to spain. the island still has a somewhat british flavor. more on minorca from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : spanish and portuguese political geography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.421103571792803, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3101731-ed03-434e-aaf5-5379d422b8cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.353612"}
{"text": "winter olympics : bobsleigh offspring of the toboggan by john gettings and christine frantz an offspring of tobogganing, the modern - day sport of bobsledding was conceived in switzerland late in the 1800s. the bobsled ' s olympic debut was the four - man event at the 1924 winter games. the two - man event was added eight years later in 1932. the first women ' s bobsled event \u2014 the two - woman bobsled \u2014 was held for the first time in 2002. each nation may enter a maximum of two sleds in each event. the sleds are made of fiberglass and must adhere to strict size and weight restrictions. a driver steers the sled by pulling one rope with his right hand to go right or a separate rope with his left hand to go left. the second member of the two - person team is the brakeman. always the last person in the sled, he or she pulls up on the brake, lowering a piece of metal into the ice to stop the sled after the run. to round out a four - man team a pair of pushers are added. they are responsible for helping to get the sled started. the sleds rip down the icy track one at a time, reaching speeds of up to 90 mph. the team with the lowest aggregate time after the two runs wins the gold. the men ' s two - man competition will be held feb. 18 \u2013 19 and the four - man on feb. 24 \u2013 25. the two - woman bobsled competition takes place feb. 20 \u2013 21. there will be two heats on each day of competition. it will be held at cesana pariol. this 1, 435 m ( 4, 708 ft ) long run, which will host the bobsled, skeleton, and luge competitions, has 19 bends ( 11 left - hand and 8 right - hand ) run and a drop of 114 m ( 274 ft ) and 19 bends. the 2002 salt lake city olympics were good to u. s. bobsledding. the two - woman team took home the gold in the inaugural women ' s competition, and the four - man teams grabbed the silver and bronze. prior to salt lake, the united states had not medaled in bobsledding since the 1956 winter games. for the 2006 games, 2002 gold winner jill bakken and silver medalist todd hayes will lead the u. s. bobsled teams. other returnees include vonetta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4560801793935295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29484774-5baf-4385-b54f-3d7a8c9938c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.356248"}
{"text": "jersey language and languagesedit this page from familysearch wiki historically, the local spoken language in jersey was jerriais. this is best understood as the jersey branch ( or branches ) of the wider norman language ; the branches spoken in guernsey, sark and alderney are recognisably of similar origin but differ considerably in detail. the norman language is a curious fusion : the structure is that of a romance language ( derived from latin ), but to this was added considerable nordic vocabulary - bear in mind that the normans were so called because they were by origin norse - men - vikings who had come south. jerriais has two broad dialects, western and eastern. it may come as a surprise to find that an island just nine miles across would have two recognisably different dialects, but travel across the island was for centuries a difficult exercise - it was said that in 1800 the island had the worst roads in europe. consequently, not only were there the two major dialect grops, but also small isolated pockets ( such as la moye, at the southwest corner of the island ) where distinctive forms of pronunciation and vocabulary developed. there is a considerable corpus of written jerriais, including over 900 articles written for the jersey evening post by george le feuvre ( who wrote as george d ' la forge ), and proceedings of l ' assembliee d ' jerriais, a group founded in 1952 which gathered speakers of the language from across the island. jerriais was never the language of the royal court ; documentation from there ( and subsequently from the states ) was always written in what might be called \" proper french \". equally the business of the church ( and later the chapels ) was done in french. but for most of the latter part of the 19th and early 20th century, most people in rural jersey were trilingual - english was the language of commerce, french the language of church and law, and jerriais the language that did for everything else. the rise of the school certificate and broadcast media changed this, and jerriais was largely squeezed out ( although it had a brief renaissance during the occupation, as the german forces could not understand what was being said! ). thanks to the efforts first of l ' assembliee d ' jerriais and subsequently of l ' office du jerriais, the language has not yet become extinct, and it is thought that several thousand local inhabitants can speak at least a minumum amount of jerriais,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35315266561048475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95c6ea07-ab83-460b-9a3b-9ca4e772a0c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.365530"}
{"text": "large corpus of jersey legislation still exists only in french. the use of french was not entirely limited to law and the church. there were a series of migrations to jersey from france : the last and largest of these began in about 1850. the vast majority of immigrants were agicultural labourers who had left brittany and western normandy in search of better wages and working conditions. by working hard they began to acquire property and became farmers employing labourers rather than hired men and women, and naturally some of these were french also ( it was noted many years ago - by a jerseyman - that the french were prepared to work for each other, but the jerseyman was only prepared to work for himself ). at its peak, between 1890 and 1914, the french - born population numbered about one in ten. the population was significantly reduced in 1914 - many men were called up to the french army and never returned - and in 1920 the states clamped down hard on further immigration, allowing only a strictly - controlled flow of seasonal labour. gradually the remaining population integrated into the existing population of jersey. french is no longer the island ' s second language. when britain joined the eec ( as it then was ) in 1973 the traditional benefits in employing french contract labour disappeared. the gap was filled largely by portuguese nationals escaping the last years of the salazar dictatorship. most came from madeira, at that time an impoverished province neglected by the authorities. it is now thought that about one tenth of the population of jersey is of portuguese origin. more recently, in line with the rest of the uk there has been a significant influx of \" new europeans \", most of them originating in poland and romania. - this page was last modified on 21 february 2013, at 18 : 38. - this page has been accessed 175 times. new to the research wiki? in the familysearch research wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others. learn more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3880473247675392, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95c6ea07-ab83-460b-9a3b-9ca4e772a0c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.372716"}
{"text": "united states migration internaledit this page from familysearch wiki value of migration research mountains, forests, waterways, and the gaps between them channelled migration into predictable settlement patterns. events like gold or land rushes, and indian treaties also affected settlement. understanding the transportation systems available to ancestors can help genealogists better guess their place of origin. connect the place where an ancestor settled to the nearby canals, waterways, trails, roads, and railroads to look for connections to places they may have lived previously. migration research may help you discover : types of u. s. migration records actual lists of travelers are unusual. a few passenger lists are available at the new york state archives for the erie canal from 1827 - 1829. but lists of pioneers who settled an area are sometimes available on the internet, or in the form of county or local histories. the diaries and journals of people on the move may help you learn who they had as companions on the journey, and what their trip was like. censuses, directories, land and property records, plat maps, tax records, and voting registers can sometimes be used to learn where new arrivals settled. starting in 1850 federal censuses show where a person was born, and starting in 1880 where the parents were born. church records of some denominations may indicate a former residence of a family or a place to which they were moving. the minutes of the society of friends ( quakers ) are especially helpful, since the monthly meeting from which the family was moving issued a certificate of recommendation to the monthly meeting to which they were going. and the receiving monthly meeting recorded in their minutes, the location of the monthly meeting from which the family had come. not all denominations were as diligent in recording this type of information, but some others had somewhat similar records. migration records for selected states things you can do in order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! many tasks need to be done. you can help by :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4682761070694029, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f36bf4bf-bf88-4dea-84a9-02632f9a4227>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.375056"}
{"text": "climate - smart agriculture ( csa ) is a term that has been coined to position agriculture as vital in mitigating and adapting to climate change. our previous blog post on the subject reported that agriculture is currently responsible for 70 percent of water use globally, as well as up to 30 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. as demand for food and thus farming is rapidly increasing due to growing populations, it is essential to not only increase agricultural productivity, but to ensure that the environmental impact of agriculture is minimal. it is equally important to adapt existing agricultural practices so they are able to withstand the extreme weather conditions climate change will bring. a report from the un food and agriculture organization ( fao ) published last month, entitled \u201c identifying opportunities for climate - smart agriculture investments in africa \u201d looks at how csa is being applied to africa. africa \u2019 s population has just passed 1 billion and is due to double by 2050. as a consequence, the fao has estimated that africa will need to provide adequate food supplies for over 20 million additional people each year and improve the nutritional status of more than 239 million people. increasing food production in africa is essential, but are current farming processes in africa climate smart? the governments of 14 african countries ( benin, ethopia, gambia, ghana, kenya, liberia, malawi, niger, nigeria, rwanda, senegal, sierra leone, togo and uganda ) have put into place \u201c national agriculture and food security investment plans \u201d ( nafsips ) in order to adapt to slow - onset climatic change and extreme events, and mitigate climate change. the report has assessed these plans to identify investment needs and options for climate - smart agriculture financing in africa. key findings of the report : of the national agriculture and food security investment plans in african countries examined \u2026 - 60 percent are expected to generate climate benefits in terms of slow - onset climate change - 18 percent are expected to generate climate benefits in terms of adaptation to extreme events - 19 percent are expected to generate climate benefits in terms of climate change mitigation gambia and malawi lead the african countries in terms of number of projects that address slow onset climate change as well as climate change mitigation, whereas liberia and niger ranked higher in terms of number of projects that address adaptation to extreme events. in an assessment of the potential for quick deployment of climate - smart agricultural practices, ghana and kenya were both ranked as having a high potential, whereas senegal, and benin were ranked as low. the results of the analysis highlight that nafsips already include many climate - smart activities, however there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43988978390163214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bdb37666-62ef-45c2-bc3a-eb228c89dd85>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.379594"}
{"text": "depicting snow in woodcuts white inks were not usually employed in printing japanese woodcuts, so snow was commonly depicted by leaving areas of the paper blank. snowflakes were usually created by carving nicks out of the surface of the colour blocks, so that flecks of paper appear like flakes of snow. here nicks have been carved out of the blocks used to print the man ' s hair so that it appears as though snowflakes are falling in front of him. exceptionally, in special luxury editions or private commissions, white pigment was flicked onto the surface of the paper to create extra snowflakes after the colours had been printed. the white pigment is whiter than the colour of the paper, so the snowflakes stand out against the snow. this pigment was traditionally made from seashells and known as gofun ( calcium carbonate ), but lead based whites were also used, as in this example. the flicked pigment cannot be precisely controlled, so the effect is random in each impression, but in this example the pigment was brushed through holes in a stencil, rather than being flicked, so the snowflakes appear in exactly the same place in each example of the print ( some of the snowflakes have darkened over time ). another way of depicting snow was to emboss the surface of the thick paper using a carved block without any ink. here this technique has been used to create ridges in the snow behind the women. the ridges are modelled purely by the light falling on the surface of the print.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4636272426127802, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:747b078d-c88f-4c5a-8d37-5017a8a5b82e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.383212"}
{"text": "you may not think of your lawn and garden as hazards for your pet, but, if you ' re not careful, you could put them in danger. here are some of the most frequently asked questions about how to keep your animal friends safe. 1. what plants are toxic to pets? cardiotoxic plants : ( affect the heart ) kalanchoe spp. lily of the valley rhododendron, azalea and rosebay plants that could cause kidney failure : lilies ( lilium and hemerocallis species, in cats only ) rhubarb ( rheum species ) ( leaves only ) shamrock ( oxalis species ) plants or fungi that could cause liver failure : cycads ( cycad species such as sago palm ) mushroom ( amanita phalloides ) plants that could cause multiple effects : autumn crocus ( colchicum species ) ( hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, renal, liver damage and bone marrow suppression ) castor bean ( ricinus species ) ( can cause renal failure, liver failure, convulsions and death ) always assume that any ingested mushroom is highly toxic until a mycologist positively identifies it. toxic and non - toxic mushrooms can grow in the same area. 2. what should pet owners do if they suspect their animal has ingested a poisonous plant or mushroom? what symptoms should they look for? if a pet owner suspects that their animal ingested a poisonous plant, they should contact their veterinarian immediately. it \u2019 s advised to bring part of the plant to a nursery for identification if the exact species is not known. symptoms of poisonings can include almost any clinical sign. the animal may even appear completely normal for several hours or days. 3. is there a way for pet owners to train or teach their pets not to eat poisonous plants or mushrooms? a pet owner could train their pets to avoid certain areas of their home or yard where there are poisonous plants. however, the safest method would be to prevent exposure by removing the plants from the pet ' s home and yard. 4. what about pesticides and fertilizers that might be in the garage or tool shed? make sure your pets do not go on lawns or in gardens treated with fertilizers, herbicides or insecticides until the time listed on the label by the manufacturer. if you are uncertain about the usage of any product, contact the manufacturer for clarification before using it. always store pesticides, fertilizer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39696827344203545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e47b7335-759b-4615-accb-51f296f09558>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.387393"}
{"text": "the idea that robots of one kind or another ( e. g. nanobots eating up the world and leaving grey goo, cylons in both versions of battlestar galactica trying to exterminate humans, etc. ) will take over the world and find humans unnecessary isn \u2019 t especially new in works of fiction. it \u2019 s not always mentioned directly but the underlying anxiety often has to do with intelligence and concerns over an \u2018 explosion of intelligence \u2019. the question it raises, \u2019 what if our machines / creations become more intelligent than humans? \u2019 has been described as existential risk. according to a nov. 25, 2012 article by sylvia hui for huffington post, a group of eminent philosophers and scientists at the university of cambridge are proposing to found a centre for the study of existential risk, could computers become cleverer than humans and take over the world? or is that just the stuff of science fiction? philosophers and scientists at britain \u2019 s cambridge university think the question deserves serious study. a proposed center for the study of existential risk will bring together experts to consider the ways in which super intelligent technology, including artificial intelligence, could \u201c threaten our own existence, \u201d the institution said sunday. \u201c in the case of artificial intelligence, it seems a reasonable prediction that some time in this or the next century intelligence will escape from the constraints of biology, \u201d cambridge philosophy professor huw price said. when that happens, \u201c we \u2019 re no longer the smartest things around, \u201d he said, and will risk being at the mercy of \u201c machines that are not malicious, but machines whose interests don \u2019 t include us. \u201d price along with martin rees, emeritus professor of cosmology and astrophysics, and jaan tallinn, co - founder of skype, are the driving forces behind this proposed new centre at cambridge university. from the cambridge project for existential risk webpage, many scientists are concerned that developments in human technology may soon pose new, extinction - level risks to our species as a whole. such dangers have been suggested from progress in ai, from developments in biotechnology and artificial life, from nanotechnology, and from possible extreme effects of anthropogenic climate change. the seriousness of these risks is difficult to assess, but that in itself seems a cause for concern, given how much is at stake. \u2026 the cambridge project for existential risk \u2014 a joint initiative between a philosopher, a scientist, and a software entrepreneur \u2014 begins with the conviction that these issues require a great deal more scientific investigation than they presently receive. our aim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5107943664910437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb82fb93-07f4-4dbf-8220-b070fc78c2be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.393465"}
{"text": "much is at stake. \u2026 the cambridge project for existential risk \u2014 a joint initiative between a philosopher, a scientist, and a software entrepreneur \u2014 begins with the conviction that these issues require a great deal more scientific investigation than they presently receive. our aim is to establish within the university of cambridge a multidisciplinary research centre dedicated to the study and mitigation of risks of this kind. price and tallinn co - wrote an aug. 6, 2012 article for the australia - based, the conversation website, about their concerns, we know how to deal with suspicious packages \u2013 as carefully as possible! these days, we let robots take the risk. but what if the robots are the risk? some commentators argue we should be treating ai ( artificial intelligence ) as a suspicious package, because it might eventually blow up in our faces. should we be worried? asked whether there will ever be computers as smart as people, the us mathematician and sci - fi author vernor vinge replied : \u201c yes, but only briefly \u201d. he meant that once computers get to this level, there \u2019 s nothing to prevent them getting a lot further very rapidly. vinge christened this sudden explosion of intelligence the \u201c technological singularity \u201d, and thought that it was unlikely to be good news, from a human point of view. was vinge right, and if so what should we do about it? unlike typical suspicious parcels, after all, what the future of ai holds is up to us, at least to some extent. are there things we can do now to make sure it \u2019 s not a bomb ( or a good bomb rather than a bad bomb, perhaps )? it appears price, rees, and tallinn are not the only concerned parties, from the nov. 25, 2012 research news piece on the cambridge university website, with luminaries in science, policy, law, risk and computing from across the university and beyond signing up to become advisors, the project is, even in its earliest days, gathering momentum. \u201c the basic philosophy is that we should be taking seriously the fact that we are getting to the point where our technologies have the potential to threaten our own existence \u2013 in a way that they simply haven \u2019 t up to now, in human history, \u201d says price. \u201c we should be investing a little of our intellectual resources in shifting some probability from bad outcomes to good ones. \u201d price acknowledges that some of these ideas can seem far - fetched, the stuff of science fiction, but insists that that \u2019 s part of the point.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5554988850428079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb82fb93-07f4-4dbf-8220-b070fc78c2be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.394628"}
{"text": "the night skies of august : a convergence of planets and a shower of meteors by leo enright in the month of august, with longer nights than in july, we have more time to enjoy the view of the great summer milky way, as well as the famous meteor shower of mid - august. this year we have the added bonus of the two brightest planets steadily converging in the western evening sky. at the beginning of the month, sunset in this area is at about 8 : 30 p. m. eastern daylight time, and evening astronomical twilight ends at about 10 : 30 p. m. by the end of august, sunset will be at about 7 : 45 p. m., with twilight ending at about 9 : 30 p. m. late summer sky watchers who are fortunate enough to have dark, rural skies can really get to know the summer milky way and the constellations within it. just let your late - evening gaze sweep from the northeast to the southern part of the sky. in the northeast, entirely within the milky way, you see cassiopeia, in the shape of a very large letter \u201c w \u201d. high in the east you notice cygnus, the swan, also called the northern cross from the shape of its star pattern, and down in the south, in the richest and densest part of the milky way, is sagittarius, whose star pattern forms the shape of a teapot with the handle to the left and the spout to the right. this summer milky way is really one arm of our home galaxy, the milky way galaxy, and our immense solar system, with the sun, its nine planets and all their many moons, is really just a small dot among the 200 billion stars that make up this galaxy, which is over 250, 000 light - years in diameter! during august we also have a chance to see the famous andromeda galaxy, the only other galaxy that can be seen with the unaided eye. this close neighbour of our galaxy is one of the largest members of the \u201c local group \u201d of over a dozen galaxies, and it is only (! ) about 2 million light - years away. to find it, locate the \u201c w \u201d of cassiopeia well up in the northeastern sky at about 11 : 00 p. m. trace a line from the right side of the \u201c w \u201d down and to the right toward the eastern horizon. about half way along that line, you should see a \u201c faint fingerprint \u201d on the sky. that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4335798770288273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a639053-f70d-416f-9182-d7aa0abd8c7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.402501"}
{"text": "11 : 00 p. m. trace a line from the right side of the \u201c w \u201d down and to the right toward the eastern horizon. about half way along that line, you should see a \u201c faint fingerprint \u201d on the sky. that is it. remember that what you are seeing is another whole galaxy made up of 400 billion stars, and that the light from them has taken over 2 million years to reach your eyes! among the bright planets, the two brightest of all do a great converging act this month. brilliant venus in early august is easily found low in the western sky between 30 minutes and 90 minutes after sunset. the second brightest planet, jupiter, is somewhat higher but in the southwestern sky. at the beginning of august, they are 30 degrees apart, that is 3 times the width of a fist held at arm \u2019 s length. each evening they appear closer to each other by 1 degree, that is, by about the width of a person \u2019 s little fingernail held at arm \u2019 s length. remarkably, at dusk on august 31, these two brightest planets will appear almost on top of each other. it should be a fine reminder of the venus - jupiter convergence of february, 1999. of course, they are not physically near each other, since jupiter, with an orbit that is far outside that of earth, is actually 5 times further way from us than venus. the third evening planet, reddish mars, may be seen rising in the east at about midnight in early august, and thence rising 2 to 3 minutes earlier each evening, until by month \u2019 s end it will be seen about 10 : 30 p. m. mars is gradually brightening, and, if inspected in a small telescope, appears larger over the course of the month. saturn and mercury, which were seen low in the western evening sky in the month of june, are not visible in the first half of august, but in the last two weeks of the month they may be seen very low in the eastern sky between 60 minutes and 30 minutes before sunrise. as was the case in the western sky two months ago, they are both again below castor and pollux, the brightest stars in the constellation gemini. saturn appears above ; mercury is below and to its left. over the last 10 days of the month, mercury becomes considerably brighter than saturn, but remember that a good view of the eastern horizon will be needed to see this planetary pairing in the morning sky. several beautiful lunar - planetary arrangements are to be seen this month. on the evening of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5053638181866258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a639053-f70d-416f-9182-d7aa0abd8c7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.403633"}
{"text": "the month, mercury becomes considerably brighter than saturn, but remember that a good view of the eastern horizon will be needed to see this planetary pairing in the morning sky. several beautiful lunar - planetary arrangements are to be seen this month. on the evening of august 7, do not miss the sight of the slim crescent moon just to the right of venus and low in the western sky about 40 to 50 minutes after sunset. at the same time on the evenings of the 8th and 9th, the crescent moon will be seen marching between the converging planets venus and jupiter, and on the 10th it will be to the left of jupiter. at about midnight on august 24th the rising moon will appear to the left of mars, and again about midnight and after on august 25th it will appear close to the pleiades star cluster. in the morning sky about 40 minutes before sunrise on august 31st, the thin waning crescent moon will appear above saturn, and at the same time on september 1st, the very thin crescent moon will appear below saturn. with the famous perseid meteor shower reaching its absolute peak during the day of august 12, thursday and friday august 11th and 12th should be almost equally good for observing this annual event which has received its name because these meteors ( sometimes called \u201c shooting stars \u201d ) all seem to radiate from a point in the constellation perseus which is in the northeastern evening sky below the \u201c w \u201d of cassiopeia. with a first quarter moon setting about midnight or before on those evenings, there will be no lunar interference at all after midnight, and so, amateur astronomers are looking forward to spectacular \u201c meteoric fireworks \u201d, especially from midnight to dawn on both of the peak nights. if the weather cooperates, many skywatchers will be observing all night, keeping an hour - by - hour count. if the weather is uncooperative on the peak nights, remember that the perseids are somewhat active for several weeks before and after their peak. to see the most meteors possible, face in a northerly, or a southeasterly, direction, and direct your gaze to a \u201c quarter - section \u201d of the sky quite high above the horizon. most of the meteors are very fast, and are coming from a spot, called the radiant, in the northeastern part of the sky. do not despair if you have 10 minutes without seeing any ; in the next 10 minutes you may see 20 of them, since they often come in clusters. i would be interested in hearing from local observers about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4467065544702582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a639053-f70d-416f-9182-d7aa0abd8c7a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.404696"}
{"text": "gray wolf management fws and state agencies release 2011 annual report for the northern rocky mountain population the 2011 interagency annual report for the northern rocky mountain distinct population segment ( nrm dps ), compiled by cooperating federal, state and tribal agencies, estimates that the nrm population increased to 1, 774 wolves and 109 breeding pairs. the nrm area includes all of montana, idaho, wyoming, the eastern one - third of washington and oregon and a small portion of north central utah. the report is posted online at http : / / westerngraywolf. fws. gov and is composed of seven sections : 1 ) montana ; 2 ) wyoming ; 3 ) idaho ; 4 ) oregon, 5 ) washington, 6 ) service overview of dispersal ; wolves outside of montana, idaho, wyoming ; funding ; litigation ; and recent publications ; and 7 ) tables and figures of wolf population, wolf pack distribution, and wolf depredations and wolf control. interagency annual report october 4, 2011 - u. s. fish and wildlife service proposes gray wolf delisting and transfer of gray wolf management to the state of wyoming following approval of a revised wolf management plan by the wyoming game and fish commission, the u. s. fish and wildlife service has proposed to remove the gray wolf population in wyoming from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife. due to recovery efforts and the provisions of the revised state plan, the wyoming wolf population is healthy and stable, current and future threats to wolves have been addressed, and a post - delisting monitoring and management framework has been developed. if this proposal is finalized, the gray wolf would be delisted in wyoming under the endangered species act ( esa ), and future management for this species, except in national parks and national wildlife refuges, would be conducted by the appropriate state or tribal wildlife agencies. comments must be received within 100 days, on or before january 13, 2012. the service will post all comments on http : / / www. regulations. gov. this generally means the agency will post any personal information provided through the process. the service is not able to accept email or fax comments. a peer review panel is scheduled to conduct an assessment of this proposal during the public comment period. once completed in december, this assessment will be posted online at http : / / www. fws. gov / mountain - prairie / species / mammals / wolf /. additional background information on gray wolves in the northern rocky mountain region is available on the same site. all comments and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4332916046968074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9230ef57-9811-4cb5-9ed5-96ca572bd937>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.408805"}
{"text": "assessment will be posted online at http : / / www. fws. gov / mountain - prairie / species / mammals / wolf /. additional background information on gray wolves in the northern rocky mountain region is available on the same site. all comments and information, including on the assessment, received during the comment period will be considered during the preparation of a final determination. accordingly, the final decision may differ from this proposal. for further information, contact u. s. fish and wildlife service, mountain - prairie region office, ecological services division, 134 union blvd., lakewood, co 80228 ; telephone 303 \u2013 236 \u2013 7400. persons who use a telecommunications proposed wyoming wolf delisting news release and fact sheet aug 3, 2011 - salazar, ashe finalize agreement with wyoming on revised gray wolf management plan secretary of the interior ken salazar and u. s. fish and wildlife service director dan ashe announced that the service has reached an agreement with the state of wyoming that will result in revisions to the state \u2019 s management plan for the gray wolf. the points of agreement, first announced in principle in early july, promote the management of a stable, sustainable population of wolves and pave the way for the service to return wolf management to wyoming. may 4, 2011 - interior announces next steps in protection, recovery and scientific management of wolves the department of the interior \u2019 s u. s. fish and wildlife service announced that it is proposing to delist biologically recovered gray wolf populations in the western great lakes, and \u2013 in accordance with recently enacted legislation \u2013 reinstating the service \u2019 s 2009 decision to delist biologically recovered gray wolf populations in the northern rocky mountains. \u201c like other iconic species such as the whooping crane, the brown pelican, and the bald eagle, the recovery of the gray wolf is another success story of the endangered species act, \u201d said secretary of the interior ken salazar. \u201c the gray wolf \u2019 s biological recovery reflects years of work by scientists, wildlife managers, and our state, tribal, and stakeholder partners to bring wolf populations back to healthy levels. \u201d news release ( pdf 102 kb ) delisting federal register notice may 5, 2011 ( pdf 56 kb ) gray wolf contact information - to report suspected wolf depredations on livestock or pets, contact : usda wildlife services : toll - free at 866 - 487 - 3297 or 208 - 378 - 5077", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43210946304104814, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9230ef57-9811-4cb5-9ed5-96ca572bd937>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.409957"}
{"text": "with valentine \u2019 s day just around the corner, we wanted to share some of the more fascinating shows species put on to attract a mate. these colorful, noisy rituals can be seen firsthand at many national wildlife refuges. take the male attwater \u2019 s praire chicken. he \u2019 ll dance a jig and make a \u201c booming \u201d sound by filling orange air sacks on the sides of his neck. the spectacle can be seen in march and april at attwater prairie chicken national wildlife refuge, which has its annual festival april 14 - 15. to the north, you can find the american woodcock, whose night \u201c sky dance \u201d can be seen in places like missisquoi national wildlife refuge in vermont, or trustom pond national wildlife refuge in rhode island. the dance, which renowned author and conservationist aldo leopold loved, begins with a series of sharp \u201c peent \u201d sounds, until the bird suddenly flies up, twittering, in a widening spiral, floats briefly, and dives zigzag back to earth. or how about the grey tree frog that inflates its vocal pouch to balloon - like proportions and sounds a melodic trill? university of missouri researchers discovered the male can calibrate his love song to attract a mate with matching chromosomes! if you \u2019 re hoping to hear the song, head to mingo national wildlife refuge in missouri, or white river national wildlife refuge in arkansas in early april. and then there are the horseshoe crabs, which come ashore in the thousands to spawn in may and june. the male horseshoe crab crowds along the water line, vying for arriving females. when the time is right, he will grab onto a mate and ride ashore. the female will dig a hole in the sand to deposit her eggs, and the male fertilizes them. some great spots to check this out : prime hook national wildlife refuge in delaware and cape may national wildlife refuge in new jersey. mispillion harbor, deleware photo : gregory breese / usfws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42777847021064025, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a147e76-c5c3-4319-990c-e14b37c1040b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.412209"}
{"text": "weeds can seriously impair the growth of young trees and shrubs by competing with them for moisture and nutrients. an area at least one metre diameter around young trees should be kept weed - free by hoeing carefully, by applying a layer of old carpet, a thick layer of cardboard, newspapers or organic mulch, or by using chemical weedkillers. mulching feeds the young tree and conserves moisture, as well as keeping weeds down. some mulches, such as garden compost, grass clippings and farmyard manure, often contain weed seedlings and these will have to be controlled. other mulching materials such as bark, brewer \u2019 s grains and mushroom compost are weed - free. chemical weed control is very successful but must be used properly. contact weedkillers, such as basta, will deal with grass and soft weeds. soft weeds and tough perennial weeds can be spot - treated with roundup. brushwood killer is useful for killing brambles and other scrub, including ivy. as trees and shrubs get older, they can usually cope with weeds, being bigger and able to shade them out. woody weeds such as brambles and elderberry can become a problem and should be dug out as soon as they are noticed. other weeds such as bindweed might need to be spot - treated with roundup.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3859543651635287, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ccffb81f-a9a5-468b-bb51-e438f569b0de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.413517"}
{"text": "about john morris sheppard john morris sheppard ( may 28, 1875 \u2013 april 9, 1941 ) was a democratic united states congressman and united states senator from texas. he authored the eighteenth amendment ( prohibition ) and introduced it in the senate, so that he is referred to as \" the father of national prohibition. \" john morris sheppard was born in morris county in east texas, the oldest of seven children, to lawyer and later judge and united states representative john levi sheppard and his wife the former margaret alice eddins. through his mother margaret, morris was a direct descendent of robert morris ( 1734 \u2013 1806 ) who had signed the declaration of independence, the articles of confederation, and the united states constitution. sheppard enrolled at the university of texas at austin in 1891 and received his b. a. degree from there in 1895, as well as his ll. b. from university of texas school of law in 1897. it was while enrolled at ut - austin law school that sheppard became a member of the methodist church. he was also a close friend and classmate of future governor of texas pat neff and future u. s. senator tom connally while at the university of texas school of law. in 1898, he received his ll. m. from yale university. he began practicing law with his father in pittsburg, texas and later texarkana. in 1902, morris sheppard was elected as a democrat to replace his deceased father in the united states house of representatives. he held a seat until his resignation in 1913, when he succeeded in his bid to fill a vacancy in the senate. sheppard held his senate seat until his death in washington, d. c. in 1941, serving as democratic whip between 1929 and 1933. future u. s. president and then - representative lyndon b. johnson ran unsuccessfully for sheppard ' s senate seat in the special election called after sheppard ' s death. as senator, sheppard sponsored progressive reform legislation promoting rural credit programs, child labor laws, and antitrust laws. he was also an advocate of the women ' s suffrage in the united states. during his tenure, he was a vocal supporter of the temperance movement. he helped write the webb - kenyon act ( 1913 ) to regulate the interstate shipment of alcoholic beverages, authored the sheppard bone - dry act ( 1916 ) to impose prohibition on the district of columbia, introduced the senate resolution for the eighteenth amendment establishing national prohibition, and helped write the volstead act which provided for its enforcement. however, during the prohibition era, a still that produced 130 gallons of moonshine per day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4114746081088611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfd3d9a4-b962-404f-b564-d96a0a0e3a07>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.419662"}
{"text": "prohibition on the district of columbia, introduced the senate resolution for the eighteenth amendment establishing national prohibition, and helped write the volstead act which provided for its enforcement. however, during the prohibition era, a still that produced 130 gallons of moonshine per day was discovered on a texas ranch that sheppard owned. sheppard - towner maternity and infancy protection act of 1921 co - sponsored by morris sheppard and horace mann towner, the sheppard - towner act of 1921 provided federal matching funds for services aimed to reduce maternal and infant mortality. the funding included : midwife training ; visiting nurses for pregnant women and new mothers ; distribution of nutrition and hygiene information ; health clinics, doctors and nurses, for pregnant women, mothers and children. federal credit union act of 1934 senator morris sheppard and congressman wright patman are considered the fathers of the federal credit union act of 1934. sheppard was the act ' s author. the bill had stalled in the united states house of representatives considerably shortening the time the senate had to pass the final version. rather than sending the bill to a conference committee, sheppard asked the united states senate to pass the bill unanimously without reading the bill or the amendments. the bill passed the senate unanimously. the morris sheppard credit union in texarkana, texas carries the senator ' s name, while the institution ' s local credit union chapter is named after congressman patman. on december 1, 1909, sheppard married lucille sanderson. the couple had three daughters. sheppard and his wife were the grandparents of connie mack, iii, republican u. s. senator from florida, and great - grandparents of connie mack iv, republican u. s. representative from florida. other sheppard grandsons were democrat richard sheppard arnold ( 1936 \u2013 2004 ) and republican morris sheppard \" buzz \" arnold ( born 1941 ), federal appeals court judges in arkansas. the federal courthouse in little rock is named in judge richard arnold ' s honor. judge morris arnold, a republican, remains on the eighth circuit court under senior status. senator morris died in office of a brain hemorrhage on april 9, 1941. he is interred at hillcrest cemetery in texarkana, texas. the year following sheppard ' s death, lucille sanderson sheppard, married united states senator from texas, tom connally. senator connally also pre - deceased lucille. when she died in 1980, she was buried with her first husband morris sheppard in hillcrest cemetery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4009905094935902, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfd3d9a4-b962-404f-b564-d96a0a0e3a07>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.420683"}
{"text": "activity objective : girls explore starting their own business. toward leadership outcomes : through this activity, girls will : - develop a strong sense of self \u2014 girls have confidence in themselves and their abilities, feel they are able to achieve their goals, and form positive gender, social, and cultural identities. ( discover ) - 5 min. introduction ( talking points ) - 20 - 25 min. runnin ' it - 10 - 15 min. \u201c do the math \u201d chart - 5 - 10 min. reflection / discussion - pens or pencils ( enough for each girl ) - bring girls \u2019 lists of jobs, careers, and hobbies from last club meeting ( financial flair activity 5 ). - make copies of the \u201c do the math \u201d chart. ( click here for \u201c do the math \u201d chart. ) - read over the entire activity before meeting with girls. \u00bb introduction ( talking points ) ( 5 minutes ) - say something like : \u201c in today \u2019 s meeting, we are going to pick up from where we left off last time and really have a chance to discover where your potential as an entrepreneur lies. \u201d ( if necessary, review definition of entrepreneur. ) \u201c did you know that almost 70 percent of girls surveyed by junior achievement said they would like to start their own business? ( you can check their web site at http : / / www. ja. org for additional information about junior achievement. ) does anyone know a teenager who has started her or his own business? what do they do? who did they get to help them? \u201d \u00bb runnin ' it ( 20 - 25 minutes ) - distribute pens or pencils. - distribute girls \u2019 lists of jobs, careers, and hobbies from the last club meeting ( financial flair activity 5 ) - ask girls : \" look at your list of jobs, hobbies, and talents \u2014 is there anything you described that could become your own business? for example, if one of the jobs on your list does not have the words \u2019 my own \u2019 anywhere in it \u2014 like \u2018 my own restaurant \u2019 or \u2018 my own line of clothing \u2019 \u2014 see which things on your list you could add the phrase \u2018 start my own \u2019 to. now add the phrase \u2018 my own \u2019 to anything on your list that you can. \u201d - separate the group into pairs. each pair should brainstorm three new business ideas based on their personal lists. encourage girls to be creative and think outside the box \u2014 for example, if a girl is good at writing or likes poetry, she might consider starting a magazine. when they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44950400974968846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38a334f4-d217-4561-abb9-1aaf78f0ac50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.423673"}
{"text": "the industrial revolution and a wave of liberal nationalist revolutions transformed europe during the nineteenth century. a weakened old order gave way, and a number of unified european states emerged. canada gained its independence, and the northern and southern united states reunited after a bloody civil war. section 1 the industrial revolution the industrial revolution began in the late eighteenth century and turned great britain into the first and the richest industrialized nation. a series of technological advances caused great britain to become a leader in the production of cotton, coal, and iron. after the introduction of the first steam - powered locomotives, railroad tracks were laid across great britain, reducing the cost of shipping goods. the industrial revolution spread to europe and north america. in the united states, the railroad made it possible to sell manufactured goods from the northeast across the country. the industrial revolution had a tremendous social impact in europe. cities grew quickly, and an industrial middle class emerged. the industrial working class, meanwhile, dealt with wretched working conditions. these conditions gave rise to socialism, a movement aimed at improving working conditions through government control of the means of production. section 2 reaction and revolution after the defeat of napoleon, european leaders met at the congress of vienna to restore the old order and establish stable borders. great britain, russia, prussia, and austria met regularly to maintain the conservative order. meanwhile, liberalism and nationalismotwo philosophies that opposed the old orderowere on the rise. many liberals were middle - class men who wanted a constitution and a share in the voting rights enjoyed by landowners. liberals tended to be nationalists as well. in 1830, france ' s upper middle class overthrew the king and installed a constitutional monarchy. belgium broke free of dutch control. revolts in poland and italy failed. economic crisis in 1848 brought a revolt of the french working classes. this time, a second republic was formed, under the leadership of napoleon ' s nephew, louis - napoleon. revolts followed in germany and the austrian empire. in each case the old order was restored. section 3 national unification and the national state unification occurred at different times and in different forms throughout europe and in north america. the crimean war destroyed the concert of europe. a defeated russia retreated from european affairs, and austria was isolated. italian and german nationalists exploited austria ' s isolation. both gained important territory in the austro - prussian war and the franco - prussian war, and a unified germany and italy emerged. growing prosperity and expanded voting rights helped great britain avoid revolution in 1848. in 1852, the french voted to restore their empire.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48245368454767057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:153070c1-02de-49f1-816c-143b051b3dd6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.427691"}
{"text": "both gained important territory in the austro - prussian war and the franco - prussian war, and a unified germany and italy emerged. growing prosperity and expanded voting rights helped great britain avoid revolution in 1848. in 1852, the french voted to restore their empire. louis - napoleon became the authoritarian napoleon iii and ruled until france ' s defeat in the franco - prussian war. austria granted hungarians the right to govern their own domestic affairs. in russia, czar alexander ii freed the serfs and instituted other reforms. when a radical assassinated him, his son, alexander iii, reverted to repressive rule. the united states endured a costly civil war to settle the conflict over slavery between the northern and southern states. after two short rebellions, canada won its independence from great britain. section 4 culture : romanticism and realism at the end off the eighteenth century, a new intellectual movement known as romanticism emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the enlightenment. romantics emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing. many were passionately interested in the past. they developed a neo - gothic style in architecture, and created literature, art, and music that worshiped nature and was critical of science and industry. meanwhile, the scientific revolution revived interest in science. the new age of science produced important ideas, such as louis pasteur ' s germ theory of disease and charles darwin ' s theory of natural selection. the influence of the scientific outlook was readily apparent in the work of the realist novelists and artists, who depicted everyday life, including the lives of the poor, in realistic, and unromantic, detail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47809370667161016, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:153070c1-02de-49f1-816c-143b051b3dd6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.428337"}
{"text": "mars one is a private sector endeavor to send human beings to mars. the estimated cost of $ 6 billion will be raised by selling t - shirts and hosting reality shows. in theory, the mission will launch in 2023. in order to reduce costs, astronauts will not be returned to earth. in other words, this is a one - way trip there are a lot of technical issues that the sponsors have failed to adequately evaluate. although they acknowledge high radiation exposure, resulting in a much higher probability of developing cancer ( without a realistic ability to treat ), they have set the launch date for a period of high solar activity, which dramatically increases the risks to the astronauts during transit. in order to reduce radiation exposure on mars, astronauts will be largely confined to living underground, which poses psychological risks. energy generation is proposed to come from solar panels. however, mars receives 4 - times less solar energy than earth. it is also susceptible to dust storms, which would reduce solar energy output to virtually zero. if the storms last longer than a few days, the astronauts will be toast. the solar energy available during winter months is also reduced considerably. the mars rovers that relied upon solar panels had to shut down during the winter. such an option is not available to astronauts, who must rely upon energy for heating, oxygen production and water production. supplying astronauts with enough food is also a problem. the mars one website says astronauts will raise their own food. however, this idea is very unrealistic. even on earth, it took a tremendous amount of land to produce enough food to feed people in the biosphere 2, who complained that they were always hungry. the biosphere experiment also suffered from reduced oxygen and high carbon dioxide, which killed many species within the biosphere. problems on mars could not be solved as easily as pumping oxygen from the outside, which was done for the biosphere. if problems or illnesses arise on mars, help is at least 7 - 12 months away. so, this mission truly is a suicide mission. fortunately, the sponsors will probably never get enough money to get the mission off the ground.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44078051654338446, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c9c5c12-81c2-4711-90d3-ecf7d346c8fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.433131"}
{"text": "period : england, 15th century | source : harleian ms. 279 | class : authentic description : thin waffles made with cheese. xxiiij. waffres. take \u00fee wombe of a luce, & se\u00fee here wyl, & do it on a morter, & tender cheese \u00feer - to, grynde hem y - fere ; \u00fean take flowre an whyte of eyroun & bete to - gedere, \u00feen take sugre an pouder of gyngere, & do al to - gerderys, & loke \u00feat \u00fein eyroun ben hote, & ley \u00feer - on of \u00fein paste, & \u00fean make \u00fein waffrys, & serue yn. - austin, thomas. two fifteenth - century cookery - books. harleian ms. 279 & harl. ms. 4016, with extracts from ashmole ms. 1429, laud ms. 553, & douce ms 55. london : for the early english text society by n. trubner & co., 1888. gode cookery translation : wafers. take the womb of a pike, & boil it well, & mash it in a mortar, & add tender cheese, grind them well ; then take flour and egg whites & beat together, then take sugar and ginger, & mix all together, & see that the egg is hot, & make a batter, & make the wafers, and serve. waffres, or wafers, were enormously popular in the middle ages, and were very similar to our modern waffle. in cities & towns, wafer sellers ( called wafereres ) would stand on street corners, making wafers for customers passing by using an iron form resembling our old - fashioned waffle iron. the original recipe has as one of its main ingredients the womb of a pike, and it is thereby assumed that this wafer was originally intended to be eaten on a fish - day or during lent. caviar may make an interesting substitute, but this is essentially an unnecessary ingredient and has been left out of the modern version. and because this was a fish - day item, the egg yolks were left out of the period receipt ; i ' ve included them in the modern version. sieving flour and making wafers ; from the velislav picture bible, bohemia, c. 1340. a boke of god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43746841721081675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6071da89-5e46-4f82-8a86-b12b650a70bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.435748"}
{"text": "calling america ' s criminal justice system \" racist \" is not confined to \" civil rights leaders \" like the revs. jesse jackson and al sharpton. then - sen. barack obama, during the 2008 presidential campaign, said it, too. blacks and whites, said obama, \" are arrested at very different rates, are convicted at very different rates ( and ) receive very different sentences... for the same crime. \" when the man who became president of the united states says this - - the no. 1 law enforcement officer - - it must, therefore, be true. let ' s examine five major assumptions behind this assertion. 1 ) blacks are arrested at higher rates compared to whites - - but wrongly so. not true. while only 13 percent of the population, blacks accounted for 28 percent of nationwide arrests in 2010 and 38. 1 percent of arrests for violent crime ( murders, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault ). but are they unfairly arrested? studies find that arrest rates by race are comparable to the race of suspect identification by victims. for example, in a given city, x number of robbery victims describe their assailants as black - - whether or not the suspect has been apprehended. it turns out that the race of those arrested matches the percentage given by victims. this has been found repeatedly across the country, in all categories of crime where the race of an assailant is identified. so unless the victims are deliberately misidentifying their assailants - - unconcerned about whether the suspect is apprehended and knowingly give a false race - - blacks are not being \" over - arrested. \" 2 ) blacks are convicted at higher rates and given longer sentences than whites for the same crime. not true. differences in conviction and sentencing rates by race are due to differences in the gravity of the criminal offenses, prior records or other legal variables. a 1994 justice department survey of felony cases in the country ' s 75 largest urban areas actually found lower felony prosecution rates for blacks than whites and that blacks were less likely to be found guilty at trial. 3 ) the sentence disparity between powder and crack cocaine is racist and accounts for a large percentage of imprisoned blacks. not true. concerned about the deadly effect of crack within their own communities, black members of congress led the charge to pass the 1986 federal drug laws. the bill that was passed - - which included the crack / powder sentencing disparity - - did so with the support of the majority of black congressperson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4339524800055397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cbfb602-ba6b-4253-8847-cfd46b29056d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.440005"}
{"text": "their own communities, black members of congress led the charge to pass the 1986 federal drug laws. the bill that was passed - - which included the crack / powder sentencing disparity - - did so with the support of the majority of black congresspersons. none at the time objected to the sentencing disparity as \" racist. \" in 2006, the feds tried 5, 619 crack sellers, and 4, 495 of them were black - - out of the 562, 000 blacks in state and federal prisons at the end of that year. add in county and city jails, and the figure rises to 858, 000. and states ' crack cocaine laws are not the culprits. only 13 states employ differing sentencing guidelines for crack vs. powder - - and their differential is much smaller than that of the feds. 4 ) the \" war on drugs \" accounts for a large number of blacks behind bars. not true. in 2010, blacks were 31. 8 percent of all arrests for drug crimes. but arrests for drug offenses are only 12. 4 percent of all non - traffic arrests in the country and accounted for 14. 2 percent of the offenses for which blacks were arrested. 5 ) more blacks are in jail than in college. not true. \" more blacks ( are ) in jail than college, in every state, \" said jesse jackson in 2007. that same year, presidential candidate sen. obama, echoed : \" more young black men languish in prison than attend colleges and universities across america. \" if jackson and obama refer to black men of the usual college - age years, their claim is not even remotely true. the washington post \" fact checker \" wrote : \" according to 2005 census bureau statistics, the male african - american population of the united states aged between 18 and 24 numbered 1, 896, 000. according to the bureau of justice statistics, 106, 000 african - americans in this age group were in federal or state prisons at the end of 2005.... if you add the numbers in local jail ( measured in mid - 2006 ), you arrive at a grand total of 193, 000 incarcerated young black males, or slightly over 10 percent. \" according to the same census data, 530, 000 of these african - american males, or 28 percent, were enrolled in colleges or universities... in 2005. that is five times the number of young black men in federal and state prisons and two and a half times the total number incarcerated. if you expanded the age group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4392621840518947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cbfb602-ba6b-4253-8847-cfd46b29056d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.441319"}
{"text": "when to light or shade, and when not... plants use light to increase mass through photosynthesis. more mass usually means higher quality and longer postharvest life. however, in many cases, more light enters a greenhouse than a plant can use. in the spring, extra light is great because it helps heat the greenhouse. however, in the far south, or during the summer, we often shade because this extra light heats a greenhouse above what is desirable. we can see that our plants are not growing as well ; in addition, it \u2019 s often uncomfortably hot for us. in recent years we have measured the effect of light, temperature and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) on photosynthesis of many bedding and potted plants. using that data, we can make informed decisions on when we should light, or conversely, when we should shade our crops. this research has received support from the floriculture and nursery research initiative and the american floral endowment. in this article we will present some standards that can be used for lighting or shading in different parts of the country, as well as during different stages of production. some recommendations are based on new data, some from old data, and some from just seeing what works in commercial greenhouses. initially, we will discuss the importance of light quality in some plant developmental processes, then the importance of light quantity on plant growth. light and seed germination some species require light to germinate. a light requirement for seed germination ensures that a germinating seed is near the soil surface, maximizing its ability to survive. alternatively, some species will only germinate when not shaded by other plants. why? in both instances, the color of the light that a seed is exposed to is important. red light ( 660 to 680 nm ) promotes seed germination in species that require light for germination. sunlight naturally contains red light in it and will, therefore, promote germination. leaves, on the other hand, filter out red light, which is the reason that leaf shading inhibits germination of light - requiring species. examples of light requiring species include gloxinia, some nicotiana, verbascum, some primula, carrot and some lettuce. in contrast to light requiring species, some species require darkness for maximum germination. dark - requiring species ( or species in which germination is enhanced by dark ) include cyclamen, salpiglossus, nigella,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5109428313900471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d0557ae-70bb-4a46-b071-47f2152f0b1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.450428"}
{"text": "##ce. in contrast to light requiring species, some species require darkness for maximum germination. dark - requiring species ( or species in which germination is enhanced by dark ) include cyclamen, salpiglossus, nigella, datura and a number of other species. we provide light in most seed germination chambers in order to maximize germination of light - requiring species. in general, we add fluorescent lights. why? because fluorescent lamps emit a lot of red light. the commercial standard for lighting in germination chambers is 2 to 10 footcandles from fluorescent or red led lights. first three days after germination we have found that high light intensity immediately after seed germination, either directly through too much light and / or indirectly by heating up the media surface, can kill germinating seed or create a lot of non - uniformity \u2014 especially in mixes. specifically, when direct sunlight shines on a plug tray, it can heat to temperatures above 90\u00b0 f. when this happens, small - seeded species can have difficulty completing germination and / or establishing in a cell. for this reason, we strongly suggest that light intensity not exceed 2, 000 foot - candles ( 400 - - 1 ) on small - seeded species the first three days after germination. light and cool temperature induction of flowering many species, including many perennials, martha washington geraniums and easter lilies, are induced to flower by cool temperatures ( 32 to 63\u00b0 f ). \u2018 vernalization \u2019 is the term used to refer to the cool temperature induction of flowering. the common commercial treatment used to induce flowering on plants that require vernalization for flowering is six to 12 weeks at 42 to 46\u00b0 f. we have found that whether or not a plant receives light during vernalization can affect whether a cooling treatment induces flowering in that crop. red light during cooling can reduce the required cooling time to as low as four weeks. in contrast, far red light ( given off by incandescent lamps ; 720 to 740 nm ) can slow flower induction resulting from cooling and increase the time plants need to be cooled, from six up to 12 weeks for complete induction to occur. for this reason, we recommend that you light only with fluorescent lamps ( up to whatever light intensity you can, but a minimum of 10 foot - candles ). light intensity during rooting does an unrooted cutting photosynthesize? we found that yes, an unstressed cutting does photos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5165741453255015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d0557ae-70bb-4a46-b071-47f2152f0b1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.452076"}
{"text": "with fluorescent lamps ( up to whatever light intensity you can, but a minimum of 10 foot - candles ). light intensity during rooting does an unrooted cutting photosynthesize? we found that yes, an unstressed cutting does photosynthesize! so, how much light can a cutting utilize? as long as a cutting is regularly misted to stop leaf drying, an unrooted cutting can use up to about 2, 000 foot - candles ( 400 - - 1 ). we recommend that during early rooting \u2014 immediately after unpacking and sticking a cutting \u2014 set shade curtains to provide no more that 1, 000 foot - candles of sunlight the first two to three days, then no more than 2, 000 foot - candles from days three through 10 ( until fully callused ), and finally, up to 3, 000 foot - candles once cuttings have rooted. light when finishing a crop different species can utilize different amounts of light. whether extra light is good or bad depends on the time of year and your location. in general, extra light is great in the north. however, you must remember that this extra light heats a plant, and this may be beneficial or detrimental depending upon the crop. for instance, photosynthesis decreases in pansies when plant temperatures exceed 68\u00b0 f, but does not decrease in poinsettias until temperatures have exceeded 86\u00b0 f. we can divide species into two groups : those that are low light \u2013 saturating and high light \u2013 saturating. low light \u2013 saturating species are those that can not use light above about 1, 500 foot - candles ( 300 - - 1 ; figure 1a ). examples of low light \u2013 saturating species include many tropical plants, as well as reiger begonias and some geraniums. high light \u2013 saturating plants are those that can use light up to 3, 000 foot - candles ( 600 - - 1 ; figure 1b ). most of the potted and bedding plant crops we grow fall into this group. any light a plant receives above where it photosynthetically saturates cannot be used! that \u2019 s why it is important to understand how much light your crop can use. conversely, it is important to realize that we may be often over shading. many shade curtains reduce light by about 55 percent, which is too much in many cases. therefore, completely closing a shade curtain so that light levels drop to 1, 000 - 2, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4903774814806347, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d0557ae-70bb-4a46-b071-47f2152f0b1f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.453038"}
{"text": "important to realize that we may be often over shading. many shade curtains reduce light by about 55 percent, which is too much in many cases. therefore, completely closing a shade curtain so that light levels drop to 1, 000 - 2, 000 foot - candles in a finishing environment can actually result in plants \u2018 starving \u2019 at some level. leaves at the top and in the middle of the plant canopy are actively photosynthesizing. if you just provide the optimal light intensity to the top leaves, the middle leaves will receive less light due to shading from the higher leaves. the closer plants are spaced, the harder it is to get saturating intensities of light down to the middle leaves. therefore, you will need higher intensities of light to achieve this. ideally, light intensities provided to a crop will increase as the plants grow together to achieve the optimal light intensities throughout a plant canopy as a crop grows. we recommend that the light sensor that you use to control shade curtains or supplemental lighting is placed half way down in a crop at mid leaf level. adding carbon dioxide in all cases, we find that increasing co2 in a greenhouse can allow plants to use additional light. we believe that we will once again be looking at adding extra co2 in greenhouses, like we used to do 50 years ago. in general, most crops benefit from supplementing existing co2 levels ( which can range from 250 to 380 ppm in a greenhouse ) up to 800 ppm total co2. in addition, the extra co2 allows plants to use higher light levels, thus allowing for even higher photosynthetic levels and increases in plant mass. optimizing your shade / lighting system in a greenhouse a summary of temperature optima and light and co2 saturation values on some of the crops we have looked at can be found in table 1. in general, to optimize your light environment : 1 ) place a light sensor half way down the canopy in a crop, 2 ) set the shade curtain settings to start closing only when your crop reaches light saturation or only add supplemental lighting up to that level, and 3 ) stage lighting and / or shade curtain controls as much as possible to not over - light or over - shade your crops. remember, optimal light intensities will change with development. therefore, move plants among areas with optimal light levels at different stages in development, or change the lighting / shading set - points to match the optima during different stages in development. lastly,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4829734530120551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d0557ae-70bb-4a46-b071-47f2152f0b1f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.454069"}
{"text": "the food waste / sustainable packaging connection - filed in : - waste reduction sustainable packaging is emerging as a tool to mitigate food waste in the u. s. in this q & a, gma \u2019 s meghan stasz discusses the issues behind this product - package relationship. meghan stasz is the director of sustainability for the grocery manufacturers association ( gma ), a u. s. association that promotes and represents the world \u2019 s food, beverage, and consumer products companies. she is also a distinguished co - chair for sustainable packaging symposium 2012 : advancing sustainable supply chains with optimized packaging, organized by greener package and the american institute of chemical engineers \u2019 ( aiche ) institute for sustainability, and scheduled for april 3 - 5 in houston. one of the topics receiving considerable coverage at this year \u2019 s event will be sustainable packaging \u2019 s role in reducing food waste. in the following q & a, stasz provides a preview of some of the issues that will be discussed. why has mitigating food waste become such a hot - button topic in sustainable packaging circles. isn \u2019 t the optimization of any packaging \u2014 sustainable or otherwise \u2014 the real key to mitigating food waste? why the focus on sustainable packaging in particular? you are not the first person to ask this question. what it comes down to is this overall commitment in the cpg industry to sustainability. when we think about sustainability as a whole, we are looking to minimize waste. that \u2019 s both packaging waste and food waste. for the most part, we are doing that through innovation. so sustainable packaging that also prevents food waste is really a win all around, and that \u2019 s where the two tie in. has there been a problem with some companies moving too fast with sustainable packaging and then ending up wasting more food than they had before? not that i know of. packaging engineers, as i understand, really think through the whole supply chain when they are thinking about or working on a redesign of packaging. that can be anything from new inputs to lightweighting. packaging engineers know better than anyone that the job of packaging is to protect the product. so especially in the area of food waste, a redesign that doesn \u2019 t protect the product really doesn \u2019 t help anyone. can you describe the scale of the food waste problem in the u. s.? it is \u2014 not to put too fine a point on it \u2014 huge. that \u2019 s not particularly eloquent, but it \u2019 s true. there are a lot of different studies out there,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4709340691939807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00ed6ec-a3f6-4b5d-bc18-8591a8d5f7bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.462281"}
{"text": "food waste problem in the u. s.? it is \u2014 not to put too fine a point on it \u2014 huge. that \u2019 s not particularly eloquent, but it \u2019 s true. there are a lot of different studies out there, from the epa [ environmental protection agency ], from universities around the u. s., and from the department of agriculture, and the numbers vary. so we don \u2019 t have an exact number in terms of either how much food waste is generated in the u. s. or how much is disposed of, but we know that more than 30 million tons are being sent to landfill, which is a tremendous amount. that equates to tens of billions of pounds of food being thrown away every year, and that \u2019 s just in the u. s. the way i think about it, to put it in context, is we work closely with feeding america, which is a network of food banks across the country. they think of 1. 2 pounds of food as a meal. when we think of throwing away tens of billions of pounds every year in the u. s., that figure really helps put it all in perspective. what are some of the causes of food waste? they really vary. there are the obvious losses along the supply chain due to spoilage and things like that, especially with fresh or frozen foods. but there are also other causes that people don \u2019 t think of right away when they think about food waste. these can be things like mislabeled packaging or mislabeled product. a lot of times what happens with mislabeled products is when they get to the retail environment or somewhere along the supply chain, they are recognized as mislabeled, and often they are thrown away. that \u2019 s an opportunity for donation. that \u2019 s certainly what the major food banks all across the country will tell you. these food banks are really working with both the retail and the consumer products industry to help make the process easier for the decision maker to donate that food to a food bank. the food bank can then help fix the label, make sure that it \u2019 s accurate and meets all standards and requirements, and then turn that perfectly nutritious, healthy food over to their customers. when you talk about mislabeled packaging, are you talking about things such as ingredient mislabeling? it can be anything from ingredient mislabeling to not having something on the label that needs to be there. i am certainly not a food donation expert,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47010332019625606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00ed6ec-a3f6-4b5d-bc18-8591a8d5f7bc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.463204"}
{"text": "##labeled packaging, are you talking about things such as ingredient mislabeling? it can be anything from ingredient mislabeling to not having something on the label that needs to be there. i am certainly not a food donation expert, but as i understand it, sometimes product comes off the line, and the label is just incorrect in some small way. groups like feeding america and other big networks have the capability to print out a corrected label, and they have volunteers who will put the new label right on the package. that food can then be donated rather than sent to landfill. what percentage of food waste results from consumers throwing food away? that \u2019 s a big component of the food waste - to - landfill issue for sure. again, because there aren \u2019 t particularly hard and fast numbers available right now on food - waste disposal, we don \u2019 t know exactly how much is coming from the consumer in - home section of that value chain, but we do know that it is significant. do you advocate composting for food waste and related packaging? oh yes, absolutely! anything that we can do to lead on finding alternatives to landfill for organic materials like food waste is really beneficial to the environment. seeing that innovation in our infrastructure and seeing more opportunities arise for that kind of beneficial alternative to landfill has been really heartening and really exciting. food waste is not a new problem. why do you think it \u2019 s become such a big topic lately? that \u2019 s such a great question, especially because we \u2019 ve been preparing and using food in our homes for such a long time. i think part of the reason is this overall commitment to sustainability. we are starting to look more closely at the different aspects of sustainability, and food waste is certainly one part of that. i think it is also because new infrastructure opportunities are really growing and improving in the u. s. certainly in parts of the u. s., there are a lot of alternatives. so instead of disposing of your food to landfills, now new things are possible for waste. that has renewed the conversation. then probably another reason is that the level of understanding about the impacts of food waste and how much waste there is has increased dramatically what are some of the social, environmental, and economic impacts of food waste? feeding america has put out a statistic that one in six americans is food insecure, which is a tremendously high number. so there is this wonderful opportunity for us to feed the hungry in the u. s. from an environmental perspective,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4428354122556449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00ed6ec-a3f6-4b5d-bc18-8591a8d5f7bc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.465102"}
{"text": "? feeding america has put out a statistic that one in six americans is food insecure, which is a tremendously high number. so there is this wonderful opportunity for us to feed the hungry in the u. s. from an environmental perspective, food waste in a landfill creates methane gas, which is a very potent greenhouse gas \u2014 more potent than carbon dioxide. mitigating that greenhouse gas helps us on the climate - change front. in terms of economic impact, there are tremendous efficiency gains that can be made by taking a hard look at our supply chains and seeing if we can find value in what we previously thought of as waste. there seems to be an overwhelming perception by consumers that food packaging is wasteful. what can we do to change that perception? consumers, as we all know, interact with packaging in a very intense, personal way. they use it every day ; it \u2019 s something they think about a lot. as i said before, packaging is there to protect the product, so helping consumers understand its role and also telling the story of all that our industry is doing to make our packaging more sustainable will really help change that perception. sharing stories of packaging innovation and redesign and the reasoning and the technology behind these initiatives is really powerful and really impactful to consumers. because consumers do care. how can cpgs balance creating more sustainable packaging while at the same time providing optimum food protection? again, it comes back to this overall industry commitment to sustainability and to providing a quality product that will reach consumers. whenever cpgs think about redesigning or designing packaging, they must factor in the whole supply chain. so there is this balance between having that quality product reach the consumer effectively and making sure that the packaging is as sustainable and optimized as possible. what are some of the technical optimizations in sustainable packaging that can help reduce food waste? i don \u2019 t have any specific examples right now, but i can tell you that these exact kinds of emerging solutions and new technologies are a big part of the food waste initiative that the gma has launched with the fmi [ food marketing institute ]. we actually will be coming out with a list of best practices and new technologies soon, but i don \u2019 t have any right now that i can give you. can you tell me more about the food waste initiative? the food waste opportunities and challenges initiative is a cross - industry initiative launched by gma and fmi in june of 2011. it \u2019 s a three - year project. we pulled in representatives from across the value chain, recognizing that food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5020948469084056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00ed6ec-a3f6-4b5d-bc18-8591a8d5f7bc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.466589"}
{"text": "food waste initiative? the food waste opportunities and challenges initiative is a cross - industry initiative launched by gma and fmi in june of 2011. it \u2019 s a three - year project. we pulled in representatives from across the value chain, recognizing that food waste happens at many places along the supply chain \u2014 as food moves, so does food waste. we brought in representatives from the manufacturing, retail grocery, restaurant, quick - serve, and foodservice industries. we also brought in knowledge partners like waste management and feeding america that really understand what happens to food and food waste at the end of the retail chain. that leadership group identified two overall goals for the project. these goals are very simple and straightforward : to send less food waste to landfill, and to send more food to food banks. the way we will do that is through four distinct deliverables. the first is an assessment ; so understanding the sources and causes of food waste. as i said earlier, right now there are a lot of estimates and extrapolations from various sources, and we think we will be able to really add to the available data. we are doing both a high - level assessment on the sources and causes of food waste across the u. s., and then also a deeper dive, a more quantitative assessment, using data from our industry, the retail grocery industry, and restaurants. the second piece is the emerging solutions and best practices deliverable. we will be looking at the new technologies and emerging solutions that are being piloted, used, or coming on the horizon that can help us move the needle on either diverting food waste from landfill to beneficial alternatives or reducing food waste in the first place through packaging innovations and the like. the third deliverable is around policy, so what are the policy options that the private sector can support that will help potentially remove some of the barriers to either increasing donations or sending food waste to alternatives other than landfills. then finally there is the communications piece \u2014 reaching out to stakeholders, engaging with groups like the epa, recruiting new members or new industries, and coordinating with the many other trade associations, industry groups, and coalitions that are working on this issue to make sure we are collaborating and not reinventing the wheel. it \u2019 s a very exciting project, and gma and fmi are really excited to be able to staff it and lead it on behalf of both of our members. obviously, it \u2019 s an issue that \u2019 s really important to our membership, and it \u2019 s of particular interest to our board because food waste and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4425252178121421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00ed6ec-a3f6-4b5d-bc18-8591a8d5f7bc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.467596"}
{"text": "sexual risk behaviors among young peoplein bamenda, cameroon context : increases in levels of awareness of hiv and greater knowledge about its transmission and prevention have not always been associated with decreases in risky sexual behaviors among young people in cameroon. more information is needed about the factors associated with these behaviors. methods : data on social, demographic and economic characteristics and sexual behavior were collected from 671 youths living in bamenda, cameroon, in 1995. multivariate techniques were used to analyze the effects of these characteristics on early initiation of intercourse, sex with multiple partners, casual sex and nonuse of condoms. results : the average age at first intercourse was 15. 6 for males and 15. 8 for females. the main reason given for initiating sexual activity was curiosity ( 53 % of males and 42 % of females ). some 37 % of females and 30 % of males, however, said their first sexual experience had not been voluntary. the most important factors in initiation of sex before age 16 were father ' s ethnicity, attending school and having a primary or middle - school education. family composition and household standard of living were the factors most consistently associated with sexual risk behaviors. compared with youths living in a household with a high standard of living, those living in a poor household were 1. 4 times as likely to be sexually active at the time of the survey and 1. 3 times as likely to have had casual sex in the previous year. young people living with only one parent were 1. 6 times as likely as those in two - parent households to be sexually active, 2. 8 times as likely to have multiple concurrent partners, 1. 7 times as likely to have had casual sex in the previous year and 1. 1 times as likely not to be using condoms. living with grandparents generally had a protective effect, while living with a sibling, alone or with other persons generally increased the likelihood of engaging in sexual risk behaviors. conclusions : youths with few economic resources and those with less stable living environments are more likely than other youths to engage in sexual behaviors that put them at risk of contracting hiv. improving the living conditions of families, especially those headed by single women, could help curb the spread of aids. international family planning perspectives, 2000, 26 ( 3 ) : 118 - 123 & 130 sexuality is an area that has long attracted sociologists and anthropologists as well as demographers because of the identified relationships between sexual behaviors and certain reproductive health problems. in sub - saharan africa, the first studies on sexual behavior were conducted to determine the causes of widespread infer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49614282409569294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.505969"}
{"text": "has long attracted sociologists and anthropologists as well as demographers because of the identified relationships between sexual behaviors and certain reproductive health problems. in sub - saharan africa, the first studies on sexual behavior were conducted to determine the causes of widespread infertility and sterility, especially in central africa. most concluded that these problems resulted from decreased control of elders over young people, economic hardship and the presence of societies with permissive sexual customs. 1 these factors were considered to have contributed to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ) that cause infertility ( gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma ) or disrupt pregnancy ( syphilis ). after the beginning of the aids epidemic in the early 1980s, some stds were found to increase the probability of sexual transmission of hiv. 2 because the majority of african women do not use modern contraceptive methods, those who are sexually active are at high risk of conception. thus, in this region of the world, there is a high risk of maternal and infant mortality because of early pregnancy, induced abortion ( which, in the many countries where it is illegal, is often carried out in unsafe circumstances ), short interpregnancy intervals, and high and prolonged fertility. 3 despite these risks, little research has been done in sub - saharan africa to determine the factors affecting sexual behavior, especially in young people. the few studies that have been done have been essentially quantitative and descriptive. among health problems related to sexuality, aids is currently the main concern of the public authorities in africa ; its prevalence continues to increase in most of the countries in the region, with disastrous psychosocial, demographic and socioeconomic repercussions. in cameroon, as everywhere else in africa, sensitization and information programs on aids have been implemented along with efforts to promote the use of condoms. however, these programs have had limited results. in fact, in certain social strata, an appreciable increase in the level of awareness about aids and prevention methods has not translated into adoption of healthy sexual behaviors. 4 the prevalence of aids and its rate of increase are higher in northwest province than in the other provinces of cameroon. 5 bamenda, the capital of the province, had a population estimated at about 111, 000 in the 1987 census ; a large proportion of its inhabitants are younger than 25. the city is home to several ethnic groups. some, like the makon - banyague, have permissive sexual customs. others, including the metta, the bali -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4617823491804125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.507079"}
{"text": "1987 census ; a large proportion of its inhabitants are younger than 25. the city is home to several ethnic groups. some, like the makon - banyague, have permissive sexual customs. others, including the metta, the bali - ngemba, the tikari - nsoh and the bamileke, impose strict control of sexual activity. this article examines socioeconomic and demographic characteristics in a sample of 671 young people in bamenda to identify the factors associated with risky sexual activity. it focuses on young people because they engage in more frequent sex and have a long period of sexual activity before them ; thus, the future prevalence of aids depends heavily on the direction that prevention programs take with respect to young people. definition of concepts for the purposes of this study, adolescence is considered to encompass approximately ages 12 - 25, a period of transition between childhood and adulthood during which the individual assumes his position as an active member of society. it is divided into four overlapping stages : sexual awakening ( 12 - 15 ), first sexual intercourse ( 14 - 17 ), gender role definition ( 16 - 19 ) and social role definition ( 18 - 25 ). the first two stages correspond to biological and physiological adolescence and the latter two to psychological and social adolescence. in this study, first sexual intercourse occurring during physiological adolescence ( i. e., before age 16 ) is considered precocious. the sexual risk behaviors that we examine are those that expose young people to a greater risk of infection by the aids virus. they include having multiple concurrent sex partners, having had sex with a casual partner and failing to use a condom during sexual intercourse. this study is based on the following hypotheses : \u2022 adolescents usually do not obtain information about sex from their parents or guardians. \u2022 for the most part, they are informed about hiv, its main means of transmission and its methods of prevention. \u2022 large proportions have precocious sexual intercourse and engage in sexual behavior that may expose them to hiv infection. \u2022 sociocultural and socioeconomic factors influence their sexual behavior. to test these hypotheses, the study used data from the survey on the sexual behavior of the young people of bamenda, which was conducted in august 1995. in the first phase of this two - phase cluster survey, five neighborhoods were randomly selected in proportion to the size of their populations. in the second phase, interviewers followed a preset itinerary from household to household until they reached the sample size of young people for a given neighborhood. the survey collected information on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5178552975897425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.508099"}
{"text": "neighborhoods were randomly selected in proportion to the size of their populations. in the second phase, interviewers followed a preset itinerary from household to household until they reached the sample size of young people for a given neighborhood. the survey collected information on the participants ' social, economic and demographic characteristics, on the characteristics of the households in which they lived and on their family environment. it also asked questions about the young people ' s sex education by their parents or guardians, their awareness of aids, their knowledge about methods of preventing infection with hiv, their sources of information about aids, the measures they had taken to prevent the disease and their sexual behaviors. simple cross - tabulation was used to determine the proportion of young people who had obtained information about sex and sexuality from their parents or guardians, the level of awareness about aids and the use of methods of aids prevention. multivariate classification analysis was then used to examine the characteristics of young people who had had precocious first sexual intercourse, and logistic regression was used to look at the characteristics of those who had engaged in risky sexual behaviors. males were more heavily represented than females in the sample ( 59 % vs. 41 % ). nearly all ( 96 % ) of the young people were unmarried, so those who were married were excluded from further analysis, leaving 646 in the final sample. at the time of the survey, 31 % of the unmarrried young people interviewed had had primary schooling, 43 % had reached middle school, 16 % had reached high school and 5 % had continued their education beyond high school ; only 5 % had had no schooling ( table 1 ). | table 1. percentage distribution of young people in bamenda, cameroon, by selected characteristics, according to gender, survey on the sexual behavior of the young people of bamenda, 1995 | | characteristic | | all | | male | | female | | ( n = 646 ) | | ( n = 378 ) | | ( n = 268 ) | | age | | 12 - 14 | | 20. 3 | | 16. 4 | | 25. 8 | | 15 - 18 | | 33. 2 | | 30. 5 | | 37. 1 | | > = 19 | | 46. 5 | | 53. 1 | | 37. 1 | | currently in school | | yes | | 69. 0 | | 63. 1 | | 77. 2 | | no | | 31. 0 | | 36. 9 | | 22. 8 | | employment | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5084153958093256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.508994"}
{"text": "| 37. 1 | | currently in school | | yes | | 69. 0 | | 63. 1 | | 77. 2 | | no | | 31. 0 | | 36. 9 | | 22. 8 | | employment | | not working | | 24. 1 | | 13. 9 | | 48. 3 | | agriculture / fishing / | | livestock breeding | | 2. 6 | | 3. 0 | | 1. 7 | | commerce | | 22. 5 | | 29. 1 | | 6. 9 | | manager / office worker | | 10. 3 | | 11. 7 | | 6. 9 | | skilled worker | | 23. 1 | | 22. 6 | | 24. 1 | | specialized worker | | 17. 4 | | 19. 7 | | 12. 1 | | educational level | | none | | 4. 8 | | 4. 8 | | 4. 9 | | primary | | 30. 6 | | 32. 5 | | 27. 5 | | middle school | | 42. 9 | | 37. 3 | | 50. 9 | | high school | | 16. 3 | | 17. 3 | | 15. 1 | | higher education | | 5. 3 | | 8. 1 | | 1. 6 | | religion | | catholic | | 43. 5 | | 46. 3 | | 39. 7 | | protestant | | 43. 5 | | 41. 4 | | 46. 2 | | muslim | | 4. 6 | | 4. 9 | | 4. 2 | | traditional | | 4. 4 | | 3. 8 | | 5. 3 | | other | | 4. 0 | | 3. 5 | | 4. 6 | | father ' s job | | not working | | 5. 0 | | 5. 5 | | 4. 6 | | agriculture / fishing / | | livestock breeding | | 18. 9 | | 18. 1 | | 19. 9 | | commerce | | 17. 5 | | 18. 7 | | 15. 7 | | manager / office worker | | 37. 3 | | 36. 0 | | 39. 1 | | skilled worker | | 8. 8 | | 8. 5 | | 9. 2 | | specialized worker | | 8. 9 | | 9. 1 | | 8. 8 | | other | | 3. 6 | | 4. 1 | | 2. 7 | | total | | 100. 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5095727951098685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.509720"}
{"text": "| | 9. 2 | | specialized worker | | 8. 9 | | 9. 1 | | 8. 8 | | other | | 3. 6 | | 4. 1 | | 2. 7 | | total | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | among nonstudents only ( n = 200 ). | overall, approximately three of five young people said they had discussed one or more sexual topics with their schoolmates or friends. on the other hand, fewer than two of five had discussed such issues in a family setting. most of those who said that they had had such discussions with family members had had them either with their elders or with their mother. on average, the young people in our sample thought that the ideal age for starting sex education was 13. 8 years for girls and 15. 0 years for boys. awareness of aids overall, 97 % of the young people had heard of aids ( table 2 ). about half had obtained information about aids from radio ( 54 % ) or television ( 50 % ), while smaller proportions had heard about the syndrome from friends or school ( 17 % each ), newspapers ( 14 % ) and health centers or family ( 9 % each, not shown ). the level of aids awareness varied very little by gender. | table 2. percentage of young people giving specified responses to measures of knowledge of hiv and awareness of means of transmission and prevention, by gender | | measure | | all | | males | | females | | has heard of hiv / aids | | yes | | 97. 1 | | 96. 8 | | 97. 4 | | no | | 2. 9 | | 3. 2 | | 2. 6 | | means of hiv transmission known | | sexual intercourse | | 93. 5 | | 93. 2 | | 93. 9 | | mother - to - child | | 13. 7 | | 14. 2 | | 13. 1 | | shared needles | | 38. 5 | | 41. 0 | | 34. 8 | | infected blood | | 51. 4 | | 52. 1 | | 50. 4 | | high - risk groups known | | prostitutes | | 66. 4 | | 66. 9 | | 65. 9 | | people who are unfaithful | | 39. 5 | | 38. 6 | | 40. 7 | | everyone | | 17. 9 | | 19. 9 | | 15. 0 | | knows a means of prevention | | yes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47604921707574394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.510691"}
{"text": "people who are unfaithful | | 39. 5 | | 38. 6 | | 40. 7 | | everyone | | 17. 9 | | 19. 9 | | 15. 0 | | knows a means of prevention | | yes | | 76. 3 | | 80. 4 | | 70. 6 | | no | | 23. 7 | | 19. 6 | | 29. 4 | | means of prevention known | | fidelity | | 15. 0 | | 10. 1 | | 17. 6 | | abstinence | | 24. 3 | | 23. 5 | | 25. 2 | | condom use | | 89. 2 | | 89. 7 | | 88. 3 | | knows condoms are effective against hiv | | yes | | 71. 7 | | 73. 1 | | 69. 2 | | no | | 28. 3 | | 26. 9 | | 30. 8 | sexual intercourse was identified by most of the young people ( 94 % ) as a way in which hiv is transmitted, followed by infected blood ( 51 % ), shared needles ( 39 % ) and maternal transmission ( 14 % ). prostitutes ( 66 % ) and individuals who are unfaithful to their sexual partners ( 40 % ) were cited as the groups at greatest risk of contracting the virus. the most commonly mentioned methods of preventing aids were use of condoms ( 89 % ), abstinence ( 24 % ) and fidelity ( 15 % ). again, there were few differences by gender in these responses. the main measures that these young people had taken to prevent aids ( not shown ) were abstaining from sex ( 64 % ), being faithful to one partner ( 55 % ), using condoms with casual partners ( 19 % ) and limiting the number of partners ( 13 % ). females were more likely than males to have adopted abstinence ( 71 % vs. 60 % ) and fidelity ( 61 % vs. 45 % ), while males were more likely to have adopted condom use ( 22 % vs. 15 % ). first sexual intercourse for the most part, males and females had begun having sexual intercourse before they were 18 ( table 3 ). however, three males out of 10 ( versus two females out of 10 ) had already had sex by age 14. consequently, the mean age at first sexual intercourse was slightly lower for males than for females ( 15. 6 vs. 15. 8 ). on average, the young people surveyed thought that the ideal age to begin having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49072298283854293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.511624"}
{"text": "already had sex by age 14. consequently, the mean age at first sexual intercourse was slightly lower for males than for females ( 15. 6 vs. 15. 8 ). on average, the young people surveyed thought that the ideal age to begin having sexual intercourse was 18 \u2014 approximately two and one - half years later than their actual mean age at first sexual activity. | table 3. percentage distribution of young people, by characteristics of first sexual experience, according to gender | | characteristic | | all | | male | | female | | age at first sex | | < = 14 | | 24. 3 | | 28. 0 | | 18. 7 | | 15 - 17 | | 55. 2 | | 46. 9 | | 67. 6 | | 18 - 22 | | 20. 5 | | 25. 1 | | 13. 7 | | age of first partner | | same age | | 31. 2 | | 40. 1 | | 17. 5 | | younger | | 21. 4 | | 34. 2 | | 1. 4 | | older | | 47. 4 | | 25. 7 | | 81. 1 | | first sex was voluntary | | yes | | 67. 2 | | 70. 1 | | 62. 7 | | no | | 32. 8 | | 29. 9 | | 37. 3 | | intends to continue relationship with first partner | | yes | | 69. 1 | | 65. 6 | | 75. 3 | | no | | 30. 9 | | 34. 4 | | 24. 7 | | intends to marry first partner | | yes | | 25. 6 | | 19. 6 | | 36. 4 | | no | | 74. 4 | | 80. 4 | | 63. 6 | | motivation for first sexual experience | | forced to have sex | | 35. 2 | | 30. 0 | | 40. 0 | | curiosity | | 48. 5 | | 53. 0 | | 41. 5 | | urging of friends | | 13. 2 | | 11. 5 | | 18. 5 | | other | | 3. 1 | | 5. 5 | | 0. 0 | | total | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | most females ( 81 % ) had first had sex with someone older than themselves, while most males had done so with someone of the same age ( 40 % ) or younger than themselves ( 34 % ). some 37 % of females and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44128600983495736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.512533"}
{"text": ". 0 | most females ( 81 % ) had first had sex with someone older than themselves, while most males had done so with someone of the same age ( 40 % ) or younger than themselves ( 34 % ). some 37 % of females and 30 % of males said their first sexual experience had not been voluntary. force aside, the main reason cited for initiating sexual intercourse was curiosity ( 53 % of males and 42 % of females ), followed by the influence of friends ( 12 % and 19 %, respectively ). a multiple classification analysis ( results not shown ) indicates that in this group of young people, having had intercourse before age 16 was strongly correlated with the father ' s ethnicity, with school and youth - group attendance and with educational level. all other things being equal, early sexual intercourse was most likely to occur among the tikari - nsoh and the bamileke : some 54 - 55 % of the young people belonging to these groups had engaged in sexual activity before age 16, compared with only 32 % of bali - ngemba young people. precocious sexual intercourse was least likely among young people whose father belonged to ethnic groups that were not native to northwest province ( 30 % ). school attendance was positively correlated with precocious entry into sexual activity. however, the relationship between educational level and early first intercourse was negative, especially after middle school. all else being equal, 49 % of young people with a primary or middle - school education had had intercourse before age 16, compared with 29 % of those with a high school education. contrary to the result expected, youth - group attendance was negatively correlated with early initiation of sexual activity. the relationship between gender and age at first intercourse became highly significant after the effects of other factors were taken into account, with 50 % of males and 35 % of females having had sex before age 16. other sexual behaviors among young people who had already had sexual intercourse, 27 % had multiple sexual partners at the time of the survey, while 16 % said that they had no current partner ( data not shown ). forty - one percent of sexually experienced young people had had casual sexual intercourse during the previous 12 months. only 25 % of the young people who were sexually active at the time of the survey were using condoms. at every age, the proportion of males who had several concurrent sexual partners or who had had casual sex was higher than that of females. these indicators of sexual behavior also correlated with characteristics of the young people and their families ( table 4 ). compared with sexually experienced young people whose father", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4656897217971267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.513562"}
{"text": "of males who had several concurrent sexual partners or who had had casual sex was higher than that of females. these indicators of sexual behavior also correlated with characteristics of the young people and their families ( table 4 ). compared with sexually experienced young people whose father ' s ethnic group was not native to northwest province, for example, those whose father belonged to the bali - ngemba, bamileke, makon - banyague or \" other northwest \" groups were significantly more likely to be sexually active at the time of the survey ( odds ratios of 1. 1 each ). sexual activity was significantly less common among youths whose father was a farmer or fisherman than among those whose father was an office worker ( 0. 6 ). it was more common among those whose parents did not live together ( 1. 5 ), those whose parents had a polygamous marriage ( 1. 8 ) and those living in a poor household ( 1. 4 ) than among youths without those characteristics. in addition, compared with young people who lived with both parents, those who lived with their grandparents were significantly less likely to be sexually active ( 0. 3 ), while those who lived alone, with a brother or sister or with one parent were more likely to be sexually active ( 1. 2 - 1. 6 ). young people who had had intercourse before they were 16 were less likely than those who had not to be sexually active at the time of the survey ( 0. 7 ). | table 4. odd ratios from logistic regression analyses on the probability of being sexually active at the time of the survey, of having more than one sex partner at the time of the survey, of having had casual sexual relations during the 12 months preceding the survey and of not using condoms at the time of the survey | | characteristic | | sexually active | | multiple partners | | casual sex in past 12 months | | nonuse of condoms | | father ' s ethnicity | | makon - banyague | | 1. 12 * | | 1. 11 | | 1. 05 | | 1. 16 * | | bamileke | | 1. 10 * | | 1. 17 * | | 1. 07 | | 1. 30 * | | bali - ngemba | | 1. 10 * | | 0. 93 | | 0. 94 | | 0. 93 | | tikari - nsoh | | 0. 91 | | 0. 71 | | 1. 09 | | 1. 09 | | metta | | 0. 86", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5186324864411018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.515353"}
{"text": "| 0. 93 | | 0. 94 | | 0. 93 | | tikari - nsoh | | 0. 91 | | 0. 71 | | 1. 09 | | 1. 09 | | metta | | 0. 86 | | 0. 71 * | | 0. 79 * | | 0. 87 * | | other northwest | | 1. 10 * | | 0. 75 * | | 0. 93 | | 1. 07 | | foreigners ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | father ' s job | | not working | | 1. 35 | | 1. 54 * | | 0. 86 | | 2. 07 * | | agriculture / fishing / livestock | | 0. 61 * | | 0. 57 * | | 0. 83 | | 0. 75 | | commerce | | 1. 16 | | 0. 76 | | 1. 22 | | 0. 47 * | | manager / office worker ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | skilled worker | | 1. 25 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 08 | | 0. 53 * | | specialized worker | | 0. 74 | | 1. 12 | | 1. 34 | | 1. 03 | | other | | 1. 17 | | 1. 49 | | 0. 82 | | 3. 94 * | | parents ' type of marriage | | polygamous | | 1. 75 * | | 0. 91 | | 1. 04 | | 0. 86 | | monogamous ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | cohabitation by parents | | yes ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | no | | 1. 54 * | | 0. 68 | | 1. 19 * | | 1. 09 | | household standard of living | | poor | | 1. 43 * | | 0. 88 | | 1. 29 * | | 0. 79 * | | average | | 0. 94 | | 1. 29 * | | 1. 35 * | | 0. 95 | | high ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | persons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4706323008736797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.516125"}
{"text": "| 0. 94 | | 1. 29 * | | 1. 35 * | | 0. 95 | | high ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | persons with whom respondent lived during childhood | | parents ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | other | | 0. 97 | | 0. 95 | | 1. 28 * | | 0. 76 * | | persons with whom respondent lived at time of survey | | both parents ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | one parent | | 1. 64 * | | 2. 83 * | | 1. 65 * | | 1. 12 * | | brother / sister | | 1. 23 * | | 4. 02 * | | 1. 15 * | | 0. 65 * | | grandparents | | 0. 30 * | | 0. 00 * | | 0. 49 * | | 1. 07 | | alone | | 1. 49 * | | 2. 75 * | | 2. 26 * | | 0. 48 * | | other persons | | 1. 23 | | 1. 94 * | | 0. 84 * | | 1. 68 * | | sufficient resources | | yes ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | no | | 0. 97 | | 0. 95 | | 1. 23 * | | 1. 12 * | | educational level | | none | | 1. 41 | | 0. 59 | | 1. 02 | | 0. 74 | | primary | | 0. 91 | | 1. 38 | | 1. 46 * | | 0. 92 | | middle school | | 1. 31 | | 0. 91 | | 1. 27 * | | 1. 27 * | | high school ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | higher education | | 0. 50 | | 1. 38 | | 1. 11 | | 0. 93 | | gender | | female | | 1. 05 | | 0. 78 * | | 0. 59 * | | 1. 05 | | male ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4757828267509496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.516933"}
{"text": "| | 0. 93 | | gender | | female | | 1. 05 | | 0. 78 * | | 0. 59 * | | 1. 05 | | male ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | first sexual intercourse before age 16 | | yes | | 0. 72 * | | 1. 53 * | | 1. 51 * | | 1. 06 | | no ( ref ) | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | 1. 00 | | * p\u00be. 05. this variable is based on the presence of selected durable goods ( television, radio, etc. ) in the household. note : ref = reference group. | compared with young people whose father ' s ethnic group was foreign to northwest province, those whose father belonged to the bamileke were more likely to have more than one sexual partner at the time of the survey ( odds ratio of 1. 2 ), while those whose father belonged to the metta or \" other northwest \" groups were less likely to do so ( 0. 7 - 0. 8 ). the likelihood of having multiple partners was significantly higher among youths whose father was unemployed and those living in a household with an average standard of living ( 1. 3 - 1. 5 ) ; it was significantly lower among those whose father worked as a farmer or fisherman ( 0. 6 ). compared with those who lived with both parents, youths who lived with their grandparents were significantly less likely to have multiple partners ( odds ratio of 0. 0 ), while those who lived alone, with one parent, with a sibling or with other persons were more likely to have more than one partner ( 1. 9 - 4. 0 ). females were significantly less likely than males to have multiple partners at the time of the survey ( 0. 8 ), and young people who had had sex before age 16 were more likely than those who had not to have more than one partner ( 1. 5 ). youths whose father belonged to the metta were less likely than those whose father ' s ethnic group was not native to northwest province to have had a casual partner in the 12 months preceding the survey ( odds ratio of 0. 8 ). neither the father ' s occupation nor the parents ' type of marriage had any effect on this behavior. however, young people whose parents did not live together were significantly more likely to have had a casual partner in the previous year ( 1. 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5030380943172869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.517911"}
{"text": "). neither the father ' s occupation nor the parents ' type of marriage had any effect on this behavior. however, young people whose parents did not live together were significantly more likely to have had a casual partner in the previous year ( 1. 2 ). youths from a family with a poor or average standard of living were significantly more likely than those from a family with a high living standard to have had casual sex ( odds ratios of 1. 3 - 1. 4 ). in comparison with adolescents who had lived with their parents during childhood, those who had lived with other persons were more likely to have had a recent casual partner ( 1. 3 ). compared with those who lived with both parents at the time of the survey, young people who lived with their grandparents or with other persons were significantly less likely to have had casual sex in the last year ( 0. 5 - 0. 8 ), while those who lived with only one parent, with a sibling or alone were more likely to have done so ( 1. 2 - 2. 3 ). casual sex was also more likely among youths who did not have sufficient resources to meet their needs than among those who did ( odds ratio of 1. 2 ). compared with young people with a high school education, those who had a primary or middle - school education were more likely to have had a casual partner in the year before the survey ( 1. 3 - 1. 5 ). females were less likely than males to have had a casual partner ( 0. 6 ), and young people who had had sex before they were 16 were more likely than other youths to have done so ( 1. 5 ). compared with youths whose father ' s ethnic group was foreign to northwest province, those whose father belonged to the makon - banyague or the bamileke were more likely not to be using condoms at the time of the survey ( odds ratios of 1. 2 - 1. 3 ), while those belonging to the metta were less likely not to be using them ( 0. 9 ). of all sexual risk behaviors examined, nonuse of condoms was the one most influenced by the father ' s occupation : compared with youths whose father was an office worker, those whose father was unemployed were more likely not to be using condoms ( 2. 0 ), while those whose father worked in commerce or was a skilled worker were less likely not to be using them ( 0. 5 each ). living in a poor household was associated with a reduced likelihood of condom nonuse ( odds ratio of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45305179229576864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.518934"}
{"text": ". 0 ), while those whose father worked in commerce or was a skilled worker were less likely not to be using them ( 0. 5 each ). living in a poor household was associated with a reduced likelihood of condom nonuse ( odds ratio of 0. 8 ). in addition, compared with youths who had lived with their parents during childhood, youths who had lived with other persons were less likely not to be using condoms ( 0. 8 ). furthermore, in comparison with young people who were living with both parents at the time of the survey, those who were living alone or with a brother or sister were less likely not to be using condoms ( 0. 5 - 0. 7 ), while those who were living with one parent or with other persons were more likely not to be using them ( 1. 1 - 1. 7 ). failure to use condoms was also more likely among youths who did not have sufficient resources than among those who did ( 1. 1 ). finally, young people with a middle - school education were more likely not to be using condoms at the time of the survey than were those with a high school education ( 1. 3 ). like research conducted in other regions of cameroon and in other african countries, 6 this study found that communications between adolescents and their parents or guardians on the subject of sex were poor. according to one observer, the low level of sex education in the family setting appears to result both from a lack of adequate parental knowledge about the subject and because the traditional education that the parents received placed little emphasis on explanation and verbalization. 7 these results point to the need for education programs to improve parents ' knowledge of the reproductive health of young people, to prepare them for establishing good and open relationships with their children and to give appropriate advice in the area of sex education. these results also bear witness to the need for introducing sex education programs in schools and youth centers. the young people surveyed were well informed about aids, its main means of transmission and methods of prevention, but they continued to have sexual relations that could expose them to infection. thus, informing and educating young people about sex and aids does not seem to be sufficient to motivate them to change their sexual behaviors. the results of this study reveal that nearly half of the young people surveyed had had sexual intercourse before age 16, that most were sexually active at the time of the survey and that about one - third had several sex partners, but that only one - fourth were using condoms. moreover, two out of five had had casual sex during the 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4521883974952984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.519972"}
{"text": "intercourse before age 16, that most were sexually active at the time of the survey and that about one - third had several sex partners, but that only one - fourth were using condoms. moreover, two out of five had had casual sex during the 12 months preceding the survey. consequently, aids prevention programs should place a greater emphasis on fidelity, reducing the number of sex partners and using condoms. the fact that the percentage of young people using condoms in bamenda was far higher than what has been found at the national level in other studies suggests that aids awareness may have positively influenced condom use in bamenda. this awareness may also explain at least part of the difference observed in bamenda between the percentage of young people who are sexually active and the percentages who have several partners or engage casual sex. these differences support recommendations for aids prevention programs. our differential analyses of the sexual behavior of young people showed that the age at which first sexual intercourse occurs is correlated with social and cultural factors, while sexual risk behaviors are related both to those factors and to economic factors. the differences in sexual behavior by ethnicity lend support to the theories of murdock, 8 whose pertinence has long been recognized by other researchers searching for the causes of infertility in central africa. 9 consequently, these differences may reflect differences in sexual permissiveness among ethnic groups in northwest province. this explanation, however, seems insufficient, because the positive relationship observed between membership in the bamileke or tikari - nsoh group \u2014 the two groups that impose strict control of sexual mores \u2014 and the behaviors involved can only be explained by a tendency to rebel against traditional sexual norms. the relationship between precocious sexual intercourse and school attendance may reflect the fact that school promotes the meeting of young people of the opposite sex in an environment that is not controlled by their family. indeed, curiosity and the influence of schoolmates or friends were mentioned by many of them as reasons for their first sexual intercourse. the negative relationship between educational level and precocious first sexual intercourse, which confirms findings of studies done in benin10 and in cameroon, 11 may reflect the fact that remaining in school for a long time delays social maturation. as the results of this study have revealed a strong positive relationship between early first intercourse and most of the other sexual behaviors being studied, actions aimed at delaying entry into sexual activity by young people should also be part of the content of the aids prevention programs in africa. parents should monitor their adolescent children ' s choice of friends. the finding that almost four in 10 young", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49971215408055314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.521019"}
{"text": "behaviors being studied, actions aimed at delaying entry into sexual activity by young people should also be part of the content of the aids prevention programs in africa. parents should monitor their adolescent children ' s choice of friends. the finding that almost four in 10 young women said that their first sexual experience had not been voluntary suggests that parents need to mobilize their communities against sexual violence toward girls. young peoples ' sexual risk behaviors are influenced by both cultural factors and economic factors ; this means that their environment and living conditions are extremely important. in addition, it underscores the importance of the living arrangements of parents and their cohabitation with their young children. as noted in a study set in uganda, \" most of the students ' sexual activities occurred when parents were away or when the students were staying with relatives. also, although numbers were small, generally orphans and children living with single parents were more likely to engage in sexual activities.... \" 12 young people who live with their parents are less likely to have emotional problems, 13 and their behavior is more likely to be under their parents ' control. the results of this study suggest that noncohabitation by parents, conjugal instability and noncohabitation with children may raise the risk that adolescents will engage in risky sexual activity. consequently, sensitization of parents about these problems should be included in aids prevention programs intended to motivate adolescents to avoid risky sexual behaviors. as young people who have unemployed fathers, live in poor households or have insufficient resources to meet their needs are at greater risk than their peers of having several sex partners and of engaging in casual sexual intercourse, poverty appears to contribute to risky sexual activity. to satisfy their material needs, they may engage in sexual activity with multiple partners or casual partners or agree to have sex without a condom. data derived from qualitative research conducted along with our survey confirm these results, as most of the young women who participated in individual interviews declared that they had sexual intercourse in exchange for money, gifts or clothing : \" because i have children, i cannot have sexual relations with a man if he does not give me something. \" \u2014 a single 21 - year - old woman \" i got involved in this sexual life because i lost my parents, i have two children and i don ' t have a husband to help me resolve my problems and those of my children.... this life provides me the wherewithal i need to solve my little family ' s problems, but if i get married or find a job, i ' ll give it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47091431571025166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.522200"}
{"text": "husband to help me resolve my problems and those of my children.... this life provides me the wherewithal i need to solve my little family ' s problems, but if i get married or find a job, i ' ll give it up, because it exposes me to a lot of risks. \" \u2014 a single 19 - year - old woman \" i can ' t have sexual relations with boys at all because they don ' t have the wherewithal. however, responsible men almost all help me when i have money problems. \" \u2014 a single 21 - year - old woman men, on the other hand, frequently adopt risky sexual behavior to procure the maximum gratification of their sexual desires. however, adolescent males claim that some of their schoolmates and friends do so for economic reasons. this is particularly true of boys from poor families, who may receive aid from girls in the form of work ( such as domestic help ) or money, or assistance from married women who clandestinely keep single boys in exchange for sexual gratification. still, girls are particularly likely to engage in risky sex for economic reasons, which negatively influences their power to require use of condoms during sexual intercourse. improvement of the living conditions of families in bamenda, particularly those of single mothers, might well reduce the transmission of hiv over the long term. 1. romaniuk a, la fecondite des populations congolaises, paris / la haye : mouton, 1967 ; laurentin r, infecondite en afrique noire : maladies et consequences sociales, paris : maason, 1974 ; sala - diakanda m, infecondite de certaines ethnies, in : tabutin d, ed., population et societes en afrique au sud du sahara, paris : l ' harmattan, 1988, pp. 191 - 216 ; and evina a, infecondite et sous - fecondite : evaluation et recherche des facteurs. le cas du cameroun, cahiers de l ' iford ( institut de formation et de recherche demographiques ), no. 1, yaounde, cameroon : iford, 1990. 2. cameron dw et al., female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 : risk factors for seroconversion in men, lancet, 1989, 2 ( 8660 ) : 403 - 407 ; plum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47854097969190695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.523221"}
{"text": "2. cameron dw et al., female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 : risk factors for seroconversion in men, lancet, 1989, 2 ( 8660 ) : 403 - 407 ; plummer fa et al., cofactors in male - female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 2, journal of infectious diseases, 1991, 163 ( 2 ) : 233 - 239 ; laga m, nzila n and goeman j, the interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and hiv infection : implications for the control of both epidemics in africa, aids, 1991, 5 ( suppl 1 ) : s55 - s63 ; laga m et al., non - ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for hiv - 1 transmission in women : results from a cohort study, aids, 1993, 7 ( 1 ) : 95 - 102 ; auvert b, epidemiologie du sida en afrique, in : vallin j, ed., populations africaines et sida, paris : la decouverte, 1994, pp. 63 - 118 ; and grosskurth h et al., impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on hiv infection in rural tanzania : randomised controlled trial, lancet, 1995, 346 ( 8974 ) : 530 - 536. 3. oum t, maternite et paternite precoces au cameroun, research report, yaounde, cameroon : project women, health and development, 1993 ; ilinimugabo a, walla g and azombo m, causes et consequences des grossesses chez les adolescentes au cameroun, research report, series 3, yaounde, cameroon : center for african family studies and cameroon national association for family welfare, 1996 ; fewou a, contribution a l ' etude de la grossesse et de l ' accouchement chez la femme agee a yaounde, doctoral dissertation, yaounde, cameroon : university center of health sciences ( cuss ), university of yaounde i, 1983 ; boerma jf, maternal mortality in sub - saharan africa : levels, causes and interventions, annales de l ' iford, 1988, 12 ( 1 ) : 49 - 68 ; dackam n, mfoulou r and sala - diakanda m, population et sante familiale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4765514580785517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.524273"}
{"text": "causes and interventions, annales de l ' iford, 1988, 12 ( 1 ) : 49 - 68 ; dackam n, mfoulou r and sala - diakanda m, population et sante familiale en afrique, london : international planned parenthood federation, 1990 ; akoto e, determinants socio - culturels de la mortalite des enfants en afrique noire. hypotheses et recherche d ' explication, louvain - la - neuve, france : academia, 1993 ; nasah bt et al., the risk approach for reducing maternal mortality : the yaounde experience, research report, yaounde, cameroon : world health organization - human reproduction project - faculty of medicine and biomedical sciences, university of yaounde i ( who - hrp - fmbs ), 1996 ; and leke r, replication of high risk approach in pilot rural areas in cameroon : first phase, study report, yaounde, cameroon : who - hrp - fmbs, 1996. 4. trebucq a, adolescence, comportement sexuel et risque d ' infection a vih a yaounde, yaounde, cameroon : organisation pour la lutte contre les endemies en afrique centrale ( oceac ) / ministere de la sante ( minisante ), 1988 ; ngoule d, les infections vih et les femmes au cameroun : enquete sur les connaissances, attitudes, croyances et pratiques dans les localites de yaounde et ebolowa, yaounde, cameroon : cuss, 1989 ; houehouegbe a, evina a and rafalimanana h, enquete sur les connaissances, attitudes, pratiques et croyances relatives au sida dans les provinces du sud - ouest et nord - ouest cameroun, yaounde, cameroon : iford / german technical corporation ( gtz ) / minisante, 1990 ; louis jp et al., comportements sexuels et risque d ' infection a vih : enquete ( sur les connaissances, attitudes, croyances et pratiques ) en milieu scolaire a yaounde, yaounde, cameroon : oceac / institut francais de recherche scientifique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5171396046964514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.525251"}
{"text": "( sur les connaissances, attitudes, croyances et pratiques ) en milieu scolaire a yaounde, yaounde, cameroon : oceac / institut francais de recherche scientifique pour le developpement en cooperation ( orstom ) / unite de lutte contre le sida ( uls ), 1990 ; songue p, etude anthropologique portant sur les connaissances et comportements des prostituees et leurs clients en matiere de sexualite et sida a yaounde, study report, family health international / aidstech / minisante, 1990 ; tchuppo jp et al., resistance au changement des conduites sexuelles face au sida : une etude psychologique des obstacles a l ' utilisation des preservatifs ( le cas des etudiants de l ' universite de yaounde ), study report, yaounde, cameroon : university of yaounde i, 1990 ; garcia - calleja j et al., kabp and hiv seroprevalence study in yabassi district ( littoral cameroon ), yaounde, cameroon : uls / gtz / who, 1992 ; chambon r et al., mst et sida dans un marche frontalier au cameroun : enquete sur les connaissances, attitudes, croyances et pratiques et de seroprevalence a mbaimboumn, yaounde, cameroon : oceac / association francaise des volontaires du progres / centre pasteur / uls, projet fac nord, 1993 ; tchuppo jp et al., les etudiants des universites de douala et yaounde face au sida et aux mst : donnees qualitatives sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques, yaounde, cameroon : aidscap / population services international, 1993 ; and cheta c et al., evaluation du projet de prevention des mst / sida a base communautaire dans quatre departements de la province de l ' extreme - nord du cameroun, yaounde, cameroon : institut de recherche et des etudes de comportement - save the children, 1996. 5. cheta c and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48590680058588226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.526071"}
{"text": "rapports sexuels n ' avaient pas ete volontaires. les facteurs les plus importants d ' initiation sexuelle avant l ' age de 16 ans etaient l ' origine ethnique du pere, la scolarisation et l ' instruction au niveau primaire ou du premier cycle secondaire. la composition de la famille et le niveau de vie du foyer se sont averes les facteurs le plus regulierement associes aux comportements sexuels a risques. par rapport aux jeunes vivant dans un foyer jouissant d ' un niveau de vie eleve, les plus pauvres etaient 1, 4 fois plus susceptibles d ' etre sexuellement actifs au moment de l ' enquete et 1, 3 fois plus susceptibles d ' avoir eu des rapports sexuels de passage au cours de l ' annee precedente. les jeunes vivant avec un seul parent etaient 1, 6 fois plus susceptibles que ceux membres d ' un foyer comprenant deux parents d ' etre sexuellement actifs, 2, 8 fois plus susceptibles d ' avoir plusieurs partenaires, 1, 7 fois plus susceptibles d ' avoir eu des rapports de passage durant l ' annee precedente et 1, 1 fois plus susceptibles de ne pas utiliser le preservatif. le partage du foyer des grands - parents avait generalement un effet protecteur, tandis que la vie avec un frere ou une sur, seul ou seule ou avec d ' autres personnes accroissait generalement la probabilite d ' adoption de comportements sexuels a risques. conclusions : les jeunes economiquement demunis et ceux vivant dans des milieux moins stables sont plus susceptibles que les autres d ' adopter des comportements sexuels leur faisant courir le risque de contracter le sida. l ' amelioration des conditions de vie des familles \u2014 celles dirigees par des femmes celibataires, surtout \u2014 pourrait aider a ralentir la propagation de la maladie.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5291649092472059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325c03c-fd02-4505-8b0a-8f59411b0f26>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.528911"}
{"text": "patricia sullivan. days of hope : race and democracy in the new deal era. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1996. xiii + 335 pp. $ 23. 95 ( paper ), isbn 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4564 - 6 ; $ 59. 95 ( cloth ), isbn 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2260 - 9. reviewed by vanessa l. davis ( truman state university ) published on h - south ( august, 1997 ) three days after the 1938 report on the economic conditions of the south was released to the public, the new york times reprinted a political cartoon from the cleveland news. striking in its simplicity, the cartoon depicted a white man and woman struggling in a field and joined together by a yoke labeled \" economic inequality. \" the caption simply read \" dixie. \" in many ways this cartoon encapsulates the liberal attitudes following the report ' s release. although the southern authors of the report went to great lengths to explain the external and internal sources of southern poverty, many americans simply continued to view the south not as a distinct and potentially wealthy agricultural region and system, but as an area of the nation that was woefully behind the economic and industrial times. the source of economic inequality in the south, this popular opinion went, was a lack of technological and economic modernization coupled with an incomprehensible refusal to shed old anti - progressive traditions and attitudes. and, for most americans, that was a problem devoid of racial concerns. much like our cleveland news cartoon, the nation, even the report itself, presented the southern economic and social problems devoid of any racial dimensions. the distinct economic, social, and political disadvantages of african americans were never acknowledged. yet when one discusses the economic conditions of the south, and franklin roosevelt ' s subsequent new deal programs meant to address those conditions, race can hardly be ignored. for not only were race and poverty inextricably linked in the southern united states, but, according to patricia sullivan ' s days of hope : race and democracy in the new deal era, the politics designed to remedy these economic problems created a unique period of opportunity for those involved in reversing the second class status of southern african americans. sullivan ' s thesis that the national crisis of southern poverty created opportunities for southern liberals to attempt to change the deep - rooted economic, political, and racial traditions of the south is promising, well - researched, and in - line with recent evaluations of the new deal as a crucial moment in post - civil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.528995257387979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.546837"}
{"text": "created opportunities for southern liberals to attempt to change the deep - rooted economic, political, and racial traditions of the south is promising, well - researched, and in - line with recent evaluations of the new deal as a crucial moment in post - civil war southern history. in the introduction to days of hope, sullivan boldly proclaims that her work is \" the study of a generation, \" one that she pursues through the examination of three central themes : the changing relationship between the federal government, the south, and the democratic party ; the dynamic role that post - world war ii black southerners played in voting rights challenges ; and the development of mostly - young southern liberals and the organizations they formed to further their crusades for economic and racial justice in the south ( pp. 8 - 9 ). the heroes and heroines of sullivan ' s study are, for the most part, young idealists of both races who created and used a variety of political and labor organizations to further their struggles and who capitalized on the political urgency and opportunity created by the great depression and roosevelt ' s new deal. in this narrative of the new deal south, men and women such as palmer weber, virginia and clifford durr, clark foreman, john mccray, charles houston, and lucy randolph mason rise to the surface and represent a new breed of southern liberal. many were at the beginning of the depression young, well - educated, politically and socially liberal, and, for the most part, from financially stable backgrounds. they questioned the morality of racial discrimination, and were willing to create interracial organizations. they were also a part of a much larger national and international movement aimed at addressing economic and social inequality, the popular front movement. the story of the challenge to the \" southern way of life \" that these young reformers mount is rooted in the connection between economics, race, and position in southern society, a society where economic destitution was used to buttress racial discrimination. nowhere was this more evident than in the distribution of factory jobs after roosevelt ' s national recovery administration ( nra ) established minimum wages. when forced to begin paying a national minimum wage, southern factory owners either closed down their factories or replaced their black workers with white workers. economic opportunity, or in this case the lack thereof, became yet another way to reinforce the second class status of african americans while at the same time attempting to further white racial and political unity. despite the problems that new deal reforms might have created in their application, sullivan argues that the urgency of the depression", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5030642861825219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.549398"}
{"text": ", became yet another way to reinforce the second class status of african americans while at the same time attempting to further white racial and political unity. despite the problems that new deal reforms might have created in their application, sullivan argues that the urgency of the depression created a window of opportunity for political, economic, and social change in the south ( p. 66 ). one of the first activists to embody that potential for change in sullivan ' s narrative is clark foreman, the white atlanta native who became roosevelt ' s first special advisor on the economic status of negroes. in many ways, foreman is the logical choice for sullivan to begin with since he embodies many of the characteristics that the other young turks of southern reform share. foreman grew up in the heart of the new south, atlanta, georgia, and benefited from the economic and social status of his family. after receiving a bachelor of arts degree from the university of georgia he attended harvard for one year and eventually completed his education with a grand tour of europe. while in europe, foreman attended the london school of economics, became friends with many of england ' s leading radicals, and observed firsthand the impact of abject poverty on developing european nations. upon his return to atlanta, foreman was a changed man. he no longer held many of the views considered proper in atlanta society, and instead of entering into the business world of his father, foreman became secretary of the georgia committee of the commission on interracial cooperation ( cic ). from this position foreman had the opportunity to explore interracial politics and worked to improve the availability of public services to atlanta african - americans. but even his cic involvement was not enough for foreman, who grew increasingly frustrated at only being able to respond to what he believed were merely symptoms of much deeper racial and economic problems. in an effort to address the root causes of racial discrimination and economic poverty, foreman jumped at the chance to become roosevelt ' s first special advisor on the economic status of negroes. in so doing, foreman became a part of a growing contingent of the young, educated, and idealistic soldiers running franklin roosevelt ' s battle against poverty. just as foreman ' s intellectual and ethical development is in many ways representative of the development of other southern white radicals, the political career of palmer weber is also instructive. unlike foreman, weber did not share the economic advantages of a powerful southern family. raised in relative poverty, weber spent his formative years in the blue ridge sanitarium recovering from glandular tuberculosis. it was here and not in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48302603706924374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.550512"}
{"text": "instructive. unlike foreman, weber did not share the economic advantages of a powerful southern family. raised in relative poverty, weber spent his formative years in the blue ridge sanitarium recovering from glandular tuberculosis. it was here and not in the dining clubs of harvard or around the tables of london radicals that weber received his early education in radicalism, particularly marxism. after securing a scholarship to attend the university of virginia, weber continued his political self - education by becoming involved in the university ' s liberal discussion group and the local chapter of the national student league. these interests and his reading of marx and plato eventually led palmer to pursue a ph. d. in philosophy. however, his anti - lynching crusades and other activities alienated the university community, and a lack of faculty recommendations for a teaching position led weber into public service with a washington, d. c. staff position with the tolan committee on interstate migration. weber is particularly central to sullivan ' s thesis as not only a major oral history source, but also as a way to discuss and explore the intricate interactions between various political, labor, and civil rights organizations. coming shortly after america ' s first red scare, the american version of the international popular front movement challenged american, particularly southern, understandings of democracy and political involvement. throughout the south organizations like the southern conference for human welfare ( schw ) were created as a means of addressing the racial and economic concerns of this region that roosevelt labeled \" the nation ' s number one economic problem. \" in addition to its radical membership, organizations such as the schw, the congress of industrial organizations - political action committee ( cio - pac ), the highlander folk school, the national citizens political action committee, and the progressive party struggled to join together a broad coalition of members and supporting organizations that ran the gamut from union leaders to roosevelt administration appointees to weathered civil rights activists. at the heart of these efforts was the understanding that activists like palmer weber championed - - racial and economic matters were intimately linked together and the only way to further reforms in either category was through national political action. unfortunately for many of these organizations, they ran into difficulties as they attempted to negotiate the increasingly hostile and complex world of national and southern politics. despite their efforts at national legislation outlawing lynching and the poll tax, these organizations were often frustrated by roosevelt ' s and the democratic party ' s unwillingness to completely alienate the increasingly powerful and conservative cadre of southern democrats. this reticence of the national democratic party toward", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4781934089339562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.551604"}
{"text": "it also challenged the seating of the regular state delegation at the 1944 democratic national convention. although the pdp failed to unseat the regular delegation, it marked the first time that an all - black delegation mounted such a challenge and formed the basis for not only further organizational work in south carolina, but also a precedent for the unsuccessful 1964 mississippi freedom democratic party challenge and the successful 1968 loyal democrats of mississippi challenge. the 1944 convention challenge and the subsequent removal of progressive vice president henry wallace from the democratic ticket highlight the ways in which the battle between liberal and conservative democrats were shaping both southern and national democratic politics. in fact, the impact of these battles is made abundantly clear in the 1948 progressive party presidential campaign of henry wallace and the mixed reception he received on the southern campaign trail. although sullivan does an outstanding job exploring the nuances and interactions of these mostly southern - grown progressive organizations and their efforts at racial and economic equality, her analysis sometimes leaves important questions unanswered. several times she claims, sometimes even through the words of participants such as virginia foster durr, that southern blacks were \" the generating force \" in the struggle for southern civil rights and voting campaigns ( p. 195 ). unfortunately, despite these claims of their central importance, sullivan spends relatively little time discussing black efforts. perhaps even more unfortunate, the analysis that sullivan does provide focuses primarily on organizations such as the national association for the advancement of colored people ( naacp ). undoubtedly, the naacp took the lead in the formal political organization of groups of southern blacks, but its dedication to these local branches was scatter - shot at best. although naacp membership in the south increased because of the efforts of ella jo baker, the organization ' s fiery director of branches, the national organization was less concerned with developing local leadership and campaigns than it was with using local membership dues to finance its national legal and political battles. in fact, this lack of national concern for local problems and development eventually led to the angry resignation of baker. and the naacp was not above removing or limiting financial and staff support for southern state branches if it felt that no significant national gains could be made. thus, although local naacp branches had existed throughout mississippi since 1918, the national organization resisted appointing a full - time field secretary until 1954. in effect, by focusing most of her attention on the naacp and other national organizations, sullivan sometimes neglects an analysis of local black efforts at improving the lot of southern african americans. ( although in all fairness, one should note that sullivan does provide a compelling analysis of the efforts by blacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4978670392339428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.553805"}
{"text": "her attention on the naacp and other national organizations, sullivan sometimes neglects an analysis of local black efforts at improving the lot of southern african americans. ( although in all fairness, one should note that sullivan does provide a compelling analysis of the efforts by blacks to challenge voter discrimination in georgia and south carolina. however, even here sullivan ' s analysis tends towards focusing on the leadership of these movements and their relationship with her radical southern organizations rather than an analysis of the efforts made by local african americans. ) this focus on national organizations and leaders exemplifies another problem with days of hope - - the disturbing lack of local southern voices. although she agrees with the prevailing thesis that most southerners applauded new deal relief efforts despite the opposition of southern political leaders, sullivan ' s neglect to analyze these southerners renders them voiceless. considering that the final portion of days of hope is most concerned with exploring the efforts of southern liberals to create coalitions that would increase their national and local political power, sullivan ' s limited exploration of local political and social attitudes impedes any understanding of the tactics and frustrations involved in these coalition efforts. in fact, the world of the local southerner, black or white, is missing from sullivan ' s narrative. although there is ample discussion of the motivations and workings of the leaders of groups such as the schw and the cio - pac, readers are left wondering what the attitudes and actions were of the rank and file of these organizations. this is an especially puzzling omission given sullivan ' s argument that these organizations not only engaged in efforts to create national political support for their changes but also attempted to discover ways to lessen the political power and prestige of the conservative southern political leaders that they believed were limiting southern racial and economic gains. the lack of a local focus also corresponds to a surprisingly small amount of class analysis. again, by focusing on the leaders of these organizations, most of whom experienced some form of economic or educational privilege, sullivan skirts significant class analysis. make no mistake, economic and class issues are primary themes in both these liberal activists and sullivan ' s analysis of them, but they remain rather large, abstract issues to be grappled with on a national level. thus, during her discussion of new deal legislation in the south, particularly nra minimum wage requirements and aaa crop reductions, sullivan spends little time exploring the relatively minimum impact that these programs had on improving the economic situation of southern blacks. instead of affirming harvard sitkoff ' s assertion that the glorification of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.482713932464552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.554994"}
{"text": "nra minimum wage requirements and aaa crop reductions, sullivan spends little time exploring the relatively minimum impact that these programs had on improving the economic situation of southern blacks. instead of affirming harvard sitkoff ' s assertion that the glorification of the new deal and franklin roosevelt by black southerners was a response based on \" what they believed could be and has been rather than damning him on a standard of what might be, \" sullivan falls prey to an all - too - optimistic evaluation of the new deal ' s effect on southern african americans and southern society. furthermore, given the economic and educational advantage of most of sullivan ' s radical subjects, one is also left wondering how their own economic experiences of privilege affected their liberal political beliefs, and, more importantly, their interactions with most southerners. one gets a sense from sullivan ' s narrative that these activists and their organizations were, in the words of the new testament, \" in the world but not of the world. \" questions such as \" how well were these radicals able to communicate with southern workers? \" and, \" how did they attempt to translate their economic and political theories of class and race into the vernacular of the voting south? \" are left unanswered. we are given some hint of the difficulties that such an interaction posed with sullivan ' s discussion of congress of industrial organization ( cio ) unionizing efforts. faced with attempting to cultivate union membership in the south, sullivan records that the cio ' s radical message of racial equality became watered down by local white southern union members. this occurrence would suggest that the progressive organizations that sullivan writes about not only met opposition among many southerners, but could also be co - opted for conservative purposes. however, without further analysis, the question of the ultimate effectiveness of these organizations is left unanswered. despite these analytical lapses, sullivan offers the most compelling argument to date about the importance of the new deal period as a fundamental turning point in southern history. echoing the arguments made by the likes of alan brinkley, numan bartley, and harvard sitkoff, days of hope furthers the trend in southern history to view the new deal period as a fundamental point for change in the south, although most of these scholars do qualify their discussions by emphasizing the long - term affects of the new deal. undoubtedly, the depression and second world war did create ample opportunities for long - term economic, political, and social change. by discussing the political challenges launched by liberal democrats against both conservative southern democrats and a somewhat unwilling national democratic party", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5109300767229015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.556148"}
{"text": "of the new deal. undoubtedly, the depression and second world war did create ample opportunities for long - term economic, political, and social change. by discussing the political challenges launched by liberal democrats against both conservative southern democrats and a somewhat unwilling national democratic party, sullivan highlights the beginning of a redefinition of party politics that would ultimately culminate in the political aspects of the civil rights movement and the demise of a solid democratic south. furthermore, sullivan ' s discussion of the long term effects of black voter registration efforts in south carolina and georgia support harvard sitkoff ' s assertion that \" the seeds that would later bear fruit had been planted. they would continue to be nurtured by the legal and political developments, the ideas articulated, the alliances formed, and the expectations raised during the new deal years. the sprouts of hope prepared the ground for the struggles to follow. harvest time would come in the next generation. \" in fact, perhaps sullivan ' s greatest contribution to this growing discussion is her detailed analysis of labor ' s contribution to the changing economic and political environment of the south. thus, despite the occasional analytical lapses, days of hope provides a framework for situating the later cooperative civil rights efforts between organized labor, political radicals, and southern activists, and provides a much - needed context for current scholarship on the southern civil rights movement. patricia sullivan ' s days of hope : race and democracy in the new deal era provides readers with a thorough, informative, and thought - provoking account of the new deal. despite its analytical lapses, it is a book worth reading for scholars interested in the shifting nature of southern and national politics as well as scholars interested in the coalitions and events that under - girded the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.. summer, \" dixie, \" new york times, 21 august 1938, sec. iv p. 9.. john dittmer, local people : the struggle for civil rights in mississippi ( urbana : university of illinois press, 1994 ), 48 - 49.. harvard sitkoff, \" the impact of the new deal on black southerners, \" in the new deal and the south, eds. james c. cobb and michael v. namorato ( jackson, ms : university press of mississippi, 1984 ), 128.. harvard sitkoff, a new deal for blacks : the emergence of civil rights as a national issue, vol. 1 the depression decade ( new york : oxford university press, 1978 ), 335. copyright ( c ) 1997 by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5049026276909868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.557162"}
{"text": "), 128.. harvard sitkoff, a new deal for blacks : the emergence of civil rights as a national issue, vol. 1 the depression decade ( new york : oxford university press, 1978 ), 335. copyright ( c ) 1997 by h - net, all rights reserved. this work may be copied for non - profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list. for other permission, please contact h - net @ h - net. msu. edu. if there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at : http : / / h - net. msu. edu / cgi - bin / logbrowse. pl. vanessa l. davis. review of sullivan, patricia, days of hope : race and democracy in the new deal era. h - south, h - net reviews. copyright \u00a9 1997 by h - net, all rights reserved. h - net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and h - net : humanities & social sciences online. for any other proposed use, contact the reviews editorial staff at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5015988909842324, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a5c409-bb77-41b9-84f2-759d7334adc2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.557734"}
{"text": "become a fan of h2g2 the british museum, in london, uk, is one of the world ' s most fascinating museums. it contains so much information about so many of the world ' s people, the journeys they have made, and how we all ultimately got to where we are today. one thing that strikes visitors as they make their way around the museum is the similarity - the many things in common - that we today share with our ancestors. and also the similar customs and practises that humans have always shared around the world at any given point in their history. here are a couple of examples : entering through the ' rear ' entrance, there is a display of chinese porcelain. one of the artefacts is a ' grave pass ' - a painted tablet describing the life of a particular inhabitant of a tomb, her life and deeds and her legal right, under chinese law, to occupy that tomb. moving on into the egyptian display, we find examples of the egyptian book of the dead - documents that were placed with the deceased, describing their life and times, and evidence that they were being buried in proper accordance with egyptian law. more than four thousand years and thousands of miles separated these two burial traditions, but the similarities between them are striking. in one of the roman rooms is a display of roman army artefacts. and one of those artefacts is a 1st century centurion ' s boot. an examination of this 2000 - year - old army boot, and then an examination of a modern - day boot ( perhaps one you ' re wearing ) is quite revealing. the only real difference is the synthetic sole on the modern boot - the rest of the design is pretty much identical. alongside the boots is an inscribed bronze tablet - a page from a booklet. the booklet is a record of the career of an auxiliary in the roman army. it describes his career, when he joined, the regiments he served in, his achievements, and where and when he was discharged. this is remarkably similar to the modern - era army logs that perhaps belong to your own grandfathers. there is an old saying that those who do not learn from the past are doomed to repeat it. however, learning from history - the history of human culture - can help us understand that our differences are fewer than many believe. it can also be a jolly good laugh to go and see some of the things people have put up with throughout the years! things to see the museum is home to thousands of artefacts but there are three that shouldn ' t be missed : the rosetta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5037334368264514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5622311c-491f-4fa6-829f-4e5e6e21a632>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.564029"}
{"text": "it can also be a jolly good laugh to go and see some of the things people have put up with throughout the years! things to see the museum is home to thousands of artefacts but there are three that shouldn ' t be missed : the rosetta stone was the key that unlocked the mysteries of egyptian hieroglyphs. it ' s a slab of black basalt inscribed by ancient egyptians with a royal decree praising their king, ptolemy v. the same inscription is written in three languages ; in hieroglyphic, in demotic, and in greek - thus enabling people to translate ancient egyptian texts into modern languages. the elgin marbles are the bas relief sculptures that used to adorn the acropolis in athens and were smuggled out of greece by lord elgin in order to preserve them. the elgin marbles are a major bone of contention between the uk and greece. the mausoleum of halicarnassus is one of the seven wonders of the world. it ' s a monumental marble tomb of king mausolus of caria1 in asia minor and only fragments remain, most of which are in the british museum. the nearest london underground tube station is tottenham court road, on both the northern and central lines. come out of the station at the new oxford street exit and walk along new oxford street until you reach museum street. walk along museum street for a few minutes, and you ' ll see the museum looming up beside you. the british museum is very big, and it would certainly take you a couple of days to see all the exhibits. however, there are so many things to see that it is well worth the time. you can pick out your favourite era, people, location or creation ( religious icons, time pieces, and so on ) and go straight to it. but you would, of course, be missing out on other things. a far better idea is to proceed slowly, carefully observing as you go along, letting yourself be amazed and fascinated and even educated by the activities of human beings over the last few thousand years. the cafe inside is exorbitantly expensive and it ' s recommended taking a walk outside to one of the nearby pubs or cafes - there are plenty of them around that area, and it gets you out into the fresh air. as the museum charges no official entry fee2, you can wander in and out as much as you like. there are very few places to rest if you are tired or infirm, unless you feel like wrestling a security guard for his seat. but be warned - they fight back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46190662088787393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5622311c-491f-4fa6-829f-4e5e6e21a632>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.565452"}
{"text": "could lead to potential cures for glaucoma, age - related macular degeneration a team led by iqbal ahmad, ph. d., professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences, can now turn adult limbal stem cells from the cornea into cells similar to powerfully - regenerative embryonic stem cells in animal models. these new cells can generate retinal progenitor cells that could potentially cure conditions such as glaucoma and age - related macular degeneration. the work builds off that of drs. john b. gurdon and shinya yamanaka, who won this year ' s nobel prize in science after they genetically altered adult stem cells into induced pluripotent stem cells ( ipsc ) - - which mirror the qualities of embryonic stem cells. \" whenever a breakthrough such as that is made, it becomes a rung on the ladder that leads to further development, \" dr. ahmad said. rather than use genetic manipulation, dr. ahmad ' s team soaks the adult limbal stem cells in an enhanced tissue culture. the soak in the solution changes the molecular make - up of the limbal cells so that they become ipscs. dr. ahmad ' s team has transplanted its new ipscs into the retinas of mice with experimental glaucoma. early tests show that the cells have started to transform into retinal cells that degenerate in glaucoma. they have shown that these newly generated retinal cells make the neural connections needed to restore sight. further tests will show if sight is restored, dr. ahmad said, but the work has shown enough promise to secure a $ 1. 48 million, four - year r01 grant from the national institutes of health. the newly created retinal cells also can be studied to see what genes are responsible for sight degeneration and what genes fight vision loss. this could lead to drugs that block the degenerative genes or bolster the genes that fight vision loss, dr. ahmad said. \" we ' ve shown that changing the environment around these adult stem cells can change the cells themselves, \" dr. ahmad said. \" we now seek more efficient ways to create these transformative environments to cultivate these powerful cells that may offer hope to so many. \" through world - class research and patient care, unmc generates breakthroughs that make life better for people throughout nebraska and beyond. its education programs train more health professionals than any other institution in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5145222722546514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:473edca0-d320-489b-b32a-3bafc5c3976c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.570897"}
{"text": "it may surprise you to know that cholesterol itself isn ' t bad. in fact, cholesterol is just one of the many substances created and used by our bodies to keep us healthy. some of the cholesterol we need is produced naturally ( and can be affected by your family health history ), while some of it comes from the food we eat. there are two types of cholesterol : \" good \" and \" bad. \" it ' s important to understand the difference, and to know the levels of \" good \" and \" bad \" cholesterol in your blood. too much of one type \u2014 or not enough of another \u2014 can put you at risk for coronary heart disease, heart attack or stroke. cholesterol comes from two sources : your body and food. your liver and other cells in your body make about 75 percent of blood cholesterol. the other 25 percent comes from the foods you eat. cholesterol is only found in animal products. a cholesterol screening measures your level of hdl and ldl. hdl is the \" good \" cholesterol which helps keep the ldl ( bad ) cholesterol from getting lodged into your artery walls. a healthy level of hdl may also protect against heart attack and stroke, while low levels of hdl ( less than 40 mg / dl for men and less than 50 mg / dl for women ) have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease. if you need to increase your hdl to your reach your goals, studies show that regular physical activity, such as at least 150 minutes of moderate - intensity aerobic physical activity ( e. g. brisk walking ) every week or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity ( e. g., jogging, running ) or a combination of both every week can help your body produce more hdls. reducing trans fats and eating a balanced, nutritious diet is another way to increase hdl. if you smoke - stop : cigarett smoking can decrease your hdl. if these measures are not enough to increase your hdl to goal, your healthcare practitioner may prescribe a medication specifically to increase your hdls. ldl cholesterol is the \" bad \" cholesterol. when too much of it circulates in the blood, it can clog arteries, increasing your risk of heart attack and stroke. ldl cholesterol is produced naturally by the body, but many people inherit genes from their mother, father or even grandparents that cause them to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44788774376450036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70bd6db3-d7f6-487f-83fa-3bbb700a44f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.574523"}
{"text": "the hardin cemetery disaster hardin, missouri in ray county, missouri in 1993, a record breaking flood occurred along the missouri and mississippi river that resulted in the destruction of a community cemetery that was on a scale never before experienced. before the flooding, the cemetery contained a total of 1576 burials. of these, 793 graves were washed out by the flood waters. for some weeks afterward, remains from the cemetery were recovered and in many cases were at quite a long distance from the cemetery. eventually, 645 remains were recovered which means that an additional 148 remains were never located. of the recovered remains, only 120 were able to be identified. those remains that were recovered but could not be identified were later buried together in a mass grave at the cemetery marked by a large memorial. today, the cemetery still shows the incredible damage done by the flooding. the cemetery now is basically in three sections : portions of the original cemetery are present on the east and west sides of the large middle portion that was cut away by the flooding. the west section contains two memorials to commemorate the disaster. to the east is a smaller section that was also part of the original cemetery and also includes a section of numerous tombstone placed close together. these are tombstones that were recovered from the destroyed portion of the cemetery but could not be matched with any of the recovered remains. despite the years that have passed, to view the damage that was done is still a sobering sight. even now, it is difficult to image the heartache the families have had to deal with. the hardin cemetery is located just east of hardin, missouri on the south side of highway 10. hardin is in ray county, missouri and is about ten miles east of richmond, missouri on highway 10. at richmond traveling west, highway 10 becomes highway 210. this large memorial is located on the west side of the cemetery. the text reads as follows : \" on july 12, 1993, floodwaters from the missouri river gained entrance to the cemetery. as the water rose, the a second memorial records the names of those displaced by the flooding and reads as follows : this is a view of the cemetery from the east side looking to the west. at the the far side are tombstones on the west side of the cemetery. the center portion where water can be seen is the washed away portion of the cemetery. the cut away area is rather deep and is normally filled with rainwater creating a lake in the center of the cemetery. this view is of the washed away area of the cemetery and looking to the east. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37642341756717024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99a33949-8bae-4bf4-bf87-96e4e6247b2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.579057"}
{"text": "the washed away portion of the cemetery. the cut away area is rather deep and is normally filled with rainwater creating a lake in the center of the cemetery. this view is of the washed away area of the cemetery and looking to the east. this gives some idea of the depth of the area removed by the flood waters. this was the the middle area of the cemetery and is where all of the graves were removed by the destructive action of the flood. this is the area of relocated tombstones that were recovered but could not be matched with any of the recovered remains. this view is from the east side of the cemetery looking to the west with the lake area located between. all photos and text are copyright 2011 - 2013 by hearthstone legacy publications. also available : ray county, missouri history, genealogy and maps this site features a growing collection of more than 300 arkansas illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana massachusetts missouri north carolina ohio tennessee texas county history and genealogy titles. click on the links above or the navigation buttons on the upper left sidebar to view other titles available. click on the search tab to search our entire inventory. * * * * * would you like to be notified of new publications, new features, upcoming genealogy conferences, plus exclusive special offers and promotions available only to our newsletter subscribers? subscribers to our free newsletter are always the first to know! do you enjoy history and genealogy? visit : the lives of our ancestors do you like free? check out the free genealogy and map resources at my genealogy hound send mail to questions or comments about this web site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4102406508386413, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99a33949-8bae-4bf4-bf87-96e4e6247b2c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.579650"}
{"text": "today the nation honors the life of martin luther king jr., the reverend and activist who led the american civil rights movement. as king studied nonviolence as practiced by gandhi and imagined by henry david thoreau, now his own life and work are the subject of study. here are 12 essential reads about the short life of king, who was assassinated in 1968 at age 39. \" the king years : historic moments in the civil rights movement \" ( 2013 ), \" parting the waters : america in the king years, 1954 - 63 \" ( 1986 ), \" pillar of fire : america in the king years, 1963 - 1965 \" ( 1998 ), and \" at canaan ' s edge : america in the king years, 1965 - 68 \" ( 2006 ), all by taylor branch. branch ' s latest book on king, published last month, is a condensed, highlight - heavy sampling of his award - winning trilogy about king. the first book, \" parting the waters, \" was a winner of the pulitzer prize for history in 1987, and the two following books were also highly praised. totaling almost 3, 000 pages, branch ' s exhaustive trilogy provides a deep look into king ' s life. \" martin luther king jr. : a life \" ( 2002 ) by marshall frady. for those who might want a less voluminous introduction to king, frady ' s slender volume, part of the penguin lives biography series, provides a lively overview of king ' s life and work. \" bearing the cross : martin luther king jr. and the southern christian leadership conference \" ( 1986 ) by david j. garrow. garrow ' s 1981 book \" the fbi and martin luther king jr. \" publicly explicated the surveillance the fbi conducted of king, but it was 1986 ' s \" bearing the cross \" that is considered a more significant book. researching it, garrow interviewed more than 700 people, and went on to receive a pulitzer prize in 1987. \" martin ' s big words : the life of dr. martin luther king jr. \" ( 2001 ) by doreen rappaport, illustrated by bryan collier. for children ages 5 and up, this picture book biography was awarded a caldecott honor and is an accessible introduction to king. \" my life with martin luther king jr. \" ( 1994 ) by coretta scott king. the 1994 edition of king ' s personal 1969 memoir was reframed for high school students, with updated language. \" the martin luther king, jr., encyclopedia \" ( rev", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41491536397139084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a18d708-d0b4-4ba6-bc2e-4db954e03898>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.583938"}
{"text": "luther king jr. \" ( 1994 ) by coretta scott king. the 1994 edition of king ' s personal 1969 memoir was reframed for high school students, with updated language. \" the martin luther king, jr., encyclopedia \" ( rev. 2008 ) by clayborne carson, tenisha armstrong, susan carson, erin cook, and susan englander. history professor clayborne carson leads the martin luther king jr. research and education institute at stanford university and has produced six volumes of king ' s written work, papers, letters and speeches. this encyclopedia, aimed at students grade 10 and up, is an entry into king ' s life and work. \" reporting civil rights : american journalism 1941 - 1963 \" and \" reporting civil rights : american journalism 1963 - 1973 \" anthologies by the library of america. these anthologies show the world king entered, the challenges the civil rights movement faced and what the cost of its victories were, up close. authors include langston hughes, james baldwin, john steinbeck, charlayne hunter, john hersey, joan didion, gordon parks and earl caldwell, the only reporter to witness the assassination of king. \" martin luther king jr. : the essential box set : the landmark speeches and sermons of martin luther king, jr. \" ( 2009 ) this 15 - hour - long audiobook includes recordings of king ' s significant speeches, showing off his gifts as an orator, with additional narration by colleagues and scholars placing them in context.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.377320415258934, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a18d708-d0b4-4ba6-bc2e-4db954e03898>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.584490"}
{"text": "america \u2019 s storied leadership in promoting liberty and individual rights began long before we became a nation. it began when the first persecuted immigrants came here to find religious freedom. their belief in a natural, god - given right to practice religion freely grew out of centuries - old struggles of people to secure a right to life, liberty, and property under the rule of law, not the whim of rulers. how should americans think about human rights today? since the 13th century, people in england had fought for and won a number of agreements with their kings to secure certain liberties. in 1607, king james i granted the colony of jamestown a royal charter assuring its residents of \u201c all the liberties as if they had been abiding and born within this our realm of england or any other of our dominions. \u201d growing out of these historic liberties and the development of the rule of law is the founders \u2019 deeper recognition of the inherent natural rights as the foundation of human freedom. hence, the virginia bill of rights, crafted by founding fathers george mason and james madison and adopted in june 1776, began with these familiar words : that all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity ; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. that all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people ; that magistrates are their trustees and servants, and at all times amenable to them. this principle of \u201c inherent \u201d or inalienable rights outside of and despite government imbues our declaration of independence and invigorates our constitution. since our founding, these important documents provided the basis for our social order and american jurisprudence. they have guided our struggles to overcome slavery and discrimination by race, religion, sex, or birth. and they have guided our engagement abroad. yet this principle of inalienable natural rights \u2014 fundamental rights that government neither creates nor can take away \u2014 isn \u2019 t the same as the thoroughly modern idea of \u201c human rights. \u201d although both are universal, natural rights most emphatically do not come from government. government only secures these rights, that is, creates the political conditions that allow one to exercise them. human rights, as popularly understood, are bestowed by the state or governing body. the sacred rights of mankind... are written...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47088804548141505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f74b6e84-bbf5-4d78-a1a2-726a4a60f009>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.594204"}
{"text": "government only secures these rights, that is, creates the political conditions that allow one to exercise them. human rights, as popularly understood, are bestowed by the state or governing body. the sacred rights of mankind... are written... in the whole volume of human nature, by the hand of the divinity itself ; and can never be erased or obscured by mortal power. \u2013 alexander hamilton february 23, 1775 in addition, natural rights, being natural, do not change over time. all men, at all times, have had the same right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. human rights, on the other hand, constantly change. a whole cottage industry has sprung up to advance a bevy of new \u201c economic and social rights \u201d conceived of, defined by, and promoted by activists, governments, and international bureaucrats. many americans are unaware that these manufactured rights are not the same as the natural rights endowed by god or nature. what are often called \u201c human rights \u201d today are social constructs. they either sound like high - minded aspirations \u2014 equal rights for women and minorities \u2014 or like trivial and harmless concepts such as the \u201c right to leisure. \u201d these concepts are in fact neither high - minded nor harmless : they are fundamentally incompatible with the founders \u2019 understanding of natural rights. first, they are largely goals that government cannot guarantee. take the \u201c right to development. \u201d government can strive to level the playing field so everyone has an opportunity to improve their lives. but the power it would need to guarantee that no one is poor would be so great it could crush the natural rights and liberty of individuals. that is the sad lesson of communism in state - controlled societies, which limit individual freedom and civil liberties so as to provide a \u201c guaranteed \u201d level of income, or some other high - minded social goal, for everyone. whereas natural rights ( such as life, liberty, and property ) are rights that government protects from infringement by others, invented rights ( such as \u201c housing \u201d and \u201c leisure \u201d ) are things that government is obligated to provide. and it does so by redistribution of private wealth. second, they suffer from confusion over what a right really is or should be. governments that pretend to give and safeguard rights to certain groups inevitably endanger individual rights held by everyone. if your social value is defined by your sex, class, or race, then your intrinsic value as a person is lost. your natural right to freedom of speech or assembly is tangible and real. government can protect it without infringing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4752437115398439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f74b6e84-bbf5-4d78-a1a2-726a4a60f009>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.595213"}
{"text": "by everyone. if your social value is defined by your sex, class, or race, then your intrinsic value as a person is lost. your natural right to freedom of speech or assembly is tangible and real. government can protect it without infringing on someone else \u2019 s rights. but trying to guarantee a social group \u2019 s right to something inevitably puts them at odds with other groups, and both are reduced to petitioning political favors from government. a woman \u2019 s right to freedom of speech is no less important than a man \u2019 s, but that \u2019 s because she \u2019 s human, not because she \u2019 s a woman. the same confusion exists with \u201c economic rights. \u201d the u. n. and countries often define them as a guarantee to a certain wage or income. but governments don \u2019 t create wealth any more than they create natural rights. you indeed have a right to property, but it \u2019 s because of your natural right to keep what you gain through your efforts in the first place. when the u. n. or government mistakenly defines \u201c economic rights \u201d to things it cannot guarantee, it ends up creating conditions that deny people the very liberties and property rights it should protect. lofty sounding aspirations can be seductive. who would not want to eliminate poverty in the world? who would not want women, children, and minorities to live full and complete lives in a free society? no one of conscience would object to any of these as outcomes. but they are not what motivate the modern human rights proponents. to understand why not, you only have to consider the united nations. its institutions, like the human rights council, have become distractions from ( or worse, obstacles to ) advancing the kinds of liberalizing policies countries really need. why? because the u. n. is populated with nations that abuse the principles in its charter. socialist, communist, and authoritarian regimes consider basic civil, political, and economic freedoms as real threats to their hold on power. they claim to promote collective rights to advance the \u201c common good, \u201d but they exploit these rights politically to maintain control. the one - nation, one - vote rule at the u. n. and other international forums affords them a legitimacy they do not deserve and a venue for waging their ideological battle with true democracies. americans likewise should be wary of international human rights treaties. the goals of such treaties may be laudable. but all too often they fail to deliver on their promises : many nations sign them with no intention of changing their ways. saudi arabia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5205598984847777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f74b6e84-bbf5-4d78-a1a2-726a4a60f009>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.596221"}
{"text": "succeeding generations are committed to this creed. the best way to promote human rights as we understand them is not through international treaties and institutions. it is through a properly balanced political system that ensures equal justice and limits the state \u2019 s role to only what is necessary to secure our rights. it is by standing up for victims whose natural rights are violated around the world and assisting them when we can, and by pointing out other states \u2019 failings to live up to their treaty commitments. it is by remaining the beacon of liberty for people everywhere \u2014 that \u201c shining city on the hill \u201d that ronald reagan described as he confronted the evils of communist states. we should be proud of our record on rights. in our comparatively short history, we \u2019 ve brought more prosperity and equality to more people than any other nation in history. we back our words with our lives, our treasures, and our future. we have corrected the great flaw of our past \u2014 a bloody civil war ended slavery in america \u2014 and don \u2019 t need to go around the world apologizing for our nation \u2019 s history. we should never allow the u. n. or anyone to abuse the mantra of human rights to undermine our sovereign constitutional system which not only protects our god - given rights and the liberty to govern ourselves but also offers the best model for others to do the same. and so the question remains, as reagan once asked, \u201c if we are not to shoulder the burdens of leadership in the free world, who will? \u201d for all that it represents and continues to defend in the world, america remains liberty \u2019 s last best hope. kim r. holmes, ph. d., is vice president of foreign and defense policy studies and director, the kathryn and shelby cullom davis institute for international studies at the heritage foundation. isaiah berlin, two concepts of liberty the english philosopher isaiah berlin defined the concepts of negative and positive liberty. in this case, negative is good : as in the united states, it means freedom from government interference. positive liberty, by contrast, means government intervention to guarantee outcomes. berlin points out dictators have often used the excuse of positive liberty to deprive the people of their freedom. thomas west and william schambra, the progressive movement and the transformation of american politics the founding fathers believed that all men naturally possess inalienable rights. the progressives of the late nineteenth century did not believe that natural rights exist. instead, they believed that the government created and promoted freedoms. in berlin \u2019 s terms, they believed in positive liberty. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5241827812778566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f74b6e84-bbf5-4d78-a1a2-726a4a60f009>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.599463"}
{"text": "all men naturally possess inalienable rights. the progressives of the late nineteenth century did not believe that natural rights exist. instead, they believed that the government created and promoted freedoms. in berlin \u2019 s terms, they believed in positive liberty. as west and schambra explain, the progressives therefore rejected the understanding of freedom on which america was founded. kim r. holmes, economic freedom as a human right economic freedom offers people around the world the best hope for achieving healthier, safer, wealthier, and more productive lives. but economic freedom is not just a good idea in practice. as holmes emphasizes, it is also a natural right, and indivisible from the broader idea of liberty. is freedom for everyone? in his inaugural margaret thatcher center for freedom lecture, sharansky, a soviet dissident who found freedom in israel, speaks eloquently to the legacy of ronald reagan and margaret thatcher, and proclaims his belief that \u201c freedom is a cause for everybody. \u201d jeane j. kirkpatrick, \u201c dictatorships and double standards, \u201d commentary, november 1979 this essay inspired ronald reagan, after he won the 1980 presidential election, to make kirkpatrick the u. s. ambassador to the united nations. it remains timely today because it exposes the folly of pretending that totalitarian insurgents, or the united nations, are on the right side of history and that american foreign policy must therefore seek to win their favor. united nations. brett schaefer and steven groves, \u201c the u. s. universal periodic review : flawed from the start, \u201d, \u201d august 26, 2010. when the obama administration joined the u. n. \u2019 s human rights council, it subjected the u. s. to the council \u2019 s system of regular reviews. schaefer and groves explain why the u. s. should not have joined the council, why the review process is flawed, and argue that it must be fundamentally reformed if it is play any meaningful role in the advance of liberty. the language of freedom. the heritage foundation, \u201c reclaiming the language of freedom at the united nations : a guide for u. s. policymakers, \u201d september 6, 2006. the american idea of freedom is more and more poorly understood, not just by foreign countries and diplomats, but by some americans as well. at the u. n., and everywhere else, the u. s. must reinvigorate the american tradition of freedom, which is universal and indivisible. war against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5238820045186419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f74b6e84-bbf5-4d78-a1a2-726a4a60f009>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.600391"}
{"text": "special education teachers play a vital role within the education system as a whole. they are responsible for motivating students with a variety of special needs. special education teachers facilitate an environment of acceptance among students with mild to severe cases of emotional, cognitive or physical challenges. teachers with special education backgrounds work to instill life skills and basic literacy ability within their students. furthermore, they apply remedial instruction for each individual child in preschool, elementary, middle school and secondary school settings. yet, some special education teachers also work with toddlers and infants. they pull together various educational techniques to facilitate social, behavioral and academic development for all of their students. special education teachers hold more than 470, 000 positions within the united states alone. special education teacher salary ranges are varied within their positions in public and private academic settings. there is also a large variation of salary ranges within individual and social assistance agencies, hospitals, residential facilities and homebound settings. * those that have a special education teacher salary often get paid more when working within the field of sports coaching or extracurricular activity settings. the special education teacher salary may be more in summer education or other seasonal job areas. according to the bureau of labor statistics, the recent median for special education teacher salary tops at around $ 50, 000 for those that work within preschool, kindergarten and elementary settings. furthermore, the middle 50 % of special education teachers earn around $ 40, 400 to more than $ 63, 000. * according to the bureau, special education teachers within the lower 10 % range earn salaries that are a little less than $ 33, 770. however, those that are within the upper 10 % range earn more than $ 78, 900. * * according to the bls, http : / / www. bls. gov / oco / according to collegegrad. com, the median range for a special education teacher salary is around $ 45, 699 in secondary education settings. however, the middle 50 % is said to earn nearly $ 36, 900 to $ 59, 300 per year. job description and outlook a plan for personal goal setting for each student is put together by the special education teacher in the form of an individualized education plan or iep. special education teachers are increasingly working within inclusive settings as they help create step - by - step goals to help students meet the demands of the next grade level. although the rewards of establishing meaningful relationships with students are great, the work load of special education teachers can be heavy. besides the emotional and physically parts of educating students with special needs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3543852164474375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:526038cb-e798-4cee-b608-489a9e41dbaa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.605836"}
{"text": "- step goals to help students meet the demands of the next grade level. although the rewards of establishing meaningful relationships with students are great, the work load of special education teachers can be heavy. besides the emotional and physically parts of educating students with special needs, they also must incorporate many hours to fill out documents, which gives details on each students progress. most special education teachers work on a 10 - month schedule. the need for this level of educators is projected to be on the rise. one reason for the projected rise is that parents are expected to demand more assistance in order to keep their children at the optimal level of education. specifically, the need for qualified special education teachers is expected to increase by 17 % between now and 2018, according to the bureau of labor statistics. another variant that creates job openings for special education teachers is caused by replacement need. some special education teachers switch to general education or they retire. another reason some special education teachers move away from the field includes starting entirely new career choices. even so, the geographic location and specialty within this field are variables that may decrease or increase the need for special education teachers. for instance, some of the more needy places for special education teachers include rural and inner city locations. yet, teachers with the ability to work with children with multiple or severe disabilities have a greater chance of finding jobs in special education. training and education requirements there is undergraduate, graduate, and doctor \u2019 s levels of education for the special education teacher. the training for special education teachers is a lot more extensive than regular teaching degree programs. although most undergraduate programs require four years of general and specialized course work, some programs have launched fifth - year or graduate level requirements. in general, the last year of undergraduate course work is spent getting classroom training and supervision from a teacher with special education certification. teachers with special education certification may work in a variety of fields. some fields include music therapy, art therapy, para - education, speech and language therapy, audiology, administration of special education and many more. teachers can obtain degrees with special certifications or specializations in general special education. however, special board certifications can be obtained for those teachers that desire to express a complete level of commitment to employers. a board certification in special education also demonstrates full dedication to peers, administrators and parents. obtaining board certification requires five interdisciplinary subjects : - special education eligibility - iep development principles - knowledge of special education assessment procedures - review of main principles in special education - knowledge of response to intervention ( rti ) there is great benefit for special education teachers that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39070358058150745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:526038cb-e798-4cee-b608-489a9e41dbaa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.606881"}
{"text": "inscription. adjacent to this park a group of women was imprisoned in 1917 for demanding the right to vote. the road to occoquan workhouse had started in 1848. by kevin white, september 6, 2007 | 1. women suffrage prisoners at occoquan workhouse marker | in july 1848 at the seneca falls convention in new york, officially opening the american women \u2019 s rights movement, a controversial resolution was adopted : \u201c resolved, which is the duty of women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. \u201d elizabeth cady stanton was able to get the resolution passed only with the help of frederick douglas, the former slave and famous abolitionist orator. for many years progress was slow and as late as 1913 women had full suffrage only in nine states and the territory of alaska which had no presidential electors. marking a dramatic change in the polite crusade for votes for women, the national woman \u2019 s party, founded in 1916 by alice paul, adopted the strategy of holding the party in power responsible for the success or failure of woman suffrage. attempting to persuade president wilson and the democratic party to support actively the susan b. anthony amendment, first proposed in 1878, the national woman \u2019 s party began to picket the white house in 1917. beginning in june 1917 scores of women were arrested, found guilty of unlawful assemble, sentenced to pay a fine of $ 25, or serve a term in jail. preferring jail rather than paying what they considered to be unjust fines, the women were given sentences ranging from 30 to 60 days and in some instance 6 months. some went to d. c. jails the majority were sent to occoquan workhouse, now lorton reformatory, lorton, virginia. by kevin white, september 6, 2007 | 2. women suffrage prisoners at occoquan workhouse marker | | in the background is the occoquan workhouse beehive brick oven, which convicts used to make the bricks used in constructing historic durable buildings throughout northern virginia. | among those arrested were graduates of distinguished educational institutions, students, teachers, nurses, at least two physicians, a geologist, and a professor of history. the socially prominent included lucy ewing, niece of adlai stevenson, vice president under cleveland. the youngest arrested was 19 and the oldest to serve at occoquan was 73. she found scrubbing floors almost beyond her strength. the women had their mail withheld, were confronted with unwashed blankets, contaminated food, forced into prison dress and ordered to perform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44173897461353884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61537c9a-1775-4a3e-8d7f-a1eb1adf8d4c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.611482"}
{"text": "19 and the oldest to serve at occoquan was 73. she found scrubbing floors almost beyond her strength. the women had their mail withheld, were confronted with unwashed blankets, contaminated food, forced into prison dress and ordered to perform prison work. protesting the poor treatment and general state of prison conditions, the women insisted they were political prisoners and should be treated accordingly. some refused to work, were put in solitary confinement and given bread and water. others, led by lucy burns of the executive committee of the national woman \u2019 s party, went on a hunger strike and were force - fed. as news of the extreme treatment given the suffrage prisoners began to emerge, public indignation and demands for an investigation of conditions finally forced their release late in 1917. upon appeal, the sentences of the women imprisoned at occoquan were reversed in 1918. by august 26, 1920, the susan b. anthony amendment was ratified, ending a struggle for basic political rights that had lasted for 72 years. the woman suffrage prisoners at occoquan had contributed significantly to that victory. sixty - five years after imprisonment, recognition was finally given these women. on march 6, 1982, under the leadership of joseph t. flakne and the auspices of the league of women voters of fairfax, a handsome marker commemorating them was unveiled on route 123, near youth center no. 2. the commonwealth of virginia ratified the amendment giving women the right to vote in february 1952. evelyn l. pugh professor of history george mason university sidebar under the right picture : alice paul designed the jail door pin as a symbol of appreciation for the women who had been imprisoned. erected by northern virgina regional park authority. location. 38\u00b0 40. 91 \u2032 n, 77\u00b0 15. 21 \u2032 w. marker is near occoquan, virginia, in fairfax county. marker is on occoquan regional park road near ox road ( virginia route 123 ), on the left when traveling east. click for map. marker is in this post office area : lorton va 22079, united states of america. other nearby markers. at least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. the beehive brick kiln ( a few steps from this marker ) ; 1804 boundary stone ( approx. 0. 3 miles away ) ; 1804 occoquan town plat ( approx. 0. 3 miles away ) ; occoquan wharves ( approx. 0. 3 miles away ) ; town of occoquan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42789638338539765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61537c9a-1775-4a3e-8d7f-a1eb1adf8d4c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.612479"}
{"text": "approx. 0. 3 miles away ) ; 1804 occoquan town plat ( approx. 0. 3 miles away ) ; occoquan wharves ( approx. 0. 3 miles away ) ; town of occoquan ( approx. 0. 3 miles away ) ; ebenezer baptist church ( approx. 0. 4 miles away ) ; ogle harris \u2019 store ( approx. 0. 4 miles away ) ; lest we forget ( approx. 0. 4 miles away ). click for a list of all markers in occoquan. more about this marker. the marker is placed near the occoquan workhouse beehive brick oven, which is what you see in the background of picture 2. related marker. click here for another marker that is related to this marker. it is the seneca falls convention marker. also see... 1. occoquan workhouse marker. this is the marker referred to in the text. ( submitted on september 7, 2007, by kevin w. of stafford, virginia. ) 2. brutal treatment of women suffragists at occoquan workhouse. ( submitted on september 7, 2007, by kevin w. of stafford, virginia. ) 3. film honors ' iron jawed ' women. ( submitted on september 7, 2007, by kevin w. of stafford, virginia. ) credits. this page originally submitted on september 7, 2007, by kevin w. of stafford, virginia. this page has been viewed 13, 155 times since then. photos : 1, 2. submitted on september 7, 2007, by kevin w. of stafford, virginia. \u2022 j. j. prats was the editor who published this page. | recommend or share this page. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36600634503756774, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61537c9a-1775-4a3e-8d7f-a1eb1adf8d4c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.613094"}
{"text": "an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2013 where did the scottish youel family come from? what is the scottish youel family crest and coat of arms? when did the youel family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the youel family history? spelling variations of this family name include : yell, yul, yuel, yule, youll, yuile, yuill, yulle and others. first found in on the isle of yell, in the shetlands. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our youel research. another 305 words ( 22 lines of text ) covering the years 1374, 1391, 1503, 1676 and 1870 are included under the topic early youel history in all our pdf extended history products. more information is included under the topic early youel notables in all our pdf extended history products. some of the first settlers of this family name were : youel settlers in the united states in the 20th century the motto was originally a war cry or slogan. mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms : under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will ; many families have chosen not to display a motto. motto : numine et virtute motto translation : by god ' s providence and by virtue. the youel family crest was acquired from the houseofnames. com archives. the youel family crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. we generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname. this page was last modified on 20 august 2012 at 09 : 18. houseofnames. com is an internet property owned by swyrich corporation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39553482031604614, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4feacc97-4d38-45e7-b827-8cae5942e684>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.616041"}
{"text": "november 02, 2009 this article is excerpted from \" cloud opportunities in hpc : market taxonomy, \" published by intersect360 research. the full article was distributed to subscribers of the intersect360 market advisory service and can also be obtained by contacting email @ example. com. in life, the universe, and everything, the third book of douglas adams ' whimsical hitchhiker fantasy trilogy, cosmic wayfarer ford prefect describes how an object, even a large object, could effectively be rendered invisible to the general populace by surrounding it with an \" sep field \" that causes would - be observers to avoid recognizing somebody else ' s problem. \" an sep, \" ford helpfully explains, \" is something we can ' t see, or don ' t see, or our brain doesn ' t let us see, because we think that it ' s somebody else ' s problem. \" if we were to reinterpret sep to stand for \" somebody else ' s processing, \" we would be well on the way to a definition of cloud computing. the term \" cloud \" comes from the engineering practice of drawing a cloud in a schematic to represent an external resource that the engineer ' s design will interact with - - a part of the workflow that he or she will assume is working but that is not part of that specific design. for example, a processor designer might draw a cloud to represent a memory system, with arrows indicating the flow of data in and out of the memory cloud. cloud computing takes this concept to an organizational level ; entire sections of it workflows can now be virtualized into resources that are someone else ' s concern. cloud computing is therefore a new instantiation of distributed computing. it is built on grid computing concepts and technology and further enabled by internet technologies for access. cloud computing is the delivery of some part of an it workflow - - such as computational cycles, data storage, or application hosting - - using an internet - style interface. this definition includes web - immersed intranets as conduits for accessing private clouds. cloud computing is currently driven by business models that attempt to utilize or monetize unused resources. grid, virtualization, and now cloud technologies have attempted to find and tap idle resources, thus reducing costs or generating revenue. the most interesting difference between cloud computing and earlier forms of distributed computing is that in developing ultra - scale computing centers, organizations such as google and amazon incidentally built out significant caches of occasionally idle computing resources that could be made generally available through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6047467395211465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8db47ce8-283c-4a0e-9f78-dc70d0e14bf1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.626537"}
{"text": "revenue. the most interesting difference between cloud computing and earlier forms of distributed computing is that in developing ultra - scale computing centers, organizations such as google and amazon incidentally built out significant caches of occasionally idle computing resources that could be made generally available through the internet. furthermore these organizations found that they had developed significant skills in constructing and managing these resources, and economies of scale allowed them to purchase incremental equipment at relatively lower prices. the cloud was born as an effort to monetize those skills, economic advantages, and excess capacity. this is important because from a business model point of view the cloud resources came into existence at no cost, with minimal incremental support requirements. the majority of the costs are born by the core businesses, and therefore, at least initially, customers of the excess capacity do not need to foot the bill for capital expenditures. costs associated with staff training, facilities, and development are similarly already fully amortized and absorbed by the parent businesses. there is little more appealing than being able to sell something that you get for free. with such an appealing proposition in play, many other organizations are scrambling to see whether they have an infrastructure - - public or private - - that can be exploited for gain through cloud computing. however, when significant excess capacity does not exist, or if it cannot be leveraged in a timely or reliable fashion, it is not clear what sustainable business models exist for cloud computing. high - end, public cloud computing offerings represent a convergence of grid and internet technologies, potentially enabling workable new business models. smaller, private clouds are a technical evolution that expands the ease of use and deployment of grids in more organizations. as cloud computing technologies mature, intersect360 research sees several possible business models that could evolve. although we emphasize high performance computing in our analysis, cloud computing transcends hpc, and similar models will exist in non - hpc markets. utility computing models cloud computing provides a methodology for extending utility computing access models. utility computing is not new ; it has been touted for several years as a way for users to manage peaks in demand, extend capabilities, or reduce costs. traditionally, limitations in network bandwidth, security issues, software licensing models, and repeatability of results have acted as barriers to adoption, and all of these still need to be addressed with cloud. there are four major variations on the potential utility computing models with cloud : cycles on demand the cycles - on - demand model is the most basic approach to cloud computing. the cloud supplier provides hardware and basic software environments, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5418011819848232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8db47ce8-283c-4a0e-9f78-dc70d0e14bf1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.627605"}
{"text": "to be addressed with cloud. there are four major variations on the potential utility computing models with cloud : cycles on demand the cycles - on - demand model is the most basic approach to cloud computing. the cloud supplier provides hardware and basic software environments, and the user provides application software, application data, and any additional middleware required. in this case users are simply buying access to computer processors, which they provision and manage as needed in order to run their applications, after which the resources are \" returned \" to the cloud provider. users are charged for the time the resources are in use, plus possibly some overhead costs. the demands are relatively low on the cloud provider, and relatively high on the user in terms of making sure there is effective utility generated by the rented resources. the storage cloud model complements the cycles - on - demand model both in terms of operational approach - - users buy disk space at a cloud providers facility - - and in terms of providing a more complete solution for cycles users - - a place to put programs and data between job runs. in the storage - on - demand approach the cloud is used : software as a service software as a service ( saas ) extends the basic cycles - on - demand model by providing application software within the cloud. this model addresses software licensing issues by bundling the software costs within the cloud processing costs. it also addresses software certification and results repeatability issues because the cloud provider controls both the hardware and software environment and can provide specific system images to users. saas also has the advantages for providers of allowing them to sell services along with the software, and to use the cloud as demonstration platform for direct sales of software products. in addition, the user is able to turn much of the system administration task over to the provider. the major drawback to this strategy is that users generally run of a series of software packages as part of their overall r & d workflow, in such case data would need to be moved into and out of the cloud for specific stages of the workflow, or the cloud provider must support an end - to - end process. environmental hosting is the use of a service to support virtually all computational tasks, with servers, storage, and software all being maintained by a third party. this concept can include constructs such as platform as a service ( paas ) and infrastructure as a service ( iaas ). arguably environmental hosting in the cloud is an oxymoron, however, it represents the upper end of the utility computing spectrum and a logical destination of cloud strategies. this approach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5241920115730606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8db47ce8-283c-4a0e-9f78-dc70d0e14bf1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.628624"}
{"text": "service ( paas ) and infrastructure as a service ( iaas ). arguably environmental hosting in the cloud is an oxymoron, however, it represents the upper end of the utility computing spectrum and a logical destination of cloud strategies. this approach addresses software, result repeatability, and most networking issues by simply providing dedicated resources all in one ( logical ) place. it addresses many of the technical security issues, but not a consumer organization ' s security problem of inserting a third party into the workflow process. in addition to the models for those who would consume resources through the cloud, there are applications that are made possible by the combination of internet communications and large computing resources. this is inclusive of the opportunities for organizations to become cloud computing service providers, either externally or internally. in addition, there is the potential for some secondary markets to be enabled by the adoption of cloud technologies. restructuring of internet - based service infrastructures one of the most interesting aspects of cloud computing is that internet companies with value - add and expertise in intellectual property or content ( as opposed to purchasing, managing, and running computer hardware systems ) could move their internal computing architecture to the cloud, while maintaining system management and operating control in - house. with this strategy an organization would move the bulk of its computing to the cloud keeping only what is necessary for communications and cloud management, in doing so they convert internal costs for systems, software, staff, space and power into usage fees in the cloud. cloud technology and service providers facilitate and accelerate the industry ' s evolution towards a network of interrelated specialty companies, as opposed to groups of organizations each performing the same set of infrastructure functions in house. the major issue potentially holding this model back would be cost ; i. e., the level of premium users would be willing to pay for a service versus a do - it - yourself solution. this strategy would replace personal computers with an advanced terminal that connected to a cloud utility that holds all of the user ' s data and software. the advantage for users is that they would be relieved of the burden of purchasing, maintaining, and upgrading their personal systems. they would also have professional support for such task as system back - up and system security and would also be able to access their computing environment form any web - connected device. this strategy may represent the evolutionary future of the internet, particularly as more devices become web - enabled and the relationship between the web and the personal computer is weakened by competing devices, such as smart phones. the main challenge to this model is overall bandwidth on the internet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5359967309947763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8db47ce8-283c-4a0e-9f78-dc70d0e14bf1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.629632"}
{"text": "may represent the evolutionary future of the internet, particularly as more devices become web - enabled and the relationship between the web and the personal computer is weakened by competing devices, such as smart phones. the main challenge to this model is overall bandwidth on the internet. side effects to such an evolution would replace the role of the operating system with a web browser and whatever backend environment the cloud supplier chose to provide, also creating a new product class for web terminals. intersect360 research analysis we see cloud computing as part of the logical progression in distributed computing. it is not completely revolutionary, nor is it a panacea that will provide any service that can be imagined. the business models must be considered in terms of cost and control, barriers and benefits. of all the cloud business models, intersect360 research believes that saas has the highest potential for success within hpc. it addresses several of the major dampening factors associated with cloud and provides additional revenue opportunities in the services arena. it also targets industrial users, who would be the most likely to pay a premium for the product, without attempting to develop competing solutions. furthermore companies can adopting saas models in cloud in a phased or tiered way, first proving the concept private clouds before giving themselves over to public or hybrid models. ( this same phenomenon persists with private and public grids today. ) organizations that have experience with the software and in house operations may look to saas options for peak load management and capacity extension. however, we believe the greater opportunity is for selling packaged cloud computing, software, and start - up services to companies testing hpc solutions. our research indicates that there are major start - up barriers to using hpc solutions among small and medium companies. these barriers include finding the expertise for the creation of the organization ' s first scalable digital models. the major barrier for saas adoption in hpc is the fragmentation of the applications software sector of the industry. the boutique nature of the opportunity may indicate there is not sufficient volume to merit the isv ' s investment to create and market cloud - enable versions of their applications. interestingly, in a recursive manner, small saas providers could theoretically tap into larger cycles - on - demand cloud providers to supply the computing resources. similarly, implementation of environment hosting within current cloud environments for hpc organizations would currently entail significant amounts of effort by the user organization to set up and manage storage and software environments. it would also be limited by software licensing issues for industrial users in particular. thus market opportunities for this option are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5720929075081627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8db47ce8-283c-4a0e-9f78-dc70d0e14bf1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.630799"}
{"text": "cloud environments for hpc organizations would currently entail significant amounts of effort by the user organization to set up and manage storage and software environments. it would also be limited by software licensing issues for industrial users in particular. thus market opportunities for this option are very limited at this time. that said, a small organization could conceivably do all its computing in the cloud, keeping all its data on cloud storage system, using only internally developed, open - source, or saas software, and trusting in small size as part of a herd to provide security. finally, we note that web - based software services are not new to the market ; they currently range from income tax preparation services to on - line gaming companies. saas fits into cloud markets based on the concept of work being sent to outside party and results returned, without the sender having knowledge of exactly how those results are generated. for some users, saas may inherently make sense. ultimately the best way to help users adopt hpc applications may be to make them somebody else ' s problem. may 16, 2013 | when it comes to cloud, long distances mean unacceptably high latencies. researchers from the university of bonn in germany examined those latency issues of doing cfd modeling in the cloud by utilizing a common cfd and its utilization in hpc instance types including both cpu and gpu cores of amazon ec2. may 10, 2013 | australian visual effects company, animal logic, is considering a move to the public cloud. may 10, 2013 | program provides cash awards up to $ 10, 000 for the best open - source end - user applications deployed on 100g network. may 08, 2013 | for engineers looking to leverage high - performance computing, the accessibility of a cloud - based approach is a powerful draw, but there are costs that may not be readily apparent. 05 / 10 / 2013 | cleversafe, cray, ddn, netapp, & panasas | from wall street to hollywood, drug discovery to homeland security, companies and organizations of all sizes and stripes are coming face to face with the challenges \u2013 and opportunities \u2013 afforded by big data. before anyone can utilize these extraordinary data repositories, however, they must first harness and manage their data stores, and do so utilizing technologies that underscore affordability, security, and scalability. 04 / 02 / 2012 | amd | developers today are just beginning to explore the potential of heterogeneous computing, but the potential for this new paradigm is huge. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46864483105231514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8db47ce8-283c-4a0e-9f78-dc70d0e14bf1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.632751"}
{"text": "1. a toothed wheel or disk, which is designed to mesh with another by interlocking. 2. system of two or more gears meshed together so that the motion of one is passed to the others. 3. chain driven mechanism that transmits motion and power when it turns. the proportional relationship of two different sized gears that are in contact with each other. series of gears that can be meshed together in different combinations to change the mechanical advantage between the input and output shafts. the enclosure that surrounds the gear train. mechanism in a vehicle that selects the gears in the transmission. top coat of resin when forming a fiberglass shape. the resin is applied in a layering of fiberglass mat and resin in a mold. final finish, which is used on many plastic fixtures since it can be easily repaired when it is scratched. growing equity mortgage - a mortgage loan in which the payment is increased by a specific amount each year, with the additional payment amount applied to principal retirement. as a result of the added principal retirement, the maturity of the loan is significantly shorter than a comparable level - payment mortgage. contractor who assumes responsibility for completing a construction project, under contract to the owner, and hires, supervises and pays all subcontractors. a lien that includes all of the property owned by the debtor, rather than a specific property and may be obtained either through a judgment lien, where the court issues a judgment, a lien by creditors on an estate, or through federal and state tax liens. the managing partner of a limited partnership who is in charge of its operations and has unlimited liability. all partners in an ordinary partnership are general partners. a limited partnership must have one general partner. electric circuit supplying a number of outlets for lighting or appliances. a deed in which the grantor agrees to protect the grantee against any other claim to title of the property. the covenants assure good title, freedom from encumbrances and quiet enjoyment. set of rules considered standard and acceptable by certified public accountants. 1. machine for producing gas or steam. 2. machine whose conductor moves through a magnetic field and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy when the device is rotated. 3. a dynamo. the rehabilitation of low - income housing into higher income housing, which results in the displacement of lower - income residents and generally occurs when an older neighborhood is revitalized. round structure constructed of lightweight bars forming a grid of polygons. survey that takes into consideration the curve of the earth. a computer mapping program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5820682377405968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51e94662-1885-4b7a-afed-51f4f8a80832>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.636222"}
{"text": "results in the displacement of lower - income residents and generally occurs when an older neighborhood is revitalized. round structure constructed of lightweight bars forming a grid of polygons. survey that takes into consideration the curve of the earth. a computer mapping program where land characteristics and / or demographic information are color coded and often overlaid. the purpose is to determine locations of certain activity. science dealing with the surface of the earth, its division into continents and countries, along with the climate, animals, plants, inhabitants, resources and industries of the various places. the magnetic properties of the earth. branch of mathematics dealing with points, lines, surfaces and solids to examine their properties, measurements and mutual relations in space. popular 18th century style featuring a symmetrical fasade, a prominent front entrance and quoins ( decorative blocks of masonry or wood which are set in the corners of the house ). this classic style has two to three stories. plaster surface that has been prepared for painting by being coated with glue or another type of material. a spring from which columns of boiling water and steam gush into the air at intervals. a ground fault circuit interrupter is a safety device to protect against electrical shock by cutting off the flow of electricity when there is even a slight stray of current leakage. shadowy appearance, which shows as a defect on the surface of paint.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6008547343243439, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51e94662-1885-4b7a-afed-51f4f8a80832>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.636884"}
{"text": "1989 : if there is an art form we can glean from the many photographs and videos of the tiananmen square demonstrations in 1989, it must be found in the multi - hued banners that converged on the square and surrounding streets made by the students from different universities around china. often their idiosyncratically - painted chinese characters contrasted stylistically, yet intricately, to compose, as seen from a distance, rich textures of abstract gestural markings to the millions who watched around the world without more than a guess as to translations. they are best seen the nearer in date we come to the government ' s crackdown, such as on may 13, when the students began a hunger strike in anticipation of the highly - publicized state visit of soviet leader mikhail gorbachev, which sent spontaneous crowds streaming in. or when the government declared martial law on may 20th. it seemed that each new official call for the demonstrators and students to leave the square brought still more demonstrators and students, all unfurling wind - strewn banners and flags from newly energized ranks. surviving posters from the demonstrations or those that soon after sought to commemorate the protestors killed in the june 4th massacre and in the weeks following are few, but this one of the massive goddess of democracy statue that students assembled from polystyrene and paper - mache and carried through the square has found it ' s way to the web. quoting the chinese political scientist and dissident, yan jiaqi, the poster reads, \" the tide of democracy is powerful and mighty. followers shall prosper, opposers shall perish. yan jiaqi, 6 / 22 / 1989. \" the hand - printed scroll made by nancy spero commemorating the lives lost in the crackdown on june 4 and thereafter seems unduly abstract to those of us who know her work. it is hard to make out just what is a human figure until we compare the scroll to photos of the crackdown ' s brutal efforts to end the insurrection. that ' s when we are hit with the horrifying reality in seeing that spero hasn ' t made abstract markings. she has printed the bodies of the demonstrators as they appear in the photographs after the tanks of the people ' s liberation army literally crushed the demonstrators into the pavement. the scroll has been a medium of choice for chinese painters for nearly two millennia, yet it is hard to imagine that any scroll before has signified human brutality and death so unflinchingly as spero ' s rendering. 1989 : despite the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4969131212756855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.677182"}
{"text": "the scroll has been a medium of choice for chinese painters for nearly two millennia, yet it is hard to imagine that any scroll before has signified human brutality and death so unflinchingly as spero ' s rendering. 1989 : despite the controversy that surrounded the globally - encompassing exhibition magiciens de la terre ( magicians of the earth ), it has weathered its shortcomings with an influence and legacy that secures its status as the first significant post - colonial global survey of art and aesthetics that sought, at least in terms of museum and exhibition practice, to reconcile the differences between indigenous productions and an encroaching homogenization of style and ideological relations to artistic production that we call modern and global. although modeling the curatorial approach on the illusory polarity of self and other - - with the self here standing in for the presiding western model of ethnology - - the curatorial team assembled under jean - hubert martin adhered to a selection process that eschewed all colonial museological models that had dominated the western exhibition and collection of the world ' s artistic productions as well as all classifications other than common formal, thematic, and contextual attributes, however slim. in fact magiciens de la terre was mounted in reaction to a prior museum survey, the 1984 primitivism show held at new york ' s museum of modern art in 1984. that show, organized by william rubin, the museum ' s director of painting and sculpture and kirk varnedoe of the institute of fine arts, new york university, not only upheld the myth of cultural universality, it exalted the progressionist valuation of art that implicitly defined modernism not just as one among many global standards of aesthetic taste, but as the culmination of all prior aesthetic systems - - in short, an unspoken but no less salient vindication of ethnocentric and colonialist \" centers \" presiding over indigenous but \" outmoded \" margins of production. the show would prove to be the pivotal point in the formation of a new globally - relevant criticism, and mcevilley would take the lead in reconfiguring this criticism with his artforum article, \" doctor, lawyer, indian chief. \" from mcevilley ' s point of view, \" primitivism was a banner exhibition for all the central premises of modernist eurocentrism. it embodied the kantian doctrine of universal quality ; the hegelian view that history is a narrative of europeans leading the world toward spiritual realization ; and the cartographic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5441671783090887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.678287"}
{"text": "comic art, billboard and sign painting in pointed commentaries about congolese social and political life. ghanaian artist. paa joe is the foremost sculpted coffin maker of his generation. he is one of many ghanan artists making coffins in the form of objects and living things, though those that having the broadest appeal in the west tend to be of modern commodities - - cars, cell phones, cameras, computers. as novel as the concept is to non - ghanans, in ghana the custom is only the 20th century variation on a tradition stemming from the ghana people ' s belief that people who die should be remembered for their achievements in life, in terms of profession, status, and favorite objects. since her western debut in magiciens de la terre, ndebele artist esther mahlangu has become world renown for her ndebele painted and textile designs. whereas cheri samba and paa joe have made the biggest impact on the art world, mahlangu ' s extends far beyond, covering any and all sculptural, architectural and utilitarian forms that appeal to her and being sought after in all these markets. 1989 - 90 : \" berlin wall : the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been november, 9 1989, but the wall was strategically made obsolete when after the border between hungary and austria was disabled the previous august, which led to an estimated 13, 000 east german tourists escaping the east to austria. meanwhile, a wave of refugees found a way out via czechoslovakia, then hungary to austria. as east germans flooded the west german embassy, protest demonstrations broke out throughout east germany in september 1989. by early november half a million people gathered at the alexanderplatz demonstration in east berlin. to ease tensions, general secretary egon krenz provided safe passage to refugees at crossing points between east germany and west germany, including west berlin, which became official and permanent. in the weeks that followed, people came to the wall with sledgehammers and chisels to chip off souvenirs. one section of the wall that remains, located near the berlin center on muhlenstra\u00dfe in friedrichshain - kreuzberg, was secured by the kunstlerinitiative ( artists initiative ) as a sector of the wall to be preserved and transformed into an open - air gallery. what became known as the east side gallery, likely the longest gallery in the world, has a length of 1. 3km through berlin and consists of 105 paintings by 102 artists from around the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46895102560166113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.680786"}
{"text": "to be preserved and transformed into an open - air gallery. what became known as the east side gallery, likely the longest gallery in the world, has a length of 1. 3km through berlin and consists of 105 paintings by 102 artists from around the world. painted in 1990, much of the art is populist and untrained, and by artists with very few connections to the artworld, which makes it all the more popular among the political middle classes. although most of the art had to be restored in time for the 20th anniversary in 2009, the paintings are widely regarded as historically significant for expressing the euphoria and hope of a unified german people that saw itself ready to prove itself to be in league with the free world. 1989 : day without art began on december 1, 1989 as the national day of action and mourning in response to the aids crisis. to make the public aware that aids can touch everyone, and inspire positive action, some 800 u. s. art and aids groups participated in the first day without art, shutting down museums, sending staff to volunteer at aids services, or sponsoring special exhibitions of work about aids. since then, day without art has grown into a collaborative project in which an estimated 8, 000 national and international museums, galleries, art centers, aids service organizations, libraries, high schools and colleges take part. 1989 was a good year for group material. they completed a series of year - long presentations centered on the theme of democracy at the dia foundation for art in new york. in berlin, they presented aids & democracy at the neue gesellschaft fur bildende kunst. and they installed the project for which they remain most widely recognized, the aids timeline, at the university art museum, berkeley. by this time the collective had been comprised of many artists and art administrators, the most well known including tim rollins, julie ault, doug ashford and felix gonzalez - torres. among the many collectives issuing from new york, their installations stood out for not being known for their visual aura as much as for their textual density. this aspect of compiling images, objects, and readings as if all coalesced into one text was most successful when employed in their timelines installed in galleries. it also served the collective well in achieving their mission, which they ' ve stated to be the movement of \" the idea of art from isolated models of refinement to a self - consciously political and cultural approach to communication. as the interface between subject matter and society, presentation space was adopted as a significant artistic medium, removing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5322287200692113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.683045"}
{"text": "to be the movement of \" the idea of art from isolated models of refinement to a self - consciously political and cultural approach to communication. as the interface between subject matter and society, presentation space was adopted as a significant artistic medium, removing the distinction between artists and curators. moreover, the status of presentation space itself as a standard of access to information was opened beyond the museum and gallery to engage the public through storefronts, talks, town meetings, newspaper ads, magazines, bus posters, etc. \" from its introduction in the art world, nan goldin ' s art became something of a chronicler of the new york underground. she filled a void that opened in art photography with the death of diane arbus, except that arbus was something of a tourist in the world of the recalcitrant nonconformist, the self - stylized freak and the misfit. goldin lived the life she photographed. her \" subjects, \" which strike some audiences as eccentric, self - possessed, willfully retreating into the wounds of cultural injury, are to goldin beloved lovers and friends. in this respect goldin was made political at least at the outset only because the friends in her life unknowingly thrust the power of art into her hands, through her camera, into her brain, where the force of it all must have been anything but chosen. it was through her friends that goldin became a most unwilling chronicler of the early spread of aids. as goldin wrote in \" 20 years : aids & photography \" for the digital journalist, \" aids changed everything in my life. there ' s life before aids, and after aids... we were in fire island that first time we ' d heard about aids, in july of 1981. i was with cookie mueller, cookie ' s lover, sharon, and photographer david armstrong, one of my oldest, best friends, and 2 or 3 other boys. cookie used to write a monthly art critique for details magazine. she was the starlet of the lower east side : a poetess, a short - story writer, she starred in john waters ' s early movies. she was sort of the queen of the whole downtown social scene. \" of the many she photographed in their last stretch of life, cookie mueller was the most famous. a writer with a tres hip cult following, she became a muse to goldin, in that she crafted a portal of words onto the wild world that was new york, in her case in the 1970s. \" i didn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213296018338834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.684117"}
{"text": "was the most famous. a writer with a tres hip cult following, she became a muse to goldin, in that she crafted a portal of words onto the wild world that was new york, in her case in the 1970s. \" i didn ' t think of them as people with aids, \" goldin writes. \" about ' 85, i realized that many of the people around me were positive... at that stage, we still didn ' t know very much. there was a lot of ignorance. we were very obsessed with what caused it : there were all kinds of rumors, everything from amyl nitrate to bacon. people were tested and being told they had something called arc, that quickly became medically non - relevant. i was in denial that people were going to die. i thought people could beat it. and then people started dying. \" here goldin photographed the wakes of mueller ' s husband, vittorio, whom she married only a few months before, and then the wake of mueller, again within the space of mere weeks. 1990 - 1993 : after the fall of the berlin wall, hans haacke returned to his native germany in 1990, and to the site of the former wall that had long seemed to divide the entire world into two political polarities. there he found a former guard tower from which snipers shot at east germans fleeing to the west. in a work called \" death tower, \" haacke affixed a mercedes benz logo at the top. haacke ' s ideological point : that corporations target and constrain lives in the same way that dictatorships do. at the 1993 venice biennale, haacke ' s entry in the german pavilion was an epic production called germania. in place of a stable floor, haacke jackhammered marble into fragments which the viewer had to walk precariously over. on a prominent, curved wall, the name \" germania \" was inscribed theatrically in a classical invocation of myths of the past. a viewers walked through the pavilion, the shifting marble was amplified by loudspeakers, imparting a sense of tectonic shifts that imparted analogy to the historic shifts undergoing the german people as a result of a unification many did not welcome. haacke ' s analogous work was anything but subtle in its implication that the \" german question \" that the national socialists under hitler had asked, and that had been asked by the imperial german powers in the centuries preceding, was still being decided as unification confronted a generation upon whom the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4898839059119108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.686701"}
{"text": "work was anything but subtle in its implication that the \" german question \" that the national socialists under hitler had asked, and that had been asked by the imperial german powers in the centuries preceding, was still being decided as unification confronted a generation upon whom the newly unified german government placed severe restrictions in granting citizenship only for those who could prove their legacy of german blood. 1990 : the walker art center commissioned hachivi edgar heap of birds ' building minnesota ( 1990 ), a signage installation mounted on the banks of the mississippi river in minneapolic, minnesota. \" heap of birds set forty large, metal, billboard - like signs along minneapolis ' s downtown riverfront. the signs honored the forty dakota men who were sentenced to death by abraham lincoln and andrew jackson after the us - dakota conflict of 1862, in what is the largest mass execution in american history. \" ( walker art center. ) in new york : purchased? stolen? reclaimed?, heap of birds offers us an explicit assertion of indigenous geography by inserting historical and spatial indicators as substitutes for road distance indicators. the first two refer to history. the third to the refusal of the native peoples to concede the loss of their lands. 1990 : four national endowment for the arts ( nea ) grants awarded to performance artists by the nea peer review panel were vetoed by nea director john frohnmayer in june, 1990. the four artists were singled out because of their sexual preferences and political discourses. three of the rejected artists, holly hughes, tim miller and john fleck, are gay and deal with homosexual issues in their work ; the fourth, karen finley, is an outspoken feminist. the endowment had been under attack since 1989 for funding supposedly \" lewd \" work, and it became known that the four rejected artists have continually been singled out by conservatives in the past. the nea claimed that the artists ' work violated an anti - obscenity pledge which each grant applicant was required to sign in order to receive funds. in 1993, all members of the nea four received compensation surpassing their grant amounts in 1993 when courts ruled in support of the four artists. but the damage had already been done, as many in congress now found it acceptable to challenge the funding of art based on the so - called moral content. since then the debate that has come to be known as the culture wars dividing up the issues of funding and art have hardened into two entrenched camps, each demonizing the other. karen finley, meanwhile, sought a higher ruling against the restrictions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4751966842680273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.689540"}
{"text": ". since then the debate that has come to be known as the culture wars dividing up the issues of funding and art have hardened into two entrenched camps, each demonizing the other. karen finley, meanwhile, sought a higher ruling against the restrictions of content as a violation of free speech and on the use of nea funds and definitions for \" obscenity. \" on june 25, 1998, eight years after the frohnmayer veto, the supreme court handed down a ruling upholding a \" congressional decency test \" for awarding federal grants to artists. the high court requires the national endowment for the arts to take into account \" general standards of decency and respect for the diverse beliefs and values of the american public \" in awarding grants. the only dissenting opinion in the 8 - 1 decision came from justice david h. souter who said that this law violated the first amendment. the clinton justice department argued in favor of the censorship provision. as a result of this case and others in lower courts, the nea abolished all grants to individual artists. on january 17, 1991, the day that operation desert storm began in the first iraq war, the abortion project opened at artists space in new york. the collaboration between new york artists kathe burkhart and chrysanne stathacos, and further organized by real art ways curator anne r. pasternak, the exhibit is an installation commemorating the 20th anniversary of the \" manifeste de 343, \" a french public declaration in 1971 stating all the signatories had had abortions, the most celebrated of whom included simone de beauvoir, catherine deneuve, marguerite duras, gisele halimi, bernadette lafont, francoise sagan, agnes varda, jeanne moreau, brigitte bardot, and scores of other prominent women in the arts. that manifesto opens with the lines, \" one million women in france have an abortion every year. condemned to secrecy, they have them in dangerous conditions when this procedure, performed under medical supervision, is one of the simplest. these women are veiled in silence. i declare that i am one of them. i have had an abortion. just as we demand free access to birth control, we demand the freedom to have an abortion. \" the abortion project doubled the manifeste ' s number, collecting 686 signatures of women in the arts, which was enlarged and painted in red directly on the gallery walls. the second part of the exhibit consists of artworks by 40 women artists who have long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4759731968949434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.691672"}
{"text": "the abortion project doubled the manifeste ' s number, collecting 686 signatures of women in the arts, which was enlarged and painted in red directly on the gallery walls. the second part of the exhibit consists of artworks by 40 women artists who have long been involved with issues of gender and women ' s rights that had been shown at simon watson gallery, in new york. they included barbara kruger, adrian piper, lorna simpson, kiki smith and nancy spero. the third part of the show featured \" the abortion project anthology, \" a publication featuring the work of women poets, artists and writers, including laura cottingham, eileen miles, jill rappaport, kaye rosen, christine sanders and lynne tillman. besides artists space and real artways, the abortion project was also installed at new langton arts, san francisco, ca, and at hallwalls, buffalo, ny, where it stirred considerable controversy with the city ' s conservative press and the religious right. 1991 : the collective of queer women artists known as fierce pussy is formed to bring lesbian identity and visibility into aids activism and street demonstrations throughout the 1990s. although composed of successive waves of lesbian activists, nancy brooks brody, joy episalla, zoe leonard, and carrie yamaoka have made up the core membership. 1991 - 1993 : felix gonzalez - torres, the conceptual sculptor who in january 1996 died of aids at age 38, combined his personal experiences with public conceptual art installations. in one exhibit, he piled wrapped candy in a corner and invited viewers to take one, replenished from an \" endless supply, \" an idyllic sentiment exemplary of a desire for heaven on earth. yet his art is anything but sentimental. his billboard installations of the early 1990s displaying the photographic images of his empty bed are simple facts of loss as much as they are tributes to his lover lost to aids in a public gesture that directs his grief into the collective that receives all private life events as political motivations and ends. in some of gonzalez - torres ' minimalist candy installations the weight of the candy is to equal his lover ' s weight, other ' s his own weight, and still others the weight of both men combined. in the above installation, the candy is to be maintained at 1200 pounds. 1991 - 1995 : general idea, the trio of artists whose queer art has been internationally exhibited since the early 1970s, would become decimated by the hiv virus, with two of its members, jorge zontel and felix partz, dying only months apart from each other in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43668850705434864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.696477"}
{"text": "idea, the trio of artists whose queer art has been internationally exhibited since the early 1970s, would become decimated by the hiv virus, with two of its members, jorge zontel and felix partz, dying only months apart from each other in 1995. surviving member, aa bronson, has since gone on to make an art of post - science shamanism geared for a generation seeking a healing that science has so far shown itself incapable of supplying. ( see more about general idea and their iconic aids art in part 4, when the personal is made political : left political art timeline, 1980 - 1989. ) 1992 : artist and writer david wojnarowicz died of aids - related causes. although feminists in the 1970s had widely disseminated the notion of the person being political, as late as the mid 1980s, few male artists, gay or straight, made his personal life the center of his work as acutely and ultimately as tragically as had david wojnarowicz. then, too, it appears that wojnarowicz ' s work from the very beginning emerged directly from his personal experience. he claimed that he didn ' t study art history, didn ' t go to college, and he was begrudged for not being an art world networker. and so he made his art about the things he knew : his boyhood ; his sexuality ; life on the street ; and witnessing his body as it progressively fell victim to the hiv virus. a prolific and impassioned writer, the text of his art work, when i put my hands on your body, overlain the image of excavated graves, speaks as freshly these years after his death as when he wrote them. \" when i put my hands on your body on your flesh i feel the history of that body. not just the beginning of its forming in that distant lake but all the way beyond its ending. i feel the warmth and texture and simultaneously i see the flesh unwrap from the layers of fat and disappear. i see the fat disappear from the muscle. i see the muscle disappearing from around the organs and detaching itself from the bones. i see the organs gradually fade into transparency leaving a gloaming skeleton gleaming like ivory that slowly revolves until it becomes dust. i am consumed in the sense of your weight the way your flesh occupies momentary space the fullness of it beneath my palms. i am amazed at how perfectly your body fits to the curves of my hands. if i could attach our blood vessels so we could become each other i would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5326056157787099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.702474"}
{"text": "of your weight the way your flesh occupies momentary space the fullness of it beneath my palms. i am amazed at how perfectly your body fits to the curves of my hands. if i could attach our blood vessels so we could become each other i would. if i could attach our blood vessels in order to anchor you to the earth to this present time to me i would. if i could open up your body and slip inside your skin and look out your eyes and forever have my lips fused with yours i would. it makes me weep to feel the history of your flesh beneath my hands in a time of so much loss. it makes me weep to feel the movement of your flesh beneath my palms as you twist and turn over to one side to create a series of gestures to reach up around my neck to draw me nearer. all these memories will be lost in time like tears in the rain. \" 1992 - 1993 : after being diagnosed with lymphoma, hanah wilke took to documenting her treatment of the disease and ultimately her death. called the intra - venus series, wilke created a monument that speaks for more than the feminism she for twenty years had represented with her art. each successive photo and video makes it increasingly obvious that wilke defied the societal convention of dying silently and away from view. she ignored the pity, disgust, and sentimentalism that so many people attach to death and dying, just as she refused misery and bitterness to overwhelm her life ' s work ' s. all this is the personal is political taken to its culmination. as did camus in his writing, wilke took a stand on death by imposing on it her choice of making death part of her art. this is a political act as much as it is for many a spiritual act, or just a living act. wilke died on january 28, 1993. during the later stages of her illness, she collaborated with her husband, donald goddard, on a series of photographs documenting the realities of her physical and mental transformation. consensus has it that the artist wolfgang staehle was the first net host to sponsor an artsite online when he founded the thing in 1991 in new york. although it ' s capacity was limited to that of a bulletin board system ( bbs ), staehle had a vision that the net would become something of a production, conferencing, and distribution platform for artists and art cognoscenti - - in essence a net art world for the conceptual artist. he went on to establish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5198747943171438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.704462"}
{"text": "art market is more prodigiously profitable than ever. to be continued. 1992 : sue williams ' show at 303 gallery was something of a watershed for women ' s art in representing her own personal experience of violent abuse. few prior representations of battered women were as frank, graphic, biting and politically energizing as this show, which gave other women who had similar experiences incentive to make their own art of release. ( see my feature, from victim to victor : women turn the representation of rape inside out on huffington post. ) alfredo jaar ' s geography = war, 1991, is a large installation. duratrans, light boxes, fifty - five - gallon metal barrels and water in a dark room illuminate images of war that set the scene for work that speaks directly to the viewer ' s conscience. the work consists of fifty - five gallon barrels filled with water, over which are suspended light boxes with photographs of the citizens of koko. the photographs are seen by viewing the reflections in the water - filled barrels. as the viewer peers into the barrels to see the photographs, he or she also sees his or her own reflection. jaar seems to be asking each of us to confront our own role in societal injustices. the light boxes are like those used for advertisements in hotels, train stations, and airports. usually, such displays advertise goods to be consumed ; here, they present people living in the direst circumstances. jaar deploys such reversals to make the viewer aware of his or her own position as a citizen of the world. jaar has stated : africa and latin america are rapidly becoming the dumping grounds for millions of tons of toxic industrial waste from the so - called \" developed \" countries.... some of the world ' s poorest nations have been targeted as potential dumpsites for us and european waste... forced to choose between poison and poverty, some are choosing the poison, which will bring them \" incomes \" sometimes larger than their annual gross national product.... 1993 : it doubtful that there has ever been a whitney biennial that received a more unanmious barrage of negative criticism from the press than the biennial of 1993. that no doubt is because it is the only biennial to have openly and flagrantly disinterred all the racial, ethnic and sexual stereotypes ever espoused by white supremacy. it should come as no surprise that many of the white critics of both sexes were incensed in having a mirror forced before them, while showing little if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5004583889899927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.707954"}
{"text": "disinterred all the racial, ethnic and sexual stereotypes ever espoused by white supremacy. it should come as no surprise that many of the white critics of both sexes were incensed in having a mirror forced before them, while showing little if any cognizance that their complaints signified a desire to suppress the expressed experience of the women, queers, transgendered, and people of color whose art, until the 1990s, was rarely if ever represented in the museums, blue chip galleries, and trade journals from which the elite art world is comprised. the negative response ranged from the irrational : a critic called the radically daring exhibition \" dazed recognition of the degree to which artistic conservatism had gripped the museum. \" the critic didn ' t bother explaining how exhibiting a new art that made its legacy of suppression a medium to be altered, and that had never been explored thematically or formalistically by a prior museum, was artistic conservatism. a prominent magazine delivered called the biennial \" a fiesta of whining, \" a slur aimed at the tropical peoples of the biennial as surely as a reprimand for not forgetting that the artists ' ancestors were raped by their owners, or were purposely given blankets with small pox so to eradicate their race. clearly the said critic considered his own grievance of being shaken out of his cultural amnesia the only thing worth whining about. one newspaper critic called the art by people who have historically been denied access to cultural institutions, \" a pious, often arid show that frequently substitutes didactic moralizing for genuine visual communication. \" yes, when people endure murder, poverty, apartheid in the name of racial, religious, or ideological supremacy, they are apt to turn both pious and moralizing - - especially considering that it is the surpremacists who have made \" genuine visual communication \" impossible. \" pious \" and \" moralizing \" are words that make me think of gandhi, martin luther king, jr., and desmond tutu. for that matter, many of goya ' s, david ' s, delacroix ' s and picasso ' s gracing the museum ' s halls are moralizing - - without the self - deprecating humor of the biennialists. one trade journal critic didn ' t even bother to pass her writing as criticism, so contemptuous and smug was its assumption of privilege and entitlement in commenting that she couldn ' t think of cultural genocide when all she could think about was in what good shape a certain performance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512401573182904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.709340"}
{"text": "' t even bother to pass her writing as criticism, so contemptuous and smug was its assumption of privilege and entitlement in commenting that she couldn ' t think of cultural genocide when all she could think about was in what good shape a certain performance artist kept herself. clearly the reviewer forgot that slaves endured labor and native americans ' closeness to nature, which often made them far stronger - - and potentially more dangerous - - than the ruling classes. in the end david ross and the curators, elisabeth sussman, john g. hanhardt, thelma golden, and lisa phillips, got their revenge, as it turned out that the 1993 biennial must have had one of the highest returns in terms of subsequent artist success. the great majority of them went on to make significant historical, monetary and institutional gains for the art expressive of the politics of feminism, ethnicity, sexuality and gender. whether or not the impact would or would not have been made without the 1993 biennial, the fact is the art world is a substantially more inclusive place because of the very artists who were scolded for being too aggressive in their artistic activism. 1993 - 1995 provocatively inviting misinterpretation in a society prone to islamophobia, shirin neshat ' s women of allah series, in which several shots are of iranian women covered by chadors under the muslim law of hijab and holding guns that for many western viewers reinforce the image of hostility we carry with us since 9 / 11. which is why it is important to point out that these images were made six, seven, eight years before 9 / 11. then what are they about? explicitly, they commemoration the iranian women who fought in the iran - iraq war of 1980 - 1988. implicitly, they reflect the social codes that compel us to conform to traditions we would rather do without. neshat ' s art exhibits many of the codes governing women ' s homosocial dress and behavior depicted in the centuries - old islamic miniatures of women ' s eyes peering out from recessed lambrequins and tightly - wrapped veils. the guns were an early ploy of neshat ' s to impart an aura of strength and resilience on her women. she later learned that more subtle signs impart even more strength and resilience, though without the dramatic signification. such as the sight of muslim women who band together to contend with male imperatives buttressed by writ of law. it is through neshat ' s work that we begin to realize that what appears to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44837364951740555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.710880"}
{"text": "new generation of queers \" look back on the stonewall and pre - stonewall eras with romantic nostalgia... this, generation while still active in act - up, queer nation, and wac, still feels a sense of sorrow at not knowing what it was like to be there that night at the first moments of revolution when the legendary ( possibly apocryphal ) fed - up drag queen threw the first bottle at a cop. \" ann pasternak had only just begun her long tenure as the director of creative time in new york the year that she bravely co - sponsored hunter reynolds : patina du prey ' s memorial dress, a healing ritual and performance sculpture. i say brave, because in writing the affair sounds potentially offensive, introducing the signage of a drag queen - - which to many viewers brings with it the image of outrageous disregard for convention - - at a function demanding propriety out of respect for the dead and their grieving survivors. in fact, reynolds ensures that there is not only no glimmer of camp, irony, or humor breaking through the spectacle of a large balding man wearing a classically handsome black bell dress while rotating on a dais for the audience ' s riveted inspection. it ' s the stillness and the silence of the gallery ' s numerous and lingering visitors that encourages our silence, then directs our eyes onto the names of the then 25, 000 aids dead printed exquisitely in gold and undulating in and around the dress ' s sumptuous folds. the atmosphere not only cultivates respect, but signals that, regardless of the dress, this is no ordinary drag queen taken to the stage. reynolds is in fact invoking the history of the healing shaman ritual in which the tribal shaman, usually a man, dons the traditional clothing of the tribe ' s women to summon a power ascribed in the society to women alone, yet which becomes more concentrated when the conduit of the power passed to him is male. perhaps because it is an acknowledgement too esoteric to be understood in the modern context it is presented, reynolds has seen to it that the bodice of the strapless dress is cut for a male torso. it takes some time to notice the difference, but it no less discretely registers on our mind ' s eye until it dawns on us that, besides the absence of a wig, the artist declines to simulate cleavage. the overall effect is provocative not so much for the negation of stereotypes, but for the many enigmas bestowing an aura", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4710040631943606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.716880"}
{"text": "' s eye until it dawns on us that, besides the absence of a wig, the artist declines to simulate cleavage. the overall effect is provocative not so much for the negation of stereotypes, but for the many enigmas bestowing an aura of mystery and awe onto this angel of deathly benevolence. ( commentary on the fourth resounding show of 1994 follows the two images below. ) 1994 : black male : representations of masculinity in contemporary american art, curated by thelma golden at the whitney museum of american art. considering the the black male as an icon brings with it an array of negative stereotypes that many of us would rather forget, thelma golden would prefer that we remember them so to put them permanently to rest. the more renown works include robert colescott ' s painting \" george washington carver crossing the delaware : page from american history, \" depicting the subject surrounded by stereotypical figures including aunt jemima and the cream of wheat man. one of gary simmons ' best installations, \" lineup, \" situated several gold - plated sneakers in a police lineup, while another favorite, fred wilson ' s biting installation of black male mannequins in the uniforms of museum guards draws a good deal of attention. and for good reason. wilson is asking us why the only black personnel seen in museums are the guards. surprisingly, the most negative response to the show was from black audiences who want to see blacks portrayed positively in art. in one interview, golden let down her guard to show her exasperation : \" i have said this about 4 million times. this show is not representation. this is not a documentary survey on black men as they live and breathe today, it is not a catalogue of types. it is about the way in which contemporary artists have looked at black masculinity, especially how it has been portrayed in popular culture. my role in it was to talk about how truly obsessed america is with race, if we really get down to it. and if we get down to it, it is not really race, it is black masculinity - - that ' s what it is. they are synonyms, in a weird way. \" 1993 - 97 : glasnost and perestroika were russian words that circulated throughout the media in the second half of the 1980s for representing the new soviet policy under mikhail gorbachev calling for increased openness and transparency ( glasnost ) in government institutions and activities, and the reduction of corruption ( perest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5057932906092997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.717981"}
{"text": "that circulated throughout the media in the second half of the 1980s for representing the new soviet policy under mikhail gorbachev calling for increased openness and transparency ( glasnost ) in government institutions and activities, and the reduction of corruption ( perestroika ) among communist party officials. with less censorship and greater freedom of information, artists flourished under the new reforms, which expanded at least for the 1990s with the collapse of the soviet union. the near official gouge of the new policies being tried came in the personage of oleg kulik, an artist who in the 1990s became best known for living performances as a human dog who, having escaped from his leash, defecates in museums and bites people. many of kulik ' s commentators have interpreted his performances mad dog and reservoir dog to be metaphors for russia, a country that, as the critic max seddon describes it, is \" naked, poor, something to be feared, a product of the unbridgeable conflict between west and wild east. \" philospher and critic boris groys likens kulik ' s clown - like behavior to the futurists in possessing no fear of looking laughable, which is the quality necessary to becoming emancipated from the heavy seriousness of contemporary art and its authorities. but there apparently is also a zoocentric impetus, one in which animals play no mere supporting role. in april 1997, kulik inhabited new york ' s deitch projects space, or more accurately, a heavily - secured dog house built in the space. entitled i bite america and america bites me, the performance was an unsubtle parody of i like america and america likes me, the now iconic performance work made by joseph beuys in new york some twenty - two years earlier, and in which he inhabited the space for three days with a live coyote. only now kulik plays the part of the canine. there was nothing comic or ironic about the performance, with many visitors finding it unsettling how like a dog kulik becomes. the artist has gone on record commenting on his belief that humans are not the center of the biosphere, nor do they control it. he would like to see humankind regard itself in its proper perspective as equal with animals, not lords to them. it ' s a philosophy that puts his performances as a bird, a fish and a bull, in perspective. it seems that kulik believes that ' true democracy ' cannot be had without true participation from animals and plants. before writing him off as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113849110074465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.720404"}
{"text": "it ' s a philosophy that puts his performances as a bird, a fish and a bull, in perspective. it seems that kulik believes that ' true democracy ' cannot be had without true participation from animals and plants. before writing him off as a loon, we might recall that leonardo da vinci in his notebooks proposed something similar. to have once been a nation with great utopian aspirations only to then find them dashed by the obscenely insane pogroms of megalomaniacal dictators against tens of millions of their own people time and again, can only lead to two character responses : heroic action and apathetic cynicism. in june 1989 the world watched the heroism of the chinese people quashed by brutal militarism openly and defiantly on our televisions, leaving us only to imagine what brutalities transpire behind closed doors. since then, chinese artists, both those living abroad and within the mainland nation, have reacted to the massacre of 1989 in varied ways, the extremes of which are embodied by the painters li zijian and yue minjun. although li zijian is a us - based artist, his larger audience is chinese, who better appreciate his buddhist themes of humanity and compassion, which many westerners find to be too sentimental, while eschewing his n. c. wyeth - like style. but the painting that has energized people of all walks is his history painting of the nanjing massacre. i should say, all walks except some japanese audiences, who refuse to acknowledge the veracity of the history depicted. ( read about the suppression of the japanese propaganda paintings made during the sino - japanese war in my political art timeline, 1945 - 1966 : postwar art of the left on huffington post. ) the history the rest of the world remembers is one of japanese armies invading the nanjing province of china on december 13, 1937, and throughout its six - month occupation, japanese soldiers began a massive campaign of rape and murder called variously the rape of nanjing or the great nanjing massacre. within six months, between 200, 000 to 300, 000 chinese people were slaughtered. li never brought up the tiananmen square massacre or analogized the nanjing massacre with it, but since li met the buddhist monk xing yun, he traveled with the financial and spiritual support of the master through china, where it was within his interests to also garner the government ' s support of his project. the timing of li ' s sudden enlightenment near immediately after the tiananamen square events, coupled with the fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48466611148539035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.721625"}
{"text": "financial and spiritual support of the master through china, where it was within his interests to also garner the government ' s support of his project. the timing of li ' s sudden enlightenment near immediately after the tiananamen square events, coupled with the fact that li emigrated to the u. s. after his father was inprisoned for political reasons, has given some ( including myself ) to see in his work an obvious correlation between the 1937 and the 1989 massacres. yue minjun ' s painting have been called light hearted by his gallery ' s pr. i think they ' re quite sinister. not sinister in terms of the artist ' s inner personality revealing itself, but as a commentary on the cynicism that fills many otherwise decent chinese citizens as a result of their seven decades under autocratic rule. cynicism seems especially the resort of people that find that capitalism without democracy has virtually become state policy. and as yue ' s paintings exemplify, if capitalism with democracy as we know it is sedative, then capitalism without civil rights must be narcotically delusional. what else could yue ' s re - signification of goya ' s masterpiece of the the third of may, 1808 mean, what with it re - enacted with a cloned doppelgang replete with locked grins. grins under democratic capitalism signify selling out, but grins in autocratic capitalism signify emptying out - - spiritually, socially, politically. of course i exaggerate to make my point, which is precisely what yue does. private lives hold secret moments of redemption. but to hold onto hopes for democracy under hardline murderers means to live as hostage - - something yue couldn ' t paint and live to be free about it. and so he paints hostages. and what do hostages do when being observed by their captors? exactly what yue ' s dopplegang does - - smile in excess. as with all behaviors, desperation has a code. in yue ' s work, the code can be deciphered with the key of context, which in yue ' s paintings are encoded by location, many of them well known. where is the lampoon transpiring. who or what is being mocked. yet to decode their encoded message, we need to remember that yue ' s paintings are not really lampoons, not really mockeries. they are a nation held hostage, which means they mean exactly the opposite of what they seem. 1995 : on the occasion of the third international women ' s conference in beijing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5248429726906237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.722746"}
{"text": "that yue ' s paintings are not really lampoons, not really mockeries. they are a nation held hostage, which means they mean exactly the opposite of what they seem. 1995 : on the occasion of the third international women ' s conference in beijing, ann pasternak of creative time co - published, and robin kahn edited, time capsule : a concise encyclopedia by women artists, with introductions by kathy acker and avital ronell, and contributions by more than 500 women artists from the world over, including kenya, the czech republic, russia, and cuba. ( creative time and sos international, new york, 1995 ). 1995 - 1996 : artists of color have used art for recording histories of colonialism, slavery, the civil rights struggles, and various injustices delivered their peoples for the better part of the 20th century. it ' s just that white audiences until recently never bothered to look. which is why, when the arbiters of \" high \" culture chose to finally open the doors of the visual arts to artists of color in the 1990s, many were taken aback by the critiques of the history of white oppression and patronage they were confronted with. among the more direct and powerful of these critiques came from carrie mae weems. since weems, like david wojnarowicz, works with image and text combined, her work best represents itself. the text here accompanied the wall installation weems called, from here i saw what happened and i cried, made between 1995 - 1996, and comprised of 33 crimson - toned prints of african americans appropriated from a century of photography and public media. from here i saw what happened : you became a scientific profile, a negroid type, an anthropological debate & a photographic subject. you became mammie, mama, mother & then, yes, confidant - ha. descending the throne you became foot soldier & cook you became uncle tom, john & clemens ' jim, drivers, riders & men of letters. you became a whisper, a symbol of a mighty voyage & by the sweat of your brow you laboured for self, family & others. for your names you took hope & humble. black and tanned, your whipped wind of change howled low, blowing itself - ha - smack into the middle of ellington ' s orchestra. billie heard it too & cried strange fruit tears, born with a veil you became root worker, juju mama, voodoo queen, hoodoo doctor. some said you were the spitting image of evil. you became playmate to the patriarch and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.52966892314391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.723787"}
{"text": ". billie heard it too & cried strange fruit tears, born with a veil you became root worker, juju mama, voodoo queen, hoodoo doctor. some said you were the spitting image of evil. you became playmate to the patriarch and their daughter. you became an accomplice out of deep rivers. mixed - matched mulattos, a variety of types mind you - ha. sprang up everywhere. your resistance was found in the food you placed on the master ' s table - ha. you became the joker ' s joke & anything but what you were - ha. some laughed long & hard & loud. others said \" only thing a niggah could do was shine my shoes. \" you became boots, spades & coons, restless after the longest winter, you marched & marched & marched. in your sing song prayer you asked, didn ' t my lord deliver daniel? from here i saw what happened. and i cried. german photographer andreas gursky and canadian photographer edward burtynsky have revived the credence of the notion that aesthetics and politics can be conjoined in the same visual and ideological spaces by providing cautionary photographic narrations on the state of human over indulgance in industry and consumption of both commercial and natural goods. for gursky, the emphasis is placed on the individual lost within the richest mine of signs and signifiers, models and mythologies, history has ever produced. corporate culture has seized hold of the signage, manufacturing, infrastructure and superstructure with the aid of populist and elitist iconography alike. while paying specific attention to the imagery and texts, media and ambience launched by advertisers, urban planners, architecture firms, news networks, financial marketers, and politicians, gursky rigorously catalogues the overarching barrage f rom the vantage of the panoramic scope or wide - angled lens that in his hands iconically reifies the collectivity of the corporate mythos, ethos, and agora. but whereas gursky renders the post - industrial landscape, edward burtynsky ' s series of manufactured landscapes takes on an almost primitive approach to the industrial landscape, revealing that the industrial age is still vital, just made invisible to the more affluent and middle - class. in cataloguing the hidden epicenters of industrial production and waste of quarries, recycling yards, factories, mines, ship breaking, and oil fields, burtynsky enables our cognition of the human environmental imprint at the same time that he strikes down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730284865509301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.724787"}
{"text": ". in cataloguing the hidden epicenters of industrial production and waste of quarries, recycling yards, factories, mines, ship breaking, and oil fields, burtynsky enables our cognition of the human environmental imprint at the same time that he strikes down the myth that a postindustrial corporate class has become more important than the labor force that keeps the modern world supplied with the energy and commodities it demands. in so doing, he projects a romantic yearning for a return to a nurturing pre - industrial nature at the same time he seemingly pulls out that dream from under us by showing us landscapes so scarred by industrial and consumer waste that the recovery of nature even in the absence of humans would take millennia. together the two artists chart out a scenario whereby overlapping industrial and postindustrial visions challenge our more basic preindustrial needs and desires. it ' s enough to revive the discourse and grand narrative of alienation for any attentive individual. 2000 - 2001 : oliviero toscani the creative mind behind the controversial ad campaigns that turned italian clothing maker benetton into a household name have a tendency to aim for the jugular. toscani worked as benetton ' s creative director for 18 years, from 1982 through to 2000. among the shock ads he engineered count the ad that the company calls pieta. printed in 1991, it depicts the family of the dying aids activist, david kirby, surrounded by his family at his hospital bed. in 1991 the impact of aids in the west was taking its worst toll. customers and vendors alike were scandalized. many stores refused to stock benetton that season. a later ad depicted the clothes of a dead bosnian soldier - - the clothes he was killed in, to be specific. the garments, a pair of blood - stained trousers with a camouflage pattern and a blood stained t - shirt, are laid out flat across the picture. the t - shirt has a bullet hole at the level of the ribs. at the top of the advertisement is a text in serbo croatian. at the bottom left, the words \" united colours of benetton \" are written in larger green letters. but toscani will likely be best remembered for the headline - grabbing 2000 campaign using photos of some 26 death row inmates from six u. s. states. toscani and benetton say the international \" we on death row \" campaign was aimed at drawing attention to the controversy surrounding the use of capital punishment in the u. s., where support for the death penalty is nearly as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47369306735777705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.726091"}
{"text": ". states. toscani and benetton say the international \" we on death row \" campaign was aimed at drawing attention to the controversy surrounding the use of capital punishment in the u. s., where support for the death penalty is nearly as universal as opposition to it is in toscani ' s native italy. the furor over the campaign in effect ended toscani ' s association with benetton. 2000 white columns ' director paul ha curated concerted compassionism, which presented the work of three artists who addressed the problem of homelessness. michael rakowitz, in an ongoing project he calls parasites, presented a series of exterior ventilation systems installed on existing architecture structures providing heat for the homeless. at the time of the white columns show, rakowitz had built and distributed 30 such parasites to homeless people in boston, cambridge, ma, and new york city. swiss artist, christoph buchel ' s homeless depot installation transformed the white columns gallery into a one - stop - shop for the homeless. although the exterior punningly riffs off the home depot brand name, inside bushel genuinely stocked items freely given to the homeless upon their request, and which he states include models for shelters, money - earning aids, and objects for entertainment. bradley mccallum presented documentation of his on - site shelters and mobile carts for the homeless which he had been designing and distributing in richmond, va, according to the needs of the specific user. his homeless recipients are thereby equipped to collect aluminum cans, bottles, and other materials for recycling income. all carts remain the sole property of the individuals who require them, which in mccallum ' s artistic vision resonates as a sustained visible and political presence in the cities hosting them. 1980 - 2000. since the 1960s, the covers of music discs, and by 2000 the online download promotional icon, is the first and often the most indelible political signage encountered by young audiences. although mainstream music studios largely suppressed political music in the 1980s until it proved commercially profitable in the capitalist recycling bin, smaller independent music venues kept alternate political music alive, until, in the 1990s, grunge, rap, and some alternate rock again infused the mainstream with the sounds and visions of politically - minded artist - activists. next : nomads occupy the global village : left political art timeline, 2001 - 2012. may day on huffington post. on 4 / 19 / 12 the walker art center credit was added to the entry on edgar heap of birds, which the author mistakenly omitted. read other posts by g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4967456712569136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18ae09cf-9e97-49c8-8be2-c578eb7e9264>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.727066"}
{"text": "for catholics and many other christians, the season of lent began with ash wednesday, with ashes that symbolize human mortality. lent is a time of repentance for sin and of preparation for an intense remembering, at easter, of the passion, death and resurrection of jesus. the jesus who is remembered and celebrated is a generous jesus, the one who laid down his life for others. lenten penance and preparation have often taken the specific form of three things : almsgiving, fasting and prayer. i would like to suggest that all three may serve especially well as antidotes to a lack of generosity, that is, to greed or avarice, one of the seven deadly sins. that greed abounds seems all too evident. in the united states, lent 2012 is a time also of political campaigning, and of a politics in which a candidate has not hesitated to boast about his wealth, his minimal payment of taxes, his firing of workers, and his disinterest in the very poor. other candidates call relentlessly for ever more tax cuts for the people who need them least. they exalt so - called good greed as though it were not an oxymoron, but rather the miracle solution to all problems. thus i suggest that antidotes to greed and its exaltation are urgently needed, and that zeal for lent, with its almsgiving, prayer, and fasting, may offer an excellent remedy. is ' alms ' perhaps the most obvious of the three as an antidote to greed? is almsgiving a kind of fasting from greed? to give alms has usually meant to give to the poor and the needy, to individuals, or to agencies, foundations and institutions devoted to serving such persons. almsgiving carries the connotation of voluntary charity on the part of individuals with the means to do so. the term may conjure up images of a wealthy elite acting out of a sense of noblesse oblige, rather than with any motivation of genuine care or concern for those in need. but this need not be so. alms may be given discretely, anonymously ; and generosity in almsgiving may involve giving not only out of one ' s abundance, but also out of one ' s own need. in the new testament, jesus praises the generosity of the widow who gave from what little she had ( mark 12 : 41 - 44 ). and jesus cautions that one may not serve god and money ( matthew 6 : 24 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45715628197439084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4faafa03-3413-499a-8d5c-258af9d11820>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.733159"}
{"text": "own need. in the new testament, jesus praises the generosity of the widow who gave from what little she had ( mark 12 : 41 - 44 ). and jesus cautions that one may not serve god and money ( matthew 6 : 24 ). thus a choice must be made : greed or god. in its more literal sense fasting is an abstinence from the quantity of food one normally eats, from eating at certain times, or from certain foods. fasting means rigorous self - control in the face of an all - you - can - eat buffet, no easy feat for many americans. and fasting may mean doing without alcohol or other favorite beverages. for christians, it also suggests imitation of the jesus who fasted for 40 days in the desert. it may mean solidarity with the hungry, even if one lives in a part of the world where hunger is less visible than it is in other places. it may express an affirmative response to jesus who says one does not live on bread alone, but on the word of god ( matthew 4 : 4 ). fasting may mean not only abstention from food or drink, but a more general fasting from material things. to fast is to say that ever more acquisition of consumer goods may not be the path to happiness and human wholeness, however shocking that may be for some. to pray is to acknowledge that one is not god. the ravenously greedy person is likely to be inclined to idolatry, to adoration of one ' s self as a god or even as the one god. the greedy think that they deserve endless luxuries while others grovel in misery. prayer is a kind of iconoclasm that destroys the idol of the self imagined as above all others. prayer is an ascetical renunciation of the placing of one ' s self at the center of the universe, and it is renunciation of the seeking of adulation. prayer is not only words addressed to another believed to be one ' s creator, the ground of one ' s being ; it is also a quiet, a silence, and a receptivity to god ' s word, to god ' s ways, and to the needs of other people. it may be helpful to consider how genuine prayer is the polar opposite of a car alarm. a car alarm is an example of a greed and of a contempt for others ; its installation presumes that protection of the property of a car owner matters, and that this consideration trumps that of the exceedingly obnoxious noise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5145203024708005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4faafa03-3413-499a-8d5c-258af9d11820>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.734104"}
{"text": "car alarm. a car alarm is an example of a greed and of a contempt for others ; its installation presumes that protection of the property of a car owner matters, and that this consideration trumps that of the exceedingly obnoxious noise pollution inflicted on others. these alarms are a rude, possessive and noisy protection of private property ; but prayer is a peaceful openness to reception of god ' s gifts and to sharing them with others. listening is the heart of prayer. to pray is to fast, in hopeful silence, from the constant babbling about little or nothing that pervades our era of ever shorter attention spans. prayer is an exercise in waiting, in patience and humility, for prayer is acknowledgment of one ' s dependence on god, and on god ' s ways. prayer liberates us as it downgrades the importance of wall street, wealth, and wanton spending. prayer says no to a culture of facades and illusions, and yes to a deeper sense of what matters most about human life. lent calls us to do penance for our greedy ways and to promote the common good, not selfish individualism. the saints catholics honor and strive to imitate offer countless examples of giving away everything in order to follow jesus and to serve others. lent is a time for remembrance and imitation of the self - emptying generosity and sacrifice of jesus and of his saints. it is a time for coming to understand that greed and christian discipleship have nothing whatsoever in common.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508877617050174, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4faafa03-3413-499a-8d5c-258af9d11820>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.734819"}
{"text": "hudson valley iron - ore mining industry : a history of sterling forest heavy metal : sterling forest was once the center of the valley \u2019 s rich iron - ore industry stoking the fire : a reproduction of sterling iron \u2019 s giant furnace, where magnetite was smelted into pure iron photographs by jeff sumberg ( page 1 of 2 ) as a non - historian writing a history column, i am continually amazed and amused by the hudson valley \u2019 s varied and colorful past. not long ago i learned that we were once the violet capital of the world, growing and shipping fashion \u2019 s most popular petal to all parts of the globe in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. and now i find that this forgotten, delicate industry was preceded by an equally forgotten but much more masculine one. to me, iron city meant only the pittsburgh - brewed beer. the iron range was an area in northern minnesota that produced hard - nosed hockey players. turns out that both of these are relative latecomers, newbies, tyros. if you want to know about american ironworks, you need only look downstate. edward lenik, an archeologist in wayne, new jersey, who literally wrote the book on the area \u2019 s iron history ( iron mine trails : a history and hiker \u2019 s guide to the historic iron mines of the new jersey and new york highlands ; sadly, it \u2019 s out of print ), says that when the english settled northern new jersey and southern new york in the 1730s, they began looking for gold and silver. there wasn \u2019 t any, but a man named cornelius board met some native americans who said they knew about some \u201c black rock \u201d in the area. \u201c they showed him outcrops of this rock, which he recognized as iron ore, \u201d lenik says. specifically, it was a mineral called magnetite, an iron oxide which board knew he could forge into pure iron. so, according to records at the new york state library, in 1736 board and a partner named timothy ward bought 150 acres of land and formed the sterling forge and furnace company. they built a bloomery, a furnace used for smelting iron ore. workers would heat the mineral and beat out all excess material with a hammer, leaving only pure iron behind. they continued this process until 1751, when they constructed their first blast furnace, which heated the magnetite with limestone over a 2, 000 - degree charcoal fire. the chemical reaction liquefied the iron and separated it from the other materials. a plaque", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3938254143595332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bce753b-fcfe-404d-ada9-df99fbc80ecf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.739595"}
{"text": "they continued this process until 1751, when they constructed their first blast furnace, which heated the magnetite with limestone over a 2, 000 - degree charcoal fire. the chemical reaction liquefied the iron and separated it from the other materials. a plaque at the site outlines the history of the furnace the sterling works soon began manufacturing ship anchors with their iron, and the business took off. in the 1760s, they also produced such goods as pig and bar iron ; cart, wagon, and chair spindles ; tea kettles, skillets, and pots. around this time a man named peter townsend became a partner in the company, and under his family \u2019 s leadership sterling prospered during the american revolution, manufacturing arms and ammunition for washington \u2019 s continental army and supplying anchors for navy warships. in fact, the mine made one item in particular that may have saved the colonial cause from near certain collapse. in february 1778, the army contracted with townsend to make an iron chain that was to be placed clear across the hudson river at west point. its purpose was to block british ships from attacking new york city from the north. townsend \u2019 s chain, as it came to be known, was laid in place on april 30, 1778 \u2014 and the british never even tried to cross it. peter townsend died in 1783, but the ironworks remained in his family \u2019 s possession until the mid - 1800s. it was during this period that business boomed \u2014 and not just for sterling. others explored and dug dozens of mines in the region. \u201c some were successful, some were not, \u201d lenik says. but there were two other major mining operations nearby. one was in ringwood, new jersey, which operated until 1930 ; the other was the o \u2019 neil mine in orange county. all three were full - fledged mining complexes. \u201c the companies built villages and the miners \u2014 first the english and later germans, irish, and italians \u2014 lived there, \u201d he says. \u201c workers were paid 81 cents a day at o \u2019 neil in 1870, and you could feed a family on that. \u201d remnants of sterling \u2019 s community are still visible. now known as the lakeville \u201c ghost town, \u201d foundations from the furnaces, mines, and houses linger along hiking trails. says doc bayne, former environmental educator and historian at sterling forest state park, \u201c they had a company store, buildings for the industry processing, a hotel, and homes. both management and workers lived there with their families, and some single men who pretty much just lived out in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4135885458762522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bce753b-fcfe-404d-ada9-df99fbc80ecf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.740520"}
{"text": "educator and historian at sterling forest state park, \u201c they had a company store, buildings for the industry processing, a hotel, and homes. both management and workers lived there with their families, and some single men who pretty much just lived out in the woods. we do still find old foundations around. \u201d not much is known about the sterling company from the post - civil war period until 1890. by the turn of the century, however, the business was failing. the depression of 1892 - 1896 had something to do with that. but a bigger concern \u2014 one that eventually ended the iron industry here \u2014 was the 1866 discovery of a vast deposit of iron ore in the mesabi range, located in northern minnesota ( in an area still known today as the iron range ). this deposit was not only more extensive than the eastern range, it was far more easily accessible : most of the iron was close to the surface and could be extracted in shallow open pits rather than in deep mines. shipping on the great lakes also made transportation easier, so the economics of the industry shifted seismically. except for a brief flurry of activity during world war i, the sterling mine declined. the company closed for good in 1923, and the lakeville ironworks town crumbled. see gallery below to view more photos of abandoned mines in sterling forest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3990271921146098, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bce753b-fcfe-404d-ada9-df99fbc80ecf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.741027"}
{"text": "what is the center for acute disease epidemiology? cade is a bureau within the division of acute disease prevention and emergency response and works to protect and preserve the health and safety of iowans from infectious diseases through disease surveillance ; investigation of acute outbreaks ; education and consultation to county, local, and private health agencies on infectious diseases ; immunization and vaccine guidelines ; treatment after animal bites ; and vaccines for international travel. the center also provides consultation to county and local health agencies on diseases requiring public health intervention, collaborates with centers for disease control and prevention by weekly reporting of nationally reportable diseases, and offers health education opportunities through lectures and organizational seminars. cade routinely monitors over 45 diseases as well as unusual occurrences of disease ( outbreaks ). click here to find information on specific diseases. these factsheets were designed to promote safe and healthy living environments by providing pet owners and the general public with resources on common diseases transmitted between animals and humans ( zoonotic diseases ). antibiotic resistance happens when microbes ( germs ) develop ways to survive the use of medicines meant to kill or weaken them. according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), foodborne illness affects 48 million americans, causes 128, 000 hospitalizations and 3, 000 deaths annually. idph \u2019 s initiative to reduce healthcare - associated infections ( hais ) includes supporting science - based actions to decrease these infections to make healthcare safer for all iowans. the iowa disease surveillance system ( idss ) enables local public health, hospitals, laboratories, and idph to collaborate electronically as they perform disease reporting and surveillance activities across the state. the iowa influenza surveillance network ( iisn ) is comprised of physicians, schools, child care centers, businesses, and long term care facilities who track the occurrence on influenza - like illness. rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. the rabies virus is usually transmitted through an animal bite. there are two rabies strains that commonly circulate in iowa ( bat and skunk ), and many different species can be infected with these strains. animals most likely to transmit rabies in the united states include bats, skunks, coyotes, foxes and raccoons. in a joint effort with the university hygienic laboratory, the iowa state university department of entomology, the iowa department of agriculture and land stewardship, and several local health departments, the iowa department of public health has instituted a number of programs which have allowed iowa to monitor west nile virus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4656854607534327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c44c2562-eec0-44d7-9139-05b8f619aeeb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.747011"}
{"text": "first - hand : cryo cmos and 40 + layer pc boards - how crazy is this? contributed by : tony vacca how it started it was in the early 80 ' s. control data ( cdc ) had just launched the cyber - 205 with modest success and the team was now focused on the next generation machine, the 2xx as i recall. speed, cost and meeting the schedule were all key objectives. speed because cray research under the guidance of seymour cray was setting milestones for supercomputers with the cray 1 and then the cray 2. cost, since supercomputers were extremely expensive. schedules since the cyber - 205 had established patience records as a machine that may never get out the door and this must not be repeated. a conventional evolutionary approach for integrated circuit ( ic ) logic was initially selected. motorola, with some prodding, agreed to launch an 8, 000 gate equivalent ecl ( emitter - coupled - logic - the circuitry of choice for high performance processing units ) provided that control data do the actual circuit development. there were insufficient customers for motorola to commit their resources to this lofty development. motorola did, however, commit their advanced ecl processes to cdc and a joint team was formed with the two companies. logic designers at the cdc advanced design laboratory were given preliminary design rules based on computer device models and estimates of gate per chip densities. there was a natural follow up of grumbling by the logic design team led by very experienced and innovative folks ( ray kort, maurice hudson and dave hill to name three ) but circuit designers had learned to accept this since logic designers always found the circuits to be too slow and insufficient an quantity of gates and pins ( i / o ports ) per die. there was a lot of cooperation too. basic building blocks were defined by the logic designers - gate functionality, register functionality, etc. from this set of preliminary rules function blocks were defined and capacity per reasonably - sized printed circuit ( pc ) boards defined. the initial design using the cray cyber - 205 based architecture was launched. in parallel with this effort, and in the same design group ; i. e. ; circuit, packaging, pc board and newly formed cad ( tools for layout and design of chips and boards ) - chief chip design engineer - randy bach - was assigned to develop an advanced cmos chip for the canadian computer development organization. at this time, early 80 ' s cmos was in it ' s infancy being used for memory devices, low performance peripherals and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5392068594122821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.782104"}
{"text": "chip design engineer - randy bach - was assigned to develop an advanced cmos chip for the canadian computer development organization. at this time, early 80 ' s cmos was in it ' s infancy being used for memory devices, low performance peripherals and also for low performance microprocessors ( 5 to 10 mhz clock speeds ). the design contained 5, 000 gates plus appropriate input and output communication devices. gate arrays for cmos was also nearly non - existent so randy and his small team of two assistants developed a cell library and worked closely with the canadian development team to meet their objectives as well. this effort was completely separate from the ecl based gate array to be used for the next generation supercomputer. the product was developed for a low cost application. it was customary for neil lincoln - chief architect, dale handy - manufacturing manager and me to go off to lunch every 8 to 10 days to discuss status at either author treacher ' s fish & chips or zantigo ' s ( high class - not ) fast food restaurants. as a side note, both of these fast food places disappeared during the eta systems brief duration. zantigo ' s has returned ( i think because they know it is safe now that the three of us cannot visit together any longer - neil unfortunately passed on a few years ago ). at one of these meetings, neil had \" news \" for me. simply stated, the gate array in active co - development with motorola had unacceptable goals. the chip had too few i / o pins, consumed too much power and insufficient gates. in addition, he completed a cost model which indicated an unacceptable cost figure for the cpu. he also determined that the cpu ( some 3 million gates ) had to be assembled on a single board. \" it was time for this goal to be reached \". he also reached the conclusion that a proper logic design required at least 15, 000 gates per chip to meet these goals. the logic designers had gotten to him i surmised. schedules, neil reminded us, could not be altered - and that was that. to soften the blow he bought lunch that day, three cokes and three orders of fish and chips - neil ' s was a large order. the trip back to the lab was pretty quiet, fortunately short since our eating places were all very close to the lab. that afternoon, i assembled the key folks - i might miss one or two but randy bach, doug carlson, dave resnick and john ketzler were four that i recall now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5118482119853387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.783583"}
{"text": "fortunately short since our eating places were all very close to the lab. that afternoon, i assembled the key folks - i might miss one or two but randy bach, doug carlson, dave resnick and john ketzler were four that i recall now. doug was a mechanical engineer that i assigned the motorola project to because of his management skills - something he probably never forgave me for - john was the key circuit engineer on the motorola project and dave was and still is a very versatile and perceptive engineer. doug and i would inform motorola of the decision not to continue. the team would package up what was accomplished and turn it over to motorola to carry the ball forward if they wished. as a side note, motorola and cray did continue the design. it was the circuit design used in the cray c90, a very successful cray research supercomputer. the meeting turned to what were the next steps. the key challenges that emerged were : - ic technology that could meet the new lofty goals - the pc board technology required to meet a single board cpu - packaging and interconnect technology required to support the two above requirements - computer aided design ( cad ) technology necessary to accurately design ic and pcb technologies - suppliers for all - do they exist? - what additional internal resources were required to achieve objectives - system packaging beyond a single cpu. ( memory, peripherals, i / o, etc. ) - testing of complex ic technology and complex pcb technology before getting to the details as to how decisions were made and how the eta system technologies the \u201c kit \u201d was selected and developed, a list of noteworthy accomplishments achieved are listed : - first industry competitive cmos cpu since 1995 \u2013 to the present ( beginning 12 years after the technology selection by eta systems i might add ) all hpc ( high performance computers ) are developed and manufactured using cmos ic technology. until as late as 2000, bipolar technology ( higher power, more costly to manufacture and lower gate count per chip ) dominated high performance computers throughout the world. - first industry single board cpu the chip density ( gates per chip ) allowed by advanced cmos, the use of layout and design computer aided design tools for optimum layout and simulation, the successful design of a 45 layer advance printed circuit board ( you read it right 45 layers ) and innovative chip attachment and cooling permitted a single processor containing nearly 3 million gates to be packaged on a single board - first industry system to bedesigned with self - test cpu processing units ( \u22483million gates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48819376982652574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.784818"}
{"text": "read it right 45 layers ) and innovative chip attachment and cooling permitted a single processor containing nearly 3 million gates to be packaged on a single board - first industry system to bedesigned with self - test cpu processing units ( \u22483million gates each ) were validated for functionality and performance in less than 4 hours. any interconnect errors were recorded and allowed chip - to - chip replacement to occur in a minimal time. other cpu checkout during this same period required weeks to months to check out and validate a processing unit. incoming testing of the logic ic chip ( function and performance ) also used the same self - test innovations. - first industry production liquid nitrogen cpu the eta systems cpu was immersed in liquid nitrogen \u2013 77 degrees kelvin \u2013 to improve performance greater than two times that cmos technology operated at room temperature \u2013 300 degrees kelvin. - first system at cdc to fully utilize computer design software to design chips, boards, validate logic design and auto diagnostic test the system with synergistic tools permitted checkout of a cpu to be completed in less than 4 hours. manufacturing costs were greatly reduced. this technique was also used at the ic supplier and greatly reduced any probe test hardware and software. - first industry system to havemultiple cost designs from single design effort performance range of the eta system products was greater than 24 : 1 ( 8 processor system operating at 7 nanoseconds clock period and a single processor system operating at 24 nanoseconds. ). processors were manufactured, tested and validated from a single manufacturing line using identical components. ( ic chips were performance sorted using auto self test ). product differences began at the system packaging level. boring into details any technology kit must be driven by a customer need. in the case of supercomputers the craving for increased computer performance at a lower cost ( overall cost ) was the deciding factor. in any supercomputer company a combination of marketing requirements, architecture innovations and logic design demands dictate the initial objectives of the hardware circuit and packaging organization. i state \u201c initial \u201d since once the objectives are digested and key technologies are evaluated for the time frame addressed, compromises are the norm. in the case of eta systems technology selections in the early 1980 \u2019 s, this was the strategy implemented. the following paragraphs sequence the thought process and the technology selection strategy utilized. integrated circuit selection the objectives, listed in earlier paragraphs were first integrated into the architecture and logic design requirements. a market survey of key integrated circuit suppliers was conducted with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.566726528329021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.785926"}
{"text": "implemented. the following paragraphs sequence the thought process and the technology selection strategy utilized. integrated circuit selection the objectives, listed in earlier paragraphs were first integrated into the architecture and logic design requirements. a market survey of key integrated circuit suppliers was conducted with emphasis on what was in development and planned for product introduction \u2013 not what was available at the time of the survey. a risk assessment was made. primary focus was on the most dynamic technology, the ic logic technology. all decisions as to volume requirements, pins, packaging, etc. resulted from what was determined by this survey and risk analysis. merging the logic design objectives ( gates, bandwidth and performance of key functions ) was next. an ecl ( emitter coupled logic ) high performance bipolar gate array using motorola advanced ic technology was selected. since motorola was not fully staffed to begin the actual product development ( application ) but did have the process development underway, a cooperative development agreement was struck with the two companies ( this occurred between motorola and control data since eta systems had yet not been formed ). the design called for basic logic cells to be incorporated into a larger version of their existing gate array advancing the process for increased performance and chip size for increased gate capacity. the existing gate or function array utilized approximately 2, 500 gates ( which was used as the primary gate array for the cray research very popular y - mp supercomputer ) and the planned gate array would contain an excess of 8, 000 equivalent gates. logic cell libraries were agreed to ( acceptable to both motorola for the general market and to cdc for the logic designs ). pin counts ( for power, ground and input / output logic communications ) were established and power consumption estimates were made. once these parameters were established, board size, power systems and thermal control were evaluated in a trade off give - and - take. features of printed circuit boards, ( line widths, spacing, interconnect vias and number of layers were compared to the board size capacities, laminating press capabilities, drill designs and printed pc board processing limits. ic packaging, limits, i. e. ; minimum size of package, pin spacing, thermal removal, etc. was evaluated in parallel with pc board limits. the chip design began, the cell library began and the packaging began once all parameters ( pins, power consumption and die size objectives ) were agreed to. printed circuit board experiments also began. once feasibility was established and practical limits established ( original goals could be met as to physical design and performance based on ic modeling and extrapolation from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5285825831558854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.786952"}
{"text": "( pins, power consumption and die size objectives ) were agreed to. printed circuit board experiments also began. once feasibility was established and practical limits established ( original goals could be met as to physical design and performance based on ic modeling and extrapolation from previous established functional systems, a preliminary specification was presented to the architects and logic designers for review. from initial design data, logic design based on the parameters provided established a physical size for the central processing unit or cpu, the heart of the system. a multiple board processor was required. this placed additional constraints on packaging since within a single processor all distances are crucial between circuits. three - dimensional packaging concepts were considered. three dimensional packaging effectively meant a \u201c sandwich \u201d effect of multiple boards with interconnects from board to board were throughout the area \u2013 not exclusive to the periphery of the board such that chips on each of the boards would minimize distances between them. in addition, power consumption estimates were made ; thermal removal paths and techniques were considered. a cost model was generated as well. all of these factors resulted in a preliminary estimate of the cpu volume. in the introduction portion of the document, you already know that this was rejected - more to follow for sure. in parallel with these efforts, memory design was underway. less freedom was available to memory since the basic semiconductor device could not be altered to accommodate specific users. there were a few packaging alternatives, very few, and device configurations ( word \u2013 bit architecture, pin numbering, power considerations, etc. ) were dictated by the industry. since memory design has its own objectives for cost, reliability and performance, this effort could continue quite independently with one exception, the packaging of the total system must be synergistic and compatible. a crucial parameter of this is the interconnect mechanism between processors and memory. a hardware system cost model was established \u2013 not only for current cost considerations but also estimates on volume costs based on learning - curve estimates as well for the life of the system. the chief architect, after careful review, rejected the design ; this was covered in the introduction. three key reasons were sited ; performance would be impacted due to the 8, 000 gate limit, ( worst case logic paths could not reside in a single chip and multiple chip distances would increase the clock period ), power consumption per cpu, although lower on a performance ratio basis to previous generations, was too high when the total system size ( including the multiprocessor objectives ) were considered and system cost appeared prohibitive \u2013 always a subjective issue but never - the - less a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5390498108192523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.787966"}
{"text": "cpu, although lower on a performance ratio basis to previous generations, was too high when the total system size ( including the multiprocessor objectives ) were considered and system cost appeared prohibitive \u2013 always a subjective issue but never - the - less a key component of the design. reliability concerns were also stated since the pin - count per cpu, although quite reduced from previous designs, were of concern. the architecture was committed to four cpus ( max ) per system so the interconnect \" bar \" was raised. back to the drawing board bipolar technology refers to conventional npn and pnp transistors operating in a non - saturating mode ( collector - base ). by not saturating the operating transistors ( not allowing the base voltage being higher than the collector voltage ) the switching characteristics were improved and balanced ( off logic level and on logic levels had identical delays ). in addition, the non - saturating circuitry \u2013 titled ecl for emitter coupled logic \u2013 provided the true and compliment outputs for each logic function ( i. e. ; and & nand, or & nor, etc ). this provided advantages to logicians to design complex boolean functions ( add units, multiply units, divide units, etc ). under the category of \u201c no free ride \u201d ecl circuitry consumed higher power than the more popular but much slower saturating logic circuitry ( ttl \u2013 transistor - transistor logic ). other improvements in performance for integrated versions of ecl logic circuitry included replacing conventional junction isolation between circuit devices on a single die with oxide isolation between circuits ( lower capacitance per circuit so less charging and discharging when logic levels switched ). cmos ( complementary metal oxide silicon ) circuitry, especially at the time of eta system, was a simpler and more efficient logic circuit. this form of logic also had a simpler process. stacking of p channel and n channel transistors in series between voltage bus rails defines a single complementary gate. functionality of the logic devices is much more forgiving to process variations due to the larger voltage swing and only active transistors used to define the circuitry ( no resistors, diodes, etc. ). the physical size of a logic function when compared to a bipolar equivalent is significantly smaller, resulting in an increase in circuitry per equivalent die ( chip ) size. cmos technology also consumed power only when the circuit was switching ( changing states ) so power consumption was directly proportional to the frequency it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5308235937655457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.788902"}
{"text": "compared to a bipolar equivalent is significantly smaller, resulting in an increase in circuitry per equivalent die ( chip ) size. cmos technology also consumed power only when the circuit was switching ( changing states ) so power consumption was directly proportional to the frequency it was operating. ( p = cv2f ) ecl circuitry, by contrast, consumed approximately the same power \u2013 while switching or in a quiescent state. ( later forms of cmos \u2013 especially those designed in early 2000 and beyond, had increased power consumption primarily caused by increased bulk leakage currents as a result of processes developed for lithography having features en excess ( smaller ) than 90 nanometers. technology at the time of the development of the eta supercomputers had minimum features of 1, 200 nanometers. ( in 2009, by contrast, the production capability is 45 nanometers ) advantages of cmos were obvious ; more circuits per given chip area, lower power consumption and higher functional yield. it is important to stress \u201c functional yield \u201d. the cmos devices functioned over a much larger range of processing variations ( > 50 % vs. < 15 % to 25 % for ecl ). performance variations for a given process were approximately 2 to 3 times for cmos and 20 % to 30 % for ecl. for this reason cmos devices were sold at a much lower performance than any bipolar counterpart. ( i. e. ; if the product was specified to accommodate the entire functional lot ( wafers processed at the same time ), more ic devices yielded. there is one other key difference in defining performance differences between bipolar and cmos devices. for ecl ( or any other bipolar device ) the maximum operating frequency is defined, in part, by the base width \u2013 the physical distance between the emitter and collector of the transistor. this is determined by the spacing based on diffusion or implant of the emitter and is controlled in the vertical direction and limited by process control that is quite precise. this parameter is very thin and the frequency is determined indirectly proportional to the base width. for cmos the gate length defines the critical performance parameter. gate length is defined by mask optic limitations for any generation of processes. bipolar devices in the 1980 \u2019 s and well into the later half on the 1990 \u2019 s, therefore, had higher operating maximum frequencies than their cmos counterparts. as capital equipment \u2013 primary optics to generate masking and etching capabilities defined smaller and smaller geometries, cmos technology improved dramatically in performance. this was a result", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5171017355499585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.789837"}
{"text": "\u2019 s, therefore, had higher operating maximum frequencies than their cmos counterparts. as capital equipment \u2013 primary optics to generate masking and etching capabilities defined smaller and smaller geometries, cmos technology improved dramatically in performance. this was a result of smaller gate lengths but also each generation had smaller devices resulting in lower capacitance loading and lower time constants to charge and discharge. during the time of the eta systems supercomputer development, cmos technology had not seen the advantages that bipolar devices could realize \u2013 but the potential for future improvements was obvious and projections clearly indicated that by the second half of the 1990 \u2019 s ( nearly 10 years after the first eta systems supercomputer would be available ), cmos would overtake bipolar in the last and most important parameter \u2013 performance. to restate this ; the ic industry was transitioning to cmos technology and more funding at the device, and equipment level was being expended to accommodate new markets focused on potential of cmos than was being expended for bipolar devices. bipolar technology was stretched to a practical limit for the time frame in question. the ic industry, therefore, had only one other technology candidate, cmos, which was, in 1983, used exclusively for lower cost and considerable lower performance applications and memory device technology where more bits per die could be fabricated at the expense of lower performance of the bipolar counterpart ( s ). the impressive characteristic of cmos technology at this time was : lower power consumption per function, smaller size per logic function and lower cost per die due to two key factors ( smaller physical size per function meant more logical functions per unit of area, and higher chip yield \u2013 chip functionality per wafer manufactured \u2013 due to reduced number of processing steps to generate cmos devices. that was the good news. the concern was system performance. while bipolar technology had set the standard for clock periods of 10 nsec for supercomputer architectures such as the eta system projection, cmos was at least 5 times slower \u2013 in most cases 10 to 20 times slower for equivalent architectures. based on this parameter alone, cmos was not a candidate for supercomputers in the 1999 - 1990 time frame ( the time frame where the eta systems supercomputer would be in high volume production ). the next steps for cdc ( recall that at this time cdc still had a supercomputer division ) were dramatic and at times emotional. first, the team had to discard the ecl design and terminate the effort with motorola. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.51449360360199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.790836"}
{"text": "). the next steps for cdc ( recall that at this time cdc still had a supercomputer division ) were dramatic and at times emotional. first, the team had to discard the ecl design and terminate the effort with motorola. this was very difficult since both companies depended on each other and secondly, all objectives of the ecl product were being met within the specifications established. cdc ( team which later became eta systems ) provided motorola with all of the design details to date. considerable effort was made to insure that the program was successful at motorola. a sidelight to this discussion \u2013 motorola completed this product as an industry product. cray research inc. ( the key competition and leader of the supercomputer market ) engaged with motorola to successfully complete this complex ic development for a product announced in the late 1980 \u2019 s. the product ( cray c - 90 ) under the leadership of les davis, steve nelson and other notable scientists ( a key circuit designer was mark birrittella ), became another very successful supercomputer products developed and manufactured by cray research inc.. next, a full effort evaluation of all technology candidates occurred. cmos futures were explored in depth. gaas technology was also evaluated. alternative ecl ( bipolar ) candidates were also considered. cmos was viewed as the technology of the future but the future was beyond the time frame necessary for product introduction. key events that led to the decision to use cmos technology. moore \u2019 s law ( invented by the great innovator and co - founder of intel \u2013 gordon moore ) stated that ic technology ( cmos ) technology, would double in performance and density every 18 months to two years. the actual moore \u2019 s law may have been stated somewhat differently but this captured all the project cared about. to achieve this predicted growth, several parameters had to occur : - the die size would increase ( more gates per manufactured chip ). - features on the chip ( metal widths and spaces to interconnect devices and actual device parameters ) would be reduced every 16 months to 2 years. reducing parameter sizes have two positive results to goals of eta systems : increased performance and more gates per die. - the technology would gain broad industry popularity \u2013 this would mean that capital equipment would keep pace with the \u201c law \u201d, applications would increase thus increasing volume, thus lowering cost and increasing performance and more applications and industries would drive cmos technology \u2013 the supercomputer industry could not drive such a large industry. key industry activities also emerged at this time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5132068872408757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.791896"}
{"text": "\u201c law \u201d, applications would increase thus increasing volume, thus lowering cost and increasing performance and more applications and industries would drive cmos technology \u2013 the supercomputer industry could not drive such a large industry. key industry activities also emerged at this time : - cdc validated operational performance gains operating cmos technology in a cryogenic environment. several ring counter configurations generated with the 5, 000 gate chip discussed earlier were dipped in a liquid nitrogen thermos jug expecting to witness the shattering of the silicon and the detachment of the solder joints attached to the oscilloscope only to find the frequency of the ring oscillators double and the system operate for weeks until we turned off the experiment. analytical analysis applied to the silicon design validated the research done previously by others. - key us government agencies began a technology acceleration program based on cmos technology \u2013 the very high speed integrated circuits ( vhsic ) program under direction of the army, navy and air force certainly captured our attention. - honeywell, one of the participants in the vhsic program held a technology luncheon ieee symposium in which they presented an 11, 000 - gate cmos development effort. attendees from cdc were impressed ( especially the key designer \u2013 randy bach - with what the efforts. the chip was certainly larger than any that had been developed to date and the performance was accelerated beyond what was predicted for the 1988 time frame by the conventional ic industry ( the introduction date set for the eta systems supercomputer \u2013 then the next generation cdc supercomputer ). honeywell was a recipient of one of the vhsic contracts. - logicians and architects back at cdc - led by neil lincoln ( chief architect ), ray kort, maurice hudson and dave hill and others - determined that an minimum gate density of 15, 000 gates per die would allow them to achieve a key objective ; having a worst case register to register clock path residing within a single chip. now additional explanation is required here. there were technical reasons that the logicians wanted more beyond the knee jerk reaction that asking for 50 % more than offered was a standard mode of operation for these guys. each architecture configuration has a method of achieving its goals of applying computational instructions to problems. the number of gates that are connected in serial fashion between the input and output registers ( and this is truly simplifying the problem ) determine the clock period that is allowed. for the eta systems supercomputer, therefore, it was determined that a functional unit clock period could reside within the boundary of the chip if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5673822002263014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.792932"}
{"text": "registers ( and this is truly simplifying the problem ) determine the clock period that is allowed. for the eta systems supercomputer, therefore, it was determined that a functional unit clock period could reside within the boundary of the chip if the chip could provide 15, 000 gates of logic to the designer. - research into technology experiments uncovered significant performance features of cmos technology. first of all, the technology was functional across a wide range of voltages and temperatures but performance was significantly altered. the higher the operating voltage ( within semiconductor constraints, of course ) the higher the performance resulted. unfortunately the power consumption, although significantly lower than any alternative technology, increased as the square of the operating voltage. the lower the operating temperature of cmos the higher performance as well. this factor was studied by others and carefully documented from 400 degrees kelvin ( 100 degrees above room temperature ) to 77 degrees kelvin. ( 77 degrees kelvin is the boiling point temperature of liquid nitrogen. ) summary of what was learned with this evaluation - ic chips currently ( four years before the need for an eta systems product ) had a capacity of 11, 000 gates. - the performance of these gates, when operated at liquid nitrogen temperatures, would perform at least two times faster than at room temperature \u2013 not yet validated at cdc. - 15, 000 useable gates were required per chip to meet logic designer chip boundary requirements. < o : p > < / o : p > \u00a8 if moore \u2019 s law was applied to these parameters, within the time frame required, it was possible to achieve both gates per chip densities and performance goals ( if the system operated in a liquid nitrogen environment ). - there were at least two ic suppliers ( those having contracts with the us government ) that were pursuing cmos as a performance and high gate / chip density technology ( the other known corporation was trw ). - computer aided design ( cad ) tools were, during the period of the 80 \u2019 s, in the infancy stage if one was to compare them to today \u2019 s capabilities. to design, place cells within the matrix of the gates provided on the ic chip, and route the interconnections of these cells accurately to the logic or boolean design required by the logicians and to clock period constraints was a challenge. this challenge applied to board layout designs as well. control data corporation ( cdc ) recognized the challenges and established a small but efficient and dedicated organization to address these challenges. the industry had established a metric that to use cad tools for gate or cell arrays, an additional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6032106816169354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.793906"}
{"text": "applied to board layout designs as well. control data corporation ( cdc ) recognized the challenges and established a small but efficient and dedicated organization to address these challenges. the industry had established a metric that to use cad tools for gate or cell arrays, an additional 20 % to 30 % gates were required. this meant if the eta supercomputer required at least 15, 000 useable gates to accomplish necessary designs based on its architecture, an 18, 000 to \u224820, 000 - gate capacity was required. the technology organization set at its objectives a design of 20, 000 gates plus necessary circuitry to self - test each gate or cell array. this as compared to the gate array in development at honeywell was nearly 2 times the capacity ( 11, 000 total gates vs. 20, 000 total gates plus circuitry for self test ). the task was to convince honeywell to project the next generation size and layout rules and to accept an r & d effort that would allow cdc / eta systems achieve its objectives. honeywell, an innovative organization, took on the task after considerable discussion with key requirements : - eta systems ( we were now eta systems by the time these discussions reached negotiations ) accept costs based on wafers processed, not functional chips. honeywell would provide necessary processing data to reflect wafers were processed within process parameter specifications. - eta systems provide test equipment for wafer testing and test parameters for chip acceptance prior to packaging. - both companies would share facilities and key resources and work as a single team \u2013 as \u201c open a kimono relationship \u201d that one could ever imagine during this dynamic period of complex process developments within the ic industry. \u2013 david frankel was assigned the task as eta systems interface and engergetically took on the challenging task. - self - test circuitry was designed into the basic cell array periphery. the area consumed by this custom set of pseudo - random generated logic and registers was less than 15 % of the total chip area. ( david resnick, resident do - it - all reduced concepts explored by ex cdc scientist nick van brunt who left the company a year previous to the formation of eta systems. ) this was one of many extra ordinary contributions david made to eta systems. additionally to providing self test capability to accept or reject the circuitry \u2013 both functionality and performance sorting \u2013 the circuitry included in each 20, 000 gate array had capability to test for interconnect between circuits on the final pc board as well as circuit to i / o connections. when the logic design team first heard of this area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5148506813921991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.794871"}
{"text": "performance sorting \u2013 the circuitry included in each 20, 000 gate array had capability to test for interconnect between circuits on the final pc board as well as circuit to i / o connections. when the logic design team first heard of this area \u201c waste \u201d of test circuits that could be used for logic design, they lobbied for it to be removed in favor of more logic gates for function designs. fortunately this request was not honored. ic validation at both the supplier in wafer form and at eta systems in packaged chip configuration coupled with the use of the same circuitry in manufacturing checkout to detect board opens and shorts between circuits assembled both in room temperature and cryogenic temperature environments proved to be well worth this \u201c waste \u201d of circuitry area. small, relatively inexpensive testing systems were designed by eta systems and provided to the supplier. the operands for initialization of the pseudo - random logic were also supplied for each design ( chip type ). chip types ( array design options ) were carefully managed as to not proliferate the chip types in the system. this was a new constraint placed on logic designers and was dealt with most professionally and responsibly by all participants once understood. the resultant chip total for the cpu ( processing unit ) was fewer than 150 while the chip types including clock chips and all logic design chips was fewer than 20 as best recalled. during the development cycle of the eta system supercomputer, honeywell moved the manufacturing capability from a local minneapolis facility to a state - of - the - art manufacturing facility in colorado springs, co. the transition was very transparent to eta systems ( with the exception of the traveling budget, of course ). to accomplish this team membership from both companies acted as one in all decisions addressing scheduling and timing of needs of various chips, testing, packaging, etc. the open book relationship was very beneficial to both companies. on one milestone occasion \u2013 where honeywell successfully completed an initial order \u2013 dave frankel and i visited honeywell, some 30 miles from the eta systems facility, and served cake and coffee to all designers and operators \u2013 it was below zero when this milestone was reached and no one cared. one design that was incorporated into the chip was to allow for next generation critical processing parameters to be added to the existing design ( present chip layout ). although this would not optimize the features of new process features ( all parameters were not considered ), key performance enhancements could be and were added to the present design. a key feature was gate length and this was added transparently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5502738405755733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.795838"}
{"text": "layout ). although this would not optimize the features of new process features ( all parameters were not considered ), key performance enhancements could be and were added to the present design. a key feature was gate length and this was added transparently to the physical chip and offered appreciable performance enhancements to the design. chip design summary : the decision to utilize cmos technology for the eta systems supercomputer in the 1985 \u2013 1988 time frame ( prematurely by all industry metrics ) resulted in the following additional \u201c technology kit \u201d decisions : addition of chip self - test. feature established functionality at wafer test and functionality and performance sorting at eta systems - computer layout tools that validated logic prior to chip release for fabrication - requirement to operate the chip at 77 degrees kelvin or in liquid nitrogen - packaging, interconnect & assembly decisions based on liquid nitrogen operation challengesremote testing of the cpu because of liquid nitrogen operation challenges - logic design partitioning challenges to design within 15, 000 - gate per chip boundaries and a minimum of ic chip types printed circuit board design selection : in the period of the 1980s, the time frame of the eta systems supercomputer development, printed circuit boards had maximum dimensions of approximately a square foot and the number of total layers fewer than 20. ( layers provide power and ground stability, interconnect capability for the circuits attached to the board as well as inputs and outputs to and from the board. ) if these total layers are allocated properly, approximately 50 % are used for interconnect and the remaining for power and ground. positioning of power and ground layers also serve to provide interconnect layers that have transmission line capabilities to insure signal integrity throughout the board. during this period, a state - of - the - art printed circuit board was approximately one square foot of active circuitry and as stated earlier, 20 layers or fewer usually restricted to a total thickness of 0. 063 inches. it was determined that a maximum of 150 chips would be required to design the eta systems supercomputer cpu. packaging of the ic and interconnecting the chip to a pc board with minimum spacing between chips ( some spacing was required to allow interconnects to all of the necessary layers ) resulted in a 1. 2x1. 2 sq. inch \u201c footprint \u201d. doing the simple math results in a pc board of a minimum of 220 sq. inches. the number of total layers required to interconnect the 150 chips and the necessary input and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5542516738546619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.796770"}
{"text": ". 2x1. 2 sq. inch \u201c footprint \u201d. doing the simple math results in a pc board of a minimum of 220 sq. inches. the number of total layers required to interconnect the 150 chips and the necessary input and output at the board periphery was determined to be 45. looking at design parameters of the board layers in more depth and insuring transmission line features to insure signal integrity defined the board thickness at slightly greater than 0. 25 inches. this thickness was approximately three times greater than high - end printed circuit boards produced in this time frame. with a board having an area of greater than 1. 5 times the size of what was able to be produced, a thickness of 300 % of what was produced and a the number of layers 2. 5 times of what was produced in this time frame it was clear that the printed circuit board industry was not ready for the eta systems design! the design has other limitations. a key factor when designing pc boards is to insure proper connecting of the layers, i. e. ; connecting the chip pins to the board and the proper layer of interconnect in the board and back to the proper receiving chip. drilling holes in the layers and plating the wall of the holes with copper for conduction make these connections. these are called plated thru holes or pth. a key parameter to insure that plating occurs in these holes is the hole diameter to depth ratio. the industry at this period ( not much better today ) is 6 : 1, i. e. ; the thickness of the board must be no more than 6 times the diameter of the hole. this ratio would dominate the size of the board. if this ratio is used to design the board the board size would be increased in area by greater than 9 times. talk about piling on! since it was deemed not feasible, issues like cost and time to fabricate the board were not even addressed. nestled into the design laboratory of control data corporation was a small but very innovative printed circuit board prototype facility. the leader of this group, leroy beckman, never said \u201c no \u201d to challenges. he just bit his pipe a little harder and tried not to snicker out loud. leroy kept his eyes and ears out for innovative alternatives to conventional board fabrication techniques and had previously displayed innovation ( evolutionary in nature ) in previous generations. embedded termination resistors in layers was one invention he brought to cdc when resistor termination took up too much board area ; finer features than the industry was producing another,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48601074122325394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.798544"}
{"text": "board fabrication techniques and had previously displayed innovation ( evolutionary in nature ) in previous generations. embedded termination resistors in layers was one invention he brought to cdc when resistor termination took up too much board area ; finer features than the industry was producing another, and higher plated through hole ( pth ) ratios than the industry a third. new technologies in the printed circuit board were few and far between. the industry was set in it \u2019 s ways of subtractive etching of circuit layers ( removing unwanted copper from a pre - copper clad layer, convention wet etch processes and relatively simple assembly, i. e. ; lamination of layers with pressure. one inventor, mr. peter p. pellegrino, arrived on the scene to discuss innovative, revolutionary and proven pc board processing. at first the claims appeared to be too good to be true. board size relatively independent, aspect ratios exceeding 20 : 1 for pth, an additive process that permitted finer lines to be fabricated on individual layers. the layers were also embedded into the laminate so the opportunity for higher yield with reduced features. an additional benefit of additive plating is reduction in waste and water usage. a special plating cell was also introduced that permitted uniform deep hole plating by forcing plating fluid into each of the thousands of pth. the process titled \u201c push - pulltm \u201d also accelerated the plating manufacturing cycle by over an order of magnitude, reducing cost. a small plating cell was incorporated into the prototype facility at cdc and a controlled set of experiments conducted. experiments were thorough and challenging since no one in the industry could approach the lofty objectives of the eta systems supercomputer cpu board nor the lofty claims of the inventor. the results were simply outstanding. from the results and a commitment to fabricate a larger manufacturing line of plating insert cells, the 45 layer 15 \u201d x 24 \u201d cpu board became a realistic finalized goal of eta systems. anyone told of this goal openly scoffed at this as too risky and unrealistic. this included some in the company as well. later, when manufacturing of the systems was viable, a production capacity was developed for manufacturing. it is noted that hundreds of these boards were fabricated from a period of 1987 through early 1989. the yield of final boards was nearly perfect \u2013 only one finished board was scrapped. to this day ( 2009 ) few realize what a monumental accomplishment this was and still is. this a tribute to leroy beckman, peter pellegrino, the manufacturing facility at eta systems ( now a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4991426959221369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.799636"}
{"text": "perfect \u2013 only one finished board was scrapped. to this day ( 2009 ) few realize what a monumental accomplishment this was and still is. this a tribute to leroy beckman, peter pellegrino, the manufacturing facility at eta systems ( now a banking building in st. paul ) and those who trusted that the lofty objectives could be realized. to accommodate routing and designing for minimum distance between ic chips, cad tools were developed and the first use of diagonal routed layers were introduced. prior to this only x \u2013 y layers were permitted with manual and / or auto tools ( cad ). this enhancement permitted timing constraints to be realized between chips. the final board had the following noteworthy characteristics : - board size : 15 inches by 22 inches by 0. 26 inches - pth hole ratio \u2248 20 : 1 \u2013 plating time \u2013 less than 20 minutes - 45 total layers per cpu panel - 150 ic chip locations ( fewer were used in final design ) - more than 30, 000 board plated thru holes ( pth ) were used for interconnect in 2009 this board development and manufacturing stands out as one of the major technology developments by eta systems the key challenge for packaging the eta supercomputer processing unit was the cryogenic chamber for the processor. the cryostat to contain the processor ( two processor units ) had a conventional ( and quite heavy ) circular cryostat containing a vacuum chamber between the outside environment and the inner environment. input of liquid nitrogen was at the bottom of the chamber and the escaping of the gaseous nitrogen was provided for near the top of the unit. the piping containing the nitrogen to and from the regeneration unit was also temperature protected with vacuum lines. dan sullivan and his design team led this admirable effort. ( unfortunately, dan passed on a few years ago ). it was felt that a less heavy and equally efficient chamber ( proposed by carl breske \u2013 a very innovative scientist ) could be designed if time permitted but the selection of the vacuum based design was conservative to accommodate schedule and also to familiarize the team with the challenges of cryogenics. the compressor unit was a conventional liquid nitrogen system ( very large and bulky ) used for generation of liquid nitrogen for the commercial market. the system was not pretty. marketing, led by bobby robertson ( also now deceased ), prohibited the engineers to show this to perspective customers fearful that this would scare them away. thought was given to actually eliminate the need to regenerate the system in a closed system but rather purchase liquid nitrogen \u2013 readily available in tanks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5547105062886077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.800681"}
{"text": "also now deceased ), prohibited the engineers to show this to perspective customers fearful that this would scare them away. thought was given to actually eliminate the need to regenerate the system in a closed system but rather purchase liquid nitrogen \u2013 readily available in tanks - and have them periodically refilled as is done in the ic and other industries using liquid nitrogen. this was discarded for the initial design since several customer sites did not easily accommodate the external access to liquid nitrogen tanks. it was to be an option for future systems and those customers that easily accommodated such an option. the final design was then a closed recycled liquid nitrogen system with the compressor located remote, much like freon compressors, which many supercomputer customers were already accommodating. the design challenge was at the surface ( looked much like a two slice toaster ) where the processing boards were inserted. this seal had to accommodate the connecting transmission to the external and room temperature memory and i / o subsystems. a printed circuit board was designed to connect the processor to the outside world. heaters were applied to the surface to prevent icing at the cryostat surface. the separation, only a few short inches had memory operating at 300 degrees kelvin and the cpu operating at 77 degrees kelvin. there were a few \u201c frosty \u201d events in this development cycle! the third challenge was to provide reliable soldering of the circuitry to the board amidst the severe temperature difference that the solder joints would be subjected to ( greater than 250 degrees ) during the cool down and warm up cycles. studies at the national bureau of standards provided input that the temperature cycle should be profiled in a precise sequence as the board was cooled and heated. in addition, care as not to remove the board and to care for condensation that would occur if the board had not been heated to room temperature was considered. the result was a 20 - minute cycle to remove or insert the board was designed with a specifically prescribed sequence of temperature lowering and rising for both cycles. at the time of the unfortunate termination of eta systems, a more refined, lower cost and lower weight design as stated earlier was on the drawing boards. although the cryostat and associated cooling was costly, an analysis clearly showed that for the performance resulting from the design, the cost was less than any bipolar ic system designed at the time. once the connector was finalized and the process and assembly designed, the system operated flawlessly. checkout on the manufacturing floor of the system utilized the \u201c self - test \u201d capability exhaustively so specific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5709407783204772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.801762"}
{"text": "less than any bipolar ic system designed at the time. once the connector was finalized and the process and assembly designed, the system operated flawlessly. checkout on the manufacturing floor of the system utilized the \u201c self - test \u201d capability exhaustively so specific interconnect flaws were clearly understood prior to removing a cpu from the cryostat, thus reducing checkout time considerably as well. these designs were well done, significant and challenged laws of thermodynamics and physics to new limits. air cooled system as stated earlier in the document, an air - cooled processor would operate considerably slower ( 2x slower ) when operated in normal or \u201c room temperature \u201d environments. eta systems by sorting the devices for performance at incoming inspection, allowed for a three times performance differential to be realized. only the highest performance devices were reserved for the cryogenic cooled system. the remaining parts were then re - sorted into two categories for room temperature ; the differential would be a 4 - nanosecond clock period between the two room temperature systems and 17 nanoseconds ( 24 to 7 ) for the total system product set. the sorting and using the entire distribution of integrated circuits had a significant cost reduction factor for the entire product line. bipolar devices, by contrast had lower functional yield to begin with coupled with additional loss of product due to performance yield. this was a definite cost reduction asset to the eta system. to cool the cpu air was forced on to the processor chips by using a plenum that was designed to cover each chip. holes were designed in the plenum such that equal operating temperature would result for each operating chip. since the power consumption variation significant for several part types, designing the appropriate number of holes above each chip location could provide custom cooling. the plenum could then be molded for mass production of the processing unit. large volume cooling fans were designed for the system as well. cost was the focus for the air - cooled systems since the price tag was below $ 1m. recall, that the air - cooled design was identical in parts at the cpu and storage level. a single development was achieved for a wide range of products with one design team. stacks using three - dimensional characteristics were designed under the leadership of brent doyle for the memory \u2013 both static ( high performance ) and dynamic ( high density and lower performance ) memories of the eta systems supercomputer. these unique designs provided for highest density and optimum performance of the standard memory devices used. ability to upgrade to future generations of memory ( more storage capacity integrated circuits )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5681805565379564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.802778"}
{"text": "( high density and lower performance ) memories of the eta systems supercomputer. these unique designs provided for highest density and optimum performance of the standard memory devices used. ability to upgrade to future generations of memory ( more storage capacity integrated circuits ) was built into the design as well. the design worked well and stacking became commonplace in the computer industry for future designs \u2013 eventually eliminating the chip package entirely. the air - cooled system was defined as a piper. an illustration of \u201c piper \u201d is shown below. the design of the eta systems supercomputer hardware had many unique features. the brief pages highlight some of them. it would be remiss not to briefly discuss the \u201c team \u201d concept used to design the hardware. by having the cad, packaging, memory, circuit and power expertise located in a close proximity and holding concise project reviews at all levels at periodic and timely phases, all were kept abreast of the progress and challenges of each other. this permitted changes to be made to necessary designs to properly accommodate the challenges and opportunities in a timely fashion. hardware was demonstrated on or near schedule despite the innovations required in each aspect of the design. the team was truly a \u201c team \u201d. a missing link to the team was the logic design. these folks were separate and actually on another floor of the eta systems facility. it was strongly suggested and accepted for future designs, that the logic team would be a part of this common organization. i had the opportunity to lead one additional hardware development that included the logic design team ( at cray research, not eta systems ) later. it was a smoother and more effective and thorough team. like eta systems the communications were open and included both manufacturing and software participation ( the later two were voluntary ). clearly, communications \u2013 effective communications at all levels of the organization was key to this hardware design success.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5379361050868257, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b02dc20-df47-4c26-b630-e079cb1a6fee>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.803556"}
{"text": "in gr cosmology, there is a big bang singularity. for every particle, there was only a finite time in the past. during this finite time, only a finite distance may have been reached. this allows to define a horizon of influence for each event \u2014 all events which may have had a common cause in the past. now, in standard gr cosmology this horizon is small. too small to explain some observable facts : the second problem is much more serious \u2014 some homogeneous distribution may have caused by something else, last but not least homogeneous initial values seem to be a meaningful assumption, based on ockham ' s razor. but if initial fluctuations are greater than horizon size, this requires a very strange conspiracy forbidden by current physics. the gr solution of this problem is inflation in the early universe. that means, some additional mechanism ( with some hypothetical origin in particle physics ) has to give an additional term in the early universe. this additional term leads to an acceleration of the expansion of the universe ( a \" ( \u03c4 ) > 0 ). that inflation solves this problem seems to be the main reason why it is widely accepted in cosmology. in glet we have no big bang singularity and therefore no horizon problem. in some more general, technical meaning of the word \" inflation \" ( meaning only a period where a \" ( \u03c4 ) > 0 or the expansion is accelerating ) for \u03c5 > 0 the related terms of glet leads to inflation if the state of the universe is sufficiently dense. thus, to sove the horizon problem, gr needs some additional mechanism, which has to be originated in something else, like particle physics. glet cosmology does not require such an additional mechanism. instead, the glet parameter \u03c5, which solves the horizon problem in glet, follows from completely independent axioms of glet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6248947411277921, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a71b4ffa-7bd0-4bc4-9d98-054c6004e4be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.805896"}
{"text": "the fifth of may is called \u201c cinco de mayo \u201d in spanish and is a mexican national holiday. it is also celebrated throughout mexican - american communities in the u. s., perhaps arguably to a grander and bigger extent. the holiday recognizes the victory of mexico over the french at the battle of puebla, east of mexico city, on may 5, 1862. the mexican army was sorely outnumbered by the invading french army, but the mexican forces somehow prevailed. that crucial victory marked a huge step for mexico in its struggle for independence and served to boost morale during a time of political and economic unrest. unfortunately, the victory was short - lived because the french ruled mexico thereafter during the french intervention period until 1867. today, celebrations, parades and fiestas mark the historic date. fun facts and trivia cinco de mayo facts, fiction and folklore abound, including the following fun facts and trivia : - cinco de mayo is often confused with mexico \u2019 s independence day, which is celebrated on sept. 16 and marks the date in 1810 ( more than 50 years before the battle of puebla ), when the country gained its independence. - mexicans celebrate more than 365 festivals annually ( an average of one per day ), including cinco de mayo. - los angeles, chicago, houston, san francisco and other large u. s. cities host cinco de mayo celebrations each year, drawing thousands of celebrants to their events. - fiesta broadway is held in downtown los angeles each year and is viewed as the biggest cinco de mayo celebration in the world. this is thanks in part to the half million participants who attend each year. - one of the most prevalent and enjoyable ways that celebrants experience cinco de mayo is through mass amounts of delicious mexican cuisine and drink. - as the star ingredient in guacamole, avocados top the list of cinco de mayo celebration foods. the california avocado commission predicts that americans will consume in excess of 70 million pounds of avocados just during this celebration alone. - many compare cinco de mayo to st. patrick \u2019 s day because the event has become one large excuse to party. some community organizations are trying to revamp the holiday into a family - friendly cultural event. cinco de mayo may have started with historical roots, but today \u2019 s recognition of the event is marked by the consumption of mexican food and drink, parties, festivals, parades and merriment. whether or not commercialism is to blame for the departure in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39745970508629014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08c33e3a-32e0-4521-9e23-a65168de2c62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.808333"}
{"text": "asexual reproduction is advantageous in allowing beneficial combinations of characteristics to continue unchanged and in eliminating the often vulnerable stages of early embryonic growth. it is found in most plants, bacteria, and protists and the lower invertebrates. in one - celled organisms it most commonly takes the form of fission, or mitosis, the division of one individual into two new and identical individuals. the cells thus formed may remain clustered together to form filaments ( as in many fungi ) or colonies ( as in staphylococci and volvox ). fragmentation is the process in filamentous forms in which a piece of the parent breaks off and develops into a new individual. sporulation, or spore formation, is another means of asexual reproduction among protozoa and many plants. a spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism without fertilization. in some lower animals ( e. g., hydra ) and in yeasts, budding is a common form of reproduction ; a small protuberance on the surface of the parent cell increases in size until a wall forms to separate the new individual, or bud, from the parent. internal buds formed by sponges are called gemmules. regeneration is a specialized form of asexual reproduction ; by regeneration some organisms ( e. g., the starfish and the salamander ) can replace an injured or lost part, and many plants are capable of total regeneration \u2014 i. e., the formation of a whole individual from a single fragment such as a stem, root, leaf, or even a small slip from such an organ ( see cutting ; grafting ). f. c. steward showed ( 1958 ) that single phloem cells from a carrot plant, when grown on an agar medium, would form a complete carrot plant. among animals, the lower the form, the more capable it is of total regeneration ; no vertebrates have this power, although clones of frogs ( 1962 ) and mammals ( 1996 ) have been produced in the laboratory from single somatic cells. closely allied to regeneration is vegetative reproduction, the formation of new individuals by various parts of the organism not specialized for reproduction. in some plants structures that form on the leaves give rise to young plantlets. rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, and stolons are other forms of vegetative reproduction. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on reproduction as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5564949651322254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85129c65-4f42-4751-964b-bd1cb911ad7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.822580"}
{"text": "papua ( pap\u02c8o\u0259, \u2013 yo\u0259 ) [ key ] or irian jaya ir\u02c8ean ji\u02c8y\u0259, province ( 1990 pop. 1, 641, 430, including west papua prov. ), c. 162, 000 sq mi ( 419, 580 sq km, including west papua prov., see below ), indonesia. comprising most of the western half of new guinea and a number of offshore islands, it is indonesia ' s largest province. the capital is jayapura ( formerly hollandia ). a rugged, densely forested region, with snow - capped mountains rising to over 16, 500 ft ( 5, 029 m ; highest in the nation ) at jaya peak, it is inhabited chiefly by papuans living in hundreds of tribes, each with its own language and customs ; about 10 % of the population consists of malay settlers from other areas in indonesia. the tropical coastal lowlands are swampy and cut by many rivers, including the digul and the mamberano, indonesia ' s largest. subsistence farming is carried on ( some of the highland tribes terrace and cultivate mountains with slopes of 45\u00b0 ) ; taro, bananas, sugarcane, and sweet potatoes are the principal crops. wild game is trapped, and there is fishing along the coast and the rivers. the grasberg mine, in central papua, is the world ' s largest gold deposit and also contains valuable copper and silver deposits. magnetite has been found in the sterren ( star ) mts. near the papua new guinea border, a region unexplored until 1959. the dutch first visited the west coast of the island in 1606. they extended their rule along the coastal areas in the 18th cent., and in 1828 claimed possession of the coast west of the 141st meridian and in 1848 of the north coast w of humboldt bay. the dutch claim to the western half of the island was recognized by great britain and germany in treaties of 1885 and 1895. in world war ii the northern coastal areas and offshore islands were occupied ( 1942 ) by the japanese but retaken ( 1944 ) by the allies, after which hollandia became a staging base for operations in the philippines. following indonesian independence ( 1949 ), the dutch retained control of what was then called netherlands ( or dutch ) new guinea. years of dispute over the territory culminated in a declaration of independence in 1961 by native papuans, which was not recognized by indonesia, and the landing ( early 1962 ) of indonesian guerrillas and paratroopers there. the conflict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4155933605878851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:110a1aef-db93-448c-b154-7b183a6d9862>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.828964"}
{"text": "or dutch ) new guinea. years of dispute over the territory culminated in a declaration of independence in 1961 by native papuans, which was not recognized by indonesia, and the landing ( early 1962 ) of indonesian guerrillas and paratroopers there. the conflict between the dutch and indonesia ended in late 1962 when the netherlands agreed to un administration of territory and, after may 1, 1963, transfer of it to indonesian control pending a plebiscite ( to be held under un supervision before 1970 ). in aug., 1969, several hundred tribal leaders, voting as representatives of their people, chose to remain under indonesian rule, and indonesia then formally annexed the territory. the province, which had been known as irian barat ( west irian ) was officially renamed irian jaya in 1973. many papuans objected to the annexation ; resistance to indonesian rule, which began in 1962, has persisted, leading to sporadic large - scale conflicts and repressive army control. in june, 2000, a congress of papuan activists declared the province independent as west papua, an action that was rejected by the indonesian government, which subsequently responded with a military crackdown on independence supporters. the area, however, was subsequently granted ( 2001 ) limited autonomy. in 2002 the provincial government adopted the name papua for the province. a national government proposal in 2003 to split papua into three provinces sparked new unrest there, and the indonesia constitutional court annulled ( 2004 ) the law that divided the province. however, the court nonetheless accepted the establishment of west irian jaya prov., which had already been created on papua ' s western peninsula. west irian jaya prov. was renamed west papua prov. in 2007. immigration of malays from other parts of indonesia, which has been encouraged by the national government, has contributed to discontent among indigenous papuans and help fuel the ongoing resistance to indonesian rule. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : indonesian political geography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4242891008715544, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:110a1aef-db93-448c-b154-7b183a6d9862>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.829749"}
{"text": "as we look forward to another martin luther king jr. holiday, celebrate the 150th anniversary of the emancipation proclamation and prepare to inaugurate our first african american president to a second term, i ' d like to talk about the civil rights movement and what it meant to my generation. it was the inspiration for everything that followed, including the latino, asian, peace, women ' s, student, environmental and lgbt movements. our country is immeasurably better off for all of them, but the civil rights movement was the most important of all because it tackled america ' s original sin - - the sin of slavery and its successor under a different name, jim crow. unlike other immigrants, africans didn ' t come here looking for freedom or opportunity. they were kidnapped and transported here in slave ships. as many as half died during the voyage, but the slavers still made a handsome profit. and if there was a storm, so much the better : they could simply toss the slaves overboard and get full reimbursement from the insurance companies for their lost \" cargo. \" here in america, the slaves were at their masters ' mercy. if he wanted to rape them, kill them or sell their children, he could. and the government would back him up. that was supposed to end with the civil war, but it didn ' t. historians like to say that the north won the war but the south won the peace. when i was a kid in the 1950s, segregation was the law of the land, and not but it was worst in the south. working hand - in - hand with the elected authorities, the ku klux klan was conducting a reign of terror against any african americans who had the temerity to ask for their rights. but, as dr. king said, the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice. with no weapons to counter the kkk ' s armed terror, the brave pioneers of the civil rights movement turned to the only tools they had : marches, sit - ins and anything else they could think of to hold a mirror up to the country and force the american people to watch what was being done in their name. there was a terrible cost : beatings, bombings, arsons and countless murders. and instead of going after the klan, the fbi went after dr. king, even trying to drive him to suicide by threatening to reveal evidence of his extramarital affairs. but, like the early christians, the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the church.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43258167878650233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ad15de1-866f-4421-b094-a40c42b6b9e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.833591"}
{"text": "november 28, 2012 ( usa today ) - - more than 30 years after the beginning of the aids epidemic, young people are again taking dangerous risks with their lives, according to a new report from the centers for the disease control and prevention. about 1, 000 americans ages 13 to 24 are newly infected each month with hiv, the virus that causes aids, according to cdc data released for the first time. about 60 % of hiv - positive young people have no idea that they ' re infected, according to the report released tuesday. that rate is far higher than in the general population, in which 20 % of hiv - positive patients are unaware of their status. young people ages 13 to 24 account for more than a quarter of the 50, 000 new hiv infections each year, the cdc says. about 1. 2 million americans have hiv or aids. \" this is our future generation, \" says cdc director thomas frieden. \" that so many young people become infected with hiv each year is a preventable tragedy. \" and while new hiv infections have leveled off among most groups, they are rising among young people, says kevin fenton, who leads the cdc ' s office on aids. most of that increase is being driven by new hiv infections in young black men who have sex with men, he says. there really are two aids epidemics in the usa, says kenneth mayer, medical research director of boston ' s fenway health, a community health organization that provides aids services. the first wave of hiv patients is now older and mostly in treatment. a second wave of patients includes newly infected young people who weren ' t even born when aids was first discovered and who often act as if they are unaware of the tremendous risks they ' re taking. according to the new cdc report, based on interviews with high school students, young men who have sex with men are less likely than others to use condoms. yet they ' re more likely than others to have had four or more sex partners, to have injected drugs, or to get high before having sex. they ' re less likely, however, to report being taught about aids or hiv in school, according to the cdc. \" the aids epidemic seems very remote to young people, \" mayer says. \" there is no equivalent of a young magic johnson. if you are young, this seems like a disease of old people. \" the lifetime cost of treating someone with hiv is about $ 400, 000. that means these new infections add $ 4 million in new health care costs each month, frieden says. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4269646526912685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:575f5558-d4c9-41fb-bfc8-364d4b7aca12>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.837144"}
{"text": "are young, this seems like a disease of old people. \" the lifetime cost of treating someone with hiv is about $ 400, 000. that means these new infections add $ 4 million in new health care costs each month, frieden says. the finding adds to evidence that doctors need to routinely screen all patients for hiv, frieden says. last week, the u. s. preventive services task force endorsed routine hiv testing for everyone ages 15 to 65. the cdc and american academy of pediatrics also call for routine screening, beginning in the teen years. yet only 13 % of high school students have been tested for hiv, the report says. \" it is astonishing the level of ignorance of basic physiology that many high school and middle school students have, \" frieden says. \" there is not going to be an easy, quick, simple solution. \" getting tested is the first step to treatment, which can dramatically improve patients ' health and also prevent them from spreading the infection, mayer says. people who know they ' re hiv - positive are less likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as sharing needles or having unprotected sex, studies show. and people whose virus is under control, reduced to undetectable levels, are virtually incapable of spreading the infection to others. only 30 % of those with hiv have their virus under control, however, due partly to a lack of access to health care. copyright 2012 usa today, a division of gannett co. inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40658072985741445, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:575f5558-d4c9-41fb-bfc8-364d4b7aca12>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.837749"}
{"text": "links verified on 3 / 6 / 2013 - common grammar mistakes - select the sentence with the correct grammar usage. answer each question [ 15 questions total ] and then submit your answers for instant results. any incorrect answers can be reviewed with an explanation for why it was not the correct answer choice. - confusing verbs - lay / lie - read the sentence, choose the answer and get your score instantly! - confusing words : can / may - select the correct usage of the word for each sentence. - confusing words : who ' s / whose and their / there / they ' re - select the correct answer for each sentence. - is / are and was / were - choose the verb that correctly fits the sentence. - its / it ' s and there / their / they ' re - select one answer from the choices provided after each sentence. the word you choose should fit the blank in the sentence. - problem verbs : sit / set / lie / lay / rise / raise - practice with these games to get a clear meaning of each of these troublesome verbs. - power proofreading - choose 4th grade then select any one of the exercises to practice word usage. - road to grammar - a vast array of interactive quizzes, practice exercises and games to assist with grammar usage. - sit or set quiz - complete the sentences using the proper form of \" sit \" or \" set. \" - there / their / they ' re - choose the correct answer that best fits the sentence. - they ' re / their / there - select the answer that has the correct usage of the word for the sentence. - to lie / to lay and to sit / to set - select one answer from the choices provided that fits the blank in the sentence. - to / two / too - learn the difference between the homophones to, two, and too using this quia quiz. - to / two / too - quia quiz ; choose the correct homonym. - troublesome words - 14 interactive exercises on words often used incorrectly. select the correct word usage for each sentence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49832557685711465, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b42279e2-afdc-433e-9971-e97d23f77445>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.841285"}
{"text": "back to edison, back to innovation by dr. james truchard innovation, from the latin innovationem, dates back to at least 1540, and it basically means to renew or change. with so much change in the last 400 years, it is frightening to think somewhere during the last 100 years or so, we have lost the critical renewal of innovation \u2014 that which funded and inspired the inventions that propelled us into modernism and delivered luxuries we now take for granted. somehow, we lost the urge to innovate. i am not sure if it was an individual dimming of passion or the lack of an environment to foster innovation, but i am sure it has escaped us. the 5 june 2010 issue of time magazine recounted the impact of thomas edison \u2019 s idea factory and his relevance today. edison \u2019 s approach to ideas and results \u2014 \u201c a minor invention every 10 days and a big thing every six months or so \u201d \u2014 would be implausible if it was not true. inspired by the 3 january 1888 entry in edison \u2019 s idea book, which outlined his \u201c things doing and to be done, \u201d edison \u2019 s list was filled with projects ranging from ink for the blind, to the cotton picker, to a battery for the phone \u2014 a design that remained in use until just a few years ago. of course, edison was not the only one to make a historical impact on the world as we know it. great inventors including benjamin franklin, cyrus mccormick with his harvester, samuel f. b. morse and the telegraph, alexander graham bell and the telephone, all contributed in invaluable ways. edison just happened to patent a mind - boggling 1, 093 mechanisms and processes before his death. unfortunately for our younger generations and ourselves, the past few decades have not produced edison - like innovation or impact in technology, and as a result, we are in a critical situation. you only have to look at the engineering grand challenges outlined by the national academy of engineering to comprehend the gravity of the circumstances in which we now find ourselves. from nuclear terror prevention to providing access to clean water and developing carbon sequestration methods, the global needs are vast. to deliver on these needs the way edison delivered on telecommunication advances, the inventors of today \u2014 engineers and scientists around the globe \u2014 must nurture and embrace the charter in front of us to make a difference. ideally we would fix the situation at the root cause \u2014 when and how our children are learning. the great inventors and scientists learned not through textbooks and lectures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5635854958397082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2764d66a-f615-4aa4-8db3-56f7c8093883>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.845281"}
{"text": "the globe \u2014 must nurture and embrace the charter in front of us to make a difference. ideally we would fix the situation at the root cause \u2014 when and how our children are learning. the great inventors and scientists learned not through textbooks and lectures, but through hands - on trial and error. if our up - and - coming scientists and engineers can solve real problems directly and experience first - hand creative failures and successes, we will be headed in the right direction. of course, we have to look at our professional environments as well as our academic surroundings. manufacturers must cultivate an environment of innovation to ensure a competitive edge. this includes employers that reward productive failure \u2014 implementing more transparency that is not a negative thing, but instead a learning experience. together, we must do what it takes to shift our focus back to innovation and invention. national instruments is doing our part. by providing the very latest advances in software system design tools and hardware capabilities for test and design, our customers are developing sustainable solutions to some of the toughest engineering challenges we are faced with today. we start with academia. following the lead from the great inventors, hands - on learning proves to be more interesting for students and more effective. programs are available for every age \u2014 the lego wedo for seven year olds, lego mindstorms for 10 year olds, project lead the way for middle and high school students, the infinity project for middle and high school students, and first robotics for elementary age students through university. in industry, you just have to take a look at the list of things our customers are doing today. engineers and scientists tackling the engineering grand challenges with graphical system design techniques are impressive, from using our embedded ni compactrio platform and labview software for hydraulic fracking, automatic pipeline leak detection, designing zero footprint ate systems, and creating deployed smart grid analyzers. we have our weakest position of technology leadership in one of the most critical challenges we face, which ironically, edison basically invented so many years ago \u2014 energy. we must deliver on major leaps in innovation for alternative, clean, and sustainable forms of energy ; we are already behind and falling back more each year. however, reviewing the current list of \u201c things doing and to be done, \u201d there are exciting glimmers of hope for energy innovation, giving optimism for our future in a tangible way. the graphical system design approach to empowering domain experts with the right tools for the job dramatically increases the odds that many truly \u201c big things \u201d will be accomplished. in fact, i believe edison would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5260397744081273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2764d66a-f615-4aa4-8db3-56f7c8093883>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.847428"}
{"text": "> > available in word and pdf young adolescents ' sexual and reproductive health and rights : south and southeast asia international agreements affirm that adolescents have a right to age - appropriate sexual and reproductive health information, education, and services that enable them to deal in a positive and responsible way with their sexuality. 1 programs and policies are typically designed for older adolescents, however. this brief \u2014 part of the international women \u2019 s health coalition \u2019 s series on young adolescents \u2014 uses evidence on their sexual and reproductive knowledge and behaviors to argue for more responsive policies and programs in south and southeast asia as well as globally. * we define all boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 14 as young adolescents. the countries of south and southeast asia encompass a richly layered mix of cultures, religions, languages, racial and ethnic groups, and economic and political systems. although south and southeast asia are very different settings with regard to many aspects of adolescent sexual and reproductive health, there are also important commonalities. most young adolescents throughout the region have little if any accurate information about their bodies and their sexual and reproductive health. 2 known or suspected sexual contact of any kind by unmarried girls and women in some parts of south and southeast asia may result in personal censure, loss of family honor, or forced marriage. premarital sexual intercourse remains generally taboo, meaning that timing of first intercourse is often assumed to correspond with marriage and that direct evidence on premarital sexual relations is scarce. - in south asia, 26 % of all bangladeshi girls ages 15 \u2013 19 were married at age 14 or younger compared with 14 % in india, 9 % in nepal, and 7 % in pakistan ( see table ). arranged marriages of girls before age 15 do appear to be declining in these countries. 3 - in bangladesh and india, 6 % and 2 % of all girls ages 15 \u2013 19 became mothers at age 14 or younger, most without the help of a skilled birth assistant. 4 maternal and newborn deaths and complications for these girls are common. - in nepal, 20 % of all 15 \u2013 19 - year - old boys say they had heterosexual intercourse before age 15, often with sex workers, compared with very low proportions elsewhere. 5 although evidence is scarce, ethnographic studies suggest that some boys in india, bangladesh, and other south asian countries engage in same - sex intercourse during adolescence. 6, 7 - in southeast asia, very few girls ages 15 \u2013 19 were married or say they had intercourse before age 15 \u2014 from 3 % in indonesia to virtually none in vietnam \u2014 and almost no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46279920043177025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c0a8748-f179-4d8f-88aa-f17f8468875b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.858434"}
{"text": "countries engage in same - sex intercourse during adolescence. 6, 7 - in southeast asia, very few girls ages 15 \u2013 19 were married or say they had intercourse before age 15 \u2014 from 3 % in indonesia to virtually none in vietnam \u2014 and almost no girls had babies this young. - in a survey of unmarried adolescents ages 15 \u2013 19 throughout vietnam, only 14 % of boys and 19 % of girls report ever having a girlfriend or boyfriend. norms of sexual purity remain strong, resulting in very low reported levels of premarital sex before age 18 and virtually none before age 15. 8 - in a metropolitan region of the philippines, adolescents begin dating in groups at ages 13 \u2013 16. romantic relationships and physical intimacy are postponed to later adolescence : at ages 17 \u2013 19, 30 % of boys and 20 % of girls report having intercourse, and higher proportions report engaging in kissing, petting, and other intimacies. 9 - among vocational students ages 15 \u2013 21 in northern thailand, approximately 2 % of girls and 15 % of boys report having sexual intercourse before age 15 and about 30 % and 40 %, respectively, by age 18. 10 early sexual initiation is associated with other risk - taking behaviors among both male and female students. - in india, more than one - quarter of women in one sample who had been sexually abused were exposed to the abuse between the ages of 9 and 12. half were abused by more than one person and almost all were abused repeatedly. 11 similar patterns of incest and sexual abuse are reported throughout the literature, but it is challenging to provide representative data because of the hidden nature of the practice. - throughout south and southeast asia, girls from poor families are susceptible to being recruited or sold into prostitution by their families, which places them at high risk of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections ( stis ). 12 - 16 boys are also vulnerable : in sri lanka, for example, a majority of child prostitutes are boys. 17 what do young adolescents know? \u2020 sexual and reproductive health information, education, and services for adolescents are viewed as unnecessary or even morally dangerous throughout much of south and southeast asia. 2 widespread sexual taboos and the high value on premarital virginity, especially for girls and young women, means that little if any information is passed on from mothers to daughters until \u201c needed. \u201d boys may also be uninformed. - young brides in india are often shocked and frightened by their ( sometimes forced ) sexual initiation on their wedding night because they lack even the most basic knowledge of sexual relations. 18 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4271031085608968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c0a8748-f179-4d8f-88aa-f17f8468875b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.859550"}
{"text": "until \u201c needed. \u201d boys may also be uninformed. - young brides in india are often shocked and frightened by their ( sometimes forced ) sexual initiation on their wedding night because they lack even the most basic knowledge of sexual relations. 18 - a sample of young adults ages 18 \u2013 25 in pakistan reported that the information they received about puberty and sexual development when they were younger often led to confusion and stress. young women learned most from female family members ; young men from friends, family members, religious sources, magazines, and films. some young women said they had no information about sexual relations prior to their marriage. 19 - in bangladesh, adolescents ages 12 and over enrolled in a non - governmental reproductive health program were eager for information about their bodies, romantic relationships, sex, pregnancy, family planning, and stis. 20 much of what the boys already knew came from pornographic videos which they secretly watched with friends. - in bangladesh, india, and indonesia, only 5 % of married girls ages 15 \u2013 19 know without prompting that condoms prevent hiv, and only 9 % in the philippines. in contrast, 24 % of married girls ages 15 \u2013 19 in nepal and 65 % of married boys know this. far higher proportions of all 15 \u2013 19 - year - olds in cambodia and vietnam know that condoms prevent hiv, although many need prompting. 21 policy and program responses evidence shows that withholding information and services from young people only increases the likelihood that if and when sexual initiation occurs, it will be unprotected. 22 young people require not only basic information about their bodies, preventing hiv / stis, and pregnancy, but also programs that address gender equality, empowerment, rights and responsibilities, and sexual and reproductive negotiation and decision - making. the meaningful participation of adolescents in the design of programs, laws, and policies that affect their sexual and reproductive lives should be guaranteed. policies and programs to eliminate the marriages of girls 14 and younger and to promote delayed marriage and informed consent among older adolescents are urgently needed. sexuality education : high proportions of 10 \u2013 14 - year - olds are currently attending school in most countries in the region ( see table ). providing sex education in schools will require overcoming entrenched cultural conservatism and securing parental and community support at state and local levels. in india, in 2007, several states banned sex education, in spite of a national hiv / aids policy that supports such programs for young people. 23 sexual and reproductive health services : awareness - raising is required among public health providers and non - governmental organizations ( ngos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47701745301631665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c0a8748-f179-4d8f-88aa-f17f8468875b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.860538"}
{"text": ", in 2007, several states banned sex education, in spite of a national hiv / aids policy that supports such programs for young people. 23 sexual and reproductive health services : awareness - raising is required among public health providers and non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) of the need for special clinics or programs for adolescents, especially where premarital sex is increasing. 24 laws prohibiting the provision of family planning services to unmarried adolescents should be eliminated in indonesia, vietnam, and wherever else they exist. health care providers need to be trained to work with young adolescents and to be sensitive to the possibilities of incest and sexual abuse of both boys and girls. in countries where a substantial number of girls marry and give birth at 14 or younger, special efforts are needed to ensure that secluded, newly married girls obtain contraception for birth spacing and good prenatal care, and that their deliveries are assisted by trained birth attendants prepared to deal with emergencies such as hemorrhage and obstructed labor. other approaches : some ngo programs and special government projects across the region ( especially unfpa - supported ) are developing innovative methods of reaching young adolescents with accurate and nonjudgmental sexual and reproductive health information \u2014 such as media sources, out - of - school programs, and the internet. these and other approaches need to be evaluated with respect to their impact on the sexual and reproductive health and rights of young adolescents and their potential for adaptation in other settings. * there is little evidence on the sexual and reproductive knowledge and behavior of 10 \u2013 14 - year - olds. except where noted, this brief is largely based on reports by 15 \u2013 19 - year - olds of their knowledge and behaviors before age 15, drawn from available demographic and health surveys in the region. the region stretches across southern asia from pakistan, india, nepal, bangladesh, and sri lanka into burma, thailand, laos, cambodia, vietnam, malaysia, indonesia, and the philippines in the southeast. \u2020 data on older adolescents are used here, based on the assumption that 10 \u2013 14 - year - olds would know even less about sex and reproduction than their older counterparts. \u2020 data on older adolescents are used here, based on the assumption that 10 - 14 - year - olds would know even less about sex and reproduction than their older counterparts. we are grateful to reviewer shireen jejeebhoy ( population council, new delhi ). > > available in pdf 1. paragraphs on adolescence in the plan of action of the international conference on population and development, cairo, 1994 and the five - year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47010188588134566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c0a8748-f179-4d8f-88aa-f17f8468875b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.861493"}
{"text": "grateful to reviewer shireen jejeebhoy ( population council, new delhi ). > > available in pdf 1. paragraphs on adolescence in the plan of action of the international conference on population and development, cairo, 1994 and the five - year review by the united nations general assembly ; and the platform for action of the fourth world conference on women, beijing, 1995 and the five - year review by the united nations general assembly. 2. s. bott, s. j. jeejebhoy, i. shah and c. puri ( eds. ). 2003. towards adulthood : exploring the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in asia. geneva : world health organization. 3. cynthia b. lloyd ( ed. ) 2005. growing up global : the changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries. washington dc : national academies press : 453 - 67. 4. world health organization ( who ). 2006. skilled attendant at birth 2006 updates. dept. of reproductive health and research factsheet. geneva : who. 5. anndenise brown, shireen j. jejeebhoy, iqbal shah and kathryn m. yount. 2001. sexual relations among young people in developing countries : evidence from who case studies. geneva : who : 13. 6. hamkhothang lhungdim and ravi k. verma. 2005. \" risk - taking and sexual behaviours of the unmarried male youth in rural india. \" paper delivered at the iussp international population conference, tours, france, july 18 - 23 : http : / / iussp2005. princeton. edu / programsummary. aspx, session 7. 7. radhika chandiramani. 1998. \" talking about sex, \" reproductive health matters 6 ( 12 ) : 76 - 86. 8. barbara s. mensch, wesley h. clark and dang nguyen anh. 2003. \" adolescents in vietnam : looking beyond reproductive health, \" studies in family planning 34 ( 4 ) : 249 - 262. 9. ushma d. upadhyay, michelle j. hindin and socorro gultiano. 2006. \" before first sex : gender differences in emotional relationships and physical behaviors among adolescents in the philippines. \" international family planning perspectives 32 ( 3 ) : 110 - 119. 10. alice liu, peter kilmarx, richard a. jenkins et al. 2006. \" sexual initiation, substance use, and sexual behavior and knowledge among vocational students in northern thailand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4665595839626042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c0a8748-f179-4d8f-88aa-f17f8468875b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.862333"}
{"text": "family planning perspectives 32 ( 3 ) : 110 - 119. 10. alice liu, peter kilmarx, richard a. jenkins et al. 2006. \" sexual initiation, substance use, and sexual behavior and knowledge among vocational students in northern thailand. \" international family planning perspectives 32 ( 3 ) : 126 - 135. 11. anuja gupta and ashwini ailawadi. 2005. \" childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and incest : experiences of women survivors in india, \" pp. 171 - 185 in shireen j. jeejebhoy, iqbal shah and shayam thapa ( eds. ), sex without consent : young people in developing countries. london : zed books. 12. brian w. willis and barry s. levy. 2002. \" child prostitution : global health burden, research needs, and interventions, \" lancet 359 : 1417 - 1422. 13. united nations children ' s fund ( unicef ). 2007. \" the state of the world ' s children 2007. \" new york : unicef. 14. united nations. 2000. \" sexually abused and sexually exploited children and youth in vietnam. \" new york : united nations. 15. kamalesh sarkar, baishali bal, rita mukherjee, malay kumar saha, sekhar chakraborty, swapan kumar niyogi, sujit kumar bhattacharya. 2006. \" young age is a risk factor for hiv among female sex workers - an experience from india. \" journal of infection 53 : 255 - 259. 16. jay g. silverman, michele r. decker, jhumka gupta et al. 2007. \" hiv prevalence and predictors of infection in sex - trafficked nepalese girls and women. \" journal of the american medical association 298 ( 5 ) : 536 - 542. 17. unicef, unaids, who. 2002. young people and hiv / aids : opportunity in crisis. new york : unicef. 18. k. g. santhya and shireen j. jejeebhoy. 2005. \" young women ' s experiences of forced sex within marriage : evidence from india, \" pp. 59 - 73 in jeejebhoy et al ( see note 11 ). 19. monique hennink, imran n. rana and robina iqbal. 2005. \" knowledge of personal and sexual development amongst young people in pakistan, \" culture, health and sexuality 7 ( 4 ) : 319 - 332. 20. sabina faiz rashid. 2003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4805891141838492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c0a8748-f179-4d8f-88aa-f17f8468875b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.863138"}
{"text": "a mass is stretched 4cm from equilibrium position of a spring. if the displacement is doubled, what can be concluded about the restoring force? a. it halved. b. same c. increased by 4 d. decreased by 4 if you know that the period of a pendulum is 1. 87sec. what is the length of that pendulum? ( gravity 9. 81m / sec squared ) two balls undergo inelastic collision. the y - momentum after the collision is 98 kilogram meters / second, and the x - momentum after the collision is 100 kilogram meters / second. what is the magnitude of the resultant momentum after the collision? thank you very much for your help m bil a golf ball is it with the initial velocity of 50. 0 m / s at an angle of 55 degrees above the horizontal. ( a ) how high will the ball go? ( b ) what is the total time the ball is in the air? ( c ) how far will the ball travel horizontally before it hits the ground? to bobpursley, the half life is 40. ( potassium 40 ) how long will it take for potassium to have a 25 % of oringinal radioactive product left? in comparison to the 17th century, the 18th century was _ _ _ _ _ _. a. more internally stable ; however, lesser rebellions and issues still occurred within great britian. b. much more violent ; workers ' riots and rebellions led to large numbers of deaths. c. filled with politica... adult development and life assessment experiment : roll a fair die and flip a fair coin. what is the probability is that you roll a 3 and flip a head? for further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.561981670850267, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0346a00-c16c-42be-b7ea-0267bf427274>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.866566"}
{"text": "did you know? the life of concrete is limited by a number of disintegrating effects : weathering by rain and frost action is chiefly a function of water - tightness or impermeability, since leach and attack by the carbonic and other acids present in rainwater, and disruption by frost action, depend on the penetration of water into the surface. chemical attack such as industrial chemicals and wastes ; sewage ; animal and vegetable oils, fats, grease ; milk ; and sugars. wear by abrasion from foot and vehicular traffic, by wave actions, and by water - borne and wind - borne particles. concrete has the tendency to be porous due to the presence of voids formed during or after placing. it is usually necessary in order to obtain workable mixes, to use far more water than is actually necessary for chemical combination with the cement. this water occupies space, and when it later dries out, it leaves behind air voids. gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide in damp situations, attack concrete. sulphuric acid also attacks concrete, but the attack from sulphuric acid is likely to be accompanied by abrasion. sulphates of sodium potassium, magnesium and ammonium may cause serious damage to portland cement concrete in the presence of moisture. this begins by expansion within the concrete, which may be enough to cause general expansion in the member. cracking and disruption follow. cracks provide a path for soluble chemicals to migrate into the interior of the \" generally, inorganic acids are destructive to concrete... may also be released from some salts... \" structure causing deterioration of the concrete. fertilizers often contain ammonium, potassium and magnesium sulphates. generally, inorganic acids are destructive to concrete. these may also be released from some salts such as ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate by interaction with lime. leaching then follows. a number of fertilizers are soluble in water, enabling the chemical easy pathway to the interior of the concrete. although petroleum oils, are not known to cause extensive damage to concrete, they do penetrate into the pores and cause unsightly staining, with subsequent high maintenance cleaning as well as possible contamination of the soil below leading to environmental issues. organic acids such as stearic, oleic, lactic and tannic all attack concrete. lactic substances which are derived from dairy product have a most destructive effect. vegetable oils attack, molasses, sugar, syrup, glucose have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47611500940769386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e1983ae5-3405-427e-a55b-8c518e13117c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.870824"}
{"text": "during the morning announcements the students learned about the history of dr. seuss, whose real name was ted geisel. seuss was born march 2, 1910 and grew up on 74 fairfield street, in springfield, mass. he feasted on books and was wild about animals. dr. seuss lived three blocks from the library and six blocks from the zoo. he drew pictures of animals, even on his bedroom walls, as his mother encouraged him to be creative. seuss was his mother ' s maiden name. no one on fairfield street would have guessed how geisel would turn out, especially geisel himself, said the announcement read to the students. dr. seuss became an amazing author of children ' s books, the announcement said. \u201c his books teach children about rhyming words and opposites, and most of all to have fun with reading. \u201d every year children across the country celebrate dr. seuss ' birthday with \u201c read across america day \u201d, an event developed by the national education association. now in its 16th year, the year - round read across america program focuses on motivating children and teens to read through events, partnerships, and reading resources. in addition to learning about the history of dr. seuss, students at ayres elementary got to make their own dr. seuss hat. they also participated in a variety of dr. seuss inspired activities in gym and music, from balancing \u201c green eggs and ham, \u201d on a spoon to bouncing on a ball in honor of dr. seuss ' book \u201c hop on pop. \u201d additionally, some retired teachers stopped by the school to read their favorite dr. seuss books. callie jones : ( 970 ) 526 - 9286 ; email @ example. com. follow cjones _ ja on twitter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37992671641104603, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c6779c0-f092-44ec-8773-5ecd067bcb00>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.873430"}
{"text": "project safe childhood guided by the leadership of the attorney general, project safe childhood ( psc ) aims to combat the proliferation of technology - facilitated sexual exploitation crimes against children. the threat of sexual predators soliciting children for physical sexual contact is well - known and serious ; the danger of the production, distribution, and possession of child pornography is equally dramatic and disturbing. the response to these growing problems must be coordinated, comprehensive, and robust. it must aim to investigate and prosecute vigorously, and protect and assist victimized children. at the same time, it must recognize the need for a broad, community - based effort to protect our children and to guarantee to future generations the opportunities of the american dream. department of justice project safe childhood initiative \u201c our nation has made this commitment : anyone who targets a child for harm will be a primary target of law enforcement. that ' s our commitment. \u201d - president george w. bush, october 23, 2002 the growing threat of sexual exploitation crimes committed against children through the internet is a disturbing and unacceptable trend. the department of justice is committed to the safety and well - being of every child and has placed a high priority on protecting and combating sexual exploitation of minors. much has been accomplished, but more must be done. today, attorney general alberto r. gonzales announced the creation of project safe childhood, an initiative designed to protect our children as they navigate the internet. the need for project safe childhood : as technology advances and as the internet becomes more accessible, the number of computer - facilitated sexual exploitation crimes committed against children \u2014 including child pornography offenses and \u201c traveler \u201d or enticement crimes \u2014 will only continue to grow. the goal of project safe childhood is to enhance the national response to this growing threat to america \u2019 s youth. - in fiscal year 2005, federal prosecutors charged 1, 447 child exploitation cases involving child pornography, coercion and enticement offenses against 1, 503 defendants. - this year, the department of justice will award more than $ 14 million to the internet crimes against children ( icac ) program, a national network of 46 regional task forces funded by the department \u2019 s office of justice programs. the icacs are key partners in project safe childhood. - although progress has been made, a more coordinated partnership involving the state, local, and federal law enforcement entities and non - profits involved in internet safety and the prevention of child exploitation is needed. key components of project safe childhood : project safe childhood will be implemented through a partnership of u. s. attorneys, icac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42874348966063525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b6a9424-8875-42f1-b2cc-e209b7d6c85e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.877986"}
{"text": ", local, and federal law enforcement entities and non - profits involved in internet safety and the prevention of child exploitation is needed. key components of project safe childhood : project safe childhood will be implemented through a partnership of u. s. attorneys, icac task forces, and other federal, state, and local law enforcement officials in each district to investigate and prosecute crimes against children facilitated through the internet or other electronic media and communications devices. communities will be able to design and execute programs tailored specially for their individual needs while maximizing national resources and expertise. there are five key components to this initiative : - integrated federal, state, and local efforts to investigate and prosecute child exploitation cases : each u. s. attorney will partner with icac task forces that exist within his or her district and other federal, state, and local law enforcement partners working in the district to implement project safe childhood. working with these partners, u. s. attorneys will develop district - specific strategic plans to coordinate the investigation and prosecution of child exploitation crimes ; efforts to identify and rescue victims ; and local training, educational, and awareness programs. - major case coordination by the criminal division : the department \u2019 s child exploitation and obscenity section, in conjunction with the fbi \u2019 s innocent images unit, will fully integrate the project safe childhood task forces into pursuing local leads generated from its major national operations. - increased federal involvement in child pornography and enticement cases : given the beneficial investigative tools and stiffer punishment available under federal law, u. s. attorneys and the federal investigative agencies will be expected to increase the number of sexual exploitation investigations and prosecutions. the goal is to ensure the worst offenders get the maximum amount of jail time possible. - training of federal, state, and local law enforcement : members of the project safe childhood task forces will attend training programs facilitated by the national center for missing and exploited children ( ncmec ), the icac program, and other ongoing programs, in order to be taught to investigate and prosecute computer - facilitated crimes against children, as well as to pursue leads from national operations and from ncmec \u2019 s cybertipline and child victim - identification programs. - community awareness and educational programs : project safe childhood will partner with existing national public awareness and educational programs that exist through ncmec and the icac task force program, in order to raise national awareness about the threat of online sexual predators and to provide the tools and information to parents and youngsters seeking to report possible violations. department of justice commitment to project safe childhood : while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4906150678027354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b6a9424-8875-42f1-b2cc-e209b7d6c85e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.879063"}
{"text": "tuesday, dec. 4, 2012 order of importance : study finds prioritizing rather than canvassing entire plant genome may lead to improved crops manhattan - - a new study may help scientists produce better climate - resistant corn and other food production plants by putting a spin on the notion that we are what we eat. kansas state university geneticists and colleagues found that by applying a genetic - analysis method used to study and prioritize the genes in humans, it improved the likelihood of finding critical genes in food production plants. these genes control quantitate traits in plants, such as how the plants grow and when they flower. additionally, this method can be used to study how food production plants respond to drought, heat and other factors - - giving scientists a greater chance at improving crops ' resistances to harsh weather and environments. \" right now we know most of the genes that make up several of these food production plants, but finding the right genes to increase food yield or heat tolerance is like finding a needle in a haystack, \" said jianming yu, associate professor of agronomy at kansas state university and the study ' s senior author. yu made the finding with xianran li and chengsong zhu, both agronomy research associates at kansas state university ; patrick schnable, baker professor of agronomy at iowa state university, and colleagues at cornell university ; the cold spring harbor laboratory ; the university of minnesota ; and the u. s. department of agriculture - agricultural research service. their study, \" genic and non - genic contributions to natural variation of quantitative traits in maize, \" was recently published in the journal genome research. the national science foundation funded the research. for the study, researchers looked at the sequenced genome of corn. a genome is the genetic blueprint of an organism and contains all of the dna and genes that give the organism its traits, like height and color. staple food crops like corn, wheat, barley and oats have comparable and sometimes larger, more complex genomes than humans and mammals. that poses a challenge for scientists attempting to modify the plant and improve aspects like production and heat tolerance. \" like humans, plants have complex traits and complex diseases, \" said li, the study ' s first author. \" in plants, those are things like drought tolerance and grain yield. sometimes one specific gene can make a big change. frequently, though, it involves multiple genes. each gene has a small, modest effect on the trait and many genes are involved. this makes it really difficult to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4982906059574261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd3bf370-3d33-419f-bd2c-6db98e0c5a74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.884396"}
{"text": "things like drought tolerance and grain yield. sometimes one specific gene can make a big change. frequently, though, it involves multiple genes. each gene has a small, modest effect on the trait and many genes are involved. this makes it really difficult to study. \" historically, scientists have analyzed an isolated region of a plant genome - - often taking a trial - and - error approach at finding what genes control what traits. instead, researchers approached the corn genome with a relatively new analysis method that is used to study the genome of humans. the method, called genome - wide associate studies - - or gwas - - searches the entire genome for small, frequent variations that may influence the risk of a certain disease. this helps researchers pinpoint genes that are potentially problematic and may be the key in abnormal traits and diseases. \" conducting routine, full - scale, genome - wide studies in crop plants remains challenging due to cost and genome complexity, \" said schnable, the other senior author. \" what we tried to get out of this study is a broad view of which regions of crop genomes should be examined in detail. \" using the gwas method for multiple analyses and complementary methods in identifying genetic variants, researchers were able to find that, on average, 79 percent of detectable genetic signals are concentrated at previously defined genes and their promoter regions. according to yu, the percentage is a significant increase compared to looking at the gene regions alone. \" we used to think that genes are the only search priority and there were just many other less important or useless dna sequences, \" yu said. \" but now we are starting to see that these other regions harbor some important genetic codes in them. canvassing without prioritizing can be cost prohibitive, however, and efficient gwas in crops with complex genomes still need to be carried out by taking advantage of a combination of genome technologies available. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5037482948870368, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd3bf370-3d33-419f-bd2c-6db98e0c5a74>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.885160"}
{"text": "the french could get a magnificent light show for bastille day this weekend thanks to a geomagnetic storm due to hit earth on saturday, a u. s. government scientist said. the storm can generate auroras : waving, colorful lights that appear in the sky. joe kunches, a space scientist for the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, said the auroras may be seen along the u. s. - canada border and in northern europe on saturday night. they are common farther north, like the northern lights, but magnetic storms like this one can make them appear in lower latitudes, he said. \" the auroras are probably going to be more bright and more equator - ward, \" kunches said. robert leamon, a heliophysics scientist at nasa headquarters, said the most notable lights will appear on the night side of the earth when the storm arrives. \" it might last into saturday so you see something in the u. s. or europe, but if you lived in siberia, say, you ' d probably get the best showing, \" he said. according to noaa ' s scale for geomagnetic storms, the storm heading for earth - - rated low, at a g1 or g2 on a scale of one to five - - could be mildly problematic for high - latitude power systems or high - frequency radios. leamon said some personal global positioning system devices, such as his running watch, might be a little slow or briefly lose connections. kunches explained that the burst of energy heading for earth is called a coronal mass ejection, which means that some of the outer layer of the sun - - called the corona - - was blown off by thursday ' s solar flare. \" the corona got blown off. it ' s like the roof got blown off the house because you were having a great party or something, \" he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4459538853603818, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b45c4ab-2544-4dc8-b1f3-fcc084726da2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.887612"}
{"text": "stink moody, younger brother of judy, hops into the spotlight with a common problem \u2014 and one that \u2019 s a bit more unusual. stink would like to advance in his swimming lessons, but he \u2019 s afraid to put his face underwater and seems doomed to remain a polliwog forever. fortunately, he \u2019 s distracted from that issue by the sudden appearance around town \u2014 in some surprising places \u2014 of a whole lot of real frogs, a few of which are deformed. these frogs give mcdonald the opportunity to offer a little information, through the voice of a nature - center guide, on how adverse environmental conditions can influence frog development. stink memorizes a variety of frog sounds, enabling him to participate in a frog count at a local pond. somehow, he becomes convinced that he \u2019 s turning into a frog himself, but that might just make it possible for him to swim underwater. brief, cheery, oversized text and lot of cartoonish black - and - white illustrations ( only some of which were available for review ) make this a good choice for newly independent readers. a minor issue is that the text informs readers that it is early spring ; even in virginia, that \u2019 s a little early for stink to be taking swimming lessons in an outdoor pool, as indicated in the illustrations. young readers with a fondness for amphibians will jump all over this one. ( fiction. 6 - 8 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47997065525803484, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8c0954-ef24-4e8c-b2bf-ed5feb72fade>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.889077"}
{"text": "for people older than 60, the vaccine zostavax was licensed by the fda in 2006 to prevent shingles. shingles is a disease caused by the varicella - zoster virus, the same virus that causes chicken pox. after an attack of chicken pox, the virus lies dormant in certain nerve tissue. as people age, it is possible for the virus to reappear in the form of shingles, which is estimated to affect two in every 10 people in their lifetime. shingles is characterized by clusters of blisters, which develop on one side of the body. the blisters can cause severe pain that may last for weeks, months or years after the virus reappears. studies showed that the vaccine reduced the occurrence of shingles between 50 and 64 percent. meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( mcv4 ) should be given to all children at their 11 - to 12 - year - old doctor visit, as well as to unvaccinated adolescents when they enter high school ( age 15 ) and unvaccinated college freshman living in dormitories. get checked and screened checkups and screening tests help find diseases or health problems early, when they ' re easier to treat and cure. \" your doctor can help you decide which health screenings you should get and how often, \" says ms. trinite. if you have a chronic condition, follow your health care provider ' s recommendations for regular checkups and screening exams ; they are more important if you have a chronic condition. ask your health care provider if your screenings are up - to - date for blood pressure ; cholesterol ; diabetes ; osteoporosis ; and skin, breast, colorectal, cervical and prostate cancers. the ahrq has a list of recommended screening tests for men and women. healthy adults also should see a dentist once or twice a year and an eye doctor every one to three years. adults with dental disease or chronic conditions, or those at high risk for specific diseases should get more frequent exams, as recommended by their provider. for the best preventive care, you also should talk with your provider openly regarding your health concerns.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47265185292569156, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f3d9a66-5d18-4928-a488-a10d9c2842ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.891235"}
{"text": "tue september 18, 2012 did jesus have a wife? newly discovered ancient text reignites debate originally published on wed september 19, 2012 8 : 30 am an ancient piece of text is reviving an equally ancient debate : was jesus christ married? of course, most christians believe that he wasn ' t. but today, harvard professor of divinity karen king presented a scrap of papyrus that dates back to the fourth century. she told a gathering of scholars in rome that written in coptic was this surprising sentence : \" jesus said to them, ' my wife... ' \" \" christian tradition has long held that jesus was not married, even though no reliable historical evidence exists to support that claim, \" king said in a press release. \" this new gospel doesn ' t prove that jesus was married, but it tells us that the whole question only came up as part of vociferous debates about sexuality and marriage. from the very beginning, christians disagreed about whether it was better not to marry, but it was over a century after jesus ' death before they began appealing to jesus ' marital status to support their positions. \" king adds that this new gospel also tells us that some early christians believed that jesus was indeed married. the new york times reports that the provenance of the fragment is not known because the owner asked to remain anonymous. still, the times reports, this ancient debate is relevant today : \" even with many questions unsettled, the discovery could reignite the debate over whether jesus was married, whether mary magdalene was his wife and whether he had a female disciple. these debates date to the early centuries of christianity, scholars say. but they are relevant today, when global christianity is roiling over the place of women in ministry and the boundaries of marriage. \" the discussion is particularly animated in the roman catholic church, where despite calls for change, the vatican has reiterated the teaching that the priesthood cannot be opened to women and married men because of the model set by jesus. \" the washington post reports that in her announcement in rome, king said that the vatican had not yet responded to her findings. harvard quotes two independent experts who believe the 3 - inch fragment is authentic, both after examining the papyrus and the writing and after examining the language and grammar. king and annemarie luijendijk, an associate professor of religion at princeton university, will present their hypothesis in the january 2013 issue of harvard theological review journal. harvard has posted images of both sides of the fragment along with a line - by - line transcription and translation. king points", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4207583014472856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a434bd7-daf2-4a3f-b497-0776bd5de35b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.895879"}
{"text": "hands on leadership like great coaching, great leadership is hands on. ( photo istock ) like great coaching, great leadership is hands on. ( photo istock ) featured in leadership to paraphrase convicted felon martha stewart, micromanaging is a bad thing. the dictionary confirms that. micromanage ( noun, origin : 1985 - 1990 ) means to direct or control in a detailed, often meddlesome manner. that doesn \u2019 t sound nice - - or empowering. and empowering is a good thing. just ask all the leadership gurus and the ubiquitous self - help movement. i don \u2019 t want to be a spoil sport here, but maybe the pendulum has swung too far in the opposite direction of micromanaging. the german philosopher, arthur schopenhauer, who \u2019 s been dead a long time, wasn \u2019 t very good looking or a star athlete - - and still has his own wikipedia page - - thought that happened a lot : \u2033 opinion is like a pendulum and obeys the same law. if it goes past the centre of gravity on one side, it must go a like distance on the other ; and it is only after a certain time that it finds the true point at which it can remain at rest. \u2033 the fear of micromanaging has driven the pendulum too far to under - managing. we need to find a middle ground, because as i wrote in anemic leadership, there \u2019 s an epidemic of under - management with disastrous consequences. moreover, a lot of the empowerment that \u2019 s supposed to come from hands - off management isn \u2019 t real. are we really empowering officers and staff by giving them responsibilities without sufficient direction? here are a couple of case studies that demonstrate the difference between micro - managing and under - managing. - case one : the officer must check with the patrol sergeant every step of the way before making basic decisions or taking simple actions. is this micro - management? not necessarily. if the officer is unable to make basic decisions or take simple actions on his own, it may just as likely be because the patrol sergeant has under - managed by not preparing the officer to do so. someone has to tell officers, \" if a happens, do b. if c happens, do d. if e happens, do f. \" officers need to be told what to do and at least one good way to do it. - case two : an officer messes up and the patrol sergeant swoops in to solve the problem, cleans up the mess, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49567217716502965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f1c2997-818b-4077-b4bc-f5a6deab110d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.903611"}
{"text": "f. \" officers need to be told what to do and at least one good way to do it. - case two : an officer messes up and the patrol sergeant swoops in to solve the problem, cleans up the mess, and gets things back on track. micromanagement? no. the patrol sergeant is doing no managing. instead, the sergeant has taken over the role of the officer and is doing the task firsthand. it \u2019 s okay to be the boss as long as you \u2019 re a great boss. great bosses aren \u2019 t \u2033 hands off. \u2033 how can we expect officers and staff to be engaged ( another leadership term currently in vogue ) if their bosses aren \u2019 t engaged? great bosses are engaged - - with their officers and staff, with the work being done and the work yet to be done. the cure for anemic leadership ( aka under - managing ) is being \u201c hands on. \u201d if you \u2019 re a real leader, people are counting on you to help them succeed - - and not by giving them responsibilities with no directions. what does a great, engaged, \u2033 hands on \u2033 boss do? bruce tulgan provided a working model in his book it \u2019 s okay to be the boss : the step - by - step to becoming the manager your employees need. an engaged, hands on boss : - is highly knowledgeable about the officers she supervises and the work they do ; - is up - to - speed on the key details of their tasks and responsibilities ; - monitors changes in each officer \u2019 s workload, pace, challenges and corresponding needs ; - knows when to increase guidance and when to back off ; - knows when to increase pressure and when to take it off ; and - knows enough about each officer to set ambitious goals and deadlines, troubleshoot, bring in additional resources or change direction. schedule and carry out regular meetings with every officer. ideally, these would be brief, daily sessions. at the least, they should be weekly. every conversation will be different but here \u2019 s a guide : - review progress from the last meeting. - ask for updates and a report on the officer \u2019 s progress on each item. - give feedback on the officer \u2019 s progress. - give guidance such as goals, deadlines and parameters. - if needed, remind the officer about sops and performance requirements. - if merited, give special recognition or rewards. - ask for questions or clarifications - ask if the officer understands. you may not like this, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40248885548073965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f1c2997-818b-4077-b4bc-f5a6deab110d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.904708"}
{"text": "parameters. - if needed, remind the officer about sops and performance requirements. - if merited, give special recognition or rewards. - ask for questions or clarifications - ask if the officer understands. you may not like this, but being the boss isn \u2019 t about being happy and having fun ; it \u2019 s about leading. law enforcement supervisors are particularly well - versed in this discipline from their experience maintaining field notes. unlike field notes, focus on performance - - not personal observations. written notes help the engaged, hands - on supervisor to clarify expectations and create an added source of accountability. they serve as documentation in the case of disputes. and they support your championing and rewarding success or dealing with failure. it \u2019 s even better to be a powerful boss many bosses want to be seen as a good guy. you \u2019 re not being a good guy by refusing to acknowledge your authority and accepting the responsibility that goes with it. failing to provide clear, focused leadership isn \u2019 t being a good guy - - it \u2019 s taking the easy way out. easy, that is, until you find yourself spending time solving problems that could \u2019 ve been avoided by leading up front. in the words of bruce tulgan, \u2033 be a real good guy : be powerful. provide direction, guidance and support. help each person call forth his / her greatness. hold every person accountable. do more for people \u2026 one person at a time, one day at a time. \u2033", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40388973002267836, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f1c2997-818b-4077-b4bc-f5a6deab110d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.905283"}
{"text": "life science : session 3 sex cell production what are sex cells? sex cells, or gametes, are unique to organisms that reproduce sexually. in animals and plants ( fungi are somewhat different in this regard ) there are two types of sex cells : male and female. the male sex cells are sperm, while the female sex cells are eggs. sex cells are formed from special body cells that are typically located in sex organs. in most animals, sperm are formed in the testes of males, and eggs are formed in the ovaries of females. sex cells contain only half of the hereditary material present in the body cells that form them. this is important because male and female sex cells ultimately join to become a fertilized egg, which gives rise to a new organism, or offspring. in order for the offspring to resemble its parents, its first cell must receive the entire genome from its two parents. for humans, we know there are 46 chromosomes in body cells existing as 23 pairs. a fertilized egg must therefore contain this same number and arrangement. in an elegant process called meiosis, each sex cell receives one member of each chromosome pair \u2014 23 total. when sperm fertilizes egg, these singles unite to reform pairs, with half the genome coming from each parent. with a few exceptions, this pattern holds true for all sexually reproducing organisms. how are sex cells produced? sex cells are produced from special body cells that contain the entire genome. the process by which the genome is halved is very precise \u2014 it \u2019 s not just a matter of randomly dividing the chromosomes into two sets. the process involves two cell divisions. before the first occurs, all of the chromosomes are duplicated just as they are in body cell reproduction, but what happens next is different : the two duplicated strands remain attached to each other as the members of each chromosome pair move alongside each other. during the cell division that follows, only one member of each pair is transferred to each daughter cell \u2014 this is where the number of chromosomes is halved. the two strands of each chromosome are then separated during the second cell division, still maintaining half the number that existed in the parent cell. this results in four daughter cells \u2014 sperm or egg \u2014 that contain one member of each chromosome pair. this process is called meiosis. what is the role of sex cell production in an animal life cycle? sex cell production ensures that the genome is maintained between parent and offspring generations. occasionally, this process goes awry with chromosome pairs not lining up or not separating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5332294789211574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9e1e7fe-748a-47bc-8b98-c404e8206a3d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.909947"}
{"text": "is called meiosis. what is the role of sex cell production in an animal life cycle? sex cell production ensures that the genome is maintained between parent and offspring generations. occasionally, this process goes awry with chromosome pairs not lining up or not separating. the consequences are almost always harmful, and frequently lethal to potential offspring. a successful animal life cycle therefore depends on successful sex cell production. there is another consequence to sex cell production that has a profound impact on the populations involved. unlike body cell production, where the daughter cells are identical to parent cells, fertilized eggs result from genetic material from two different parents. furthermore, each of these parents is only able to pass on half of its genome. the mixing and matching of half sets of chromosomes results in the astounding diversity we see in the living world. for example, we can see \u201c parts \u201d of both our parents when we look in the mirror. similarly, a litter of puppies will reflect the size and coloration of both parents. the significance of this is explored in session five : variation, adaptation, and natural selection. compare body cell reproduction with sex cell production : | body cell reproduction | | sex cell production | | role in life cycle | | growth and maintenance | | reproduction | | where process occurs | | cells in all parts of body | | sex organs or tissues | | number of cell divisions | | one | | two | | what happens to chromosomes | | all chromosomes line up singly, each chromosome duplicates, the two copies separate, and one copy of each chromosome is distributed to each daughter cell. | | first division : chromosomes duplicate and copies remain attached, chromosome pairs line up alongside each other, the members of each pair separate, one member of each pair goes to each daughter cell. second division : all chromosomes line up singly, the two copies separate, one copy of each chromosome is distributed to each daughter cell. | | number of cells that result | | two | | four | | number of chromosomes in resulting cells | | same number as in parent cell | | half the number as in parent cell | | significance | | genome is maintained ; all information is passed along | | genome is halved ; will be restored at fertilization | | prev : body cell reproduction | | next : cloning |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5235257492409005, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9e1e7fe-748a-47bc-8b98-c404e8206a3d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.911329"}
{"text": "asthma - child - discharge what happened in the hospital your child has asthma, which causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow. in the hospital, the doctors and nurses helped your child breathe better. what to expect when you get home most children will still have asthma symptoms after they leave the hospital. - your child \u2019 s wheezing and coughing may last for up to 5 days. - your child \u2019 s sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. - you may need to take time off work to care for your child. take charge of your child \u2019 s asthma at home make sure you know the asthma symptoms to watch out for in your child. see also : signs of an asthma attack you should know how to take your child \u2019 s peak flow reading and what it means. see also : how to use your peak flow meter - know your child \u2019 s personal best number. - know your child \u2019 s peak flow reading that tells you their asthma is getting worse. - know your child \u2019 s peak flow reading that shows you need to call their doctor. keep the phone number of your child ' s doctor or nurse with you. triggers may make asthma symptoms worse. know which triggers make your child \u2019 s asthma worse and what to do when this happens. - smells from chemicals and cleaners - grass and weeds - rooms that are moldy or damp see also : stay away from asthma triggers know how to prevent or treat asthma that comes on when your child is active. these things might trigger your child \u2019 s asthma : - cold or dry air - smoky or polluted air - grass that has just been mowed - starting and stopping an activity too fast. try to make sure your child warms up before being very active and cools down after. understand your child \u2019 s asthma medicines and how they should be taken. these include : - control medicines that your child takes every day - quick - relief asthma drugs when your child has symptoms keep smoking away from your child no one should smoke in your house. this includes you, your visitors, your child \u2019 s babysitters, and anyone else who comes to your house. smokers should smoke outside and wear a coat. the coat will keep smoke particles from sticking to their clothes. they should leave the coat outside, or away from the child. ask people who work at your child \u2019 s day care, preschool, school, and anyone else who takes care of your child, if they smoke. if they do, make sure they smoke away from your child", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4313944300682491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12e0539a-c671-46a8-9f5b-0e118147bd1c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.923483"}
{"text": "outside, or away from the child. ask people who work at your child \u2019 s day care, preschool, school, and anyone else who takes care of your child, if they smoke. if they do, make sure they smoke away from your child. school and asthma children with asthma need a lot of support at school. they may need help from school staff to keep their asthma under control and to be able to do school activities. there should be an asthma action plan at school. the following people should have a copy of the plan : - your child ' s teacher - the school nurse - the school office - gym teachers and coaches your child should be able to take asthma medicines at school when needed. school staff should know what things make your child \u2019 s asthma worse. these are called \" triggers. \" your child should be able to go to another location to get away from asthma triggers, if needed. see also : asthma and school when to call the doctor call your doctor or nurse if : - your child is a having a hard time breathing : - your child \u2019 s chest muscles are pulling in with each breath. - your child is breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute ( when not crying ). - your child is making a grunting noise. - your child is sitting with shoulders hunched over. - your child \u2019 s skin, nails, gums, or lips are a bluish or grayish color. - the area around your child \u2019 s eyes is a bluish or grayish color. - your child is very, very tired. - your child is not moving around very much. - your child has a limp or floppy body. - your child \u2019 s nostrils are flaring out when they are breathing. also call the doctor if your child : - loses their appetite - is irritable - has trouble sleeping guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. rockville, md. national heart, lung, and blood institute, us dept of health and human services ; 2007. nih publications 08 - 4051. lemanske rf jr, mauger dt, sorkness ca, jackson dj, boehmer sj, martinez fd, et al. step - up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids. n engl j med. 2010 mar 18 ; 362 ( 11 ) : 975 - 85. neil k. kaneshiro, md, mha, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42093064760478804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12e0539a-c671-46a8-9f5b-0e118147bd1c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.925003"}
{"text": "where in the world... was meriwether lewis? he lewis and clark expedition was a business trip. for more than 300 years european explorers and, lately, american traders, had been steadily pushing the boundaries of the known world outward into the previously unknown. within those new boundaries they found other peoples, which meant new places to sell things, and new goods their own customers at home might like to buy. thus businessmen engaged in trade beyond the boundaries of their own countries began to think globally. accordingly, they needed to be able to identify new places with certainty, and to know a place meant to know its location by the numbers \u2014 by its address on the global grid. that is why thomas jefferson instructed lewis : beginning at the mouth of the missouri, you will take observations of latitude & longitude, at all remarkeable points on the river, & especially at the mouths of rivers, at rapids, at islands, and other places & objects distinguished by such natural marks & characters of a durable kind, as that they may with certainty be recognised hereafter. so lewis was given a gigantic task, and he worked at it diligently, looking for answers from the sky, night and day. in 1803, when preparations for the expedition were under way, only a very few locations on their projected route between st. louis and the pacific ocean were known, in the new sense. in 1792 the boston trading - ship captain david gray determined the latitude ( 46 degrees, 39 minutes north ) and longitude of the mouth of the columbia river, as well as points along the lower columbia river, including today ' s portland, oregon. the following year the canadian fur trader david thompson did the same for the mandan villages : 47 degrees and some minutes north latitude ; 101 degrees and some minutes west longitude. the rest of the northwest was, cartographically speaking, afloat somewhere in terrestrial space. the mouth of the river lewis called maria ' s was one of those \" remarkable points, \" all the more so because of its potential as a trading - post site. he figured it was at 47 degrees, 46 minutes, 50. 2 seconds north, which is about nine miles south of where it \" really \" was. his error is partly attributable to his assumption that the earth is a perfect sphere, whereas actually there is about a 27 - mile difference between equatorial and polar circumference, and the length of a degree varies correspondingly. amp disappointment, lewis knew, was another point that needed to have its whereabouts defined by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4159927207994957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85718bd8-a073-4e5d-b50c-947dd9868537>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.930452"}
{"text": "a perfect sphere, whereas actually there is about a 27 - mile difference between equatorial and polar circumference, and the length of a degree varies correspondingly. amp disappointment, lewis knew, was another point that needed to have its whereabouts defined by its latitude and longitude. that, besides the opportunity to rest men and horses, was the reason he took the considerable risk that went with hanging around in blackfeet indian territory for three days. he hoped to find that maria ' s river had its sources north of the treaty boundary of louisiana, which was 49 degrees, 37 minutes north latitude. that, if true, would mean that the louisiana purchase actually gave to the united states some land within the purported boundary of british ownership. cloudy skies prevented him from making all the celestial observations he needed, although he made one which, had he completed the calculations, would have told him he was camped at about 48 degrees, 41 minutes north latitude ( a little over one mile north of the place we have deduced his camp actually was ). one minute at that latitude is roughly equal to 1. 15 miles, so he would have known that he was still about 91 miles south of his target. based on his estimate of the distance he had traveled north of the missouri river, however, and the lay of the land around his camp, lewis was reasonably sure of his approximate location. and that \u2014 as disappointing as it was \u2014 was all he needed to know. dava sobel, longitude : the true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time ( new york : walker and company, 1995 ). robert e. lange, \" meriwether lewis ' s ' camp disappointment ', \" we proceeded on, vol. 3, no. 1. - - joseph mussulman ; rev 04 / 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47941971750369294, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85718bd8-a073-4e5d-b50c-947dd9868537>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.933340"}
{"text": "special offer : - limited time only! ( the ad below will not display on your printed page ) children this age may appear self - assured, even driven. they are frequently eager for challenges : \" i want to be in little league, but i don ' t like the rules - - i just want to see how far i can hit that ball ; i can do piano and dance lessons, draw a picture ; and have friends over... all before lunch. \" third graders are feeling their power in some ways : they have expanded vocabulary, life experience, and practice in reading and knowledge of the world. socially, kids widen their friendships and are less critical of each other. boys are extremely dependent on mothers ; girls are more dependent on peers. what your child will learn this is a year when academics click, and socially, kids form \" cliques. \" a subject your child had difficulty with in the past might become crystal clear this year. at the same time, social problems develop for some kids as classmates form tightly knit, sometimes - exclusionary peer groups. this is the year of note passing and name - calling. the sensitive third grader may come home weeping because children in the playground have teased her. teachers this year focus on independent work and learning multiplication. they ask students not only to learn information, but also to apply it. you ' ll probably see more cooperative learning as well as paired learning - - completing a project with a classmate by comparing answers and rethinking strategies. use of computers will extend to the internet ; class assignments may require finding information on the web. setting firm limits and schedules for your child has never been more important ; third - grade teachers expect homework done independently and on time. it ' s a good idea to schedule homework as well as playtime into your child ' s day. teachers will show students how to... \" series of books are great for kids this age. they get excited about reading them because they can become authorities on a certain author ' s books. and they love having a goal - - so completing a whole series of books makes them feel like superstars! \" amy ward, teacher, new york city here are some of the most popular and appealing series for third grade ( and advanced second - grade ) readers :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4752251765919595, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e32c0e4-2311-47bb-8044-f3f2ffcf0040>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.936689"}
{"text": "district salt bombay kolaba, a district of the bombay presidency, india, lying between 17\u00b0 52 ' and 18\u00b0 50 ' n. lat., and between 73\u00b0 7 ' and 73\u00b0 42 ' e. long. it is bounded on the n. by bombay harbour and thana district, on the e. by poona and shthra, on the s. by ratnhgiri and janjira state, and on the w. by the arabian sea. lying between the s diyadri range and the sea, kolaba district abounds in hills, some being spurs of considerable regularity and height, running at right angles to the main range, whilst others are isolated peaks or lofty detached ridges. the sea frontage, of about 20 miles, is throughout the greater part of its length fringed by a belt of cocoa - nut and betel - nut palms. behind this belt lies a stretch of flat country devoted to rice cultivation. in many places along the banks of the salt - water creeks there are extensive tracts of salt marsh land, some of them reclaimed, some still subject to tidal inundation, and others set apart for the manufacture of salt. the district is traversed by a few small streams. tidal inlets, of which the principal are the nagothna on the north, the rolm. or ghaul in the west, and the bankot creek in the south, run inland for 30 or 40 miles, forming highways for a brisk trade in rice, salt, firewood, and dried fish. near the coast especially, the district is well supplied with reservoirs. the sahyadri range has two remarkable peaks, - paligarli, where sivaji built his capital, and miradongar. there are extensive teak and black wool forests, of which the value is increased by their proximity to bombay. the kolaba teak has been pronounced the best grown in the concan, and inferior only to that of calicut. in 1875 - 76 the forest revenue amounted to \u00a33634. tigers and leopards are found all over the district, and bears on the sahyadri range. hyenas and jackals abound. bison, scitriblutr, and cheetah have been shot, but are very rare. kolaba district, with the exception of alibagh subdivision, formed part of the dominions of the peshwa, annexed by the bombay government in 1818. alibagh laps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40496220816153866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b67e8609-1670-41ef-9258-ef1465f7c879>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.940264"}
{"text": "cheetah have been shot, but are very rare. kolaba district, with the exception of alibagh subdivision, formed part of the dominions of the peshwa, annexed by the bombay government in 1818. alibagh lapsed to the paramount power in 1839. the population in 1872 was 350, 405 - hindus, 330, 914 ; mohammedans, 17, 194 ; parsis, 25 ; jews, 1940 ; and christians, 208. of the hindus the most important class are the brahmans, who own large gardens and palm groves along the coast. another important class are the bhandaras, or toddy - drawers and cocoa - nut cultivators. the beni - israel ( see vol. xiii. p. 685 ) are chiefly found in the seaboard tracts. a considerable number of them enlist in the native army, and are highly esteemed as soldiers. they also monopolize the work of oil - pressing to so great an extent that they are generally known as oilmen or tc / is. the total area of government cultivable land in 1876 - 77 was returned at 468, 646 acres, of which upwards of 93 per cent. was taken up for cultivation. rice forms the staple produce, and is the chief export of the district. the inferior grains are nachni ( eleusisme coracana ), wari ( paniewin miliaceum ), and harik ( paspabini frumentaceunt ) ; and these form the chief food supply of the people. the estimated value of the exports ( rice, salt, timber, vegetables, and fruit ) is \u00a3438, 249 ; of the imports ( grain, piece goods, oil, butter, and sugar ), \u00a3170, 816. the local industries are salt manufacture and silk - weaving. the total imperial, local, and municipal revenue in 1876 - 77 was \u00a3106, 893, of which \u00a372, 462 was contributed by the land tax. there are seventy - one government or aided schools attended by 3644 pupils. the average annual rainfall is 75 inches. the chief town of the district is alibagh.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3976733901281321, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b67e8609-1670-41ef-9258-ef1465f7c879>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.941030"}
{"text": "an elbow sprain is stretching or tearing of the ligaments that stabilize the elbow. ligaments are strong bands of tissue that cross joints and connect bones to each other. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. elbow sprains may be caused by : a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease, condition, or injury. risk factors for an elbow sprain : if you felt your elbow dislocate ( or \" pop \" out of the joint ), tell your doctor right away. the treatment for a dislocation is different than a sprain. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and how you injured your elbow. the doctor will examine your elbow to assess the stability of the joint and the severity of the injury. tests may include : elbow sprains are graded according to their severity. elbow sprains usually occur from accidents that cannot be prevented. american academy of orthopaedic surgeonshttp : / / www. aaos. org american orthopaedic society for sports medicinehttp : / / www. aossm. org / tabs / index. aspx canadian orthopaedic associationhttp : / / www. coa - aco. org / canadian orthopaedic foundationhttp : / / www. canorth. org / american academy of orthopaedic surgeons website. available at : national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases website. available at : sports injuries : basic principles of prevention and care. blackwell scientific publications ; 1993. 10 / 26 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : massey t, derry s, moore r, mcquay h. topical nsaids for acute pain in adults. cochrane database syst rev. the # 1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news! your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit. we could all use some encouragement now and then - we ' re human! explore your destiny as you discover what ' s written in your stars. the latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes. healthy food that tastes delicious too? no kidding. yoga for back pain pets helpyour heart are youmoney smart?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45780116710646, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:daa8a77b-8438-4503-a0c6-8a80f285b588>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.943309"}
{"text": "study : healthy pregnant women should exercise pregnant women should be encouraged to engage in low to moderate levels of exercise during their pregnancy even if they did not exercise before, according to a new review of findings on the topic. a exercising mother - to - be should be in good health, however, and she should avoid high - intensity exercises. the research examined evidence from previous studies and concluded that exercise can strengthen and improve overall musculoskeletal and physiologic health as well as pregnancy - related symptoms. for example, the researchers conclude that exercise can ease back pain and other musculoskeletal pain, lower maternal blood pressure, reduce swelling and improve mood \u2014 one study of depressed pregnant women found that exercise helped decrease depression, and another study saw that exercise during pregnancy improves self - esteem. recommended exercises include aerobics, resistance training and swimming. according to the authors, the data shows that the pregnant woman \u2019 s body can compensate for the changes with no harm to the fetus during low - to moderate - intensity exercise. \u201c it is important to remember that pregnancy is a temporary condition, not a disease, and that the musculoskeletal and physiologic changes that happen are normal in the majority of patients, \u201d said capt. marlene demaio, research director at the naval medical center in portsmouth, virginia. however, exercise should only be prescribed for healthy patients after they have had an obstetric evaluation, the authors say. in the past, some physicians did not recommend exercise during pregnancy. in fact, as recently as the 1990s, there was concern that exercise could be detrimental to a pregnant woman and her fetus. however, within the last decade many doctors have come to recognize the benefits of exercising while with child. according to the american college of obstetrician 2002 guidelines for exercise during pregnancy, \" in the absence of either medical or obstetric complications, 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise a day on most, if not all, days of the week is recommended for pregnant women. \" the new review study also specifically looked at the question of whether or not it is safe to start exercise during pregnancy if one has not exercised previously. two reviewed studies showed that women who started exercising under supervision while pregnant were able to improve their fitness \" without any alteration in either maternal of fetal well - being, \" the authors wrote. the findings \" suggest that exercise can be started in a woman who had not been exercising before pregnancy, but that the program must be carefully structured, \" they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41167485140063376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bad62a1-9d81-42e6-ae26-437d8a7981ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.953117"}
{"text": "carbohydrates give us energy. we need energy to do everything we do, whether we think about it or not, like going for a walk, working or sleeping. even when we don \u2019 t think about it, our body is busy keeping our heart pumping, blood flowing and lungs working. we always need energy. we need even more energy when we are growing, getting well and pumping up. our body \u2019 s favorite supply of energy comes from carbohydrates. we can get energy from other nutrients like protein and fat, but protein needs to be saved for building our body and keeping it working well. we don \u2019 t want to get more fat than we need because, if we do, fat gives us saturated fat, a kind of fat that is not healthy. carbohydrate foods are also generally low in fat, depending on how they are prepared and what is added to them at the table. carbohydrates also protect against wasteful breakdown of body protein to supply energy, and carbohydrates also provide flavor and sweetness to foods. the body needs carbohydrates to use fat efficiently. in this lesson, you will learn what carbohydrates are. you will also learn about the different types of sugars that form carbohydrates and the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates. you will learn how much carbohydrates should be eaten in a day. in this lesson, you will learn the following : carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. carbohydrates come from plants. plants use carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun to produce the carbohydrates we eat. most are known as sugars, starches and fiber. sugars and starches give us energy. since dietary fiber is not absorbed by the body, it is not a source of energy. carbohydrates make our food sweet. carbohydrates are classified into three categories : simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber. there are three main kinds of carbohydrates : ( 1 ) simple carbohydrates or simple sugars such as table sugar and the sugar in milk, ( 2 ) complex carbohydrates such as starches and ( 3 ) dietary fiber. simple sugars ( monosaccharides and disaccharides ) : simple sugars are made up of two classes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4795383006944431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:710cee84-6685-473d-98d3-fe9a76f8188c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.967635"}
{"text": "in milk, ( 2 ) complex carbohydrates such as starches and ( 3 ) dietary fiber. simple sugars ( monosaccharides and disaccharides ) : simple sugars are made up of two classes of sugars based on their chemical structure. sugars having one molecule or one sugar are called monosaccharides, and sugars made up of two monosaccharides are called disaccharides. both are referred to as simple sugars. monosaccharides is another name for simple sugars or simple carbohydrates. mono means one and saccharide means sugar. glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides. 1. glucose, also called blood sugar or dextrose, is the main monosaccharide in your body. glucose was named after the greek word meaning sweet. 2. fructose, also called levulose, is found in fruit, honey and high - fructose corn syrup. honey is made up of about half fructose and half glucose. high - fructose corn syrup is found in soft drinks, frozen desserts and candies. 3. galactose is not generally found free in nature in large amounts. it combines with glucose to form a double sugar called lactose. lactose is in milk and in other dairy products. lactose is what gives milk its sweet taste. once absorbed into the body, galactose is either changed into glucose or made into a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscle, called glycogen. once the monosaccharides glucose, fructose and galactose are absorbed by way of the small intestine and enter the liver, much of the fructose and galactose is tuned into glucose. disaccharides or double sugars disaccharides is another name for simple sugars or simple carbohydrates. \u201c di \u201d means two. disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides combine. three disaccharides common in the diet are maltose, sucrose and lactose. 1. maltose is made when two glucose molecules are combined during the process of starch in grains breaking down during germination. 2. sucrose or table sugar is made up of glucose and fructose. sucrose comes from sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and maple syrup. you might use brown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49749661820472413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:710cee84-6685-473d-98d3-fe9a76f8188c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.968473"}
{"text": "of starch in grains breaking down during germination. 2. sucrose or table sugar is made up of glucose and fructose. sucrose comes from sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and maple syrup. you might use brown, white or powdered sugars in cooking, eating or adding to beverages. these forms of sugar are based on the degree the sucrose is purified from the plant source. 3. lactose is glucose joined to galactose to form the sugar found in milk and dairy products. some people are not able to digest large amounts of lactose. this can cause intestinal gas, bloating, cramping and discomfort as any unabsorbed lactose is metabolized into acids and gases by bacteria in the large intestine. once absorbed into the body, the majority of these carbohydrates are changed into glucose by the liver. oligosaccharides contain three to ten single - sugar units. oligo means scant. two of nutritional importance include raffinose and stachyose. these are made of monosaccharides but are bonded together in such a way that the digestive enzymes our bodies make cannot break them down. when we eat these carbohydrates in beans and other legumes, the raffinose and stachyose molecules remain undigested as they reach the large intestine. bacteria in the large intestine then break them down producing gas and other byproducts. polysaccharides ( starch and complex carbohydrates ) polysaccharides are composed almost entirely of long strands of only one monosaccharide \u2013 glucose. hundreds of glucose units are connected together to form starch. starch and complex carbohydrates are the main terms used for the major digestible polysacccarides in our diet. the storage form for carbohydrates in our body is glycogen. when our body needs glucose, the glycogen stored in the liver is turned into blood glucose. complex carbohydrates : also know as polysaccharides ( poly = many ), these carbohydrates have more than two units of glucose ( sugar ) linked together. polysaccharides are generally not sweet and are not water soluble. starches and dietary fiber are complex carbohydrates. dietary carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.500097668440141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:710cee84-6685-473d-98d3-fe9a76f8188c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.969328"}
{"text": "glucose ( sugar ) linked together. polysaccharides are generally not sweet and are not water soluble. starches and dietary fiber are complex carbohydrates. dietary carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body, including digestion and absorption of other foods. although proteins and fats can be converted into energy, carbohydrates are the body \u2019 s preferred source of energy. dietary carbohydrates also help in fat metabolism and the formation of nonessential amino acids. in combination with proteins, carbohydrates form substances that are essential to fighting infection, lubricating the joints and maintaining the health and growth of bones, skin, nails, cartilage and tendons. carbohydrates are components of cell membranes, and they function as antibodies. they form part of cell membranes particularly in the brain and the nervous system. as an energy source, one gram of carbohydrate yields four calories. dietary fiber regulates gastrointestinal transit time, and it facilitates efficient elimination. proper elimination reduces abdominal pressures that can cause hemorrhoids and certain types of hernia. appendicitis may be associated with inadequate fiber content in the diet, too. a high - fiber diet reduces the rate of colon and rectal cancers by allowing carcinogens in the food to move more quickly through the intestinal tract. colon cancer might be caused by carcinogens in bile and an increase in anaerobic bacteria, both directly related to high levels of saturated fat and low intake of fiber in the diet. reducing these chronic diseases can be done by dietary means : reduction of saturated fats and an increase in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and legumes. of total caloric intake, 45 % - 65 % should come from carbohydrates. the exact intake in grams will vary, depending on the caloric level of an individual. the estimated average requirement ( ear ) for carbohydrate is 130 grams per day for adults and children based on the glucose needs of the brain. the adequate intake ( ai ) for fiber is 14 grams per 1, 000 calories consumed ( 28 grams for 2, 000 calories ). what counts as 1 ounce - equivalent from the grain group? 1 slice of bread 1 ounce of ready - to - eat cereal 1 / 2 cup of cooked cereal, rice or pasta the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans recommends that we should make at least half of our grains whole grains. to ensure that you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5099170113747703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:710cee84-6685-473d-98d3-fe9a76f8188c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.970242"}
{"text": "group? 1 slice of bread 1 ounce of ready - to - eat cereal 1 / 2 cup of cooked cereal, rice or pasta the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans recommends that we should make at least half of our grains whole grains. to ensure that you are choosing foods that contain whole grains, choose foods that name one of the following whole - grain ingredients first on the label ' s ingredient list : brown rice whole - grain corn buckwheat whole - grain sorghum bulgur whole - grain triticale millet whole oats oatmeal whole rye quinoa whole wheat rolled oats wild rice use these suggestions to add carbohydrates to your diet : 1. join the breakfast club. choose from many convenient choices such as cereal, english muffins, bagels, waffles, pancakes and toast. choose whole wheat! 2. get cracking. keep a box of crackers or pretzels and some fruit around to curb hunger pangs with carbohydrates. 3. bag it. put dry cereal in a plastic bag and take it along for a quick snack or breakfast on the run. eat it plain or mix it with yogurt or skim milk if kept cold. 4. curl up with a tortilla. toss low - fat cheese on a tortilla and pop it in the microwave for a few seconds. roll it up and dip it in salsa for a healthy, fast snack. or spread a tortilla with low - fat peanut butter and jelly and roll it. 5. satisfy your sweet tooth with tasty carbohydrates. try angel food cake, fig bar cookies, animal crackers and graham crackers. 6. bag up mini - bagels for an energy - rich snack to eat on the run. 7. use whole - grain breads for lunch or snacks. 8. try low - fat granola - type cereals as a topper for fruit - flavored or frozen yogurt. 9. try whole - wheat pasta. see if you know the answers to these questions and write them down : 1. some of the different kinds of sugars end with the same three letters. what are these three letters? 2. list the names of the different kinds of sugars that end with these three letters. 3. if you look at a list of ingredients on a food label, what word ending with these three letters would tell you that that ingredient is sugar? 4. which foods are sources of fructose and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4529966204024569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:710cee84-6685-473d-98d3-fe9a76f8188c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.971088"}
{"text": "introduction to openbsd networking06 / 13 / 2000 in today ' s internet - centric computing world, networking components are a paramount feature of any system worth its salt. easily falling into that category, openbsd contains strong network code and configuration interfaces which, with a little research and learning, can be put to powerful use. this series of articles aims to illustrate that with practical examples and direct application to real - world situations. in contrast to its sysv counterparts like linux, openbsd has a very different way of controlling network interfaces and setting parameters. other competing systems commonly use menu - based or graphical configuration utilities to make the administrator ' s life easier. openbsd chooses to stray from this, instead focusing their efforts on the functionality and correctness of its networking components. the example being used here is the setup of a gateway machine with one ppp interface and one ethernet interface. the first thing you ' ll want to do when configuring an openbsd machine to participate on a network is set basic parameters on the network interfaces. first, using an ethernet interface ( in this case a sun workstation ) called le0 : # ifconfig le0 192. 168. 0. 1 up netmask 255. 255. 255. 0 a breakdown of this syntax : ifconfig - interface config utility le0 - the network interface in question 192. 168. 0. 1 - the interface ' s ip address up - whether to raise the interface ( up ) or drop it ( down ) netmask 255. 255. 255. 0 - the interface ' s netmask to display the results of this, issue the command : # ifconfig - a this will display all network interface configuration / status information. once interface parameters have been set, the system stores them automatically. some other parameters such as static default routes and interface ip addresses can be stored in / etc / hostname. interface respictively in a simple format : # / etc / mygate 22. 214. 171. 124 # / etc / hostname. ep0 inet 126. 96. 36. 199 255. 255. 255. 248 none althought ifconfig is the primary tool for interface control and manipulation, checking status is more commonly done using ( network statistics utility ). simply running the command : will produce a list of active tcp connections. running the command : # netstat - i will provide a slightly more usable listing of interface information, which will look roughly like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.524368192037483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6407cd1-c3e9-4934-8b03-88f58bfd9b9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.978681"}
{"text": "more commonly done using ( network statistics utility ). simply running the command : will produce a list of active tcp connections. running the command : # netstat - i will provide a slightly more usable listing of interface information, which will look roughly like : this shows the network statistics both for the overall interface and with openbsd. org, with which it has been in frequent communication. it is interesting to note that this method of configuration and network diagnostics differs only very slightly from that of linux and other systems, but their users will primarily set this information using linuxconf, yast, or other point - and - click tools. wan interface control as a truly internetworked operating system, openbsd has the functionality to control your network ' s wan interface ( s ) and act as a router. however, support for things like frame relay and dds is nonexistent and isdn support is very limited. the majority of people using openbsd on a wan implement ppp over an analogue modem. openbsd has stepped up from using the raw pppd ( point to point protocol daemon ) to control ppp, having developed a userland interface called simply ppp. the ppp utility is controlled by the file / etc / ppp / ppp. conf. some examples : default : # the default section of ppp. conf contains # some simple global options. set log phase chat lcp ipcp ccp tun command set device / dev / tty00 # tells ppp the modem is connected to tty00 ( com1 ) set speed 38400 # modem ' s maximum connection baud is 38400 myisp : # this section contains values specific # to the connection you ' re using. set phone 96724222 # dial 96724222 to connect. set login set authname myusername set authkey mypassword # login using pap / chap as myusername / mypassword add default hisaddr # set the upstream machine as the defaultroute with this configuration in place, invoking ppp to dial is as simple as running : # ppp - ddial myisp pages : 1, 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46657834046367364, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6407cd1-c3e9-4934-8b03-88f58bfd9b9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.979871"}
{"text": "browser does not support script. skip to main content find out how we produce our information | men who have symptoms will usually begin by seeing their gp. they will examine you and ask you about your general health. the first tests for diagnosing cancer of the prostate are a digital rectal examination ( dre ) and a psa blood test. the rectum ( back passage ) is close to the prostate gland, so your doctor can feel for any abnormalities in the prostate by inserting a gloved finger into the rectum. this may be uncomfortable but should not be painful. if cancer is present in the prostate gland it may feel hard and knobbly, whereas with benign prostatic hyperplasia ( bph - see symptoms | ) it ' s usually enlarged, firm and smooth. however, often the prostate may feel normal, even when cancer cells are present. a sample of blood is taken to check for psa ( prostate - specific antigen ). psa is a protein produced by the prostate and a small amount is normally found in the blood. men with cancer of the prostate tend to have more psa in their blood. however, the psa test | is not always reliable and some men who have prostate cancer will have a normal psa. the psa level can also be raised by : the psa level will also get higher as men get older. psa levels higher than this could be due to a prostate cancer and a biopsy may be recommended. men with levels of 5 ng / ml or above are usually referred for further tests |. as a general rule, the higher the level of psa the more likely it is to be cancer. in most men with advanced prostate cancer the psa level will be raised. once the cancer has been treated, the level of psa will fall. measuring psa levels can, therefore, be a helpful way of assessing the cancer and the effectiveness of treatment. the following tests can be used to help diagnose cancer of the prostate, but you may not need to have all of them. the advantages and disadvantages of each method should be explained to you before you agree to any of them. your doctor will be able to tell you how and when you will get the results. ultrasound scans use sound waves to build up a picture of part of the inside of the body. to scan the prostate gland, a small probe is passed into the back passage and an image of the prostate appears on a screen. this type of scan is used to measure the size and density of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43036345760966543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f9a67da-7e37-4441-976c-256ae9365d45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.985779"}
{"text": "a picture of part of the inside of the body. to scan the prostate gland, a small probe is passed into the back passage and an image of the prostate appears on a screen. this type of scan is used to measure the size and density of the prostate. a sample of cells ( biopsy ) can be taken at the same time for examination under the microscope by a pathologist ( see below ). the scan may be uncomfortable but it only takes a few minutes. if the initial tests ( rectal examination, psa or ultrasound ) show that there is a possibility of cancer, you may be offered a biopsy, in which several samples of tissue ( usually around 10 ) are taken from the prostate to be looked at under a microscope. the biopsy is normally done at the same time as the ultrasound. a needle is passed through the wall of the back passage ( rectum ) and into the prostate. this test is often uncomfortable, and can sometimes be painful. you may be given a local anaesthetic to reduce the discomfort, and antibiotics are given to reduce the risk of infection. in the 24 hours following this test it is important to drink plenty of fluids. for up to a few weeks you may notice bleeding when passing water, opening your bowels or in your semen after sex. this is quite normal. unfortunately, even if there is cancer in the prostate it may not be found by biopsy. this will happen in approximately 1 in 10 - 20 men tested ( 5 \u2013 10 % ). if a biopsy is negative it may need to be repeated ( this may detect a cancer that was missed first time ). sometimes the psa may be measured again after a few months and the biopsy repeated if the psa level starts to rise. we have information about further tests for prostate cancer |. if you have previously been diagnosed with early or locally advanced prostate cancer you may be attending the hospital or your gp for regular check - ups and blood tests. if you develop new symptoms, you will have tests | to see if the cancer has spread. these will usually include a psa test and a bone scan. other tests will depend on your symptoms. some men are found to have prostate cancer after being investigated for bone pain. if you have bone pain but no other symptoms, your gp may first arrange for you to have an x - ray or scan of the painful area. this may be an x - ray, isotope bone scan, ct scan or mri scan. if these suggest a secondary cancer in the bones |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49024727461737544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f9a67da-7e37-4441-976c-256ae9365d45>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.986826"}
{"text": "is it a recession or a contraction? confused by math? tess vigeland : so here ' s a phrase you probably heard this week : double dip. we ' re not talking ice cream cones, of course. what it refers to is the idea that instead of coming out of a recession, we are now heading back into one, a second dip in the economy. but harvard economics professor ken rogoff argues that not only are we not in a double - dip, we were never in a recession to begin with. welcome to the program. ken rogoff : thank you so much tess for having me. vigeland : let ' s talk about the difference between a recession and a cotnraciton. because this is what your article was about and i think a lot of folks would think they ' re the same thing. rogoff : well, a contraction is a much much more severe version of a recession. it ' s accompanied by a financial crash. you have a recession, they last a year, at most two years. and then, once the recovery starts, six months later, you ' re back to where you started. twelve months later, you ' re perhaps back even at trend, you ' ve made up for lost ground. vigeland : and we certainly are not at that point here. rogoff : no, no. we don ' t have to tell anyone we ' re not. but after a deep financial crisis, this doesn ' t happen. it takes years. in fact, post - world war ii, it takes four and a half years, on average, just to get back to where you started with per capita income. and unemployment can drag out for even longer than that. vigeland : so what is it that makes this a contraction? you write that it ' s really all about debt, deleveraging on a global scale, a national scale and on an individual scale, right? rogoff : well, the defining characteristic of a great contraction is the huge overhang of debt. and frankly, one of the things which has wrong - footed forecasters again and again is that they think it ' s an ordinary recession, just a bad one. the way maybe you have, instead of a flu, a bad flu. this is like a pneumonia. and not only is it more severe, but the medicine isn ' t the same. the traditional medicine for recessions doesn ' t work in quite the same way. vigeland : well, let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5375375150189303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75aa6e1b-239a-4a1e-b8f9-a68f7e66f619>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.990476"}
{"text": "a bad flu. this is like a pneumonia. and not only is it more severe, but the medicine isn ' t the same. the traditional medicine for recessions doesn ' t work in quite the same way. vigeland : well, let ' s talk then about what the appropriate medicine is. because if you take a look, for example, at the housing situation, what we ' ve had from the government was the first - time home buyer credit for a couple of years. you have had a few programs that have tried to address the foreclosure problem. what will work? and beyond housing, what else needs to happen? rogoff : well, i think housing is front and center, that ' s really the big build - up and consumer debts been on housing. we had this incredible ebullience, this huge build - up in credit that led to this panic. so i think one of the big question marks that nobody knows the answer to is how far will americans go? how far will consumers go in building up their balance sheets? and it partly depends on when consumers start to calm down and feel like they can afford to be a little bit more extended. vigeland : one of the questions that we ' ve gotten over the last couple of years from folks who do want to deleverage themselves - - a lot of people paying off credit card debt, trying to pay down mortgages - - but then at the same time, they ' re being told that if they don ' t spend money, it ' s gonna hurt the economy. how do they reconcile that? rogoff : well, i think that we need to have people get their finances in order, and that view that we ' ve gotta spend money to help out, that was the first policy approach. we just have to get a shot in the arm, it ' s gonna get running again. that was a wrong diagnosis. this isn ' t a typical recession. it ' s a great contraction, something that has a much longer time frame, slower recovery and you can ' t just wish it away. vigeland : kenneth rogoff is a professor of economics at harvard. thanks so much for coming in. rogoff : my pleasure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4863926018496517, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75aa6e1b-239a-4a1e-b8f9-a68f7e66f619>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.991325"}
{"text": "if some information is meant to be kept private, the best means is to keep it well hidden. this is not, of course, always possible. one way around this is to hide the information or message in plain sight, that is, encode it in some way so that even if it is seen, it will be unreadable. the study of such encoding processes is called cryptography4. 1. the name ` ` cryptography ' ' comes from the greek words kryptos ( o ), meaning ` ` hidden ' ' or secret, and graphia ( ), meaning writing. since ancient times, cryptography has been a part of military and governmental communications. more recently it has become part of nearly everyone ' s life because of the internet, electronic banking, and so on. the usual jargon is as follows : the message you want to hide is called the plaintext, and the act of encoding it is called encryption or enciphering. the encoded plaintext is called the crypttext or the ciphertext, and the act of decoding it is called decryption or deciphering ( or ` ` cracking the code ' ', if the decoder wasn ' t the intended reader ). usually, an encryption system ( also called a cipher ) has an auxiliary piece of information called the key needed for the encoding and decoding process. mathematically, we can represent the encryption process as apparently neutral ' s protest is thoroughly discounted and ignored. isman hard hit. blockade issue affects pretext for embargo on byproducts, ejecting suets and vegetable oils. one finds a rather different message, namely pershing sails from ny june i. steganography is often used to augment cryptography, and is also related to ` ` digital watermarking ' '. we will not be considering steganography here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6598240117733586, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0f97d53-5322-403c-9f2d-e3df500eae91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.993271"}
{"text": "- best practice in mathematics classrooms : past versus present : lisa brooks - the five proficiencies of mathematics : research into action : carolyn moore - number sense in the primary grades : cheryl wozniak - the importance of conceptual understanding in mathematics : the \" why \" and not just the \" how \" : beth minor - thinking smart about assessment : lessons from the ies practice guide \u2212 response to intervention in mathematics : dr. ben clarke - speaking from the center ring : meeting and surpassing expectations : frank albano - rti and mathematics instruction : dr. marcy stein - math is fun : problems + puzzles = meets the challenge : viken hovsepian - from high school to college and the workforce : why can ' t we all get along? : dr. james milgram we will explore best practice as it pertains to teaching mathematics. we will also discuss standards driven instruction. the focus will be on applying skills in a new way to provide meaningful experiences for our students. in this highly engaging, humorous, and interactive workshop, participants analyze the revised bloom ' s taxonomy to identify characteristics of higher order thinking questions. after evaluating student work samples, participants simulate cooperative learning activities across math strands with conceptual depth while celebrating diversity and differentiation. in the book, adding it up, published by the national research council, five mathematical proficiencies have been identified which parallel the five elements of reading. in this session, the five proficiencies which include : conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, strategic competence, adaptive reasoning, and productive disposition will be defined and demonstrated ; with participants engaging in exploring and discussing their meanings and value. additionally participants will receive a copy of the executive summary entitled : helping children learn mathematics. number sense is critical for proficiency in mathematics at the elementary level and readiness for algebra in the future. in this session, participants will explore : - number sense : what is it? why it is so important? why do we need to start in kindergarten? - easy to use activities that can be implemented in any classroom. - use of mathematical modeling, reasoning, and justification in the development of number sense. how do we help children develop a deep understanding of the math world they live in? this session will provide participants with the opportunity for hands - on engagement in understanding the development of mathematical concepts spanning the grade levels. these mathematical ideas will help children as they move from concrete representation in the real world to more abstract representation \u2212 while having fun! investigate some of the pivotal phases of understanding and how the \" same old math \" really is changing for 21st century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5615103682651902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efa3a3c5-0b62-4f5b-8007-dc61334bc604>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.998724"}
{"text": "grade levels. these mathematical ideas will help children as they move from concrete representation in the real world to more abstract representation \u2212 while having fun! investigate some of the pivotal phases of understanding and how the \" same old math \" really is changing for 21st century learners! the purpose of this session will be to cover in - depth the assessment related recommendations in the ies practice guide : assisting students struggling with mathematics : response to intervention ( rti ) for elementary and middle schools. the presentation will provide a review of the suggested practices for schools implementing rti screening and progress monitoring systems, potential roadblocks to implementation, and strategies to overcome common challenges. the systems and philosophy discussed in this session can be applied to both struggling general education students and students with learning disabilities. we ' ll discuss how empowering students by involving them in their own data collection and analysis can equip them to become personally involved in planning and executing their own intervention. learn how to show students to use inquiry to identify new skills and previously taught concepts necessary for mastery. participants see how associated data can show a positive trend when the approach is applied over multiple years and throughout the system within a school. today ' s classrooms offer many challenges due to the diversity of students ' needs. if you face similar challenges individually, school - wide or district wide, join this session for a new perspective. in this session, dr. stein will review major research findings in the area of mathematics instruction and discuss how those findings can inform instructional practice. she will provide an overview of the critical features of instructional strategies that are designed to improve the mathematics performance of academically diverse students. finally, dr. stein will discuss how to use research in the development of evaluation criteria for examining and selecting evidence - based instructional curriculum materials, including intervention programs. in this session, participants will experience unique ideas that are highly adaptable as well as fun - filled and exciting and provide access to rigor and conceptual understanding in a fun way. use them for warm - ups or during lessons to engage students. presenter will share techniques to explain concepts based on mathematical underpinnings and to use practical pedagogy that will build, strengthen, and maintain math comprehension. this session will deal with global competitiveness as it applies to students in the united states and those of other high achieving countries. it will compare the current math high school expectations and how they prepare us students for the collegiate and professional / technological standards of mathematics. the alignment of the new core mathematics standards ' alignment to these expectations will be discussed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5700814168274283, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efa3a3c5-0b62-4f5b-8007-dc61334bc604>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:35.999917"}
{"text": "warning : strftime ( ) [ function. strftime ] : it is not safe to rely on the system ' s timezone settings. you are * required * to use the date. timezone setting or the date _ default _ timezone _ set ( ) function. in case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. we selected ' america / new _ york ' for ' edt / - 4. 0 / dst ' instead in / home / medhelp / public _ html / 3rdparty / smarty / libs / smarty _ compiler. class. php on line 409 the respiratory system normal vital signs for an average : male, female, child & infant. it should also be noted that body temperature reflects that of taken orally, not rectal. one of the most important vital signs is the patient ' s blood pressure : the amount of pressure that the surging blood exerts against the arterial walls. blood pressure ( bp ) is an index of the efficiency of the complete circulatory system. the sphygmomanometer ( blood pres - sure cuff ) is the instrument used to measure blood pressure. blood pressure normally varies with the age, sex, and medical history of an individual. the usual guide for systolic pressure in the male is 100 plus the individual ' s age, up to 140 - 150 mm hg. normal diastolic pressure in the male is 66 - 90 mm hg. both the systolic and the diastolic pressures are 8 - 10 mm hg lower in the female than in the male. blood pressure is reported as systolic / diastolic as in 120 / 80 mm hg ( millimeters of mercury ) the result of contraction of the heart which forces blood through the arteries is called systolic pres - sure. the result of relaxation of the heart between contractions is called diastolic pres - sure. all patients should be taught how to take blood pressures, but many do not realize that it is not unusual for a patient ' s blood pressure to vary from 24 to 34 mm hg ( both diastolic and systolic ) between the first reading at the accident scene and the reading at the hospital emergency room. the blood pressure may actually change as a result of medication, but the problem may be the sphygmomanometer, the person taking it, or both! blood pressure readings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4990873112777322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.025392"}
{"text": "first reading at the accident scene and the reading at the hospital emergency room. the blood pressure may actually change as a result of medication, but the problem may be the sphygmomanometer, the person taking it, or both! blood pressure readings may also fluctuate from the right to the left arm for a number of reasons. record the pressure accurately so that the receiving physician can tell how much it has changed since you first saw the patient. to take a blood pressure : - fasten the cuff of the sphygmomanometer on either arm above the elbow. apply the cuff on the arm one inch above the anterior crease of the elbow with the bladder can - centered over the brachial artery, then wrap snugly. ( proper size of bp cuff is deter - mined as follows : bladder of the cuff should cover one half ( 1 / 2 ) of the arm cir - conference. if not, a larger or smaller bp cuff will need to be used. ) - now inflate the cuff rapidly with the rubber bulb while palpating the radial pulse until it cannot be felt. make a mental note of the reading ( as this may be the only bp recorded ). this is known as the pulse obliteration method. without stopping, continue to inflate the cuff to 30 mm above the level where the pulse was obliterated ( cannot be felt ). - apply the stethoscope. place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the brachial artery at the antecubital fossa ( artery on the medial anterior surface ). the diaphragm may be held with the thumb. deflate the cuff at approximately 2 mm per second ( faster if skill permits ), watching the mercury column or needle indicator drop. - record as the systolic level the point on the gauge when you hear the first pulse sounds. - continue releasing air from the bulb. re - cord the diastolic level as the last sound is heard. the point at which the pulse sounds disappear is the diastolic pressure. continue to deflate slowly for at least 10 mm. \\ note : slow pulses require slower - than - normal rates of deflation. - record the limb on which the bp was taken. record the position of the person when the bp was taken if other than supine. record the size of the cuff if other than standard. if, in an emergency situation, a bp cuff and stethoscope were not available, you could quickly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46148757952630337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.026371"}
{"text": "record the position of the person when the bp was taken if other than supine. record the size of the cuff if other than standard. if, in an emergency situation, a bp cuff and stethoscope were not available, you could quickly establish an idea of the approximate blood pressure by palpating the different pulses and using the following rule of thumb : if the radial pulse is palpable, the blood pressure is at least 80 systolic. if the brachial pulse is palpable, the blood pressure is at least 70 systolic. if the femoral pulse is palpable, the blood pressure is at least 60 systolic. if the carotid pulse is palpable, the blood pressure is at least 50 systolic. to assess a patient ' s pulse, you can auscultate at the heart ' s apex with a stethoscope or palpate a peripheral pulse with your fingers. although either method can determine heart rate [ beats per minute ], auscultation proves superior for assessing heart rhythm ( regularity ). you can palpate or auscultate the pulse in various locations. [ for an illustration of these locations, see locating pulse sites ]. typically, you assess the radial pulse because of its easy accessibility. to do this, palpate the radial artery with the pads of your index and middle fingers for 60 seconds while compressing the artery gently against the radial bone. don ' t use your thumb because it has a pulse of its own that you could confuse with the patient ' s pulse. although some practitioners count the pulse for 15 seconds and multiply by 4, avoid this practice, especially if the patient doesn ' t have a normal heart rate and rhythm. if you have trouble distinguishing a faint peripheral pulse from your own pulse, check another site. amplitude and rhythm as you obtain the pulse rate, also assess pulse amplitude and rhythm. document pulse amplitude ( which reflects the strength of left ventricular contractions ) by using a numerical scale or a descriptive term. different health care facilities may use numerical scales that differ slightly. if you use a numerical scale, make sure it corresponds to the one used in your facility or by your colleagues. the scale below, along with the corresponding descriptions of pulse amplitude, is among the most commonly used. remember, only + 2 describes a normal pulse. - + 3 = bounding - readily palpable, forceful, not easily obliterated by finger - pressure - + 2 = normal - easily pal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4626006882374685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.027405"}
{"text": "amplitude, is among the most commonly used. remember, only + 2 describes a normal pulse. - + 3 = bounding - readily palpable, forceful, not easily obliterated by finger - pressure - + 2 = normal - easily palpable and obliterated only by strong finger - pressure - + 1 = weak or thready, hard to feel and easily obliterated by slight finger - pressure - o = absent - not discernible when you assess pulse rhythm, you evaluate the regularity of the electrical conduction of the heart. check the rhythm as you count the pulse rate for 60 seconds. normally, rhythm should be regular, with roughly the same interval between pulsations. if you detect an irregular rhythm, describe its pattern. also auscultate the apical area and palpate the radial area simultaneously to identify a potential pulse deficit [ difference between the two pulse rates ]. a pulse deficit occurs when a premature heartbeat can ' t produce the wave of blood needed to fill the arteries - thus, peripheral radial artery pressure is too low to palpate every heartbeat. to calculate a pulse deficit, have another nurse record one pulse rate while you. respiration. when assessing respiration, focus on the rate, depth, and rhythm of each breath. to determine the respiratory rate, count the number of respirations for 60 seconds. ( one respiration consists of an inspiration and an expiration. ) do this as unobtrusively as possible - a patient who knows that you ' re counting respirations may inadvertently alter the rate. in one unobtrusive method, hold the patient ' s wrist against his chest or abdomen as if checking the pulse rate. if respirations are too shallow to see a rise and fall of the chest wall, hold the back of your hand next to the patient ' s nose and mouth to feel expirations. to estimate respiratory depth, observe the chest as it rises and falls, and assess the effort required to breathe. respirations should be quiet and easy. note any abnormal breath sounds, such as wheezing. describe respirations as shallow, moderate, or deep. as you assess the respiratory rate and depth, note the respiratory rhythm, or pattern. irregular rhythms in children or adults, such as blot ' s or cheyne - stokes respirations, commonly result from neurologic disorders. the first step of basic life support is to : actually determine whether the patient is breathing on his own. in some cases this will be evident", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5096176743282159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.028435"}
{"text": "as blot ' s or cheyne - stokes respirations, commonly result from neurologic disorders. the first step of basic life support is to : actually determine whether the patient is breathing on his own. in some cases this will be evident, such as when a patient is gasping. at other times, you will need to carefully assess the patient ' s condition. to quickly determine whether the patient is breathing, follow these steps : - find out if the patient is conscious. gently try to arouse him by shaking his shoulder, leg, or foot. speak loudly to him. if he does not respond, lightly scratch the palm of his hand with a pin or needle, or rub his sternum with your knuckles. if he does not respond to pain, he is unconscious. - position the patient on his back. do this only if cervical or spinal injury can be ruled out and if the patient is not already lying on his back. if you suspect spinal injury, determine respirations and heartbeat if possible, then find help and roll the patient as a unit ( head and neck in alignment ) onto his back. - open the airway. head tilt this is the most important step in opening the airway. place the palm of one hand on the patient ' s forehead. apply firm, backward pressure, tipping the patient ' s head backward as far as possible. additional assistance is gained by using either the neck lift or chin lift, performed with the other hand. it has been known for twenty years that head tilt - chin lift offers a better opening of the airway than head tilt - neck lift. the american heart association has not emphasized this for fear of confusing the issue. the 1979 national conference on cpr recognized that the chin lift is superior in some ways and may eventually supersede the neck lift ; however, the proven efficacy of the head tilt - chin lift and worldwide acceptance of this sequence was also appreciated. it was recommended that : - the two techniques be accepted as alternatives - chin lift be emphasized as having certain advantages that may eventually make it the approach of choice ; have had a previous episode of pulmonary embolism with the answers to these questions, you should obtain a general idea of the patient ' s problem. the physical assessment will enable you to check your hypotheses and gain further information. by the time you complete the history, you will already have some important information about the patient ' s physical signs. did he appear anxious, uncomfortable, in distress! did his dyspnea cause him difficulty in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4879062124015051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.029585"}
{"text": "and hands grasping at the throat & neck ( classic ) cricothyrotomy consists of the insertion of a knife through the cricothyroid membrane. a horizontal incision of less than one - half inch is usually performed. the handle of the knife is inserted into the incision and rotated 90 \" to maintain the patency of the opening, but it is usually necessary to insert a tubular device such as a small leg, 4 mm internal diameter ) endotracheal tube or metal cannula. this may be attached to a bag - valve or other such device for providing positive - pressure ventilation with high oxygen concentrations. this should only be performed by a trained & qualified person. remember to call 911 remember! brain death can occur after only 4 minutes. medical & trauma common poisonous plants if you should come in contact with these plants : wash with soap and water being careful not to spread the affected area to the eyes or face, or any other part of your body. wash your clothes thoroughly. appearance of plant : slightly glossy green leaves, growing in groups of three ; flowers and berries, when present, are greenish - white ; grows as either a trailing vine or erect shrub ; most common in eastern and central united states. symptoms of reaction : initial redness of affected area, followed by development of bumps and blisters ; oozing lesions appear and crust over ; severe itching accompanies symptoms ; symptoms appear anywhere from four to seventy - two hours after exposure and are usually self - limiting. emergency care : wash skin and clothing with soap and water, making sure all sap is removed ; wipe skin with solution of 70 percent alcohol ; in self - care use wet compresses of cold water, boric acid, or liquid aluminum acetate to relieve inflammation while lesions are oozing ; use calamine location to relieve itching ; obtain allergy shots if you are in constant contact with plants or if symptoms are severe. appearance ofplant : green leaves, slightly glossy, shaped like oak leaves ; plant usually grows in shrub like clusters ; found on west coast of the north american continent. symptoms of reaction : same as for poison ivy. emergency care : same as for poison ivy. appearance of plant : found chiefly in uninhabited areas, such as swamps and damp mountain terrain ; leaves grow singly, and are veined ; berries are green and drooping ( harmless sumac have erect, red berries ) ; grows as a tree, achieving heights of five to six feet. symptoms of reaction : same as for poison ivy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4967787436733623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.032821"}
{"text": "; leaves grow singly, and are veined ; berries are green and drooping ( harmless sumac have erect, red berries ) ; grows as a tree, achieving heights of five to six feet. symptoms of reaction : same as for poison ivy. emergency care : same as for poison ivy. potentially poisonous insects all insects below, including bees and wasps, can cause a severe allergic reaction ( anaphylactic shock ) in some people if bitten or stung. if you start to feel an allergic reaction coming on, call 911 immediately. symptoms of anaphylactic shock : severe itching, redness or blotching of the skin, breathing problems, a choking sensation in your throat, light - headiness, swelling of the hands, face and extremities, nausea and vomiting, and in some cases a feeling of impending doom. patients susceptible to bee stings and or have had anaphylactic shock in the past, should carry a bee sting kit. the kit contains a syringe filled with epinephrine 1 : 1000 and usually a tablet of some sort of antihistamine. contact your doctor to get a prescription for one if you think you are susceptible. ticks are small arthropods belonging to the spider class ( arachnids ) that feed on blood and transmit diseases, such as lyme disease, tularemia, and rocky mountain spotted fever, through their bites. the prolonged bite of a certain female tick can cause ascending paralysis, a condition in which a toxin in the tick ' s saliva affects the motor neurons. the paralysis usually begins in the legs, which is usually the site of the bite. in severe cases, this can lead to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and can be fatal. ticks are found in grass and weeds and attach themselves to the exposed skin of the host. as the female tick engorges herself with blood, she swells and turns red or purple in color. the male tick generally remains unchanged. there are two categories of ticks : hard ticks and soft ticks. hard ticks have a hard shield on their back and may attach themselves to the host for days. soft ticks are nocturnal and attach themselves to the host for short periods of time. ticks should be encouraged to drop off by placing a drop of alcohol or ether on the tick or coating it with petroleum or nail polish. if a tick is pulled off forcibly, its mouthparts may be left behind and cause infection. lice are small insects, about 1 / 8th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4457499179133303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.034000"}
{"text": "off by placing a drop of alcohol or ether on the tick or coating it with petroleum or nail polish. if a tick is pulled off forcibly, its mouthparts may be left behind and cause infection. lice are small insects, about 1 / 8th of an inch ( 3 mm ) in length, that feed on blood. three species of lice affect humans : pediculosis humanus capitis ( head lice ), pediculosis humanus corpus ( body lice ), and phthirus pubis ( pubic lice, commonly known as crabs ). lice cause dermatitis ( severe skin irritation and inflammation ) and, in some cases, transmit disease. the microorganisms that cause typhus, lapsing fever, and trench fever are transmitted to human hosts through the saliva of the lice. the pediculosis capitis lice infest and feed on blood from the scalp. they infest people of all social classes. the lice are transferred form person to person through contact with infested hair or use of a comb, towel, hats, and hair ornaments of an infected person. the bites cause severe itching and scratching can lead to a secondary infection. the adult lice live for several weeks. the adult females lay eggs, called nits, that are firmly attached to the shaft of the hair. the eggs hatch in about two weeks. head lice can be treated with lotions or shampoos containing malathion or carbaryl, which kill the lice and nits ( eggs ). the dead lice and nits must be removed with a special comb. the pediculosis corpus lice infest the entire body. they infest people who do not change and launder their clothes regularly and do not practice good hygiene. when the lice feed on the blood of the host, they leave small red marks that itch. scratching may lead to a secondary bacterial infection. body lice often transmit epidemic diseases. the lice are transferred from person to person through infested clothing or bedding. the lice live in the seams. proper hygienic practices and laundering clothes with very hot water ( 140 degrees fahrenheit - 60 degrees celsius ) will kill the lice, although the nits remain viable for as long as a month. they hatch when they come into contact with body heat. body lice can be treated with lotions containing malathion or carbaryl, which kill the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48635296221467406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.034903"}
{"text": "kill the lice, although the nits remain viable for as long as a month. they hatch when they come into contact with body heat. body lice can be treated with lotions containing malathion or carbaryl, which kill the lice and their nits ( eggs ). the dead lice and nits must be removed with a special comb. the phthirus pubis lice infest the area of the genitals causing severe irritation. they are passed from person to person through sexual contact or from infested clothing and linen. this form of lice is often referred to as crabs because of their crab - like claws. pubic lice can be treated with lotions or shampoos containing malathion or carbaryl, which kill the lice and nits ( eggs ). the dead lice and nits must be removed with a special comb. prolonged use of these chemicals, however, can cause irritation to these sensitive areas of skin. an infested person ' s sexual partner should also be treated. after consulting with your doctor or pharmacist for the best treatment plan, remember to use the delousing agents exactly as directed. the usual steps are : thoroughly scrub the infected area ; apply the medication and leave it on for the recommended amount of time ; rinse the area to remove the medicine ; when the hair is dry comb out the nits with a nit comb ; and repeat the treatment in another week to kill any newly hatched eggs that survived. it is important to consult your physician or pharmacist before using any over - the - counter drugs or treatments. they will be able to advise you on proper usage and can warn you of possible side effects and contraindications. chiggers, also called harvest mites or red mites, are the larvae of trombicula mites and are found among the grass and weeds. mites are arachnids, small eight - legged animals. they are less than 1 / 20 of an inch ( 1. 2 mm ) long. mites attach themselves to exposed parts of the skin of the host and feed on the blood. the mouthparts are specially adapted for piercing the skin. when they bite, they promote an allergic reaction that causes a swelling about a half - inch in diameter that itches. the swelling may develop into a blister. chiggers stick to the skin and cause irritation and severe itching. fleas are small insects, only about 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42440896111818305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.035888"}
{"text": "reaction that causes a swelling about a half - inch in diameter that itches. the swelling may develop into a blister. chiggers stick to the skin and cause irritation and severe itching. fleas are small insects, only about 0. 1 inches in length. they are of the order siphonaptera and feed solely on the blood of mammals and birds. more than two hundred different species of fleas can be found in the united states. fleas cause irritation to the skin through their bite. they have specially adapted mouths to puncture the skin of the host and feed on the blood. the bites cause temporary pain and itching, although some people have a severe allergic reaction to them. flea bites are characterized by a rash or small red blotches and bumps at the site of the bites. scratching the rash can lead to secondary bacterial infection. in some instances, fleas transmit disease, such as bubonic plague, and murine typhus, through their bites. the virus that causes bubonic plague is carried by rats and transmitted to humans by fleas, specifically the xenopsylla cheopis flea. the bubonic plague killed millions of people during the middle ages. advancements in sanitation methods, pest control, and better public hygiene practices have reduced the episodes of plague caused by fleas. the flea pulex irritans is a species of fleas parasitic on the skin of humans. it is a host to the larval stage of dipylidium caninum, a species of tapeworm found primarily in dogs. the larva and, thus, the tapeworm is passed on to humans by the fleas. the flea ingests the larvae by feeding on the blood of an infected dog. the larvae are passed to the human host through the saliva of the flea when it bites the new host. the larvae enter the bloodstream of the human host and travel to the lungs. they then ascend the respiratory tract to the mouth where they are swallowed. the larvae mature in the intestine and compete with the host for nutrients. the adult female deposits eggs in the intestine. the eggs are excreted with feces, although some enter the bloodstream and begin the cycle again. other insects shown above ( such as the black widow spider ) can cause you to become very sick, and with the brown recluse spider, a very dangerous ulceration can occur. seek medical attention as soon as possible! deer tick ' s can carry lyme disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4518731355804736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.037718"}
{"text": "such as the black widow spider ) can cause you to become very sick, and with the brown recluse spider, a very dangerous ulceration can occur. seek medical attention as soon as possible! deer tick ' s can carry lyme disease. have your doctor check you for lyme disease if you have been bitten by a tick. for poisonous bites or stings, a constrictive band can be placed apx 2 inches above the bite making sure that it is tight enough to only limit venous blood flow. you can check this by making sure that you can place your pinky finger snugly under the constricting band. if you can not slide your finger under! the band is to tight. a constricting band can be made from a piece of string or clothing material. remember do not use a tourniquet. first - degree burns are caused by a flash, a flame, or the sun. they are the most common and the most minor of all burns. the skin surface is dry ; no blisters or swelling occur. the skin is reddened and extremely painful, but the epidermal layer is the only one affected. first - degree burns heal in two to five days with no scarring. peeling of the outer epidermal layer usually occurs, and some temporary discoloration may result. second - degree burns result from contact with hot liquids or solids, flash or fame contact with clothing, direct fame from fires, and contact with chemical substances. the skin appears moist and mottled, and it ranges in color from white to cherry red. the burned area is extremely painful. the epidermis and dermal layers of skin are usually burned, and damage may result to some fat domes of the subcutaneous ( fatty tissue lust under the skin ) layer. second - degree burns are considered minor if they involve less than 15 percent of the body surface in adults and less than 10 percent in children. fifteen to 30 percent of adult body surface and 10 to 20 percent of a child ' s body surface indicates a moderate second degree burn. the burn is also considered moderate if it involves the face, hands, feet, or genital area. a second - degree burn is considered critical if it involves more than 30 percent of the total body surface in an adult and 20 percent in a child. healing of a minor second - degree burn usually requires five to twenty - one days. if infection occurs, healing time is extended to over thirty - five days, and the burn is con -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46108176274468426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.039009"}
{"text": "body surface in an adult and 20 percent in a child. healing of a minor second - degree burn usually requires five to twenty - one days. if infection occurs, healing time is extended to over thirty - five days, and the burn is con - sidered third - degree. third - degree, or full - thickness burns, are the most serious, resulting from contact with hot liquids or solids, flame, chemicals, or electricity. the skin becomes dry and leathery ; charred blood vessels are often visible. the skin is a mixture of colors : white ( waxy - pearly ), dark ( khaki - mahogany ), and charred. the patient feels little or no pain, because the nerve endings have been destroyed. hair pulls out easily with no pain. the burn extends through all dermal layers and can involve subcutaneous layers, muscles, organs, and bone. third - degree burns are considered minor if they occur on less than 2 percent of the body surface. moderate burns involve 2 to 10 per - cent of the body surface. third - degree burns are classified as critical if they occur on more than 10 percent of the total body surface, if there is any involvement of the face, hands, feet, or genital area, or if the burns are caused by chemicals or electricity. third - degree burns that cover large areas usually require skin grafting and take months or years to heal completely ; small areas require weeks. - do not put anything on the burn. tell the caller that under no circumstance should grease, oil, ointment, butter, or any other substance be applied to the burn. - remove all clothing and jewelry from the burned area. instruct the caller not to pull off any item that is sticking to the skin but to remove any clothing or jewelry that might be dangerous if swelling should occur. also make sure that any jewelry that might conduct heat is removed promptly. - immediately immerse the burned area in cool water. in addition to providing pain relief, cool water can stop the spread of the heat damage to surrounding tissues. make sure that the patient does not get immersed in ice water - - the rapid temperature extreme can cause severe complications. direct application of ice to the burn can cause frostbite and complicate the severity of the burn. tell the caller to halt the application of cool water after thirty minutes. further treatment by immersion is ineffective and may actually lead to complications, such as causing a chill that may induce shock. - leave the burn uncovered if possible. stress that the burn will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4617656715504127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.040353"}
{"text": "tell the caller to halt the application of cool water after thirty minutes. further treatment by immersion is ineffective and may actually lead to complications, such as causing a chill that may induce shock. - leave the burn uncovered if possible. stress that the burn will heal more rapidly and more completely if it is not covered. if a dressing is necessary, tell the caller to apply only a clean ( sterile if possible ) cloth and to leave it as loose as possible. applying constricting bandages will further damage the burned area and may even tear burned skin loose from the body. - give the patient emergency care for shock. even if the patient manifests no signs and symptoms of shock, have him lie down, drink fluids, and stay warm. such a course of action may prevent any shock that may occur after the burn incident. if the burn is not severe enough to require medical attention or hospitalization, make sure that the patient receives the best care possible, and instruct the caller to consult his physician if any complications occur. if the burn is severe enough to require hospitalization or close medical attention or even if you think that it might require such care, get the patient to the hospital as quickly as possible. latest article : optic nerve all vision relies on the optic nerve and its ability to relay the images our eyes detect to our brains for processing. there are twelve paired nerves that relay information from the body to the brain and the optic nerve is the second pair of this twelve. thus, it is frequently referred to as cranial nerve ii. the optic nerve is a part of the body ' s central nervous system. as...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45397836826495375, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:021cb047-9e68-4422-80c1-e3c5fa146d19>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.041003"}
{"text": "medieval london guilds interesting history, facts and information about the life of the people who lived in england during the medieval times medieval london guilds london was the biggest and most important city during the medieval times and era. the medieval london guilds played a major role in the lives of the people in the city. the members of the medieval guilds became powerful. the guilds controlled the way in which trade was conducted in the town. the members of the guilds also became involved with civic duties and were appointed to important and influential positions in the community. the chief spokesman of the guilds became the mayor of london the leading delegates of the guilds became the aldermen of london the other members of the guilds became the burghers of london the guilds effectively ran the city and controlled commerce. each guild had its own hall and their own coat of arms, but there was also the guildhall ( 1411 - 1440 ) where representatives of all the various london guilds met together. the word \u201c guild \u201d derives from the saxon \u201c gilden \u201d meaning \" to pay \" and refers to the subscription paid to the guilds by their members. other words associated with the term guild include association, society, brotherhood, company, fellowship, fraternity and livery. medieval craft guilds medieval merchant guilds names of medieval london guilds the list of names of medieval london guilds provides an insight in the many jobs and occupations which were available to the people of london during the medieval times and era. the names of some of the medieval london guilds included the following : armourers & brasiers ( armour - makers and workers in brass ) barbers ( also surgeons and dentists ) bowyers ( longbow makers ) chandlers ( candle makers ) cordwainers ( workers in fine leather ) curriers ( dressers of tanned leather ) farriers ( shoers of horses ) fletchers ( arrow makers ) girdlers ( girdles and belts as clothing ) loriners ( stirrups and other harness for horses ) mercers ( general merchants ) pattenmakers ( makers of wooden clog - style footwear ) scriveners ( writers of court letters and legal documents ) tallow chandlers ( candle makers ) wax chandlers ( candle makers ) woolmen ( winders and packers of wool ) it is interesting to note that many of the streets in london were named after the particular trade which practiced there. these names have survived to the modern day and include names such as bread street, mlk street, pudding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4173435363073506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f39983e-e168-4f06-bb3e-f90b1a4785f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.049446"}
{"text": "winders and packers of wool ) it is interesting to note that many of the streets in london were named after the particular trade which practiced there. these names have survived to the modern day and include names such as bread street, mlk street, pudding lane and threadneedle street. the major towns of medieval england had a guildhall. a guildhall is a building historically used by guilds for meetings. a deed of 1369 refers to the \" gildaule \", and a charter of 1439 states that \" pleas happening in the said borough... shall be pleaded and holden in the guildhall there, before the mayor and bailiffs for the time being \". the name for guildhall occurs in early records as \" gialle, \" \" gihalle, \" \" guyhalle, \" \" gihale, \" \" guihalle, \" \" gyhale, \" \" gilda aula, \" \" gildaula, \" \" gyhalda, \" and \" gildaule \" and is derived from \" gild \" meaning payment or \" gildan \" meaning to pay. the guildhall would be the appointed place where the burgesses would \" yield \" or pay their taxes, hence another name for guildhall - \" yeldehall \". the purpose of the guildhall building was to conduct the commercial business of the guilds. it was also used for the civic and administrative duties of the guilds and its members including the mayor who also held the post of chief magistrate in the later period of the middle ages. the great hall of the london guildhall was second in size only to that of the king ' s hall at westminster. the mayor of london even sat on a dais as the king did in his hall. medieval london guilds - ceremonial livery the medieval guilds of london had their own ceremonial livery. the formal name for the london guilds are livery companies. this referred to the elegant apparel, called livery, that medieval london guild members wore on special and ceremonial occasions. the livery clothing was adopted by the medieval london guilds in the reign of king edward iii ( 1312 - 1377 ). the clothes, or livery, worn by the guild merchants were extremely important as they identified the merchants with a specific guild and distinguished their members from one another. the guild merchants wore their livery when they marched in parades and processions and attended ceremonies and other royal gatherings during the medieval times and era. women and medieval guilds there were women in medieval guilds. a law called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4640181707291494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f39983e-e168-4f06-bb3e-f90b1a4785f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.050686"}
{"text": "their members from one another. the guild merchants wore their livery when they marched in parades and processions and attended ceremonies and other royal gatherings during the medieval times and era. women and medieval guilds there were women in medieval guilds. a law called ' femme sole ' allowed women to trade in their own right in the case of a widow continuing her husband ' s craft. the whole family were involved in the craft guilds helping the craft guild member who was the head of the family. a wife, daughter or son would work accordingly in the trade of the family. women were therefore able to take over the trade upon the death of a husband. medieval london guilds - candle making guilds / soapmakers guilds candle makers were called chandlers in the medieval times of the middle ages. there were two types of candle making guilds - the wax candle makers and the tallow candle makers. the tallow candle makers were made with animal fat and therefore closely associated with butchers or skinners. the tallow candle makers also became soapmakers, although it is unclear whether there was a seperate medieval ages soapmakers guild. the tallow candles were much cheaper, leading to chandlers laws being passed regulating the percentage of a candle which could be tallow. rich people used the wax candles and poor people used the tallow candles. the wax candle makers, made predominantly from beeswax, were often quite wealthy due to the constant demand for their product. the church was one of their best customers. the incidence of widows taking over the family business and access to the candle making guilds was high due to the profits made in such a business. medieval london guilds the medieval times website provides interesting facts, history and information about these great people and important historical events which scatter the medieval history books including medieval london guilds. the medieval times sitemap provides full details of all of the information and facts about the fascinating subject of the lives of the people who lived during the historical period of the middle ages. the content of this article on medieval life and times provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework for history courses and history coursework.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4130526851950881, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f39983e-e168-4f06-bb3e-f90b1a4785f7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.051664"}
{"text": "atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, non - contagious, chronic skin disorder that involves scaly and itchy rashes. is also called eczema, dermatitis or word \u2018 dermatitis \u2019 means inflammation of the skin and \u2018 atopic \u2019 refers to diseases that are hereditary and often occur together. people with atopic dermatitis often have a family history of asthma, hay fever or eczema. atopic dermatitis is very common in all parts of the world. the disease can occur at any age but most often affects infants and small children. it may start as early as age 2 - 6 months, but many people outgrow it by early adulthood. it is also known as infantile eczema, when it occurs in people living in urban areas and in climates with low humidity are at an increased risk for developing atopic dermatitis. cause of atopic dermatitis is not well understood. hypersensitivity reaction in the skin may cause atopic dermatitis. is characterized by inflammation, itching and scaling of the skin. atopic dermatitis is often referred to as the \u2018 itch that rashes \u2019 because the itching starts first, and the skin rash appears follows due to the scratching. dermatitis responds well to home. proper skin care reduces the need for medicines. topical creams and oral antihistamines can be used to suppress the symptoms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4547467016710182, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e44736d-a77c-4e8c-93bb-41edbf2a7fd9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.053028"}
{"text": "[ < gallery home | latest images | top 100 | submit picture > ] < < previous picture | next picture > > | scilly / lyonesse | [ 720 x 536 jpg ] unless otherwise stated, this image is the copyright of the submitter. contact them for permission to reproduce it. more than 500 neolithic and bronze age sites have been excavated in the isles of scilly. with another 30 or so only accessible at the lowest tides, how many more are permanently submerged? once a single island ( with the exception of agnes and annet ) did the inundation of scilly give rise to the legend of lyonesse? the isles of scilly were formerly one island and many archaeological sites now lie beneath the sea. excavations have only been possible at the lowest tides and there are certain to be more sites permanently under water ( there are more than 500 sites above the high water line ). normally submerged sites that have been excavated include : 10 hut circles, 7 cists and graves, 4 field wall enclosures and 12 other occupational sites and partial exposures in eroding cliffs. there is a persistent legend that the lost land of lyonesse once stretched from scilly to land ' s end. this realm was said to be the home of tristan who went on to woo iseult etc. the capital of lyonesse was the city of lions and was built around the hill which is now the treacherous reef of the seven stones. one night a huge wave ( tsunami? ) swept over lyonesse and only one man escaped. this was trevilian who galloped ahead of the flood on a white horse and survived to found the cornish trevelyan family. there are many field walls and hut circles to be seen at the lowest tide when it is possible to walk from samson to bryher and from bryher to tresco. in roman times, all of the islands were one ( variously referred to as sylina insula and siluram insulam - singular, not plural ie the scilly island ) with the exception of st agnes and annet. this has given rise to the legend that scilly is a remnant of the lost land of lyonesse. the legend further relates that the rest of lyonesse lies beneath the sea between scilly and lands end and over towards the lizard. there really is a submerged forest in mount ' s bay and fishermen have reported seeing the tops of houses near the longships lighthouse. the legend is further related in cheryl straffon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3835160423721906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5241674a-ac77-4eb6-9c07-c5fa22793e06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.057969"}
{"text": "between scilly and lands end and over towards the lizard. there really is a submerged forest in mount ' s bay and fishermen have reported seeing the tops of houses near the longships lighthouse. the legend is further related in cheryl straffon ' s excellent guide to ancient sites on the isles of scilly ( meyn mamvro ). whatever else may lie beneath the waves, there are the remains of hundreds of shipwrecks awaiting the marine archaeolgist. | love the scillies my spiritual home the land of the blessed worked there several years in the 60s and tripped on bants carn and innisigen burial chambers in the old days was 1 island for sure always been a spiritual place but now icecaps are melting the sea levels are rising take to the high ground remember atlantis and noahs flood keep the faith | | tony roth | | similar stories about the maya in the yucatan. the faith is kept. | | john hext - fremlin | | i am looking for http : / / consciousevolution. com / rennes / arthurchapter5. htm ; please find this page as soon as you can as i am interested in it and if you can ' t then why has the page been removed? firstname. lastname @ example. org | | this fantastic pic was only rated ' 5. 74 ', and i tried to change it to ' 10 ', but it only went up to ' 6. 01 '.. why should that be? is it because, once rated, that rate cannot be altered without a false ( lower ) result appearing? | | nope - it ' s the average rating - of 15 votes the average is now 6. 1. if you keep coming back to a pic, once each day, you can up or down its rating if you choose! | | very good. this photo is difficult to take because of the light level. and also if you waited a few more minutes it would be completely dark. | | exceptional depth to the cloudscape and the dark exposure, is very good, to enhance the wonderful, neolithic atmosphere of your piece, thorgrim. excellent and informative descriptons ( which you sometimes don ' t get on photos ). i ' ve also given this the maximum points. | to post comments first you must register! megalithic portal egallery, images of megaliths and prehistoric sites worldwide, free to view.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4073172233602834, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5241674a-ac77-4eb6-9c07-c5fa22793e06>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.058942"}
{"text": "any natural deposit forming a part of the earth ' s crust, whether consolidated or not, including sand, earth, clay, etc., when in natural beds. a naturally formed substance consisting of one or more minerals. solid piece of geological material. may be a mineral or a gem or a leaverite. an aggregate of one or more minerals that forms an appreciable part of the lithosphere. any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of earth ' s crust. see igneous rock, metamorphic rock, mineral, sedimentary rock. a well - consolidated or lithified assemblage of grains of one or more minerals. rocks are formed through igneous including hydrothermal, sedimentary, or metamorphic processes. a combination of mineral matter of various compositions a hard mass consisting of minerals. ( 4 ) naturally formed, solid mass of one or more minerals, amorphous inorganic matter or organic matter. see also lithify. material made of an aggregate of minerals formed from solidified magma ( igneous rock ), by the recrystallization of pre - existing rocks ( metamorphic rock ) or from accumulations of mineral, rock or fossiliferous fragments or chemical elements ( sedimentary rock ). a consolidated aggregate, naturally occurring, of mineral grains consisting of one or more mineral species ( minerals and / or mineraloids ) and having some degree of chemical and mineralogic constancy. rocks are classified by mineral and chemical composition ; the texture of the constituent particles ; and also by the processes that formed them. popular a rock is an aggregate of minerals, sometimes together with non - crystalline ( i. e., non - mineral ) natural materials. a naturally formed material composed of one or more minerals. a naturally formed aggregate of an indefinite mixture of naturally occurring substances, mainly minerals. its composition may vary in containment of minerals and organic substances, and are never exact. a rock is a solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals or mineral - like materials ( such as volcanic glass ). a naturally formed aggregate of usually inorganic materials from within the earth. natural collection of minerals in the solid state ; usually hard and consisting of one, two, or more mineral varieties a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter ; \" he threw a rock at me \" a gift from nature, not a man - made creation a material made of one or more minerals a mineral, or aggregate of minerals, that forms an essential part of the earth ' s crust a mineral or mixture of minerals a mineral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5848160830160228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39f9d228-9acf-4c1a-9c04-ddb396030dbe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.069589"}
{"text": "rock at me \" a gift from nature, not a man - made creation a material made of one or more minerals a mineral, or aggregate of minerals, that forms an essential part of the earth ' s crust a mineral or mixture of minerals a mineral which has undergone extreme weathering and become very hard and compacted an aggregate ( a combination ) of one or more minerals an assemblage of minerals a natural aggregate of different or the same minerals a naturally formed combination of two or more minerals, either consolidated or not ( except soil ), with some degree of mineralogical consistency a naturally formed solid material that makes up the earth ' s crust a solid, cohesive, aggregate or one or more minerals a solid, solid matter can be picked up and carried around without having to place it in a special container a solid thing, at least on our time scale any naturally formed aggregate of one or more minerals, such as granite, shale, or marble. rocks are made of different kinds of minerals, or broken pieces of crystals, or broken pieces of rocks. some rocks are made of the shells of once - living animals, or of compressed pieces of plants. rocks are divided into three basic types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, depending upon how they were formed. more details... a naturally occurring mineral substance cohesively bound by chemical bonds and forming the basic structure of the earth ' s crust. a relatively hard substance, naturally formed from minerals or petrified matter ; can be grouped as one of three types - - igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary. rock is a hard natural substance made up of one or more minerals. e. g. limestone. lithified combination of one or more minerals, or lithified undifferentiated material ( e. g. obsidian ), or lithified organic matter ( e. g. coal ) natural aggregates of one or more minerals. a general term applied to the consolidated mineral materials which form the principal part of the crust of the earth an integral part of the earth ' s crust composed of an aggregate of grains of one or more minerals. ( stone is the commercial term applied to quarry products. ) consolidated or unconsolidated solid mineral matter an aggregate of interlocking or attached grains, each of which is typically composed of a single crystalline mineral. it is a term for an indefinite mixture of naturally occurring substances, mostly minerals. the composition may vary in containment of minerals and organic substances, and they are never exact. a rock is an aggregation of solid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5696074642348404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39f9d228-9acf-4c1a-9c04-ddb396030dbe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.070645"}
{"text": "is typically composed of a single crystalline mineral. it is a term for an indefinite mixture of naturally occurring substances, mostly minerals. the composition may vary in containment of minerals and organic substances, and they are never exact. a rock is an aggregation of solid matter, a random conglomerate of minerals. the earth ' s crust is made of rock. there are three types of rock : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. petrology is the scientific study of rocks. 1. geologically, any natural mass of earth material that has appreciable extent. 2. in engineering, solid natural material that requires mechanical or explosive techniques for removal. 3. in the quarry industries, the term stone is more common and means firm, coherent, relatively hard earth material. a naturally occurring material composed of one mineral or, more often, a combination of minerals naturally hardened and consolidated into a solid mass. \" a consolidated or unconsolidated aggregate of minerals or organic materials \". ( oxford dictionary of earth sciences ). rocks can be made of a single type of mineral, or more than one mineral. for example, limestone is made ( mostly ) of calcite and quartzite is made just of quartz. granite is made up of three main minerals : quartz, feldspar and mica. a solid mixture of one or more minerals description mixture of minerals rocks a combination of 2 or more minerals which have been joined either by heat, temperature, pressure, or chemical changes a solid, made of one or more minerals a solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more crystalline minerals. a coherent, naturally occurring solid, consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass. any naturally formed, solid aggregate of one or more minerals. an aggregate of minerals or organic matter, which may be consolidated or unconsolidated. a rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and / or mineraloids. the earth ' s crust ( including the lithosphere ) and mantle are formed of rock.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5854953643527819, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39f9d228-9acf-4c1a-9c04-ddb396030dbe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.071495"}
{"text": "to put or fix before, or at the beginning of, another thing ; as, to prefix a syllable to a word, or a condition to an agreement. that which is prefixed ; esp., one or more letters or syllables combined or united with the beginning of a word to modify its signification ; as, pre - in prefix, con - in conjure. an affix attached before a base word or root, as re - in reprint. see also affix. cp. suffix. a substring at the beginning of a given string. the leading digits of a telephone number. if you dial either one or a few digits before a phone number - - a prefix - - you can relay certain things to the phone company, such as needing assistance, etc. a number that subscribers must enter to send a fax to a fax endpoint several contexts, for example in phone numbers, 00, to indicate that the following digits are an international phone number. \u2030 view the first part of a pathname the name of the disk and, if you like, the name of a subdirectory. applications that ask you to type a pathname usually let you set a prefix so you don ' t have to type the complete pathname every time you want to work with a document on a particular disk or in a particular subdirectory. once the prefix is set, all you do is type the rest of the pathname. a prefix is used as the first part of certain kinds of name. a prefix is either a function call or a name. a host record field. an optional string which follows the host name in a midgard targeted url. it may be seen as a prefix to the requested page or as a suffix to the host name. different prefixes enable separate virtual hosts with the same host name and port number. item name prefixes can be used for two purposes. grouping items for validation. having more than one item on the screen with the same display name. the network - specific portion of a cidr address. the prefix identifies the network routing information, such as the network address or subnet information. an ip address and network mask a set of network addresses that a given route covers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5270913020005279, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08923084-fde5-487d-87ad-38f1bae1353d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.073989"}
{"text": "the entire last chapter was devoted to the mills of millburn because of their great importance and influence on the economic and social development of millburn of the 19th century. however, while the early 19th century captains of industry were establishing their mills and factories, the ordinary folks of the community were living out their lives ; going about their routine daily tasks ; and gradually completing the foundations of the settlement which had been begun almost one hundred years before. the mills, naturally, brought an influx of new families seeking work here, although as transportation became simpler, some of the employes commuted to their jobs from outlying towns. long before people began referring to the northern section of springfield as \" millville \" or \" milltown \", other reference names were used for it. the name \" vauxhall \" was commonly used around the time of the revolution. attention was called to its use in newspaper advertisements in a previous chapter. army reports generally meant millburn when they spoke of \" the roads to vauxhall \", in back of springfield. the name was particularly used for the building at 40 main street ( present address ) where the rev. james caldwell, set up, according to legend, his quartermaster headquarters during the war, but why, or by whom it was named it not now known. it would seem obvious that it was named by some english citizen for the famous vauxhall of london, a popular entertainment place in the 17th century, and it is possible that the vauxhall or vaux hall here, was built as a meeting place for social occasions. this opinion is, of course, only a guess at an explanation. however, the building must have been important enough for many people to know it, and use it as a point of geographical description ; such as, \" the road to the vaux hall. \" the only road running east of the present millburn center was for many years called \" vauxhall road, \" and its later extension west of the center was called \" washington avenue. \" both are now \" millburn avenue. \" another of millburn ' s ancient names was \" rum brook. \" cider was an important product of every settlement, and \" jersey lightnin ' \" the fermented form of cider, was produced in great quantities. every river had its cider presses and evidently the rahway river was no exception. sometimes, it is said, that the discarded mash, dumped into the river, could be smelled and tasted, and so \" rum brook \" was an apt designation for the village", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44891429951059053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.090206"}
{"text": "cider presses and evidently the rahway river was no exception. sometimes, it is said, that the discarded mash, dumped into the river, could be smelled and tasted, and so \" rum brook \" was an apt designation for the village on the shores of the piquant stream. in the \" budget, \" a millburn newspaper, in its issue of august 4, 1886, there appears an obituary of mrs. esther mcchesney, who had just died at the age of 91 years. the obituary reads that she was born, and resided in millburn all her life, or \" in rum brook, as it was then called. \" the name \" riverhead \" appears without explanation in some history books as an old name for millburn. this name for millburn does actually appear on a map of jefferson village ( maplewood ) made in 1815, by cyrus durand, who lived nearby, and the name is certainly understandable as a literal description of a center in 1783, and it was also a stage coach stop and important gathering place for social life and news. on may 27, 1793, the new jersey legislature set off from the townships of elizabeth and newark certain lands to be henceforth known as \" the township of springfield \" in which township, of course, millburn was included, so that at last the community had its own legal name? springfield. on april 14, 1794, its own own government was set up in the inn of abraham woolley. many old millburn names appear in the list of the first governing officials? baldwin, morehouse, denman, wade, squier, lyon, and meeker. however, no post office was established until 1801 and people were still dependent on the traveler or stagecoach driver for their mail. it was the custom for the post office at elizabeth to advertise in the new jersey journal that it was holding mail for the addresses, who could wither call for it personally, or have it picked up by an obliging friend. in 1801 the first chartered turnpike in new jersey was created, known as \" the morris turnpike. \" subscriptions were sold at the rate of $ 25. 00 a share, subscription books to receive same being kept open at private homes in morristown, newton and the home of joseph lyons in elizabeth. a deposit payment of only $ 1. 00 was required. for the first time the inhabitants and the millowners had a good road to the cities if they were willing to pay toll. of course, many circ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39346734225281643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.091205"}
{"text": "of joseph lyons in elizabeth. a deposit payment of only $ 1. 00 was required. for the first time the inhabitants and the millowners had a good road to the cities if they were willing to pay toll. of course, many circumvented the payment of toll by \" shunning the pike \" and roads to this day known as \" shunpike \" roads became very popular. one of these roads is still located south of the morris turnpike in springfield and is still called \" shunpike road \". however, the turnpike was profitable and a first dividend of 55\u00a2 a share was paid in 1807. toll gates were located on morris turnpike near the present canoe brook road, and near the corner of springfield avenue and morris turnpike. the turnpike connected springfield with elizabeth, morristowni newton, and phillipsburg and the road beyond the delaware river in pennsylvania. its principal purpose was to bring down the products of the iron mines of northern new jersey to ships in elizabeth harbor. after the morris turnpike, other turnpikes were chartered and the system of roads for which new jersey is now famous became established. the newark? springfield turnpike was cut through in 1806 and millburn avenue was extended to meet it. for other toll payments, easier access could be had to newark and adjacent towns. a toll gate was located at the present junction of millburn and springfield avenues. before springfield avenue was laid out, the quickest way to newark was down millburn avenue ( then called vauxhall road ) to \" the road through the valley \" ( ridgewood road ), and then across that road to south orange avenue where a small hamlet known as south orange was located. south orange avenue ran from ridgewood road to newark, and was the third road built by the newark settlers to the mountains ; the first being the present west market street and main street to orange, and the second, the road across to south orange avenue from main street, orange, now known as \" valley street \" in west orange, and \" ridgewood road \" in south orange. the home of joseph riggs at the northwest corner of ridgewood road and south orange avenue was the terminus for several of these roads. ridgewood road and also valley street ( maplewood ) eventually connected millburn with south orange avenue. later on, but before millburn avenue was cut through to springfield avenue, another way to newark was favored. travelers followed the path down millburn avenue to the present valley street, turned left on valley street to the present tuscan road, then right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4192612313559595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.092193"}
{"text": "later on, but before millburn avenue was cut through to springfield avenue, another way to newark was favored. travelers followed the path down millburn avenue to the present valley street, turned left on valley street to the present tuscan road, then right on tuscan road to the present apex of maplecrest park, where a small settlement known at various times as \" north farms \", \" the harbor \", \" middleville \" and \" hilton \" was located. there the travelers continued east to newark. when toll was charged for the springfield avenue pike, valley street to south orange became the shunpike of that section, and was so known for many years. people began to have a little more fun, and one reads of barn raisings, quilting bees, and even parties just for pleasure. captain joseph horton was the township poet, and was usually toastmaster at the barnraisings. food, of course, was the principal entertainment offered to guests, and captain horton, never at a loss for a poem to celebrate a momentous occasion, did not mind using his talent for criticizing food, if it did not meet with his approval. f. w. ricord in his \" history of union county \" tells that on one occasion, poet horton ' s hostess was stingy, and used rye flour, instead of white flour, so the toast went something like this : \" potpie made of rye and mutton was the meat. rough enough, and tough enough and not half enough to eat. \" his hostess ' name and reaction to the toast are not recorded. at the next party things were decidedly better, and the toastmaster responded in these words : \" potpie not made of rye but of the finest wheat, chicken all, both large and small, and fit for kings to eat. \" captain joseph horton had been a soldier in the late war, and so apparently the wrath of a neighbor - hostess had no terror for him. he lies buried among the revolutionary heroes in springfield cemetery. a reading of the newspapers of the period give other intimate glimpses into the lives of the ordinary folks of millburn. eight sheep belonging to watts reeve of vauxhall ( now the wyoming section ) strayed from his pasture, 3 of them \" hobbled \" by a leathern strap. \" jacob ogden fell overboard and drowned in ( new ) york bay, on his way to elizabeth from new york city ; napoleon ' s triumphs in europe provided stirring news, and samuel campbell lost his liver - spotted pointer dog named \" carlo \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39393488254389325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.093434"}
{"text": ". \" jacob ogden fell overboard and drowned in ( new ) york bay, on his way to elizabeth from new york city ; napoleon ' s triumphs in europe provided stirring news, and samuel campbell lost his liver - spotted pointer dog named \" carlo \" for which he offered $ 2. 00 reward. mr. campbell also advertised for a \" boy of good morales as an apprentice to learn the papermaking business \" ; and jonas wade ' s mulatto man ran away from him. mr. campbell offered more reward for carlo, than jacob ross offered for the return of his apprentice boy, 4 feet 3 inches high. the new jersey journal which was the paper usually read by the people here carried a long article condemning the reduction of our navy from 154 salis of the line in 1799, to 138 sails of the line in 1800 ; and a statement of the total receipts of the united states of america for the year ending september 30, 1800, showed that $ 15, 262, 161. 75 had been received during the year, $ 59, 050. 43 of which had come from new jersey. war with spain and england was greatly feared ; a bowlegged negro man named cuff, 22 years of age, ran away from f. delacroix of this town, and sally smith eloped from her husband in august, 1801. subscriptions to the newspapers were paid for in merchandise, and mr. kollock, the editor, pleaded with those who promised him wood in return for his paper, to please deliver it to him. two sloops to new york owned by job haines and william and elias dayton, began to make 3 or 4 weekly trips to new york ; and a wax works museum opened in elizabeth on christmas day, 1805. george washington passed through elizabeth on april 30, 1789, on his way to his inauguration in new york. crowds journeyed from all over the state to see him pass by. he was met some distance out of town by a guard of honor headed by captain wade, and escorted by captain meeker, ( both old millburn names ) to the home of elias boudinot, after which he embarked by sloop to new york city. the nicholas parcel estate sold off 30 acres of wood and timber on white oak ridge road ; the \" cordial balm of gilead \" was advertised as the \" best cure for lowness of spirits, debility, and consumption \", and if you bought a bottle you could also buy for $ 1. 00 the \" guide to health \" which contained instructions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3815936051891118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.095303"}
{"text": "balm of gilead \" was advertised as the \" best cure for lowness of spirits, debility, and consumption \", and if you bought a bottle you could also buy for $ 1. 00 the \" guide to health \" which contained instructions on \" how to care for fits, flatilence of wind, hypocondriac, juvenile indiscretions, and scurvy. \" one of the best places to buy materials entailed a short journey to north farms ( now the maplecrest section of maplewood where one could purchase \" orleans cloth, swansdown, frize, bairdseye, striped calimancoes, boiled comblets, jaconet muslin, shaloons, ratinetts, deep blue and drab broadcloth, and soal leather, all at the best prices. \" group singing was a popular pasttime, and on a shopping expedition to newark one could buy at w. & e. hill ' s, 166 broad street, sheet music for such tender and melancholy ballads as \" i ' d weep for thee \", \" oh, do not forget, love! \", \" say, my heart, whence comes this anguish \", \" o ' er the sea in my fairy baot \", \" oft in the stilly night \" or the popular glees, \" our old tom cat \", and \" corn cobs. \" on june 6, 1805, a meeting of the fourth of july celebration committee was held. aaron hand was chairman, and his committee consisted of samuel parkhurst, uzal wade, j. dean, caleb woodruff, philip denman, and captain john smith. walter smith was designated to bear the cup of liberty in the parade ; oliver wade to read the declaration of independence, and david baldwin to deliver the oration. descendants of some members of this committee are still living in millburn in 1957. on the other side of the picture, the good old days were not always so good. men, women, and children were still being sold as slaves? new jersey was one of the last states to eliminate slavery? and during these years advertisements, such as the following, were common : \" strong, handsome negro wench, 19 years old, with a beautiful female child, six months old on the bottle, very healthy... can sew, spin, had had the smallpox and measles. \" ( new jersey journal ). \" for sale, good black girl, about 20 years of age,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3923821519447605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.096217"}
{"text": "child, six months old on the bottle, very healthy... can sew, spin, had had the smallpox and measles. \" ( new jersey journal ). \" for sale, good black girl, about 20 years of age, sober, honest, healthy and active. \" ( new jersey sentinel of freedom (! ) 1815. ) and a man was advertised for sale at public auction at the court house in newark. the man was said to be in stout health, 31 years of age, understood farming, a good hostler, and an excellent waiter. the only reason to dispose of him was that he was given to \" intoxication which makes him impertinent and unruly. \" these are only three of numerous advertisements picked from the local new jersey papers of the times. hanging was still the penalty for murder in new jersey ; a sentence of 39 stripes on the bare back was inflicted by the essex county court for stealing horsehide ; and two years imprisonment was meted out for stealing a silver watch. \" agressions on our trade and commerce \" were committed by the british ; the port of new york was blockaded ; and the war of 1812 was fought and won. at least two local names appear in the list of fighting men? aaron vreeland ross and captain enos baldwin. religion began to occupy a more prominent role in people ' s lives. at the end of the revolution formal religion and attendance at services had reached a low ebb. the strong presbyterian church, whose clergy had been among the foremost patriots, had suffered severe blows. its churches were chief targets of british vengence, and many of them, such as those of springfield, elizabeth, and new brunswick, were in ruins, and their congregations disrupted and scattered. the congregations of the episcopal church which had been the established church of england, suffered through their loyalty to the crown, and all but three of their ministers had left new jersey, most of them having returned to england. however, their buildings were intact, and a reorganization gradually took place of those churches which had closed because their ministers could not in good conscience, omit the prayers prescribed for the king. the springfield presbyterian church, burned in 1780, was rebuilt in 1791. this building is the same structure which is still standing today. the rev. jacob van arsdale continued to be pastor until 1801. during this period the smaller evangelical denominations made great headway ; itinerant preachers found many adherents, and small chapels sprang up in many towns. foremost among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4209594172455311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.097170"}
{"text": "still standing today. the rev. jacob van arsdale continued to be pastor until 1801. during this period the smaller evangelical denominations made great headway ; itinerant preachers found many adherents, and small chapels sprang up in many towns. foremost among these was the baptist society. the first converts of millburn joined the lyons farms ( now weequahic section of newark ) church, but it was eventually realized that the distance was too great to be traveled constantly, and services were held in homes here, and in the section known as \" canoe brook \" now part of livingston. in an extremely rare book \" materials toward a history of the baptists in new jersey \" by morgan edwards, a copy of which was owned by dr. charles philhower of westfield, the story appears that in 1786, in the waters of \" cannue brook \" a number of converts were baptized. among them were timothy meeker, william meeker, moses edwards, and members of their families, besides members of the cory, cook, ward, and forse families. the rev. rejeune runyon was on hand to preach a sermon for the occasion, and the newly baptized converts and others, formed the congregation called \" the cannue brook baptist society. \" many millburn families belonged to this church until the millburn baptist church was formed in 1858. a sunday school, which may have been the first in new jersey, in point of continuous operation, was started in 1818 by the misses kate and elizabeth campbell, and their cousin, miss duychinck, in the wash - house of the campbell estate on brookside drive. this sunday school is said to have become immediately popular here, and was later taken over as an organization of the springfield presbyterian church. the first sunday school in the united states was started in 1791 by the quakers of philadelphia, and in new york in 1816 a women ' s society was formed for the promotion of such work. in 1815 sunday schools were started in newark and trenton, but they did not become affiliated with any church and hence passed out of existence. the american sunday school union was not founded until 1824, so that millburn ' s sunday school of 1818 was a novel and foresighted development, and actually one of the first in the entire country. one of the important events of these years was the return on september 23, 1824, of general lafayette, and his reception in elizabeth, to which every community sent representatives to take part in the parade in his honor. a description of the decorations gives some idea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4339251323562266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.099349"}
{"text": "of the important events of these years was the return on september 23, 1824, of general lafayette, and his reception in elizabeth, to which every community sent representatives to take part in the parade in his honor. a description of the decorations gives some idea of the tremendous importance of this event : \" the old state bank building on broad street ( elizabeth ) was adorned with a transparency on top of which appeared the words ' welcome lafayette ' ; underneath was a group of 24 stars representing the united states ; immediately below was an eagle which grapsed in its talons an olive branch, and a bunch of arrows. in the middle appeared ' hero of liberty 1777 '. the court house displayed a transparency which showed lafayette ' s home, ' la grange '... in front of general jonathan dayton ' s home was erected an arch... on which was inscribed ' lafayette, hero of liberty, friend of washington '... stretched across broad street from meeker ' s store to the city tavern, was another triumphal arch. another arch was erected in front of the union hotel and extended to a flag staff in the middle of broad street, opposite the court house ; and at the dinner that night 13 regular toasts and 10 volunteer toasts were offered and drunk. \" ( n. j. historical society proc. 14 p. 473 ( 1929 ). a good time seems to have been had by all. in these last two chapters we have attempted to show what the people of the future millburn were doing during the years between the end of the revolutionary war and the coming of the railroad in 1837, which was certainly the biggest thing to happen to millburn since the battle of springfield. our next chapter will deal with the building of the railroad and its impact on our history. \" maplewood past and present \" helen b. bates, ed. ( 1948 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4461723232972225, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123a2fe-24b5-4c25-a6f6-29456218ffdd>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.100205"}
{"text": "about the photographer \" suppose we took a thousand negatives and made a gigantic montage ; a myriad - faceted picture combining the elegances, the squalor, the curiosities, the monuments, the sad faces, the triumphant faces, the power, the irony, the strength, the decay, the past, the present, the future of a city \u2013 that would be my favorite picture. \" - - berenice abbott in popular photography, february 1940 returning to the united states in 1929 after eight years in europe, berenice abbott became fascinated with new york city and resolved to create an all - encompassing body of work documenting its many sides. after struggling with funding, abbott was finally granted an allowance by the works progress administration \u2019 s federal art project. with an abstracted, often graphic, grace, abbott \u2019 s photographs demonstrate the face of a city on the brink of revolutionary change. images of modern skyscrapers are juxtaposed with the makeshift shelters constructed by the homeless in central park ; for every beautiful example of architecture, there is another of human destitution. her works from this series, entitled changing new york, ( 1935 - 1939 ) were exhibited at the museum of the city in 1937. born in 1898 in springfield, ohio, berenice abbott traveled to paris in 1918 with the intention of becoming a sculptor. instead, she became man ray \u2019 s photographic assistant and by 1925 was a professional portrait photographer in her own right. known for her systematic and richly detailed photographs of new york, abbott also photographed scientific subjects for life and for three secondary school physics textbooks. abbott founded the photography program at the new school for social research ( where she taught for over twenty years ), was a prolific writer, and held four us patents for photographic and other devices. by purchasing eugene atget \u2019 s archive and essentially functioning as its curator until its sale to the museum of modern art, new york, in 1968, abbot can also be credited with preserving this important body of work. she died in 1991.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4189458089079845, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4d3a617-fed0-48fe-87af-de5dd26985b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.102290"}
{"text": "( ara ) - did your mother or grandmother tell you that your vision would improve by eating carrots? she was partially correct, in that eating fruits and vegetables can improve vision, but it \u2019 s also important to understand how the eye is affected by proper nutrition. numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that two dietary nutrients protect and enhance vision : zeaxanthin ( zee - uh - zan - thin ) and lutein. for casual and serious athletes or those who lead an active lifestyle, this information is very important because eating a diet rich in those nutrients can result in significant visual improvements. zeaxanthin and lutein are macular pigments that function like a pair of internal sunglasses to filter harmful blue light and enhance vision. thick or dense macular pigments protect the photoreceptors which are responsible for and vital to our vision. healthy macular pigment density provides a host of visual performance benefits including : * improved contrast sensitivity \u2013 for example, seeing a white golf ball or baseball against a light blue sky. * enhanced glare recovery time \u2013 recovering faster from temporary \u201c blinding \u201d caused by high intensity lighting such as automobile or stadium lights. * reduced light sensitivity and visual discomfort - experiencing less discomfort on bright sunny days or other times when exposed to bright light. * increased visual processing speed - seeing an object more clearly facilitates visual processing speed, enabling improved reaction time. so, how does one increase macular pigment density to get these benefits? one way is to add these nutrients to a diet or take them as an eye vitamin. the average u. s. daily diet doesn \u2019 t consist of an adequate quantity of fruits and vegetables necessary to achieve a proper macular pigment density in the retina. dr. stuart richer, a pioneer in ocular nutrition recommends that 50 percent of daily caloric intake should be derived from fruits and vegetables. the average american only obtains 8 to 10 percent of their daily caloric intake from these sources. because of this, zeaxanthin is scarce in the u. s. diet. to achieve an adequate daily intake of dietary zeaxanthin, one must consume a significant quantity of brightly colored fruits and vegetables. for example, one would have to eat 20 ears of corn or 10 orange bell peppers per day to obtain 8 to 10 milligrams of dietary zeaxanthin \u2013 the minimum daily intake most commonly associated with improved visual performance. since eating large quantities of fruits and vegetables is impractical for many, dietary zeaxanthin supplementation is an alternative. people who took an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49791000800367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fedf9c83-93ce-438b-bef2-80bcc7fb2ed7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.109985"}
{"text": "##s of dietary zeaxanthin \u2013 the minimum daily intake most commonly associated with improved visual performance. since eating large quantities of fruits and vegetables is impractical for many, dietary zeaxanthin supplementation is an alternative. people who took an eye vitamin containing 8 milligrams of dietary zeaxanthin daily for one year in the fda - registered clinical study, \u201c the zeaxanthin and visual function trial \u201d by richer and his colleagues improved several aspects of their visual performance including : seeing 8. 5 more letters on an eye chart, improved vision while driving, fine details more clearly, and elimination of blind spots in their visual field. dr. larry lampert, a leader in the sports vision field, emphasizes the visual performance benefits of optimal nutrition and zeaxanthin supplementation. lampert has worked with professional athletes from the pga, lpga, mlb, nfl, atp, and is one of only 450 doctors worldwide to have completed a fellowship in developmental vision. \u201c many athletes take their vision for granted, unaware that there are simple, natural ways to maintain healthy eyes and improve athletic performance, \u201d lampert says. \u201c they also need to consume certain nutrients to sustain optimal visual performance. numerous studies reveal that the key nutrient for maintaining visual performance is dietary zeaxanthin. \u201d whether you \u2019 re an athlete or someone who simply wants to improve their vision, zeaxanthin and lutein can help. eat more brightly colored fruits and vegetables regularly and take an eye vitamin like eyepromise that contains natural forms of these important ingredients at an optimal daily amount. increasing the density of macular pigments in your eyes to protect your visual cells and enhance your visual performance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.493199464892431, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fedf9c83-93ce-438b-bef2-80bcc7fb2ed7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.110730"}
{"text": "behind the buzz and beyond the hype : our nanowerk - exclusive feature articles posted : aug 25th, 2010 reinventing iron production using clean renewable energy instead of coal ( nanowerk spotlight ) along with control of fire, iron smelting is one of the founding technological pillars of civilization. industry has used the same basic process to make iron for over 3000 years. yet, it is also one of the major global sources of greenhouse gas release. iron, a basic commodity, is still produced by the greenhouse gas intensive reduction of iron oxide by carbon - coke and currently accounts for the release of one quarter of worldwide carbon dioxide emissions by industry. for instance, on average 1. 9 tonnes of carbon dioxide are emitted for every tonne of steel produced ( source ). due to a large share of coal in the energy mix of current production technology, the co2 emissions are high. through a new understanding of the chemistry of iron at high temperature, researchers have uncovered an effective new carbon - dioxide - free process to form iron. \" we have shown a novel route to generate iron metal by the electrolysis of dissolved iron oxide salts in molten carbonate electrolytes, \" stuart licht, a professor in the department of chemistry and solar institute at george washington university, explains to nanowerk. \" this process will prevent the extensive release of carbon dioxide, which currently accompanies the formation of iron metal from iron ores. \" these results come quite unexpected, due to the previously reported insolubility of iron oxide in carbonates, but licht and his team have shown that their process can easily form pure metal iron from the two prevalent iron ores, hematite and magnetite. the unexpected solubility of iron oxides in lithium carbonate electrolytes, coupled with facile charge transfer and and a sharp decrease in iron electrolysis potentials with increasing temperature, provides a new route for iron production. \" we have found that iron ore has a solubility product which is substantially larger, 1017 times ( 100, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000x ) larger than previously thought in high temperature carbonate liquids \" says licht. \" this provides an ideal medium to form iron by our new step ( solar thermal electrochemical ) energy conversion process. \" old and new iron production : comparison of the industrial production of iron ( left ) and the step carbon - dioxide - free production of iron ( right ). the new process can utilize renewable energy power to drive iron formation, and doesn ' t release carbon dioxide because it doesn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5612275289685599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12aad687-d0c3-453b-afd5-fd59312b1223>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.121025"}
{"text": "production : comparison of the industrial production of iron ( left ) and the step carbon - dioxide - free production of iron ( right ). the new process can utilize renewable energy power to drive iron formation, and doesn ' t release carbon dioxide because it doesn ' t burn coal. alternatively, the new process can also be driven by fossil fuel electrical power, which as described in the study generates less co2 than industry ' s current ( carbothermic ) process. ( image : dr. licht, george washington university ) this high temperature electrolysis requires little energy, and can be powered through conventional or renewable energy sources to reduce or completely eliminate carbon dioxide emissions. \" when powered by step, the electrolysis process is carbon dioxide free, creating no global warming gas emissions when converting the ore into metal \" says licht. \" by using both solar thermal energy and visible sunlight, the step process \u2013 diagrammed below \u2013 converts more solar energy than the best solar cells, as it uses excess solar heat ( energy discarded by solar cells ) to drive iron production. \" schematic depiction of the step process. ( image : dr. licht, george washington university ) in the step process, the iron is formed at unusually low energy, and without release of carbon dioxide gas. the extraction process called electrolysis occurs in an unusual molten lithium carbonate solution, in which electrons, rather than chemicals are used to convert the metal salts back to metal. the extracted iron is cleaned and contains pure iron metal. photographs of iron electrolysis product in molten carbonate from hematite ( left side ) or magnetite ( right side ). ( image : dr. licht, george washington university ) licht notes that, in addition to iron production, the team has already successfully applied the step process to using solar energy to efficiently capture carbon ( see our previous spotlight ) and hydrogen fuel from water, and are in the midst of applying the step process to a variety of useful energetic molecules including other metals and bleach at high solar efficiency from naturally occurring resources. he points out that the next challenge is looking for support to scale - up step iron production from the laboratory to the outdoor test environment. \" a key part of the step process operates in similar ( but reverse ) manner to mcfcs ( molten carbonate fuel cells ), which have already faced, and solved, the materials issues of operating in these unusual high temperature molten carbonate conditions. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5425830904517801, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12aad687-d0c3-453b-afd5-fd59312b1223>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.122372"}
{"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 17 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead 3 new opportunities for research on critical supersonic technologies the development of economically viable and environmentally acceptable commercial supersonic aircraft will require continuing advances in many disciplines. this chapter deals with technology areas where important breakthroughs are possible only if current research efforts are augmented by new, focused research ( or significant expansions of existing research ). the committee identified five areas of critical importance : approaches to sonic boom reduction, new aerodynamic concepts to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impacts, methods for dealing with highly coupled aircraft dynamics, strategies for the design of complex systems, and the continued development of variable cycle engines. configurations for reduced sonic boom background shock waves, and thus sonic booms, are fundamental to supersonic flight and can be minimized, but not eliminated, on aircraft having lift. sonic booms can be startling, cause annoyance, and can even result in structural damage. current u. s. regulations prohibit commercial aircraft from producing sonic booms that can be detected on the ground. if an approach to vehicle aerodynamic design can be found that would result in sonic booms with intensities low enough to gain public acceptance \u2014 and if regulations are changed to allow low intensity sonic booms \u2014 the economics of supersonic flight would change dramatically. studies by nasa \u2019 s hsr program identified three key requirements for overland supersonic flight : ( 1 ) establishing the criteria for an acceptable \u201c shaped \u201d sonic boom signature, ( 2 ) designing a viable aircraft to produce that shaped signature, and ( 3 ) quantifying the influence of the atmosphere on such signatures. 1 however, no revolutionary aerodynamic approaches to sonic boom elimination seem imminent, and the feasibility of accomplishing step 2 has yet to be established. nearly 50 years of flight data and experience with sonic booms exist, covering some 20 different supersonic aircraft, including the concorde and the space shuttle, with over 1, 500 flights having produced some 15, 000 measured signatures. all of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5510244551811381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.157197"}
{"text": ". nearly 50 years of flight data and experience with sonic booms exist, covering some 20 different supersonic aircraft, including the concorde and the space shuttle, with over 1, 500 flights having produced some 15, 000 measured signatures. all of these sonic boom signatures are sawtoothed ( n waves ), since all the aircraft were so - called n - wave designs \u2014 that is, sonic boom minimization was not considered in their basic design. current signature prediction codes, validated by numerous wind - tunnel model tests, in - flight flow field probes, and ground measurements, work quite well for these n - wave aircraft. 2 fairly substantial efforts by the government, industry, and universities in the mid - 1960s and 1970s and, later, during the hsr program explored boom minimization techniques that decrease overpressure and shape the signature by means of aircraft tailoring and airstream alteration. vehicle configurations designed for boomless flight were also investigated. however, no flight data have ever been collected on vehicles designed to produce low - boom, shaped signatures. wind tunnel models can be designed to produce booms with shaped signatures near the aircraft, but it has not been demonstrated, by analysis or experiment, that a shaped signature will persist to the ground during flight in a real atmosphere. additional research is needed to establish a credible scientific foundation for designing supersonic aircraft with low sonic booms and to develop improved analytical tools. it is well known that atmospheric turbulence in the lower layers of the atmosphere can produce large changes in the overpressure or intensity of n - wave sonic boom signatures. 1 \u201c signature \u201d refers to a plot of the change in air pressure versus time at a fixed point as a sonic boom passes. 2 an n - wave signature has two rapid increases in pressure, one at the beginning and one at the end of the sonic boom. this produces a loud and particularly startling double - boom for people in the affected region. shaping the signature so that it has a slower pressure rise would produce a less intense boom. ocr for page 18 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead although considerable progress has been made toward establishing a prediction capability to describe the statistical variations of n - wave signatures due to the atmosphere, a suitable prediction code does not exist. no analytical or experimental database exists for quantifying atmospheric effects on low - boom, shaped signatures. model experiments using a large ballistic range, small projectiles, and a rectangular jet flow nozzle to generate scaled turbulence have provided valuable information. similar tests using shaped projectiles designed to produce shaped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5476845940270336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.158397"}
{"text": "research on methods for sonic boom prediction and techniques for designing aircraft with specified or constrained signatures has been ongoing for decades, but new approaches that permit higher fidelity modeling and more efficient design are required. research should focus on the continuing development of ( 1 ) multidisciplinary design tools and ( 2 ) one or more flight technology testbeds to characterize the booms produced by shaped vehicles and measure the persistence of shaped signatures in a real atmosphere over large distances. laboratory and wind tunnel testing on vehicle shaping and atmospheric effects should also be conducted, including some testing on airstream alteration ( e. g., heat / energy addition and dynamic flow modifications ) for a variety of vehicle configurations. finally, community studies are essential to determine how shaped sonic boom signatures with overpressures less than 1. 0 lb / ft2 effect buildings and people, including the propensity of people to be roused from sleep by booms at night. advanced aerodynamic concepts and configurations background the character of flow over a vehicle in supersonic flight is dramatically different from that of a subsonic aircraft. this is one of the fundamental reasons that an economically viable, environmentally acceptable supersonic aircraft has not been achieved after more than a half century of work in aeronautical design. breakthrough technologies that could address the root causes of the difference will therefore be associated with the vehicle aerodynamics. this section deals with aerodynamic challenges and opportunities for new research that may lead to dramatic improvements in vehicle performance and efficiency. aerodynamic cruise efficiency is extremely important because it directly and indirectly impacts most of the challenges faced by the development of a viable commercial supersonic aircraft. this is demonstrated clearly in the case of the concorde, which has a cruise l / d of 7. 5 ( modern subsonic transports have a cruise l / d of about 18 to 20 ). the low l / d of the concorde increases fuel consumption, limits its range, increases the design takeoff weight, and requires a larger propulsion system to provide the higher thrust required at takeoff, which in turn makes it more difficult to meet community noise standards. with engines that are as efficient as those of modern subsonic aircraft, the concorde would still have to carry about three times the weight and generate more than three times the takeoff thrust of a 737 - 600, which can carry the same number of passengers the same distance. the low supersonic efficiency of the concorde, which has a cruise speed of mach 2, is not a result of poor design but a fundamental consequence of supersonic aerodynamics. for a supersonic aircraft, the maximum ac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5372864036227933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.161149"}
{"text": "passengers the same distance. the low supersonic efficiency of the concorde, which has a cruise speed of mach 2, is not a result of poor design but a fundamental consequence of supersonic aerodynamics. for a supersonic aircraft, the maximum achievable l / d depends on several aircraft characteristics and drops as mach ocr for page 19 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead figure 3 - 1 typical variation in l / d with mach number. source : boeing ( 1989 ). number is increased. figure 3 - 1 shows the typical variation in l / d with mach number. 3 the requirement for low cruise drag generally leads to supersonic vehicles that are much longer than subsonic aircraft with a comparable payload capacity. this, in turn, leads to penalties in the form of degraded vehicle performance at low speed and increased structural weight. as the cruise mach number is increased, the optimal slenderness of the vehicle increases as well, creating even further disparity between the best cruise design and the best low - speed design. another critical design conflict arises because the optimum engine bypass ratio decreases as mach increases. design compromises result in degraded subsonic performance and lower usable maximum lift during low - speed flight. for example, the concorde achieves an l / d of only about 5 to 9 in low - speed flight ( rech and leyman, 1980 ). as a result, almost 40 percent of the fuel carried at takeoff is devoted to low - speed flight and reserve fuel. offsetting the difficulties associated with higher mach numbers is the increased utilization ( distance flown per year ) that higher speeds make possible. also, the range achievable in long - range cruise at constant speed is proportional to where v is the cruise speed, c is the specific fuel consumption, and w1 / w2 is the ratio of the initial weight ( at takeoff ) to the final weight ( at landing ). compared with more aerodynamically efficient subsonic aircraft, the aerodynamic penalty ( in terms of lower l / d ) for flying at mach 2. 0 to 2. 4 is about 10 percent greater than the penalty at mach 1. 6 to 3 the minimum drag of a supersonic aircraft may be expressed as follows ( jones and cohen, 1960 ) : ( 1 ) where b is the wingspan, is the parasite drag at zero lift ( i. e., skin - friction drag and all other drag except induced drag ), l is the effective length of the vehicle, m is the mach number, q is the dynamic pressure, s is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5158051371397716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.162262"}
{"text": ", is the parasite drag at zero lift ( i. e., skin - friction drag and all other drag except induced drag ), l is the effective length of the vehicle, m is the mach number, q is the dynamic pressure, s is the reference wing area, vol is the total volume, and w is the total weight of the aircraft. if the altitude is chosen to be optimal at the given mach number, the l / d can be written as follows : ( 2 ) where ar, the aspect ratio, is given by b2 / s ; arl, the length aspect ratio, is l2 / s ; and, the zero lift wave drag, is a function of aircraft length, volume, and wing area. equation 2 is plotted in figure 3 - 1, assuming that and have values of 0. 01 and 0. 006, respectively, and that ar and arl have values of 2. 7 and 10, respectively. ( the wave drag terms,, and the term containing arl are set to 0 below mach 1. ) ocr for page 20 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead 1. 8 ( see figure 3 - 1 ). as the cruise speed of a supersonic aircraft increases, specific fuel consumption also increases. however, in principle, the parameter v / c actually increases with speed by a factor of about v\u00bc4 over the range of interest here. an increase of this magnitude would largely offset the drop in l / d that occurs at higher speeds. however, this increase has not been demonstrated in operational engines. furthermore, parametric design studies of supersonic airplanes show that designers have much less freedom to make necessary compromises than with subsonic aircraft. thus, a net reduction of a few percent in [ v / c \u00d7 l / d ] may have a serious cascading effect on the ability to meet other design goals at higher speeds. regardless of the cruise speed of interest, increases in l / d are vital to enabling an economically viable supersonic aircraft, and meeting l / d goals ( see table 2 - 1 ) should remain the focus of aerodynamic research for commercial supersonic aircraft. most work to date has focused on the higher speeds to increase the benefit in terms of utilization. based on more recent estimates of environmental constraints, however, a range of 1. 4 to 2. 0 seems more reasonable and would open the possibility for new benefits from advances in vehicle configuration and aerodynamics. as described in the preceding section, improved vehicle configuration designs are also likely to be a key part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5443825964426221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.163460"}
{"text": ", a range of 1. 4 to 2. 0 seems more reasonable and would open the possibility for new benefits from advances in vehicle configuration and aerodynamics. as described in the preceding section, improved vehicle configuration designs are also likely to be a key part of reducing sonic boom to levels that might permit overland supersonic flight. state of the art research in supersonic aircraft aerodynamics, which has been ongoing for almost 50 years, has been marked by intermittent efforts \u2014 first in the late 1960s and early 1970s when the concorde was developed and a u. s. sst was worked on, then again in the 1990s as part of nasa \u2019 s hsr program and concurrent work by u. s. industry to develop designs for an hsct. currently attention is being given to smaller supersonic aircraft by the darpa qsp program, and industry ( e. g., gulfstream and dassault ) is exploring the development of an sbj ( george, 2000 ). one view of the progress that has been achieved is shown in figure 3 - 1, which compares the l / d of a recent boeing hsct design with that of the concorde. although the estimates for the hsct are somewhat optimistic, the improvements in cruise performance and particularly in subsonic performance are significant. although a change in cruise l / d from 7. 5 to 9 represents only a 20 percent improvement in drag at a given weight, supersonic aircraft are more sensitive to such changes than are conventional subsonic aircraft. for a design range of 5, 000 nm and with an assumed engine efficiency of 45 percent and an empty weight fraction of 0. 25, a 20 percent increase in l / d corresponds to a 40 percent reduction in the required takeoff weight for a 100 - passenger aircraft. several promising concepts, while immature, may become key features of a successful future commercial supersonic aircraft. related promising technologies supersonic aerodynamics could be revolutionized by successful technologies in any of four areas : supersonic laminar flow, other methods for modifying the flow field around the aircraft, unconventional vehicle configurations, and detailed, computational systems for high - fidelity analysis. supersonic laminar flow has long been recognized as a potential breakthrough that might reduce skin friction drag by as much as 90 percent. but achieving extensive laminar flow has been an elusive goal. substantial efforts are being made to achieve laminar flow for subsonic aircraft, but results have not been particularly encouraging. research on suppressing the transition from laminar to turbulent flow using active flow control ( via su", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5462080260352494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.165473"}
{"text": "has been an elusive goal. substantial efforts are being made to achieve laminar flow for subsonic aircraft, but results have not been particularly encouraging. research on suppressing the transition from laminar to turbulent flow using active flow control ( via suction, blowing, or time - dependent boundary - layer manipulation ) continues in many laboratories, but the prospect of developing an economically viable system of this sort remains remote. perhaps more intriguing is the possibility that laminar flow may be more easily maintained at supersonic speeds than at lower speeds. a few related approaches involve the careful design of wing surfaces to achieve favorable streamwise pressure gradients and minimize cross - flow transition. these approaches range from those described by tracy et al. ( 1995 ), in which wings with low leading - edge sweep and favorable chordwise pressure gradients are integrated into the aircraft concept, to recent work at the national aerospace laboratory of japan, which emphasizes more highly swept wings with low upper - surface cross - flow achieved with rather flat streamwise pressures ( yoshida et al., 2000 ). the latter concept, while more sensitive to disturbances and aimed at achieving laminar flow over 25 percent of the wing surface, permits the use of substantial wing sweep. the more mildly swept natural laminar flow concept has demonstrated much larger extents of laminar flow in recent flight tests but may incur structural penalties because of the need for very thin wings. in addition, the short lifting length of the reference concept is difficult to reconcile with the requirement for shaped sonic boom signatures. research on each of these concepts is in its infancy but, if successful, may have a dramatic effect on achievable supersonic aircraft performance. it appears feasible to extend these ideas with additional measures for cross - flow suppression. active cooling or passive techniques for suppressing the initial cross - flow instability ( white and saric, 2000 ) may permit additional sweep on the supersonic leading - edge natural laminar flow concept or more extensive laminarity for the subsonic concept. the second area of general interest for dramatic improvements in supersonic aerodynamics involves much more speculative approaches to the modification of the flow field. active flow control, virtual shaping, and energy addition in various forms have been proposed for many years as a possible means for reducing wave drag or sonic boom amplitude. the committee does not believe that any of these approaches promise near - term breakthroughs in supersonic ocr for page 21 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead performance or boom reduction. indeed, some of them appear to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5422279233523084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.169139"}
{"text": "or sonic boom amplitude. the committee does not believe that any of these approaches promise near - term breakthroughs in supersonic ocr for page 21 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead performance or boom reduction. indeed, some of them appear to have no reasonable physical basis, while others are either too complex to evaluate at this time or feature concepts whose practical implementation is hard to imagine ( see, for example, rethorst and kantner, 1996 ; rising and vadyak, 1999 ; and soloviev et al., 1999 ). future research programs should consider investigating such concepts, with the understanding that success, while unlikely, would be important. a third alternative is to investigate unconventional designs that attempt to address some of the fundamental problems encountered with supersonic aerodynamics. these range from nonplanar and multiple - surface configurations to asymmetric, oblique wings. several of these ideas are based on fundamentally sound aerodynamics, but integrating them into practical aircraft designs has been difficult. in some cases, this is due to a basic limitation of the concept. for example, the oblique all - wing concept that accommodates passengers inside the wing structure appears to offer spectacular aerodynamic performance and great potential for reducing sonic boom, but it is difficult to configure as a passenger aircraft unless it is scaled up to accommodate 500 passengers ( jones, 1991 ; seebass, 1994 ). in other cases, the complexity of the configuration may limit the applicability of simple analyses, and the associated risk and large amount of work required to develop appropriate analysis methodologies cannot be accommodated within the time and resource constraints of ongoing supersonic research programs. immature vehicle configurations also have a hard time competing against vehicle configurations that have long histories of wind tunnel testing and computational design analyses. the solution to this dilemma may lie in the development of analytical methods that permit higher - fidelity analysis of new concepts early in the design cycle. high - fidelity analysis of unconventional vehicle configurations is just now becoming feasible and represents a true opportunity for breakthrough technology. advances in computational algorithms for aerodynamic analysis and shape optimization, together with a revolution in computer hardware capabilities, now make it possible to consider a much wider range of design possibilities at a level of detail formerly restricted to a single baseline design. more mature flow solvers, improved representations of boundary layer turbulence, and methods for efficient calculation of flow field sensitivities to design changes make the evaluation of alternative design concepts feasible. coupled with advances in techniques for multidisciplinary optimization, such capabilities hold out the promise that unconventional concepts can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5780041400474651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.170180"}
{"text": "turbulence, and methods for efficient calculation of flow field sensitivities to design changes make the evaluation of alternative design concepts feasible. coupled with advances in techniques for multidisciplinary optimization, such capabilities hold out the promise that unconventional concepts can be transformed into practical breakthrough technologies. as an example, consider the concept of natural laminar flow. until recently, the ability to predict transition of a three - dimensional boundary layer and use this prediction to design a wing with extensive laminar flow was a remote possibility. indeed, tests on an f - 104 in the late 1950s showed that limited laminar flow could be achieved, but tools were not available to analyze the results, let alone use them to design a wing. more recently, a specified wing design was analyzed to assess its potential for extensive natural laminar flow ( agrawal and powell, 1991 ). the conclusion was that despite the small sweep, little laminar flow would occur. current computations including nonlinear computational fluid dynamics, three - dimensional boundary layer analysis, and stability calculations have made it possible to successfully optimize a wing for extensive laminar flow. combining this capability with structural analysis and more comprehensive aircraft performance calculations would greatly advance the prospects for using natural laminar flow to significantly improve the performance of a commercial supersonic aircraft. basic and applied aeronautics research future research programs that would support the development of the technologies described above should include the following : techniques to predict and control the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, including supersonic natural laminar flow, passive control techniques, cooling, periodic roughness, and active control methods improved, design - oriented computational fluid dynamics for improved multipoint performance and sonic boom reduction, including adaptive, unstructured methods that achieve the efficiency of current multigrid structured methods and low dissipation methods that can be used in combination with boom propagation codes multidisciplinary design methods compatible with high - fidelity modeling, as well as optimization, decomposition, and methods that exploit parallel computing architectures flight r & t demonstrations to help investigate technologies of interest that remain difficult to validate computationally, or even in existing wind tunnel facilities ( nrc, 1994 ) flight experiments will play an important role in the development of new concepts, and methods for more efficient flight tests, including the development of sensors for flow diagnostics, will be especially important. new supersonic wind tunnel capability may also be needed. vehicle dynamics and control problem description to achieve the required aerodynamic performance, next - generation supersonic transport aircraft will likely exhibit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.556826157011582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.171168"}
{"text": ", including the development of sensors for flow diagnostics, will be especially important. new supersonic wind tunnel capability may also be needed. vehicle dynamics and control problem description to achieve the required aerodynamic performance, next - generation supersonic transport aircraft will likely exhibit greater aerodynamic instabilities than any other existing or planned transport aircraft. these instabilities must be stabilized using high - authority, flight - critical feedback control ocr for page 22 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead systems. furthermore, owing to their size and shape, large commercial supersonic aircraft will also exhibit unusually low structural - vibration modal frequencies. for example, the 1 - to 1. 5 - hz first - fuselage modes predicted for the baseline hsct designs considered by the hsr program would be significantly lower than those for any manned aircraft, commercial or military ( nrc, 1997 ). either aerodynamic instability or structural flexibility considered separately would present significant technical challenges. taken together, they create severe frequency coalescence ( between the rigid - body and structural modes ) that must be carefully examined before developing the flight - and structural - mode control systems. the combination of aerodynamic instability and structural flexibility also creates two forms of multidisciplinary feedback phenomena involving the elastic airframe, flight - control systems, and either the pilot or the aircraft \u2019 s propulsion systems. hence, both phenomena are encompassed by the acronym apse, which can refer to either aircraft - pilot servo - elastic or aero - propulsive servo - elastic phenomena. although both apse phenomena fundamentally depend on structural deformations, apse is not an aeroelastic problem per se and it cannot be solved by methods used to counter classical aeroelastic flutter. the aero - propulsive servo - elastic phenomenon was discussed in some detail in a previous nrc report that reviewed nasa \u2019 s hsr program ( nrc, 1997 ). that report concluded that this phenomenon was \u201c completely outside industry \u2019 s experience base, \u201d and the hsr program had not found a solution to the problems created by the phenomenon. regarding the aircraft - pilot servo - elastic phenomenon, the excitation of the elastic modes of aircraft with structural modal frequencies below 2 hz ( which is a natural consequence of turbulence and pilot control inputs ) will be orders of magnitudes greater than that encountered in other transport aircraft. if left unmitigated, these modal excitations would create unacceptable handling quality and ride quality. in particular, pilot excitation of low - frequency structural modes, coupled with the pilot \u2019 s biodynami", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5276515198971372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.172161"}
{"text": "in other transport aircraft. if left unmitigated, these modal excitations would create unacceptable handling quality and ride quality. in particular, pilot excitation of low - frequency structural modes, coupled with the pilot \u2019 s biodynamic response to these excitations, has been recently demonstrated to lead to aircraft - pilot coupling instabilities ( see box 3 - 1 ) ( raney et al., 2001 ). configuration design implications both forms of apse phenomena are exacerbated by vehicle configurations with long and slender fuselages and thin or highly swept wings, by lightweight ( hence low stiffness ) structural design, and by increased aerodynamic instability, all of which are key factors in achieving high - performance, low - boom commercial supersonic aircraft. thus, even though apse effects are likely to be a major factor in defining the vehicle configuration for next - generation commercial supersonic aircraft, their importance in this regard is not generally recognized and they are rarely incorporated into the early stages of aircraft design. consequently, research into apse phenomena and their causes, along with new analysis and synthesis tools, is required. these tools include new active - control concepts, new control - system synthesis techniques, and aeroelastic modeling approaches that may be used in the vehicle configuration - design phase and integrated into multidisciplinary optimization techniques. additional research required low - frequency structural vibration modes will require active structural mode control systems that are highly integrated with the primary flight - control systems. success in this effort will be particularly beneficial because solving the control problems associated with low - frequency structural vibration modes is one key to resolving both forms of apse phenomena. new techniques must be developed and validated for designing affordable, certifiable, highly integrated, high - authority flight - and structural - mode control systems. research in handling qualities is necessary to develop design criteria for aircraft control systems. additionally, novel sensors and actuation devices, along with novel distributed control approaches, must be considered. 4, 5 new structural design approaches are also required, and new tools and technology must be developed and validated for designing affordable, advanced structural systems that can be certificated for use on commercial aircraft. options include ( 1 ) multidisciplinary configuration optimization techniques that capture both types of apse phenomena, ( 2 ) active or smart structures, and ( 3 ) viscoelectric or electrorheological materials. 4, 5 finally, current practice in the industry creates functionally separate flight controls engineering organizations and structural dynamics engineering organizations. this is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5516792493549562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.173317"}
{"text": "( 2 ) active or smart structures, and ( 3 ) viscoelectric or electrorheological materials. 4, 5 finally, current practice in the industry creates functionally separate flight controls engineering organizations and structural dynamics engineering organizations. this is not an appropriate organizational structure for handling the issues associated with these apse phenomena. as previously recommended by the nrc in an assessment of the hsr program, interdisciplinary teams should be formed to fully address relevant aspects of the apse problem, and the organizational distance between groups responsible for ( 1 ) guidance and control systems and ( 2 ) structural - mode control laws should be reduced or eliminated ( nrc, 1997 ). experimental programs should be initiated as a first step in establishing better handling - and ride - quality requirements for highly unstable and highly flexible aircraft and associated flight control and structural - mode control systems. real - time, manned simulations of the dynamics of these vehicles, however, would severely tax both fixed - base and inflight simulation facilities, limiting the ability to establish 4 anna - maria mcgowan, nasa langley research center, personal communication with david schmidt, 2001. 5 terrance weisshaar, purdue university, personal communication with david schmidt, 2001. ocr for page 23 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead box 3 - 1 demonstration of aircraft - pilot coupling instability in a ground - based simulation the upper graph shows the time histories of lateral cockpit acceleration and pilot lateral stick input for a moving - base piloted simulation of a demanding landing - approach task. these time histories reveal an undamped oscillatory instability beginning at about 19 normalized time units. the cause of this instability is revealed in the power spectra of these two time histories, shown in the three lower graphs, where curves labeled \u201c 1 \u201d show lateral stick power spectral density and curves labeled \u201c 2 \u201d show lateral acceleration power spectral density. in the first power - spectra plot, on the left, calculated early in the time history, there is little correlation between the peak - power frequency of the stick input and the lateral accelerations. but in the power - spectra plot on the right, which is calculated from the traces in which the instability is evident, the peak power of the stick input shows a strong correlation with the peak power of the lateral acceleration. this indicates a feedback process is present between the cockpit accelerations and the stick input. that is, the accelerations are driving the stick inputs, through the dynamic responses of the pilot \u2019 s body to the stick, and these stick inputs are in turn driving the accelerations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5441874069176433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.174420"}
{"text": "is present between the cockpit accelerations and the stick input. that is, the accelerations are driving the stick inputs, through the dynamic responses of the pilot \u2019 s body to the stick, and these stick inputs are in turn driving the accelerations. these data further indicate that the instability is inadvertent \u2014 the pilot could not avoid the instability despite \u2014 or because of \u2014 stick inputs intended to maintain stable flight. source : raney et al. ( 2001 ) handling - and ride - quality requirements and to design and verify the performance of control systems. the ability of national simulation facilities to deliver high - fidelity manned simulations of highly flexible aircraft may need to be upgraded. high - fidelity integrated design tools highly integrated designs are required for virtually all new aerospace systems. for aircraft, the importance of integration increases with flight speed. supersonic aircraft are much more sensitive to how components and disciplines are ocr for page 24 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead combined than subsonic aircraft, particularly with regard to apse effects and sonic boom, as already discussed. stringent requirements for component performance ( with attendant development, manufacturing, cost, and operational issues ), coupled with the economic and environmental challenges faced by commercial supersonic aircraft, leave little room for inefficiencies in the design of the airframe, engine, flight controls system, or other performance - critical systems. design integration tools should allow design teams to interact in the design of complex systems where technical and other factors ( including cost ) can be appropriately traded ; to compress the design cycle time by concurrently considering all critical constraints and disciplines ; to adapt quickly to changes in design and manufacturing processes ; to easily accept new and improved tools ; and to provide databases with levels of complexity appropriate to each task. fortunately, a substantial national investment has been made in tools for integrated design, including system engineering methods, multidisciplinary optimization methods, detailed discipline methods and interfaces, and design - integration frameworks. the aircraft design and manufacturing industry is heavily committed to improving such tools. universities and the government also have critical roles in advancing the state of the art in many of these areas. nasa and the department of defense have both made significant investments in the development of advanced integration environments and tools, although nasa \u2019 s flagship program in this area, the integrated synthesis environments initiative, was recently cancelled. despite the progress that has been made, important work remains to be done. existing tools cannot model some key technologies ( e. g., active controls ), nor do they have sufficient model validity in all important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5289811358390952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.175497"}
{"text": "synthesis environments initiative, was recently cancelled. despite the progress that has been made, important work remains to be done. existing tools cannot model some key technologies ( e. g., active controls ), nor do they have sufficient model validity in all important disciplinary areas. at the broad technical scale, it is extremely important to begin with a full understanding of the design objectives and constraints, such as payload, range, takeoff gross weight ( togw ), noise, sonic boom, and cost, and to identify all the critical disciplines. this will prevent suboptimization and the debilitating effects of discovering, too late, that a first - order design driver ( such as apse in the hsr program ) has not been fully appreciated or adequately addressed. many existing design schemes do not fit well with integration / optimization algorithms, and user - friendly frameworks that accommodate such schemes are not available. off - the - shelf software and interface mindsets are needed. faster mechanisms for geometric modeling are required for improved efficiency at both the conceptual and detailed design levels. for design teams that might be geographically dispersed, mechanisms for sharing the geometric models are lacking. indeed, the management and sharing of information and data are themselves first - order issues, as is reducing the time for each design cycle. very large quantities of data must be transferred ; presently, both modeling and data management are much too labor - intensive. analytical design tools, such as computational fluid dynamics and finite element modeling, have been greatly improved, but they often take so long to run that they are impractical in an iterative design context, and they are not robust enough to be fully integrated into a design framework. other important issues for the development of advanced integrated tools are associated with uncertainties : how they propagate through a design and how to develop calibration and validation processes that quantify them. too often, even after an optimization calculation has been made, new designs can be evaluated only by comparing them against a previous baseline rather than by making an absolute measurement of expected performance and comparing it against a validation metric. major benefits could be realized from the development and effective use of advanced design and integration tools, but there are significant barriers to achieving these benefits. on the nontechnical front, nasa could help by creating a new culture of collaboration, which is required for the most effective utilization of university, government, and industry talent in the realm of integration tools. nasa also has the charter and opportunity to provide much of the technology that is needed to enable viable supersonic aircraft designs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5263991405036783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.176544"}
{"text": "of collaboration, which is required for the most effective utilization of university, government, and industry talent in the realm of integration tools. nasa also has the charter and opportunity to provide much of the technology that is needed to enable viable supersonic aircraft designs. first, it will be vital to develop advanced, high - fidelity methodologies and tools for intradiscipline analysis in areas such as computational fluid dynamics and finite element modeling for structures. interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary tools are also crucial for integrated design of complex systems and entire vehicles. particular attention should be given to ( 1 ) integrating the design of mechanical systems with the design of electrical systems and software development and ( 2 ) factors such as computational speed and robustness that will increase the utility of new tools in an integrated design context. speed should come naturally with advances in computer hardware capability, but algorithms must be tailored to take advantage of the massively parallel computing environment. second, to realize the potential for design improvements through advanced tools, substantial new efforts must be focused on the automation of integration and validation. today, design processes can require weeks to a couple of months to set up and compute the aerodynamic, weight, stability and control, aeroelastic, and other performance characteristics resulting from a configuration change. optimizing in any context takes a number of such cycles. while multidisciplinary optimization techniques can reduce the optimization time dramatically, the setup time for the basic configuration is still counted in weeks and the validation of designs resulting from multidisciplinary optimization techniques, at least in the usual context of experimental verification, is extremely difficult because of the highly integrated nature of the process ( it typically involves the use of sophisticated analyses to check design calculations ). there is, as a result, a great need for focused research on how to validate highly integrated design capabilities. clever combinations of analytical, computational, and experimental approaches ocr for page 25 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead may be necessary. where experimental approaches are needed, it is very likely that current ground test capabilities are inadequate. in any case, only after successful application of these newly developed validation methods will confidence be high enough to encourage the widespread use of the new tools. third, design and integration frameworks should be developed to allow teams of analysts and designers at different locations to come together and immerse themselves in a user - friendly design environment. such frameworks must be able to achieve a wide range of design and integration objectives and accommodate discipline - specific analyses at varying levels of breadth and depth. having a common framework", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5295866724645966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.177627"}
{"text": "to come together and immerse themselves in a user - friendly design environment. such frameworks must be able to achieve a wide range of design and integration objectives and accommodate discipline - specific analyses at varying levels of breadth and depth. having a common framework to carry out the conceptual, preliminary, and detailed design phases is important, and approaches ranging from approximate to high - fidelity must be accommodated. framework technologies should also facilitate the exchange and management of large databases. design team members must have access to the same data, new data must be readily transferable and modifiable, and the entire process must take place in a secure environment with user - friendly methods for preventing unauthorized alteration of or access to information. this requires emphasis on system - user interfaces and data - management tools. frameworks should also allow the inclusion of manufacturing and operations parameters, which are important to affordability. nasa should work closely with engine and airframe manufacturers and other industries, government agencies, and universities engaged in the development of integrated design tools and methods to define the specific characteristics required of advanced technology collaboration infrastructures and to develop a comprehensive plan for meeting those needs. an expanded discussion of the above issues and a comprehensive set of recommendations for action is contained in design in the new millennium ( nrc, 2000 ). variable cycle engines a variable cycle engine would, in theory, allow the propulsion system to be optimized for different flight conditions ( e. g., takeoff, supersonic cruise, subsonic cruise, and landing ). a variable cycle engine is similar to a conventional mixed - flow turbofan, except that it has an additional secondary outer bypass duct to increase the overall bypass ratio and, thus, the air flow handling capability. the second bypass stream improves tsfc and improves fan surge control by allowing the fan to pass a maximum amount of air throughout a broader flight regime. unlike conventional turbofans, a variable cycle engine varies the bypass ratio to optimize performance for different flight conditions. reducing the bypass ratio during cruise improves fuel efficiency, whereas increasing it during takeoff and landing reduces community noise. ejector nozzles would still be needed to mix ambient air with the jet exhaust to reduce noise enough to meet community noise standards. with a variable cycle engine, however, the nozzle can be smaller, which reduces aircraft weight and improves the economic viability of the design. one of the leading design approaches for a variable cycle engine has a core - driven fan stage directly in front of the high - pressure compressor to supercharge both the core and inner bypass flow streams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5550121020784919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.178703"}
{"text": "weight and improves the economic viability of the design. one of the leading design approaches for a variable cycle engine has a core - driven fan stage directly in front of the high - pressure compressor to supercharge both the core and inner bypass flow streams. the term \u201c variable cycle engine \u201d has come to apply narrowly to this type of engine. however, other engine cycles can also adjust their bypass ratio during operations and thus fall within the general class of \u201c variable cycle engines. \u201d these include the fan - on blade ( \u201c flade \u201d ) cycle and the turbine bypass engine with an inlet flow valve ( tbe / ifv ) cycle, both of which were investigated by nasa \u2019 s hsr program ( nasa, 2001 ). initial studies at nasa indicated that the additional design complexity of variable cycle engines outweighed the benefits ( berton, 1992 ). research has continued, but most of it has been proprietary. continued development of engines with advanced cycles, such as the variable cycle engine, that are compatible with high cruise efficiency, low community noise, and small, lightweight nozzles could lead to important breakthroughs in the realization of commercial supersonic aircraft. references agrawal, s., and a. g. powell. 1991. \u201c supersonic boundary - layer stability analysis of an aircraft wing. \u201d journal of aircraft 28 ( november ) : 721 - 727. berton, j., w. haller, p. senick, s. jones, and j. seidel. 1992. comparative propulsion system analysis for the high speed civil transport. cleveland, ohio : national aeronautics and space administration. boeing commercial airplane group. 1989. high speed civil transport study, summary, nasa contractor report 4234, september. george, f. 2000. \u201c the supersonic business jet, \u201d business and commercial aviation ( july ) : 44 - 48. jones, r., and d. cohen. 1960. high speed wing theory. princeton, n. j. : princeton university press. jones, r., 1991. \u201c the flying wing supersonic transport. \u201d aeronautical journal, march. nasa ( national aeronautics and space administration ). 2001. available online at < http : / / www. lerc. nasa. gov / www / hsr / psi. html >. nrc ( national research council ), aeronautics and space engineering board. 1994. aeronautical facilities : assessing the national plan for aeronautical ground test facilities. available online at < http : / / www. nap. edu / catalog / 908", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5544193665224744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.179664"}
{"text": ">. nrc ( national research council ), aeronautics and space engineering board. 1994. aeronautical facilities : assessing the national plan for aeronautical ground test facilities. available online at < http : / / www. nap. edu / catalog / 9088. html >. accessed on september 13, 2001. nrc, aeronautics and space engineering board. 1997. u. s. supersonic commercial aircraft. available online at < http : / / www. nap. edu / catalog / 5848. html >. accessed on september 13, 2001. nrc. 2000. design in the new millennium \u2014 advanced engineering environments ( phase 2 ). available online at < http : / / www. nap. edu / catalog / 9876. html >. accessed on september 13, 2001. raney, david l., e. bruce jackson, carey s. buttrill, and william m. adams. 2001. the impact of structural vibrations on flying qualities of a supersonic transport. aiaa paper 201 - 4006, presented at the aiaa flight mechanics guidance, navigation, and control conference, montreal, august. rech, j., and c. leyman. 1980. \u201c concorde aerodynamics and associated systems development. \u201d in aiaa case studies in aircraft design. reston, va. : aiaa. rethorst, s., and m. kantner, 1996. underwing traveling wave / feedback control system, vehicle research corp., pd 135, august. ocr for page 26 commercial supersonic technology : the way ahead rising, j., and j. vadyak. 1999. shock suppression supersonic aircraft. u. s. patent 5934607, august. seebass, a. 1994. the prospects for commercial transport at supersonic speeds, aiaa 94 - 0017, sixth biannual w. f. durand lecture, arlington, va. : may 1994. soloviev, v., v. krivstov, a. konchakov, and n. malmuth. 1999. mechanisms of shock wave dispersion and attenuation in weakly ionized cold discharge plasmas. ivtan perspectives of mhd and plasma technologies in proceeding of aerospace applications conference, moscow, russia, march 24 - 25, 1999. tracy, r., i. kroo, j. chase, and j. viken. 1995. exploiting natural laminar flow for economical supersonic transport. sae paper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5459018856040622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7676040-f3d6-4782-8af6-8114b92f9662>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.180515"}
{"text": "in 2008, barack obama campaigned for the white house on the promise that he would pass a sweeping energy and climate - change law and move the country from dependence on fossil fuels to clean, renewable energy that reduced carbon pollution and addressed global warming. in his first term, obama inched in that direction : the president rolled out regulations to reduce pollution from tailpipes and coal plants, and his stimulus program pumped $ 40 billion into clean - energy development. but so far, he has failed to enact comprehensive reform. \u201c cap - and - trade \u201d crashed in the senate, energy and climate change became partisan fodder in 2012 campaign attack ads, and even minor energy bills stalled in the gridlocked congress. meanwhile, the u. s. still depends on fossil fuels for the vast majority of its energy needs, while the latest scientific reports show that the planet is speeding toward a temperature hike of 2 degrees celsius or more, which scientists say will melt polar ice sheets, rapidly raise sea levels, induce more destructive storms and droughts, and turn vast swaths of land into places where crops cannot grow. so what can washington do on energy and climate change in the second obama term? the president says that the problem is urgent \u2014 and that solving it is an important component of his legacy. \u201c we want our children to live in an america that isn \u2019 t \u2026 threatened by the destructive power of a warming planet, \u201d obama said on election night. and at his postelection press conference, he said, \u201c you \u2019 ll hear more from me in the coming months and years about how we can shape an [ energy ] agenda that gains bipartisan support and helps move this agenda forward. \u201d meanwhile, the partisan impasse may be about to end. quietly, lawmakers and lobbyists say they can envision a grand bargain on energy and climate change \u2014 cutting fossil - fuel use and investing in clean energy in exchange for new offshore drilling or approval of the controversial keystone xl pipeline. the biggest if, and the heaviest lift, will be getting congress to enact the policy that economists say would do the most to transform the nation \u2019 s energy economy : taxing or pricing fossil carbon pollution. a price on carbon, say economists across the ideological spectrum, will increase the price of fossil fuels and decisively drive the free market toward clean energy. yet any lawmaker who supports the plan could be accused of supporting an energy tax. still, a combination of events \u2014 including more droughts, floods, and extreme weather like superstorm sandy \u2014 has increased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44523986684285516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b53f2bff-3c8d-45d0-ad9f-6411c0dc50bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.186306"}
{"text": "( naturalnews ) a japanese study found that drinking green tea can lower the risk of death from a variety of illnesses, including cardiovascular disease. the tohoku university study - - started in 1994 - - looked at 40, 530 healthy adults aged 40 to 79 who lived in northeastern japan, where roughly 80 percent of people drink green tea and more than half drink three or more cups daily. over the course of the 11 - year study, people who drank five or more cups of green tea per day had a 16 percent lowered risk of dying from any cause and, during the seven - year follow - up, had a 26 percent lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease when compared to people who drank fewer than one cup a day. the study found no association between green tea consumption and death from cancer. the study noted that women seemed to get a greater benefit from the tea than men, as the risk of death from cardiovascular disease was reduced by 31 percent in women who drank more than five cups of green tea a day. \" the most important finding is that green tea may prolong people ' s lives through reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, \" said lead researcher dr. shinichi kuriyama. ellen mason, a cardiac nurse at the british heart foundation, said the results may not apply to people who consume western diets because the japanese diet as a whole is recognized for its healthy properties. \" the rate of heart disease in japan is already one of the lowest in the world, and the japanese diet is believed to play a substantial role in keeping this low, \" she said. \" the average british diet contains more saturated fat than the average japanese diet, and our levels of heart disease are relatively high compared with many other countries in the world. \" it is questionable whether drinking the same amount of green tea a day in the uk would have a significant impact on levels of heart disease, \" mason said, adding that subsequent clinical trials would be needed to prove whether green tea can prevent deaths from heart disease. \" i reach the exact opposition conclusion, \" said mike adams, a consumer health advocate and creator of the herbreference. com website. \" if green tea can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease in japanese people who already have excellent cardiovascular health, the herb may be even more beneficial in westerners who don ' t follow heart - healthy diets, \" he said. \" americans have more room for improvement. \" more than 3 million tons of tea is produced annually worldwide, and it is hailed as the most consumed beverage on earth after water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4451152433114721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f93d8d98-2659-42b5-98a1-54116f98c7ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.190762"}
{"text": "cartographers and surveyors performed in the heat of battle as the nation prepares to observe the 150th anniversary of the civil war in 2011, noaa has assembled a special historical collection of maps, charts, and documents prepared by the u. s. coast survey during the war years. the collection, \u201c charting a more perfect union, \u201d contains over 400 documents, available free to the public. in the nation ' s early years, the u. s. lost more ships to accidents than to war. in 1807, president thomas jefferson established the survey of the coast to produce the nautical charts necessary for maritime safety, defense, and the establishment of national boundaries. by 1860, the united states coast survey was the government \u2019 s leading scientific agency. teams of men were surveying coastlines, determining land elevations, and producing maps and nautical charts for an expanding nation experiencing growing trade relationships between states and with other countries. u. s. coast survey goes on a war footing under coast survey superintendent alexander bache, the agency was quick to apply its resources to the war effort. in addition to setting up additional lithographic presses to produce the thousands of charts required by the navy and other vessels in government service, bache made a critical decision to send coast survey parties to work with blockading squadrons and armies in the field. bache detailed these activities in his annual reports to congress. bache was also one of four members of the union \u2019 s blockade board, planning strategy to essentially strangle the south, economically and militarily. on april 16, 1861, president lincoln issued a proclamation declaring the blockade of ports from south carolina to texas. bache \u2019 s notes on the coast provided valuable information for union naval forces. in the centuries before google earth, maps in wartime had special military significance. as superintendent alexander bache pointed out in his annual report, on nov 7, 1862 : \u201c it is certain that accurate maps must form the basis of well - conducted military operations, and that the best time to procure them is not when an attack is impending, or when the army waits, but when there is no hindrance to, or pressure upon, the surveyors. that no coast can be effectively attacked, defended, or blockaded without accurate maps and charts, has been fully proved by the events of the last two years, if, indeed, such a proposition required practical proof. \u201d today \u2019 s coast survey honors its forebears today, the office of coast survey still meets its maritime responsibilities as a part of noaa, surveying america", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3944607338518204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5abf9e4f-684d-4709-abf6-164dbda89132>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.195675"}
{"text": "events of the last two years, if, indeed, such a proposition required practical proof. \u201d today \u2019 s coast survey honors its forebears today, the office of coast survey still meets its maritime responsibilities as a part of noaa, surveying america \u2019 s coast and producing the nation \u2019 s nautical charts. to honor its legacy and to inform the public, coast survey maintains a digital historical map & chart collection, with over 21, 000 maps and charts from 1747 to 2001. the collection also maintains historical coast pilots. coast survey \u2019 s collection includes 394 civil war - era maps, including nautical charts used for naval campaigns, and maps of troop movements and battlefields. rarely seen publications include \u201c notes on the coast, \u201d prepared by coast survey to help union forces plan naval blockades against the confederacy, and the annual report summaries by superintendent bache as he detailed the trials and tribulations of producing the maps and charts needed to meet growing military demands. the civil war special collection is accessible through a searchable database at http : / / www. nauticalcharts. noaa. gov / history / civilwar. this project was supported by the noaa preserve america initiative, part of preserve america, a federal initiative to preserve, protect and promote our nation ' s rich heritage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43632401828293765, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5abf9e4f-684d-4709-abf6-164dbda89132>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.196247"}
{"text": "paris \u2014 a day after the european space agency warned its demise was near, an ice bridge connecting a massive ice shelf to an island collapsed on saturday, sending hundreds of icebergs out to sea. the paris - based agency on friday published satellite images showing the bridge barely intact. \" the beginning of what appears to be the demise of the ice bridge began this week when new rifts \" appeared and a large block of ice broke away, it said in a statement. the bridge helped stabilize the wilkins ice shelf and experts now fear the shelf itself will start to disintegrate over time. the wilkins ice shelf \u2014 which like the rest of antarctic ' s ice sheet \" was formed by thousands of years of accumulated and compacted snow \" \u2014 had been stable for most of the last century before it began retreating in the 1990s, the statement said. the shelf, which is now about the size of connecticut, is located on the western side of the antarctic peninsula, which thrusts up from the continent toward the southern tip of south america. video : disintegrating originally covering about 5, 000 square miles, the ice shelf lost 14 percent of its mass last year alone, the statement quotes a scientist angelika humbert of germany ' s munster university as saying. in two 2008 incidents, large chunks of the ice bridge fell away, shaving it down to just 985 yards across at its narrowest, the statement said. scientist are examining whether global warming is behind the shelf ' s breakup, the statement said. average temperatures in the antarctic peninsula have risen by 3. 8 degrees fahrenheit over the past half century, the statement said \u2014 higher than the average global rise. ice shelves do not add to sea level rise since they are already in the ocean, but they do hold back ice that is grounded on antarctica and greenland. so as ice shelves there break up, grounded ice flows toward the seas more quickly. copyright 2009 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3919493822116072, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20d50991-8ac3-42b2-86e2-7d4396af593b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.199133"}
{"text": "home > health library > neuroscience > neurological conditions and diseases > other neurological conditions other neurological conditions acoustic neuroma is a noncancerous tumor that may develop from an overproduction of schwann cells that press on the hearing and balance nerves in the inner ear. bell ' s palsy is an unexplained weakness or paralysis of the facial muscle that begins suddenly and worsens over three to five days. it can strike at any age, but it occurs most often in pregnant women, and in people who have diabetes, influenza, or another upper respiratory ailment. meniere ' s disease is a balance disorder caused by an abnormality found in a section of the inner ear called the labyrinth. multiple cranial neuropathies neuropathy is a disorder that affects the nerves. the cranial nerves are those that arise directly from your brain or brainstem and often affect areas like the face and eyes. neurocutaneous syndrome is a broad term for a group of disorders. these diseases are life - long conditions that can cause tumors to grow inside the brain, spinal cord, organs, skin, and skeletal bones. neuromyelitis optica, sometimes called nmo, is a rare condition that affects the spinal cord and the nerves that carry signals from the eyes to the brain, causing paralysis and blindness. normal pressure hydrocephalus the ventricles are chambers in the brain that normally contain cerebrospinal fluid. sometimes, too much fluid can build up in the ventricles. this accumulation of fluid leads to a condition is called normal pressure hydrocephalus ( nph ). pseudotumor cerebri is a disorder related to high pressure in the brain that causes signs and symptoms of a brain tumor \u2014 hence the term \u201c pseudo \u201d or false tumor. transverse myelitis is a neurological condition that happens when both sides of the same section of the spinal cord become inflamed. trigeminal neuralgia is a type of nerve pain that affects your face.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48141463635976733, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35754815-fb2f-44f4-9672-a0defdf4e1a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.203146"}
{"text": "by dr. tina wellman, ph. d, pne article published in \" total health for longevity \" | | dr. wellman is the author of psychoneuroendocrinology : copper toxicity and premenstrual syndrome. she blends nutritional support with environmental detoxification to achieve wellness. her efforts in this field are groundbreaking, and provide hope for healing and wellness. | what is the weakest force in the universe and has the most profound effect on the human body? gravity. as we age, the relentless pull of gravity causes our body to sag in a southerly direction. we develop wrinkles, flabby forearms, portly midriffs, vericosities, edemic feet and ankles, stooped shoulders, turkey necks, and compressed spines, to name a few multifarious insults to our body shape. to compensate for this \" g - force \" we must continually work against it through body movement. regular exercise is essential to maintain optimal health. apiarian royden brown noted, \" it has been scientifically documented that exercising regularly increases longevity and enhanced quality of life. \" 1 the proverbial expression \" either use it or lose it \" applies to the body ' s need for daily exercise as well as to maintain musculoskeletal strength, immunity, and psychobiological balance. the best nutrition in the world cannot sustain us if our circulation is stagnant and we do not receive oxygen - rich blood to our body ' s three trillion cells. 2 gravitational force is key to understanding resistive rebounding ' s health benefits. by combining the forces of acceleration and deceleration, body cells are tricked into believing they are being subjected to increased gravity. 3 nasa clearly demonstrated the virtues of rebounding when they designed an exercise protocol in the zero gravity of space. loss of bone density and muscle mass are the negative results incurred to astronauts soaring through the cosmos at zero gravity. scientific blood analysis that included subjecting weakened blood cells ( of returning astronauts ) to increased g - force evidenced an increase in cellular strength. it is this increase in g - force during rebounding ( specifically during deceleration ) that challenges body cells to strengthen. 4 an exercise for all ages rebounding knows no social boundaries and has no age limitations. exercise guru jack lalanne often demonstrated rebounding on his popular t. v. exercise program. comedian bob hope once noted \" i keep my rebounder at the foot of my bed and use it daily. \" morning talk show host regis philbin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5629970585933639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3fe778f-5c19-4401-a820-f0537ad91fc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.205814"}
{"text": "apes have food, will share for a social payoff people have been sharing food with strangers since ancient days, offering up the household ' s finest fare to mysterious travelers. think abraham and the three men of mamre in the bible and the folks who take in strangers after natural disasters like hurricane sandy. that deep tradition of generous hospitality has long been thought uniquely human. if so, then bonobos, those gregarious african apes, may be more like us than we thought. \" the pairs that are unfamiliar with each other are the ones that shared most often, \" says jingzhi tan, a graduate student at duke university who tested bonobos ' penchant for sharing food and discovered that they not only share with strangers, they even offer their fruit and nuts to an unfamiliar bonobo faster than they will feed one they know well. bonobos, like humans, are acutely social, and often eat together. with both species, it works. children and other vulnerable relatives get fed, social ties are strengthened and alliances formed. but humans also developed a rich tradition of feeding strangers, one that ' s embedded in religion and literature \u2013 the xenia of ancient greece, promoted by zeus, the god of travelers. back then there were practical reasons for selfless hospitality. it allowed people to travel far from home in the days long before holiday inns and drive - throughs. stingy hosts were reviled, but so were guests who failed to be properly grateful. when paris made off with his host ' s wife, helen, in the iliad, that faux pas kicked off the trojan war. but could hospitality be important to apes? tan and his colleagues at duke had done experiments with bonobos two years ago that showed that bonobos would share food with unrelated bonobos, rather than hoard it. now they wanted to find out just how far that spirit of sharing went. so they created a series of experiments with bonobos living in a sanctuary in kinshasa, democratic republic of congo. the series of experiments gave bonobos the ability to decide whether they would share their apples, bananas, papayas, and peanuts by giving them control over doors in a room. ( see how the researchers did it in this video. ) in the first experiment, the scientists created a setup where one bonobo was put in a room with food. that bonobo could choose to open two doors leading to two other rooms \u2013 one housing a friend, the other, a stranger. all of the bonobos opened a door to let in another,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43566584871055497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e1b13fe1-a52d-4f57-9cad-919a9766a66e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.209602"}
{"text": "one bonobo was put in a room with food. that bonobo could choose to open two doors leading to two other rooms \u2013 one housing a friend, the other, a stranger. all of the bonobos opened a door to let in another, rather than dine alone. and nine of the 14 animals chose dining with the stranger over the familiar face \u2013 the ape equivalent of a restaurant ' s communal table. what ' s more, when the familiar bonobo was invited to join the feast, it was almost always by the stranger, who would have considered that bonobo a new face. none of the animals fought over the food, and there was quite a bit of the friendly genital rubbing that ' s made bonobos renowned in animal behavior - land. then the scientists tweaked the layout. in another experiment, the bonobos were isolated in separate cages, with food in a compartment in between. offered the option of sharing the food without physical contact, not one of the seven bonobos tested pulled a rope that would have let another reach through to the food. the results were published online in the journal plos one. so it looks like if you ' re a bonobo, sharing food is only worth it if it ' s a social event. bonus points if you ' re meeting someone new. it ' s fascinating behavior, but the researchers say it ' s not clear that this is altruism. \" if you ' re being nice to a stranger, it ' s not necessarily unselfish, \" tan told the salt. it ' s easy to see the benefits to humans in sharing a meal with a stranger, even in modern times. good conversation, future business partners, a broader social network \u2013 maybe even romance. perhaps bonobos see those potential payoffs in a meal shared, too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47966038833077335, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e1b13fe1-a52d-4f57-9cad-919a9766a66e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.210275"}
{"text": "file - in this jan. 24, 1972, file photo, a teenager relights the remainder of a marijuana joint. in 1972 a commission appointed by president richard nixon to study marijuana said it should be decriminalized and regulated. nixon rejected that, but a dozen states in the 1970s went on to eliminate jail time as a punishment for pot arrests. on the occasion of ' legalization day, ' thursday, dec. 6, 2012, when washington ' s new law takes effect, ap takes a look back at the cultural and legal status of the ' evil weed ' in american history. ( ap photo / jerry mosey, file ) / ap seattle ( ap ) the grass is no greener. but, finally, it ' s legal at least somewhere in america. it ' s been a long, strange trip for marijuana. washington state and colorado voted to legalize and regulate its recreational use last month. but before that, the plant, renowned since ancient times for its strong fibers, medical use and mind - altering properties, was a staple crop of the colonies, an \" assassin of youth, \" a counterculture emblem and a widely accepted if often abused medicine. on the occasion of thursday ' s \" legalization day, \" when washington ' s new law takes effect, here ' s a look back at the cultural and legal status of the \" evil weed \" in american history. cannabis in the colonies george washington and thomas jefferson both grew hemp and puzzled over the best ways to process it for clothing and rope. indeed, cannabis has been grown in america since soon after the british arrived. in 1619 the crown ordered the colonists at jamestown to grow hemp to satisfy england ' s incessant demand for maritime ropes, wayne state university professor ernest abel wrote in \" marihuana : the first twelve thousand years. \" hemp became more important to the colonies as new england ' s own shipping industry developed, and homespun hemp helped clothe american soldiers during the revolutionary war. some colonies offered farmers \" bounties \" for growing it. \" we have manufactured within our families the most necessary articles of cloathing, \" jefferson said in \" notes on the state of virginia. \" ' ' those of wool, flax and hemp are very coarse, unsightly, and unpleasant. \" jefferson went on to invent a device for processing hemp in 1815. taste the hashish books such as \" the arabian nights \" and alexandre dumas ' \" the count of monte cristo, \" with its vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4372555578053612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2afb62d2-7011-4c68-a63a-9839ff8dd3d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.221575"}
{"text": "urged legalization in a letter to president dwight eisenhower. reefer madness, hemp for victory after the repeal of alcohol prohibition in 1933, harry anslinger, who headed the federal bureau of narcotics, turned his attention to pot. he told of sensational crimes reportedly committed by marijuana addicts. \" no one knows, when he places a marijuana cigarette to his lips, whether he will become a philosopher, a joyous reveler in a musical heaven, a mad insensate, a calm philosopher, or a murderer, \" he wrote in a 1937 magazine article called \" marijuana : assassin of youth. \" the hysteria was captured in the propaganda films of the time most famously, \" reefer madness, \" which depicted young adults descending into violence and insanity after smoking marijuana. the movie found little audience upon its release in 1936 but was rediscovered by pot fans in the 1970s. congress banned marijuana with the marihuana tax act of 1937. anslinger continued his campaign into the ' 40s and ' 50s, sometimes trying without luck to get jazz musicians to inform on each other. \" zoot suited hep cats, with their jive lingo and passion for swift, hot music, provide a fertile field for growth of the marijuana habit, narcotics agents have found here, \" began a 1943 washington post story about increasing pot use in the nation ' s capital. the department of agriculture promoted a different message. after japanese troops cut off access to asian fiber supplies during world war ii, it released \" hemp for victory, \" a propaganda film urging farmers to grow hemp and extolling its use in parachutes and rope for the war effort. as the conformity of the postwar era took hold, getting high on marijuana and other drugs emerged as a symbol of the counterculture, with jack kerouac and the rest of the beat generation singing pot ' s praises. it also continued to be popular with actors and musicians. when actor robert mitchum was arrested on a marijuana charge in 1948, people magazine recounted, \" the press nationwide branded him a dope fiend. preachers railed against him from pulpits. mothers warned their daughters to shun his films. \" congress responded to increasing drug use especially heroin with stiffer penalties in the ' 50s. anslinger began to hype what we now call the \" gateway drug \" theory : that marijuana had to be controlled because it would eventually lead its users to heroin. then came vietnam. the widespread, open use of marijuana by hippies and war protesters from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41077143051216153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2afb62d2-7011-4c68-a63a-9839ff8dd3d8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.224165"}
{"text": "ever took place because of the federal prohibition. nevertheless, doctors noted its ability to ease nausea and stimulate appetites of cancer and aids patients. and in 1996, california became the first state to allow the medical use of marijuana. since then, 17 other states and the district of columbia have followed. in recent years, medical marijuana dispensaries readily identifiable by the green crosses on their storefronts have proliferated in many states, including washington, colorado and california. that ' s prompted a backlash from some who suggest they are fronts for illicit drug dealing and that most of the people they serve aren ' t really sick. the justice department has shut down some it deems the worst offenders. legal weed at last on nov. 6, washington and colorado pleased aging hippies everywhere and shocked straights of all ages by voting to become the first states to legalize the fun use of marijuana. voters handily approved measures to decriminalize the possession of up to an ounce by adults over 21. colorado ' s measure also permits home - growing of up to six plants. both states are working to set up a regulatory scheme with licensed growers, processors and retail stores. eventually, activists say, grown - ups will be able to walk into a store, buy some marijuana, and walk out with ganja in hand but not before paying the taxman. the states expect to raise hundreds of millions of dollars for schools and other government functions. but it ' s not so simple. the regulatory schemes conflict with the federal government ' s longstanding pot prohibition, according to many legal scholars. the justice department could sue to block those schemes from taking effect but hasn ' t said whether it will do so. the bizarre journey of cannabis in america continues. johnson can be reached at https : / / twitter. com / geneapseattle ap researcher julie reed bell contributed to this report from charlotte, n. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42903117796661283, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2afb62d2-7011-4c68-a63a-9839ff8dd3d8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.226654"}
{"text": "how did the universe get its structure? it was very smooth when it was born, with matter distributed incredibly evenly through space. now, thanks to the action of gravity over billions of years, it is very lumpy, with dense clusters of galaxies separated by enormous voids. you can watch the process unfold in a new computer simulation by a group of scientists led by tiziana di matteo of carnegie mellon university in pittsburgh, pennsylvania, us. unlike previous simulations, di matteo ' s team included black holes in their simulation. the black holes are not highlighted in the animation, but they do influence their surroundings. increasingly, scientists are realising that supermassive black holes weighing millions or billions of times the mass of the sun may affect their environment more than previously thought. their enormous gravity can capture and swallow vast quantities of matter from their immediate vicinity, but they can also produce jets and radiation that can influence matter much farther away. another cool animation released recently shows the effects of the solar wind on earth ' s magnetosphere. the solar wind constantly buffets the magnetosphere, stretching and bending magnetic field lines until they suddenly snap in what are called magnetic reconnection events. esa ' s four cluster spacecraft have been investigating this phenomenon and esa recently put out an animation illustrating this magnetic field snapping. i ' m fascinated by how a combination of science and computer graphics can show you things that you could never witness firsthand? like cosmic changes that unfold over billions of years in the case of di matteo ' s simulation, and the normally invisible dance of magnetic field lines in the case of the cluster animation. david shiga, online reporter ( image : tiziana di matteo / cmu ) labels : black holes, cluster, large - scale structure, magnetic reconnection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.589987445805441, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db20a43-8164-47dd-bb60-e6830bc0fce4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.232936"}
{"text": "( bpt ) - health conditions in the human body interact in many different and unique ways. what may be surprising to people is how oral health is connected with diabetes. a recent survey conducted by harris interactive reveals a lack of awareness about the various health issues associated with diabetes \u2013 particularly oral health. more than one third of people with diabetes aren \u2019 t aware of the link between diabetes and oral health. while more than half of people with diabetes report one or more symptoms of gum disease, an astounding 67 percent do not discuss their oral health with their doctor. the majority of americans living with diabetes say they don \u2019 t have enough information about the link between oral health and dental care, and they say they would benefit from more. dr. natalie strand shares five simple tips to help take charge of your diabetes and prevent gum disease. she managed her own diabetes while also winning a popular endurance reality tv show, is an assistant professor in clinical anesthesiology and a practicing physician at university of southern california keck school of medicine. 1. take charge with small steps take small steps to transform your life and your health. walk one extra block before returning home, eat smaller portions of your favorite foods and brush your teeth after every meal. as you slowly make changes, keep your doctor and family informed. they \u2019 ll help you to keep a positive attitude and stay on the road to a healthier lifestyle. 2. talk to your doctor and your dentist your doctor plays an integral role in helping you to manage your diabetes health, but your dentist can be important too. make sure your doctor and your dentist know how to contact each other and are sharing information, so they can work together on your treatment plan. 3. oral care isn \u2019 t just about having white teeth people with diabetes are more susceptible to serious gum disease, so it \u2019 s important to take good care of your teeth and gums by getting regular dental checkups every six months. if you don \u2019 t have a dentist or dental insurance, a dental school in your area can be a great resource. most dental schools also have clinics where the cost is often lower than visiting a private - practice dentist. 4. glucose and gum disease could be a two - way street research suggests that the relationship between serious gum disease and diabetes can go two ways, and serious gum disease may have the potential to affect blood glucose control and contribute to the progression of diabetes. taking steps recommended by your doctor to control your diabetes can decrease your likelihood of developing gum disease. 5. choose your toothpaste wisely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43318073939009705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad99d679-0675-4f38-86ae-16552b786cd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.236103"}
{"text": "monday, march 21, 2011 contact : karen aldana new age - focused guidelines help parents make more informed choices the national highway traffic safety administration has revised its child restraint guidelines to be categorized by age rather than by type of child seat in order to keep pace with the latest scientific and medical research and the development of new child restraint technologies. under the new guidelines, issued today, nhtsa is advising parents and caregivers to keep children in each restraint type, including rear - facing, forward - facing and booster seats, for as long as possible before moving them up to the next type of seat. for instance, the safety agency recommends using the restraints in the rear - facing position as long as children fit within the height and weight limits of the car seat as established by the manufacturer. the rear - facing position reduces stresses to the neck and spinal cord and is particularly important for growing babies. nhtsa said that its new guidelines are consistent with the latest advice from the american academy of pediatrics, which advises parents to keep kids in rear - facing restraints until two years of age or until they reach the highest weight or height allowed by their car safety seat ' s manufacturer. there is no need to hurry to transition a child to the next restraint type. \" safety is our highest priority, \" said transportation secretary ray lahood. \" the ' best ' car seat is the one that fits your child, fits your vehicle and one you will use every time your child is in the car. \" nhtsa administrator david strickland pointed out that while all car seats sold in the u. s. must meet federal child restraint safety standards, he said, \" selecting the right seat for your child can be a challenge for many parents. nhtsa ' s new revised guidelines will help consumers pick the appropriate seat for their child. \" administrator strickland said that parents should also consider other factors when selecting a car seat, including their child ' s weight, height, physical development and behavioral needs, as well the family ' s economics and type of vehicle. additional recommendations for child seat use from nhtsa include the following : - always read child seat manufacturers ' instructions and the vehicle owner ' s manual for important information on height and weight limits and how to install the car seat using the seat belt or the latch system. - all children under 13 should ride in the back seat. - children in rear - facing car seats should never ride in front of an active passenger air bag.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43723311197845777, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:962cce8f-e38a-4c87-bc27-3339e26fdf51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.241863"}
{"text": "similar to the petroleum industry, the wind power industry uses data from many different types of surveys and studies. however, the wind industry currently lacks both methods and tools to process and make concerted use of the available data for planning purposes. developing planning tools that use integrated models of the physical environment will be an important step towards cutting installation costs and increasing the profitability of wind farm projects. \u201c a common platform for descriptions, planning and impact assessment, integrating information from all disciplines involved, provides a comprehensive picture of the interaction between the various environmental parameters and the planned installations. use of common models has already proven itself to be a very effective way of organising, analysing and communicating data between the various specialist groups involved in the development of petroleum fields, \u201d says jan tveranger, research leader of the geoscience section at uni cipr. testing at havsul the work on developing a common platform and analytical tools for site characterization and optimization of offshore wind farms is part of an innovation project supported by the research council of norway \u2019 s clean energy for the future ( renergi ) programme. here uni cipr is part of a broad partnership ( see the \u201c facts \u201d box ), the purpose of which is to streamline the planning, design and installation of seabed foundations for wind turbines. the project has a budget of nok 14 million, and the results will be published in summer 2013 and ready for use in the large, growing market for offshore wind farm projects from 2014 onwards. the the planned wind farm havsul off the m\u00f8re coast in northwestern norway, owned by vestavind offshore as, will act as a test side for demonstrating the new technology. costs must be cut much of the norwegian coast is characterized by a challenging climate as well as highly variable water depths and seabed conditions. this type of environment imposes major constraints on marine operations, positioning of turbine towers and the choice of foundation designs for the towers. this in turns may send the material costs and construction time through the roof. installation costs must be reduced for offshore wind farms to become an attractive industry. norwegian companies and research institutions are working on developing new technology and new methods to overcome these challenges. integrated site characterization the single most important prerequisite for cost - effective development of wind farms is detailed knowledge and good understanding of the local environmental conditions : meteorological, oceanographic, biological and geological. the description of the environmental conditions forms the basis for the design of the turbines and towers and constrains where they can be positioned to achieve optimal power generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5076344214028037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a139d62-a20e-40ae-831d-3acc10645ffd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.246451"}
{"text": "knowledge and good understanding of the local environmental conditions : meteorological, oceanographic, biological and geological. the description of the environmental conditions forms the basis for the design of the turbines and towers and constrains where they can be positioned to achieve optimal power generation. although environmental surveying is already a key part of planning work in connection with offshore wind farms, there is currently no common software or methodology that allows integrated treatment of the whole suite of environmental data. in addition, since most of the existing offshore wind farms have been built in areas with simple, relatively uniform seabed conditions, methods have not yet been developed for installation of wind power plants in areas with complex seabed geology, discontinuous cover of surficial deposits, and large variations in water depth. this can pose significant problems during installation, if the tower foundations have not been designed for and adapted to the local seabed conditions. the centre for integrated petroleum research at uni research ( uni cipr ) and its partners norwind installer as ( project owner ), owec tower as, vestavind offshore as, menck gmbh, bauer spezialtiefbau gmbh and the university of strathclyde, glasgow have been awarded support from the research council of norway for an innovation project in the field of renewable energy. norwind installer as, which installed the first jacket foundations in the german sector in 2009, will primarily focus on the installation of the new designs using their planned purpose - built installation vessels. owec tower as, the market leader in jacket - based foundation design for offshore wind turbines, is collaborating with the other partners to develop new design solutions for pre - installed seabed foundations. the solutions will cover a broad spectrum of designs from drilled and screwed piles to suction buckets and gravity bases, using the current system of piles in sand as a reference. the foreign partners, which have a great deal of experience from offshore wind research and industrial projects in germany and the uk, are contributing expertise in the fields of design and installation activities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5024520364526366, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a139d62-a20e-40ae-831d-3acc10645ffd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.247409"}
{"text": "general knowledge - quiz general facts on world affairs. athletics 01 - warming up lesson plan that introduces children to the concept of warming up. children are provided with opportunities to practice running over distance, sprinting and jumping. their knowledge and understanding of athletics is promoted as they find out about sprinting. how do i get to work by public transport? op het einde van deze les kun je opzoeken hoe een persoon het best naar zijn werk gaat met het openbaar vervoer. the senses : hearing - by studyjams the ear is specially designed to change sound waves into signals that the brain can understand, allowing you to hear. that is not all they do, though. your ears also help you balance. learn more about your sense of hearing with this cartoon animation from studyjams. a short, self - checking quiz is also included with this link. dear 16 - year - old me this professionally - made video was made possible thanks to the generosity of real canadians and americans whose lives have been touched by melanoma. these are not actors. the video encourages early detection of skin cancer and provides suggestions for prevention. the \" p. i. t. a \" expression is used at counter 2 : 19, but it does not overshadow the powerful message directed towards teens about the serious matter of melanoma. ( 05 : 04 ) \" the needs of a plant \" - song about what plants need to thrive this computer - animated video contains a lively song which teaches young children the needs of a plant : water, soil, space, sun, and air. ( 1 : 04 ) \" they were the pilgrims \" - a song about the journey of the pilgrims this computer - animated video features a song which traces the journey of the pilgrims to america. the selection includes maps and describes challenges faced by the pilgrims. ( 2 : 24 ) counting by fives song this cute animated video will help students learn to count by 5 ' s. the lyrics repeat themselves several times. the numbers appear on the screen as they are said. ( 3 : 04 ) animal life cycles by studyjams every animal ' s life goes through the same cycle : reproduction, growth, maturity, and finally, death. learn more about the animal life cycle with this slide show from studyjams. vibrant images are set to music with information written under each photo. a short, self - checking quiz is also included with this link. these are mayans and they were part of south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4977328392396184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53b708a3-d1c3-4799-8cfc-9ea1ed44b222>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.253451"}
{"text": "the animal life cycle with this slide show from studyjams. vibrant images are set to music with information written under each photo. a short, self - checking quiz is also included with this link. these are mayans and they were part of south america and they were one of the many important civilizations in the continent and the topic of this 48 minute video. it is slow loading so it should be downloaded before viewing online. there are images shown that may be offensive to some so a preview is a must. provides students with a better perspective of how progressive these people were and adds to the mystery of what happened to them. how to identify a white pine this 1 : 35 video explains what a white pine looks like and ways to identify it. its vitamin content is explained and how to use it needles to make a tea is also shown. the spread of the apple tree from the romans this 12 minute video traces how the apple tree came to the new world and its uses. there is some mention of sex, but the video ' s subject matter is overwhelming fit for most classrooms. sometimes the speaker wanders from the topic. 25 years later : nuclear expert robert alvarez speaks on chernobyl and fukushima on april 26, 1986, a reactor at the chernobyl nuclear power plant in ukraine exploded. the resulting meltdown became the world ' s worst nuclear disaster. 25 years later, as japan struggles to contain its own nuclear disaster, institute for policy studies nuclear expert robert alvarez discusses health effects from the chernobyl disaster, what we can expect for japan and what we have learned about nuclear power. a state - of - the - art relative navigation system will be demonstrated on the sts - 134 mission to the international space station called the sensor test for orion relative navigation risk mitigation or storrm. the goal of storrm is to validate a new relative navigation sensor based on advanced laser and detector technology that will make docking and undocking to the international space station and other spacecraft easier and safer. the demonstration is a test - run of the technology, and the sts - 134 cr sts - 134 daily mission recap - flight day 2 a video recap of flight day 2 of the sts - 134 mission of space shuttle endeavour to the international space station. first spaceflight recreated read more : http : / / www. newscientist. com / blogs / nstv / 2011 / 04 / experience - the - first - spaceflight. html robot with corkscrew legs read more : http : / / www. newscie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5076910593480716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53b708a3-d1c3-4799-8cfc-9ea1ed44b222>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.254433"}
{"text": ": http : / / www. newscientist. com / blogs / nstv / 2011 / 04 / experience - the - first - spaceflight. html robot with corkscrew legs read more : http : / / www. newscientist. com / blogs / nstv / 2011 / 05 / corkscrew - legs - make - robot - more - versatile. html now at moma : looking at music 3. 0 | lee quinones looking at music 3. 0 : lee quinones on graffiti february 16 - may 30, 2011 images courtesy of lee quinones filmed by the people ' s dp, inc. authors @ google : mary roach mary roach spoke to googlers in mountain view on april 22, 2011 about her book packing for mars : the curious science of life in the void. about the book : space is a world devoid of the things we need to live and thrive : air, gravity, hot showers, fresh produce, privacy, beer. how much can a person give up? how much weirdness can they take? what happens to you when you can ' t walk for a year? what happens if you vomit in your helmet during a space walk? is it possible for the human body to survi authors @ google : gary taubes gary taubes spoke to googlers in mountain view on may 2, 2011 about his book why we get fat : and what to do about it. about the book : an eye - opening, myth - shattering examination of what makes us fat, from acclaimed science writer gary taubes. building upon this critical work in good calories, bad calories, taubes revisits the urgent question of what ' s making us fat and how we can change in this exciting new book. persuasive, straightforward, and practical, why we get fat makes taubess crucial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5307020093616939, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53b708a3-d1c3-4799-8cfc-9ea1ed44b222>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.255955"}
{"text": "showcase of amazing paper made artworks and sculptures paper is a medium that most of us only use for jotting down our ideas and writing down notes, and think that there is no other use of paper except writing. however, some imaginative artists out there have created spectacular pieces of artwork out of paper. they refer to it as paper craft or paper artwork. we have already published a post about awesome works of art made from paper and that was greatly appreciated by our readers. now we have gathered another great collection of amazing paper made artworks and sculptures. this post is meant to pay accolade to those artists who have created such phenomenal pieces of artwork. all the examples presented in this post have been created only by using papers from delicate cut outs to the most comprehensive and realistic models. enjoy! wanrayen - paper modeling this paper artwork looks so realistic that your brain struggles to grasp whether you are looking at a piece of paper created art or an actual photograph. a most beautiful example of paper art, demonstrating the appropriate use of colors to give the work a real unique and appealing look. this is truly amazing to see how paper can be used to fabricate such a huge sculpture. a beautiful and colorful vase made out of papers. see how wonderfully the artist has added the necessary detail. quilling in a fishbowl a hard type of paper is used in this artwork to express the hard nature of the fishbowl. paper lantern art a beautiful example of a paper lantern creation that looks so imaginative and attractive. the artist has taken special care with the folds and light indentions in the paper to craft this beautiful paper sculpture of a lion. this piece was made with great concentration and skill as the artist carefully carved the words from the paper to preserve the integrity and flow of the letters. see how creatively paper is used to portray the perfect shape of a sunflower. paper quilling doily this piece is an amazing example of the intricate and delicate nature of working with paper as your medium, demonstrating another wonderful way in which artists use it. this one is an epic masterpiece among the collection. using over 20 books to carve and arrange an artistic and transformative spectacle. here the artist molded and folded their way to a scene that is a little bit rock \u2018 n \u2019 roll, and a whole lot of artistry. the roots of heaven the artist of this spectacular cut out was devoted enough to pay close attention to even the minute details in this piece. o ero he \u2019 ll fight ( detail ) this next piece is an abstract creation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5015663005782109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f140062-94d2-42ab-91b3-6accf41065af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.260892"}
{"text": "whole lot of artistry. the roots of heaven the artist of this spectacular cut out was devoted enough to pay close attention to even the minute details in this piece. o ero he \u2019 ll fight ( detail ) this next piece is an abstract creation with layers upon intricate layers of creepy cut outs that give the work an underlying wave of discomfort even with its somewhat whimsical appearance. out of narnia how beautifully a carved sculpture is created and springs to life purely from the pages of the book from which they have come. in this piece, the artist has tried to portray the ninth day of dasara and has wonderfully and playfully succeeded. in this piece we see a a beautiful girl wearing a retro looking skirt and top with long curly hair all crafted purely with paper. you will surely be amazed with this piece featuring a truly innovative artist \u2019 s creativity and limitless thinking. here an entire dress has been crafted from paper alone. mr. ivo opstelten this is yet another masterpiece of paper work. see how wonderfully the facial lines are created to give it a more realistic look. so much character is given to the piece. here is a sad owl sitting on a branch of a tree for you to see how imaginatively you can use paper in paper artwork. toilet roll face here the artist has ingeniously made use of toilet rolls to create a realistic face by careful folding and scrunching the paper. holding on to myself in this artwork, see how the artist has imaginatively used paper to create this illusion, as if the person is holding on to himself. mckimens has successfully brought cartoon drawings to life via hand - drawn and colored sculptures out of paper, for example ; clapped - out old truck. this piece is one of the most vividly colored in the showcase. such a cheerful and celebratory tone exudes from this paper made creation. another creative and brilliant example of paper sculpture that looks as if it is made up of feathers. girl with dog a detail oriented and meticulous paper sculpture of a dog which fashionably fits with his owner. life size onitsuka tiger it is inspiring to see how paper sculpture can be used to fashion a life sized portrayal one of the toughest creatures in the world. under the cedar another beautiful example of colorful paper art work where the artist has playfully crafted a businessman sitting on the bench. this is simply astonishing to see how the feeling of love and affection can also be depicted through the pieces of papers. these beautiful and refreshing flowers made out of simple colored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49142008228727474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f140062-94d2-42ab-91b3-6accf41065af>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.262038"}
{"text": "colorful paper art work where the artist has playfully crafted a businessman sitting on the bench. this is simply astonishing to see how the feeling of love and affection can also be depicted through the pieces of papers. these beautiful and refreshing flowers made out of simple colored papers are enough to please your eyes with their beauty, and stimulate your mind with their complex construct. 3 spine concertina \u2013 single sheet zero waste this artwork shows that a complete 3 spine concertina can be created without wasting a single piece of paper. in this simple and poignant piece, the artist has crafted a nativity scene from paper sculptures. beautiful paper lanterns of different colors and shapes are created purely with papers. mr. chop : sounds from the cave 12 \u2033 ep this is such a creative display of paper artwork skills featuring a complete music system made of papers. paper is folded and twisted with special care to breathe life into this sculpture of the mythical hippocampus. this paper art work delightfully represents a group of pigeons that have just started their flight from the ground. paper wall art a stunning and impressive wall piece created out of papers only. buscando a la serpiente don \u2019 t get tempted with its soft and wavy look because this sculpture is made up of nothing but the papers. paper book necklace as a little something different, here we have a highly unique approach to jewelry using paper art in the process. quilling paper picture flowers although this would not be difficult at all to discern as paper, it is still such a compelling and alluring piece of quilled paper art. about the author nousheen aquil is a web graphic designer. she loves photography, drawing and painting. she also is a contributing member of webdesigncore, a platform that focuses on free web resources and inspiration for designers and developers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4850720341256991, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f140062-94d2-42ab-91b3-6accf41065af>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.262768"}
{"text": "easter celebrations through the centuries michel martin, host : i ' m michel martin, and this is tell me more from npr news. in a few minutes, your chance to talk back about what you ' ve heard on the air or read on our blog. it ' s our friday backtalk segment. and that ' s coming up. but first, to another of our friday features, faith matters. that ' s where we talk about matters of faith and spirituality. today is good friday, one of the most important christian holy days. it commemorates the crucifixion of jesus. in jerusalem today, christians marched through the old city retracing jesus ' last steps. ( soundbite of singing ) martin : this sunday of course marks easter, which is the celebration of the resurrection of jesus, who is now called the christ. we wanted to learn more about the rituals of easter and how those have changed over the centuries, so we ' ve called upon mary elizabeth sperry. she ' s worked for the u. s. conference of catholic bishops since 1994. she holds a master ' s in liturgical studies from the catholic university of america, as well as a master ' s in political science. i don ' t know how those work together. but we ' re happy about that. welcome. thanks so much for joining us. ms. mary elizabeth sperry ( associate director of bible utilization, u. s. conference of catholic bishops ) : nice to be here. thank you. martin : now, you were telling us earlier that easter actually used to be celebrated at night. ms. sperry : yes. in the early centuries, up until about the fourth century, easter was a night celebration. you would start after sunset on saturday and finish before the dawn on sunday. and there ' s really a reason for it. there was no weekend in the second and third and early fourth centuries. until christianity became the religion of the empire, you had to do it after your workday was done. and we know that it was a nighttime celebration always because one of the early authors in the church tertullian, who lived in africa, used to write that this was a reason that non - christians and christians shouldn ' t marry, because what non - christian husband would let his wife be out all night celebrating easter? martin : what about sunday? was easter always on sunday? ms. sperry : that was actually a very important debate in the early years of the church, because some people always celebrated it in relationship to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4230815935028356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fef42924-7a9e-4dac-b2c1-a50181202572>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.280412"}
{"text": "wife be out all night celebrating easter? martin : what about sunday? was easter always on sunday? ms. sperry : that was actually a very important debate in the early years of the church, because some people always celebrated it in relationship to the jewish passover on the 14th of nisan, which is the date in the jewish calendar of passover. others had note, it always had to be celebrated on a sunday and they would debate this back and forth for almost 200 years. and, finally, pope victor from carthage, north africa - another african again - said, no, we ' re always going to celebrate it on sunday. and it wasn ' t definitively established until 325. and even as late as 1960, there have been debates about, should we fix a date for easter? should we allow it to go back and forth? even today not all christians celebrate at the same time every year. this year we do. martin : yeah, this year and last year, in fact. what would you call it? ms. sperry : the orthodox christians and other christians celebrate on the same day. martin : same day. but that is unusual. ms. sperry : it is somewhat unusual and so there have been debates back and forth. we just fix it and all pick a date. but that ' s just gone nowhere, you know. easter is now defined as the sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox. so the first full moon was monday, april 18th. so easter is the 24th. the latest it can possibly be is the 25th. so we ' re pushing the limit this year. martin : ok. talk to me, if you would, about the spiritual and theological importance of the holy week and easter. i mean, i think for people who are non - christian, i think they might think that christmas is kind of the big deal for christians. but that ' s not the case. talk a little bit about that, if you would. ms. sperry : nothing in christianity is as important as the passion, death and resurrection of jesus. for christians, it ' s the death and resurrection of jesus, which opens the possibility to us for eternal life. it is the night that gives mourners joy, restores lost innocence that breaks the gates of death and allows life to happen. so, for christians, nothing is as important as easter. we go from this sadness of good friday to the hope of eternal joy. and so it ' s the most important feast of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4196277675191835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fef42924-7a9e-4dac-b2c1-a50181202572>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.289282"}
{"text": "innocence that breaks the gates of death and allows life to happen. so, for christians, nothing is as important as easter. we go from this sadness of good friday to the hope of eternal joy. and so it ' s the most important feast of our year. and it was the first feast that christians celebrated. martin : if you ' re just joining us, this is tell me more from npr news. we ' re having an easter primer with mary elizabeth sperry. she ' s with the u. s. conference of catholic bishops. she also has a master ' s in liturgical studies. and she ' s talking about the rituals of easter and how it was first celebrated and how their celebrations have changed over the years. all celebrations become metaphors for other themes and people find new meaning in them. i ' m thinking people who have been suffering around the world, say, for example, who have suffered for political - have sort of found great meaning in easter and the idea of hope and an ongoing hope. ms. sperry : the idea of redemptive suffering is a very important part of easter. it ' s the sense that you join jesus in his suffering and death on the cross and you hope to share in his victory. theologically that ' s the meaning of baptism, which is why baptism has always been very closely tied to this weekend. in his letters to the romans, chapter six, saying - paul talks about we die with christ in baptism so that we will live with him forever through resurrection. and so, there ' s a sense that if we enter into suffering of christ, if we combine our suffering to his, we can share the same ultimate victory that he will. and so, there ' s a sense that people who are suffering throughout the world, that by taking on a part of their suffering, by helping them, somehow we combine our suffering with jesus, so as we can share in his victory. martin : now, obviously christianity is a worldwide religion and it ' s observed, you know, all over the world. in this country, you know, african - americans have been very closely identified with a strong association with the story of jesus because of their own experience and passing through slavery to freedom. and the so - called negro spirituals often capture that sense of, you know, hope in the midst of suffering. and i just wanted to play a short, a little bit of one of the spirituals that i grew up with. it ' s called \" were you there? \" and i want", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46329602989289126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fef42924-7a9e-4dac-b2c1-a50181202572>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.291548"}
{"text": "sense of, you know, hope in the midst of suffering. and i just wanted to play a short, a little bit of one of the spirituals that i grew up with. it ' s called \" were you there? \" and i want to play just a little bit of it here as sung by one of the 20th century ' s, you know, most beautiful voices, marion anderson. and this recording comes from 1947. ( soundbite of song, \" were you there? \" ) ms. marion anderson ( musician ) : ( singing ) were you there when they crucified my lord? were you there when they crucified my lord? oh. martin : first of all, did you sing this? ms. sperry : oh, absolutely. every good friday, you were guaranteed to sing it at the service where you would meditate on the words passion, because what you ' re being called to do is exactly what she says. put yourself there. were you there? ( soundbite of song, \" were you there? \" ) ms. anderson : ( singing ) were you there when they crucified my lord? ms. sperry : can you put yourself in that place? can you imagine what you would feel? can you wonder if you would be the person who ran away? or the person who stayed at the foot of the cross and carried the body to the tomb and what would you feel? that ' s what the services these days are about. put you there so you can just embrace that emotion and that feeling. to call yourself to be the person who stays. martin : and then, finally, mary elizabeth, i don ' t know if you can offer some insight into this, but the celebration of easter, of course, centers on the faith, but also the bunnies, the jelly beans, the marshmallow peeps, you know. there are certain rituals that a lot of people are familiar with. do you have any idea why - where do the easter bunny and the easter egg hunt came from and if you can add any insight into jelly beans and marshmallow peeps, that would also be welcome. ms. sperry : well, easter is a spring event and as christianity spread through the roman empire and then through even the farther regions, they didn ' t want to just make people abandon everything they had always known, so they incorporated their rituals. well, most non - christian cultures have some sort of fertility rights in the spring. eggs are an obvious symbol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47319539904600105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fef42924-7a9e-4dac-b2c1-a50181202572>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.301266"}
{"text": "through even the farther regions, they didn ' t want to just make people abandon everything they had always known, so they incorporated their rituals. well, most non - christian cultures have some sort of fertility rights in the spring. eggs are an obvious symbol of fertility. so people would exchange eggs and have egg - based foods and things like that. rabbits for fairly obvious reasons are symbols for fertility. they tend to breed in prodigious numbers. and so they become a symbol of easter. jelly beans, marshmallow peeps, i don ' t think we can give those religious significance. but they are very sugary. martin : you can ' t help me with those. ms. sperry : they are very sugary. and so, the foods of easter were all the things you weren ' t allowed to eat during lent. martin : i ' ve been talking about the rituals of easter with mary elizabeth sperry of the united states conference of catholic bishops. she was kind enough to join us in our washington, d. c. studios. happy easter to you. thank you for joining us. ms. sperry : happy easter. martin : before we end our faith matters segment for today, i just want to play some tape because this easter sunday is also the anniversary of marion anderson ' s historic concert at the lincoln memorial in 1939. that was the one that was offered her after she was denied the stage at washington ' s constitution hall because of her race. still, you may know, she sang this song. ( soundbite of song, \" my country, ' tis of thee \" ) ms. anderson : ( singing ) my country, ' tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, for thee we sing. land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim ' s pride. from every mountainside, let freedom ring. ( soundbite of applause ) martin : once again, that was marion anderson singing on the steps of the lincoln memorial on easter sunday, 1939. npr transcripts are created on a rush deadline by a contractor for npr, and accuracy and availability may vary. this text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. please be aware that the authoritative record of npr ' s programming is the audio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45774140448553285, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fef42924-7a9e-4dac-b2c1-a50181202572>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.311790"}
{"text": "courtesy of mica thomas mulloy a metro light rail train rolls by the devine legacy apartment building along central avenue in phoenix. the energy - efficient complex includes 65 \" urban style \" apartments. it ' s been a record hot summer in many cities across the nation. phoenix is no exception. this sonoran desert metropolis already records more days over 100 degrees than any other major u. s. city. now, climate models predict phoenix will soon get even hotter. a hotter future may mean a more volatile environment \u2014 and along with it, natural disasters, greater pressure on infrastructure, and an increased physical toll on city residents. while some city planners around the country discuss ways to mitigate climate change, planners in phoenix assume that change is already under way. now, they are working to prepare the phoenix metro area, and its approximately 4 million residents, for a new reality. ' how are we gonna live here? ' the view is bleak from john larsala ' s front drive in west phoenix. the tree in front of the house is dead, and the grass is dead, too. in fact, there ' s no grass at all anymore. on a household income of $ 18, 000 a year, larsala can ' t afford the water charges required to keep his yard green. \" all these trees are dying, because i can ' t put water on it, \" he says. so larsala ' s children and their friends play basketball in the barren yard. that is, until june comes around and the blazing phoenix summer finally forces everyone inside. john larsala struggles to keep his family cool during the phoenix summer. the shade trees in his front yard have died because he cannot afford to water them. john larsala struggles to keep his family cool during the phoenix summer. the shade trees in his front yard have died because he cannot afford to water them. peter o ' dowd / kjzz for three months, larsala will shut the doors and windows tight. to save money, he soaks his kids in a cool bath and delays using the air conditioning until just before bedtime. \" whether you are inside or whether you are outside, the heat costs you money, \" larsala says. when told that climate scientists predict the state will get even hotter in the future, larsala is taken aback. \" it ' s going to be hotter than what it is right now? who gonna live here? how are we gonna live here? \" sustained heat waves ahead phoenix actually suffers from two heat problems. one is a product of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38384193619478946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78cbc34c-c1ef-4c08-84af-1263d9178d72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.330622"}
{"text": "one has \" everything to do with managing without having to use a lot of extra energy and power. \" to do that, meunier says planners could encourage 10 times as many people to live around phoenix ' s light - rail stations. getting more use out of the system would take cars \u2014 and heat \u2014 off the street. these people would also live in taller buildings. meunier says desert cities in yemen, for example, take advantage of tall buildings to shade narrow streets. \" it ' s crucially important. i mean, not being exposed to the direct sun ' s rays makes a great big difference, \" he says. instead of exposed front yards and backyards, older desert cities employ well - ventilated courtyards, meunier says. mediterranean cities paint roads and rooftops white to reflect sunlight. it ' s the way phoenix has been built, meunier says, that will make its residents vulnerable to rising temperatures. \" i ' m not arguing that we should all live at a higher density, \" meunier says. \" what i am arguing is that there ' s a lot to be gained by having more of us live at higher density. \" learning to build better for meunier ' s ideas to become reality, developers will have to make the choice to build differently. some of them already have. take the city ' s light rail north about three miles, and you can get a close - up view of how buildings like meunier envisions might actually work. courtesy of mica thomas mulloy felicia mcmullen has lived in the energy - efficient devine legacy apartment building in central phoenix since december. felicia mcmullen has lived in the energy - efficient devine legacy apartment building in central phoenix since december. courtesy of mica thomas mulloy the devine legacy is a housing complex designed for people with lower incomes. right next to the rail line, every window is dual - paned, and the building is also superinsulated. together, those features make a typical devine legacy unit 40 percent more energy efficient. walking through the front gate leads you to a courtyard. four - story buildings rise up on either side of you. there ' s shade everywhere, and a breeze moves through the space. even on a 113 - degree day in phoenix, it feels much cooler. \" having a cool place to live is more important to me than food, \" says resident felicia mcmullen. before she moved here, mcmullen says she was sick and stressed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4426855758795888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78cbc34c-c1ef-4c08-84af-1263d9178d72>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.346710"}
{"text": "113 - degree day in phoenix, it feels much cooler. \" having a cool place to live is more important to me than food, \" says resident felicia mcmullen. before she moved here, mcmullen says she was sick and stressed. she sometimes spent $ 300 a month to cool her suburban home. now, mcmullen says, \" i don ' t have that problem. \" her last electric bill was $ 60 \u2014 and the stress is gone. ernesto fonseca, a planner who specializes in sustainable communities, helped test devine legacy ' s energy use before it opened late last year. he considers the complex a small victory in what may someday be a more complicated effort to stay cool. \" people in extreme climates learn to live with it, \" fonseca says. \" and that ' s part of a resilient society. \" fonseca thinks a lot about this idea of resilience. he says it means that people who live in phoenix must do more than try to solve the causes of escalating temperatures \u2014 they must also learn to withstand the changes as they happen. because, as fonseca says, \" we don ' t have a choice. \" peter o ' dowd works with the public radio collaborative fronteras. read more from their series \" heat wave. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47117447073068935, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78cbc34c-c1ef-4c08-84af-1263d9178d72>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.348953"}
{"text": "stratigraphy of permian rocks ( continued ) bone spring limestone the bone spring limestone is the oldest formation exposed in the guadalupe and delaware mountains. it forms a bench of varying height along the west - facing escarpment of the mountains, which is fringed on the west by alluvial deposits or outcrops of down - faulted rocks. ( for views of typical exposures see pl. 5 ; for map relations, pl. 3. ) the formation passes beneath the surface in the southern delaware mountains, south of the area described, but across the salt basin to the southwest is extensively exposed and forms the upper three - fourths of the east - facing escarpment of the sierra diablo. 46 the formation was named by blanchard and davis, 47 but it had previously been recognized by both shumard48 and girty49 as the \" basal black limestone \" ( member 4 of shumard ' s section ). the type locality is in the lower course of bone canyon below bone spring, on the west side of the guadalupe mountains 1 mile northwest of el capitan, where there are characteristic exposures of several hundred feet of its upper beds. the formation is several thousand feet thick, as shown by the sections on plate 8. on the promontory of the delaware mountains 18 miles south of el capitan, 1, 500 feet of beds were measured ( section 49 ), and at a point 2 miles north of bone spring 1, 700 feet ( section 7 ), but at neither place is the base exposed. in the sierra diablo, measured sections show a combined thickness for the bone spring and underlying hueco of about 3, 000 feet ( section 45 ). this agrees closely with the 3, 123 feet recorded in the updike well near el capitan ( section 47 ). in the delaware mountains to the south, which in permian time were a part of the delaware basin, the formation is evidently much thicker, for in the anderson and prichard well the combined thickness of bone spring and hueco limestones, including the beds exposed above the top of the well, totals 4, 540 feet ( section 48 ). according to adams, 50 in this part of the section several faults may have been drilled through, as \" chunks of rocks showing slickensides were bailed from the hole. \" judgment must be reserved as to whether the possible faults have materially altered the amount of thickness, but they should be kept in mind as a possible source of error. the bone spring is composed almost entirely of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.393250558858422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.607367"}
{"text": "light brown and of fine - grained particles. at several places, layers as much as 10 feet thick of platy, fine - grained, calcareous sandstone are interbedded with the black limestones. two specimens of the sandstone, one from a point 2 - 1 / 2 miles south - southeast of el capitan and the other from the mouth of black canyon farther south, were studied under the microscope by ward smith. the grains have a maximum diameter of 0. 2 millimeter and lie in a calcite matrix. they consist chiefly of quartz, with some microcline and plagioclase, and a small but noteworthy amount of zircon, tourmaline, and apatite. these are the more stable minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. a mile south of bone canyon, several thin conglomerate layers containing black limestone pebbles are interbedded in the black limestone ( sec. 17, pl. 13 ). one of these beds locally attains a thickness of 4 feet and contains boulders several feet across of light - gray, fossiliferous limestone similar to that of the victorio peak gray member as developed a few miles to the north. apparently some erosion of this contemporaneous, light - gray limestone was taking place at the time the black limestones were being deposited. near bone spring, the upper part of the black limestone contains lenticular masses of poorly bedded, gray, granular limestone as much as 50 feet thick ( secs. 15a and 16a, pl. 13 ). one such mass exposed on the escarpment face not far south of the mouth of bone canyon seems to lie in a channel in the underlying black limestone. other masses have a moundlike upper surface, against which the succeeding beds overlap. they contain the heads of massive bryozoans, and also numerous productids and other brachiopods like those in the victorio peak gray member nearby. at least some of these lenticular masses were small reef deposits. structural features in the black limestone the black limestones are thinly and evenly bedded. in the vicinity of bone canyon and farther south, however, most of the exposures when viewed as a mass show a great irregularity of stratification, so much so that at nearby points the dip is quite different in direction and amount. this irregularity results from two types of structural features, described below. the first type is found in the vicinity of bone canyon. here, the black limestone is divided into numerous wedge - shaped and basin -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4788058563594267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.611965"}
{"text": "dip is quite different in direction and amount. this irregularity results from two types of structural features, described below. the first type is found in the vicinity of bone canyon. here, the black limestone is divided into numerous wedge - shaped and basin - shaped masses as much as 100 feet thick. the strata within each mass are parallel but the masses themselves are separated by sloping planes of contact from other masses of similar lithologic character in which the strata are differently inclined. 54 in some places, gently dipping strata overlie more steeply tilted strata, and in other places the overlying strata have the steeper dips. the upper beds are generally parallel to the plane of contact beneath, and the lower beds are cleanly truncated. none of the limestones near the planes of contact is contorted, and none contains any breccia or conglomerate ; the overlying limestones rest directly on the underlying. at one or two places, however, the smoothness of the contact is broken by small pockets in the underlying beds, which are filled by limestone like that above and below. a typical exposure of such features is shown in plate 11, a, in which a pocket like that noted above can be seen on one of the surfaces. the features are shown also on the sections accompanying plate 9, especially in the enlarged sketch on the left, and in figures a and b, accompanying plate 13. the area in which they occur is shown on plate 7, a. these features are strikingly exposed in bone canyon, and in shumard canyon, 55 the next valley to the north. they are found also for somewhat more than a mile south of bone canyon, but are absent beyond. they are absent also north of shumard canyon, where the bedding planes in the black limestone are straight and parallel. in shumard canyon, the lower part of the overlying thicker - bedded victorio peak gray member contains a few similar structural features, but the angle of divergence between the overlying and the truncated beds is less than that in the beds beneath. in this canyon, the victorio peak itself is truncated and overlain by basin - shaped remnants of the cutoff shaly member ( sec. cc ', pl. 9 ). the second type of structural feature, a remarkable contortion of the black limestone beds, is known only in the area south of el capitan, where it can be seen in the upper layers of the black limestone, the oldest beds exposed in the district. these features have not been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5016670972607762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.613393"}
{"text": "a remarkable contortion of the black limestone beds, is known only in the area south of el capitan, where it can be seen in the upper layers of the black limestone, the oldest beds exposed in the district. these features have not been described in previous publications, although they may have been seen by geologists, and confused with the features of the other type near bone canyon. a typical exposure of this second type of feature is shown in plate 11, b, and the area in which they occur on plate 7, a. in many places the canyons that drain across the black limestone bench cut through steep to overturned or recumbent folds, involving 10 to 20 feet of beds. accompanying the folds are small thrust faults. in places the contorted rocks pass into masses of sheared, wrinkled, and rolled lenses of limestone. the general trend of the folds and thrusts is between east - northeast and west - northwest, but the direction of overturning is either northward or southward. numerous furrows and slickensides of the same trend as the folds groove the bedding planes, both in the contorted rocks and in rocks not otherwise conspicuously disturbed. wherever they are exposed the strata beneath any set of contorted beds are little disturbed. many of the contorted beds are truncated, and overlain by gently dipping strata. whether the upper strata lie unconformably on the lower or have been thrust over them cannot be determined with certainty. the contortion has not modified the broader features of the strata, for toward the south the contorted beds stand in cliff - making members that can be traced continuously for long distances. both sets of structural features are relatively ancient, for the tilted beds, planes of contact, and thrusts are in many places cut cleanly through by vertical joints of probable tertiary age, some of which are shown on plate 11, b. the features near bone canyon were interpreted by baker56 as thrust slices. darton and reeside57 and later geologists, however, have regarded the truncated surfaces in this neighborhood as local unconformities, and the whole feature as a sort of gigantic cross - beddings58 formed during the time of deposition. this latter interpretation seems best to fit the facts, as the basinlike form of some of the masses and the pockets along some of the planes of contact more closely resemble sedimentary than tectonic features. further, similar truncated surfaces higher up, which separate the victorio peak from the cutoff member, seem clearly to be local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48810959695558553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.618067"}
{"text": "of some of the masses and the pockets along some of the planes of contact more closely resemble sedimentary than tectonic features. further, similar truncated surfaces higher up, which separate the victorio peak from the cutoff member, seem clearly to be local unconformities. such unconformities do not necessarily mean emergence of the sea bottom ; they may have been caused by submarine currents. the features farther south are certainly the result of some sort of deformation, but i am inclined to believe that they also were formed during or shortly after the time of bone spring deposition. the intensity of the contortion and the small thickness of the beds involved suggests that they were deformed under a relatively thin overburden, and that the beds retained a certain plasticity at the time of deformation. they must have been sufficiently consolidated, however, to have been grooved and slickensided. the deformation might have been caused by a sliding of one part of the newly deposited beds over another, causing the beds between to crumple. 59 some of the flat - lying beds that truncate contorted beds may have slid in this manner. ( see p. 27. ) cutoff shaly member south of el capitan, the black limestone bench is separated from the first sandstone ledges of the brushy canyon formation above by a slope 50 to 150 feet high, carved from shales, sandstones, and thin limestones, of which a typical exposure is shown on plate 14, b. these beds are classed as an upper member of the bone spring limestone, and tentatively correlated with the cutoff shaly member of the bone spring, which is found in the northern part of the area studied. near el capitan, however, the beds thin out and disappear, so that the actual connection to the north cannot be traced. the cutoff member of the southern area is well exposed in brushy canyon, not far south of united states highway no. 62 ( sec. 36, pl. 6 ). the member consists of black, platy, siliceous shale and shaly sandstone, with a few intercalated sandstone beds in the upper part, and many thin beds of compact gray or black limestone. at some localities, the various constituents are very irregularly interbedded. in brushy canyon, one of the limestone beds develops locally into a mass 15 feet thick and contains abundant brachiopods, mollusks, and other fossils. the thinner limestones contain little else than fusulinids, and many are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.499946565216584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.620576"}
{"text": "where it comes to an end. the outcrops near cutoff mountain appear farther to the left, and form the cuestas below point 5443 and elsewhere. stratigraphic sections of the formation north of bone canyon are shown on the left half of plate 6, numbers 1 to 14. victorio peak gray member the black limestones are exposed for only a few miles north of bone canyon and pass from view beyond. most of the exposed part of the formation in this district belongs to the victorio peak gray member, a succession of thick - bedded, gray limestones 800 feet thick, which are the northward equivalent of the upper part of the black limestones. the member is named for victorio peak, 60 a high point on the sierra diablo escarpment southwest of the guadalupe mountains. a correlation of the rocks assigned to the member in the two areas seems assured, because in addition to a similarity of the faunas, the member at the northwest end of the sierra diablo is divisible into three parts that are identical with its three divisions in the guadalupe mountains. ( compare secs. 46 and 7, pl. 8. ) here, as in the guadalupe mountains, it rests on black limestone and is overlain by the cutoff shaly member. on the high ridge between shumard and shirttail canyons, 61 about a mile north of bone spring, two well - marked divisions in the member are recognized. ( see sec. 10, pl. 6 ; for structure of the ridge, see sec. bb ', pl. 9. ) the lower division, resting with gradational contact on the black limestone, consists of 350 feet of gray - brown, fine - grained, dolomitic limestone in beds several feet thick. in shumard canyon, many layers of thin bedded, hackly limestone are interbedded. here erosion has carved the limestone of the division into picturesque, serrated walls and pinnacles, which are shown in the lower left - hand part of plate 12, b. the division commonly contains widely spaced, large, subspherical chert nodules, and in many beds fragmental remains of fossils. in shirttail canyon, several layers of light - brown, fine - grained sandstone are interbedded in the lower part. the upper division of the victorio peak member on the ridge between shumard and shirttail canyons is a light - gray, nondolomitic, noncherty, thick - bedded calcitic limestone 160", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4717314812077882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.623564"}
{"text": "in the lower part. the upper division of the victorio peak member on the ridge between shumard and shirttail canyons is a light - gray, nondolomitic, noncherty, thick - bedded calcitic limestone 160 feet thick, which contains various productids and other brachiopods. the following analyses of limestones from the victorio peak gray member were made : analyses, in percent, of limestones from the victorio peak member insoluble residues : 1, dark brownish, carbonaceous, consisting of clay and finely divided quartz, some of which is perhaps authigenic ; 2, dark brown, carbonaceous, with large garnet particles, some of which are well - rounded, and also red tourmaline, quartz, and chalcedony ; 3, brown, with quartz, chalcedony, microcline, and coarse garnet. the two divisions of the victorio peak gray member disappear south of shumard canyon. the lower division extends as far as a ravine between shumard and bone canyons, where it intergrades abruptly with black limestone, as shown in figure a, plate 13. the upper division is cut off southward by pre - brushy canyon ( delaware mountain ) erosion. in the northern branches of shumard canyon its beds are truncated by a smooth surface, sloping 15\u00b0 southeast, against which the sandstones of the brushy canyon formation overlap ( sec. bb ', pl. 9 ). in the southern branches the upper division extends as a rapidly thinning wedge, which is locally overlain by basin - shaped remnants of the cutoff shaly member. the black limestone exposed in bone canyon is of the same age as the lower division of the victorio peak member a little to the north, and the lenticular masses of gray, granular limestone which it contains are considered as outliers of the victorio peak deposits. no equivalent of the upper division is present here. crude tracing of the ledges suggests, however, that black limestone beds younger than any in bone canyon come in beneath the brushy canyon formation to the south, as indicated diagrammatically on plate 7, a. they are probably equivalent to the upper division of the victorio peak member to the north. north of shirttail canyon, the lower division of the victorio peak member, which is not widely exposed, is separated from the upper division by a middle division 100 feet thick of slope - making, thin - bedded, light - gray or white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4407344071146363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.624998"}
{"text": "north of shirttail canyon, the lower division of the victorio peak member, which is not widely exposed, is separated from the upper division by a middle division 100 feet thick of slope - making, thin - bedded, light - gray or white limestone, with much buff, fine - grained, calcareous sandstone interbedded. ( shown on secs. 5 and 7, pl. 6. ) the upper division is calcitic, light gray, noncherty, and thick - bedded. ( see chemical analysis no. 3, above. ) its upper layers contain numerous poorly preserved fusulinids and productid shells. cutoff shaly member in shumard canyon in the southern branches of shumard canyon, resting unconformably on both the lower and upper divisions of the victorio peak member, and overlain unconformably by the brushy canyon formation, are small remnants of poorly fossiliferous beds which are probably equivalent to the cutoff member to the north. two divisions are present, separated by an unconformity. the older one, composed of thin - bedded, black, cherty limestone, is exposed at only one place, near the head of the south fork of the canyon. it lies in a steep - sided basin carved in the victorio peak limestone, which it fills to a thickness of 90 feet. the younger division crops out somewhat more widely in the branches of the canyon, and consists of thin - bedded black limestone, weathering to ashen - gray, hackly fragments, interbedded with platy siliceous shale. they closely resemble the limestones and shales of the cutoff member as developed farther north. the younger division is well exposed on the ridge south of the mouth of shumard canyon, where it reaches a thickness of 60 feet. 62 the outcrops of the two divisions of the cutoff shaly member in shumard canyon are shown on the geologic map, plate 9, and their structure on the accompanying section cc '. the basin - shaped remnant of the lower division stands out prominently on the nearest ridge in the center of the panorama, plate 12, b. the lower division is included in section 12a, and the upper in section 13a of plate 6. cutoff shaly member tn north part of area in the northern part of the area studied, the victorio peak gray member is overlain, apparently conformably, by 230 feet of shales and limestones which crop out on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43202704802200437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.626296"}
{"text": "of plate 6. cutoff shaly member tn north part of area in the northern part of the area studied, the victorio peak gray member is overlain, apparently conformably, by 230 feet of shales and limestones which crop out on slopes above the limestone cliffs. they form the cutoff member, which is named for exposures on the west slope of cutoff mountain about 1, 000 feet below its summit ( sec. 1, pl. 6 ). 63 the member consists of thin - bedded, dense limestone of black, buff, or gray color, weathering to dove - gray or ashen, hackly, conchoidal fragments. some of the lower beds contain irregular masses of black chert. in the upper part, much platy black siliceous shale, brown sandy shale, and soft sandstone is interbedded. the member contains few fossils ; some pelecypod imprints were seen in the upper part west of cutoff mountain. about half a mile north of shirttail canyon, the southeastward extending outcrop of the cutoff member comes to an end. at this place an erosion surface slopes southward across the truncated edges of the cutoff beds, with sandstones of the brushy canyon formation overlapping northward against it, as shown diagrammatically on plate 7, a. to the south, the brushy canyon beds rest directly on the victorio peak member. correlation of the typical cutoff shaly member of the north part of the area with the shales and limestones at the top of the bone spring limestone farther south is tentative because only the beds to the south contain fossils in any abundance. the rocks of the different areas are similar lithologically, however, and all are included in the cutoff shaly member in this report. bone spring flexure a study of the region south of el capitan reveals no unusual features near the bone spring - brushy canyon contact. the black limestones, which project as a low bench at the base of the mountains, are overlain without apparent break by the interbedded shales, limestones, and sandstones of the cutoff member. they are followed in turn by the sandstone ledges of the brushy canyon formation of the delaware mountain group, as in section 36, plate 6. a view to the north along the western side of the mountains, however, shows that the limestone bench rises to a much greater height in this direction, without a similar rise in the overlying sandstone ledges ( as shown in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4568177013913304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.629045"}
{"text": "36, plate 6. a view to the north along the western side of the mountains, however, shows that the limestone bench rises to a much greater height in this direction, without a similar rise in the overlying sandstone ledges ( as shown in pl. 5, a ). at the bone spring - brushy canyon contact in bone canyon a few miles to the north, in the area of higher - standing limestone, the cutoff member is not found. instead, the upper surface of the black limestone is channeled and is overlain by coarse conglomerate, which contains fragments derived from the limestone. 64 besides these fragments the conglomerate contains cobbles and boulders of gray limestone unlike any rock exposed here or to the south. the conglomerate grades upward into typical sandstones of the brushy canyon formation, as shown in section 15, plate 13. a view of the relations farther north can be had from the crest of the succeeding ridge ( pl. 12, b ). looking down into shumard canyon, the next large drainage beyond bone canyon, one can see the contact of the limestone and sandstone on the walls of the tributary gorges ; it rises from a position beneath the observer to one several hundred feet above him on the farther wall. on the farther wall the black limestones are overlain by gray limestones which stand in a high projecting bench. these gray limestones constitute the victorio peak member and are the source of the boulders to the south. 65 brown sandstone ledges of the succeeding brushy canyon formation can be traced along the slopes above the limestone, rising less steeply northward than the limestone - sandstone contact. one group of them in middle distance, in the north fork of shumard canyon, is seen to overlap abruptly against the sloping surface. near the point where the sandstones overlap, one can find innumerable ripple marks on their bedding surfaces, suggesting that the sandstones were laid down near a shore. the shore itself, the sloping surface of the gray limestones, is a smooth face, cut across the edges of gently tilted beds. the sandstones contain no embedded detritus derived from the shore as they do at bone canyon to the south. perhaps this area stood higher on the sea bottom so that the detritus was swept away, and deposited lower down the slope, as at bone canyon. north of el capitan the bone spring limestone is thus flexed into a position much higher than to the south. on the north side of shumard canyon the limestone stands 2, 000 feet higher than it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4648381903087663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.630418"}
{"text": "down the slope, as at bone canyon. north of el capitan the bone spring limestone is thus flexed into a position much higher than to the south. on the north side of shumard canyon the limestone stands 2, 000 feet higher than it does south of el capitan, and 1, 000 feet higher than it does in bone canyon nearby. this uplift is only mildly shared by the overlying sandstones, and seems to have been largely completed before they were laid down. the upraised limestones were being eroded in early delaware mountain time, and the brushy canyon formation of that group overlaps their sloping surface. the overlap is so great that 1, 000 feet of beds, the entire brushy canyon formation, is cut out between bone canyon and a point 2 miles to the north. the fold produced by this pre - delaware mountain uplift is known as the bone spring flexure. the feature was named by blanchard and davis, 66 who called it the bone springs arch. it would seem from their paper that they considered the feature to be anticlinal, and to have a similar, opposing flank to the north. this view was contested at the time by de ford. 67 my work has failed to disclose a north flank to the feature and the term flexure is therefore used instead of arch. a good general view of the flexure can be seen in the panorama, plate 5, b, which shows the bone spring limestone rising from a low position below el capitan to a high position below shumard peak, beyond which the beds flatten out northward. the structure of the beds shown in this view is given in section kk ', plate 17. a closer view of the exposures in shumard canyon is shown on plate 12, b. the relations of the overlying and underlying beds to the flexure is shown on the map and sections of plate 9, and structure contours on the upraised surface of the bone spring limestone on the inset of figure 6. some details near bone canyon the broader stratigraphic relations of the bone spring limestone and delaware mountain group are clear, but near bone and shumard canyons local complexities tend to obscure them and deserve further explanation. the peculiar, cross - bedded structure of the black limestones, and the basins cut into the victorio peak gray member and filled by the cutoff shaly member have already been described. to produce them, uplift and erosion must have taken place on the flexure before bone spring time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4852505296057225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.633088"}
{"text": "the black limestones, and the basins cut into the victorio peak gray member and filled by the cutoff shaly member have already been described. to produce them, uplift and erosion must have taken place on the flexure before bone spring time came to an end. the conglomerates interbedded in the black limestone south of bone canyon, which are similar to those in the overlying brushy canyon formation, lend support to this idea, for they contain fragments not only of black, but also of gray limestone, and thus were not derived entirely from the break - up of the beds next beneath them. along the unconformity below the cuttoff member, the victorio peak member is deeply eroded, and the break seems more important than those in the black limestones below. in places along shumard canyon, this unconformity is more prominently exposed than that between the cutoff and the sandstones above. this instance is local, however, and the general relations indicate that the younger unconformity is the major one. the apparent trend of the bone spring flexure is east and west, at right angles to the northward trending outcrops, for most of the observable uplift and overlap take place in a northward direction, along the outcrop. closer scrutiny of the rather narrow belt of outcrop, however, indicates that the actual trend of the flexure is north - northeast. the limestones on each west - projecting ridge rise higher than they do in the heads of the canyons to the east ( inset, fig. 6 ), and a westward overlap of the overlying sandstones and conglomerates can be observed on the walls of bone and other canyons ( pl. 13, fig. b ). overlying the conglomerates near bone spring is a bed of gray - brown, dolomitic limestone which closely resembles the limestones of the lower division of the victorio peak member, which lies at about the same altitude to the north. this forms the 28 - foot interval in section 15, plate 13. it might be mistaken for a tongue of the lower division projecting into and intergrading with the sandstones of the brushy canyon formation were it not that on the south side of the next ravine north of bone canyon it can be found overlapping the similar, older, gray - brown limestones ( as shown at point 14b, pl. 9, and on fig. a, pl. 13 ) with the unconformable contact clearly exposed. moreover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4950000775476676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.636072"}
{"text": "bone canyon it can be found overlapping the similar, older, gray - brown limestones ( as shown at point 14b, pl. 9, and on fig. a, pl. 13 ) with the unconformable contact clearly exposed. moreover, beneath the limestone bed in bone canyon, the conglomerate contains fragments of the upper division of the victorio peak member as well as of the lower division, thus proving that the bed is much younger than the lower division. lloyd 68 considers that \" the lower part of the sandstone series [ brushy canyon ] merges laterally with the gray limestone [ victorio peak ] just as the upper part merges into the lower part of the capitan. \" his interpretation is based chiefly on the apparent relations of the limestone bed here referred to. this interpretation is not accepted in this report. relations north and south of flexure south of the bone spring flexure there appears to be a continuous, gradational sequence from the black limestones of the bone spring, through the shales of the cutoff member, into the sandstones of the brushy canyon formation. deposition probably was nearly continuous from one formation to the other in this region. the gray limestones of the victorio peak member are not present between the black limestones and the cutoff member, but they are not believed to be missing on account of erosion ; instead, during victorio peak time, black limestone was probably being deposited south of the flexure while the gray limestone was being deposited north of it. north of the flexure, the unconformity between the bone spring limestone and the delaware mountain group is not evident, and the strata of the two units lie parallel. the beds next beneath the contact belong to the cutoff shaly member of the bone spring, and those next above the contact to the sandstone tongue of the cherry canyon formation. near the north edge of the flexure, however, the cutoff member below has been eroded away. also, on the flexure, a great thickness of beds older than the sandstone tongue wedge in below the cherry canyon formation, and constitute the brushy canyon formation ( pl. 7, a ). the absence of the latter north of the flexure indicates that a great, but nonevident break separates the bone spring limestone and delaware mountain group in that region. invertebrate fossils occur in various degrees of abundance in all the members of the bone spring limestone. in general, the faunas of all the members are similar, but there are some differences which appear to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48650433180288066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.638174"}
{"text": "and delaware mountain group in that region. invertebrate fossils occur in various degrees of abundance in all the members of the bone spring limestone. in general, the faunas of all the members are similar, but there are some differences which appear to be related to differences in lithologic facies of the enclosing rocks. considered as a whole, the fauna is closely related to that in the overlying guadalupe series, although of slightly more primitive character. it has few resemblances to that of the underlying hueco, and still fewer resemblances to that of the pennsylvanian beneath the hueco. some of the fossils from the black limestone beds of the formation were described by girty69 in 1908, and the general aspect of the fauna of the victorio peak member was reviewed by him in 1926. 70 some brachiopods from the formation in the delaware mountains and the sierra diablo were described by king71 in 1931. the present investigation has furnished much additional information on the fauna, which is summarized below. in this and succeeding discussions of the fossils of the guadalupe mountains section, information on the fusulinids is based on the work of dunbar and skinner, 72 and that on the cephalopods on the work of miller and furnish. 73 these studies, which to a great extent were based on collections made during the present survey, have already been published. information on the other groups of fossils, particularly on the brachiopods, gastropods, and pelecypods, is based on the work of the late g. h. girty, who was able to complete in manuscript a rather long summary of the collections shortly before his death in 1939. this summary, quoted in this report, is of particular value because it links the pale ontological and stratigraphic ideas of his earlier work, in 1908, with the ideas obtained by other geologists from more detailed subsequent field work and collecting. throughout his summary, girty makes frequent comparisons between the faunas as he knew and described them in 1908 and faunas as they are revealed by the present larger collections. because of the fact that this report is primarily a description of the physical stratigraphy of the southern guadalupe mountains, because of the large size of the available collections, and because of the preliminary nature of the ideas on many of the fossil groups, it does not seem desirable at this place to include the customary fossil lists. instead, in the summary written by dr. girty, the important features of each fauna are discussed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45290697267709734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.639817"}
{"text": "of the preliminary nature of the ideas on many of the fossil groups, it does not seem desirable at this place to include the customary fossil lists. instead, in the summary written by dr. girty, the important features of each fauna are discussed, and only incidental reference is made to specific localities. a similar plan is followed in summarizing the results of dunbar and skinner and of miller and furnish, although the actual localities of their collections have been given in their publications. although this method of presentation has some disadvantages, it is believed to have advantages for immediate purposes that outweigh the disadvantages. it is hoped that stratigraphers and paleontologists will find use for the material as it is given. although the summary by dr. girty quoted herein was completed shortly before his death, he was unable to edit the manuscript in the manner he had contemplated ; in its original state it was essentially a rough draft. in order to prepare it for publication, therefore, it was edited by p. b. king and j. s. williams. king condensed and rearranged certain parts, so that as here given they are not exactly as written by girty, although the original meaning and style are retained. williams reviewed the terminology of the genera and species, which were not everywhere consistent in the several parts of the manuscript. where discrepancies were found an attempt was made to determine the usage actually preferred by girty at the time of writing. most of his preferences could be determined from statements in the manuscript itself, but supplementary evidence was obtained by examination of other notes and manuscripts written by girty that were available to williams. throughout the summary by girty, the generic assignments given by him are retained, and no attempt has been made to incorporate generic changes that have appeared since girty ' s death in 1939. in connection with the generic terminology as used, girty comments as follows on that of the brachiopods. the generic names used for the fusulinids are those employed by dunbar and skinner in their publication of 1937, and those for the ammonoids are those employed by miller and furnish in their publication of 1940. black limestone beds in most of the black limestone beds fossils are scarce, being represented by only occasional specimens. in a few layers, which are generally lenticular or nodular, and somewhat more granular than the rest of the rock, they are more abundant, and from these layers most of the known fauna has been obtained.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.505274556924339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.642462"}
{"text": "represented by only occasional specimens. in a few layers, which are generally lenticular or nodular, and somewhat more granular than the rest of the rock, they are more abundant, and from these layers most of the known fauna has been obtained. slight differences exist between the fossil assemblages in the different beds. in some, brachiopods predominate, in others gastropods, pelecypods, and cephalopods. according to dr. girty, the differences between the assemblages are not fundamental. one of the most striking features of the black limestone fauna is the abundance of ammonoids at numerous localities. nearly all the collections that have been studied, however, came from exposures near or a short distance north of the crossing of the outcrop by united states highway no. 62 ( localities 2920, 2967, 7413, 7691, 7720, and 8596 ). these ammonoids belong mainly to three species : paraceltites elegans girty, texoceras texanum ( girty ), and peritroehia erebus girty. at one locality ( 7720 ) there is also agathiceras cf. a. girtyi bose, and at another ( 7701 ), perrinites hilli tardus miller and furnish. 74 the genus perrinites, although rare in the guadalupe mountains, is an abundant and characteristic fossil of the type leonard series in the glass mountains, with which the bone spring limestone is correlated. according to miller, a striking feature of the ammonoid specimens collected from the black limestone is that nearly all retain the living chamber, a fragile structure that is usually missing from specimens from other beds and other areas. this suggests that the shells were deposited in unusually quiet water. associated with the ammonoids are occasional nautiloids, which were represented in girty ' s original collections by metacoceras shumardianum ( girty ). in the later collections miller and furnish75 have identified the same species, and in addition, titainoceras sp., \" orthoceras \" sp., and stearoceras? sp. by contrast with the ammonoids, fusulinids are nearly absent from the black limestone, although they are abundant in the gray victorio peak limestone to the north, where ammonoids are absent ( compare fig. 11 ). their rarity in the black limestone contrasts with their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46393094458525574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.644987"}
{"text": "fusulinids are nearly absent from the black limestone, although they are abundant in the gray victorio peak limestone to the north, where ammonoids are absent ( compare fig. 11 ). their rarity in the black limestone contrasts with their abundance in most other beds of the guadalupe mountains section. within the area studied they have so far been observed at only one locality in the black limestone ( 7923 ) in a canyon a mile south of bone canyon. here the black limestone contains schwagerina setum dunbar and skinner, which is also found in the probably contemporaneous victorio peak limestones not far to the north. 76 at the point of the delaware mountains, 18 miles south of el capitan, r. e. king in 1928 collected the genus parafusulina from the black limestone. regarding the remaining, much greater part of the fauna, dr. girty reports as follows : victorio peak gray member fossils are abundant in many beds of the victorio peak gray member, but are not always easy to collect, because of the hardness of the rock, and, in places, because of subsequent dolomitization or silicification. the material obtained during the present investigation therefore consists of a relatively small number of collections. dr. girty states that many of the specimens in these collections are so fragmentary that they can be identified only by careful comparisons, if at all. according to dr. girty, the faunas of the member closely resemble those of the black limestone beds, and are distinguished more by the absence of forms that are present in the black limestone, than by the introduction of novel or instructive elements. many of the collections consist entirely of brachiopods, and especially of the larger productids and spiriferoids. the fauna differs notably from that of the black limestone beds in the almost complete absence of cephalopods. no ammonoids have been found, and only one nautiloid ( a tainoceras according to a. k. miller ). the fauna differs from that of the black limestone also in the rather great abundance of fusulinids in certain beds in the upper division ( fig. 11, a ). they belong to two species, schwagerina setum dunbar and skinner, and parafusulina fountaini dunbar and skinner. the lower division of the victorio peak member is represented by only one collection, made on the south bank of shumard canyon at its entrance ( locality 7725 ). for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44884323605699317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.648505"}
{"text": "and skinner, and parafusulina fountaini dunbar and skinner. the lower division of the victorio peak member is represented by only one collection, made on the south bank of shumard canyon at its entrance ( locality 7725 ). for it dr. girty gives the following provisional list, with several indeterminate forms omitted. the upper division of the victorio peak gray member is somewhat better represented by collections. the material from each locality is rather scanty, however, and the specific representations are mostly confined to two or three specimens. the largest collections were obtained on the crest of the ridge between shumard and shirttail canyons, whose summit stands at 6, 402 feet ( locality 7690 ). regarding the fauna of the upper division, dr. girty writes : cutoff shaly member as will be recalled, the name cutoff shaly member is given to discontinuous sets of beds at the top of the bone spring limestone, which are exposed in three general districts : the northwest part of the area, from which the name is derived ; in shumard canyon, not far from bone spring, where it is separable into two divisions ; and along the base of the delaware mountains in the southern part of the area. in all of these districts, the member contains some fossils, but the collections which have been made so far are too scanty to furnish much information on the correlation of the beds in the different districts. fossils are least abundant in the northwestern exposures, from which the member is named, and in the main part of the member only a poorly preserved imprint of a pelecypod was seen ( locality 7650 ). some of the black limestone beds near the base, however, contain many small brachiopod shells, but they have not been collected or studied. several miles north of the new mexico line, the member contains rather abundant specimens of chonetes ( locality 7727 ). only one collection was made in the member in the shumard canyon area. this collection was obtained from a lens of massive limestone interbedded in the black limestones of the lower division of the member on the south side of the south fork of shumard canyon ( locality 7675 ). regarding it, dr. girty writes : fossils are more numerous in the cutoff shaly member in the southern part of the area, west of the delaware mountains. here, many of the thin limestone beds contain fusulinids, which belong to an undetermined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4549103607161723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.650093"}
{"text": "plate 7, b ), the wolfcamp and leonard epochs were fully as long and as important as the succeeding guadalupe epoch, whose rocks are more completely exposed in the area of this report. facies and provinces during leonard time ( as represented by the bone spring limestone ), and probably during wolfcamp time ( as represented by the hueco limestone and other beds ), two unlike facies were deposited in the guadalupe mountains region. deposits of the one are black, petroliferous, shaly limestone, and of the other are light - gray, thick - bedded to massive limestone. the two facies tended to persist in separate areas, which correspond closely to the provinces of permian time shown on figures 3 and 16, a. thus, the black limestone facies characterizes the southeast part of the guadalupe mountains region, or delaware basin of figure 16, a, and the gray limestone facies characterizes the northwest part, or northwestern shelf area of that figure. the basin appears to have been a negative feature, with a marked tendency toward subsidence ; the shelf was more positive, and either remained stable or did not subside as much. during leonard time, the boundary between the provinces lay along the bone spring flexure of the guadalupe mountains which, it will be recalled, is bent down southeastward toward the basin area. black limestone facies in the delaware basin conditions throughout the whole of leonard time were nearly uniform and the black limestones were laid down in successive beds without the admixture of much other material. deposits representing this facies consist mainly of calcium carbonate, impregnated with bituminous material which imparts to them their characteristic color. there is also some argillaceous matter and a small amount of primary silica. parts of the deposit are thinly laminated by light and dark bands in such a manner as to suggest that the amount of organic matter in the sea water fluctuated from seasonal or other causes, and that the water was sufficiently quiet for the material to be laid down in successive layers on the bottom. evidently the sea bottom during the time of deposition was not favorable to life, as great thicknesses of strata are nearly unfossiliferous. in many of the fossiliferous lenses, ammonoids are the chief fossils, and these animals were probably free - swimming organisms whose shells dropped to the bottom after death. the associated brachiopods and mollusks, which were certainly bottom - dwellers, are of a relatively few species, and fusulinids are absent. this general imp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4725083496327801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.652221"}
{"text": "animals were probably free - swimming organisms whose shells dropped to the bottom after death. the associated brachiopods and mollusks, which were certainly bottom - dwellers, are of a relatively few species, and fusulinids are absent. this general impoverishment, however, is not absolute, for some collections within the black limestone contain specimens of productids, spiriferoids, and other brachiopods that are abundant in the gray limestone facies. further, the trilobites that have been found are not specialized forms but belong to the same species as those found elsewhere in the region in quite different types of deposits. perhaps the less - specialized animals were occasional migrants into an environment that on the whole was not favorable to them. the black limestones were evidently laid down in quiet water. the bituminous material with which they were impregnated could not have been preserved unless there was little circulation of the water and such a lack of oxygen near the bottom that organic matter was deposited faster than it decayed. these assumed conditions are confirmed by the general poverty of bottom - dwelling organisms in the fauna, and the relative abundance of ammonoids, which swam nearer the surface. quiet water conditions near the bottom are further indicated by the presence in the ammonoid specimens of the fragile living chamber, which would have been destroyed if the shells had accumulated in agitated water. the conditions just outlined closely resemble those under which the black shales of earlier paleozoic systems presumably formed. 78 quiet - water conditions during deposition of black shale and limestone deposits do not necessarily indicate the depth of water under which the beds accumulated. there is, however, some evidence to indicate that the beds in the bone spring limestone were deposited in deep water. relations at the bone spring flexure, outlined below, suggest that the water was deeper to the southeast, in the black limestone area, than to the northwest, in the gray limestone area. moreover, the gray limestone deposits seem to have accumulated in agitated water, and it is difficult to see how such differences of deposition could have existed unless there had been also a difference in depth. further, the delaware basin or area of black limestone deposits, received a greater thickness of sediments during leonard time than the shelf area or area of gray limestone deposits. this greater thickness indicates that the basin area subsided more than the shelf area, and thereby entrapped more sediments. it is possible that subsidence was so rapid that sedimentation did not entirely keep pace with it, and the sea floor stood lower in the basin than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4847252653617332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.653197"}
{"text": "that the basin area subsided more than the shelf area, and thereby entrapped more sediments. it is possible that subsidence was so rapid that sedimentation did not entirely keep pace with it, and the sea floor stood lower in the basin than on the shelf ( sec. a, pl. 7, b ). the black limestone deposits are notably poor in sand and other, coarser, clastics. the few thin, interbedded sandstone layers are very fine grained and consist of the more resistant minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. evidently these sands were transported from a distant source. in its lack of coarser clastic material the black limestone contrasts markedly with the deposits of the guadalupe series ( delaware mountain group ) that succeeded them, and also with contemporaneous deposits of the leonard series in the glass mountains, 79 on the southeast side of the delaware basin ( fig. 13, b and c ). in the glass mountains, the deposits include sandstones and conglomerates derived from the erosion of older paleozoic rocks of the newly uplifted marathon folded belt. evidently they were not spread far northwestward into the basin. the few sandstone beds in the black limestone might have been derived from this source, but the fact that similar sandstones are interbedded in the gray limestone toward the northwest suggests that at least some of the sand also probably came from the opposite direction. in the marginal area, between the delaware basin and the northwestern shelf area, deposits of the black limestone and gray limestone facies interfinger. during the last half of leonard ( bone spring ) time, the gray victorio peak member was spread out on the shelf area, extending as far southeastward as the edge of the delaware basin, where it apparently intergraded with black limestone. during the first half of leonard time, black limestones extended for several miles farther northwestward toward the shelf, underneath the gray victorio peak beds. in the guadalupe mountains, exposures of the black limestone do not extend deeply enough to indicate their relations to the shelf area. in the sierra diablo, however, they are replaced near the shelf by limestone reefsa part of the gray limestone facies. they overlap shelfwards on a surface of unconformity that separates the leonard from the underlying wolfcamp series. in the guadalupe mountains, the southeastern edge of the gray victorio peak limestones follows the upper part of the bone spring flexure. this relation of depositional facies to a tectonic feature is probably more than accidental, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4772922887534402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.654187"}
{"text": "a wide extent along the northwest edge of the delaware basin ( fig. 16, a ). during late leonard and early guadalupe time, it certainly extended southwestward for some distance, as indicated by certain relations at the north end of the sierra diablo. here outliers of the cherry canyon, or middle formation of the delaware mountain group lie directly on the bone spring limestone, just as they do northwest of the flexure in the guadalupe mountains ( pl. 7, a ). the flexure is probably buried under the salt basin deposits east of the outliers, for farther east, in the delaware mountains, the cherry canyon is separated from the bone spring limestone by the full thickness of the brushy canyon or lower formation of the delaware mountain group. gray limestone facies the gray limestone deposits ( victorio peak gray member ) north of the bone spring flexure were probably laid down in shallower, clearer, better aerated water than the black limestones. their moderately thick beds include layers, traceable for relatively long distances, that were spread out in broad sheets. they are thus unlike the irregularly bedded, massive limestone deposits higher in the section, which have the form of reefs. the victorio peak deposits are better designated as limestone banks than as limestone reefs. the area of gray limestone deposition was a more favorable environment for life than the black limestone area. the many large, thick - shelled productids, spiriferoids, and other brachiopods found in the gray limestone probably found favorable living conditions in clear, shallow waters. the abundance of fusulinids in the gray limestones contrasts with their absence in the black limestones. conversely, ammonoids which are abundant in the black facies are absent in the gray ( fig. 11 ). it is possible that ammonoids originally lived in both areas, and in the gray limestone area their shells were largely destroyed in the agitated water and were not embedded in the sediments. support for this suggestion is found in the fact that the nautiloids, whose life habits were similar to those of ammonoids but whose shells were stronger, are represented in the collections from both areas. last updated : 28 - dec - 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4697340844079568, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32c60bfe-8db1-4bd1-9685-5964f0c4c607>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.656256"}
{"text": "outside firewood is prohibited in prince william forest park, unless it is certified usda ' bug free ' firewood. dead and downed wood may be collected from designated areas for use while in the park. help us protect the forest from invasive species! warm wet spring = more ticks please check yourself and your pets for ticks continually during and after your visit. ticks are less prevelent if you stay on trail or in mowed areas. wearing light colored clothing helps you spot them before the attach. temp. closure c - loop bathroom due to sequestration cuts, the c - loop bathroom at oak ridge campground will remain closed. please use the b - loop restroom, a short walking distance away. we apologize for the inconvenience. white - tailed deer can be found throughout prince william forest park. they one of the shier members of the deer family and can be identified by white fur that is found on the underside of their tail. they wag their tail from side to side when they are nervous or fleeing. white - tailed deer are extremely swift and can run through thick forests at speeds of 30 mph. their coats are reddish in the summer months, and in the winter their fur turns grayer, helping them blend in during the more colorless winter months. the male deer, or buck, grows a new set of antlers every spring. their antlers have a velvet coating on them which protects it during growth. the deer will rub the velvet off by rubbing their antlers on trees. the males use their antlers to fight each other during the fall mating season. by late winter, their antlers fall off, only to be replaced by a new set of antlers the following spring. all members of the deer family, such as, elk and moose, lose their antlers every year. antlers are a bone and not a horn. animals that have horns, such as goats, cattle and bison, never lose them and they do not form branches. in fact, antlers are one of the fastest growing tissues in the animal kingdom, as they may grow up to \u00bd an inch each day. this has led scientists to study the growth rate of antlers, to unlock the mysteries of fast growing cancer cells. did you know? prince william forest park protects the federally threatened orchid isotria medeoloides, small whorled pogonia, of which several colonies have been identified in the park.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4051065992094831, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16abdcba-7b31-41db-a1c9-ca847f383831>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.660405"}
{"text": "february 4, 2002 mathematics in science and engineering the rapid pace of discovery in science and engineering depends on the mathematical and statistical sciences. these sciences are often invisible partners - - encapsulated in research tools like algorithms, models and software packages. these tools, for example, help make sense of the complex processes that drive climate change. topology illuminates how magnetic fields and fluid flows interact in the plasma within stars. and mathematical modeling plays a key role in developing micro, nanoscale and optical devices. the mathematical sciences are also critical to training a mathematically literate workforce for the future. technology - based industries rely on large numbers of college graduates well - versed in mathematics, science and engineering. businesses rely increasingly on computer control systems, electronic data management, business forecasting models and modern economic theory. the national science foundation ( nsf ) is the primary supporter of u. s. academic research in the mathematical sciences. as the role of mathematics expands in science and society, the resources devoted to three key areas - - fundamental mathematical research, collaborations between mathematics and other disciplines, and mathematics education - - must expand to support the nation ' s scientific, technical and commercial enterprises. to address these challenges, nsf has made increased investment in the mathematical sciences a priority area. nsf ' s division of mathematical sciences invested $ 151 million in fiscal 2002, and additional investments came from other nsf programs. the division has requested $ 182 million in the fiscal 2003 budget. a $ 60 million nsf - wide investment has been designated for the three key areas of research, collaborations and education. these public investments in mathematical sciences will support nearly 2, 000 individual investigators and teams, 300 postdoctoral scholars and 1, 300 graduate students, while complementing the math and science partnerships that also seek to improve education and training. nsf supports three world - class national research institutes : the institute for mathematics and its applications ( university of minnesota, minneapolis ), institute for pure and applied mathematics ( university of california, los angeles ), and the mathematical sciences research institute ( berkeley, calif. ). the institute for advanced study ( princeton, n. j. ) and the national center for atmospheric research ( boulder, colo. ) provide additional postdoctoral training. nsf also supports the new banff international research station ( alberta, canada ), a us - canadian center for sharing information, forming collaborations and advancing research in the mathematical sciences in north america. vertical integration in higher education nsf ' s effort to strengthen math education and training included an investment of almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5689032605502171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9447cc2-8b35-492e-a618-20bf4629841c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.667004"}
{"text": "station ( alberta, canada ), a us - canadian center for sharing information, forming collaborations and advancing research in the mathematical sciences in north america. vertical integration in higher education nsf ' s effort to strengthen math education and training included an investment of almost $ 16 million in fiscal year 2002 for the vertical integration of research and education ( vigre ) in the mathematical sciences. vigre awards help math departments carry out innovative programs in which undergraduates, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and faculty support each other in research and educational activities. the increasing integration of scientific disciplines has led to numerous partnerships in the mathematical sciences. in fiscal 2002, nsf teamed with the defense advanced research projects agency to enable research in computational and algorithmic representations of geometric objects. computational geometry has proven to be a rich area of research with numerous applications in computer graphics, robotics and computer - aided design ( cad ). research in this area is expected to improve engineering design, the modeling of physical systems and cartography. nsf has also joined the national institute for general medical sciences, of the national institutes of health, in a program to employ the mathematical sciences in medical - related biological research. the opportunities include advances in evolutionary theory, statistical approaches to the search for genes, predictive models of the cellular state, improved algorithms for use in medical imaging, and simulations of systemic responses to burns and other injury. within nsf, the division of mathematical sciences has teamed with the directorate for geosciences to increase collaborations in areas of mutual interest. initial projects will focus on problems of scale, such as how mathematical models of physical phenomena differ at different time scales or distance scales. m. mitchell waldrop, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 7752 firstname. lastname @ example. org the national science foundation ( nsf ) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2012, its budget was $ 7. 0 billion. nsf funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2, 000 colleges, universities and other institutions. each year, nsf receives about 50, 000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11, 500 new funding awards. nsf also awards about $ 593 million in professional and service contracts yearly. get news updates by email useful nsf web sites : nsf home page : http : / / www. nsf. gov nsf news : http : / / www. nsf. gov / news / for the news media : http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6040524838447298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9447cc2-8b35-492e-a618-20bf4629841c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.668209"}
{"text": "exhibition exposes sex slavery at nazi camps february 26, 2009 \" they told us we were in the camp brothel, that we were the lucky ones. we would eat well and have enough to drink. if we behaved and fulfilled our duties nothing would happen to us. \" so begins the wrenching account of frau w., a prisoner of the nazi concentration camp ravensbrueck north of berlin who between mid - 1943 and december 1944 was forced to work as a sex slave for her fellow detainees. her story forms the centrepiece of a new exhibition at ravensbrueck about the fate of women pressed into prostitution between 1942 and 1945, like asia ' s \" comfort women \" during world war ii. but rather than servicing soldiers, the camp prostitutes were the brainchild of ss chief heinrich himmler to increase productivity among forced labourers and try to keep homosexuality from \" breaking out \" among their ranks. their numbers were far smaller than the tens of thousands of \" comfort women \" kidnapped across asia to serve japanese troops. but ravensbrueck centre director insa eschebach said the at least 200, predominantly german women who were enslaved also endured paralysing trauma, shame and scorn in an until now largely \" taboo \" chapter of european history. most of the sex workers were taken from the women ' s camps at ravensbrueck and auschwitz to brothels at 10 camps in germany and the nazi - occupied eastern territories. the vast majority were imprisoned for \" anti - social \" behaviour - - a crime arbitrarily defined under hitler to include prostitutes but also women with suspect political ties or relationships with jews. prisoners given a privileged place in the camp hierarchy - - exhibition curator michael sommer estimates about one percent of the forced labourers - - could \" buy \" up to a quarter of an hour with a prostitute for two reichsmarks from the pittance they earned in the nazi - run factories. a fraction of that amount was credited to women ' s camp accounts which they could use for food when it was available. \" the sex work was organised very bureaucratically, \" said sommer, showing prisoner files with the code 998 signifying a prostitute and vouchers used by men allowed to visit the camp brothel. no jews worked at the brothels or were allowed to patronise them, and separate facilities were created for camp guards. prostitutes were regularly tested for sexually transmitted diseases to avoid outbreaks at the camps. pregnancies ended in forced abortions. \" the irony was that while the nazis tried to regulate prostitution in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4617251181584392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:073689cd-9c80-4a60-bc75-b1df5a67e83c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.678188"}
{"text": "##ise them, and separate facilities were created for camp guards. prostitutes were regularly tested for sexually transmitted diseases to avoid outbreaks at the camps. pregnancies ended in forced abortions. \" the irony was that while the nazis tried to regulate prostitution in german cities, they institutionalised it at the camps, \" sommer said. some women \" volunteered \" for service in the brothels, which were heated and had slightly better hygienic conditions, after being promised early release from the degrading and life - threatening conditions of the camps. others only learned of their fate when the first patrons were ushered in. another woman whose testimony is featured in the exhibition, identified only as frau b., said each woman worked in a small room where she received up to 10 men in two hours. \" there was a spy hole and sometimes the guards would peek in and sneer, \" she said. \" but you know, we were so numb that we just thought, ' get stuffed, you bastards. ' \" although the months in the brothel left her permanently scarred, frau b. said the men who visited her were \" decent \" by and large. \" they had also been locked up for years and were happy to have human contact, \" she said. sometimes, the men just wanted to talk. many political prisoners boycotted the brothels. communists at buchenwald were convinced the bordellos would be used by the ss to spy on prisoners. although nearly all the sex workers survived until the camps ' liberation, there is scant evidence any were released for service rendered. after the war, most of the german sex workers kept their trauma silent out of shame, while foreign victims feared being seen as \" collaborators \". none received recognition from the german state as victims of sex slavery or compensation for their ordeal. few, if any, are still alive today. eschebach noted that sex slavery has only been recognised as a war crime under international law since 2002 and said the more recent occurrences of mass rape in bosnia and rwanda, as well as the demands of \" comfort women \" for justice, had prompted more research in germany. the exhibition can be seen at ravensbrueck until march 8, and will make three more stops in germany before opening in rome in 2010. ( to read original article, visit this sydney morning herald link )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40322554684168604, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:073689cd-9c80-4a60-bc75-b1df5a67e83c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.679811"}
{"text": "history of flight use your browsers ' back ' function to return to synopsisreturn to query page on january 1, 1995, about 1252 eastern standard time, a cozy mk iv, n5037, built by charles h. larson, crashed while on approach to land at the wauchula municipal airport, wauchula, florida, while on a 14 cfr part 91 personal flight. visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time and no flight plan was filed. the airplane was substantially damaged and the pilot and one passenger were fatally injured. one passenger sustained serious injuries and one passenger sustained minor injuries. the flight originated from the avon park municipal airport, avon park, florida, about 1240. an individual who was monitoring the wauchula airport common traffic advisory frequency 122. 9 due to a gyrocopter fly - in, heard an occupant in n5037 announce that the flight was on left downwind for runway 18, \" close in. \" he advised that person that there were numerous gyrocopters in the area and in turn advised the gyrocopter pilots by visual signal to stay clear of the fixed wing airplane. he observed the airplane turn left base and the occupant asked about the fuel supply on the airport. he then heard the individual announce that the flight was on final approach to runway 18, which he thought the airplane was low. the individual in n5037 did not mention any problem with the airplane or engine and the witness stated that the engine was operating normally. another witness also observed n5037 on the downwind leg for runway 18 stated that the airplane appeared to be low. he observed the airplane turn left base to final and while on final approach, the airplane appeared to be low. while on final approach he observed a flash of light just before the airplane nosed over. he then lost sight of the airplane due to obstructions. he also stated that he was too far away to hear the engine. information pertaining to the pilot is contained in the ntsb factual report - aviation. information pertaining to the airplane is contained in the ntsb report - aviation. information pertaining to the weather is contained in the ntsb factual report - aviation. an individual in the airplane announced his traffic pattern positions on the common traffic advisory frequency. the airport is not certificated under 14 cfr part 139 and has a 4, 000 - foot asphalt runway designated 18 / 36, which is a visual runway as defined by 14 cfr part 77. 2. unmarked power lines parallel both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47219044271474103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04f2d452-6406-467b-a24c-dd0e5cf7e55f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.686205"}
{"text": "frequency. the airport is not certificated under 14 cfr part 139 and has a 4, 000 - foot asphalt runway designated 18 / 36, which is a visual runway as defined by 14 cfr part 77. 2. unmarked power lines parallel both sides of a road which is located north of the approach end of runway 18. the road is nearly perpendicular to the runway near the airport. according to the orlando, florida, faa airports district office, the power line was not required to be marked. wreckage and impact examination of the accident site revealed a cable on the ground adjacent to the airplane. the wreckage was upright with the nose landing gear separated. the right wing fuel tank was damaged resulting in fuel leakage ; however, the tank was found to contain about 1 gallon of fuel when drained. the left wing fuel tank which was not damaged was drained revealing that it contained about 10 gallons. examination of the drained fuel revealed no evidence of contamination. the fuel selector was found to be positioned to the right tank. examination of the flight controls revealed no evidence of preimpact failure or malfunction. examination of the ellison throttle body injection unit revealed that the throttle was at idle. the carburetor heat was determined to be on. examination of the nose landing gear which was separated revealed evidence that the static line contacted it about 17 inches up from the swivel assembly. there was also evidence that the static line contacted both main landing gear near the juncture of the fuselage. the engine with engine mount and propeller attached were removed from the airframe and placed on a stand. the engine was started and found to operate normally. medical and pathological post - mortem examination of the pilot and right front seat passenger were performed by alexander melamud, m. d., district ten, medical examiner. the cause of death for both was listed as multiple injuries. toxicological analysis of specimens of the pilot was performed by the wuesthoff memorial hospital laboratory. the results of analysis of urine tests were positive for caffeine, nicotine, and nicotine metabolite. the results were negative for cannabinoids, cocaine metabolite, opiates, benzodiazepines, and salicylate. the results were positive in the blood for caffeine. the results of blood analysis were negative for cannabinoids, cocaine metabolite, opiates, salicylate, benzodiazepines, and volatiles. glucose ( 1 mg / dl ) was detected in vi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47575753602649745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04f2d452-6406-467b-a24c-dd0e5cf7e55f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.687189"}
{"text": "environmental assessments at the cnsc - an environmental assessment ( ea ) is a planning tool to identify and minimize the possible environmental effects of a proposed project, conducted before the project is allowed to proceed. - in accordance with the canadian environmental assessment act and its regulations, cnsc manages eas to make sure nuclear projects are safe for the environment. - the cnsc \u2019 s ea process is slightly different than ea processes at other federal departments and agencies because our commission tribunal makes most ea decisions. - the cnsc manages approximately 25 eas every year. - eas provide an opportunity for public and aboriginal participation, which can strengthen the quality of an ea. in this fact sheet what is an environmental assessment? what are the different types of environmental assessment? what is a review panel? what triggers an environmental assessment? what type of cnsc projects need an environmental assessment? why is an environmental assessment important? what is looked at during an environmental assessment? what is the cnsc \u2019 s regulatory process? how are the provinces and territories involved in an environmental assessment? how is the scope of an environmental assessment determined? what is an environmental impact statement? what does the cnsc do with the results of the technical studies and environmental impact statement? who makes the decision on the environmental assessment? can a proponent begin undertaking project activities immediately following a positive ea decision? does the proponent have to carry out the project exactly as proposed in the ea? how does the cnsc ensure the environment is protected during project activities? how and when do the public and aboriginal groups get involved? what is participant funding? an environmental assessment ( ea ) is a planning tool that federal departments and agencies use to identify the possible environmental effects of a proposed project and to determine if those effects can be mitigated. an ea is conducted before a project is allowed to proceed. when considering certain licensing decisions, the canadian nuclear safety commission ( cnsc ) has ea obligations and responsibilities under the canadian environmental assessment act ( ceaa ), which is the basis for federal eas in canada. there are three types of eas : screenings, comprehensive studies and review panels. each offers a systematic approach to documenting the environmental effects of a proposed project and determining the need to eliminate or minimize ( mitigate ) the adverse effects if any, to modify the project plan or to recommend further assessment. a screening is usually conducted for projects that are unlikely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. a comprehensive study is typically conducted for a large, complex project with the potential for significant adverse environmental effects and that may also generate significant public interest or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4848177892967848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58056561-b7aa-4da3-bb16-2ca7429f44aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.696314"}
{"text": "recommend further assessment. a screening is usually conducted for projects that are unlikely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. a comprehensive study is typically conducted for a large, complex project with the potential for significant adverse environmental effects and that may also generate significant public interest or concern. a proposed project can be referred to a review panel or mediator if it is determined it will likely have significant adverse environmental effects, if its potential effects are uncertain, or if public concern warrants a referral. a review panel is a group of experts who are selected for their knowledge and expertise to conduct an ea and submit recommendations to the minister of the environment and to the responsible authority ( ra ) for their consideration in subsequent decision - making. the ra is the federal department or agency that has a regulatory role with respect to the project and must ensure that the ea is completed. a joint review panel is used for a project that requires a decision from the federal government and another level of government or government agency, such as the cnsc. typically, a joint review panel is established under a memorandum of understanding that is reviewed by the public before it is finalized. under the ceaa, an ea is triggered when a federal department or agency : - proposes a project - provides financial assistance to an applicant ( proponent ) - sells, leases or otherwise transfers the control or administration of federal land - provides a licence, permit or approval for the cnsc, an ea is typically triggered because a licence must be amended, approved or issued. these licences can be to prepare, construct, operate, decommission or abandon a site. for the cnsc, an ea may be conducted for the following typical projects : - nuclear power plants - heavy water production plants - uranium mines and mills - processing and research facilities - radioactive waste management facilities the ea process provides a coordinated, thorough review of environmental, socio - economic and cultural issues associated with a proposed project. an ea enables the decision maker to consider environmental factors, as well as the views of potentially affected aboriginal groups and the public, and therefore could help minimize or avoid potential adverse environmental effects. an ea can also determine alternative actions, methods or locations, and other means of carrying out a project to help minimize any potential adverse environmental effects. eas provide an opportunity for public and aboriginal participation. groups and / or individuals can provide important information on local and traditional knowledge about a proposed project \u2019 s site and potential environmental effects, as well as voice concerns and ask questions. this in turn, strengthens the quality of the ea. eas consider environmental features or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5207932895145444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58056561-b7aa-4da3-bb16-2ca7429f44aa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.697410"}
{"text": "or individuals can provide important information on local and traditional knowledge about a proposed project \u2019 s site and potential environmental effects, as well as voice concerns and ask questions. this in turn, strengthens the quality of the ea. eas consider environmental features or qualities that a community values. this involves assessing both environmental components ( i. e. air, water and land ) and human components ( i. e. human health, traffic and aboriginal interests ). the cnsc \u2019 s ea process is slightly different than ea processes at other federal departments and agencies, because the commission tribunal makes most ea decisions. when a proponent submits a licence application for the cnsc \u2019 s consideration, the cnsc must determine if an ea is required and if so, decide on the type of ea ( screening, comprehensive study or review panel ) to be conducted. if an ea is required, the ea decision must happen before any licensing action. the cnsc is responsible for ensuring an ea is carried out and the commission tribunal is responsible for determining if a project is likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. as the ra, the cnsc notifies other federal departments and agencies to determine if they have a responsibility to conduct an ea ( they would also be a ra ) or can contribute expert knowledge or information. a federal department or agency that contributes expert knowledge or information is called a federal authority ( fa ). the cnsc ensures that all its licensing decisions under the nuclear safety and control act and ea decisions under the canadian environmental assessment act uphold the honour of the crown and consider aboriginal peoples \u2019 potential or established aboriginal or treaty rights pursuant to sections 35 of the constitution act, 1982 ( together, the aboriginal interests ). the cnsc ensures that provincial and territorial departments are notified of the proposed project, as both federal and provincial / territorial ea legislation may apply. most provinces and territories have ea cooperation agreements with the federal government that aim to prevent duplication by ensuring a project is subject to only one ea that will enable both levels of government to meet legal requirements. insofar as its statutory functions allow, the cnsc supports a whole - of - government approach to aboriginal consultation, with an aim to coordinating consultative efforts with other federal, provincial, and / or territorial regulatory departments and agencies through a one - window approach, with respect to ea and licensing activities. the cnsc, other potential ras and fas determine how the ea will be conducted and the scope of what should be assessed, including issues and impacts that are likely to be important. the project scope, factors to be considered in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4977664636826641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58056561-b7aa-4da3-bb16-2ca7429f44aa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.700302"}
{"text": "and licensing activities. the cnsc, other potential ras and fas determine how the ea will be conducted and the scope of what should be assessed, including issues and impacts that are likely to be important. the project scope, factors to be considered in the ea, and the scope of these factors are outlined in the scoping information document produced by cnsc staff. the commission tribunal reviews and approves the scoping information document. once the commission tribunal approves the scoping information document, the proponent uses it to conduct technical studies, from which it develops an environmental impact statement ( eis ). the technical studies and eis consider the proposed project \u2019 s implications and ensure that any measures to protect the environment as a result of the project are implemented. the proponent submits the results of the technical studies and eis to the cnsc for analysis and evaluation to ensure the eis is adequate, accurate and complete. based on the comments, the eis is accepted or revised, or additional studies are carried out. the cnsc prepares a screening report or a comprehensive study report ( csr ) that summarizes the findings of the technical studies and eis. these documents contain cnsc staff recommendations to the commission tribunal about the outcome of the ea ( if there are expected adverse environmental effects that are likely to be significant ), along with additional mitigation measures and follow - up programs that may be required. the screening report or csr is made available for public comment on the cnsc \u2019 s web site ( nuclearsafety. gc. ca ) and on the canadian environmental assessment agency \u2019 s web site ( ceaa. gc. ca ). additionally, the cnsc directly sends project documentation to potentially impacted aboriginal groups for review and requests information relating to any potential adverse impacts on potential or established aboriginal or treaty rights. all comments received from the public and aboriginal groups are part of the public record and the cnsc thoroughly reviews all submissions. public comments and concerns along with explanations of how each was addressed in the screening report or csr. these comments are issued to assist the commission tribunal, the proponent and other ras in evaluating the environmental acceptability of the project. once the review of the environmental impact information is complete for a screening report or csr, a decision is made by the responsible authority on whether the project is likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. decisions on screenings are made by the commission tribunal. decisions on comprehensive studies are made by the minister of the environment. when there is a review panel, the panel makes recommendations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5060628137938571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58056561-b7aa-4da3-bb16-2ca7429f44aa>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.701442"}
{"text": "the responsible authority on whether the project is likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. decisions on screenings are made by the commission tribunal. decisions on comprehensive studies are made by the minister of the environment. when there is a review panel, the panel makes recommendations to the minister of the environment who then makes the ea decision. no. before the proponent can undertake any project activities that are within the scope of the ea, a positive licensing decision is required. it is up to the proponent to submit all necessary documentation in order to fulfill cnsc licensing requirements before a licensing decision can be made. only after a positive licensing decision is made can the proponent begin work. no. the ea is a planning tool. as project activities may only be conceptual at the ea stage, changes in project activities may occur during the detailed design stage. the cnsc licence and compliance process ensures any changes are within the bounds of the ea prior to their authorization and commencement. following the completion of the ea, the cnsc licensing process identifies the appropriate licence conditions required to ensure adequate monitoring to protect the environment during project activities. for an existing licence, this is often achieved through revisions to existing licence conditions, site programs and facility manuals, which must be adhered to in accordance with the site licence. the cnsc requires licensees to report to the cnsc on an annual basis ( in some cases monthly or quarterly ) on the monitoring results of site programs, including the mitigation measures undertaken. the cnsc may also require specific project activities that were identified in the ea as having the potential to cause negative environmental effects to be monitored and reported in an annual ea follow - up report. in addition to respecting regulatory limits, licensees are required to implement the \u201c as low as reasonable achievable \u201d ( alara ) principle in decision making and normal operations. the alara principle is a commitment to keeping radiation exposure and dose levels to as low as reasonably achievable, social and economic factors being taken into account. at the beginning of the ea process, the cnsc identifies members of the public, aboriginal groups and not - for - profit organizations who may be affected by a proposed project or who may have an interest in a project, and determines the need for consultation. during the screening and comprehensive study ea processes, the public and aboriginal groups may participate in one or more of the following activities : - review of the scoping information document produced by cnsc staff - review of the eis and technical documents produced by the proponent - review of the screening report or comprehensive study report", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4958567004986664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58056561-b7aa-4da3-bb16-2ca7429f44aa>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.702587"}
{"text": "tv linked to sleep problems in kids if your little one is having trouble sleeping you may want to take a closer look at the television shows they ' re watching. a new study by seattle children ' s research institute found young kids who stuck to educational, non - violent cartoons got a better night ' s sleep than those who watch shows designed for older kids. researchers followed more than 500 seattle area families with kids between 3 and 5 years old for 18 months. the preschoolers who watched shows like curious george and sesame street were able to get to sleep faster and had fewer nightmares and woke up less often. researchers found switching to educational games and apps had similar effects on children ' s sleep. get your daily d - dose we certainly have enjoyed lots of sunshine lately. but here in the northwest we know our days of basking in the sun are limited. that ' s why many of us are low on vitamin d. our main source of it comes from the sun ' s rays. vitamin d builds strong bones ; helps keep the heart healthy, and fights infection by boosting the immune system. researchers at boston children ' s hospital tested the vitamin d levels in more than 500 children. 40 % of those kids had a vitamin d deficiency. researchers found those youngsters became more severely ill compared to children who had enough vitamin d. study authors recommend that severely ill kids admitted to the hospital be screened for risk factors caused by vitamin d deficiency. olympic sized lessons if you ' ve been glued to the olympics like i have, you ' ve seen some amazing stories of courage, determination, and good sportsmanship. take for instance the persistence embodied in south african oscar pistorius. born without the main bones in his lower legs - - - his parents encouraged him to always do his best. he came in 7th in his heat in the 400 in london, and did not qualify for the finals. still, he made history and said he ' ll cherish the memories all his life. then there \u2019 s the resilience of michael phelps, carrying a heavy mantel, trying to win more medals than any other olympian and staying strong even in defeat. sports bring so many great lessons to our lives about winning and losing and dealing with pressure. and the olympics create the perfect storyline for parents to share these lessons with their children. it ' s the sort of thing we should all remember about games and life. tune in to northwest families wednesday mornings during the 10 a. m show and thursday mornings during the 8 a. m. show on nwcn. you can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4747219398550439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:417ea0c3-3a9b-49cb-b174-d77995723023>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.705405"}
{"text": "the american musicals project at the new - york historical society explores crucial eras in american history, coupling the power and emotional energy of american musical theater masterworks with extraordinary primary resources from our exhibitions and collections. just for homeschoolers : units include westward expansion, world war ii, american declaration of independence, slavery through post - reconstruction, and the progressive era. find out more about american musicals project class for homeschooled students! sign up today! just for teachers : bring american musicals project materials into your classroom! the new - york historical society is proud to offer interactive open - enrollment workshops for teachers of all grade levels. participants learn exciting strategies for integrating musical clips and primary sources in the classroom. all workshops run from 4 : 30 - 6 : 30 pm and cost $ 15 each ( members pay $ 10 ). advanced registration is required. enroll today! teacher workshop schedule : | thursday 10 / 18 / 2012 | | antebellum slavery : big river | | wednesday 11 / 14 / 2012 | | the gold rush : paint your wagon | | tuesday 12 / 4 / 2012 | | women \u2019 s suffrage and abolition : bloomer girl | | thursday 1 / 17 / 2013 | | reconstruction : showboat | | wednesday 2 / 13 / 2013 | | westward expansion : oklahoma! | | wednesday 3 / 6 / 2013 | | the progressive era : fiorello! | | thursday 4 / 11 / 2013 | | the great depression : annie and street scene | | wednesday 5 / 8 / 2013 | | wwii : on the town, south pacific, this is the army | | wednesday 6 / 12 / 2013 | | post - war new york : west side story |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45260800400309165, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef1a42be-c1bf-405c-8c9c-eb12ec03852d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.707120"}
{"text": "jerome jay wolken, a biophysicist at carnegie mellon university in pittsburgh who delved into the mysteries of sight and light and invented a lens system that gave sight to some legally blind people, died on may 10 at his home in pittsburgh. he was 82. dr. wolken ' s light concentrating lens system, developed in the 1980 ' s and used in eyeglasses, opened new vistas on medical science, photography, astronomy and the collection of sunlight. one of the patents for the system involves a pear - shaped lens 10 times more sensitive to light than a standard camera lens. the system reproduced the lenses that deep - sea creatures adapted over millions of years to see objects at depths of up to 1, 500 feet in almost total darkness. the key was a special geometric relationship between the curvature of the top and the curvature of the bottom of the lens. made of glass or plastic for an eyeglass frame, the system increased the light - gathering ability of eyes that could not send enough light to their retinas. it was used primarily by people with cataracts. in researching deep - sea optics, dr. wolken worked with the marine biological laboratory and the oceanographic research institute at woods hole on cape cod, mass., and with similar institutions in miami, bermuda, the bahamas, europe and japan. he applied his findings to lenses of enhanced photosensitivity. jerome jay wolken was born in pittsburgh and received a bachelor ' s degree in chemistry from the university of pittsburgh in 1946. he received a master ' s degree in biological sciences in 1948 and a ph. d. in biophysics in 1949, both from pittsburgh, where he taught in the 1950 ' s and was named a professor of biophysics physiology in 1962. two years later, carnegie mellon appointed dr. wolken a professor and head of the biological sciences department at morrison carnegie college. he wrote nine books in his field, edited two more and contributed some 120 papers to scientific journals. he retired in 1982, but he continued his work until recently. dr. wolken is survived by his wife of 43 years, tobey holstein wolken ; their daughter and son, johanna zorn of chicago and erik a., of chapel hill, n. c. ; a daughter and son by an earlier marriage, ann wolken of los angeles, and jonathan, of washington depot, conn., and five grandchildren. his first wife, dorothy mallinger wolken, died in 1954.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5766661023994528, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d3ea825-0a8e-40d7-988b-d35c2e44ff77>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.709728"}
{"text": "a 12 - day global wildlife conference concluded after granting better protection to hundreds of threatened animal and plant species. more than 1, 000 delegates at the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora voted to introduce trade regulations for vulnerable animal species such as sharks, manta rays, tortoises and turtles, and rejected proposals that would have allowed three species of crocodiles to be traded internationally. cites meets every three years to discuss how to regulate trade in plants and animals to ensure the survival of more than 35, 000 species. cites delegates represent 178 governments, businesses, non - governmental organisations and groups speaking for indigenous peoples. cites secretary - general john scanlon said this year ' s conference in bangkok was \" a watershed moment \" for the organization in realising the seriousness of wildlife crime and toughening measures against it. five shark species are under severe threat because of the voracious market for shark fins, an expensive delicacy in asia. \" this is a major win for some of the world ' s most threatened shark species, with action now required to control the international trade in their fins, \" said susan lieberman of the pew charitable trusts, a non - profit organisation. \" today was the most significant day for the ocean in the 40 - year history of cites. \" conservationists also placed controls on a range of rosewood and ebony wood from asia, central america and madagascar that are exploited by illegal logging. not all proposals for protecting animals were adopted. a us proposal to ban the international trade of polar bears failed to garner the two - thirds of votes needed to pass, while the convention was criticised for failing to issue strong measures against elephant poaching. host country thailand and seven other asian and african nations were criticized by cites for failing to adequately crack down on the ivory trade and were asked to come up with \" national action plans \" with targets to curb the trade across and within their borders. they must meet those targets or face trade sanctions next year. \" any discussions on legalising trade in wildlife products - be it ivory, rhino horns, or tiger parts - accomplishes only one thing, which is stimulating demand, \" mary rice, executive director of the british - based environmental investigation agency, said in a statement. \" such rhetoric must cease immediately if we are to reverse the trend toward extinction of these and other species. \" the next meeting is to be held in 2016 in south africa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38344252821350805, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:610ea022-f40c-4a3e-b733-91088dc6d4ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.712084"}
{"text": "objective of ola : separation of wealth and state a major objective of ola is to achieve the separation of wealth and state and to redress and resolve grievances related to the abuse of economic power. the current situation has merged wealth and state so that he who has the gold makes the rules. wealth is the new sovereign as private corporate banks and large corporations have a dominating influence on our government. excessive and unaccountable concentration of economic power in the hands of the very few has fueled massive system - wide corruption and fraud and has allowed the system itself to be structured in favor of the 1 %. examples of this abuse include : - the financial industry orchestrated legislation that led to rampant income inequality, socially destructive decision making, fraud and injustice. - credit rating agencies worked in collusion with the big banks to pass off toxic assets as highest - grade investments. - fund managers gambled with the capital of mortgages and pension funds, putting those funds at undue risk. - major financial institutions such as the federal reserve operate without transparency or accountability. only by a single forced partial audit did we discover that the fed gave $ 16 trillion at 0 % interest to bailout banks all over the world during the latest crisis. - lenders used fraud as a business model to create a system that guaranteed record profits and bonuses, while leaving a scorched earth of foreclosures and underwater mortgages. - those who devised and implemented the massive fraud have so far escaped prosecution. civil and criminal penalties have been token or non - existent. - corporate executives whose contribution to society, and to their own companies, has been massively negative continue to receive exorbitant bonuses. the economic catastrophe that has resulted from these abuses has plunged the people of america into a plight unparalleled since the great depression. examples include : - savings, pension funds and other social nets have been obliterated. - millions of people have defaulted on loans and millions of families are being kicked out of their homes through fraud - ridden foreclosures. - millions of americans have lost their jobs and livelihoods creating great personal hardships, hopelessness and stress. - income inequality has increased astronomically - - the current staggering disparity surpasses even levels seen during the great depression. the financial industry through its dominance of the political and economic life of the nation executed a massive theft of private and public money. this historic crime of grand larceny and fraud must not be swept under the rug of history. it must be addressed, corrected and prevented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47559967916183765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6671d23-b850-4a19-95b4-f5dc80976af1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.715885"}
{"text": "materials for writing, and forms of books ( originally published 1893 ) probably the earliest efforts of the human race to record its thoughts and history were by scratching with some hard instrument on stone or bone. the permanence of the result has always made stone or metal a satisfactory substance to receive engraving, whether for sepulchral tablets, for some official records, such as state decrees, or for honorary inscriptions. among obvious examples are the drawings of prehistoric man on the walls of caves, the ten commandments graven on stone, the nicene creed cut in silver by pope leo iii. ' s order ( to fix the absolute form decreed by the second general council ), the parian chronicle, the rosetta stone, and tombs of all ages. it is on stone almost alone that we find in the early classical days of rome the pure capital forms of letters, as on the tombs of the scipios. and as material tends to act on style, and as curves are harder to grave than straight lines, writing on stone tends to discard the former and to encourage the latter, so that we find in such inscriptions a decided preference for angular forms of letters. but another very early material for writing was the wood or bark of trees. it was easy to obtain, soft, and fairly durable. three of our common terms are derived from the custom of cutting or scratching on wooden boards or bark, the latin liber ( a book, properly the bark of a tree, whence such words as library, libretto ), the latin codex ( or caudex, a tree - stump, then sawn boards, then a book, now narrowed to a manuscript book ; compare codicil, a diminutive form ), and perhaps the teutonic word which appears in german as buck and in english as book, meaning originally a beech tree and beechen boards. next we come to the substance which has given us much of the terminology of books. a common reed, chiefly found in egypt, and known to the greeks as ( papuros ), and to the romans as papyrus, was discovered to be, when properly pre - pared, a facile and cheap material for writing. the inner rind was cut lengthways into thin strips ( bubloi ), and laid in order thus : on this was glued, with the help of rich nile water or other substance, another set of slips laid on the former transversely, thus : this cross - formed substance, properly pressed, hammered and dried, presented a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5118547627347316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.730066"}
{"text": "and laid in order thus : on this was glued, with the help of rich nile water or other substance, another set of slips laid on the former transversely, thus : this cross - formed substance, properly pressed, hammered and dried, presented a smooth but soft receptive surface for ink, and was most extensively used in classical times until parchment competed with it, or, more accurately, till the export of papyrus began to fail. the papyrus, however, was not used in the form of our books, but as a long roll, with the writing in broad columns placed thus, the writing being represented by wavy lines : birt, in his book das antike buchwesen ( 1882 ), has endeavoured to prove that there was a normal length of about thirty - eight letters in each line, but the length of the entire roll might be anything up to 150 feet. there are also a face and a back to papyri, a right and a wrong side for writing. in the british museum there is a papyrus roll containing, in greek, the funeral oration of hyperides on leosthenes, b. c. 323 ; on the other side of this is a horoscope of a person born in a. d. 95. naturally, for some time it was believed that the horoscope was casually inscribed on the back of the hyperides ; but a closer examination has proved that the horoscope is on the face of the papyrus, and the hyperides perhaps a school exercise accidentally entered on the back. so that a. d. 95 is not the terminus ad quem of the date, but the terminus a quo. unfortunately, of all possible materials for permanent record, papyrus is among the worst. even when first written on, it must have seemed ominous that a heavy stroke was wont to pierce and scratch the smooth surface ; so much so that in all papyrus records the writing is along the line of the uppermost layers or strips ( not across them ), and is also of necessity light, and hardly distinguishable into up and down strokes. this foreshadowed the time when, on the complete drying of the substance in course of years, the residuum would be fragile, friable, and almost as brittle as dead leaves. every papyrus that comes into a library should therefore be at once placed between two sheets of glass, to prevent, as far as possible, any further disintegration. the terms used in connexion with writing in greek, latin and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48970301964090535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.731936"}
{"text": ". every papyrus that comes into a library should therefore be at once placed between two sheets of glass, to prevent, as far as possible, any further disintegration. the terms used in connexion with writing in greek, latin and english are chiefly derived from the rolls of papyrus. let us begin with two words which have had an interesting history. our ` paper ' is derived from the greek ( through the latin papyrus ), explained above as the name of an egyptian reed. thence it carne to mean the papyrus as prepared to receive writing. how then has paper, which has always been made out of rags, usurped the name without taking over the material? simply because the term came to signify whatever substance was commonly employed for writing ; so when papyrus was disused ( the latest date of its systematic use is the eleventh century ), a material formed of rags was beginning to be known, and carried on, so to speak, the term. the latin charta ( paper ) has had a partly similar history, for when first found it is applied to papyrus as distinguished from parchment. still more interesting is the word bible. ( bubloi ) was the greek term for the strips of the inner part of papyrus. then the book formed of papyrus began to be called ( biblos ) and ( biblion, a diminutive form ). the romans took over the second word, but chiefly used it in the plural, biblia, which came later to be regarded as a feminine singular, as if its genitive were biblia and not bibliorum. lastly, the word became specially and exclusively applied to the book, the bible, and as such has passed into english. other terms which recall the days of papyrus are volume ( latin volumen, ` a thing rolled up, ' from volvo, i roll ; corresponding to the greek kulindros ), the long stretch of papyrus rolled up for putting away ; the latin term evolvere, to unroll, in the sense of ` to read ' a book ; and the common word explicit, equivalent to ` the end, ' but properly meaning ' unrolled ' ( ' explicitus ' ), the end of the roll having been reached. so, too, the custom of writing on parchment with three or even four columns to a single page, as may be seen in our most ancient greek mss. of the new testament, is probably a survival of the parallel columns of writing found on papyri. we next come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5443219648680512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.732937"}
{"text": "writing on parchment with three or even four columns to a single page, as may be seen in our most ancient greek mss. of the new testament, is probably a survival of the parallel columns of writing found on papyri. we next come to the most satisfactory material ever discovered for purposes of writing and illumination, tough enough for preservation to immemorial it will be observed that ' explicit ' is a vox nihili, and can only be properly explained as a contraction of ' explicit ( us ) ' est liber, the book ' is unrolled to the end. ' the corresponding term is incipit, ' here begins, ' which is a good latin word time, hard enough to bear thick strokes of pen or brush without the surface giving way, and yet fine enough for the most delicate ornamentation. parchment is the prepared skin of animals, especially of the sheep and calf ; the finer quality derived from the calf being properly vellum, and if from the skin of an abortive calf, uterine vellum, the whitest and thinnest kind known, employed chiefly for elaborate miniatures. parchment has neither the fragile surface of papyrus nor the coarseness of medieval paper, and has therefore long enjoyed the favour of writers. its only disadvantages in medieval times were its comparative costliness and its thickness and weight, but neither of these was a formidable obstacle to its use. the name of this substance contains its history. in the first half of the second century before christ, eumenes ii., king of pergamum, found himself debarred, through some jealousy of the ptolemies, from obtaining a sufficient supply of papyrus from egypt. from necessity he had recourse to an ancient custom of preparing skins for the reception of writing by washing, dressing and rubbing them smooth ; probably adding some new appliances, by which his process became so famous that the material itself was called ; in latin, pergamena, ` stuff prepared at pergamum, ' whence the english word parchment. both parchment and paper have had less effect than stone or papyrus on styles of writing, because both are adapted to receive almost any stroke of the pen. they have rather allowed styles to develop themselves naturally, and are specially favourable to flowing curves, which are as easy as they are graceful in human penmanship. paper has for long been the common substance for miscellaneous purposes of ordinary writing, and has till recent. times been formed solely from rags ( chiefly of linen ), reduced to a pulp, poured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5071711627891662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.734105"}
{"text": "are as easy as they are graceful in human penmanship. paper has for long been the common substance for miscellaneous purposes of ordinary writing, and has till recent. times been formed solely from rags ( chiefly of linen ), reduced to a pulp, poured out on a frame in a thin watery sheet, and gradually dried and given consistence by the action of heat. it has been a popular belief, found in every book till 1886 ( now entirely disproved, but probably destined to die hard ), that the common yellowish thick paper, with rough fibrous edge, found especially in greek mss. till the fifteenth century, was paper of quite another sort, and made of cotton ( charta, bombyx being usually silk, but also used of any fine fibre such as cotton ). the microscope has at last conclusively shown that these two sorts are simply two different kinds of ordinary linen - rag paper. a few facts about the dates at which papyrus, parchment and paper are found may be inserted here. the use of papyrus in egypt is of great antiquity, and the earliest greek and latin mss. we possess are on papyrus ; in the case of greek of the fourth century b. c., in latin of the first century a. d. it was freely exported to greece and rome, and, though it gradually gave way before parchment for the finest books, from the first century b. c. onwards, it was not till the tenth century a. d. that in egypt itself its use was abandoned. practically in about a. d. 935 its fabrication ceased, although for pontifical bulls it was invariably used till a. d. 1022, and occasionally till 1050. parchment has also been used from the earliest times ; and its use was revived, as we have seen, in the second century before christ, and lasted till the invention of printing, after which it was reserved for sumptuous editions, and for legal and other durable records. paper was first manufactured ( outside china ) at samarkand in turkestan in about a. d. 750 ; and even in spain, where first it obtained a footing in europe ( in the tenth century ), it was imported from the east, not being manufactured in the west till the twelfth century ; but from that time its use spread rapidly. in england there was a paper - mill owned by john tate in 1495, when bartholomcus glanville ' s de proprietatibus rerum was issued on native paper. watermarks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4749752646194596, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.735058"}
{"text": "from that time its use spread rapidly. in england there was a paper - mill owned by john tate in 1495, when bartholomcus glanville ' s de proprietatibus rerum was issued on native paper. watermarks in paper ( see p. 16 ) are entirely a western invention, found first towards the end of the thirteenth century, and never found at all in oriental paper. besides stone, papyrus, parchment, and paper, the materials used for writing, though numerous, are rather curious than important. tablets of wood, hinged like a book and covered with wax, on which letters were scratched with a small pointed metal rod ( stilus, whence our words style, stiletto, etc. ), were common at rome in classical and later times, and are believed to have suggested the form of our ordinary books. for private accounts and notes these wax tablets are said to have been in use in western europe until the time of printing. various metals, especially lead, have been made use of to bear writing ; and also bones ( in prehistoric times ), clay inscribed when soft and then baked ( as in assyria ), potsherds ( ostraka ), leaves, and the like. b. \u2014 forms of books we now come to the forms of books \u2014 the way in which they are made up. in the case of papyrus, as has already been observed, we almost always find the roll - form. the long strip was, of course, rolled round a round rod or two rods ( one at each end ) when not in use, much as a wall - map is at the present day. with parchment the case has been different. though in classical times in rome, so far as can be judged, the roll - form was still in ordinary use even when parchment was the material, and though, in the form of court - rolls, pedigrees, and many legal kinds of record, we are still familiar with the appearance of a roll, the tendency of writers on parchment has been to prefer and perpetuate the form of book best known at the present day, in which pages are turned over by the reader, and no membranes unrolled. the normal formation of a parchment book in the middle ages was this : \u2014 four pieces of parchment, each roughly about 10 inches high and r8 inches broad, were taken and were folded once across, so that each piece formed four pages ( two leaves ) as a basis for making a quarto volume. these pieces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4900562800302649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.736138"}
{"text": "\u2014 four pieces of parchment, each roughly about 10 inches high and r8 inches broad, were taken and were folded once across, so that each piece formed four pages ( two leaves ) as a basis for making a quarto volume. these pieces were then fitted one inside another, so that the first piece formed the 1st and 8th leaves, the second the 2nd and 7th, the third the 3rd and 6th, and the fourth the two middle leaves of a complete section of eight leaves or sixteen pages, termed technically in latin a quaternio, because made of four ( quatuor ) pieces of parchment. when a sufficient number of quaternions were thus formed to contain the projected book, they were sent in to the scribe for writing on, and were eventually bound. many variations of form, both smaller and larger than quarto, are found, and often more or fewer pieces than four make up the section or quire. paper was essentially different from parchment, in that it could be made of larger size and folded smaller ; whereas the cost of skins was almost prohibitive, if very large and fine pieces were required. as a fact, paper has almost always been used in book and not roll - form. the normal formation of paper - books has been this : \u2014 a piece about 12 inches high by 16 inches wide was regarded as a standard size. this was folded across along the dotted line a b, and if this singly - folded sheet was regarded as the basis of a section, and the whole book was made up of a set of these sections, it was called a folio book ; if, however, the singly - folded sheet was folded again across the dotted line c d, and this was treated as a section ( containing four leaves or eight pages ), the book made up of such sections was called a quarto. once more, if the doubly - folded sheet was again folded along the dotted line e f, and this trebly - folded sheet was treated as a section ( containing eight leaves or sixteen pages ), the book was called an octavo. the methods of folding the sheet so as to pro - duce a duodecimo, a 16mo, etc., and the use of half - sheets to form sections, are matters which concern printing rather than writing. but it should be clearly understood that, whereas we now mean by a folio a tall narrow book, by a quarto a shorter broad book, and by an octavo a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.518904427606453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.737142"}
{"text": "form sections, are matters which concern printing rather than writing. but it should be clearly understood that, whereas we now mean by a folio a tall narrow book, by a quarto a shorter broad book, and by an octavo a short narrow book, judging by size and shape ; in the earlier days of paper, these terms indicated, not size or even shape, but form, that is to say, the way in which the sheets of paper were folded up to form sections ; and that it is only owing to the fact that a certain size of paper was generally adopted as a standard that the terms came to have their modern signification. so true is this, that some early folios are quite small, and many quartos larger or smaller than what we call quarto. but there is one infallible test of a true folio, quarto, or octavo. observe the diamond on the figures on pp. 15 - 16, and the lines drawn across them. the diamond represents the watermark, a trade design ( such as a jug, a unicorn, a pair of scissors, etc. ) inserted by the maker in every sheet, and the lines are ` chain - lines, ' the marks where the wire frames supported the half liquid paper - sheet as it gathered consistency by being dried. the position of the watermark and the direction of the chain - lines were fortunately invariable, and therefore ( as may be easily seen by a paper model ) every true folio has the watermark in the centre of a page and the chain - lines perpendicular ; every quarto has the watermark in the centre of the back, not easy to see, and the lines horizontal ; and every octavo has a watermark at the top of the back at the inner edge, and the lines perpendicular. these points are not necessarily true of modern books. c. \u2014 instruments and ink on this subject few words are necessary. for hard substances and for wax and clay, a graving tool or pointed metal rod is necessary ; for papyrus and parchment and paper, a pen. pens have till modern times always been of one of two kinds, either made of a reed ( calamus, arundo, a reed - pen ), or made of a quill, usually from a bird ' s feather ( penna, a quill - pen ). the latter appears to be the later in invention, but is found as early as the sixth century of our era. ink", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5130986590733786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.738547"}
{"text": ", or made of a quill, usually from a bird ' s feather ( penna, a quill - pen ). the latter appears to be the later in invention, but is found as early as the sixth century of our era. ink ( atramentum ) has hardly varied in composition from the earliest times, having been always formed in one of two ways : either, as was the common practice in classical times, by a mixture of soot with gum and water, which produces a black lustrous ink, but is without much difficulty removed with a sponge ; or by galls ( gallic acid ) with sulphate of iron and gum, which is the modern method, though also so ancient as to be found on the herculanean rolls. at pompeii ink of this kind was found still liquid after seventeen centuries of quiescence. the chief coloured inks known to antiquity were red, purple, green, and yellow : gold and silver liquids were sometimes used, especially when the parchment had been stained purple to enhance the effect. for the colours used in illumination, chapter v. may be consulted. so far we have been concerned with passive sub - stances prepared and presented to the scribe, to become instinct with life when the message of the author is consigned to the expectant page. our next chapters will naturally treat of the writing itself, and of scribes and their ways, the living elements in a book.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511007017728732, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297f6ebb-2713-4ab7-855d-721ed36ce7b2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.739111"}
{"text": "carolyn vachani, msn, rn, aocn last modified : may 21, 2002 in june of 2000, the institute of medicine issued a report addressing barriers to palliative care in the united states. from this report came a mandate for improvements in palliative care. a presentation at the asco annual meeting addressed the collaborative response from the american society of clinical oncology ( asco ) and the oncology nursing society ( ons ). presenting the collaborative plans were ronald blum, md, betty ferrell, phd, city of hope national medical center, neil macdonald, md, clinical research institute of montreal, and kathleen shedlock, ms, mpa, chairperson of the ons ethics committee. in order to understand the barriers to palliative care, one must have an accurate definition of palliative care. the world health organization defines palliative care as the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. control of pain, other symptoms, and psychological, social and spiritual problems is paramount. the goal of palliative care is achievement of the best possible quality of life for patients and their families. many aspects of palliative care are also applicable earlier in the course of the illness, in conjunction with anticancer treatment. palliative care : affirms life and regards dying as a normal process ; neither hastens nor postpones death ; provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms ; integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of patient care ; offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death ; and offers a support system to help the family cope during the patient ' s illness and in their own bereavement. radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery have a place in palliative care, provided that the symptomatic benefits of treatment clearly outweigh the disadvantages. investigative procedures are kept to a minimum. unfortunately, end of life care is often introduced too late to be effective for patients and their families. only 17 % of dying patients were cared for by hospices in 1995. a gallup survey in 1996 found that 90 % of americans would prefer to die at home, yet nearly 80 % die in institutions. in researching the scope of the problem, the 50 leading nursing textbooks used by nursing schools were reviewed. only 2 % of content, and 1. 4 % of the 1750 chapters contained information related to end of life care. a review of textbooks used by medical schools found, similarly, only 2 % of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521914488063725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ae3cbdf-ae05-45db-b2e6-adfd2dd101cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.745759"}
{"text": "nursing textbooks used by nursing schools were reviewed. only 2 % of content, and 1. 4 % of the 1750 chapters contained information related to end of life care. a review of textbooks used by medical schools found, similarly, only 2 % of the content related to end of life care. the ons conducted a study of 2300 practicing nurses, asking what dilemmas they faced regarding end of life care. the responses included : use of advance directives, preserving patient choice, uncertainty about prognosis, causing death by giving pain medication, and withdrawing / withholding iv fluids. the study also looked at barriers to appropriate end of life care. these included : managed care, lack of continuity, family discomfort with death, and professional discomfort with death. a study entitled? decisions and outcomes of palliative surgery? is addressing surgeons? difficulties in providing palliative care to patients. the study estimates that 21 % of all cancer surgeries are considered palliative. one physician stated that the biggest difficulty is providing honest information without destroying hope and preserving patient choice. the findings of the asco and ons investigations found a need for improved education for both medical and nursing professionals. the groups feel that optimal end of life care would be best achieved through a collaborative and interdisciplinary practice. the program presenters pointed out that both the nursing and medicine code of ethics refer to collaborating with other disciplines. these findings have lead to the development of several programs. the end of life nursing education consortium project ( elnec ) is a comprehensive, national education program to improve end - of - life care by nurses, and is funded by a major grant from the robert wood johnson foundation. primary project goals are to develop a core of expert nursing educators and to coordinate national nursing education efforts in end - of - life care. in addition, a 2 1 / 2 year series on palliative care is ongoing in the american journal of nursing, which reaches 350, 000 nurses. the education for physicians on end of life care ( epec ) program was launched in 1998, through the northwestern university school of medicine. epec is also supported by a grant from the robert wood johnson foundation, and is designed to educate all physicians on the essential clinical competencies required to provide quality end - of - life care. the asco and ons response to the iom also includes a model for collaborative practice. in this collaboration, the physician completes the history & physical, review of systems, and exam, with the nurse being responsible for evaluating the response to illness, psychosocial aspects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4885998965977406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ae3cbdf-ae05-45db-b2e6-adfd2dd101cf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.749567"}
{"text": "ons response to the iom also includes a model for collaborative practice. in this collaboration, the physician completes the history & physical, review of systems, and exam, with the nurse being responsible for evaluating the response to illness, psychosocial aspects, support system, and the impact on the patient? s role. the traditionally differing perspectives of nursing and medicine naturally allow for a balance of care. studies analyzing collaborative practice have found improved quality of care, increased patient satisfaction, and improved long term grief of families, when they are included. collaboration has benefits for the healthcare providers, as well. in a strong collaborative practice there is increased job satisfaction, improved self care ( by setting and communicating realistic goals and having a life outside of work ), and ethical crises may be prevented through a collaborative plan of care. the groups define collaboration to include : mutual care planning, respect for one another, open conflict management, role and professional responsibilities met, maintaining professional competence, members available and responsive to each other, being fair, truthful, open to constructive criticism and change, being free of bias, trusting each other, and being comfortable with flexible team leadership. this model can be implemented in interdisciplinary rounds, protocols or pathways, joint educational endeavors, family meetings, and through a focus on patient / family goals and values. the national cancer institute plans to develop it? s own response to the iom at an upcoming july meeting. funding for palliative care research made up only 0. 9 % of the 1999 nci research budget. if palliative care is to improve, this will need to change. the nci has provided funding to the city of hope national medical center for the disseminating end of life education to cancer centers ( deletcc ) program. the primary aim of deletcc is to prepare clinical leaders with the information and resources to assure high - quality end - of - life care for cancer patients. interdisciplinary two person teams, made up of physicians, nurses, social workers or other professionals from 300 cancer treatment centers will be selected, from submitted applications, to attend one of four annual courses. the programs mentioned are a great start, but will need continued funding and support to become standard. asco and ons have committed to improving palliative care throughout the united states, and we are sure to hear more about this topic in the coming years. oncolink ' s asco coverage made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from bristol - myers squibb oncology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.506326883062985, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ae3cbdf-ae05-45db-b2e6-adfd2dd101cf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.750821"}
{"text": "nowadays it is very common among people who are ageing to have weak bones which render them prone of encountering injury and developing chronic diseases such as arthritis, medical experts say. the common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis, a kind of a very debilitating disease by which pain triggered several hip replacement procedures and is associated with the depuy - led campaign attacking a british medical journal metal - on - metal hip article. osteoarthritis is a painful disease which can interfere with a patient ' s ability to perform routine daily activities, depending on which joints are affected. early diagnosis and treatment is very important. the goals of osteoarthritis treatment are to relieve pain and other osteoarthritis symptoms, preserve or improve joint function and reduce physical disability. the american college of rheumatology ( acr ) offers guidelines for the treatment of osteoarthritis, although it emphasizes that treatment decisions ultimately rest with the doctor and patient. acr guidelines include non - pharmacologic and pharmacologic ( i. e., drug ) treatment options for osteoarthritis, according to the about. com website. there are two major factors that affect older people such as an increased risk of falling because of poor stability ( from a decrease in muscle, joint, and nerve function ) and poor vision ; and ( 2 ) weak bones that break easily because of osteoporosis. it has been estimated that 250, 000 ( a quarter of a million ) people in the united states suffer hip fractures each year. hip fracture is a terrible injury. it typically requires major surgery for repair. operations involve either metal pinning with screws and / or plates or replacement of the hip joint with artificial parts. these operations can be complicated by infections, blood clotting, bleeding, and failure of the repair work. after such a surgical procedure, long and aggressive rehabilitation programs are necessary for optimal success. for the very frail, elderly person, ultimate recovery can be extremely difficult and long - term loss of independence, nursing - home placement, and even death may result. prevention of hip fractures is a key part of caring for the health of the elderly. elderly people may take measures to decrease their own risk for hip fractures. these measures include participating in regular, proper exercise, \" clearing the runway \" in homes for walking and transferring, undergoing regular general and eye - health checkups, and addressing osteoporosis ( bone - density exams, calcium and vitamin din", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47040675555317474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3ba7b6b-8395-42fa-88f7-bd8d8d95b43a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.753821"}
{"text": "many of the soviet gulag camps are now deserted, but vyatlag is still in operation, though now most of the prisoners are there for criminal rather than political offences. but as ekaterina loushnikova has found, memories of the cruelty and hardship of those terrible years remain. in 1938 a special order from the ussr people \u2019 s commissariat of internal affairs established vyatlag, one of the biggest concentrations of forced labour camps in the gulag system, in the north of the kirov oblast, 1000 km north east of moscow. its 75th anniversary falls in 2013. during the period 1938 - 56 more than 100, 000 prisoners from 20 countries and of 80 different nationalities were sent here to serve their sentence. 18, 000 of them were destined never to see their homes again. the settlement in the marsh there are two ways of reaching the settlement of lesnoy [ literally, forest ], the capital of vyatlag, called after the vyatka region where it is situated : prisoners come here by prisoner transport, in a special train ; civilians hitch a lift if a car is going their way. regular buses have not served this place for many years and there is no rail connection either. a few \u2018 stolypin \u2019 carriages [ prisoner trains ] rust in the sidings of the deserted station, one of them still bearing the words \u2018 all power to the soviets! \u2019 perhaps it was one of these carriages that brought my grandfather, andrei konstantinovich, here. he was an academic, a mathematician who had volunteered for front line service in the war with nazi germany, been taken prisoner and managed to escape, only to be accused by the nkvd of betraying his country. i still don \u2019 t know what became of him \u2026 inside one of the carriages i find a rotting quilted jacket that prisoners used to wear and some winter footwear, which were called \u2018 chuni \u2019 and were worn by prisoners in stalin \u2019 s time. the first prisoner transport arrived here in 1938. initially the prisoners were generally peasants from the dispossessed \u2018 kulak \u2019 [ rich peasant ] class, but then they were joined by actors, artists, poets, writers, academics and politicians. anyone, in other words, who had been convicted of offences under the notorious article 58, ' anti - soviet agitation ' and ' counterrevolution '. inside the camp they were described succinctly as ' blabbermouths. ' in 1940 special prisoner transports started arriving from estonia, lithuania and latvia,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4157163628471485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faef04c7-2187-457e-9266-a6b561fa6881>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.766134"}
{"text": "58, ' anti - soviet agitation ' and ' counterrevolution '. inside the camp they were described succinctly as ' blabbermouths. ' in 1940 special prisoner transports started arriving from estonia, lithuania and latvia, occupied by soviet troops during the time of the molotov \u2013 ribbentrop pact. after 1945 there were captured german soldiers, hungarians, italians and other nationalities who had served in hitler ' s armies, as well as people who had been deported from conquered parts of europe. the prisoners were set to work logging, building roads and the settlement itself by spreading earth over the marshland. even today, when walking about the village, you feel as though you ' re either in the forest or on marshland : one false step and you can be up to your knees in bog or falling over a tree stump sticking out of the marsh. ' you might ask who someone was and what he or she was here for, and you would hear they were \u201c enemies of the people \u201d. and of course we believed it at the time \u2019. uprooting tree stumps was one of the forms of work done by prisoners in the past ; they included actress tatyana okunevskaya, the star of many soviet films, while japanese film star yoshiko okada lopped off branches and the composer paul marcel ( pavel rusakov ) worked on tree felling. all three of them took part in camp amateur dramatics, appearing alongside visiting professional actors on the stage of the village house of culture. one of the members of the camp ' s artistic circle at that time was nadya voshchenko, the daughter of one of the guards, who had a keen interest in choreography. she may be 86 now but she can remember everything that happened then, thrilling to the memory of ' the whole of the bolshoi theatre being among the prisoners here ' and the operettas, oratorios and even scenes from swan lake that they performed \u2013 \u2018 the whole village came to see them! \u2019 i asked if it hadn ' t bothered her that most of the performers were prisoners, but she assured me that they didn ' t think about it. ' you might ask who someone was and what he / she was here for, and you would hear they were \u201c enemies of the people \u201d and of course we believed it. there were even people with an indefinite sentence, who didn ' t even know that they would be released. men and women were put together in one camp and of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4829362623396882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faef04c7-2187-457e-9266-a6b561fa6881>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.767260"}
{"text": "you would hear they were \u201c enemies of the people \u201d and of course we believed it. there were even people with an indefinite sentence, who didn ' t even know that they would be released. men and women were put together in one camp and of course they got together. it was forbidden, but you can ' t keep tabs on everyone! there was even a special hut for the mums, where women lived when they were pregnant and with their babies for the first year. then the babies were taken to the children ' s home ; vyatlag had three of those. ' construction engineer yury yurkevich, a scion of an ancient branch of a polish noble family, was arrested as a counterrevolutionary. he remembers : ' the bread was always bad. the dough was so watery that if you added one more drop it would have been impossible to bake. the flour contained all sorts of additives, like bran and barley. when they added in buckwheat flour it made the bread bluish. but whatever they added, it had no nutrition in it at all. we were supposed to have hot food three times a day and it was always either flour or cereal - based, with barely detectible traces of vegetable oil \u2013 and not always even that. sometimes the gruel had rotting salted tomatoes or cabbage in it. fish or meat was a rare luxury. the food always tasted foul, but that was unimportant as it was rated only by its thickness and quantity. behind the huts there were long rows of privies. there was a rule about going there during the night : in the summer you could go in your underwear, but in winter you had to wear a coat - not, of course, out of concern for the inmates, but so that the sentry in the watchtower could make out who it was. if you were inappropriately dressed, he could shoot you. that was how things were \u2026 ' emergency rations : not just tins of sprats in vyatlag it was always raining or a blizzard was howling. meteorological statistics show that there are no more than 40 good days a year in the settlement of lesnoy and its surroundings. the air itself lies like impenetrable smoke over the marshes, as if saturated with evil and disaster. in the stalin years the streets there were paved with boards, but now they have rotted and the filth has risen to the surface, running viscously between the houses. to keep upright, anyone trying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47263213652339797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faef04c7-2187-457e-9266-a6b561fa6881>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.768331"}
{"text": "as if saturated with evil and disaster. in the stalin years the streets there were paved with boards, but now they have rotted and the filth has risen to the surface, running viscously between the houses. to keep upright, anyone trying to get to the settlement ' s shop has to wear rubber boots and carry a torch, because the street lighting hasn ' t worked for ages. there aren ' t many inhabitants left, because anyone who could has got away from this miserable place by acquiring a ' certificate ' enabling them to buy somewhere to live elsewhere. the only people remaining either work in the camp or are former prisoners who don ' t have anywhere else to go. prisoners whose crimes are not too serious and don ' t have to be under guard all the time also work in the village. many of them run away. some do it in style, using their mobiles to order a taxi to their home town ; others take their chances and try to escape through the taiga, though few of them get far... ' where is there to go round here? it ' s all forest and marshes and you ' ll probably get eaten by bears, ' says irina movshovich, who ' s been a nurse at vyatlag for a good 50 years. she lives with a variety of cats in a small flat in the middle of lesnoy. ' emergency rations \u2026. when one man takes another with him, so that he can eat him, a convict tradition. it still happens. ' ' only one political prisoner escaped successfully that i can remember, a polish musician, after the war. it was some festival or other and he disappeared immediately after the performance. he obviously had a car waiting for him because they never found him. criminals escaped more often, usually taking \u2018 emergency rations \u2019 with them so as to survive in the taiga. ' ' not what you think \u2013 i \u2019 m not talking about tins of sprats. it ' s when one man takes another with him, so that he can eat him, a convict tradition. it still happens. and don ' t look so amazed! ' ' irina moiseyevna, what does \u201c living by the code \u201d mean? ' ' well, to give you an example, i was watching tv yesterday. a man had raped a girl. he was caught and put in solitary. he hanged himself and he did the right thing, because if he ' d been put straight into the camp he ' d have been raped so many times he ' d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4411967169837612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faef04c7-2187-457e-9266-a6b561fa6881>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.769297"}
{"text": "yesterday. a man had raped a girl. he was caught and put in solitary. he hanged himself and he did the right thing, because if he ' d been put straight into the camp he ' d have been raped so many times he ' d have been a total wreck. anyone who ' s sent down for that crime is simply passed from one man to another. that ' s the code of the underworld. ' ' did medical staff like you ever get taken hostage? ' ' of course, it happened many times. one time there was even a revolt in the \u201c zone \u201d [ penal camp ] and alpha special branch officers were flown in. but for some reason that wasn ' t as frightening as when stalin died and there was a revolt in the camp in another settlement called kommendant. i was just a child but i remember it very well because the revolt was put down with extreme cruelty. convicts were taken out on to the ice of the lake and hosed down with icy water. others were shot. it was almost 40\u00b0c below freezing, so cold you couldn ' t breathe ; the sky was red, as if bloodshot, and the corpses lay about on the shore. the ringleaders were then put on trial in the house of culture, those that were still alive, that is. and we children all came running to have a look \u2026 ' there are no traces on the shore of the lake of the tragedy that happened there so many years ago, just some rusty wire and logs rotting in the water. there is still a penal colony nearby, but the prisoners these days are in for criminal, not political, offences. ' the only monument to vyatlag prisoners stands three kilometres away : a cross commemorating the latvians who perished there, ' victims of stalin ' s terror '. if you ask why there are no monuments in the settlement itself, the locals ask you why enemies of the people need a memorial. ' there ' s no memorial to all those political prisoners, tormented and dying of hunger in vyatlag and the lesnoy settlement. the main space in front of the central prison administration building is still embellished by a statue of lenin with his hand raised in greeting, and dzerhzhinsky smiling craftily into his moustache. no changes there then. the only monument to vyatlag prisoners stands three kilometres from the settlement : a cross commemorating the latvians who perished there, ' victims of stalin ' s terror '. it stands on its own across the road from the old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4684331746321587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faef04c7-2187-457e-9266-a6b561fa6881>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.770268"}
{"text": "no changes there then. the only monument to vyatlag prisoners stands three kilometres from the settlement : a cross commemorating the latvians who perished there, ' victims of stalin ' s terror '. it stands on its own across the road from the old russian cemetery, a symbol of different national attitudes to the past ; the russian graves on one side and the latvian cross on the other are separated by more than just the road between them. and if you ask why there are no monuments in the settlement itself, the locals ask you why enemies of the people need a memorial. the common fate \u2013 the pit vladimir veremeyev has written several research papers on the subject of vyatlag. he tells me that many years ago he collected money for a memorial to all political prisoners, but the money was stolen and there ' s still no memorial. officially there are 34 burial sites for vyatlag convicts, but no one has any idea of how many unofficial sites there are. prisoners who died were buried in pits, just beside the barracks where people were living. and in the winter no one wanted to hack away at the frozen earth, so the corpses were piled up on top of each other until the spring and then thrown into a common grave. their clothes were removed because they could be worn by others, so the corpses were bare, save only for a number tag on their ankle. ' it was a way of killing people off by just dragging the torment out for months. death from a bullet can in no way be compared to what many millions of people had to survive while they were dying of hunger. ' i asked vladimir what the inmates died of. ' many things \u2013 cold, hunger, frost, pellagra, scurvy, dysentery and other diseases, cruel treatment and back - breaking labour. ' and by the way \u2026 the philosopher dmitry panin, formerly a vyatlag prisoner, remembers : ' in vyatlag a man could be a goner in as little as two weeks. there may not have been gas chambers, but there was cold, hunger, disease and forced labour. instead of gas there were : - negligible food rations - a lack of proper camp clothing - absolutely impossible work quotas - an 8 - 9 km walk across the snowy taiga to the work area - terrible frosts of - 35\u00b0c - a 7 - day working week - regiments of bedbugs and lice - the cold in the living huts ' between two weeks and a month was enough to make a man unfit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47497390703029785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faef04c7-2187-457e-9266-a6b561fa6881>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.771212"}
{"text": "to the work area - terrible frosts of - 35\u00b0c - a 7 - day working week - regiments of bedbugs and lice - the cold in the living huts ' between two weeks and a month was enough to make a man unfit for work. after that a convict would lose his remaining strength and be so weak that he couldn ' t reach the logging site or even manage to stand throughout roll - call. beyond that it was a slow death. it was a way of killing people off by just dragging their suffering out for months. death from a bullet can in no way be compared to what many millions of people had to go through when they were dying of hunger. this kind of death sentence is the height of sadism, cannibalism and hypocrisy. ' ' i compared the death rates for vyatlag and buchenwald for the years 1938 - 45, ' says vladimir veremeyev. ' and i discovered that during this period about 90, 000 were put on the special register at vyatlag and 21, 000 of them died, which is 24 %. if we compare the same period in buchenwald, 236, 000 were on the register, of whom 33, 000 died, in other words just over 14 %. so the figure for vyatlag is almost two to one! ' i compared the death rates for vyatlag and buchenwald for the years 1938 - 45. in buchenwald the rate was just over 14 %, in vyatlag 24 % - almost two to one! \u2019 ' on top of that, the germans usually sent the relatives of someone who had died an official letter requesting them to collect the ashes ( for a fee of 5 marks ). i ' m not saying this was humane, but people did at least know that their relative had died. in russia the relatives of some people who were in the camps still don ' t know what happened to them. several millions people who died there are still officially registered as alive. i told vladimir veremeyev that i still don \u2019 t know what happened to my grandfather. he spent some time searching his card index, looking for my grandfather andrei konstantinovich in the list of the dead, but he didn ' t find him \u2026 so it ' s like the song by one of our russian singer - songwriters : ' no trace, no cross, no family star \u2026 ' just bones rotting in the forests and souls crying out to hear the prayers for the dead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4426926477245676, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faef04c7-2187-457e-9266-a6b561fa6881>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.772137"}
{"text": "| \" a manager ' s guide to the business and organisational applications of open source technologies \" | this mobile operating system was first created by android inc. following the company ' s purchase by google inc in 2005, development has moved to the open handset alliance and google. the first release of android as open source ( android open source project ) was announced in a press release by the open handset alliance on 21 october 2008 with the first handset - the htc dream - being released on 22 october 2008. a major release of the android operating system happened on 5 january 2010 when google and the htc corporation began shipping the nexus one mobile internet handset. google has reported that 60, 000 android handsets were being shipped per day in february 2010. android supports standard smartphone hardware, but can also manage larger vga displays and other specialist hardware such as video and stills cameras, touchscreens, gps, accelerometers and 2d / 3d graphics. communications protocols supported include gsm, umts, bluetooth and wi - fi. android is written in c and is built upon a modified derivative of the linux kernel version 2. 6. applications can be written in java using java libraries. data is stored in an sqllite database. android will run on arm, mips, power and x86 architectures. the software is released as open source under the apache software license 2. 0 with linux kernel patches under the gpl version 2 license. in order to protect the android open source project, each contributor must sign an individual or corporate contributor license grant before their code is accepted as part of the project. by doing so the contributor grants the copyright of their code to the project and also grants any patent rights to the project. additionally signing the contributor license grant is a statement that the contribution was created by the contributor themselves, which is important to prevent any future claims of copyright infringement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4627414918554079, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b7c68fa-873e-4914-8384-d377e3e226e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.774234"}
{"text": "then there is also the \" relative \" as in kinship or family \" relation \", and we should not replace \" relative \" with \" kinship \" either, unless that is what you are speaking of. i think what you are using is definition 8, which may be appropriate. that is happiness in regard to a person ' s view, or happiness stemming from a person ( change \" happiness \" to \" truth \" ). we exude truths, we do not live by them. that would be futile indeed. in western metaphysics, the word relative has specific meaning, that is, not the common everyday meaning. metaphysics is a form of math as presented by russell. logic must be adhered to, otherwise it is \" just whatever you want it to be \". words are operators in logic. a fuzzy word is not too useful, as you can tell from the firestorm. as you know from mindfulness, things do not have to be considered in relation to other things. the divide between such things is a false divide that stems from the so view of the world. here in moq we understand that. it is the nature of what creates the appearance of such separation that we are interested in. that, of course, is quality. everything we can put into sq has qualities, and moq is an sq ghost of quality. thank you for the clafification in what you meant. (? ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6377002680909014, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f26b8d0a-938b-4228-9178-8f6320518531>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.775649"}
{"text": "according to the national fire protection agency, 85 % of the candle fire incidents were started because of consumer misuse of the product. candle fires account for 2. 4 % of all fires and result in 6 % of total injuries from fires and 3 % of all fatalities from fires. the national fire incident reporting system ( nfirs ) reports candle fire incidents occur most often in the bedroom ( 45. 2 % ), then in the family room ( 17. 5 % ) and the bathroom ( 11. 2 % ). the kitchen accounts for 6. 3 % of candle fire incidents. nfirs also reports that the materials most often ignited by candles are cabinetry ( 9. 4 % ) ; bedding ( blankets, sheets, comforters, etc. ) ( 7. 7 % ) ; curtains and drapery ( 7. 2 % ) ; mattresses & pillows ( 5. 5 % ). a study by the u. s. consumer product safety commission suggests that 85 percent of candle fires could be avoided if consumers followed three basic safety rules : 1. never leave a burning candle unattended. 2. never burn a candle on or near anything that might catch fire. 3. keep candles out of the reach of children and pets. proper candle burning 1. trim the wick to \u00bc inch each time before burning. long or crooked wicks can cause uneven burning, dripping or flaring. 2. burn candles in a well - ventilated room. 3. place the candleholder on a stable, heat - resistant surface. 4. keep the wax pool clear of wick trimmings, matches and debris at all times. 5. avoid drafts, vents or air currents. this will help prevent rapid or uneven burning, and sooting, 6. follow recommended burn times. this will prevent excessive heat build up. 1. never touch or move a burning candle. never move a votive or container candle when the wax is liquefied. 2. don ' t burn a candle all the way down. for a margin of safety, discontinue burning a candle when 10 % of the wax is left. 3. extinguish a candle if the flame becomes too high or flickers repeatedly. let the candle cool, trim the wick, and check for unwanted drafts before re - lighting. 4. always keep the candle within your sight. if you are going to leave the room, be sure to first blow out all candles. 1. use a candle snuffer to extinguish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41406854215885014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c86a512-75f1-470b-9d21-bf0cf0585fe8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.780139"}
{"text": "mastectomy ( removal of the breast ) for breast cancer mastectomy is removal of the breast. other nearby tissue may also be removed if it appears that cancer may have spread to these areas. all mastectomies remove the whole breast. because the size and location of tumors and where the cancer might have spread differ from one person to another, the amount of other tissue removed during surgery also varies. reference mastectomy procedures include : - total or simple mastectomy, which is the removal of the whole breast. - modified radical mastectomy, which is the removal of the breast, some of the lymph nodes under the arm, and sometimes part of the chest wall muscles. - radical mastectomy, which is the removal of the breast, chest muscles, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm ( reference axillary lymph node dissection ). this surgery is rarely used now. depending on the location of the tumor in the breast or other factors, some women may be able to have a skin - sparing or nipple - sparing mastectomy. skin - sparing mastectomy leaves most of the skin that was over the breast, except for the nipple and the areola. nipple - sparing mastectomy saves the skin over the breast as well as the nipple and areola. some women choose to have breast reconstruction after a mastectomy. reconstruction can be done during the same surgery as the mastectomy, or it may be done later as a separate procedure. - opens new window breast cancer : should i have breast reconstruction after a mastectomy? opens new window in addition to surgery, you may have reference radiation therapy opens new window, reference chemotherapy opens new window, reference hormone therapy opens new window, or a combination of these treatments. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : june 28, 2011 | | medical review : | | reference sarah marshall, md - family medicine reference douglas a. stewart, md - medical oncology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4260989285485503, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcb09372-cb69-4560-9791-0e70da19ea10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.784261"}
{"text": "the road to reading starts in infancy, when children acquire a love of words, an excitement about storytelling, and the wonder of sharing life ' s experience with loved ones using words. family members can nurture the joy of reading through activities that build these skills and interests. here are some tips for making reading a central part of your child ' s life : talk to your baby. use your face and voice to tell her all about the world and herself. pick a time when she is quiet and alert, and just start talking. she knows the sound and rhythm of your voice, having listened to it before birth. now help her connect those sounds to interaction with the world. echo what your baby says. coo back to her when she makes those delicious little sounds. she ' s learning that sounds can make the world react a and that words have power. become a news commentator. narrate your day to your baby, what you are doing with her, and even what you ' re reading in her presence. you ' re making connections between words and events ; you ' re helping her learn the elements of a story. label things. as you care for your baby, make a point of saying her name and naming her body parts, her clothes, and her gear. although the connections will take weeks to months, you ' re building the basics of language and literacy. look at picture books together. beginning when your baby is about 6 months, introduce books as fun and exciting things. accept your child ' s short attention span ; each brief interaction is fostering a love of books. don ' t worry about your baby eating his books. young infants learn about their world using their hands and mouth. use heavy board books as your child ' s first books. if he chews on them a bit, don ' t worry. he ' ll soon figure out that there are other more interesting things to do with them, like look at the pictures. that ' s the first step toward reading. look, point, then name. young infants and toddlers start out their literary lives by first learning to turn the pages, then looking at the pictures generally, then looking at pictures as the images are named, then pointing at the named pictures, and finally naming the pictures themselves. where is your child on that road? can you prompt him to do the next step? you can ' t push him if he isn ' t ready, but you will be able to support him to move ahead if he ' s reached readiness. pack a book. tuck a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4199130878950157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86a92b65-7354-4cca-ac6b-7533e2ff8cfd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.787952"}
{"text": "that road? can you prompt him to do the next step? you can ' t push him if he isn ' t ready, but you will be able to support him to move ahead if he ' s reached readiness. pack a book. tuck a storybook or two in the diaper bag and in the car for the older infant and toddler. the habit of filling in life ' s spaces with books and always having them handy helps a child see them as a regular part of life. learn rhymes and songs. children experiment with the sounds of language with rhyme, which builds their interest in words and sounds. rhymes with gestures help to link actions with the action words. poetry for children also builds this awareness and love of language. give books. give every child you know a book for every occasion, and then look at it together. keep that home library in a special but accessible place. tell bedtime stories. make stories, both those read aloud and the ones you tell, part of the bedtime ritual from infancy on. never take away the bedtime story as a punishment ; it should be sacred. don ' t let the sun set on a book - free day. make books part of every day with your child. don ' t let a day go by without reading a book, a poem, or a story.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4252635920412204, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86a92b65-7354-4cca-ac6b-7533e2ff8cfd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.788433"}
{"text": "if you were in medical school just 20 years ago you might have been taught that the human brain was incapable of producing new brain cells. doctors and brain scientists believed this because the nervous system did not seem capable of repairing itself and no new brain cells had ever been demonstrated. new technologies that let us study the brain in more detail are changing many old beliefs about how the brain works, maintaining brain fitness and memory and what the brain is capable of. the brain is estimated to have 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion connections between neurons. however, what we still don ' t know about the brain is considerable. think of the brain as an entire universe that we are just beginning to journey into. when brain scientists use the word plasticity they don ' t mean plastic \u2014 they are talking about the brain \u2019 s ability to reorganize itself and adapt to new knowledge and experience. research over the past 20 years shows that this ability to change and adapt is not lost with age. neurogenesis is the brain \u2019 s ability to actually make new nerve cells called neurons. it was once thought that we were stuck with our original 100 billion ( a number you might think would be enough! ), but we now know we are making new neurons, even as we get older, in an area of the brain that is responsible for memory and learning. here are a few brain facts from the recent research : \" studies show that diverse, mentally stimulating tasks result in more brain cells, more robust connections among those cells, and a greater ability to bypass disease related trouble spots in the brain. \" \u2014 aarp magazine as we have learned more and more about the brain ' s ability to add new connections and new neurons throughout life, a growing number of software companies have developed programs to help people find the right exercise for their brains. using terms like \" brain fitness, \" \" brain cross - training \" and \" cognitive stimulation, \" these programs seek to help you remember more, prevent brain decline, strengthen your attention, and even help you drive better. the logic behind keeping your brain active certainly seems convincing. most of these brain game training programs are based on some solid brain science, and there are many studies to support the \" use it or lose it \" approach to brain health. a study in the new england journal of medicine even suggests that participating in brain stimulating activity may decrease your risk of alzheimer ' s disease. the question is whether these new software programs are any better than a stimulating conversation or a crossword puzzle. here are some points to consider : the jury may still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5491542727436229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee0a4fb3-2381-48e8-aa23-0d12f5e014db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.792276"}
{"text": "even suggests that participating in brain stimulating activity may decrease your risk of alzheimer ' s disease. the question is whether these new software programs are any better than a stimulating conversation or a crossword puzzle. here are some points to consider : the jury may still be out, but there are plenty of smart people working on designing brain exercises that strengthen brain functions. another thing to consider is that these programs are actually fun to use and unlike other types of \u201c treatments, \" they are drug free. they also present a challenging alternative to crossword puzzles, sudoku and scrabble games and can be an enjoyable addition to your mix of diversions. \" as scientists gain more knowledge about the relationship between sensory perception, memory, and cognition, they are learning to design brain exercises that strengthen brain function. \" \u2014 michael merzenich, phd, neuroscientist the science behind brain games is solid. research supports the concept of \" use it or lose it \" for brain health. you might find them to be both fun and effective. remember that in addition to brain fitness games, research shows that there are other things you can do to keep your brain functioning at a high level. here are some healthy brain habits to practice : brain training software is a growing market that targets seniors and baby boomers. there are new competitors in the market all the time, but the major manufacturers are :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4868155983735232, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee0a4fb3-2381-48e8-aa23-0d12f5e014db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.792854"}
{"text": "during the 3rd trimester, you ' ll likely have these tests : glucose testing. sometime between weeks 24 and 28, your doctor will test to see if your body is using sugar correctly. you ' ll drink a very sugary liquid and then, an hour later, you ' ll have a blood test. you do not need to fast before this 1 - hour glucose test, but don ' t have a doughnut on your way to the doctor ' s office either. if there is excess sugar in your blood, your doctor will order additional bloodwork to determine whether you have gestational diabetes. hematocrit. this blood test determines whether you have anemia, a shortage of iron in the blood. syphilis screen. a woman can have syphilis without knowing it, and she can unknowingly pass the infection on to her baby. if she tests positive for the bacteria, she can be treated with antibiotics during pregnancy, and her baby will receive antibiotic treatment shortly after birth. without treatment, some babies who are infected in the uterus die within a few days of delivery. those who survive are at very high risk for blindness, brain damage, hearing loss, and problems with bones, skin, and teeth. rh factor. your blood was checked for rh factor at your first prenatal visit. ( rh factor is a protein that is found on red blood cells. most women have this protein, but about 15 percent of caucasian women and 7 percent of african - american women don ' t. they are considered to be \" rh - negative. \" ) many doctors will repeat the rh test sometime in weeks 26 - 28 to confirm your rh status, particularly if you tested rh - negative earlier in your pregnancy and if the baby ' s father is rh - positive. in such cases, there is a chance your baby will have rh - positive blood and your body will build up antibodies to it during pregnancy. if your body does develop these antibodies, they could jeopardize future pregnancies. if you are rh - negative, you will get a shot of rhogam ( rh - immune globulin ) at 26 - 28 weeks as a precaution ; it fights those antibodies if a small amount of rh - positive fetal blood has mixed with your blood. if you are rh - negative and your baby is rh - positive, you will receive an injection of rhogam ( rhig ) within 72 hours of delivery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.437036087901374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6a10292-bc16-4e91-a454-ac30b711636f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.795690"}
{"text": "by james r. doty from the huffington post why, in a country that consumes 25 % of the world \u2019 s resources ( the u. s. ), is there an epidemic of loneliness, depression, and anxiety? why do so many in the west who have all of their basic needs met still feel impoverished? while some politicians might answer, \u201c it \u2019 s the economy, stupid, \u201d based on scientific evidence, a better answer is, \u201c it \u2019 s the lack compassion, stupid. \u201d i recently attended the templeton prize ceremony at st. paul \u2019 s cathedral in london and have been reflecting on the words of his holiness the dalai lama in conversation with arianna huffington : \u201c if we say, oh, the practice of compassion is something holy, nobody will listen. if we say, warm - heartedness really reduces your blood pressure, your anxiety, your stress and improves your health, then people pay attention. \u201d as director of the center for compassion and altruism research and education ( ccare ) at stanford university ( one of the two organizations recognized in the templeton prize press release ), i would agree with the dalai lama. what exactly is compassion? compassion is the recognition of another \u2019 s suffering and a desire to alleviate that suffering. often brushed off as a hippy dippy religious term irrelevant in modern society, rigorous empirical data supports the view of all major world religions : compassion is good.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5184071263508973, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4fdf2825-8570-4468-bb39-d2f14f014806>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.797890"}
{"text": "why do you think you need to double the backslash on windows? it ' s not because of windows, it ' s because perl uses the backslash as the escape character. in your first attempt, perl was trying to escape \" p \" and \" l \", converting regular characters to special characters, but then the path you were trying to reach didn ' t exists. in your second attempt, you double the backslash, basically you escape the special character \" \\ \" and it becomes a regular character, so perl really see a backslash, and the path now exists. but, in perl on windows, you can also use the forward slash \" / \" in file paths. hope this help you understand what was going on internally. testing never proves the absence of faults, it only shows their presence. posts are html formatted. put < p > < / p > tags around your paragraphs. put < code > < / code > tags around your code and data! read where should i post x? if you ' re not absolutely sure you ' re posting in the right place. please read these before you post! \u2014 posts may use any of the perl monks approved html tags : outside of code tags, you may need to use entities for some characters : - a, abbr, b, big, blockquote, br, caption, center, col, colgroup, dd, del, div, dl, dt, em, font, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, hr, i, ins, li, ol, p, pre, readmore, small, span, spoiler, strike, strong, sub, sup, table, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead, tr, tt, u, ul, wbr link using perlmonks shortcuts! what shortcuts can i use for linking? see writeup formatting tips and other pages linked from there for more info. | & | | & | | < | | < | | > | | > | | [ | | [ | | ] | | ] | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4387001918766543, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbff385c-0973-4ef3-8eb3-ee89522b8b66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.801210"}
{"text": "town in western ukraine ( former soviet union ) in the heart of historical area of galicia / halychyna, which was formerly also part of austrian empire ( 1772 - 1918 ) and poland ( 1375 - 1772 and 1919 - 1939 ) other names and spellings : peremyshliany, peremyslany, peremyshlany przemyshlany, przemysliany, przemyslany ( polish ), przemyslani ( slovenian ), przemyslani, przemislany ( german, hungarian ), peremyschlany ( german ) above : map of western ukraine with peremyshlyany. as you see town is just one hour drive from lviv, in the middle of what was earlier eastern galicia during austrian rule peremyshlyany photo gallery - page 1 peremyshlyany photo gallery - page 2 short history, description and major info : above : coat of arms of peremyshlyany during polish rule ( 1919 - 1939 ). it has a straw bee - hut with bees flying around it on the white - red background. this was to signify the high developed bee - keeping in peremyshlyany area. white and red were national colors of poland. nowadays, ukrainian coat of arms of peremyshlyany obviously does not have this background, probably blue instead since blue and yellow are national colors of ukraine. peremyshlyany is a small town in western part of ukraine. it has about 13. 000 inhabitants and is administrative center of peremyshlyanskyy rayon ( peremyshlyany district ) which belongs to lviv ' ska oblast ( lviv region ), the westernmost region of ukraine. polish name of the town is przemyslany and is spelled as [ pzhemyslany ]. this polish name you will find on the most of documents and maps dating before 1939, when peremyshlyany and whole ukrainian province of galicia ( halychyna / ggalizien / galicja ) was part of austria ( austria - hungary, during 1772 - 1918 ) and poland ( 1375 - 1772 and 1919 - 1939 ). in 1939 peremyshlyany and whole galicia was occupied by soviet troops and incorporated into ukrainian soviet socialist republic ( of the soviet union ) which is now independent ukraine ( since 1991 ). name peremyshlyany possibly comes from slavic word \" promysl / przemysl \" which can be translated as \" business,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.421326561107637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.821684"}
{"text": "into ukrainian soviet socialist republic ( of the soviet union ) which is now independent ukraine ( since 1991 ). name peremyshlyany possibly comes from slavic word \" promysl / przemysl \" which can be translated as \" business, work or, industry \". town is located on the highest part of podillya uplands. and the highest mountain of podillya - kamula ( about 500 meters above sea level ) is located near peremyshlyany. around peremyshlyany hills are 406 meters high. the closest one in village lypivtsi which is on the top of it. thick forest of horn - beam trees and beech trees surround the area. economically speaking peremyshlyany is quite backward with little industry. there is no railway connection to peremyshlyany, though there was one before the second world war. it used to connect lviv and berezhany via peremyshlyany. but it was destroyed by germans during the war and never restored again. during the first world war there was a front line in peremyshlyany along hnyla lypa ( gnila lipa ) river and fierce battles between austrian and russian troops. thus many military cemetries remained since those times in nearby forests. peremyshlyany is located on highway connecting lviv with berezhany and rohatyn, as well as with whole ivano - frankivsk region. the main road runs through main street which is also a key street in the town. it is called \" halyts ' ka \" ( galician ) street. telephone code for peremyshlyany is ( + 380 ) 3263, where 380 is international code for ukraine. if you dial within ukraine you should dial 0 in front of 3263. the closest international airport is in lviv ( lvov - lwow - lemberg ) which is one hour drive from peremyshlyany. lviv is the major city in western ukraine and peremyshlyany belongs to lviv region. there are many daily connections to peremyshlyany from the main bus station in lviv ( at stryiska street ) as well as from secondary bus station ( at lychakivska street ). all buses going from lviv to rohatyn, berezhany, ivano - frankivsk, halych, kolomyya, yaremcha, dolyna, kalush etc. stop in and go via peremyshly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42429701730431046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.822631"}
{"text": "buses going from lviv to rohatyn, berezhany, ivano - frankivsk, halych, kolomyya, yaremcha, dolyna, kalush etc. stop in and go via peremyshlyany. town is ukrainian speaking and ukrainians are the most of population there. no jews or poles left. one can count those by fingers, a few tens. the closest towns to peremyshlyany are : berezhany ( my hometown ), zolochiv ( zloczow ), bibrka ( bobrka ) and rohatyn ( rogatin ). above : roman catholic church of st peter and paul in peremyshlyany address of roman catholic parish in peremyshlyany : kosciol parafialny p. w. swietych apostolow piotra i pawla w przemyslanach 81200 peremyshliany, chupernosivska str., 3, tel. + 380 ( 3263 ) 223 - 28 current priests : fr. peter smolka sdb ( 1953, 1980 - krakow, 1993 - parish priest ) fr. francishek roslan sdb ( 1933, 1965 - lodz, 1997 - vicary ) they serve in addition in villages svirzki ( svirzhky ) and glibovychi ( hlebovychi ), the chapel in mytulyn, the church of sacred heart of lord christ union of ukrainian women ( \" soyuz ukrayinok \" ) in peremyshlyany : tel. + 380 3263 21116 above : general map of western ukraine with peremyshlyany marked on it. villages around peremyshlyany include ( in limits of pre - war przemyslany district and some beyond it ) * ukrainian name - polish name - russian / soviet name * bachiv - baczow - bachev, bachov - village * bile - biale, biala - beloye - village 22 km south east of peremyshlyany, close to dunayiv. name is very common and means \" white \" * bilka - bialka - belka - village naer bryukhovychi, off the road, some 10 km south east of peremyshlyany. name means \" squirell \" in english. * bolotnya, bolotnia, bolotna - blotnia,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3692495674942993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.823486"}
{"text": "naer bryukhovychi, off the road, some 10 km south east of peremyshlyany. name means \" squirell \" in english. * bolotnya, bolotnia, bolotna - blotnia, blotna - bolotnya - village 18 km south east of peremyshlyany, on the border with berezhany district and ternopil region. name comse from boloto - marches, swamp * borshchiv ( borshiv ) - borszow - borshov : village 3 km south east of peremyshlyany. dont mix it up with major town borshchiv in ternopil region! * brykun - brykun - brikun - little hamlet betwen pletenychi and vovkiv, some 8 km south east of peremyshlyany. * bryukhovychi, briukhovychi - brzuchowice, brzuchowicze, bruchowice / bruchowicze - brukhovychi - large village 15 km to the south of peremyshlyany. * chemeryntsi - czemierince, czmerince, czemerynce, czemierynce - chemeryntsy, chemyeryntsy, chemerintsy - large village straight east of peremyshlyany, some 18 km from it, on the road busk - pomoriany - berezhany. * dunayiv, dunajiv - dunajow - dunayev : village 24 km south east from peremyshlyany * dusaniv - dusanow - dusanov : village 18 km straight south from peremyshlyany * hanachiv, ganachiv - hanaczow - ganachev : village 13 km north east of peremyshlyany * hlebovychi, glebovychi, hlybovychi - hlibowice, hlibowicze - glebovichi : village 15 km south west of peremyshlyany. name derives from ukrainian word \" hlybokyi \" meaning \" deep \". there are merely hlebovychi and velyki ( velikiye / wielkie ) hlebovychi ( great hlebovychi ) nearby each other. * hlyn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4040293402986866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.824219"}
{"text": ": village on left bank of river hnyla lypa, 10 km south of peremyshlyany * kuzubatytsya - kuzubatica, kuzubatice - kuzubatitsa, kuzubatitsya - little hamlet near bile and dunayiv, 23 km south east of peremyshlyany. maybe it derives its name from \" zub \" which measn \" tooth \" in ukrainian. * lahodiv, lagodiv - lahodow - lagodov : village 12 km north of peremyshlyany * ladantsi - ladance - ladantsy : village 5 km south east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word \" ladan \" ( a kind of precious metal ) * lony - lonie - lony : village 13 km north east of peremyshlyany * lypivtsi - lipowce - lipovtsy : village on hnyla lypa river, 14 km east of peremyshlyany * lyashky - laszki, laszki krolewskie - lashki : village 28 km north west of peremyshlyany * mereshchiv - mereszczow, mrzeszczow - mereshchev, mereshchov - village just 5 km to the south of peremyshlyany town, on the main road * mizhhirya, mizhgirya - miedzygorze, mizgirja - mezhgorye, myezhgorye - village 7 km north east of peremyshlyany. it si located between two mountains ( one is 402 meters high and other one 424 meters high ). hence its name mizhhirya which means \" between mountains \". * mytulyn - mytulin - mitulin - mitulyn - village in forest on the side of the mountain ( 460 meters high ), near slovita and yaktoriv, 21 km north east of peremyshlyany town. * nestyuky - nesciuki, nestiuky - nyetsyuki - village near town pomoryany ( pomorzany ) and next to the villages dunayiv and bibshchany ( bibszczany / bobszczny ). 30 km east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian \" nesty \" to carry, or to nestle also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4427908680931185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.825846"}
{"text": "to the villages dunayiv and bibshchany ( bibszczany / bobszczny ). 30 km east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian \" nesty \" to carry, or to nestle also. * novosilky - nowosiolka / nowosiolki - nowosilki : little village halfway between berezhany and peremyshlyany, at the beginnings of river narayivka ( narajowka ). 18 km south east from peremyshlyany * novosilky - nowosiolka / nowosiolki - nowosilki : large village some 25 km to the north east of peremyshlyany. dont mix it with the same name novosilky to the south east of peremyshlyany. generally speaking novosilka is extremely common name in ukraine. * pecheniya - peczenia - pechenia : village 23 km north west from peremyshlyany * perehnoyiv - peregnojow, przegnojow, perehnojow - peregnoyev, peregnoyov - village 35 km north of peremyshlyany. closest village are slovita ( slowita ) and kryvychi ( krzywicze / krywicze ). * pidhaychyky, pidgaychky - podhajczyki - podgaychiki, podgaytchiki : village 14 km north west of peremyshlyany. name literally means \" little pidhaytsi \". maybe as opposite to the town pidhaytsi / podgaytsy some 100 km south east from it. it consists of two ukrainian words : \" pid \" ( under ) and \" hay \" ( wood ) * pletenychi - pletenicze, plecenicze, pletenice - pletenichi, plyetyenichi - village 15 km south east of peremyshlyany. name comes from verb \" plesty \" - to weave. * malyy polyukhiv - poluchow maly, pluchow maly - malyi poliukhov - village 17 km south of peremyshlyany. * pnyatyn - pniatyn, pniacin - pnyatin, pniatin - village 10 km east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word \" pen ' \" which means \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4297815750541353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.826633"}
{"text": "peremyshlyany. * pnyatyn - pniatyn, pniacin - pnyatin, pniatin - village 10 km east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word \" pen ' \" which means \" tree trunk \". * podusiv - podusow - podusov - village 15 km south east of peremyshlyany, oclose to the border with ternopil region. * podusilna - poduselna, podusielna - poduselnaya, podusyelna, podusyelnaya - village in the extreme south east corner of peremyshlyany district, some 30 km from peremyshlyany. name comes from nearby village podusiv, and can be translated \" in direction of podusiv \" since its on the way to podusiv in fact. * poltva - poltew - poltva : village 30 km north of peremyshlyany * polyukhiv, polukhiv - poluchow - polukhov : village 18 km south east of peremyshlyany * pryhodiv - przygodow - prigodov : village 16 km north of peremyshlyany * slovita - slowita - slovita : village 14 km north from peremyshlyany * stanimizh, stanimirzh - stanimirz : village 15 km north west of peremyshlyany * univ - uniow - uniov, unev, unov : village 10 km north east of peremyshlyany. place of the monastery of studytes and holy dormition lavra. studytes is monks order of ukrainian greek catholic church. located in forests. * svirzh - swirz - svirzh : village 13 km to the west from peremyshlyany * trudovach - trudowacz - trudovatsch, trodovatch - village near holohory and novosilky, 20 km north east of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word \" trud \" i think. \" trud \" means \" work \" or \" labour \" in english. * velyka vilshanytsya, vilshanytsya - olszanica wielka, olszanica - olshanitsa - large village 30 km north of peremyshly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4202058487156068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.827411"}
{"text": "\" in english. * velyka vilshanytsya, vilshanytsya - olszanica wielka, olszanica - olshanitsa - large village 30 km north of peremyshlyany, close to novosilky and holohory. name comes from \" vilkha \" ( olcha / olsza in polish ) which is \" alder tree \" in english. and velyka ( polish wielka ) means \" great \". * vypysky, vypyski - vypyski - vipiski, vipiski : village 12 km east of peremyshlyany * vyshnivchyk - wiszniewczyk, wiszniawczyk, visznievczyk - vishnyevchyk, vishnevchik - large village north of chemeryntsi east of peremyshlyany. 20 km to the aest of peremyshlyany. name comes from ukrainian word \" vyshnya \" meaning cherry tree. * vyzhnyany - wyzniany - vizhnyany : village 22 km north east of peremyshlyany * yaktoriv, jaktoriv - jaktorow - yaktorov : village 10 km north from peremyshlyany * zatemne & ndash zaciemne & ndash zatemnoye - village some 5 km north west of peremyshlyany. \" temny \" mean \" dark \" in ukrainian. jews in peremyshlyany : for more info on jews of peremyshlyany and nearby glinyany you may see johan mehlman : \" three years of nazi rule in glinyany \" 2. 500 jews from peremyshlyany were deported to belzec death camp in september 1942 and in december 3. 000 more were deported to belzec. jewish hasidic tsaddik meir ( maer ) peremyshlyaner ( premishlaner ) and his family lived in peremyshlyany. rabbi meir of peremyshlyany ( premishlaner ) said : \" they will never whip me in the world to come for not being abraham. i was not abraham. they will whip me for not being meir. \" the grave of meir and his family had been restored recently and chapel was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42436659252300973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.828141"}
{"text": ") said : \" they will never whip me in the world to come for not being abraham. i was not abraham. they will whip me for not being meir. \" the grave of meir and his family had been restored recently and chapel was built on its place at peremyshlyany jewish cemetery. menakhem mendel ( 1728 - 72 ) from peremyshlyany ( premishlaner ) was one of the disciples and followers of the founder of hasidism, israel b. eliezer baal shem tov of medzibezh ( mezdhybizh ) ( ca. 1700 - 1760 ). other disciples of baal shem tov were dov baer of mezhirech ( mezhyrichchya ), jehiel michael of zloczow ( zolochiv ) and meshullam fayvish heller of zbarazh. later in 1764 - 65, this menakhem mendel of peremyshlyany and other follower of the baal shem tov, - nahman of horodenka ( d. 1786 ) had settled in jerusalem and tiberias, respectively. at that time safed was still in ruins, a result of the 1759 earthquake in which the majority of the jewish community had perished. in 1764 rabbi simha of zalosce had estimated that only forty or fifty jews still remained there ( rabinowicz, hasidism and the state of israel, pp. 34 - 42 ). peremyshlayny jewish cemetery description : data from : http : / / www. jewishgen. org / cemetery / e - europe / ukra - p. html alternative names : german - przemislani, polish - przemyslany. it is located in lvovskaya oblast at 49\u00ba40 ' 24\u00ba33 ', 42 km from lvov. the cemetery is located at w part of village on i. franko st., near kvitnevaya st 1. present town population is 5000 - 25000 with no jews. - - town : town soviet chief, bodnar yakov andreevich, peremyshlayny, galitskaya st., 50. tel. : 21634. - - regional : lvov regional state administration, lvov, vinnichenko st. 18, reception room, tel. : 722947, 728093. - - lvov jewish commmunity, lvov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4387703436893968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.828993"}
{"text": "- regional : lvov regional state administration, lvov, vinnichenko st. 18, reception room, tel. : 722947, 728093. - - lvov jewish commmunity, lvov, mikhnovskih st., 4, tel. : 330524, rabbi mordekhai shloime bold. - - interested : lvov center state historical archives, lvov, sobornaya square, 3a, tel. : 723508. the unlocked cemetery has no caretaker. the earliest jewish community was 18th century. in 1934 jewish population ( census ) was 3000. tzadakkim maer premyshlayner and his family lived here. the cemetery dates from the 18th century with last known jewish burial before june 1941. orthodox ( hasidic followers of premyshlyaner family ) community used this unlandmarked cemetery. the isolated urban hillside has no sign or marker. reached by turning directly off the road, access is open to all with a broken fence and no gate. the approximate size of the cemetery before the world war ii was 1, 32 hectares. 1 - 20 tombstones, some in original location and more than 75 % broken, date from 18th - 20th centuries. some of the removed stones are part of roads or structures. the sandstone finely smoothed and inscribed stones or flat stones with carved relief decoration have hebrew inscriptions. some gravestones have traces of painting on their surfaces. the cemetery has no unknown mass graves. municipality owns property used only as jewish cemetery. residential property borders site. the cemetery boundaries are smaller than in 1939 because of the housing development. from time to time, organized individual tours and local citizens ( jews ) visit. the cemetery was vandalized during the world war ii and since. jewish groups within the country and abroad were reconstructing maer premyshlayner ' s ohel in summer 1998. there are no other structures. serious threat : incompatible construction : near ohel of maer premyshlayner, almost with one wall is a two - story house is being built. moderate threat : safety, pollution, vandalism, and incompatible planned construction. slight threat : vegetation overgrowth. survey by iosif gelston from lvov, who visited site on 15. 10. 1998 and completed survey in 30. 10. 1998. documentation : csha, fond 186, inventory 4, page 4 ; jewish encyclopedia, b. 12, p. 911, st petersburg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44352296481340536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.829902"}
{"text": "lvov, who visited site on 15. 10. 1998 and completed survey in 30. 10. 1998. documentation : csha, fond 186, inventory 4, page 4 ; jewish encyclopedia, b. 12, p. 911, st petersburg, 1912 ; catechism of lvov archdiocese of greeks - catholic church, lvov, 1934 - 1935, p. 236. interviewed was shoikhet meilakh from lvov. additional information : during earth excavation around old ohel of maer promyshlayner, inside ohel were found gravestones from end of 18th century and early 19th century that appeared to be buried under the ohel ruins. the gravestones were covered with rich wood engraving and had traces of painting. at present, work on their restoration is being carried out. after that, they are supposed to be established inside the reconstruction ohel. page created by roman zakharii from berezhany. berezhany is town 35 kilometers south east of peremyshlyany. i was in peremyshlyany many times and passed it hundred of times on bus going from berezhany to lviv and vice versa when i studied in lviv university for 5 years ( from 1992 to 1995 ), being quite familiar with the district and area of peremyshlyany. * * * page created on 1st of september, 2001, in oslo, norway ( where i lived, worked and studied, doing two years mphil in medieval studies at the university of oslo ). i had graduated in history of ukraine from the university of lviv in ukraine and hold ma in modern central european history ( specializing in polish jewish historiography ) from board of regents of the university of state of new york ( i did it at ceu in budapest ). i would be interested to teach ukrainian, russian, soviet, polish history or languages or eastern european jewish history abroad. page updated in jan. 2008 in reykjavik, iceland, where i live and work now. please contact me, if you have any suggestions. all copyrights reserved. see my cv. if you have any comments you may write me at email @ example. com return to halychyna - galicia peremyshlyany photo gallery - page 1 peremyshlyany photo gallery - page 2 [ main index ] [ berezhany yellow pages ] [ berezhany town website ] [ berezhany early and medieval history ] [ photos of berezhany ] [ berezhany genealogy and 19", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42858887792461725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ee928d-8617-4271-8b10-d0d09442e3ab>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.833012"}
{"text": "scientific research : asserting that animals can dream part of the science behind whether or not our pets are actually dreaming is rooted in a study conducted by matthew a. wilson, a professor in mit ' s department of brain and cognitive sciences. the study recorded the brain signals of lab mice in the areas that formed memory of experience ( the hippocampus ) and visual imagery ( the visual cortex ) during the day while running mazes, and again at night while they were sleeping. researchers monitored the mice to see if any matching brain wave patterns from the day session could be detected while the mice were sleeping. detecting a matching pattern in the sleeping mice would indicate that the mice were, essentially, dreaming, re - living and re - visualizing the experiences they had when they ran the maze. based on their scientific approach, researchers did find that the mice were dreaming. \" based on this approach, we have determined that animals do re - experience the day ' s events during sleep in a way that includes visual imagery ( what they saw ) and action sequences ( what they did ) \", said dr. wilson. \" that would satisfy most people ' s definition of dreaming. \" given their research, it ' s reasonable to apply the scientific findings to other animals, including our pets, and postulate that they do in fact have dreams. what do pets dream about? most likely, pets, like the mice involved in dr. wilson ' s experiment, dream ( at least in some related fashion ) about the day ' s events. but they may have more complex dreams than the mice. \" while human dreams may seem more complicated and include more varied experiences than our laboratory animals, that may be a result of the very controlled conditions that we use so that we can actually do the experiment, \" dr. wilson commented. why do pets twitch or move when they dream? the telltale sign that our pets are dreaming, their movements and ticks during sleep, are more complicated than you might think. to understand why they move, it ' s first essential to understand that, like humans, pets experience two types of sleep, a deep sleep ( often associated with producing dreams ) called rem sleep and non - rem sleep. in rem sleep, a sleep that produces a dream, the cells in animals ( and humans, too ) that control muscle movement shut down, presumably to keep them from acting out their dreams ( the equivalent of doggy sleep walking ). this suppressed movement, dr. wilson notes, is what brings on the adorable twitching we perceive to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.546336819087784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33e614f7-3722-4fce-b295-909ea3524d57>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.836078"}
{"text": "issued by the scientific leadership council this information is for general information only. these guidelines may not apply to your individual situation. you should rely on the information and instructions given specifically to you by your ph specialist and / or the nurses at your ph center. this information is general in nature and may not apply to your specific situation. it is not intended as legal, medical or other professional advice, and should not be relied upon as a substitute for consultations with qualified professionals who are familiar with your individual needs. a brief description of the disease and genetic testing is provided here, and sources for more extensive information are cited at the end. what is familial pah? in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension ( ipah ), formerly called primary pulmonary hypertension ( pph ), there is blockage to blood flow through the small arteries in the lungs. the disease occurs more often in women and may begin at any age. most ipah patients have no known affected relatives, and are said to have sporadic ipah. ipah patients who have one or more blood relatives with ipah are said to have familial pah ( fpah ). it is estimated that a few hundred families in the us have fpah. sometimes it is difficult to recognize that pah has a familial basis, because the disease can skip generations, which happens when the parents or grandparents of a patient do not have pah. what causes familial pah? in most families, fpah is caused by an inherited change ( mutation ) in the genetic directions for making a protein called bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 ( bmpr2 ). the bmpr2 protein helps regulate the growth of cells in the walls of the small arteries of the lungs. other factors, probably genetic or environmental, are also needed to produce disease because only about 20 % of individuals with a bmpr2 mutation ever develop ipah. fpah can occur at any age and affects women almost 3 times more often than men. some individuals in families with a different genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ( hht ) may also develop ipah, due to a mutation in a different gene, called alk1. knowledge about genes that cause ipah is still growing, so it is possible that other genes may contribute and will be discovered in the future. what is a gene? genes are units of genetic information that are passed from parents to children. each gene contains the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4781805183326121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98e46016-6d1d-45d2-b1b2-608157e1526a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.850392"}
{"text": "about genes that cause ipah is still growing, so it is possible that other genes may contribute and will be discovered in the future. what is a gene? genes are units of genetic information that are passed from parents to children. each gene contains the directions to make one or more proteins that the body needs. genes control everything about us, including the way that our body grows and functions. all of us receive a full set of about 30, 000 genes from each of our parents. therefore, we have a pair of genes, one from each parent, to make each protein, including the bmpr2 protein. how is familial pah inherited? each normal person has a pair of bmpr2 genes in each cell in our bodies. one copy is inherited from our father and the other is inherited from our mother. the copy of the bmpr2 gene which we inherit from each parent occurs by random chance, like flipping a coin. a mutation in only one copy ( from mother or father ) of the pair of bmpr2 genes is enough to cause fpah in a child. by simple observation it can be seen that any person in the bloodline of a family with fpah has an overall risk of about 1 in 10, or 10 %, of developing fpah during their lifetime. when a parent has a bmpr2 gene mutation, each child has a 50 % chance to inherit the abnormal gene, and a 50 % chance to inherit the normal gene. if a child inherits the normal gene, then that child \u2019 s risk is similar to that of the general population, which is about one in a million for developing pah. if a child inherits the abnormal disease gene, that does not necessarily mean they will develop fpah. the likelihood for a person with a bmpr2 mutation to develop fpah is estimated to be about 20 %, though the actual risk may be different in each family. in other words, 80 out of 100 people who inherit a bmpr2 mutation will never develop ipah. identification of a genetic mutation in a patient who already has pah does not affect their medical care, so this result has importance only to their family. the gene for bmpr2 is very large, and many different mutations ( > 100 ) have been found in it. in each fpah family, one specific mutation in bmpr2 is the cause of fpah in every patient in that family, and every patient within that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081848853702736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98e46016-6d1d-45d2-b1b2-608157e1526a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.851352"}
{"text": "large, and many different mutations ( > 100 ) have been found in it. in each fpah family, one specific mutation in bmpr2 is the cause of fpah in every patient in that family, and every patient within that family has that same specific mutation. different families have different bmpr2 mutations. knowing which specific mutation is present in a family is important because it makes it much easier to perform genetic testing for any person in that family. testing one part of the large bmpr2 gene for a known mutation is far easier than testing for changes in the entire gene. in other words, searching for a mistake in an entire phone book would take a very long time and the mistake could be missed, but looking up the spelling of a specific name ( testing for a known mutation ) is accurate and easy to do. what is the cause of sporadic ipah? the cause of most sporadic ipah is not known, but bmpr2 mutations have been found to cause sporadic ipah in 10 % to 40 % of ipah patients. children of ipah patients with bmpr2 mutations have the same risks as the children of individuals with familial pah. so far, most people with sporadic ipah do not have a detectable bmpr2 mutation. what testing is available for people at risk for familial pah? medical testing shows whether a person has signs of pah at the time of testing. one simple test, an echocardiogram, is a noninvasive and painless sound wave test of the heart that is often used to screen for pah. however, it may be expensive, is not always accurate, and does not predict whether a person will develop ipah in the future. genetic testing is laboratory testing of dna, usually from a blood specimen. it searches for a mutation in a gene. the results of genetic testing can better define the actual risk for another family member to develop fpah, especially when a bmpr2 mutation has been identified in a pah patient in the same family. genetic testing does not tell whether a person has any signs of pah. at present, bmpr2 mutations have been identified in about 80 % of the families with fpah. information about which specific mutation is present in each family may be available from the research team. if information is not available about which particular bmpr2 mutation causes disease in a specific family, then dna from a patient with fpah in that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5023724788062713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98e46016-6d1d-45d2-b1b2-608157e1526a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.852302"}
{"text": ". information about which specific mutation is present in each family may be available from the research team. if information is not available about which particular bmpr2 mutation causes disease in a specific family, then dna from a patient with fpah in that family is needed to try to identify a specific mutation for their family. my family is involved in a research project on familial pah. can i get my genetic test result from the research laboratory? by law, diagnostic testing for genetic mutations can be provided only by specially licensed clinical laboratories ( clia approval ). these regulations assure rigorous quality control at all stages of sample analysis and ensure that the test is performed by fully trained personnel. at present, most university institutional review boards ( irb ) prohibit disclosure of results obtained in a research lab to unaffected family members. thus, most research laboratories cannot reveal genetic test results for specific individuals, but the labs may provide information which they discovered about the location and type of bmpr2 mutation in a specific family. how can i get genetic testing for familial pah? because there can be unexpected risks, counseling by experts ( genetics counselors ) is necessary to be fully informed. counselors will discuss all of the benefits, drawbacks, and limitations before a person makes a decision about genetic testing. if a family has participated in a research study, they may want to contact the coordinator or the director of the research study to determine whether a bmpr2 mutation has been identified in their family. if a bmpr2 gene mutation has been identified, the research study coordinator can help to arrange genetic counseling. the genetics counselor can help contact a clinical laboratory that provides genetic testing for bmpr2 mutations. the cost of testing will vary. a blood sample from a relative with ipah or fpah may be needed. the accuracy of testing will usually be greater than 99 %. if a bmpr2 gene mutation has not been identified, the laboratory can examine the entire gene and try to find a mutation. if a mutation is found, then this information can be used to test any family member. if a bmpr2 gene mutation cannot be found in a specific family, then genetic testing will not provide any information for unaffected family members. another gene that has not yet been found could be responsible for pah in that family. if a family is not involved with a research group, they may wish to contact their primary care provider or a genetics counselor ( see list below or the national society of genetic counselors website", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4981112750569413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98e46016-6d1d-45d2-b1b2-608157e1526a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.853249"}
{"text": "yet been found could be responsible for pah in that family. if a family is not involved with a research group, they may wish to contact their primary care provider or a genetics counselor ( see list below or the national society of genetic counselors website ). information about ipah and laboratories which provide testing can be found online. who should have genetic testing? this decision is very personal. after counseling, each person should decide what is in their own best interest. some people may find it helpful to read over the \u201c pros and cons \u201d of testing that are listed below. these will be explained further and discussed in detail during genetic counseling. some possible benefits of genetic testing for familial pah - the risk for a person to develop fpah is more accurate, which may decrease uncertainty about their health. their children \u2019 s risk estimates are also more accurate. - if a person is found to not have the bmpr2 mutation which is known to cause fpah in their family, they may feel relieved and can safely stop medical screening for fpah. - knowing the result may help with planning a person \u2019 s family or financial decisions. some possible drawbacks or limitations of genetic testing for familial pah - if a person has the bmpr2 mutation which causes fpah in their family, they still do not know whether or when they will develop fpah. recommendations for medical screening are the same as before they had genetic testing. - if a person has the familial bmpr2 mutation, they may feel anxious, depressed or upset. - a person might have trouble buying life or health insurance if their health record showed that they inherited the familial bmpr2 mutation. - a person might feel guilty because they did not inherit the familial bmpr2 mutation and escaped the disease, while their relatives suffered from fpah. - in some cases, genetic test results can cause anger, resentment, or other problems which can affect family relationships. can children have genetic testing for fpah or ipah? genetic testing in children who are under 18 presents serious ethical issues because legally they are not able to make an informed decision. yet genetic testing can have a profound effect on their future. for example, the results of genetic testing can alter the child \u2019 s self - image and future aspirations. it can also affect the relationship between child and parents. for these reasons, many experts strongly recommend that genetic testing in childhood be avoided except when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4729354889581836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98e46016-6d1d-45d2-b1b2-608157e1526a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.854159"}
{"text": ". for example, the results of genetic testing can alter the child \u2019 s self - image and future aspirations. it can also affect the relationship between child and parents. for these reasons, many experts strongly recommend that genetic testing in childhood be avoided except when results will provide significant medical benefits. both the american academy of pediatrics and the american society of human genetics have published statements regarding the ethical issues involved. in ipah, there is no proof so far that genetic testing in childhood improves the long term medical outcome. if a person feels strongly that testing would be beneficial for their child, they may wish to discuss their concerns with a genetic counselor and a pediatric pulmonary hypertension physician or other expert. genetic testing has many important effects upon medical, social, and emotional aspects of a person \u2019 s life. for this reason, professional counseling before and after testing is very important, and is required by testing centers. at present only a few centers offer genetic testing and professional counseling for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and their families. at this time, these centers include : - columbia university - lds hospital and the university of utah - vanderbilt university to learn more about genetic testing and pah you may contact : wendy chung, md, phd, director lds hospital / university of utah janet williams, m. s. vickie hannig, m. s. counseling is strongly recommended and often required prior to testing. testing is available at the following clinical laboratories : columbia university molecular biology laboratory new york, ny mahesh m mansukhani, md, director salt lake city, utah john carlquist, phd, director vanderbilt university molecular genetics laboratory cindy vnencak - jones, phd, director ambry genetics corp alisa viejo, ca james thompson, md, phd, director find a genetic counselor in your area gina - genetic information non - discrimination act signed into law may 21, 2008 and forbids employers and insurance companies to deny employment, promotions, and / or health coverage based on genetic information. h. r. 493 details can be found at the library of congress website. click on thomas and enter the bill number. ashg / acmg policy statement. ethical, legal, and psychosocial implications of genetic testing in children and adolescents. am j hum genet 1995 ; 57 : 1233 - 1241. american academy of pediatrics committee on bioethics. policy statement : ethical issues with genetic testing in pediatrics. pediatrics 2001 ; 107 : 1451 - 1455. references and resources : genetests web site : this site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4476802250834246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98e46016-6d1d-45d2-b1b2-608157e1526a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.855104"}
{"text": "bold and beautiful, the mesmerizing arctotis hirsuta is one of the most captivating species in an annual spring display. this robust annual species grows to 450 mm in height and diameter. it is slightly fleshy with a branched stem. the thinly hairy, lyrate ( lyre - shaped ) to pinnatifid ( divided feather - like ) leaves are up to 200 mm long and often auriculate ( with ear - like lobes at the base ). there are various flowerheads of about 40 mm in diameter, borne on leafy stalks. the rayflorets are orange, yellow or cream - coloured, sometimes with purplish markings at the base. the disc florets are often black. the involucral bracts surrounding the flower heads are finely woolly and arranged in three rows. the innermost bracts have a transparent tip. flowering is from july to october. arctotis hirsuta is not threatened and has a status of least concern ( lc ) ( raimondo et al. 2009 ). distribution and habitat the gousblom is found on sandy slopes and flats, often along the coast, in the western cape from elandsbaai to the agulhas plain. derivation of name and historical aspects the genus name arctotis is derived from greek arktos, which means a bear, and otos an ear. this implies that the scales of the pappus ( appendages of the fruit ) look like the ears of a bear. the specificepithet, hirsuta, means hairy in latin. this refers to the hairs present on the leaves and stem. arctotis species are often referred to as african daisies. some species were previously placed under venidium. there are currently more than fifty species known from southern africa to angola. as a spring annual species, the gousblom completes its entire lifecycle in a single season. this ranges from germination, flowering, the production of seed and until it eventually dies off. the process starts in autumn with the first cool air and the season ' s first rain. these are favourable conditions and significant growth will take place. from the middle of winter to the middle of spring, blooming occurs and the game is on to attract possible pollinators. thus the large, colourful flower heads come into play. bees and beetles have been noticed to regularly visit the flowers of artotis hirsuta. it is not certain, though, which ones are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41264895807644814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1415ba3e-72d6-4083-827e-1eec07ed8da0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.860248"}
{"text": "game is on to attract possible pollinators. thus the large, colourful flower heads come into play. bees and beetles have been noticed to regularly visit the flowers of artotis hirsuta. it is not certain, though, which ones are responsible for doing the pollination. seeds are light in weight which aids wind - dispersal and thus ensures that seeds get scattered over a larger area. this entire process is normally completed by the time summer arrives. this adaptation allows this species to cope with the harsh summer conditions. the next generation \u2014 the seed \u2014 slightly buried in the soil, like its predecessors, is ready to germinate, but only under favourable conditions that will ensure the survival of the species. uses and cultural aspects no medicinal or cultural uses of the gousblom have been recorded. this species is an ornamental winner with it its bright display of colour and somewhat robust habit during late winter and early spring. the large yellow, orange or cream - coloured flower heads are simply bold and beautiful and it rightfully demands inclusion in the spring annual garden. growing arctotis hirsuta the gousblom grows easily. sow seed during march in seed beds or seed trays using a light, well - draining medium which is placed in a sunny position. the medium could be a light, sandy soil or a mixture of bark, compost or river sand. there is no restriction on what materials to use for a perfect medium. the most important requirement is good drainage. the medium needs levelling and a good watering beforehand. if the medium has been used before, it is advisable to dig the soil over first. sow the light seeds evenly on a windless day, water gently and cover with a thin layer of sand or bark. the seed will germinate within the first two weeks. prick seedlings out from the beds or trays as soon as they are large enough to be handled. seed can also be sown directly into garden beds, but germination could be irregular. fast growing weeds could also provide fierce competition. the transplanting stage is vital and care needs to be taken that the young seedlings are regularly watered. plant this sun - loving species close together. preparing flowering beds often requires the loosening up and aeration of the compacted soil. add organic fertilizer and well - rotted compost and use the rotovator to work it into the soil. level the soil out by using an iron rake. to help suppress the development and growth of weeds or other unwanted plants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42742649671616906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1415ba3e-72d6-4083-827e-1eec07ed8da0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.861183"}
{"text": "soil. add organic fertilizer and well - rotted compost and use the rotovator to work it into the soil. level the soil out by using an iron rake. to help suppress the development and growth of weeds or other unwanted plants, it could be beneficial to apply an additional mulch - layer of compost. if using summer annuals in an area not receiving summer rainfall, this could also have the advantage of retaining soil moisture. the lack of compost for a season or two need not deter one from planting, as good well - drained soil will suffice. in time though, it would be advisable to add compost. the transplanting stage is vital and care needs to be taken that the young seedlings are regularly watered. plant plants of this sun - loving species close together. flowering normally starts sometime during july right through towards the end of september / october. seed will be ready for harvesting from september onwards. arctotis hirsuta is equally suitable for en masse mixed plantings of its various colour - forms or for mixed plantings with other annual species in small or larger flower beds. there are various other annuals which either occur with this species in its natural habitat or which have been found to complement it rather well. these include : ursinia anthemoides ( marigold ), u. speciosa ( namaqua - ursinia ) and u. cakilefolia, heliophila coronopifolia ( blue flax ), senecio elegans ( wild cineraria ), dorotheanthus bellidiformis ( livingstone daisy ), dimorphotheca sinuata ( namaqualand daisy ), d. pluvialis ( white namaqualand daisy ), felicia dubia ( dwarf felicia ) and blue f. heterophylla. references and further reading - cowling, r. & pierce, s. 1999. namaqualand : a succulent desert. fernwood press, cape town. - goldblatt, p. & manning, j. 2000. cape plants. a conspectus of the cape flora of south africa. strelitzia 9. national botanical institute, pretoria & missouri botanical garden, missouri. - le roux, a. 2005. namaqualand : south african wild flower guide 1. botanical society of south africa, cape town. - manning, j. & goldblatt, p. 1996. west coast : south african wild flower guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3775536589515135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1415ba3e-72d6-4083-827e-1eec07ed8da0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.862167"}
{"text": "fleshing out the genome february 04, 2005 pacific northwest - led team devises powerful new system for tying genes to vital functions in cells and for comparing molecular makeup of organisms richland, wash. \u2013 genomics, the study of all the genetic sequences in living organisms, has leaned heavily on the blueprint metaphor. a large part of the blueprint, unfortunately, has been unintelligible, with no good way to distinguish a bathroom from a boardroom, to link genomic features to cell function. a national consortium of scientists led by biatech, a seattle - area non - profit research center, and pacific northwest national laboratory, a department of energy research institution in richland, wash., now suggests a way to put this house in order. they offer a powerful new method that integrates experimental and computational analyses to ascribe function to genes that had been termed \" hypothetical \" \u2013 sequences that appear in the genome but whose biological purposes were previously unknown. the method not only portends a way to fill in the blanks in any organism ' s genome but also to compare the genomes of different organisms and their evolutionary relation to one another. the new tools and approaches offer the most - comprehensive - to - date \" functional annotation, \" a way of assigning the mystery sequences biological function and ranking them based on their similarity to genes known to encode proteins. proteins are the workhorses of the cell, playing a role in everything from energy transport and metabolism to cellular communication. this new ability to rank hypothetical sequences according to their likelihood to encode proteins \" will be vital for any further experimentation and, eventually, for predicting biological function, \" said eugene kolker, president and director of biatech, an affiliate scientist at pnnl and lead author of a study in the feb. 8 proceedings of the national academy of sciences that applies the new annotation method to a strain of the metal - detoxifying bacterium shewanella oneidensis. \" in a lot of cases, \" said james k. fredrickson, a co - author and pnnl chief scientist, \" it was not known from the gene sequence if a protein was even expressed. now that we have high confidence that many of these hypothetical genes are expressing proteins, we can look for what role these proteins play. \" before this study, nearly 40 percent of the genetic sequences in shewanella oneidensis \u2014 of key interest to doe for its potential in nuclear and heavy metal waste remediation \u2014 were considered as hypothetical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5538018598895935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3914d9f0-94bb-45c4-9b49-bfcc6a04712c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.867779"}
{"text": "look for what role these proteins play. \" before this study, nearly 40 percent of the genetic sequences in shewanella oneidensis \u2014 of key interest to doe for its potential in nuclear and heavy metal waste remediation \u2014 were considered as hypothetical. this work identified 538 of these genes that expressed functional proteins and messenger rna, accounting for a third of the hypothetical genes. they enlisted analytic software to scour public databases and applied expression data to improve gene annotation, identifying similarities to known proteins for 97 percent of these hypothetical proteins. all told, computational and experimental evidence provided functional information for 256 more genes, or 48 percent, but they could confidently assign exact biochemical functions for only 16 proteins, or 3 percent. finally, they introduced a seven - category system for annotating genomic proteins, ranked according to a functional assignment ' s precision and confidence. kolker said that \" a big part of this was the proteomics \" \u2013 a systematic screening and identification of proteins, in this case those which were expressed in the microbe when subjected to stress. the proteomic analyses were done by four teams led by kolker ; carol s. giometti, argonne national laboratory ; john r. yates iii, the scripps research institute ; and richard d. smith, w. r. wiley environmental molecular sciences laboratory, based at pnnl. biatech ' s analysis of this data included dealing with more than 2 million files. fredrickson coordinates a consortium known as the shewanella federation. in addition to biatech, pnnl and anl, the federation also includes teams led by study co - authors james m. tiedje, michigan state university ; kenneth h. nealson, university of southern california ; and monica riley, marine biology laboratory. the federation is supported by the genomics : gtl program of the doe ' s offices of biological and environmental research and advanced scientific computer research. other collaborators included the national center for biotechnology information of the national library of medicine, national institutes of health, oak ridge national laboratory and the wadsworth center. biatech is an independent nonprofit biomedical research center located in bothell, wash. its mission is to discover and model the molecular mechanisms of biological processes using cutting edge high - throughput technologies and computational analyses that will both improve human health and the environment. its research focuses on applying integrative interdisciplinary approaches to the study of model microorganisms, and advancing our knowledge of their cellular behavior. tags : energy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5367662249803351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3914d9f0-94bb-45c4-9b49-bfcc6a04712c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.868890"}
{"text": "mewlana jalaluddin rumi ( 1207 - 1273 / balkh / afghanistan ) biography of mewlana jalaluddin rumi jalal al - din rumi was born on september 30, 1207 in balkh ( afghanistan ). his father baha ' walad was descended from the first caliph abu bakr and was influenced by the ideas of ahmad ghazali, brother of the famous philosopher. baha ' walad ' s sermons were published and still exist as divine sciences ( ma ' arif ). he fled the mongols with his son in 1219, and it was reported that at nishapur young rumi met ' attar, who gave him a copy of his book of mysteries ( asrar - nama ). after a pilgrimage to mecca and other travels, the family went to rum ( anatolia ). baha ' walad was given an important teaching position in the capital at konya ( iconium ) in 1228 by seljuk king ' ala ' al - din kayqubad ( r. 1219 - 1236 ) and his vizier mu ' in al - din. rumi married and had a son, who later wrote his biography. in 1231 rumi succeeded his late father as a religious teacher. his father ' s friend burhan al - din arrived and for nine years taught rumi sufism. rumi probably met the philosopher ibn al - arabi at damascus. in 1244 rumi ' s life changed dramatically when he met the dervish shams al - din of tabriz. rumi spent so much time with him that his disciples became jealous until shams was murdered in 1247. to the music of flute and drums rumi invented the circling movements of the whirling dervishes and began writing mystical love poetry. his disciples formed the dervish order called the mevlevis. after 1249 the seljuk governors paid tribute to the mongol empire. as vassal of the mongol baiju, mu ' in al - din governed rum for twenty years starting in 1256, and he patronized the mystical poet. his disciple husam al - din hasan urged rumi to write mystical poetry and tales called masnavi in the style of sana ' i and ' attar. rumi completed six books of these before he died on december 17, 1273. many of his talks were written down in the book fihi ma fihi, which means \" in it what is in it \" and is often referred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4489219812799391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1b299f9-7c76-4263-a2e5-8782fefc0c17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.871552"}
{"text": "covers crops ( also known as \" green manure \" ) are used extensively by organic farmers as a relatively inexpensive way to enhance soil tilth, enrich soil with nutrients and organic matter, and protect soil in winter from torrential winter rains. cover crops can include grains, grasses, and legumes that grow during fall and winter and are plowed, spaded, or tilled under in spring. while growing during the winter, cover crops help reduce soil compaction and prevent erosion. their roots penetrate and loosen heavy - textured soils, allowing better air and water penetration. deeply - rooted cover crop plants can even break up heavily - compacted soil, helping break up layers of soil that and greatly improving soil tilth, particularly when planted for several successive years. inoculated legume cover crops can add nitrogen to the soil. and when turned under, they add organic matter to the soil \u2014 building better soil structure and fertility. so make like a farmer and try cover crops in your home garden this fall. it ' s easy to plant cover crops, fun to watch them grow and the only \" nit - picky \" part comes in spring, when you must chop them down and leave them to rot at the right time in spring. here ' s how to do it : - first, select your cover crop. osu recommends the following but there are other options, too : - austrian winter pea \u2013 plant in september or early october ; - cereal rye \u2013 plant in september or early october ; - winter wheat \u2013 plant in september or october ; - common vetch \u2013 plant in september or early october ; - crimson clover \u2013 plant in september or early october ; - fava bean \u2013 can be planted as late as early november west of the cascades. - dig your soil to a depth of about 6 inches. - plant according to instructions for that particularl species at the correct time. ( general time frame listed above. ) - keep seeded area watered until the autumn rains take over. - in late spring ( usually in june ), watch for plants to begin flowering. ten days too early and you may not achieve maximum soil improvement ; ten days too late and the stems turn woody and their nutritional value is diminished. when the time comes, either spade the whole plant - tops and roots - under, or chop off tops and compost elsewhere, spading over roots to decompose for about three weeks prior to planting. be sure to chop and turn plants right before or when they flower - before they go to seed - to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47641585727044466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe9942b1-663e-4d8f-8961-07162001960b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.874458"}
{"text": "the modification of data that is already in the database is referred to as updating. you can update individual rows, all the rows in a table, or a subset of all rows. each column can be updated separately ; the other columns are not affected. to perform an update, you need three pieces of information : the name of the table and column to update, the new value of the column, which row ( s ) to update. recall from chapter 5 that sql does not, in general, provide a unique identifier for rows. therefore it is not necessarily possible to directly specify which row to update. instead, you specify which conditions a row must meet in order to be updated. only if you have a primary key in the table ( no matter whether you declared it or not ) can you reliably address individual rows, by choosing a condition that matches the primary key. graphical database access tools rely on this fact to allow you to update rows individually. for example, this command updates all products that have a price of 5 to have a price of 10 : update products set price = 10 where price = 5 ; this may cause zero, one, or many rows to be updated. it is not an error to attempt an update that does not match any rows. let ' s look at that command in detail. first is the key word update followed by the table name. as usual, the table name may be schema - qualified, otherwise it is looked up in the path. next is the key word set followed by the column name, an equals sign and the new column value. the new column value can be any scalar expression, not just a constant. for example, if you want to raise the price of all products by 10 % you could use : update products set price = price * 1. 10 ; as you see, the expression for the new value can refer to the existing value ( s ) in the row. we also left out the where clause. if it is omitted, it means that all rows in the table are updated. if it is present, only those rows that match the where condition are updated. note that the equals sign in the set clause is an assignment while the one in the where clause is a comparison, but this does not create any ambiguity. of course, the where condition does not have to be an equality test. many other operators are available ( see chapter 9 ). but the expression needs to evaluate to a boolean result. you can update more than one column in an update command by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5241422354781441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94ddeefa-385f-444a-9379-beb0738c325b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.877056"}
{"text": "| postgresql 8. 2. 23 documentation | | prev | | fast backward | | chapter 42. overview of postgresql internals | | fast forward | | next | here we give a short overview of the stages a query has to pass in order to obtain a result. a connection from an application program to the postgresql server has to be established. the application program transmits a query to the server and waits to receive the results sent back by the server. the parser stage checks the query transmitted by the application program for correct syntax and creates a query tree. the rewrite system takes the query tree created by the parser stage and looks for any rules ( stored in the system catalogs ) to apply to the query tree. it performs the transformations given in the rule bodies. one application of the rewrite system is in the realization of views. whenever a query against a view ( i. e. a virtual table ) is made, the rewrite system rewrites the user ' s query to a query that accesses the base tables given in the view definition instead. the planner / optimizer takes the ( rewritten ) query tree and creates a query plan that will be the input to the executor. it does so by first creating all possible paths leading to the same result. for example if there is an index on a relation to be scanned, there are two paths for the scan. one possibility is a simple sequential scan and the other possibility is to use the index. next the cost for the execution of each path is estimated and the cheapest path is chosen. the cheapest path is expanded into a complete plan that the executor can use. the executor recursively steps through the plan tree and retrieves rows in the way represented by the plan. the executor makes use of the storage system while scanning relations, performs sorts and joins, evaluates qualifications and finally hands back the rows derived. in the following sections we will cover each of the above listed items in more detail to give a better understanding of postgresql ' s internal control and data structures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5163598753182401, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8faf0261-42c7-4668-890f-1d1c3b333f55>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.879339"}
{"text": "many students participate in science fairs or are assigned to do science projects or experiments for class. this guide will help you find the information you will need to complete a science project. what is a science project? where do i start? what steps do i need to follow? what is the scientific method? if you are just beginning your research and need basic, general information about science projects here are some web sites that can help you. science buddies science fair project guide step by step information on how to do a science project from beginning to end. dragonfly tv science fair success twelve steps to a winning science fair project from the show on pbs kids. ipl kidspace : science fair project resource guide the internet public library \u2019 s science fair project resource guide will help you through the whole project by guiding you to a variety of excellent web resources. what makes a good science fair project? a guide written by the judges of the california state science fair. the science fair handbook, anthony d. fredericks. ed. d. publisher houghton mifflin provides this handbook as part of their textbook support materials for students and teachers. do you need to find the perfect project? would you like to find instructions for a project or subject you have in mind? these resources include lists of projects and instructions for performing them. databases ( accessible from any computer with your pratt library card ) curriculum resource center go to the \" science experiments \" section on the main page. click on \" experiments \" under \" browse science resources. \" science reference center in the advanced search, limit document type to \" science experiment. \" then search for the kind of experiment that interests you. science buddies science fair project ideas, answers and tools this site provides many science projects and allows you to narrow by general area of science or take a quiz to determine what experiments will interest you. newton \u2019 s apple : science fair links to \u201c try - its \u201d and lesson activities related to topics presented on the show produced by twin cities public television. dragonfly tv science fair use the \u201c super science spinner \u201d to determine your topic or browse a list of projects divided by area of science. ipl kidspace science fair project resource guide \u2013 choosing a topic if you need to decide what type of project you want to do, the internet public library \u2019 s science fair project resource guide provides resources that will help you. you may need more information to use as background for your project, to create a hypothesis, or to write your report. these resources provide science information that may be useful in researching your project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4957914150467505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8430c430-e78c-4519-b80f-43eed4f570dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.883571"}
{"text": "supreme court nominee elena kagan reportedly \u201c considers abortion rights to be settled law \u201d ( usa today, may 21, p. 5a ). and we can expect during her confirmation process to hear a number of senators echo that assertion. yet america \u2019 s courts and legislatures have a proud history of changing \u201c settled law. \u201d america has, on various occasions, recovered the recognition of the equal dignity of those who were deprived of their rights and suffered violence which was given legal cover under a different name. this legal cover was often mistakenly recognized by the supreme court for a while, but then such decisions were overturned. dred scott v. sandford ( 1856 ) is the most commonly cited instance. the slaveholder ' s right to property eclipsed and subsumed the slave ' s right to freedom. but the constitution was eventually amended to correct the error. decisions like lochner v. new york ( 1905 ) show us another error : employers ' right to contract eclipsed and subsumed the workers ' rights to humane conditions and hours. these abuses were corrected by subsequent supreme court decisions like muller v. oregon and bunting v. oregon. the \" separate but equal \" doctrine of plessy v. ferguson ( 1896 ) sanctioning segregation was overturned by brown v. board of education some 58 years later. erroneous decisions like hammer v. dagenhart ( 1918 ) institutionalized child labor. but this was overturned 23 years later by united states v. darby. a new development - - a \" pedagogical moment \" - - occurred here in constitutional law. the question was whether constitutional rights applied to children too. the answer was yes. many reversals of supreme court cases came about when new evidence was brought forward that made it clear that someone ' s rights, not previously recognized, were being violated. thus, louis brandeis brought forward the facts about how workers were being harmed. we are now witnessing the same trend regarding the children in the womb. evidence that has been around for quite some time demonstrating their humanity is finding its way into legislatures and courts. one of the most striking instances comes out of south dakota. federal courts have upheld south dakota \u2019 s law requiring that abortion providers tell women that the procedure destroys a \u201c whole, separate, unique, living human being. \u201d this came about because of the evidence presented to the court regarding the humanity of the unborn child. with hundreds of embryological sciences, and massive evidence of the harm abortion does to women, such evidence, combined with new legal concepts, can challenge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48855970959938033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bbd62a2-ae7e-4fa7-93e4-f5f8386963b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.886900"}
{"text": "celebrate princeton invention : craig arnold posted december 21, 2009 ; 01 : 08 p. m. able to adjust its focus more than 100, 000 times faster than the human eye, the tag lens invented by mechanical and aerospace engineering professor craig arnold and his colleagues has applications in materials processing and imaging. ( photo : brian wilson ) name : craig arnold, associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering invention : tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens ( tag lens ) what it does : the tag lens features a cylinder made of a special material that vibrates when electricity is passed through it, enclosed inside a fluid - filled chamber. controlling the flow of electricity changes the vibrations that propagate through the fluid, changing the lens ' focus more than 100, 000 times faster than the human eye can refocus. inspiration : after developing a low - cost lens to shape laser beam output into different patterns, arnold and his colleagues focused their attention on understanding how the device worked and its potential applications. finding that the lens had the unique ability to focus rapidly at a wide range of focal lengths, they realized its potential went far beyond the original intended purpose, with numerous applications in materials processing and imaging. collaborators : euan mcleod, a 2009 ph. d. recipient, and alexander mermillod - blondin, a former postdoctoral researcher in the arnold lab back to main story", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5567288326104411, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e52b9faa-46f7-4ce0-bef3-858f067d0752>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.888261"}
{"text": "what are public charter schools? charter schools are independent public schools allowed freedom to be more innovative, while being held accountable for improved student achievement. they foster a partnership between parents, teachers and students to create an environment in which parents can be more involved, teachers are given the freedom to innovate and students are provided the structure they need to learn, with all three held accountable for improved student achievement. what makes charter schools public schools? public charter schools are intended to improve our nation \u2019 s public school system. charter schools are public schools because, while they operate independently of the school district, they are : - tuition - free and open to every student who wishes to enroll - non - sectarian, and do not discriminate on any basis - publicly funded by local, state and federal tax dollars based on enrollment, like other public schools - held accountable to state and federal academic standards how do charter schools work? charter schools are free to innovate in ways that improve student achievement. here are some specific examples of how charter schools do it : - offer longer school days. charter schools are designed to be free to set their own operating hours. if the school strives to boost student achievement by giving students more time in the classroom, the school can offer classes into the evening, on weekends and into the summer months. - adjust curriculum to meet student needs. a charter school can breakup the day to provide students with more time on the core subjects they need most. charter school teachers have a say in the curriculum they teach and frequently change materials mid - year if they need to in order to meet students ' needs. - create a unique school culture. charter schools build upon the core academic subjects by creating a culture or adopting a theme. for example, there are charter schools focused on stem education, performing arts, project - based learning, college preparation, career readiness, language immersion, civic engagement, classical education, global awareness or meeting the needs of autistic students \u2013 just to name a few. - develop next generation learning models. charter schools are completely rethinking the meaning of the word \u201c classroom. \u201d in hawaii, students learn biology with the sky as their ceiling and the ocean as the classroom. virtual schools, which exist completely online, use technology to change the dynamics of the classroom. others combine virtual classroom time with classroom time in a physical school building. in either case, students can learn from experts located anywhere in the world. excellent charter school management companies like kipp and uncommon schools are codifying how to build an excellent teacher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036390167088303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e67dc0f-40c6-433a-a7f8-1845ae862a26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.890940"}
{"text": "british historian and journalist holland ( fortress malta ) vividly recalls the final year of world war ii in italy in this masterful narrative. the controversial decision to invade sicily and italy following the north african campaign was \" \" purely opportunistic \" \" and intended to draw german resources away from the main action in normandy. as critics had feared, italy, with its rugged mountains, was \" \" a truly terrible place to fight, \" \" and the campaign became a bloody war of attrition. the final toll on combatants, civilians, and the italian landscape was staggering ; total casualties exceeded a million and entire cities were leveled. cassino, the site of a decisive battle, was \" \" utterly - 100 per cent - destroyed \" \" and benevento resembled \" \" a post - apocalyptic ruin. \" \" holland ' s balanced account of the savage fighting and wholesale destruction draws on the eyewitness testimony of allied and german combatants, italian partisans and fascist loyalists. he concludes - echoing historian rick atkinson ' s excellent recent account of the campaign, the day of battle - that despite its terrible cost, the fight in italy played a decisive role in defeating germany. a complementary volume to atkinson ' s account focusing on the earlier stages of the campaign, this is popular history at its very best : exhaustively researched, compellingly written and authoritative.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40657932033381733, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e3e90d1-c398-4952-9ff2-da7279315cd7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.892229"}
{"text": "summary / annotation - > from his very first day of life, when he rises from his bath to pray to god, it is clear that nicholas is a miraculous child with a spiritual destiny. as he grows he is deeply saddened by the sickness, suffering, and death that he witnesses every day. looking to use his special gifts to affect change in the often desperate world around him, nicholas dedicates his life to worshiping the lord and helping those in need. through his good works, nicholas becomes the youngest man to ever become a bishop and the patron saint of seafarers, children, and prisoners. he performs more than twenty miracles, including bringing those wrongly killed back to life and going to people in need as an apparition, providing solace and inspiration. inthe legend of saint nicholas, demi describes pivotal events in the history and life of the saint, weaving a rich tapestry of luminous imagery into the story of his connection with christmas and our modern - day santa claus. demi ' s gilded artwork brings nicholas to life in a way sure to mesmerize readers new to the story of this fascinating and important historical figure. 01059cam a2200325ia 4500 020603s2003 nyua j 000 0beng $ a 0689846819 ( hbk ) $ c $ 19. 95 $ y 200806231944 $ z load $ a dlc $ c dlc $ d dlc $ a pcc $ a lcac $ a br1720. n46 $ b d46 2003 $ a 270. 2 / 092 $ a b $ 2 21 $ a 270. 2 d $ a the legend of saint nicholas / $ c demi. $ a 1st ed. $ a new york : $ b margaret k. mcelderry books, $ c 2003. ( baj11 - 03 / 04 ) $ a p. : $ b col. ill. ; $ c 27 cm. $ a recounts pivotal events in the history and life of saint nicholas, including how he came to be associated with christmas and santa claus. $ a nicholas, $ c saint, bp. of myra $ v juvenile literature. $ a santa claus. $ a 11 / 03 / 2003 $ b 11 / 16 / 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47721362116829846, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd5fb9a1-516a-4863-a3c4-74c98cc664aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.896635"}
{"text": "roman london was built on the north bank of the thames, the site of the modern city. the river, roughly in its present position by the time of the roman conquest, was probably tidal at london, although tides may not have reached as far as westminster ( milne 1985, 79 - 86 ). at high tide the river may have been as much as 1 km across and most of the south bank would have been submerged, although there were important islands of dry land at westminster and southwark. at low tide the channel would have shrunk to about 275 m, still considerably wider than the river of today which is about 200 m across. on its north side the thames had cut against a pair of low hills, and it was here that the town was built. the western hill, ludgate hill, is now occupied by st paul \u2019 s cathedral whilst that to the east ( hereinafter referred to as cornhill ) is presently surmounted by leadenhall market. these hills were separated by the valley of the walbrook, the upper parts of which remained marshland until reclaimed in the roman period. to the west of ludgate hill was the fleet river, and on both hills there were springs which fed small streams. despite intense search no trace has been found of any immediately pre - roman occupation in the city, although several sites have produced remains of earlier prehistoric activity, especially in the area of bishopsgate. the skeleton of a young man found at the tower of london might have been buried in the late iron age but this is far from certain ( parnell 1985, 5 - 7 ). the distribution of certain pre - roman coin types seems to indicate that some form of centre had been established in the lower thames valley, west of london, in the early first century bc ( kent 1978, 53 - 8 ; haselgrove 1988 ). there is no evidence, however, that this hypothetical site had continued beyond c. 60 bc and it is of little evident relevance to the later history of the area. we can be reasonably certain that there were no major settlements in or around london at the time of the conquest. limited pre - roman occupation has been noted at both westminster and southwark, where the islands of dry ground next to the river had attracted settlement ( merriman 1987, 324 ). the most interesting evidence questia, a part of gale, cengage learning. www. questia. com publication information : book title : roman london. contributors : dominic perring - author. publisher : seaby.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38658811488639155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aac9e2bd-00ca-4819-aece-4baae5209428>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.901067"}
{"text": "what is a triac - tutorial - this overview or tutorial details basic triac - triode for alternating current - operation, structure, circuit symbol, and all the required relevant details. triac tutorial includes : \u2022 triac tutorial / introduction \u2022 structure \u2022 theory & operation see also : diac thyristor the triac is a three terminal semiconductor device for controlling current. it gains its name from the term triode for alternating current. it is effectively a development of the scr or thyristor, but unlike the thyristor which is only able to conduct in one direction, the triac is a bidirectional device. triac / thyristor comparison the triac is an ideal device to use for ac switching applications because it can control the current flow over both halves of an alternating cycle. a thyristor is only able to control them over one half of a cycle. during the remaining half no conduction occurs and accordingly only half the waveform can be utilised. typical / idealised triac & thyristor switching waveforms the fact that the triac can be used to control current switching on both halves of an alternating waveform allows much better power utilisation. however the triac is not always as convenient for some high power applications where its switching is more difficult. the circuit symbol recognises the way in which the triac operates. seen from the outside it may be viewed as two back to back thyristors and this is what the circuit symbol indicates. on the triac symbol there are three terminals. these are the gate and two other terminals are often referred to as an \" anode \" or \" main terminal \". as the triac has two of these they are labelled either anode 1 and anode 2 or main terminal, mt1 and mt2. the triac is a component that is effectively based on the thyristor. it provides ac switching for electrical systems. like the thyristor, the triacs are used in many electrical switching applications. they find particular use for circuits in light dimmers, etc., where they enable both halves of the ac cycle to be used. this makes them more efficient in terms of the usage of the power available. while it is possible to use two thyristors back to back, this is not always cost effective for low cost and relatively low power applications. it is possible to view the operation of a triac in terms of two thyristors placed back to back. one of the drawbacks of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5368589550416685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5beb31cc-b0d2-4b7c-947e-9a9dcb8691d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.906403"}
{"text": "a is for atom suppose you took a cookie and cut it into little pieces, and then you cut those pieces into crumbs and those crumbs into littler and littler crumbs, and so on. would you ever get to a point where it became impossible - - no matter how good your knife, your hand, or your eyes - - to cut any further? would you ever reach the smallest possible piece of cookie? or could you keep dividing it into smaller and smaller cookie bits... forever? the ancient greek philosophers wondered about things like this. one fellow, democritus, said that all matter ( that ' s what scientists call the \" stuff \" of the world ) was made of tiny bits. he called these bits atoms, from the greek word for \" not cuttable. \" he believed the bits were put together in different ways to make different kinds of matter. another philosopher, aristotle, didn ' t think matter came in bits. he thought it all flowed together, like water running through your fingers. well, it turns out that democritus was right. but it took many more centuries for scientists to prove the existence of atoms. they have since identified about 90 different kinds of atoms that occur naturally. atoms are the building blocks of all matter. matter can be made up of just one kind of atom, or different kinds of atoms joined together. atoms are tiny. a million atoms stacked on top of one another wouldn ' t be quite as thick as a hair on your head. about 100 billion of them would cover the period at the end of this sentence. an atom is so small that a single drop of water contains more than a million million billion atoms. that ' s 1, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000! of course their exact size depends on the atom. some are smaller, some bigger. the smallest kind of atom is hydrogen, which also happens to be the most abundant atom in the universe. uranium is the largest kind of atom, except for a few really big ones that scientists have made in laboratories. most of the time, atoms really are \" not cuttable, \" as democritus said. but scientists have special ways of breaking them apart in order to study them. ( please don ' t try this at home. ) they have found that atoms themselves are made up of smaller parts. most of the space in an atom is a \" cloud \" of incredibly tiny electrons. electrons whiz around at millions of miles per hour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5786236875341249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0f41016-5d4e-4f76-ad12-80dbe9cb9962>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.913808"}
{"text": "don ' t try this at home. ) they have found that atoms themselves are made up of smaller parts. most of the space in an atom is a \" cloud \" of incredibly tiny electrons. electrons whiz around at millions of miles per hour ( and yet never get stopped for speeding ). because the electrons are going so fast, they ' re practically everywhere at once, and so scientists think of them as a cloud. somewhere deep inside the electron cloud is a nucleus. if the electron cloud were the size of a baseball stadium, the nucleus - - floating somewhere in the middle of the stadium - - would be smaller than the baseball. the nucleus of an atom is made from two types of particles - - protons. they give the atom almost all of its mass ( that ' s a measure of how much matter is in something - - see g is for gravity aside from mass, there ' s another big difference between an atom ' s electron cloud and its nucleus. the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the nucleus has a positive charge. actually, it ' s the protons in the nucleus that are positively charged. as their name suggests, the neutrons are neutral ( they have no charge ). these positive and negative charges hold the atom together. this is because things with unlike charges are attracted to each other, while things with the same charge repel each other. ( if you ' ve ever played with magnets, you know that the negative and positive poles of two magnets are eager to know each other and you can tell because they stick together when they get close, but you can ' t force the two negative poles or the two positive poles to get personal. ) an atom has an equal number of positive and negative charges, so it must have the same number of protons in its nucleus as electrons outside the nucleus. the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number, and since we know an atom is neutral, the atomic number also tells us the number of electrons outside its nucleus. a hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron, so its atomic number is 1. an oxygen atom has eight protons and eight electrons, for an atomic number of 8. with 47 protons and 47 electrons, silver has an atomic number of... you figure it out! scientists organize atoms according to their atomic number ( see e is for element ). depending on how many protons and electrons they have, atoms behave in different ways, just like people - - except atoms are easier to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5717994992950517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0f41016-5d4e-4f76-ad12-80dbe9cb9962>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.915882"}
{"text": ".. you figure it out! scientists organize atoms according to their atomic number ( see e is for element ). depending on how many protons and electrons they have, atoms behave in different ways, just like people - - except atoms are easier to predict than people! though it appears that the electrons of an atom form a cloud around the nucleus, it turns out that there are actually \" mini - clouds \" within the big cloud. the mini - clouds are called shells. each shell holds a different number of electrons. the first shell ( which is closest to the nucleus ) can hold 2, the second can hold 8, the third can hold 18, and the fourth can hold 32. these numbers turn out to be really important because atoms \" want \" to have their outer shells completely full or completely empty, and they are always trying to fill or empty them. ( of course electrons aren ' t human and they don ' t have feelings or desires, but they are definitely strong - willed when it comes to filling or emptying their shells. ) atoms fill or empty their shells by finding other atoms to give electrons to, or accept electrons from, or share electrons with. when two or more atoms get together to share electrons, the result is a molecule and the process is called a chemical reaction. an entire branch of science, chemistry, is devoted to studying what happens when atoms get to know each other. since the nucleus of an atom is like a ball inside a stadium, and since practically all the matter of an atom is in its nucleus, an atom is mostly empty space. and since you ' re made of atoms and the chair you ' re sitting on is made of atoms and the floor the chair is resting on is made of atoms and the earth supporting the floor is made of atoms and so forth... you might be wondering this : why don ' t you ( mostly empty space ) just fall right through the chair ( mostly empty space ) and continue falling through the floor ( mostly empty space ) and the earth ( mostly empty space )? if you weren ' t wondering, please start wondering now! the answer is electrons. though an atom is mostly empty space, that space has negatively charged electrons whizzing through it all the time. the electrons of the chair are negatively charged and the electrons of your bottom are also negatively charged. remember what we said about opposite charges attracting and like charges repelling? because the negative charges of your bottom are in contact with the negative charges of the chair, they push against each other. so,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5862778200130219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0f41016-5d4e-4f76-ad12-80dbe9cb9962>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.917140"}
{"text": "budgets for scientific research in the united states could be scaled back with the return of a republican - majority in congress as conservatives aim to slash spending to reduce the ballooning deficit. the republican electoral platform, the \u201c pledge to america, \u201d details the party \u2019 s ideals of smaller government, lower taxes and robust national defense, and vows to \u201c stop out - of - control spending. \u201d \u201c there is a risk that we may have a significant reduction in the science budget, \u201d said patrick clemins, director of the research and development policy program at the american association for the advancement of science. even before republicans made sweeping gains in the house of representatives in last week \u2019 s mid - term elections, republicans and democrats agreed to scale back federal spending in order to try and get the deficit, which amounts to almost 14 trillion dollars in national debt, under control. president barack obama has also ordered all federal agencies that are not linked to national security to reduce by five percent their budget requests for 2012 compared to the 2011 budget year beginning october 1, 2010. but if republicans hold to their pledge, non - defense related federal research spending could dip more than 12 percent to around 58 billion dollars compared to 66 billion requested by the white house for 2011. according to an analysis by clemins which shows what could occur if republicans are able to make across - the - board cuts, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) could see its budget slashed by 34 percent or 324 million dollars. the national institutes of health ( nih ) could lose nine percent of its budget or 2. 9 billion dollars, and the national science foundation ( nsf ) could see a 19 percent cut, or one billion dollars gone from its coffers. the us space agency nasa \u2019 s spending could shrink by 15 percent or 1. 6 billion dollars. according to john logsdon, former director of the space policy institute at the george washington university, the recent elections have brought \u201c increased uncertainty for the future of us space program. \u201d \u201c the new republican leaders in the house are talking about overall budget reduction and almost certainly nasa cannot avoid some of that, \u201d he told afp. in clemins \u2019 view, the situation may not be quite so dire for those who depend on federal funds for research, given that conservatives have made more moderate declarations since the election has passed. republicans have \u201c talked more about oversight \u201d and \u201c looking hard \u201d at programs which might need cuts, clemins said. and in a press conference on november 3, the day after the election", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4453033443620324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17058a2e-011b-4000-8c57-cc4cbb1fbfa7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.919991"}
{"text": "aconitase and iron regulatory protein 1may 2007 molecule of the month by david goodsell doi : 10. 2210 / rcsb _ pdb / mom _ 2007 _ 5 ( pdf version, epub version ) aconitase is an essential enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and iron regulatory protein 1 interacts with messenger rna to control the levels of iron inside cells. you might ask : what do these two proteins have in common? they were discovered and studied by different researchers, who gave them names that described their two very different functions. but surprisingly, when they looked at the amino acid sequence of these proteins, they turned out to be identical. the same protein is performing two very different jobs. the enzyme aconitase is a key player in the central pathway of energy production. as part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, it converts citrate into isocitrate. there is one form of aconitase in our mitochondria, which performs most of the conversion for the citric acid cycle, and a similar form in the cytoplasm that creates isocitrate for other synthetic tasks. the cytosolic form is shown here at the top, from pdb entry 2b3y. it is composed of a single protein chain that folds into several domains ( the domains are colored slightly different shades of blue here ). the domains close like a nutcracker around the active site, which contains an iron - sulfur cluster that assists with the reaction.... or iron regulatory protein 1 the cytosolic form of aconitase also acts as iron regulatory protein 1. the lower structure, from pdb entry 2ipy, shows how it performs this entirely different function. the iron - sulfur cluster in aconitase is unstable and must be replaced occasionally when it falls out. when iron levels in the cell get low, there isn ' t enough iron to regenerate the cluster, and the protein shifts to its second function. the protein opens up and grips hairpin loops in a few specific messenger rna molecules. these include a hairpin at the start of the messenger rna for ferritin, and five similar hairpins at the end of messenger rna for the transferrin receptor. when the iron regulatory protein 1 binds, it inhibits the formation of ferritin, so that less iron is locked up in storage, and it enhances construction of the transferrin receptor, so the cell can pick up more transferrin out of the blood, and with it, more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47571149645139377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f14fe68-e0a3-476a-830a-681c8fd8d19b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.925158"}
{"text": "it inhibits the formation of ferritin, so that less iron is locked up in storage, and it enhances construction of the transferrin receptor, so the cell can pick up more transferrin out of the blood, and with it, more iron. many other proteins lead double lives, performing two entirely different functions. three examples are shown here. the enzyme retinal dehydrogenase, which converts light - sensing retinal into the regulatory molecule retinoic acid, is shown on the left ( pdb entry 1o9j ), with the cofactor nadh in green. its second job is to modify the consistency and absorbance of eye lenses, where it is called eta - crystallin. cytochrome c ( pdb entry 3cyt ) is shown at upper right in red. it performs a familiar role in energy production, ferrying electrons in the mitochondria. but when the cell is damaged, cytochrome c spills out into the cytoplasm and performs its second job : it starts a cascade of responses that ultimately lead to programmed cell death ( apoptosis ). the third moonlighting protein shown here is phosphoglucose isomerase ( pdb entry 2pgi ), one of the ten enzymes that perform glycolysis. it is also secreted outside cells, where it acts as a cellular messenger with several names : neuroleukin, autocrine mobility factor, and differentiation and maturation mediator. the names give you an idea of the specific messages it carries from cell to cell. exploring the structure aconitase performs a classic stereospecific reaction that is often used as an example in biochemistry textbooks. it extracts a hydroxyl group and a specific hydrogen atom from citrate, and replaces them in a geometrically precise way to form isocitrate. this process is revealed in two crystal structures, but you need to use a little imagination when you look at them, since the crystal structures do not contain the hydrogen atom positions. pdb entry 1c96, shown on the left, has citrate bound in the active site. in the normal form of the enzyme, the oxygen atom shown in pink will be extracted by the iron sulfur cluster and a hydrogen atom will be extracted by a serine at the top ( both of these reactions are shown with green arrows ). this structure, however, has mutated the serine to alanine, so the oxygen atom in the serine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.577059574602452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f14fe68-e0a3-476a-830a-681c8fd8d19b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.926130"}
{"text": "cluster and a hydrogen atom will be extracted by a serine at the top ( both of these reactions are shown with green arrows ). this structure, however, has mutated the serine to alanine, so the oxygen atom in the serine is missing. in the second step of the reaction, shown on the right from pdb entry 7acn, the molecule flips upside down ( notice the different location of the labels a - b - c ) and the hydrogen and hydroxyl are added back in different places to these illustrations were created with rasmol. you can create similar illustrations by clicking on the accession codes here and picking one of the options under images and visualization. additional reading about aconitase and iron regulatory proteins p. j. artymiuk and j. green ( 2006 ) the double life of aconitase. structure 14, 2 - 4. t. a. rouault ( 2006 ) the role of iron regulatory proteins in mammalian iron homeostasis and disease. nature chemical biology 2, 406 - 414. c. j. jeffery ( 2004 ) molecular mechanisms of multitasking : recent crystal structures of moonlighting proteins. current opinion in structural biology 14, 663 - 668. s. d. copley ( 2003 ) enzymes with extra talents : moonlighting functions and catalytic promiscuity. current opinion in chemical biology 7, 265 - 272. \u00a9 2013 david goodsell & rcsb protein data bank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5330027453342148, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f14fe68-e0a3-476a-830a-681c8fd8d19b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.926674"}
{"text": "by marcela jenney - reyes how does personal branding \u201c translate \u201d around the globe in other cultures? cross - cultural public speaking mastering the art of public speaking can be a difficult task for many. how is it that some people seem to capture and hold an audience so well, sometimes for even the most boring of subjects? while imagining that your listeners are all naked might work for you, there are much better tricks to remember when you want to give a captivating presentation. keeping these tips in the forefront of your mind will help your speech every time, especially in the special situation where your audience is one of many backgrounds and, as a result, has varying expectations. things to remember when speaking publicly. the ultimate goal of your presentation is to share your information in a manner that your audience will understand and remember. to achieve this, it is important to keep your listeners interested in what you are saying so they will be totally absorbed in your words. - make your presentation a story. everyone loves stories, which are by nature easy to remember. incorporating a plot with characters and personalities will spice up your speech, especially if it\u00b4s related to your place of origin or upbringing in a different culture. - involve your audience. when speaking in front of a room of many cultures, or an audience whose background is different from your own, your words may be interpreted in ways other than you intended. by allowing room for feedback and incorporating the listener, you can measure how your message is being received and thus make appropriate adjustments. - stay genuine. honesty is one of the most important virtues around the globe. it is a value that consistently cuts through cultural barriers. people are keen on dishonesty and, if they sense even the slightest bit of insincerity, you will lose all credibility and listener interest. - don \u2019 t impress. while this may seem counter - intuitive, the fact of the matter is that most people don \u2019 t care about your awards and certifications. carefully choose your words and actions so that you aren \u2019 t implying that you are better than your audience in any way. your listeners will only absorb your words if they feel that they are being respected, not contested. there isn \u2019 t one perfect way to give a good presentation. ultimately, what will define the success of your presentation is not necessarily how well you gave it. more important is how your audience interprets your message and what they choose to do with it. when all is said and done, the ultimate success of your presentation lies in your audience and the impact that your message", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45364529990612956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30774a28-1215-48b0-84a6-744b62c8fd2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.929604"}
{"text": "what is lupus? this autoimmune disease is not contagious, but it is chronic, with symptoms ranging from mild to life - threatening. lupus occurs when the immune system becomes overactive and produces a type of protein called autoantibodies that attack and destroy healthy tissue. this attack causes inflammation, pain and damage to various parts of the body. there are several types of lupus. the most common is called systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ). the more severe forms affect major organ systems, such as the kidneys, lungs, nervous system, the brain and the heart. another type is cutaneous lupus erythematosus ; it causes skin rashes and lesions. drug - induced lupus is a lupus - like condition caused by prescription drugs such as hydralazine ( used to treat high blood pressure or hypertension ), procainamide ( used to treat irregular heart rhythms ) and isoniazid ( used to treat tuberculosis ). it ' s more common among men because they are prescribed these drugs more often. finally, there is neonatal lupus, a rare form that appears in the infants of women with lupus ; specifically, the mother ' s antibodies affect the baby while in the womb. these children may develop skin rashes, liver problems or low blood cell counts. but after several months, these symptoms completely disappear, leaving no trace. who gets lupus? lupus often runs in families, but the condition can also develop in people who have no family history of the illness. the condition affects mostly women, ages 15 to 44, but men, teens and young children can also get lupus. among population groups, the chances of getting lupus are higher for african americans. black women are three times more likely than caucasian women to have lupus. in addition, african - american women develop more severe symptoms of the condition. asian - american and latina women are two times more likely to develop the illness than caucasian women. women of pacific island descent as well as native - american and native - hawaiian women are also disproportionately affected. what are the symptoms of lupus? lupus symptoms wax and wane, and different signs can appear as the disease progresses. the most common symptoms of lupus are the same for females and males. they include : it ' s difficult to diagnose lupus because many of these symptoms occur with other illnesses, such rheumatoid arthritis, blood disorders, fibromy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49195647978351775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa0215bf-af9f-41e2-bdf2-a69df7f515b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.936321"}
{"text": "common symptoms of lupus are the same for females and males. they include : it ' s difficult to diagnose lupus because many of these symptoms occur with other illnesses, such rheumatoid arthritis, blood disorders, fibromyalgia, diabetes, thyroid problems, lyme disease and a variety of heart, lung, muscle and bone diseases. - extreme fatigue ( tiredness ) - painful or swollen joints - anemia ( low numbers of red blood cells or hemoglobin, or low total blood volume ) - swelling ( edema ) in feet, legs, hands and / or around eyes - pain in chest during deep breathing ( pleurisy ) - a butterfly - shaped rash across cheeks and nose - sun - or light - sensitivity ( photosensitivity ) - hair loss - abnormal blood clotting - fingers turning white and / or blue when cold ( a. k. a. raynaud ' s phenomenon ) - mouth or nose ulcers what are the risk factors for lupus? main risk factors include being female, black, between ages 15 and 44 and having a family history of lupus. taking certain medicines is another risk factor ; this include ethotoin ( brand name peganone ) and phenytoin ( brand names dilantin, phenytek, phenytoin sodium and prompt ), used to prevent and control seizures ; chlorpromazine ( thorazine ), used to treat dementia - related behavioral problems ; d - penicillamine ( artamin, artin and cilamin ), used to treat severe rheumatoid arthritis ; oral hydralazine ( apresoline ), used to treat high blood pressure ; interferon alfa ( alferon, intron and roferon ), a cancer medication ; isoniazid ( niazid ), used to treat tuberculosis infections ; methyldopa ( aldomet ), a high blood pressure med ; minocycline ( dynacin and minocin ), an antibiotic used to treat a variety of infections, including acne ; and procainamide ( procanbid and pronestyl ), used to treat serious cases of abnormally fast heartbeat ; and drugs to inhibit chemical substances ( called tumor necrosis factor - alpha ) that trigger inflammation in autoimmune disease and inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. ethnic differences for lupus a famous multi - ethnic, multi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44260126403062977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa0215bf-af9f-41e2-bdf2-a69df7f515b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.937214"}
{"text": "inhibit chemical substances ( called tumor necrosis factor - alpha ) that trigger inflammation in autoimmune disease and inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. ethnic differences for lupus a famous multi - ethnic, multi - regional and multi - institutional study about lupus, called the lumina study ( started in 1993 ), found that genetic and ethnic factors influenced the disease ' s activity more than socioeconomic factors did. the study also showed that certain population groups tended to have different lupus experiences : what are the tests for lupus? - african americans and latinas with lupus often developed the disease earlier in life, experienced greater disease activity, such as kidney problems, and, in general, had more complications than caucasian patients. - latinas with lupus had the worst prospects for recovery overall. - african americans with lupus showed a higher frequency of neurological problems such as seizures, hemorrhage and stroke. - latinas with lupus experienced a higher level of cardiac disease. current lupus testing includes routine blood tests, urine tests, antibody ( a protein found in blood or body fluid ) tests, blood clotting time tests and tissue biopsies involving the removal of a small bit of body tissue that the doctor examines under a microscope. what are the treatment options for lupus? although there is currently no cure for lupus, doctors can tailor treatments, including medications, to individual patients. depending on whether a patient ' s lupus is mild or severe, meds can range from acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti - inflammatories ( nsaids ) - or corticosteroids if nsaids don ' t work well - for fever and mild joint or muscle pains ; antimalarial medicines for skin rashes, fatigue and joint or muscle pains ; and immune system meds ( for more severe lupus cases ). in addition, lifestyle changes can help treat lupus. regular exercise ; lupus education and self - care ; smoking cessation ; a healthy, balanced diet ; and a support system of family, friends and health professionals are key to controlling the frequency and severity of lupus symptom flare - ups. other lifestyle modifications target stress reduction - for example, relaxation therapies such as massage, yoga and meditation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4525786890638979, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa0215bf-af9f-41e2-bdf2-a69df7f515b8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.938077"}
{"text": "spider that builds its own spider decoys discovered 2012 12 21 by nadia drake | wired. com a spider that builds elaborate, fake spiders and hangs them in its web has been discovered in the peruvian amazon. believed to be a new species in the genus cyclosa, the arachnid crafts the larger spider from leaves, debris and dead insects. though cyclosa includes other sculpting arachnids, this is the first one observed to build a replica with multiple, spidery legs. scientists suspect the fake spiders serve as decoys, part of a defense mechanism meant to confuse or distract predators. \u201c it seems like a really well evolved and very specialized behavior, \u201d said phil torres, who described the find in a blog entry written for rainforest expeditions. torres, a biologist and science educator, divides his time between southern california and peru, where he \u2019 s involved in research and education projects. \u201c considering that spiders can already make really impressive geometric designs with their webs, it \u2019 s no surprise that they can take that leap to make an impressive design with debris and other things, \u201d he said. in september, torres was leading visitors into a floodplain surrounding peru \u2019 s tambopata research center, located near the western edge of the amazon. from a distance, they saw what resembled a smallish, dead spider in a web. it looked kind of flaky, like the fungus - covered corpse of an arthropod. but then the flaky spider started moving. a closer looked revealed the illusion. above the 1 - inch - long decoy sat a much smaller spider. striped, and less than a quarter - inch long, the spider was shaking the web. it was unlike anything torres had ever seen. \u201c it blew my mind, \u201d he said. so torres got in touch with arachnologist linda rayor of cornell university who confirmed the find was unusual. \u201c the odds are that this [ species ] is unidentified, \u201d she said, \u201c and even if it has been named, that this behavior hasn \u2019 t previously been reported. \u201d rayor notes that while more observations are necessary to confirm a new species, decoys with legs \u2014 and the web - shaking behavior \u2014 aren \u2019 t common in known cyclosa. \u201c that \u2019 s really kind of cool, \u201d she said. read the full article at : wired. com dutch use decoy jews to stop crime and anti - semitic attacks in amsterdam russia\u00b4s inflatable decoy weapons and military hardware in pictures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41030268885423615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ed0a313-46dc-4b9b-a04a-e3880f4e54d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.942061"}
{"text": "\u201c that \u2019 s really kind of cool, \u201d she said. read the full article at : wired. com dutch use decoy jews to stop crime and anti - semitic attacks in amsterdam russia\u00b4s inflatable decoy weapons and military hardware in pictures latest news from our front page no bank deposits will be spared from confiscation 2013 05 18 as alert zero hedge readers are aware, this week the euro politburo is busy debating the dodgy subject of deposit \" bail - ins. \" the following article very succinctly explains this odious mode of fractal fractional reserve end - game chicanery. the author encourages all of you to share it with others. no bank deposits will be spared from confiscation by matthias chang esq, futurefastforward. com ( with author \u2019 s permission ) i challenge... military says no presidential authorization needed to quell \u201c civil disturbances \u201d 2013 05 17 a recent department of defense instruction alters the us code applying to the military \u2019 s involvement in domestic law enforcement by allowing us troops to quell \u201c civil disturbances \u201d domestically without any presidential authorization, greasing the skids for a de facto military coup in america along with the wholesale abolition of posse comitatus. the instruction ( embedded at the end of this article ), which... ancient maya pyramid destroyed in belize 2013 05 17 an archaeological group says it plans to take legal action. despite its small size, the caribbean country of belize is known for a few outstanding characteristics : a spectacular barrier reef, a teeming rain forest, and extensive maya ruins. it now has one fewer of those ruins. a construction company in belize has been scooping stone out of the major pyramid at the site... ginger : a warming herb 2013 05 17 ginger is an asian herb that is particularly well known to us in the west. over time, and with trial and error, its stimulating properties and piquant flavor have been integrated into both our herbal \u201c materia medica \u201d and cuisine. brewed as an herbal tea, ginger root is particularly helpful for those people who have underactive stomachs and difficulty producing adequate amounts... australian man dead for 40 minutes revived with new cpr machine 2013 05 17 in an australian first, doctors have used a new resuscitation technique to revive three patients who were clinically dead for up to an hour. one of the lucky survivors was colin fiedler, 49, who was pronounced dead at the alfred hospital in melbourne, victoria, after suffering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5033327481935095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ed0a313-46dc-4b9b-a04a-e3880f4e54d1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.943086"}
{"text": "abortion has a long history and has been induced by various methods including herbal abortifacients, the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma and other traditional methods. modern medicine utilizes medications and surgical procedures to induce abortion. the legality, prevalence, and cultural views on abortion vary substantially around the world. in many parts of the world there is intense public debate over the ethical and legal aspects of abortion. the approximate number of induced abortions performed worldwide in 2003 was 42 million, which declined from nearly 46 million in 1995. spontaneous abortion ( also known as miscarriage ) is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus due to accidental trauma or natural causes. most miscarriages are due to incorrect replication of chromosomes ; they can also be caused by environmental factors. spontaneous abortions, generally referred to as miscarriages, occur when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes before the 20th week of gestation. a pregnancy that ends between 20 and 37 weeks of gestation, if it results in a live - born infant, is known as a \" premature birth \". when a fetus dies in utero after about 20 weeks, or during delivery, it is termed \" stillborn \". premature births and stillbirths are generally not considered to be miscarriages although usage of these terms can sometimes overlap. most miscarriages occur very early in pregnancy. between 10 % and 50 % of pregnancies end in clinically apparent miscarriage, depending upon the age and health of the pregnant woman. in most cases, they occur so early in the pregnancy that the woman is not even aware that she was pregnant. one study testing hormones for ovulation and pregnancy showed a rate of pregnancy in exposed ovulatory cycles of 59. 6 % ; with 61. 9 % of conceptuses lost prior to 12 weeks of which 91. 7 % occuried subclinically, without the knowledge of the mother. the risk of spontaneous abortion decreases sharply after the 10th week from the last menstrual period ( lmp ), with a loss rate between 8. 5 weeks lmp and birth of about two percent ; pregnancy loss is \u201c virtually complete by the end of the embryonic period. this risk of spontaneous abortion is greater in those with a known history of several spontaneous abortions or an induced abortion, those with systemic diseases, and those over the age 35. other causes can be infection ( of either the woman or fetus ), immune response, or serious systemic disease. a spontaneous abortion can also be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5136165690312797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.962523"}
{"text": "several spontaneous abortions or an induced abortion, those with systemic diseases, and those over the age 35. other causes can be infection ( of either the woman or fetus ), immune response, or serious systemic disease. a spontaneous abortion can also be caused by accidental trauma ; intentional trauma or stress to cause miscarriage is considered induced abortion or feticide. any abortion that is not therapeutic is by definition elective. in the first 12 weeks, suction - aspiration or vacuum abortion is the most common method. manual vacuum aspiration ( mva ) abortion consists of removing the fetus or embryo by suction using a manual syringe, while electric vacuum aspiration ( eva ) abortion uses an electric pump. these techniques are comparable, and differ in the mechanism used to apply suction, how early in pregnancy they can be used, and whether cervical dilation is necessary. mva, also known as \" mini - suction \" and \" menstrual extraction \", can be used in very early pregnancy, and does not require cervical dilation. surgical techniques are sometimes referred to as ' suction ( or surgical ) termination of pregnancy ' ( stop ). from the 15th week until approximately the 26th, dilation and evacuation ( d & e ) is used. d & e consists of opening the cervix of the uterus and emptying it using surgical instruments and suction. dilation and curettage ( d & c ), the second most common method of abortion, is a standard gynecological procedure performed for a variety of reasons, including examination of the uterine lining for possible malignancy, investigation of abnormal bleeding, and abortion. curettage refers to cleaning the walls of the uterus with a curette. the world health organization recommends this procedure, also called sharp curettage, only when mva is unavailable. the term d and c, or sometimes suction curette, is used as a euphemism for the first trimester abortion procedure, whichever the method used. other techniques must be used to induce abortion in the second trimester. premature delivery can be induced with prostaglandin ; this can be coupled with injecting the amniotic fluid with caustic solutions containing saline or urea. after the 16th week of gestation, abortions can be induced by intact dilation and extraction ( idx ) ( also called intrauterine cranial decompression ), which requires surgical decompression of the fetus '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.493777269722608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.963532"}
{"text": ". after the 16th week of gestation, abortions can be induced by intact dilation and extraction ( idx ) ( also called intrauterine cranial decompression ), which requires surgical decompression of the fetus ' head before evacuation. idx is sometimes called \" partial - birth abortion, \" which has been federally banned in the united states. a hysterotomy abortion is a procedure similar to a caesarean section, and is performed under general anesthesia because it is considered major abdominal surgery. it requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and is used during later stages of pregnancy. effective in the first trimester of pregnancy, non - surgical abortions ( referred to as ' medical abortions ' ) comprise 10 % of all abortions in the united states and europe. combined regimens include methotrexate or mifepristone, followed by a prostaglandin ( either misoprostol or gemeprost : misoprostol is used in the u. s. ; gemeprost is used in the uk and sweden. ) when used within 49 days gestation, approximately 92 % of women undergoing medical abortion with a combined regimen completed it without surgical intervention. misoprostol can be used alone, but has a lower efficacy rate than combined regimens. in cases of failure of medical abortion, vacuum or manual aspiration is used to complete the abortion surgically. abortion is sometimes attempted by causing trauma to the abdomen. the degree of force, if severe, can cause serious internal injuries without necessarily succeeding in inducing miscarriage. both accidental and deliberate abortions of this kind can be subject to criminal liability in many countries. in burma, indonesia, malaysia, the philippines, and thailand, there is an ancient tradition of attempting abortion through forceful abdominal massage. reported methods of unsafe, self - induced abortion include misuse of misoprostol, and insertion of non - surgical implements such as knitting needles and clothes hangers into the uterus. these methods are rarely seen in developed countries where surgical abortion is legal and available. women typically experience minor pain during first - trimester abortion procedures. in a 1979 study of 2, 299 patients, 97 % reported experiencing some degree of pain. patients rated the pain as being less than earache or toothache, but more than headache or backache. local and general anesthetics are used during the procedure in a 1990 review, the american psychological association ( apa ) found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46406728469196223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.966051"}
{"text": "pain. patients rated the pain as being less than earache or toothache, but more than headache or backache. local and general anesthetics are used during the procedure in a 1990 review, the american psychological association ( apa ) found that \" severe negative reactions [ after abortion ] are rare and are in line with those following other normal life stresses. the apa revised and updated its findings in august 2008 to account for the accumulation of new evidence, and again concluded that induced abortion did not lead to increased mental health problems. as of august 2008, the united kingdom royal college of psychiatrists is also performing a systematic review of the medical literature to update their position statement on the subject. some proposed negative psychological effects of abortion have been referred to by pro - life advocates as a separate condition called \" post - abortion syndrome. \" however, the existence of \" post - abortion syndrome \" is not recognized by any medical or psychological organization, and some physicians and pro - choice advocates have argued that the effort to popularize the idea of a \" post - abortion syndrome \" is a tactic used by pro - life advocates for political purposes. abortion rates also vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and the method practiced. in 2003, from data collected in those areas of the united states that sufficiently reported gestational age, it was found that 88. 2 % of abortions were conducted at or prior to 12 weeks, 10. 4 % from 13 to 20 weeks, and 1. 4 % at or after 21 weeks. 90. 9 % of these were classified as having been done by \" curettage \" ( suction - aspiration, dilation and curettage, dilation and evacuation ), 7. 7 % by \" medical \" means ( mifepristone ), 0. 4 % by \" intrauterine instillation \" ( saline or prostaglandin ), and 1. 0 % by \" other \" ( including hysterotomy and hysterectomy ). the guttmacher institute estimated there were 2, 200 intact dilation and extraction procedures in the u. s. during 2000 ; this accounts for 0. 17 % of the total number of abortions performed that year. similarly, in england and wales in 2006, 89 % of terminations occurred at or under 12 weeks, 9 % between 13 to 19 weeks, and 1. 5 % at or over 20 weeks. 64 % of those reported were by vacuum aspiration, 6 % by d & e, and 30 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4668070694263695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.967124"}
{"text": "of terminations occurred at or under 12 weeks, 9 % between 13 to 19 weeks, and 1. 5 % at or over 20 weeks. 64 % of those reported were by vacuum aspiration, 6 % by d & e, and 30 % were medical. a 1998 aggregated study, from 27 countries, on the reasons women seek to terminate their pregnancies concluded that common factors cited to have influenced the abortion decision were : desire to delay or end childbearing, concern over the interruption of work or education, issues of financial or relationship stability, and perceived immaturity. a 2004 study in which american women at clinics answered a questionnaire yielded similar results. in finland and the united states, concern for the health risks posed by pregnancy in individual cases was not a factor commonly given ; however, in bangladesh, india, and kenya health concerns were cited by women more frequently as reasons for having an abortion. 1 % of women in the 2004 survey - based u. s. study became pregnant as a result of rape and 0. 5 % as a result of incest. another american study in 2002 concluded that 54 % of women who had an abortion were using a form of contraception at the time of becoming pregnant while 46 % were not. inconsistent use was reported by 49 % of those using condoms and 76 % of those using the combined oral contraceptive pill ; 42 % of those using condoms reported failure through slipping or breakage. the guttmacher institute estimated that \" most abortions in the united states are obtained by minority women \" because minority women \" have much higher rates of unintended pregnancy. some abortions are undergone as the result of societal pressures. these might include the stigmatization of disabled persons, preference for children of a specific sex, disapproval of single motherhood, insufficient economic support for families, lack of access to or rejection of contraceptive methods, or efforts toward population control ( such as china ' s one - child policy ). these factors can sometimes result in compulsory abortion or sex - selective abortion. induced abortion can be traced to ancient times. there is evidence to suggest that, historically, pregnancies were terminated through a number of methods, including the administration of abortifacient herbs, the use of sharpened implements, the application of abdominal pressure, and other techniques. the hippocratic oath, the chief statement of medical ethics for hippocratic physicians in ancient greece, forbade doctors from helping to procure an abortion by pessary. soranus, a second - century greek physician,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46803267118956604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.968135"}
{"text": "and other techniques. the hippocratic oath, the chief statement of medical ethics for hippocratic physicians in ancient greece, forbade doctors from helping to procure an abortion by pessary. soranus, a second - century greek physician, suggested in his work gynaecology that women wishing to abort their pregnancies should engage in energetic exercise, energetic jumping, carrying heavy objects, and riding animals. he also prescribed a number of recipes for herbal baths, pessaries, and bloodletting, but advised against the use of sharp instruments to induce miscarriage due to the risk of organ perforation. it is also believed that, in addition to using it as a contraceptive, the ancient greeks relied upon silphium as an abortifacient. such folk remedies, however, varied in effectiveness and were not without risk. tansy and pennyroyal, for example, are two poisonous herbs with serious side effects that have at times been used to terminate pregnancy. abortion in the 19th century continued, despite bans in both the united kingdom and the united states, as the disguised, but nonetheless open, advertisement of services in the victorian era suggests. in the 20th century the soviet union ( 1919 ), iceland ( 1935 ) and sweden ( 1938 ) were among the first countries to legalize certain or all forms of abortion. in 1935 nazi germany, a law was passed permitting abortions for those deemed \" hereditarily ill \", while women considered of german stock were specifically prohibited from having abortions. the advent of both sonography and amniocentesis has allowed parents to determine sex before birth. this has led to the occurrence of sex - selective abortion or the targeted termination of a fetus based upon its sex. it is suggested that sex - selective abortion might be partially responsible for the noticeable disparities between the birth rates of male and female children in some places. the preference for male children is reported in many areas of asia, and abortion used to limit female births has been reported in mainland china, taiwan, south korea, and india. in india, the economic role of men, the costs associated with dowries, and a hindu tradition which dictates that funeral rites must be performed by a male relative have led to a cultural preference for sons. the widespread availability of diagnostic testing, during the 1970s and ' 80s, led to advertisements for services which read, \" invest 500 rupees [ for a sex test ] now, save 50, 000 rupees [ for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47565655916536154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.969193"}
{"text": "cultural preference for sons. the widespread availability of diagnostic testing, during the 1970s and ' 80s, led to advertisements for services which read, \" invest 500 rupees [ for a sex test ] now, save 50, 000 rupees [ for a dowry ] later. in 1991, the male - to - female sex ratio in india was skewed from its biological norm of 105 to 100, to an average of 108 to 100. researchers have asserted that between 1985 and 2005 as many as 10 million female fetuses may have been selectively aborted. the indian government passed an official ban of pre - natal sex screening in 1994 and moved to pass a complete ban of sex - selective abortion in 2002. in the people ' s republic of china, there is also a historic son preference. the implementation of the one - child policy in 1979, in response to population concerns, led to an increased disparity in the sex ratio as parents attempted to circumvent the law through sex - selective abortion or the abandonment of unwanted daughters. sex - selective abortion might be an influence on the shift from the baseline male - to - female birth rate to an elevated national rate of 117 : 100 reported in 2002. the trend was more pronounced in rural regions : as high as 130 : 100 in guangdong and 135 : 100 in hainan. a ban upon the practice of sex - selective abortion was enacted in 2003. where and when access to safe abortion has been barred, due to explicit sanctions or general unavailability, women seeking to terminate their pregnancies have sometimes resorted to unsafe methods. the world health organization ( who ) defines an unsafe abortion as being \" a procedure... carried out by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment that does not conform to minimal medical standards, or both. \" unsafe abortions are known colloquially as \" back - alley abortions. this can include a person without medical training, a professional health provider operating in sub - standard conditions, or the woman herself. unsafe abortion remains a public health concern today due to the higher incidence and severity of its associated complications, such as incomplete abortion, sepsis, hemorrhage, and damage to internal organs. who estimates that 19 million unsafe abortions occur around the world annually and that 68, 000 of these result in the woman ' s death. complications of unsafe abortion are said to account, globally, for approximately 13 % of all maternal mortalities, with regional estimates including 12 % in asia, 25 % in latin america, and 13 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4669583259370183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.970172"}
{"text": "000 of these result in the woman ' s death. complications of unsafe abortion are said to account, globally, for approximately 13 % of all maternal mortalities, with regional estimates including 12 % in asia, 25 % in latin america, and 13 % in sub - saharan africa. a 2007 study published in the the lancet found that, although the global rate of abortion declined from 45. 6 million in 1995 to 41. 6 million in 2003, unsafe procedures still accounted for 48 % of all abortions performed in 2003. health education, access to family planning, and improvements in health care during and after abortion have been proposed to address this phenomenon. in the history of abortion, induced abortion has been the source of considerable debate, controversy, and activism. an individual ' s position on the complex ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, and legal issues is often related to his or her value system. opinions of abortion may be best described as being a combination of beliefs on its morality, and beliefs on the responsibility, ethical scope, and proper extent of governmental authorities in public policy. religious ethics also has an influence upon both personal opinion and the greater debate over abortion ( see religion and abortion ). abortion debates, especially pertaining to abortion laws, are often spearheaded by advocacy groups belonging to one of two camps. in the united states, most often those in favor of greater legal restrictions on, or even complete prohibition of abortion, describe themselves as pro - life while those against legal restrictions on abortion describe themselves as pro - choice. both are used to indicate the central principles in arguments for and against abortion : \" is the fetus a human being with a fundamental right to life? \" for pro - life advocates, and, for those who are pro - choice, \" does a woman have the right to choose whether or not to continue a pregnancy? \" in both public and private debate, arguments presented in favor of or against abortion focus on either the moral permissibility of an induced abortion, or justification of laws permitting or restricting abortion. arguments on morality and legality tend to collide and combine, complicating the issue at hand. debate also focuses on whether the pregnant woman should have to notify and / or have the consent of others in distinct cases : a minor, her parents ; a legally - married or common - law wife, her husband ; or a pregnant woman, the biological father. in a 2003 gallup poll in the united states, 79 % of male and 67 % of female respondents were in favor of spousal notification ; overall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5000265902961294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.971328"}
{"text": "married or common - law wife, her husband ; or a pregnant woman, the biological father. in a 2003 gallup poll in the united states, 79 % of male and 67 % of female respondents were in favor of spousal notification ; overall support was 72 % with 26 % opposed. a number of opinion polls around the world have explored public opinion regarding the issue of abortion. results have varied from poll to poll, country to country, and region to region, while varying with regard to different aspects of the issue. a may 2005 survey examined attitudes toward abortion in 10 european countries, asking polltakers whether they agreed with the statement, \" if a woman doesn ' t want children, she should be allowed to have an abortion \". the highest level of approval was 81 % ( in the czech republic ) ; the lowest was 47 % ( in poland ). in north america, a december 2001 poll surveyed canadian opinion on abortion, asking canadians in what circumstances they believe abortion should be permitted ; 32 % responded that they believe abortion should be legal in all circumstances, 52 % that it should be legal in certain circumstances, and 14 % that it should be legal in no circumstances. a similar poll in january 2006 surveyed people in the united states about u. s. opinion on abortion ; 33 % said that abortion should be \" permitted only in cases such as rape, incest or to save the woman ' s life \", 27 % said that abortion should be \" permitted in all cases \", 15 % that it should be \" permitted, but subject to greater restrictions than it is now \", 17 % said that it should \" only be permitted to save the woman ' s life \", and 5 % said that it should \" never \" be permitted. a november 2005 poll in mexico found that 73. 4 % think abortion should not be legalized while 11. 2 % think it should. of attitudes in south and central america, a december 2003 survey found that 30 % of argentines thought that abortion in argentina should be allowed \" regardless of situation \", 47 % that it should be allowed \" under some circumstances \", and 23 % that it should not be allowed \" regardless of situation \". a march 2007 poll regarding the abortion law in brazil found that 65 % of brazilians believe that it \" should not be modified \", 16 % that it should be expanded \" to allow abortion in other cases \", 10 % that abortion should be \" decriminalized \", and 5 % were \" not sure \". a july 2005 poll in colombia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552672039796581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.972414"}
{"text": "should not be modified \", 16 % that it should be expanded \" to allow abortion in other cases \", 10 % that abortion should be \" decriminalized \", and 5 % were \" not sure \". a july 2005 poll in colombia found that 65. 6 % said they thought that abortion should remain illegal, 26. 9 % that it should be made legal, and 7. 5 % that they were unsure. in early pregnancy, levels of estrogen increase, leading to breast growth in preparation for lactation. the hypothesis proposes that if this process is interrupted by an abortion before full maturity in the third trimester then more relatively vulnerable immature cells could be left than there were prior to the pregnancy, resulting in a greater potential risk of breast cancer. the hypothesis mechanism was first proposed and explored in rat studies conducted in the 1980s. the american cancer society concludes that presently the evidence does not support a causal abortion - breast cancer association, yet some pro - life activists continue to champion a causal link. in the past, pro - life advocates in the united states have sought legal action regarding disclosure of the abortion - breast cancer issue. this brought short - term legal and political intervention culminating with the bush administration changing the national cancer institute ( nci ) fact sheet from concluding no link to a more ambiguous assessment. in february 2003, the nci responded by conducting a workshop with over 100 experts on the issue, which concluded that it was well - established that \" abortion is not associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. \" though the scientific community has found evidence for the hypothesis lacking, the ongoing promotion of an abortion - breast cancer \" link \" by pro - life advocates and medical associations is seen by others as merely a part of the current pro - life \" woman - centered \" strategy against abortion. pro - life groups maintain they are providing legally necessary informed consent ; a concern shared by conservative congressman dr. dave weldon. while early research indicated a correlation between breast cancer and abortion ; the current scientific consensus has solidified with the publication of large prospective cohort studies which find no clear association between abortion and breast cancer. these studies along with all relevant research strive to remove from their results the many confounding factors, such as delayed child bearing ( parity ), which affect breast cancer risk apart from abortion. the abortion - breast cancer hypothesis continues to incite mostly political and some scientific debate. a review by researchers from the university of california, san francisco in jama concluded that data from dozens of medical reports and studies indicate that fetuses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5242036280046312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.973593"}
{"text": "from abortion. the abortion - breast cancer hypothesis continues to incite mostly political and some scientific debate. a review by researchers from the university of california, san francisco in jama concluded that data from dozens of medical reports and studies indicate that fetuses are unlikely to feel pain until the third trimester of pregnancy. there is an emerging consensus among developmental neurobiologists that the establishment of thalamocortical connections ( at about 26 weeks ) is a critical event with regard to fetal perception of pain. because pain can involve sensory, emotional and cognitive factors, it may be \" impossible to know \" when painful experiences are perceived, even if it is known when thalamocortical connections are established. the suggestion was brought to widespread attention by a 1999 academic paper, the impact of legalized abortion on crime, authored by the economists steven d. levitt and john donohue. they attributed the drop in crime to a reduction in individuals said to have a higher statistical probability of committing crimes : unwanted children, especially those born to mothers who are african - american, impoverished, adolescent, uneducated, and single. the change coincided with what would have been the adolescence, or peak years of potential criminality, of those who had not been born as a result of roe v. wade and similar cases. donohue and levitt ' s study also noted that states which legalized abortion before the rest of the nation experienced the lowering crime rate pattern earlier, and those with higher abortion rates had more pronounced reductions. fellow economists christopher foote and christopher goetz criticized the methodology in the donohue - levitt study, noting a lack of accommodation for statewide yearly variations such as cocaine use, and recalculating based on incidence of crime per capita ; they found no statistically significant results. levitt and donohue responded to this by presenting an adjusted data set which took into account these concerns and reported that the data maintained the statistical significance of their initial paper. such research has been criticized by some as being utilitarian, discriminatory as to race and socioeconomic class, and as promoting eugenics as a solution to crime. levitt states in his book freakonomics that they are neither promoting nor negating any course of action \u2014 merely reporting data as economists. before the scientific discovery that human development begins at fertilization, english common law allowed abortions to be performed before \" quickening \", the earliest perception of fetal movement by a woman during pregnancy, until both pre - and post - quickening abortions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5431761927888479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.974674"}
{"text": "the scientific discovery that human development begins at fertilization, english common law allowed abortions to be performed before \" quickening \", the earliest perception of fetal movement by a woman during pregnancy, until both pre - and post - quickening abortions were criminalized by lord ellenborough ' s act in 1803. in 1861, the british parliament passed the offences against the person act, which continued to outlaw abortion and served as a model for similar prohibitions in some other nations. the soviet union, with legislation in 1920, and iceland, with legislation in 1935, were two of the first countries to generally allow abortion. the second half of the 20th century saw the liberalization of abortion laws in other countries. the abortion act 1967 allowed abortion for limited reasons in the united kingdom. in the 1973 case, roe v. wade, the united states supreme court struck down state laws banning abortion, ruling that such laws violated an implied right to privacy in the united states constitution. the supreme court of canada, similarly, in the case of r. v. morgentaler, discarded its criminal code regarding abortion in 1988, after ruling that such restrictions violated the security of person guaranteed to women under the canadian charter of rights and freedoms. canada later struck down provincial regulations of abortion in the case of r. v. morgentaler ( 1993 ). by contrast, abortion in ireland was affected by the addition of an amendment to the irish constitution in 1983 by popular referendum, recognizing \" the right to life of the unborn \". current laws pertaining to abortion are diverse. religious, moral, and cultural sensibilities continue to influence abortion laws throughout the world. the right to life, the right to liberty, the right to security of person, and the right to reproductive health are major issues of human rights that are sometimes used as justification for the existence or absence of laws controlling abortion. many countries in which abortion is legal require that certain criteria be met in order for an abortion to be obtained, often, but not always, using a trimester - based system to regulate the window of legality : other countries, in which abortion is normally illegal, will allow one to be performed in the case of rape, incest, or danger to the pregnant woman ' s life or health. a few nations ban abortion entirely : chile, el salvador, malta, ireland and nicaragua, although in 2006 the chilean government began the free distribution of emergency contraception. in bangladesh, abortion is illegal, but the government has long supported a network of \" menstrual regulation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49558443041194333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c58f120f-75c4-4fb0-9700-f4a9a02253c6>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.975739"}
{"text": "blaise pascal ( june 19, 1623 \u2013 august 19, 1662 ) was a french mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. he was a child prodigy who was educated by his father. pascal ' s earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators, the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of evangelista torricelli. pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method. pascal was a mathematician of the first order. he helped create two major new areas of research. he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with pierre de fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. following a mystical experience in late 1654, he abandoned his scientific work and devoted himself to philosophy and theology. his two most famous works date from this period : the lettres provinciales and the pensees. pascal was in poor health throughout his life and his death came just two months after his 39th birthday. born in clermont, france, blaise pascal lost his mother, antoinette begon, at the age of three. his father, etienne pascal ( 1588 \u2013 1651 ), was a local judge and member of the \" noblesse de robe \", who also had an interest in science and mathematics. pascal had two sisters, the younger jacqueline and the elder gilberte. in 1631, after the death of his wife, etienne pascal moved with his children to paris. the newly - arrived family soon hired louise delfault, a maid who eventually became an instrumental member of the family. etienne, who never remarried, decided that he alone would educate his children, for they all showed extraordinary intellectual ability, particularly his son blaise. the young pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science. at the age of eleven, he composed a short treatise on the sounds of vibrating bodies, and etienne responded by forbidding his son to further pursue mathematics until the age of fifteen so as not to harm his study of latin and greek. one day, however, etienne found blaise ( now twelve ) writing an independent proof that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles with a piece of coal on a wall. from then on, the boy was allowed to study euclid ; perhaps more importantly, he was allowed to sit in as a silent on - looker at the gatherings of some of the greatest mathematicians and scientists in europe \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5463294782367828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.993857"}
{"text": "coal on a wall. from then on, the boy was allowed to study euclid ; perhaps more importantly, he was allowed to sit in as a silent on - looker at the gatherings of some of the greatest mathematicians and scientists in europe \u2014 such as roberval, desargues, mydorge, gassendi, and descartes \u2014 in the monastic cell of pere mersenne. particularly of interest to pascal was a work of desargues on conic sections. following desargues ' s thinking, the sixteen - year - old pascal produced, as a means of proof, a short treatise on what was called the \" mystic hexagram \", essai pour les coniques ( \" essay on conics \" ) and sent it \u2014 his first serious work of mathematics \u2014 to pere mersenne in paris ; it is known still today as pascal ' s theorem. briefly, it can be explained thus : pascal ' s work was so precocious that descartes, when shown the manuscript, refused to believe that the composition was not by the elder pascal. when assured by mersenne that it was, indeed, the product of the son not the father, descartes dismissed it with a sniff : \" i do not find it strange that he has offered demonstrations about conics more appropriate than those of the ancients, \" adding, \" but other matters related to this subject can be proposed that would scarcely occur to a sixteen - year - old child. in france at that time offices and positions could be \u2014 and were \u2014 bought and sold. in 1631 etienne sold his position as second president of the cour des aides for 65, 665 livres. the money was invested in a government bond which provided if not a lavish then certainly a comfortable income which allowed the pascal family to move to, and enjoy, paris. but in 1638 richelieu, desperate for money to carry on the thirty year war, defaulted on the government ' s bonds. suddenly etienne pascal ' s worth had dropped from nearly 66, 000 livres to less than 7, 300. like so many others, etienne was eventually forced to flee paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of cardinal richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor madame sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all france. it was only when jacqueline performed well in a children ' s play with richelieu in attendance that etienne was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147037675746222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.994819"}
{"text": "madame sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all france. it was only when jacqueline performed well in a children ' s play with richelieu in attendance that etienne was pardoned. in time etienne was back in good graces with the cardinal, and in 1639 had been appointed the king ' s commissioner of taxes in the city of rouen \u2014 a city whose tax records, thanks to uprisings, were in utter chaos. in 1642, in an effort to ease his father ' s endless, exhausting calculations, and recalculations, of taxes owed and paid, pascal, not yet nineteen, constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction, called pascal ' s calculator or the pascaline. the musee des arts et metiers in paris and the zwinger museum in dresden, germany, exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. though these machines are early forerunners to computer engineering, the calculator failed to be a great commercial success. because it was extraordinarily expensive the pascaline became little more than a toy, and status symbol, for the very rich both in france and throughout europe. however, pascal continued to make improvements to his design through the next decade and built fifty machines in total. in addition to the childhood marvels previously mentioned, pascal continued to influence mathematics throughout his life. in 1653, pascal wrote his traite du triangle arithmetique ( \" treatise on the arithmetical triangle \" ) in which he described a convenient tabular presentation for binomial coefficients, now called pascal ' s triangle. in 1654, prompted by a friend interested in gambling problems, he corresponded with fermat on the subject, and from that collaboration was born the mathematical theory of probabilities. the friend was the chevalier de mere, and the specific problem was that of two players who want to finish a game early and, given the current circumstances of the game, want to divide the stakes fairly, based on the chance each has of winning the game from that point. from this discussion, the notion of expected value was introduced. pascal later ( in the pensees ) used a probabilistic argument, pascal ' s wager, to justify belief in god and a virtuous life. the work done by fermat and pascal into the calculus of probabilities laid important groundwork for leibniz ' s formulation of the infinitesimal calculus. after a religious experience in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.543525673579278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.995779"}
{"text": "justify belief in god and a virtuous life. the work done by fermat and pascal into the calculus of probabilities laid important groundwork for leibniz ' s formulation of the infinitesimal calculus. after a religious experience in 1654, pascal mostly gave up work in mathematics. however, after a sleepless night in 1658, he anonymously offered a prize for the quadrature of a cycloid. solutions were offered by wallis, huygens, wren, and others ; pascal, under the pseudonym amos dettonville, published his own solution. controversy and heated argument followed after pascal announced himself the winner. pascal ' s major contribution to the philosophy of mathematics came with his de l ' esprit geometrique ( \" on the geometrical spirit \" ), originally written as a preface to a geometry textbook for one of the famous \" les petites - ecoles de port - royal \" ( \" little schools of port - royal \" ). the work was unpublished until over a century after his death. here, pascal looked into the issue of discovering truths, arguing that the ideal of such a method would be to found all propositions on already established truths. at the same time, however, he claimed this was impossible because such established truths would require other truths to back them up \u2014 first principles, therefore, cannot be reached. based on this, pascal argued that the procedure used in geometry was as perfect as possible, with certain principles assumed and other propositions developed from them. nevertheless, there was no way to know the assumed principles to be true. ' ' pascal also used de l ' esprit geometrique to develop a theory of definition. he distinguished between definitions which are conventional labels defined by the writer and definitions which are within the language and understood by everyone because they naturally designate their referent. the second type would be characteristic of the philosophy of essentialism. pascal claimed that only definitions of the first type were important to science and mathematics, arguing that those fields should adopt the philosophy of formalism as formulated by descartes. in de l ' art de persuader ( \" on the art of persuasion \" ), pascal looked deeper into geometry ' s axiomatic method, specifically the question of how people come to be convinced of the axioms upon which later conclusions are based. pascal agreed with montaigne that achieving certainty in these axioms and conclusions through human methods is impossible. he asserted that these principles can only be grasped through intuition, and that this fact underscored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5940952192247927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.996762"}
{"text": "the axioms upon which later conclusions are based. pascal agreed with montaigne that achieving certainty in these axioms and conclusions through human methods is impossible. he asserted that these principles can only be grasped through intuition, and that this fact underscored the necessity for submission to god in searching out truths. pascal ' s work in the fields of the study of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. his inventions include the hydraulic press ( using hydraulic pressure to multiply force ) and the syringe. by 1646, pascal had learned of evangelista torricelli ' s experimentation with barometers. having replicated an experiment which involved placing a tube filled with mercury upside down in a bowl of mercury, pascal questioned what force kept some mercury in the tube and what filled the space above the mercury in the tube. at the time, most scientists contended that, rather than a vacuum, some invisible matter was present. this was based on the aristotelian notion that creation was a thing of substance, whether visible or invisible ; and this substance was forever in motion. furthermore, \" everything that is in motion must be moved by something, \" aristotle declared. therefore, to the aristotelian trained scientists of pascal ' s time, a vacuum was an impossibility. how so? as proof it was pointed out : following more experimentation in this vein, in 1647 pascal produced experiences nouvelles touchant le vide ( \" new experiments with the vacuum \" ), which detailed basic rules describing to what degree various liquids could be supported by air pressure. it also provided reasons why it was indeed a vacuum above the column of liquid in a barometer tube. on september 19, 1648, after many months of pascal ' s friendly but insistent prodding, florin perier, husband of pascal ' s elder sister gilberte, was finally to carry out the fact finding mission vital to pascal ' s theory. the account, written by perier, reads : \" the weather was chancy last saturday... [ but ] around five o ' clock that morning... the puy - de - dome was visible... so i decided to give it a try. several important people of the city of clermont had asked me to let them know when i would make the ascent... i was delighted to have them with me in this great work... \"... at eight o ' clock we met in the gardens of the minim fathers, which has the lowest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5886483307567083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.998468"}
{"text": "them know when i would make the ascent... i was delighted to have them with me in this great work... \"... at eight o ' clock we met in the gardens of the minim fathers, which has the lowest elevation in town.... first i poured sixteen pounds of quicksilver... into a vessel... then took several glass tubes.. each four feet long and hermetically sealed at one end and opened at the other... then placed them in the vessel [ of quicksilver ]... i found the quick silver stood at 26 \" and 3\u00bd lines above the quicksilver in the vessel... i repeated the experiment two more times while standing in the same spot... [ they ] produced the same result each time... \" i attached one of the tubes to the vessel and marked the height of the quicksilver and... asked father chastin, one of the minim brothers... to watch if any changes should occur through the day... taking the other tube and a portion of the quick silver... i walked to the top of puy - de - dome, about 500 fathoms higher than the monastery, where upon experiment... found that the quicksilver reached a height of only 23 \" and 2 lines... i repeated the experiment five times with care... each at different points on the summit... found the same height of quicksilver... in each case... pascal replicated the experiment in paris by carrying a barometer up to the top of the bell tower at the church of saint - jacques - de - la - boucherie, a height of about fifty meters. the mercury dropped two lines. these, and other lesser experiments carried out by pascal, were hailed throughout europe as establishing the principle and value of the barometer. in the face of criticism that some invisible matter must exist in pascal ' s empty space, pascal, in his reply to estienne noel, gave one of the seventeenth century ' s major statements on the scientific method : \" in order to show that a hypothesis is evident, it does not suffice that all the phenomena follow from it ; instead, if it leads to something contrary to a single one of the phenomena, that suffices to establish its falsity. \" his insistence on the existence of the vacuum also led to conflict with other prominent scientists, including descar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5428063993351027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:36.999540"}
{"text": "it ; instead, if it leads to something contrary to a single one of the phenomena, that suffices to establish its falsity. \" his insistence on the existence of the vacuum also led to conflict with other prominent scientists, including descartes. for after all what is man in nature? a nothing in relation to infinity, all in relation to nothing, a central point between nothing and all and infinitely far from understanding either. the ends of things and their beginnings are impregnably concealed from him in an impenetrable secret. he is equally incapable of seeing the nothingness out of which he was drawn and the infinite in which he is engulfed. biographically, two basic influences led him to his conversion : sickness and jansenism. from as early as his eighteenth year, pascal suffered from a nervous ailment that left him hardly a day without pain. in 1647, a paralytic attack so disabled him that he could not move without crutches. his head ached, his bowels burned, his legs and feet were continually cold, and required wearisome aids to circulate the blood ; he wore stockings steeped in brandy to warm his feet. partly to get better medical treatment, he moved to paris with his sister jacqueline. his health improved, but his nervous system had been permanently damaged. henceforth, he was subject to deepening hypochondria, which affected his character and his philosophy. he became irritable, subject to fits of proud and imperious anger, and seldom smiled. in the winter of 1646, pascal ' s 58 year - old father broke his hip when he slipped and fell on an icy street of rouen ; given the man ' s age and the state of medicine in the 17th century, a broken hip could be a very serious condition, perhaps even fatal. fortunately, at the time, rouen was home to two of the finest doctors in france : monsieur doctor deslandes and monsieur doctor de la bouteillerie. the elder pascal \" would not let anyone other than these men attend him... it was a good choice, for the old man survived and was able to walk again... but treatment and rehabilitation took three months, during which time la bouteillerie and deslandes had become household guests. both men were followers of jean guillebert, proponent of a splinter group from the main body of catholic teaching known as jansenism. this still fairly small sect was making surprising inroads into the french catholic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5710882425709043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.000645"}
{"text": "' s estate now gone, the 29 year old pascal was now consigned to genteel poverty. for a while, pascal pursued the life of a bachelor. he showed strong interest in one woman while in auvergne. he referred to her as the \" sappho of the countryside. \" during this time, pascal wrote discours sur les passions de l ' amour ( \" conversation about the passions of love \" ) and apparently contemplated marriage \u2014 which he was later to describe as \" the lowest of the conditions of life permitted to a christian. \" jacqueline reproached him for his frivolity and prayed for his reform. during visits to his sister at port - royal in 1654, he displayed contempt for affairs of the world but was not drawn to god. his belief and religious commitment revitalized, pascal visited the older of two convents at port - royal for a two - week retreat in january 1655. for the next four years, he regularly travelled between port - royal and paris. it was at this point immediately after his conversion when he began writing his first major literary work on religion, the provincial letters. beginning in 1656, pascal published his memorable attack on casuistry, a popular ethical method used by catholic thinkers in the early modern period ( especially the jesuits, and in particular antonio escobar ). pascal denounced casuistry as the mere use of complex reasoning to justify moral laxity and all sorts of sins. his method of framing his arguments was clever : the provincial letters pretended to be the report of a parisian to a friend in the provinces on the moral and theological issues then exciting the intellectual and religious circles in the capital. pascal, combining the fervor of a convert with the wit and polish of a man of the world, reached a new level of style in french prose. the 18 - letter series was published between 1656 and 1657 under the pseudonym louis de montalte and incensed louis xiv. the king ordered that the book be shredded and burnt in 1660. in 1661, in the midsts of the formulary controversy, the jansenist school at port - royal was condemned and closed down ; those involved with the school had to sign a 1656 papal bull condemning the teachings of jansen as heretical. the final letter from pascal, in 1657, had defied the pope himself, provoking alexander vii to condemn the letters. but that didn ' t stop all of educated france from reading them. even pope alexander, while publicly opposing them, nonetheless was persuaded by pascal '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4420978254357737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.002867"}
{"text": ", in 1657, had defied the pope himself, provoking alexander vii to condemn the letters. but that didn ' t stop all of educated france from reading them. even pope alexander, while publicly opposing them, nonetheless was persuaded by pascal ' s arguments. he condemned \" laxism \" in the church and ordered a revision of casuistical texts just a few years later ( 1665 \u2013 66 ). aside from their religious influence, the provincial letters were popular as a literary work. pascal ' s use of humor, mockery, and vicious satire in his arguments made the letters ripe for public consumption, and influenced the prose of later french writers like voltaire and jean - jacques rousseau. wide praise has been given to the provincial letters. voltaire called the letters \" the best - written book that has yet appeared in france. \" and when bossuet was asked what book he would rather have written had he not written his own, he answered, the provincial letters of pascal. pascal made himself an armorial emblem of an eye surrounded by a crown of thorns, with the inscription scio cui credidi \u2014 \" i know whom i have believed. \" his beliefs renewed, he set his mind to write his final, unfinished testament, the pensees. unfortunately, pascal ' s most influential theological work, referred to posthumously as the pensees ( \" thoughts \" ), was not completed before his death. it was to have been a sustained and coherent examination and defense of the christian faith, with the original title apologie de la religion chretienne ( \" defense of the christian religion \" ). what was found upon sifting through his personal items after his death were numerous scraps of paper with isolated thoughts, grouped in a tentative, but telling, order. the first version of the detached notes appeared in print as a book in 1670 titled pensees de m. pascal sur la religion, et sur quelques autres sujets ( \" thoughts of m. pascal on religion, and on some other subjects \" ) and soon thereafter became a classic. one of the apologie ' s main strategies was to use the contradictory philosophies of skepticism and stoicism, personalized by montaigne on one hand, and epictetus on the other, in order to bring the unbeliever to such despair and confusion that he would embrace god. this strategy was deemed quite hazardous by pierre nicole, antoine arnauld and other friends and scholars of port - royal, who were concerned that these fragment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44722848267534715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.003895"}
{"text": "in order to bring the unbeliever to such despair and confusion that he would embrace god. this strategy was deemed quite hazardous by pierre nicole, antoine arnauld and other friends and scholars of port - royal, who were concerned that these fragmentary \" thoughts \" might lead to skepticism rather than to piety. henceforth, they concealed the skeptical pieces and modified some of the rest, lest king or church should take offense for at that time the persecution of port - royal had ceased, and the editors were not interested in a renewal of controversy. not until the nineteenth century were the pensees published in their full and authentic text. pascal ' s pensees is widely considered to be a masterpiece, and a landmark in french prose. when commenting on one particular section ( thought # 72 ), sainte - beuve praised it as the finest pages in the french language. will durant, in his 11 - volume, comprehensive the story of civilization series, hailed it as \" the most eloquent book in french prose. \" in pensees, pascal surveys several philosophical paradoxes : infinity and nothing, faith and reason, soul and matter, death and life, meaning and vanity \u2014 seemingly arriving at no definitive conclusions besides humility, ignorance, and grace. rolling these into one he develops pascal ' s wager. t. s. eliot described him during this phase of his life as \" a man of the world among ascetics, and an ascetic among men of the world. \" pascal ' s ascetic lifestyle derived from a belief that it was natural and necessary for man to suffer. in 1659, pascal, whose health had never been good, fell seriously ill. during his last years, he frequently tried to reject the ministrations of his doctors, saying, \" sickness is the natural state of christians. \" louis xiv suppressed the jansenist movement at port - royal in 1661. in response, pascal wrote one of his final works, ecrit sur la signature du formulaire ( \" writ on the signing of the form \" ), exhorting the jansenists not to give in. later that year, his sister jacqueline died, which convinced pascal to cease his polemics on jansenism. pascal ' s last major achievement, returning to his mechanical genius, was inaugurating perhaps the first bus line, moving passengers within paris in a carriage with many seats. in 1662, pascal ' s illness became more violent. aware that his health was fading quickly, he sought a move to the hospital for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4829600284325691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.005014"}
{"text": ", was inaugurating perhaps the first bus line, moving passengers within paris in a carriage with many seats. in 1662, pascal ' s illness became more violent. aware that his health was fading quickly, he sought a move to the hospital for incurable diseases, but his doctors declared that he was too unstable to be carried. in paris on august 18, 1662, pascal went into convulsions and received extreme unction. he died the next morning, his last words being \" may god never abandon me, \" and was buried in the cemetery of saint - etienne - du - mont. an autopsy performed after his death revealed grave problems with his stomach and other organs of his abdomen, along with damage to his brain. despite the autopsy, the cause of his continual poor health was never precisely determined, though speculation focuses on tuberculosis, stomach cancer, or a combination of the two. the headaches which afflicted pascal are generally attributed to his brain lesion. pascal ' s development of probability theory was his most influential contribution to mathematics. originally applied to gambling, today it is extremely important in economics, especially in actuarial science. john ross writes, \" probability theory and the discoveries following it changed the way we regard uncertainty, risk, decision - making, and an individual ' s and society ' s ability to influence the course of future events. however, it should be noted that pascal and fermat, though doing important early work in probability theory, did not develop the field very far. christiaan huygens, learning of the subject from the correspondence of pascal and fermat, wrote the first book on the subject. later figures who continued the development of the theory include abraham de moivre and pierre - simon laplace. in literature, pascal is regarded as one of the most important authors of the french classical period and is read today as one of the greatest masters of french prose. his use of satire and wit influenced later polemicists. the content of his literary work is best remembered for its strong opposition to the rationalism of rene descartes and simultaneous assertion that the main countervailing philosophy, empiricism, was also insufficient for determining major truths. in canada, there is an annual math contest named in his honour. the pascal contest is open to any student in canada who is fourteen years or under and is in grade nine or lower. roberto rossellini directed a filmed biopic ( entitled blaise pascal ) which originally aired on italian television in 1971. pierre arditi starred as pascal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4829551597335051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51131fb3-0fd9-4e22-ac0c-0232cf0eb213>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.006045"}
{"text": "november 1, 2011 living with severe heartburn severe heartburn, also called acid reflux disease, occurs when acid from your stomach regurgitates into your esophagus and essentially leaves you with a burning sensation in your throat and chest and a sour taste in your mouth. heartburn that is severe and chronic is not only painful but it can be dangerous to your health as well. if left untreated or under - treated, severe heartburn can cause ulcers in your stomach and esophagus, a hiatal herrera, damage to the esophagus \u2019 tissue and can even lead to cancer in the esophagus. living with severe heartburn can be overwhelming at times and can be debilitating as well. the pain and discomfort can prevent you from normal day to day activities and cause sleepless nights. when you are having an episode of severe heartburn, the pain can be very intense and can last for several hours. antacids such as tums or maalox can help alleviate the immediate pain and discomfort but these medicines will not cure heartburn or help to heal the damage it causes. many times, laying down in bed causes the stomach acid to regurgitate and triggers heartburn, especially after a large or spicy meal. placing several pillows under your head to prop you up can help relieve some of the symptoms but will not do anything to actually heal the condition. adjusting your diet can help ward off severe heartburn attacks. eating several smaller meals each day instead of three large meals will help to ward off heartburn attacks. your body can more easily digest smaller meals than a big, heavy meal. cutting down on alcohol, coffee, tea and spicy foods will also help cut down on the amount of severe heartburn attacks and the severity of them. however, no matter how healthy your diet, or how strict you are at cutting out these trigger foods, you will not be able to heal the damage that is done to your stomach and esophagus. adjusting your lifestyle can also help reduce the amount of heartburn attacks you suffer as well as the severity of those attacks. moderate exercise, especially focusing on your core muscles, will build strong healthy tissue and muscles in your stomach and surrounding area. a stronger core will likely reduce the frequency of your heartburn. also, if you are a smoker, quit. there have been numerous studies done on the adverse affects of smoking and heartburn is included. smoking has a direct affect on your stomach regurgitating partially digested food back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42884888551191125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d8ec33c-7bb8-46ea-9d5c-5b83d295dc53>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.010565"}
{"text": "total passenger - miles of travel ( pmt ) excludes travel in heavy trucks, by bicycle, by walking, and by boat ( including recreational boat ). pmt in heavy trucks is excluded because such travel is assumed to be incidental to the hauling of freight, the main purpose of this travel. bicycle, pedestrian, and boat travel are excluded because national estimates are not available on an annual basis. the pmt data in this section of the report are from the bureau of transportation statistics ( bts ) publication, national transportation statistics ( nts ). bts compiles these data for nts, primarily using mode - by - mode data derived in various ways by bts and others. for instance, pmt for large air carriers and intercity trains are estimated from ticket sales and trip lengths ; for transit, data are reported by transit authorities. each method used to estimate these data has differing strengths and weaknesses, as discussed in the data source and accuracy statements in appendix c, available at http : / / www. bts. gov /. bts updates nts on a quarterly basis ; the data in this section are the data available when the report was prepared and may not be consistent with data available later in nts or other sources, as noted in the chapter introduction. bts has another set of national pmt, the national household travel survey ( nhts ), last conducted jointly by bts and the federal highway administration in 2001 and 2002. as survey data, they are collected using a single methodology. this provides a coherence and comparability not available with data compiled for nts. however, the survey data are not collected annually, making them unsuitable for year - to - year trend analyses. another difference between nts and nhts data is the extent of their coverage among modes. it can be expected, then, that because of methodological and coverage issues nts and nhts data will differ. in section 4 of this chapter, variables influencing traveling behavior, the report uses data from the 2001 nhts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.472211363784666, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9538f5c0-4512-4d27-840d-40b2d3b5e63c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.016350"}
{"text": "the regular debt ceiling limit dance seems to evoke a fairly standard set of behaviors in the two major us political parties : whichever party is out of power ( white house, or congress or both ) threatens not to support raising the debt ceiling. which ever party is in power talks about how irresponsible and dangerous such a move would be. the historical statutory debt ceiling increases ( sourced from table 7. 3 here ; click graph for spreadsheet ) reveal this game has gone on for more than half three quarters of a century. to put this into context, consider the following quote : \u201c the republican - dominated senate voted tonight by 64 to 34 to raise the government \u2019 s borrowing authority to more than $ 1 trillion for the first time in history. the vote to raise the debt ceiling, to $ 1, 079 billion, will allow the government to start its new fiscal year thursday with sufficient funds in its coffers to pay its bills... although the routine increase in the debt ceiling was essential to meet government obligations already incurred, the vote is traditionally delayed to the 11th hour, with the minority party accusing the party in power of spendthrift ways. \u201d ( emphasis added ) that quote may surprise you. it comes from the ny times, sept. 30, 1981, defending president reagan and blaming the democrats in congress for playing games with the debt ceiling. we can skip the usual debate, and go straight to the data. pulling the historical increases in statutory debt authority, the chart below shows what the increase in spending limits has looked like : to give you a sense of the present absurdity, consider the following fairly random survey of past pronouncements on raising the debt ceiling limit from 1939 forward : the milwaukee journal : president roosevelt informed congress monday that there is no present necessity for legislation to increase the legal limitation of $ 45, 000, 000, 000 on the toal public debt, but recommended increase of the present $ 30, 000, 000, 000 limitation on outstanding government bonds. the special message transmitted a letter from treasury secretary morgenthau informing thim that the current balances of the treasury indicate no immediate necessity for advancing the debt ceiling. monday \u2019 s treasury statement showed that the debt was $ 39, 948, 995, 124 \u2022 president urges ending of limit on bonded debt ; asks congress to facilitate borrowing by eliminating $ 30, 000, 000, 000 ( march 21, 1939 ) president roosevelt told congress today that there was no immediate need for raising the $ 45, 000, 000, 000 limitation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4577978803094857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.035426"}
{"text": "of limit on bonded debt ; asks congress to facilitate borrowing by eliminating $ 30, 000, 000, 000 ( march 21, 1939 ) president roosevelt told congress today that there was no immediate need for raising the $ 45, 000, 000, 000 limitation on the public debt. he asked, however, that the $ 30, 000, 000, 000 \u201c ceiling \u201d on treasury bond issues be removed. \u2022 the debt taboo is lifted ( november 9, 1940 ) the portsmouth times : treasury secretary morgenthau officially opens post - campaign business with an announcement that he is going to ask congress for a public debt limit of either 60 or 65 billion dollars. that is a matter which could not have been discussed conveniently in advance of election day, but must be discussed now. like the skeleton in the closet it can \u2019 t be kept hidden forever. the gross public debt now stands at $ 44, 140, 689, 112 about three billion more than it was a year ago. the existing legal debt limit is 45 billion dollars ; there is no more leeway for debt increase. the debt has reached its legal ceiling by rising steadily since 1931, when deficit financing began. during the roosevelt administration it has increased 100 per cent \u2013 from $ 22, 538, 672, 174 ( june 30, 1933 ) to almost twice the amount. \u2022 $ 65, 000, 000, 000 debt limit voted ; senate critics deny it is enough ; higher debt limit is voted by senate ( february 15, 1941 ) the senate approved today, with slight changes, the house bill to raise the national debt limit to $ 65, 000, 000, 000, a ceiling which, according to administration spokesmen, will suffice until june 30, 1942, at least. \u2022 boosting the debt ceiling ( may 10, 1944 ) pittsburgh post - gazette : the ease with which house republicans cut the treasury \u2019 s request for a debt ceiling of 260 billion to 240 billion suggests that 20 billion dollars more or less is not worth fighting over in time of all - out war. accepting the cut without an argument, the treasury spokesman daniel w. bell, just reminded the house ways and means committee that the debt ceiling would have to be raised still again if and when the new limit is reached. with the national debt already standing at approximately 187 billion and slated to reach the 240 billion mark next march, this business of raising the limit by successive jumps instead of taking it off altogether is little more than a psychological gesture. by holding that flexible limit over the administration \u2019 s head", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40783844564885513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.036505"}
{"text": "standing at approximately 187 billion and slated to reach the 240 billion mark next march, this business of raising the limit by successive jumps instead of taking it off altogether is little more than a psychological gesture. by holding that flexible limit over the administration \u2019 s head, perhaps some congressmen feel that they will exert pressure on some officials to hold down expenditures. but since those officials know as well as the congressmen that the debt limit is going up and up until the war is won, maybe this economy gesture is intended only for public consumption. \u2022 senators favor debt limit cut ( april 24, 1946 ) st. petersburg times : the first step to cut back the limit of what the federal government might owe, from its historic high of $ 300, 000, 000, 000 was taken yesterday by the senate finance committee. the committee voted to reduce the public debt limit to $ 275, 000, 000, 000. its unanimous action forecast congressional approval for the first reduction in the debt ceiling, pushed upward steadily during the war years. \u2022 increasing national debt limit now seems inevitable ( september 2, 1953 ) the spencer daily reporter : it will be the end of september before eisenhower administration leaders will know whether they must call a special session of congress this fall to increase the national debt limit. if sept. 15 income tax payments are high \u2013 if new loan offering are fully subscribed \u2013 if the administration \u2019 s expense can be cut further \u2013 and if no new world crisis develops requiring a large new outlay of cash \u2013 then and only then will it be possible to say that no special session of congress will be necessary. the lewiston daily sun : the house voted 226 - 56 today to continue for another year the \u201c temporary \u201d 281 billion dollar limit on the national debt. the senate is expected to act by thursday : without congressional action, the limit would fall back then to 275 billion. democrats got in some additional cracks at the administration on its handling of government finances before the extension sailed through on the 170 vote margin in the house. \u2022 the federal debt ceiling ( july 26, 1958 ) \u201c a specter that has been putting in an appearance more or less regularly every year now since 1953 is again back to haunt the administration. that is the problem of keeping the public dept within the dept ceiling \u2013 a problem that will be additionally complicated in the present fiscal year at least by the prospect of a very substantial budget deficit. the dept ceiling is a comparatively new instrument of fiscal control in this country. in 1938, with the dept then standing at what many regarded as the dangerously high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4145918866669658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.037600"}
{"text": "additionally complicated in the present fiscal year at least by the prospect of a very substantial budget deficit. the dept ceiling is a comparatively new instrument of fiscal control in this country. in 1938, with the dept then standing at what many regarded as the dangerously high level of $ 37 billion, congress acted to discourage future reckless spending by setting a limit on the debt of $ 45 billion. during the ensuing eight years, most of which were marked by war or preparation for war, congress had little choice but to revise this limited ceiling upward when such action was requested by the president. the ceiling was lifted five times in that period, until it reached $ 300 billion in 1945. a year later it was revised downward for the first time to its present level of $ 275 billion. \u201d \u2022 $ 308 billion debt ceiling is approved ( june 15, 1962 ) the pittsburgh press : the house has approved president kennedy \u2019 s request to raise the national debt ceiling to a record 308 billion dollars after rejecting a republican effort to trim the hike. the vote on final approval late yesterday was 210 to 192, an 18 - vote margin. asked whether republicans were justified in charging the pentagon had tried to \u201c black mail \u201d them into supporting the bill, president kennedy said he hoped everyone understood the possible effects of failing to raise the limit. \u2022 another june rite : raising debt limit ( june 10, 1966 ) eugene register \u2013 guard : raising the national debt limit has become a june rite in congress. this year the only doubt about it is whether the ceiling will be boosted by $ 2 billion or $ 4 billion. congress already has approved the projects and voted the appropriation that will call for today \u2019 s federal debt to rise \u2013 as it has been doing year after year. the united states treasury says it needs a $ 332 billion limit to give it elbow room to maneuver and be sure of paying its bills. the house says $ 330 billion is enough. the senate will discuss the question next week. \u2022 us seeks loans to pay its bills ( january 31, 1967 ) pittsburgh post - gazette : secretary of the treasury henry h. fowler told congress today that the government would be unable to pay all its bill if the ceiling on the national debt was not lifted within 30 days. fowler ran into republican hostility in day - long testimony before the house ways and means committee \u2014 not on the need to raise the limit but on the government \u2019 s debt and budget accounting methods as well as related matters. fowler asked that the ceiling be raised by $ 7 billion to $ 337 billion to cover the period until june 30", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44184418193964214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.038684"}
{"text": "means committee \u2014 not on the need to raise the limit but on the government \u2019 s debt and budget accounting methods as well as related matters. fowler asked that the ceiling be raised by $ 7 billion to $ 337 billion to cover the period until june 30. further legislation covering the period after june 30 will be needed later he said. \u2022 u. s. raises ceiling on national debt ( april 3, 1979 ) the montreal gazette : the u. s. house of representatives passed legislation yesterday extending the government \u2019 s borrowing authority and preventing the u. s. from defaulting on its debts for the first in its history. the vote to accept senate amendments and to send the legislation to the white house was 209 - 165. it came after the house rejected, 216 - 160, a republican - led attempt to tack on a strong amendment calling for a balanced federal budget. the house vote came after u. s. treasury secretary michael blumenthal claimed in a letter that the treasury was on the verge of a default and that retired persons would be hit first. about $ 8 billion in social security cheques already had been mailed to 35 million americans, blumenthal said, and there would be no funds to cover them if the house failed to act. in addition, he said, the treasury would not be able to pay civil service retirement benefits, veterans benefits and railroad retirement benefits due for collection today. \u2022 congress asked to hike debt ceiling ( may 26, 1970 ) palm beach post : the nixon administration asked congress yesterday for an $ 18 billion increase in the national debt ceiling primarily because the slumping economy is producing lower than expected federal income. the administration asked congress for an $ 418 billion increase in both the permanent ceiling no at $ 365 billion and in the temporary ceiling of $ 377 billion the government is operation under this fiscal year. treasury secretary david m kennedy and budget director robert p mayo told the ilouse ways and means committee the increase was needed to cover a $ 1. 8 billion deficit this fiscal year and $ 1. 3 billion deficit in fiscal 1971 \u2022 senate may meet tomorrow on debt limit, election reform ( dec 1, 1973 ) the miami news : the federal government \u2019 s debt is $ 63 billion over the legal limit and the senate is preparing for its first sunday session in 112 years \u2013 all because of a tangle created by an election reform measure. despite the government \u2019 s technical violation, officials said bonds and other government debts could be paid off over the next few days out of about $ 4. 5 billion in cash on hand.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4249736673603648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.039756"}
{"text": "\u2013 all because of a tangle created by an election reform measure. despite the government \u2019 s technical violation, officials said bonds and other government debts could be paid off over the next few days out of about $ 4. 5 billion in cash on hand. \u2022 congress adopts new debt ceiling ; ford gets bill to increase limit to $ 595 billion ( november 14, 1975 ) after a partisan dispute and a last - minute appeal by speaker carl albert, the house of representatives narrowly approved today a bill increasing the government \u2019 s debt limit. \u2022 rise in debt limit approved in house ( oct 5, 1977 ) youngstown vindicator : concerns about the government being unable to borrow more money can be set aside. the ceiling on the national debt will be raised. but a congressional stalemate over raising the debt caused some uneasy moments at the treasury department. the government also had to do some juggling of the books to hold its auction of short term treasury bills to investors on monday. the loan from the federal reserve pushed the national debt almost to its limit, teaching $ 699. 96 billions dollars. continues after jump \u2022 reagan signs increase in federal debt ceiling ( october 1, 1981 ) president reagan tonight signed legislation raising the government \u2019 s borrowing authority above $ 1 trillion for the first time. mr. reagan signed the law without comment at 8 : 15 p. m., assuring that the government would have enough money to pay its bills at the start of the 1982 fiscal year, which begins tomorrow. \u2022 senate defeats bill to increase debt ceiling ( november 1, 1983 ) the senate, in an extraordinary and unexpected move, defeated a bill late tonight to raise the nation \u2019 s debt limit, leaving the treasury without the authority to borrow. the defeat, with both republicans and democrats voting against the bill, came on a vote of 56 to 39 just after 11 : 30 p. m. although there is no immediate threat of shutting down the government, the senate defeat left unclear whether the senate would be able to approve an increase in the ceiling in time to prevent a serious disruption. twenty - five republicans joined 31 democrats in voting against the bill. twenty - eight republicans and 11 democrats voted for it. the defeat was seen by some republicans and democrats as a way to put enough pressure on the white house and the congress to get both to agree on some major measures to reduce the projected federal budget deficits through spending reductions, tax increases or both. \u2022 time bomb in the debt ceiling ( may 04, 1987 ) there is a time bomb in the national debt ceiling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4489794253045125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.040881"}
{"text": "congress to get both to agree on some major measures to reduce the projected federal budget deficits through spending reductions, tax increases or both. \u2022 time bomb in the debt ceiling ( may 04, 1987 ) there is a time bomb in the national debt ceiling, set to go off at midnight may 15. if a new and higher ceiling has not been set, or the current ceiling extended, government borrowing must stop and the united states will slide quickly into default. unthinkable, but that \u2019 s how congress wired the debt limit law last october. each year congress goes down to the deadline, then lifts the ceiling. but the game is trickier this year, and could have more serious consequences. congress threatens yet another crisis to rattle already - worried financial markets. what \u2019 s needed instead is a simple bill to raise the ceiling, with dispatch and no strings. the ceiling is a sham. it has no effect on the debt. deficits create debt ; the reagan deficits have more than doubled the national debt, to $ 2. 25 trillion, ceilings notwithstanding. each time government borrowing gets close, the ceiling is raised \u2013 but not without costly eleventh - hour shenanigans that force the treasury into devious financing. \u2022 reagan urges a rise in debt ceiling ( may 12, 1987 ) warning of dire financial consequences, the white house urged congress today to raise the national debt ceiling before the government runs out of authority to borrow money this friday. \u201d we cannot overestimate the effect of such a dereliction of duty, \u201d marlin fitzwater, the president \u2019 s spokesman, said. but a number of conservative republicans refuse to heed the administration, and white house legislative strategists say they do not have the votes to assure passage of such a measure. periodic ritual : the fight to raise the debt ceiling is a periodic ritual on capitol hill, and every battle is surrounded by predictions of fiscal ruin. accordingly, there is deep skepticism that the government will ever be allowed to run out of money and stop paying its bills. \u2022 debt limit increase is sought ( october 19, 1989 ) \u201c the treasury department has formally notified congress that it would like to have an increase in the national debt ceiling in place by oct. 24 to permit planning for treasury bond auctions and avoid a default on government obligations when the current ceiling expires on oct. 31. some house democrats fear that the administration is trying to create an artificial need for a short - term increase of the debt ceiling, to which senate supporters of a capital gains tax cut could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4530484997726768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.042039"}
{"text": "government obligations when the current ceiling expires on oct. 31. some house democrats fear that the administration is trying to create an artificial need for a short - term increase of the debt ceiling, to which senate supporters of a capital gains tax cut could attach their proposal. \u201d \u2022 u. s. sales contingent on new debt ceiling ( october 8, 1990 ) treasury financings this holiday - shortened week are confined to tomorrow \u2019 s auction of three - and six - month bills and wednesday \u2019 s auction of seven - year notes. on thursday, the resolution funding corporation, the agency established to raise money to finance the savings and loan bailout, will auction 30 - year bonds. these auctions, however, are contingent on a new debt - ceiling increase being enacted. the rate for a three - month bill on friday was 7. 04 percent and for a six - month bill it was 7. 08 percent. by late in the day the outstanding seven - year note was trading at a price to yield 8. 50 percent. \u2022 debt ceiling impasse dampens bond prices ( november 11, 1995 ) discussing the possibility of a government default, mr. gamba said, \u201c i believe that the repercussions would far exceed anyone \u2019 s estimation. \u201d but, he added : \u201c i don \u2019 t believe the government would allow that to take place. it \u2019 s really hard to say how the market would react, because it \u2019 s never happened. \u201d carroll j. delaney, director of research at stires, o \u2019 donnell & company, called the impasse between congress and the administration macho theatrics that were being played to the hilt. still, he saw a potential for both a \u201c loss of credibility and a significant decline in prices. \u201d mr. delaney said that the \u201c procrastination and posturing is negative for both the markets and national image in the long run. \u201d he added that if \u201c the treasury pulls out all stops to insure timely payment on principal and interest, \u201d there will be a short - term, temporary effect of uninvested cash looking for a home. \u201c president clinton on monday vetoed two bills intended to keep the government in business as he and republican leaders exchanged accusations of partisan irresponsibility and much of the government prepared to shut down later today. a last - ditch effort to reach agreement ended shortly before midnight without any progress between mr. clinton and republican leaders. while bob dole of kansas, the senate majority leader, called the 90 - minute session \u201c constructive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4356199092064794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.043099"}
{"text": "prepared to shut down later today. a last - ditch effort to reach agreement ended shortly before midnight without any progress between mr. clinton and republican leaders. while bob dole of kansas, the senate majority leader, called the 90 - minute session \u201c constructive, \u201d he said, \u201c we went around and around, but we don \u2019 t have an agreement. \u201d senator thomas a. daschle of south dakota, the democratic leader, was even more emphatic, saying, \u201c no progress was made. \u201d while other republicans will meet with administration officials later today, the failure to agree meant that about 800, 000 federal workers will be furloughed after reporting to work this morning. \u201d speaker newt gingrich promised today to avoid more uncertainty about the nation \u2019 s borrowing during the impasse on the federal budget, saying, \u201c we will find a way to take care of the debt ceiling. \u201d mr. gingrich, a georgia republican, made the comment at a news conference here and left immediately for the next stop on a 10 - day fund - raising tour for republicans. the nation \u2019 s debt reached the statutory limit of $ 4. 9 trillion on nov. 15, and since then treasury secretary robert e. rubin has avoided defaulting on bonds by borrowing from government pension funds, a practice that does not count against the debt ceiling. \u2022 g. o. p. strategy on debt ceiling ( march 1, 2002 ) republican leaders in the house told the bush administration that they did not have enough votes to increase the legal limit on the national debt and urged the white house to attach the measure to another piece of popular legislation, possibly a supplemental military appropriations bill. the administration has asked congress to raise the debt limit by $ 750 billion, to $ 6. 7 trillion, by the end of march, when the government is likely to breach the limit. richard w. stevenson \u2022 bush seeks increase in national debt limit ( december 25, 2002 ) the bush administration asked congress today to approve another increase in the limit on national debt, saying it will run out of the authority to borrow money by late february. the deputy treasury secretary, kenneth w. dam, in a letter to the house speaker, j. dennis hastert, cited the cost of combating terrorism and the economic slowdown for the government \u2019 s growing indebtedness. the federal government, which enjoyed a budget surplus as recently as two years ago, had a shortfall of $ 157 billion this year and is expected to have a larger one in 2003. congress raised", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.404710685425385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.044126"}
{"text": "for the government \u2019 s growing indebtedness. the federal government, which enjoyed a budget surplus as recently as two years ago, had a shortfall of $ 157 billion this year and is expected to have a larger one in 2003. congress raised the government \u2019 s debt limit in july by $ 450 billion, to a total of $ 6. 4 trillion, but administration officials predicted even then that they would need to raise the limit again by some time next year. \u2022 as u. s. debt ceiling is reached, bush administration seeks to raise it once again ( october 15, 2004 ) less than a day after president bush implied that senator john kerry lacked \u201d fiscal sanity, \u201d the bush administration said on thursday that the federal government had hit the debt ceiling set by congress and would have to borrow from the civil service retirement system until after the elections. federal operations are unlikely to be affected because congress is certain to raise the debt limit in a lame - duck session in november. congressional republicans had wanted to avoid an embarrassing vote to raise the debt ceiling just a few weeks before election day. since mr. bush took office in january 2001, the federal debt has increased about 40 percent, or $ 2. 1 trillion, to $ 7. 4 trillion. congress has raised the debt ceiling three times in three years, raising it most recently by $ 984 billion in may 2003. \u2022 senate approves budget, breaking spending limits ( march 16, 2006 ) the senate narrowly approved a $ 2. 8 trillion election - year budget thursday that broke spending limits only hours after it increased federal borrowing power to avert a government default. the budget decision at the end of a marathon day of voting followed a separate 52 - to - 48 senate vote to increase the federal debt limit by $ 781 billion, bringing the debt ceiling to nearly $ 9 trillion. the move left democrats attacking president bush and congressional republicans for piling up record debt in their years in power. \u2022 bush signs sweeping housing bill ( july 30, 2008 ) president george w. bush signed into law on wednesday a huge package of housing legislation that included broad authority for the treasury department to safeguard the nation \u2019 s two largest mortgage finance companies and a plan to help hundreds of thousands of troubled borrowers avoid losing their homes. the law authorizes the treasury to rescue the mortgage finance giants, fannie mae and freddie mac, should they verge on collapse, potentially by spending tens of billions in federal monies. together, the companies own or guarantee nearly half of the nation \u2019 s $ 12 trillion in mortgages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3883369346426626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba9beda0-6536-40c2-b1ba-81c1484425ab>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.045207"}
{"text": "how to perform a breast self - examination ( bse ) what is a breast self - examination ( bse )? breast self - examination ( bse ) is a procedure a woman can do to physically and visually examine her breasts and underarm areas for changes. it has not been shown that bses alone can accurately determine the presence of breast cancer. the u. s. preventive services task force has found evidence that suggests bses do not lower the risk for death from breast cancer. therefore, if you choose to do bse, it should not be used in place of, but in addition to, clinical breast examination ( performed by a health care provider every three years for women in their 20s and 30s, and every year for women ages 40 and older ) and mammography. when should bse be done? by doing bse regularly, you get to know how your breasts normally feel and look so that you are able to detect any changes more easily. women can begin practicing breast self - examination at about age 20 and continue the practice throughout their lives \u2014 even during pregnancy and after menopause. breast self - examination ( bse ) can be performed every month. become familiar with how your breasts usually look and feel so that you may notice any change from what is normal for you. - if you still menstruate, the best time to do bse is when your breasts are least likely to be tender or swollen, such as a few days after your period ends. - if you no longer menstruate, pick a certain day \u2014 such as the first day of each month \u2014 to remind yourself to do bse. - if you are taking hormones, talk with your physician about when to do bse. changes to look for : check with your physician if you find any change in your breast ( s ) that causes you concern. changes in your breasts may include : - development of a lump - a discharge other than breast milk - swelling of the breast - skin irritation or dimpling - nipple abnormalities ( such as pain, redness, scaliness, turning inward ) how to do bse 1. stand in front of a mirror that is large enough for you to see your breasts clearly. check each breast for anything unusual. check the skin for puckering, dimpling, or scaliness. look for a discharge from the nipples. 2. watching closely in the mirror, clasp your hands behind your head and press your hands forward. 3. next, press your hands firmly on your hips and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5069633558572647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60387dc-8264-43e7-bca7-2396d4106cd6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.051171"}
{"text": ", too. - wedges. starting at the outer edge of the breast, move your fingers toward the nipple and back to the edge. check your whole breast, covering one small wedge - shaped section at a time. be sure to check the underarm area and the upper chest. the american cancer society recommends using three different levels of pressure to examine your breasts : - light pressure \u2014 to examine the tissue closest to the skin - medium pressure \u2014 to feel a little deeper - firm pressure \u2014 to feel deeper tissue closer to the chest wall 6. some women repeat step 5 in the shower. your fingers will glide easily over soapy skin, so you can focus on feeling for changes underneath. what if you find a lump? one of the most frightening moments for a woman is if she sees or feels something different or unusual while performing breast self - examination. one of the most important reasons to do regular breast self - examination is so that you know what is normal for your breasts. if you find a lump, it is important not to panic. if you discover lumpiness in one breast or feel something \" different \" in the tissue, or you feel a definite lump, there may be valid reason for concern and it is important to contact a physician. sometimes, the lumpiness may be due to menstrual changes ; but, if you have nipple discharge or skin changes such as dimpling or puckering, your physician may want to see you right away. it is natural to be frightened when discovering a lump, but do not let the prospect of cancer keep you from taking action. remember that most breast lumps are benign ( not cancer ). click here to view the online resources of breast health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4692544827971427, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60387dc-8264-43e7-bca7-2396d4106cd6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.052999"}
{"text": "02 may 2010 posted in u please help us keep this glossary of technical terms up to date by sending us your criticism, comments or suggestions. meaning of url \u2013 \u201c uniform resource locator \u201d, is a string of characters used to represent and identify a page of information on the world wide web that is used by an web browser such as netscape or internet explorer to find http, ftp, telnet, gopher and other resources on the internet. the first part of the address lets you know what protocol to use. if you were told to visit the url \" ftp : / / ftp. download. com / readme. txt \", you would be using the file transfer protocol ( ftp ) to download the file \" readme. txt \" from a remote computer. if the url was \" http : / / 10. 0. 0. 1 / faq. html \", you would be using hypertext transfer protocol to read the document \" faq. html \" on the web. the second part of the address specifies the domain name or the ip address or the where the resource is located. in the above example, ftp was used to retrieve a document called \" readme. txt \" from a computer or server that has the domain name \" download. com \". sometimes a domain name is not registered for an ip address. in that case you would need to memorize a computer ' s ip address. in the second example, http was used to locate a document called \" faq. html \" from a computer whose internet protocol address is 10. 0. 0. 1. it is much easier to remember a domain name rather than an ip address when typing out urls. the concept of a url was introduced in late 1990. at that time, it was called a hypertext name or document name.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5576507394201742, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cdfe6a09-156d-45de-8abe-4f2a35680e79>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.055566"}
{"text": "food security is a major issue in tamil nadu with prices running at an all time high. climate change affects the region resulting in drought, poor soils, water depletion. farmers need advice, support and information on the latest technological advances to help them cultivate the best crops from the land and to raise healthy animals. we have helped to set up 87 self - help groups, providing training and support for all kinds of organic farming. food growing, animal husbandry and tree planting are the most common. loans are also available to those establishing income generation programmes. our farm science centre, krish vigyan kendra, has been at the forefront of economic development for farm workers since 1996. the centre \u2019 s purpose is to assess the different local and international technologies on offer, and promote any that have sustainable advantages. it is essential that these technologies are affordable for the farming communities. the centre is then involved in the refinement of these technologies and local demonstration in order to reach the highest number of farmers in the most effective manner, we rely on its highly effective group approach. farmers \u2019 groups are formed in villages, and the leaders are called for monthly technical discussion meetings followed by scientific diagnostic field visits and technology demonstrations. through participatory methods the problems of the farmers are identified, and solutions are discussed with the farmers, in kvk staff meetings, and with leading experts. the feasible solutions that are identified through kvk collaboration with farmers and experts are taken to the farmer \u2019 s field for farm trials, demonstrations, and skills training sessions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5129312301909305, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6283992e-cc64-43f2-a7f2-6790e04c05a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.059392"}
{"text": "article, book resources thanksgiving recommended books - grades : prek \u2013 k, 1 \u2013 2, 3 \u2013 5, 6 \u2013 8 the following titles for grades k - 8 are available in the teacher store at scholastic. com. 1621 : a new look at thanksgiving by catherine o ' neill grace and margaret m. bruchac. photographs by cotton coulson and sisse brimberg ( grades 3 - 5 ) in october of 2000, plimoth plantation cooperated with the wampanoag community to stage an historically accurate reenactment of the 1621 harvest celebration. 1621 : a new look at thanksgiving exposes the myth that this event was the \" first thanksgiving \" and is the basis for the thanksgiving holiday that is celebrated today. this exciting book describes the actual events that took place during the three days that the wampanoag people and the colonists came together. the first thanksgiving by linda hayward ( grades prek - 1 ) give young readers the familiar story behind our tradition of thanksgiving day, detailed in this easy - to - read history storybook. the pilgrims ' journey, the trials they endure while at sea, and all of their amazing adventures are conveyed with vibrant illustrations and simple words for utmost comprehension. pilgrims ' first thanksgiving by ann mcgovern ( grades prek - 1 ) full - color illustrations bring to life this historically accurate account of how the children of plymouth colony helped contribute to the first thanksgiving celebration. clifford ' s thanksgiving visit by norman bridwell ( grades prek - 2 ) what child wouldn ' t like to have a pet as special as clifford the big red dog? in this adventure, clifford experiences an unusual thanksgiving journey, ending with an appreciation of overcoming difficulties, celebrating tradition, and spending time with family. squanto ' s journey : the story of the first thanksgiving by joseph bruchac ( grades k - 3 ) travel back to 1620 as an english ship called the mayflower lands on the shores inhabited by the pokanoket people. as squanto welcomes the newcomers and teaches them how to survive in the rugged land they called plymouth, young readers are treated to a story ending with the two peoples feasting together in the spirit of peace and brotherhood. by barbara cohen ( grades k - 3 ) molly nears her first thanksgiving in america and her classmates giggle at her yiddish accent and make fun of her unfamiliar ways. now her mother embarrasses her with a doll that looks more russian than pilgrim. will molly discover something to be thankful for? gracias, el pa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4071009926908816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c066bba-b476-4b5d-8d18-357db7ce30ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.062938"}
{"text": "america and her classmates giggle at her yiddish accent and make fun of her unfamiliar ways. now her mother embarrasses her with a doll that looks more russian than pilgrim. will molly discover something to be thankful for? gracias, el pavo de thanksgiving by joy crowley ( grades prek - 2 ) in this warm holiday story, a young puerto rican boy saves the life of his pet turkey with help from his close - knit new york city family and neighborhood. beginning spanish vocabulary is woven into the text, giving young readers a unique thanksgiving story experience. if you were at the first thanksgiving by anne kamma ( grades 1 - 4 ) told from a child ' s perspective and illustrated in full color, this book brings the first thanksgiving to life. details about daily life put young readers into the middle of the action. if you sailed on the mayflower in 1620 by ann mcgovern ( grades 1 - 4 ) answer children ' s questions about the pilgrims with an enlightening thanksgiving story. with the beautiful illustrations, young readers can imagine being right on the ship, waiting to arrive in a new land. as a part of the if you series, this book helps bring history to life and nurture imagination. the journal of jasper jonathan pierce : a pilgrim boy, plymouth, 1620 by ann rinaldi ( grades 4 - 8 ) by promising seven years of labor to a fellow traveler, jasper earns passage aboard the mayflower and closes the door on his troubled past. his account of the arduous ocean crossing and first year in the new world shows young readers his physical and spiritual growth as he learns the strengths and weaknesses in himself, his puritan people, and his native american neighbors. see all our thanksgiving resources in the teacher store.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40808656730211307, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c066bba-b476-4b5d-8d18-357db7ce30ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.063725"}
{"text": "let ' s learn about weather! - grades : 1 \u2013 2 - unit plan : - observe weather. - listen to weather stories. - recognize different kinds of weather. - write about weather. - large paper cloud for brainstorming words - observation notebook for each students - cloudy with a chance of meatballs by judi barrett, available in the teacher store - what will the weather be like today? by paul rogers, available in the teacher store - weather words and what they mean by gail gibbons, available in the teacher store - who cares about the weather? by melvin berger, natalie lunis set up and prepare - cut out and post a large paper cloud. - make observation notebooks for each student. i use several sheets of paper that have a few lines for writing on the bottom and space for drawing a picture on the top. add a cover sheet with a cloud. the students can write \" weather \" in the cloud. step 1 : read cloudy with a chance of meatballs by judi barrett. step 2 : brainstorm words students may want to use when writing about weather. these can be written on the large paper cloud. step 3 : have the students write a new page in the style of cloudy with a chance of meatballs. bind the pages into a book. step 1 : read what will the weather be like today? by paul rogers and weather words and what they mean by gail gibbons. step 2 : discuss types of weather. add weather words to the word cloud. step 3 : have the students draw the weather they see outside the classroom in their observation notebook and write words or sentences that describe it. step 1 : read who cares about the weather? by melvin berger and natalie lunis. step 2 : have the students write and illustrate a page for the class ' own book, who cares about the weather? bind the pages into a book. learn more about plants and play plant games with these fun web sites. - dan ' s wild weather page http : / / www. wildwildweather. com / tell someone at home three facts about weather. tomorrow, be ready to share what you said with your table partner. ( the next day, the teacher will walk around the classroom listening to what students are sharing and make comments. then the students will be asked to share with a different partner and listen to what that person said to someone at home. ) - was there enough time? - were the students successful or frustrated observing the weather? - were the students able to combine weather elements such as cold \" and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5090918783266047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ba1b2f3-4bd5-477a-acb8-257ae0135f0c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.067582"}
{"text": "rings around the sun | tweet | rings around the sun whenever both sun and clouds are in the sky, be sure to look up - - you may behold rings, arcs, and other marvels! oct. 24, 2002 : it was just after lunch on sept. 25th when i stepped out onto the rear deck of my home in ohio. what a gorgeous autumn afternoon. the pale blue sky was streaked with wispy white cirrus clouds. the sun was high and bright. i glanced up.... the sun was surrounded by an extraordinarily bright, rainbow - colored halo. flanking it both left and right were two brilliant, comet - shaped rainbow - colored sun dogs or mock suns ( technically known as parhelia from greek words meaning \" beside the sun \" ). wow! above : this scene, recorded in finland by pekka parviainen using a wide - angle lens, is similar to the one author trudy e. bell saw in ohio last month. a football - shaped \" circumscribed halo \" surrounds the sun. a fainter \" parhelic circle \" rings the horizon. \" i had never seen anything so huge and so perfectly circular, \" says bell. i dashed to the front yard, which has a better view of the sky, and began turning to see how far the \" comet tails \" of the sun dogs reached. i turned 360o, accidentally unbalancing myself and falling onto the grass. \" that ' s the complete parhelic circle! \" i exclaimed aloud to the empty street. all that morning i had been stepping outside hourly to look up, because i knew that thin cirrus clouds plus bright sunlight almost guaranteed seeing something wonderful. cirrus clouds are made of millions of hexagonal ice crystals 3 to 6 miles up in the troposphere where jet airplanes fly - - each crystal acting as a tiny prism refracting ( bending ) the sun ' s light and throwing it elsewhere into the sky. because the upper troposphere is almost always below freezing, ice - crystal displays can be seen year - round ( i ' ve seen weak sundogs even in july ). but truly good displays in the united states are most common in the fall, winter, and spring when the northern jet stream descends southward, drawing down arctic air masses with their treasure - trove of jewel - like ice prisms. left : wispy high - altitude clouds like these harbor ice crystals that cause sun halos. credit :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5237732380164548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57ded341-6d8d-427a-a2ee-cb5c8f7e4b97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.073732"}
{"text": "spring when the northern jet stream descends southward, drawing down arctic air masses with their treasure - trove of jewel - like ice prisms. left : wispy high - altitude clouds like these harbor ice crystals that cause sun halos. credit : pekka parviainen just then, my neighbor cindy backed her van out of her drive. i called to her and pointed upward. she stepped out of her idling van and looked up. her eyes widened and her jaw dropped. \" was this predicted? \" she asked eagerly. \" did people know this was going to happen? how do you find out when to look? \" no, i explained, atmospheric displays cannot be predicted the way astronomers can pinpoint the dates and times of meteor showers and eclipses. sighting such a light show is more akin to spotting an unusual migratory south american bird in ohio : knowing generally the right weather conditions and time of year, you simply must trust to luck. not only that, but every ice - crystal display is as different as every pattern seen through a kaleidoscope - - and for similar reasons. displays in the daylit sky depend on the tilt of the ice crystals in the air and the altitude of the sun. they depend on whether the ice crystals are flat plates or long pencils. they depend on the crystals ' size ( at least 0. 1 millimeter across ) and optical quality. crystals too tiny or imperfect can ' t act as prisms. but if the crystals are of exceptional gem - like quality, the entire dome of the daytime sky may be festooned with exotic halos, loops, arcs, and crosses - - or the full parhelic circle now glowing overhead in silent glory! \" and to think, \" cindy remarked, climbing back into her van, \" i wouldn ' t have noticed any of this if you hadn ' t gotten me just to look up! \" after she drove off, i pondered her questions and comment. although i ' ve been an avid amateur astronomer and lover of the nighttime sky since 1965, only in the last five years have i also become a devotee of the daytime sky. during that time, my experience has revealed that even supposedly rare atmospheric - optics displays are more common than meteorology books imply - - plainly visible to anyone who simply thinks to tilt back the head. now that i ' ve cultivated the simple habit of looking up a dozen times a day, i ' ve found scarcely a week passes without some reward - - be it solar halos, sun dogs, crep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5433673826052328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57ded341-6d8d-427a-a2ee-cb5c8f7e4b97>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.075914"}
{"text": "simply thinks to tilt back the head. now that i ' ve cultivated the simple habit of looking up a dozen times a day, i ' ve found scarcely a week passes without some reward - - be it solar halos, sun dogs, crepuscular rays ( shafts of sunbeams and shadows from behind puffy cumulus clouds ), circumzenithal arcs ( a rainbow - colored \" ice bow \" arc half - encircling the zenith ), sun pillars, ora now, the complete parhelic circle. yes, the daytime sky abounds with unexpected gifts, which can be yours for taking a moment - - just to look up! editor ' s note : ice crystals in earth ' s atmosphere cause not only rings around the sun, but also rings around the moon, moondogs and even venus pillars. if you spot a sun pillar or halo not long before sunset, be alert for rings and pillars around objects in the night sky a few hours later. more information sun halos, pillars and sundogs can happen during any season. \" the icy crystals that cause them form in high altitude clouds 5 km or so above earth ' s surface where it is always freezing, \" says bruce wielicki, an atmospheric scientist at nasa ' s langley research center. right : cirrus clouds and hexagonal ice crystals. [ more ] polar halos : complex ice - crystal displays are especially common in the arctic and antarctic, even being produced by the full moon during the months - long winter night! here ' s a description of one seen by robert peary on his last voyage toward the north pole : \" on the evening of november 11, there was a brilliant paraselene, two distinct halos and eight false moons being visible in the southern sky. this phenomenon is not unusual in the arctic, and is caused by the frost crystals in the air. on this particular occasion the inner halo had a false moon at its zenith, another at its nadir, and one each at the right and left. outside was another halo, with four other moons. \" - robert e. peary, the north pole : its discovery in 1909 under the auspices of the peary arctic club, 1910 ; dover publications, 1986, pp. 175 - 176. more references : trudy e. bell \" skyscapes, \" league of american bicyclists magazine, 37 ( 3 ) : 12 - 15 ( summer ) - - photos of different common ice - crystal, water - drop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5441808267270697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57ded341-6d8d-427a-a2ee-cb5c8f7e4b97>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.076948"}
{"text": "a chemistry teacher could... | inspire students to explore chemistry by challenging them to create an effective, eco - friendly cleaning solution. | | teach students the scientific method, including how to make observations, collect and record data, and draw conclusions. | | use fun kitchen projects, like making ice cream, to demonstrate what a chemical reaction is. | | lead a field trip to a local pharmaceutical company to help students understand how chemistry impacts their lives. | key facts & information | overview | | when you hear the word chemicals, you might think of laboratories and scientists in white coats ; but actually, chemicals are all around you, as well as inside of you. everything in the world is made up of chemicals, also known as matter, or stuff that takes up space. chemistry is the study of matter \u2014 what it is made of, how it behaves, its structure and properties, and how it changes during chemical reactions. chemistry teachers are the people who help students understand this physical world, from the reactions within our own bodies to how soaps and detergents work and why egg proteins can keep a cookie from crumbling. they prepare the next generation of scientists and engineers, including all healthcare professionals. they also help also students develop scientific literacy. | | key requirements | | enthusiasm for science and chemistry, patience, a positive attitude, observant, with a desire to work with young students and outstanding communication skills | | minimum degree | | bachelor ' s degree | | subjects to study in high school | | biology, chemistry, physics, geometry, algebra, pre - calculus, english ; if available, foreign language | | projected job growth ( 2010 - 2020 ) | | more slowly than average ( 3 % to 6 % ) in demand! | training, other qualifications the traditional route to becoming a public school teacher involves completing a bachelor ' s degree from a teacher education program and then obtaining a license. however, most states now offer alternative routes to licensure for those who have a college degree in other fields. private school teachers do not have to be licensed, but might still need a bachelor ' s degree. education and training typically, a bachelor ' s degree in chemistry, and certification to teach in high school, sometimes referred to as a single - subject certification, is necessary for teaching chemistry. these two requisites, as well as a semester of student - teaching, are usually completed simultaneously. licensing is required by all states to teach in the public school system ; however, it is not needed for private schools. because requirements vary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202788832896668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71d08b86-55da-489f-bd31-2181011a0260>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.086204"}
{"text": "chemistry. these two requisites, as well as a semester of student - teaching, are usually completed simultaneously. licensing is required by all states to teach in the public school system ; however, it is not needed for private schools. because requirements vary, contact the board of education within the state in which you want to teach. in addition to being knowledgeable about chemistry and science, teachers must have the ability to communicate, inspire trust and confidence, and motivate students, as well as to understand the students ' educational and emotional needs. additional skills necessary for success as a chemistry teacher are creative thinking, problem solving, and strong time - management skills. high school chemistry teachers must have excellent classroom management skills and be able to facilitate learning amongst a wide range of learners. the ability to multi - task is essential. teachers must be able to recognize and respond to individual and cultural differences in students, and employ different teaching methods that will result in higher student achievement. they should be organized, dependable, patient, and creative. teachers also must be able to work cooperatively and communicate effectively with other teachers, support staff, parents, and members of the community. private schools associated with religious institutions desire candidates who share the values that are important to the institution. nature of the work watch this video of chemistry teacher dr. lew davis who believes that a little bit of theatrics combined with chemistry demonstrations helps students start asking questions and get excited about chemistry. see how he becomes his alter ego dr. death and engages students with his chemistry show. a chemistry teacher presents concepts that are related to chemistry to high school students in public or private schools. the majority of a chemistry teacher ' s time is spent with students in the classroom, with a smaller percentage spent in planning periods and meetings with other staff and parents. the duties of a chemistry teacher include creating lesson plans ; preparing and delivering lectures ; creating and supervising laboratory activities for students ; evaluating student performance ; maintaining classroom records ; meeting with parents, teachers, and other professionals ; and participating in campus events. they may use a variety of teaching techniques, including the use of textbooks, white boards, technology integration, and hands - on materials. depending upon the expectations of the employing school, additional research, supervisory, or organizational duties might also be required of a chemistry teacher. chemistry teachers are generally expected to participate in ongoing professional development and to stay informed about developments in their field. seeing students develop new skills and gain an appreciation for knowledge and learning can be very rewarding. however, teaching can be frustrating when one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44628200294601367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71d08b86-55da-489f-bd31-2181011a0260>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.087404"}
{"text": "teacher. chemistry teachers are generally expected to participate in ongoing professional development and to stay informed about developments in their field. seeing students develop new skills and gain an appreciation for knowledge and learning can be very rewarding. however, teaching can be frustrating when one is dealing with unmotivated or disrespectful students. occasionally, teachers must cope with unruly behavior and violence in the schools. teachers might experience stress when dealing with large classes, heavy workloads, or old schools that are run down and lack modern amenities. accountability standards also might increase stress levels, with teachers expected to produce students who are able to exhibit a satisfactory performance on standardized tests in core subjects. many teachers, particularly in public schools, also are frustrated by the lack of control they have over what they are required to teach. teachers in private schools generally enjoy smaller class sizes and more control over establishing the curriculum, and setting standards for performance and discipline. their students also tend to be more motivated, since private schools can be selective in their admissions processes. teachers are sometimes isolated from their colleagues because they work alone in a classroom of students. however, some schools allow teachers to work in teams and with mentors, to enhance their professional development. many teachers work more than 40 hours a week, including school duties performed outside the classroom. most teachers work the traditional 10 - month school year, with a 2 - month vacation during the summer. during the vacation break, those on the 10 - month schedule might teach in summer sessions, take other jobs, travel, or pursue personal interests. many enroll in college courses or workshops to continue their education. teachers in districts with a year - round schedule typically work 8 weeks, are on vacation for 1 week, and have a 5 - week midwinter break. most states have tenure laws that prevent public school teachers from being fired without just cause and due process. teachers may obtain tenure after they have satisfactorily completed a probationary period of teaching, normally three years. tenure does not absolutely guarantee a job, but it does provide some security. on the job - establish and enforce rules for behavior and procedures for maintaining order among students. - instruct through lectures, discussions, and demonstrations in one or more subjects, such as english, mathematics, or social studies. - establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects and communicate those objectives to students. - prepare, administer, and grade tests and assignments to evaluate students ' progress. - prepare materials and classrooms for class activities. - adapt teaching methods and instructional materials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48272668040312616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71d08b86-55da-489f-bd31-2181011a0260>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.088477"}
{"text": "establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects and communicate those objectives to students. - prepare, administer, and grade tests and assignments to evaluate students ' progress. - prepare materials and classrooms for class activities. - adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students ' varying needs and interests. - maintain accurate and complete student records as required by laws, district policies, and administrative regulations. - assign and grade class work and homework. - observe and evaluate students ' performance, behavior, social development, and physical health. - enforce all administration policies and rules governing students. - plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration, and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question, and investigate. - prepare students for later grades by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks. - guide and counsel students with adjustment or academic problems, or special academic interests. - instruct and monitor students in the use of equipment and materials to prevent injuries and damage. - prepare for assigned classes and show written evidence of preparation upon request of immediate supervisors. - use computers, audio - visual aids, and other equipment and materials to supplement presentations. - meet with parents and guardians to discuss their children ' s progress and to determine priorities for their children and their resource needs. - confer with parents or guardians, other teachers, counselors, and administrators to resolve students ' behavioral and academic problems. - prepare objectives and outlines for courses of study, following curriculum guidelines or requirements of states and schools. - meet with other professionals to discuss individual students ' needs and progress. - prepare and implement remedial programs for students requiring extra help. - attend professional meetings, educational conferences, and teacher training workshops to maintain and improve professional competence. - confer with other staff members to plan and schedule lessons promoting learning, following approved curricula. - collaborate with other teachers and administrators in the development, evaluation, and revision of secondary school programs. - prepare reports on students and activities as required by administration. - select, store, order, issue, and inventory classroom equipment, materials, and supplies. - plan and supervise class projects, field trips, visits by guest speakers, or other experiential activities, and guide students in learning from those activities. - administer standardized ability and achievement tests and interpret results to determine students ' strengths and areas of need. - sponsor extracurricular activities such as clubs, student organizations, and academic contests. - attend staff meetings and serve on committees, as required. - perform administrative duties such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4084049653843849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71d08b86-55da-489f-bd31-2181011a0260>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.089514"}
{"text": "achievement tests and interpret results to determine students ' strengths and areas of need. - sponsor extracurricular activities such as clubs, student organizations, and academic contests. - attend staff meetings and serve on committees, as required. - perform administrative duties such as assisting in school libraries, hall and cafeteria monitoring, and bus loading and unloading. - provide disabled students with assistive devices, supportive technology, and assistance accessing facilities such as restrooms. companies that hire chemistry teachers explore what you might do on the job with one of these projects... - a soluble separation solution - balloon morphing : how gases contract and expand - boyle ' s law : pressure vs. volume of a gas at constant temperature - bring on the heat! investigating exothermic reaction rates - can adults pass a middle school science test? - charles ' s law : volume vs. temperature of a gas at constant pressure - cold pack chemistry : where does the heat go? - colorful chemistry creations : make your own sun print with color and sunlight! - crazy crystal creations : how to grow the best and the largest crystals - create your own chemistry color - analysis tools - got iron? use a color - based test to measure the concentration of iron in water - how do you get heat from a supercooled solution? explore the chemistry within hand warmers - investigate the kinetics of the amazing iodine clock reaction - keep your candy cool with the power of evaporation! - minds of their own : a chemical reaction that changes, then changes back! - more solubility ideas - presto! from black to clear with the magic of photochemistry - rainbow fire - saturated solutions : measuring solubility - scintillating scents : the science of making perfume do you have a specific question about a career in chemistry that isn ' t answered on this page? post your question on science buddies ask an expert forum. - american federation of teachers : www. aft. org - national board for professional teaching standards : www. nbpts. org - national center for alternative certification : www. teach - now. org - national council for accreditation of teacher education : www. ncate. org - national science teachers association : www. nsta. org - teacher education accreditation council : www. teac. org - o * net online. ( 2009 ). national center for o * net development. retrieved may 1, 2009, from http : / / online. onetcenter. org / - new york state united teachers. ( 2009, february", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5642396855681763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71d08b86-55da-489f-bd31-2181011a0260>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.090435"}
{"text": ". org - o * net online. ( 2009 ). national center for o * net development. retrieved may 1, 2009, from http : / / online. onetcenter. org / - new york state united teachers. ( 2009, february 13 ). an award - winning high school science teacher shares his classroom insights. retrieved may 24, 2010, from http : / / www. nysut. org / newyorkteacher _ 12139. htm - sloan career cornerstone center. ( n. d. ) myra thayer retrieved september 24, 2010 from http : / / www. careercornerstone. org / chemistry / profiles / thayer. htm - watson, a. p. ( 2010 ). job description for a high school chemistry teacher. retrieved may 25, 2010, from http : / / www. ehow. com / facts _ 4827996 _ description - high - school - chemistry - teacher. html - education - portal. com. ( 2010 ). chemistry teacher : job info and requirements for becoming a high school chemistry teacher. retrieved may 25, 2010, from http : / / education - portal. com / articles / chemistry _ teacher _ job _ info _ and _ requirements _ for _ becoming _ a _ high _ school _ chemistry _ teacher. html - ward, marshall. ( 2007, march 7 ). nantucket high school chemistry retrieved september 24, 2010, from hhttp : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = nltbmrgu8z4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4993192685491836, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71d08b86-55da-489f-bd31-2181011a0260>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.090952"}
{"text": "a leaf is a plant ' s principal organ of photosynthesis, the process by which sunlight is used to form foods from carbon dioxide and water. leaves also help in the process of transpiration, or the loss of water vapor from a plant. a typical leaf is an outgrowth of a stem and has two main parts : the blade ( flattened portion ) and the petiole ( pronounced pet - ee - ole ; the stalk connecting the blade to the stem ). some leaves also have stipules, small paired outgrowths at the base of the petiole. scientists are not quite sure of the function of stipules. leaf size and shape differ widely among different species of plants. duckweeds are tiny aquatic plants with leaves that are less than 0. 04 inch ( 1 millimeter ) in diameter, the smallest of any plant species. certain species of palm trees have the largest known leaves, more than 230 feet ( 70 meters ) in length. words to know abscission layer : barrier of special cells created at the base of petioles in autumn. blade : flattened part of a leaf. chloroplasts : small structures that contain chlorophyll and in which the process of photosynthesis takes place. margin : outer edge of a blade. midrib : single main vein running down the center of a blade. petiole : stalk connecting the blade of a leaf to the stem. phloem : plant tissue consisting of elongated cells that transport carbohydrates and other nutrients. photosynthesis : process by which a plant uses sunlight to form foods from carbon dioxide and water. stomata : pores in the epidermis of leaves. transpiration : evaporation of water in the form of water vapor from the stomata. xylem : plant tissue consisting of elongated cells that transport water and mineral nutrients. a leaf can be classified as simple or compound according to its arrangement. a simple leaf has a single blade. a compound leaf consists of two or more separate blades, each of which is termed a leaflet. each leaflet can be borne at one point or at intervals on each side of a stalk. compound leaves with leaflets originating from the same point on the petiole ( like fingers of an outstretched hand ) are called palmately compound. compound leaves with leaflets originating from different points along a central stalk are called pinnately compound. all leaves, no matter their shape, are attached to the stem in one of three ways :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5673930040198161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:544743de-e584-4ec5-ad1a-bf2f9b92b7ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.097087"}
{"text": "of an outstretched hand ) are called palmately compound. compound leaves with leaflets originating from different points along a central stalk are called pinnately compound. all leaves, no matter their shape, are attached to the stem in one of three ways : opposite, alternate, or whorled. opposite leaves are those growing in pairs opposite or across from each other on the stem. alternate leaves are attached on alternate sides of the stem. whorled leaves are three or more leaves growing around the stem at the same spot. most plant species have alternate leaves. the outer edge of a blade is called the margin. an entire margin is one that is smooth and has no indentations. a toothed margin has small or wavy indentations. a lobed margin has large indentations ( called sinuses ) and large projections ( called lobes ). venation is the pattern of veins in the blade of a leaf. a single main vein running down the center of a blade is called a midrib. several main veins are referred to as principle veins. a network of smaller veins branch off from a midrib or a principle vein. all veins transport nutrients and water in and out of the leaves. the two primary tissues in leaf veins are xylem ( pronounced zy - lem ) and phloem ( pronounced flow - em ). xylem cells mainly transport water and mineral nutrients from the roots to the leaves. phloem cells mainly transport carbohydrates ( made by photosynthesis ) from the leaves to the rest of the plant. typically, xylem cells are on the upper side of the leaf vein and phloem cells are on the lower side. internal anatomy of leaves although the leaves of different plants vary in their overall shape, most leaves are rather similar in their internal anatomy. leaves generally consist of epidermal tissue on the upper and lower surfaces and mesophyll tissue throughout the body. epidermal cells have two features that prevent the plant from losing water : they are packed densely together and they are covered by a cuticle ( a waxy layer secreted by the cells ). the epidermis usually consists of a single layer of cells, although the specialized leaves of some desert plants have epidermal layers that are several cells thick. the epidermis contains small pores called stomata, which are mostly found on the lower leaf surface. each individual stoma ( pore ) is surrounded by a pair of specialized guard cells. in most species, the guard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5233729647836042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:544743de-e584-4ec5-ad1a-bf2f9b92b7ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.098910"}
{"text": "cells thick. the epidermis contains small pores called stomata, which are mostly found on the lower leaf surface. each individual stoma ( pore ) is surrounded by a pair of specialized guard cells. in most species, the guard cells close their stomata during the night ( and during times of drought ) to prevent water loss. during the day, the guard cells open their stomata so they can take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and give off oxygen as a waste product. the mesophyll layer is divided into two parts : palisade cells and spongy cells. palisade cells are densely packed, elongated cells lying directly beneath the upper epidermis. these cells house chloroplasts, small structures that contain chlorophyll and in which the process of photosynthesis takes place. spongy cells are large, often odd - shaped cells lying underneath palisade cells. they are loosely packed to allow gases ( carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor ) to move freely between them. leaves in autumn leaves are green in summer because they contain the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs all the wavelengths of sunlight except for green ( sunlight or white light comprises all the colors of the visible spectrum : red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet ). in addition to chlorophyll, leaves contain carotenoid ( pronounced kuh - rot - in - oid ) pigments, which appear orange - yellow. in autumn, plants create a barrier of special cells, called the abscission ( pronounced ab - si - zhen ) layer, at the base of the petiole. moisture and nutrients from the plant are cut off and the leaf begins to die. chlorophyll is very unstable and begins to break down quickly. the carotenoid pigments, which are more stable, remain in the leaf after the chlorophyll has faded, giving the plant a vibrant yellow or gold appearance. the red autumn color of certain plants comes from a purple - red pigment known as anthocyanin ( pronounced an - tho - sigh - a - nin ). unlike carotenoids, anthocyanins are not present in a leaf during the summer. they are produced only after a leaf starts to die. during the autumn cycle of warm days and cool nights, sugars remaining in the leaf undergo a chemical reaction, producing anthocyanins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5154272862400181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:544743de-e584-4ec5-ad1a-bf2f9b92b7ea>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.100017"}
{"text": "oct. 28, 2006 an earthquake swarm - - a steady drumbeat of moderate, related seismic events - - over hours or days, often can be observed near a volcano such as mount st. helens in washington state or in a geothermal region such as yellowstone national park in wyoming. new research led by a university of washington seismologist shows, however, that such swarms can occur anywhere that is seismically active, not just near volcanoes or geothermal regions. \" in our research we saw swarms everywhere and we could see the broad characteristics of how they behaved, \" said john vidale, a uw professor of earth and space sciences and director of the pacific northwest seismograph network. vidale and two colleagues, katie boyle of lawrence livermore national laboratory and peter shearer of the university of california, san diego, examined data from 83 japanese earthquake swarms over about 2\u00bd years. their findings confirmed work they published earlier this year that looked at data from 72 events in southern california during a 19 - year span. both studies examined data collected from swarms in which at least 40 earthquakes were recorded in a few - mile radius over two weeks. the swarms did not follow the well - recognized pattern of an earthquake burst that begins with a main shock and is followed by numerous smaller aftershocks. \" we saw a mix of the two kinds of events, swarms or earthquakes and aftershocks, wherever we looked, \" vidale said. \" it confirms what people have suspected. there are earthquake swarms and they are responses to factors we can ' t see and don ' t have a direct way to measure. \" the japanese research is being published tomorrow in the online edition of geophysical research letters. the scientists suspect that \" swarminess \" in volcanic and geothermal zones might be driven by hot water or magma pushing fault seams apart or acting to reduce friction and enhancing the seismic activity in those areas. away from volcanic and thermal regions, it is unclear what triggers swarms that don ' t include main shocks and aftershocks, vidale said. it is possible that swarms are driven by tectonic movements so gradual that they take many minutes to weeks to unfold but still are much more rapid than normal plate tectonic motions. the researchers also found that, contrary to expectations, swarms occurring within 30 miles of japan ' s volcanoes lasted perhaps twice as long as swarms in other types of geological formations. it was expected that earthquake episodes would have been briefer in hotter rock formations. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5162748682061664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37acff95-6f51-4f9f-ae97-37dd0ee21237>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.102771"}
{"text": "oct. 20, 2008 a single vaccine could be used to protect chickens, cats and humans against deadly flu pandemics, according to an article published in the november issue of the journal of general virology. the vaccine protects birds and mammals against different flu strains and can even be given to birds while they are still in their eggs, allowing the mass vaccination of wild birds. the emergence of bird flu has posed a major challenge to scientists designing vaccines as it can infect a number of different animals, including birds, pets and people. now, researchers in the usa have discovered that a vaccine based on a bird flu virus could be used to protect several species against different influenza viruses. \" the world is experiencing a pandemic of influenza in birds caused by an h5n1 virus. although it has been restricted to eurasia and some countries in africa, there is a risk that this virus may spread worldwide, \" said professor daniel perez from the university of maryland, usa. \" the h5n1 virus also has an unusual expanded host range : not only birds and humans have been infected but also cats, which are usually resistant to influenza. to prepare for a pandemic, it would be ideal to have a vaccine that could be used in multiple animal species. \" the researchers found that the central genes or ' backbone ' of the h9n2 virus that infects guinea fowl can protect birds and mice against highly pathogenic strains of influenza. they modified the virus to make it less pathogenic and then used it to vaccinate mice. three weeks after being vaccinated, the mice were infected with the potentially lethal h1n1 virus - the same virus that caused the 1918 spanish flu pandemic. all the vaccinated mice survived with no signs of disease. vaccinated mice also survived infection with the deadly h5n1 bird flu virus, again showing no signs of disease. \" our results show that the h9n2 backbone vaccine can be used to protect mice against two different, highly pathogenic strains of influenza. we chose genes from h9n2 influenza for the vaccine because the virus can infect many different animals, including chickens, mice and pigs, \" said professor perez. \" a very important limitation in the current design of flu vaccines is that they are usually species specific. our approach involves a universal backbone that can be used in several different species, including humans. \" more importantly, this live attenuated virus provided effective protection when it was administered to birds before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49304577983541165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84b17868-f1d9-46ca-a86a-6939ed78bc7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.106134"}
{"text": "design of flu vaccines is that they are usually species specific. our approach involves a universal backbone that can be used in several different species, including humans. \" more importantly, this live attenuated virus provided effective protection when it was administered to birds before they had hatched. by vaccinating eggs against influenza, we could protect wild bird species as well as domestic chickens against pandemic flu strains, limiting the spread of disease to humans. \" if an emerging strain of bird flu spreads among a broad range of animal species, we should expect major health, economic and ecological consequences, \" said professor perez. \" it is unrealistic to consider preparing different vaccines specifically tailored to different animal species in this situation. an influenza vaccine that could protect different species would save valuable time during a pandemic. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - hickman et al. an avian live attenuated master backbone for potential use in epidemic and pandemic influenza vaccines. journal of general virology, 2008 ; 89 ( 11 ) : 2682 doi : 10. 1099 / vir. 0. 2008 / 004143 - 0 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5005831178413458, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84b17868-f1d9-46ca-a86a-6939ed78bc7f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.106668"}
{"text": "may 19, 2009 graphene is an atomically thin sheet of carbon that has attracted significant attention due to its potential use in high - performance electronics, sensors and alternative energy devices such as solar cells. while the physics of graphene has been thoroughly explored, chemical functionalization of graphene has proven to be elusive. now researchers at northwestern university have identified conditions for chemically functionalizing graphene with the organic semiconductor perylene - 3, 4, 9, 10 - tetracarboxylic - dianhydride ( ptcda ). ptcda self - assembles into a molecularly pristine monolayer that is nearly defect - free as verified by ultra - high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy. in addition, the ptcda monolayers are stable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, which suggest their use as a seeding layer for subsequent materials deposition. through chemical functionalization and materials integration, the outstanding electrical properties of graphene likely can be exploited in a diverse range of technologies including high - speed electronics, chemical and biological sensors and photovoltaics. these results will be published online may 17 by nature chemistry and will be featured on the cover of the june 2009 issue of the journal. \" graphene has captured the imagination of researchers worldwide due to its superlative and exotic electronic properties, \" said mark hersam, who led the research team. he is professor of materials science and engineering in northwestern ' s mccormick school of engineering and applied science and professor of chemistry in the weinberg college of arts and sciences. \" however, harnessing these properties requires the development of chemical functionalization strategies that will allow graphene to be seamlessly integrated with other materials that are commonly found in real - world technology, \" said hersam. \" the stability and uniformity of the chemistry demonstrated here suggest that it can be used as a platform for many device applications. \" in addition to hersam, the other author of the nature chemistry paper is qing hua wang, a graduate student in materials science and engineering at northwestern. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5752562347070237, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec8af92c-7730-40e3-b4ea-96a90071b777>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.109025"}
{"text": "oct. 18, 2010 a protein called pu. 1 is essential for the development of dendritic cells, the sentinels of the immune system, walter and eliza hall institute researchers in melbourne, australia, have shown. dendritic cells ( dc ) are immune cells that present proteins from foreign invaders, such as viruses, to the killer t cells of the immune system, allowing a full immune response to be mounted against the invaders. researchers from the immunology division have been studying dendritic cells and how different molecules regulate their development. dr li wu said one of the molecules that is known to be important to this development is a protein called flt3 which is a cytokine receptor found on the surface of blood stem cells and the parent cells that give rise to dc. \" despite its importance in early blood cell development and dendritic cell development, there is surprisingly little known about how flt3 expression is controlled, \" dr wu said. the team of dr sebastian carotta, dr aleksandar dakic, ms angela d ' amico, mr milon pang and dr kylie greig, led by dr stephen nutt and dr li wu, has shown the transcription factor pu. 1 can directly bind to the flt3 gene to regulate its expression. \" pu. 1 can therefore control dc development through regulating flt3, \" dr wu said. dr carotta said pu. 1 was already known to be important to the development of blood cells and immune cells. \" if pu. 1 is poorly regulated there is a deficiency in the development of blood cells and leukaemia can result, \" he said. \" to study the role of pu. 1 and look at how it ' s regulated we developed an animal model and a new in vitro system for tracing dc development from their precursors. these systems make it possible to switch off pu. 1 in the precursor cells to dc. from that we determined that loss of pu. 1 completely abolished dc development, \" dr carotta said. dr wu said this study revealed pu. 1 to be a master regulator of dc development. \" although a growing number of transcription factors have been implicated in the development of specific dendritic cell populations, this is the first time a single transcription factor has been shown to be required for all dc lineages, \" she said. the study has been published in the journal immunity. dr wu said the findings had potential to improve dc - based therapies, such as those given to cancer patients who have suppressed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5243002234570138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe47352e-d4af-404c-944e-8997985d5aaa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.111845"}
{"text": "senior moments, those pesky instances of not so total recall \u2014 forgetting where we left our keys or what we did last weekend \u2014 are a subtle but significant part of the aging process. another effect of growing old : rising blood sugar levels, which typically take off in our late 30s or early 40s as our bodies become less adept at metabolizing glucose in the bloodstream. now a study has linked these rising levels with momentary forgetfulness, pinpointing exactly where in the brain the aging process acts \u2014 a finding that could help the elderly ward off memory lapses. the nature of senior moments led scientists to believe they stem from disruptions in the hippocampus \u2014 an area that, among other roles, acts as the brain \u2019 s \u201c save \u201d button, allowing us to retain new information. using functional mri, researchers looked at the effects of increased blood glucose in the hippocampus of 181 subjects aged 65 or older with no history of dementia. they found that elevated levels impaired function of a section of the hippocampus called the dentate gyrus, which is a \u201c hotspot \u201d of age - related impairment, according to study author scott small, a neurologist at columbia university. blood glucose is not alone in selectively affecting dentate gyrus performance. a 2007 study co - authored by small shows that exercise improves its function in both mice and humans. the newer research, he points out, suggests that these positive effects may actually result from the influence of regular exercise on the body \u2019 s ability to break down glucose. psychiatrist mony de leon of new york university explains that the new study \u201c may be showing a very fundamental aging process that might have some reversibility built into it. \u201d if you correct the glucose intolerance, he says, you may be able to forget about forgetfulness. note : this article was originally printed with the title, \" an end to senior moments \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5312783753041521, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48bb6bd9-a83d-42c7-bdc8-dcee00e65bd6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.113991"}
{"text": "red wine could potentially lower risk of breast cancer, according to researchers at cedars sinai. los angeles researchers have found that drinking a moderate amount of red wine may reduce breast cancer, a leading cause of death for women. the study by researchers at cedars - sinai medical center found that chemicals in the skins and seeds of red grapes slightly lowered estrogen levels and elevated testosterone levels among pre - menopausal women who drank eight ounces ( about one cup ) of red wine nightly for a month. the findings run counter to a study released last november by harvard university that claimed all alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer by raising estrogen levels, which then promote the growth of cancer cells. researchers studied 36 women who drank either red or white wine for a month. at the end of the 30 days, the women switched wines for another test period. blood tests that measured hormone levels indicated that white wine didn \u2019 t show the same beneficial effects as red wine. the study will be published in the april edition of the journal of women ' s health. but, like the possibility of it being heart - healthy or life - extending, red wine ' s potential benefits are still in the \" maybe \" category. researchers say large - scale studies are still needed before they can definitively determine whether red wine lowers the risk of breast cancer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43462252607939855, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12676527-ab0d-49b3-bec9-3e57b82de134>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.117363"}
{"text": "wisp : wireless identification and sensing platformdeadline extended! please consider contributing a chapter to the forthcoming book, wirelessly powered sensor networks, to be published by springer in 2010. click here for article templates and contribution information. we are still accepting proposals for the second round of the wisp challenge, with awards to be made on a rolling basis. to apply, please send proposals to \" wispchallenge at gmail \" ( addtional detail at the bottom of this page ). february 13, 2010 : thank you for a successful wisp summit, held nov. 3, 2009, in berkeley, ca, in conjunction with sensys 2009! see this page for information about the summit, including videos. what is wisp? wisp stands for wireless identification and sensing platform. the term \" identification \" comes from \" radio frequency identification \" ( rfid ). wisps have the capabilities of rfid tags, but also support sensing and computing. like any passive rfid tag, wisp is powered and read by a standard off - the - shelf rfid reader, harvesting the power it uses from the reader ' s emitted radio signals. wisps have been used to sense quantities such as light, temperature, acceleration, strain, liquid level, and to investigate embeddeded security. most of the work on wisp so far has involved single wisps performing sensing or computing functions. we think the next phase of wisp work will involve the interaction of many wisps, and thus allow an exciting exploration of a new battery - free form of wireless sensor networking. most people are familiar with rfid tags. most common are passive rfid tags, where a battery - less ic device harvests power from a nearby rfid reader and uses it to respond to the reader with an identification number. two broadly adopted standards for this technology are the electronic product code ( epc ) class 1 generation 1 and class 1 generation 2 standards, which operate in the ultra high frequency ( uhf ) bands. the standard is led by epcglobal. wisps are powered by harvested energy from off - the - shelf uhf rfid readers. to a rfid reader, a wisp is just a normal epc gen1 or gen2 tag ; but inside the wisp, the harvested energy is operating a 16 - bit general purpose microcontroller. the microcontroller can perform a variety of computing tasks, including sampling sensors, and reporting that sensor data back to the rfid reader.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6015736205319132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbe8da95-1733-48d5-80ba-2c3fecc57e01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.126816"}
{"text": "inside the wisp, the harvested energy is operating a 16 - bit general purpose microcontroller. the microcontroller can perform a variety of computing tasks, including sampling sensors, and reporting that sensor data back to the rfid reader. wisps have been built with light sensors, temperature sensors, and strain gauges. wisps can write to flash and perform cryptographic computations. wisp is a project of intel research seattle with significant input from students and faculty of the university of washington. the lead investigator of the wisp project is joshua r. smith, principal engineer at intel research seattle. the key wisp design and development personnel are alanson sample ( intel research seattle & uw ee grad student ), dan yeager ( uw ee grad student ), and polly powledge ( intel research seattle engineer ). the publications list below documents contributions from others at intel and uw. wisps have these features : - up to 10ft range with harvested rf power - ultra - low power msp430 microcontroller - 32k of program space, 8k of storage - light, temperature and 3d - accelerometers - backscatter communication to reader - reader to wisp communication ( ask ) - real - time clock - storage capacitor ( to sense without reader ) - voltage sensor ( measures stored charge ) - extensible hardware ( to add new sensors ) - hw uart & gpio for external connections - works with select epc class 1 gen 2 readers - wisp software to sense and upload data - reader application to drive wisp - industry standard development tools - access to hardware design and source code for more information about wisp hardware and software, see our wisp wiki. you ' ll find schematics, instructions for getting the source code, demo reader applications, and lots of other wisp resources there. research and publications - neuralwisp : a wirelessly - powered neural interface with 1 - m range, d. yeager, j. holleman, r. prasad, j. smith, b. otis ieee transactions on biomedical circuits and systems. - a capacitive touch interface for passive rfid tags alanson p. sample, daniel j. yeager, joshua r. smith. proceedings of the 2009 ieee international conference on rfid. winner of best paper award! - neuralwisp : an energy - harvesting wireless neural interface with 1 - m range, jeremy holleman, dan yeager", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5535035659635177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbe8da95-1733-48d5-80ba-2c3fecc57e01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.127767"}
{"text": "philipose, kishore sundara - rajan, alexander mamishev. proceedings of information hiding 2005, lncs 3727, pp. 234 - 246. - energy scavenging for inductively coupled passive rfid systems, [ pdf ] bing jiang, sumit roy, kishore sundara - rajan, matthai philipose, joshua r. smith, and alexander v. mamishev. proceedings of the ieee instrumentation and measurement technology conference, ottawa, canada, may 17 - 19 2005, pp. 984 - 989. - battery - free wireless identification and sensing, [ pdf ] matthai philipose, joshua r. smith, bing jiang, kishore sundara - rajan, alexander mamishev, sumit roy. ieee pervasive computing, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37 - 45, january - march 2005. supportwisp research supported in part by nsf ecs award 0824265. the combination of rfid and sensing will embed computing deeply in the physical world. to explore new applications, we have developed the wireless identification and sensing platform ( wisp ), a programmable, battery - free uhf rfid tag equipped with sensors. we are now calling for research proposals so that we may give wisps to collaborators in the academic research community. - object state monitoring, e. g., for cold - chains - instrumented environments - activity inference - lightweight privacy and security - rfid protocols for sensor data - intermittent power and rfid os issues - novel user interfaces, e. g., gestures - physically embedded sensing - novel sensor devices - non - intrusive physiological monitoring - low - power communication - measurement of rfid systems - educational projects flexible rfid reader we have also developed a programmable rfid reader using the usrp software radio platform. we will make it available as source code. this reader can be used with standard epc class 1 gen 2 rfid tags, or with the wisp to create a system in which both tag and reader can be re - programmed from the physical layer on up. how to apply for wisp challenge round 2 send us a 2 - 4 page proposal in pdf format. it should include specific research objectives, potential or planned applications, and a time - line. we will make awards in units of five wisps, with all the necessary infrastructure to program them. you will need to purchase your own rfid reader. we are also willing to work with parties who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5784680244545933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbe8da95-1733-48d5-80ba-2c3fecc57e01>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.132863"}
{"text": "are you ready for moocs? a mooc is a massive open online course. that ' s a course where the participants and materials are distributed across the web. to make this work, the course also has to be \" open \" and have large numbers of participants. how large? thousands. yes, you thought that 101 course you took as a freshman that had 300 kids in a lecture hall was large and impersonal - or perhaps you liked the anonymity that came from large numbers. a mooc connects \" distributed \" instructors and learners across a common topic or field this is a recent form of online course development and many of the standard formats and resources of online courses - for example, the learning management system ( lms ) - don ' t really work. google artificial - intelligence guru sebastian thrun was in the news earlier this year because he left stanford university to start a company based on the a. i. course he made freely available last fall. with that course, tens of thousands of students were taking it on the web. now, two of his old stanford colleagues who were also trying out moocs have decided to bring their own free online courses into a for - profit venture. a lot the attention comes from the fact that these are \" elite \" schools experimenting with this format. the company they have started is coursera www. coursera. org which says it wants to make \" the best education in the world freely available to any person who seeks it. \" moocs are founded on the theory of connectivism and an open pedagogy based on networked learning. at the start, these courses were typically free of fees to participate. this new venture takes it in a commercial direction. those fees may be a kind of tuition if the participant wants some certification or accreditation after successful completion. of course, the design of these courses is often without specific requirements ( as in papers or tests or materials that would need to be graded ) although they usually have the familiar weekly topics to focus discussion. in some ways, they remind me of early ( and not so great ) online courses with minimal structure, weekly presentations / lectures, discussion questions, and suggested activities and other resources. the materials in these new moocs may in fact be very high quality. but pedagogically, much of the course motion is expected to come from the participants and so the course allows curriculum and structure to emerge from the exchange between participants. discussions and participants reflecting on the concepts amongst themselves and also sharing resources using any number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47837719100024934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3bf0f19-59f4-4552-a21f-a9a078068f4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.138803"}
{"text": "##dagogically, much of the course motion is expected to come from the participants and so the course allows curriculum and structure to emerge from the exchange between participants. discussions and participants reflecting on the concepts amongst themselves and also sharing resources using any number of social media tools are seen as part of the learning process in moocs. by leaving their elite university, are these professors and the students who take these courses further pushing the idea of a university 2. 0.? is the degree from the elite university becoming less valued? right now, coursera has eight courses, centering on computer science with some math, economics and linguistics. ( 5 taught by stanford profs, 2 by profs at the uc - berkeley and 1 by a university of michigan professor ) these are all listed as free now and none give you any type of credit from any source. learn for the sake of learning. what a concept. coursera. org / modelthinking ' s description starts out by saying : \" we see political uprisings, market crashes, and a never ending array of social trends. how do we make sense of it? models. evidence shows that people who think with models consistently outperform those who don ' t. and, moreover people who think with lots of models outperform people who use only one. \" i ' m not much interested in coursera ' s business model, and more interested in the impact this may have later on online learning, pedagogy and the changing university. in fact, i was torn about what category on this blog this post should be tagged as - since it falls into my open everything, pedagogy, elearning, trends, social web - almost any category might come into play. game changer? maybe. with more than 335, 000 people already registered for the five stanford - provided courses in the coursera catalog, who knows what may come of this.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5226899801814813, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3bf0f19-59f4-4552-a21f-a9a078068f4b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.139628"}
{"text": "by elizabeth renter | natural society you own your home and the lot that it sits on. so, if you want to plant tomatoes instead of bushes, you should be entitled to that, right? while this may seem like a common sense line of reasoning, many cities and towns across our nation think otherwise. they don \u2019 t want their citizens using a front - yard garden to grow food \u2013 they want perfectly green and manicured lawns. using a front - yard garden to grow veges? you may not be allowed it seems like every month a few more stories hit the social media grapevines, where home owners are being punished for growing food. some of these front - yard gardeners have created landscapes that rival those created by high - paid landscaping companies. the difference \u2014 all of this greenery is edible. whether it \u2019 s the hoa rules or a city ordinance, some front - yard gardeners are being forced to pull up their plants and scrap their edible landscape. why? if for nothing more than to have a seamless line of green yards stretching through the neighborhood. when we can \u2019 t trust what we find at the grocery store, and farmer \u2019 s markets are limited and not always within driving distance, growing our own food doesn \u2019 t just make sense, it makes perfect sense. and once you \u2019 ve begun growing your own, you will likely begin to wonder why americans ever moved away from self - sustaining gardens. why can \u2019 t many of us grow food in the front - yard garden? many townships say that the \u2018 issue \u2019 revolves around yard space, where a vegetable garden may only be allowed to take up to 20 - 30 % of a yard area. it may sound crazy that a city government would spend ( waste ) resources to target gardeners, but it actually happens more often than you would think. as reported by dr. mercola : - in 2011, julie bass of oak park, michigan was charged with a misdemeanor and threatened with jail time for planting a vegetable garden in her front yard. - in british columbia, dirk becker was threatened with six months in jail for converting an acre of his 2. 5 - acre lot into an organic farm. what \u2019 s even more unsettling about the charges in this case is that the lot was literally stripped bare down to a gravel pit before this. the owner spent over a decade healing the land and converting it into a self - contained ecosystem that is now home to thriving vegetable crops, fruit trees, bees, butterflies, birds, frogs, dragon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40587718540489415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22ab7b72-a585-4402-9058-00ba764f191d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.143743"}
{"text": "literally stripped bare down to a gravel pit before this. the owner spent over a decade healing the land and converting it into a self - contained ecosystem that is now home to thriving vegetable crops, fruit trees, bees, butterflies, birds, frogs, dragonflies and more. but because the area is zoned a \u201c residential \u201d lot, the local government is calling on him to \u201c cease all agricultural activity \u201d or pay the consequences. - earlier this year, city inspectors bulldozed more than 100 types of plants, including garlic chives, strawberry and apple mint, being grown by denise morrison in tulsa, oklahoma. the inspectors said her plants were too tall, but city code allows for plants over 12 inches if they \u2019 re meant for human consumption, which hers were. morrison is now suing the city for violating her civil rights. - steve miller was fined $ 5, 200 for growing vegetables in his clarkston, georgia backyard, which he not only consumed but also sold at farmers markets and shared with friends. where to get started? whether you are looking to grow vegetables in a front - yard garden, out back, or even on your apartment balcony, there are simple ways to get started. choose the right place, where your plants will get plenty of sunshine and won \u2019 t be trampled by the dog or neighborhood kids. you can dig down, beneath the grass roots to the soil or you can create a raised bed. planting an amazing kitchen garden entirely in containers, without breaking soil at all, is also an option. if you are a beginner, choose plants that are easy to grow like tomatoes, hearty greens, and squash. purchase starter plants for things like peppers, squash and tomatoes, to get a head start and to eliminate some of the gamble when planting seeds. a little research into your gardening options goes a long way. and if you \u2019 re looking to grow your own vegetables, strongly consider going all organic. organic gardening is a great way to avoid the threat of genetically modified foods, pesticides, and toxic additives. while the garden can be as large or small as you \u2019 d like, the benefit of knowing exactly how your food was prepared and therefore what is in it is worth the time and effort that goes into it. want to know how to do organic gardening? check out our organic gardening 101 post. and, if you live in a town where there might be a battle over your new mini - farm, be prepared. know your rights, keep your garden looking nice, and be ready to stand your ground", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3798418829503787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22ab7b72-a585-4402-9058-00ba764f191d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.144766"}
{"text": "the channel tunnel runs under the english channel between cheriton, near folkestone in england, and coquelles, near calais in france. it opened to traffic in 1994. the tunnel is actually three parallel tunnels, two rail tunnels with a service and emergency tunnel in between. in normal operation, one rail tunnel is used by traffic in each direction, but in exceptional circumstances trains can run in either direction in either tunnel. crossovers between the tunnels facilitate this form of operation. these are housed in giant caverns excavated below the seabed. the tunnel carries passenger and freight rail traffic between great britain and continental europe, and also a service of shuttle trains conveying road vehicles between terminals at each end of the tunnel. when eurostar passenger services commenced, they operated over existing railways in england between the channel tunnel portal and london waterloo station. this route was subject to many speed restrictions and frequent pathing conflicts with other services. a completely new high speed railway was constructed to connect the channel tunnel with central london. the first section of this channel tunnel rail link opened in 2003, considerably shortening journey times but still involving a slow and tortuous approach to waterloo station. in 2007, the second phase of the new railway opened, giving direct access to a superbly refurbished st pancras station with its impressive victorian trainshed. the completed line, now known as high speed one, has also carried high speed domestic traffic since 2009. from 2012 it will carry freight traffic, which will be able to take advantage of the line \u2019 s larger loading gauge to reach terminals in london. in 2011, eurostar ordered new trains to enable it to serve further destinations in europe, and the german operator die bahn announced its intention to run comeptitive services to london via high speed one. as part of the refurbishment of st pancras station, the former midland grand hotel has been restored to use as prestige apartments and the luxury st pancras renaiisance hotel. in 2009, the department for transport published a report announcing a study into a new high speed rail line serving the midlands and north of england. the reults of the study were published in 2010, and in january 2012 the goverment gave its approval for the start of legislation to allow work to commence. the first phase of the new line, known as high speed two, will run from london to birmingham. there will be connections to high speed one, and to the existing rail network in the birmingham area for trains to destinations further north. the next phase of the line is expected to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48949570623155236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48db2155-3338-4ac1-98cc-51b1ca922ffe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.151052"}
{"text": "kojic acid is a fine white powdery substance composed of tiny crystals. the formal discovery of kojic acid occurred in 1989, and since then, the substance has been used widely in skin care products due to its numerous benefits. the ingredient is obtained from mushrooms that are native to japan and is a by - product of the fermentation process used to produce the alcoholic beverage sake. in skin care products, kojic acid functions primarily as a skin - lightening agent. to understand kojic acid ' s effects, it is necessary to understand how the skin gets it color. the body naturally produces a pigment known as melanin through specialized cells known as melanocytes. a person ' s genes determine how much melanin the body naturally produces. in people with fair skin, only small amounts of melanin are manufactured by the melanocytes, while copious amounts of the pigment are made by the cells of those with dark complexions. the production of melanin in the skin does not occur in fixed amounts. often, the cells produce more melanin in response to the environment or internal conditions in the body. when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, the melanocytes increase their production activities, causing the skin to tan. repeated exposure to the sun can result in a permanent increase in melanin production in spots on the skin, causing small freckles and larger sun or age spots to form. melanin production can also increase when the skin becomes chronically inflamed. this is a common problem among acne sufferers who have prolonged discoloration of their skin after their acne blemishes heal. hormonal changes that occur in the body during pregnancy can also spur melanin production, leading to a discoloration on the face that is known as melasma or chloasma. the overproduction of melanin caused by inflammation and hormonal activity typically declines over time, resulting in a gradual fading of the darkened skin. when kojic acid is applied to the skin in concentrated amounts, the chemicals in the ingredient work on the melanocytes, interfering with the production of melanin. the exact way in which kojic acid lessens melanin production is not known, but many experts believe that the ingredient prevents an enzyme known as tyroinase from beginning the reactions in the cells that are necessary for manufacturing the pigment. prior to the discovery of kojic acid, the ingredient hydroquinone was largely the only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4873221495312615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a686595-e60d-4880-936e-cfc55f3fa73c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.156017"}
{"text": ", but many experts believe that the ingredient prevents an enzyme known as tyroinase from beginning the reactions in the cells that are necessary for manufacturing the pigment. prior to the discovery of kojic acid, the ingredient hydroquinone was largely the only ingredient used for skin whitening. hydroquinone is known to cause skin irritation in many individuals, and for these people, dermatologists often recommend kojic acid as an alternative method for treating skin discoloration. those with very sensitive skin may still develop redness or itching from the use of kojic acid, but overall, the ingredient is better tolerated than hydroquinone. the effects of kojic acid have been reported as being identical to those of hydroquinone or slightly less noticeable. in addition to its skin - lightening abilities, kojic acid is classified as an antioxidant. this class of nutrients has the ability to counteract the effects of particles in the air called free radicals, which have the potential to cause oxidative damage to the skin cells. by limiting the effects of free radicals, kojic acid helps to prevent the formation of signs of aging that occur when the cells that produce the skin ' s vital structural proteins become damaged. kojic acid is also an antibacterial agent, meaning that it interferes with the processes that bacteria cells must perform to thrive and reproduce. by disrupting these processes, kojic acid causes the death of bacteria. some dermatologists recommend the use of mild concentrations of kojic acid for addressing acne blemishes, which are often caused by bacterial infections in the pores. when used in skin care products, kojic acid is a largely unstable compound and has the potential to turn brown if it is not stabilized by additional ingredients. as a result, some skin care companies use a more stable derivative of kojic acid known as kojic dipalmitate in place of the ingredient. consumers should be aware that studies have not found kojic dipalmitate to be as effective in lightening the skin as kojic acid, so products that contain this version may not be as beneficial for treating hyperpigmentation. since the discovery of kojic acid, conflicting studies have been reported about the long - term safety of the ingredient. results in some clinical trials have established a link between the ingredient and some forms of cancer, while others have found that kojic acid has no carcinogenic effects. experts do generally agree that any cancer - causing properties of kojic acid would only be problematic if the body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49036029103627243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a686595-e60d-4880-936e-cfc55f3fa73c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.157266"}
{"text": "skystef ' s weather & aviation page picture of the month april 2009 | composite picture of the iss taken at kampenhout on march 24 and 25 2009, time in local time ( = utc + 1 hour ) | | the international space station ( iss ) circles around the earth and is since november 2000 manned by an international crew. sixteen countries participate in the project. a first module was launched in 1998 and around 50 transports ( via the space shuttle or russian spacecraft. ) are needed to complete this scientific research station. it is currently so large that, although at an altitude of around 350 km above the ground, it can be easy identified by the naked eye as a bright yellow dot when traveling in the dusk or nightly sky. one of these opportunities was taken to make some pictures via my telescope with a focal length of 2400 mm. cams shutter speed was 1 / 640 seconds and the iso was set at 1600. on this occasion, the space shuttle \" discovery \" was docked as well. some luck is needed to actually see the space shuttle, however with the naked eye this is almost impossible. via photographs more details can be obtained, and depending on the angle of sunlight and position of the shuttle, it may reveal itself. in the left picture, lots of detail of the iss, giving a clear view on the brown - orange colored solar panels and white radiators. the shuttle is seen from behind, and the dark area suggests this may be the engine area. on the right picture taken one day later, the iss itself was pictured as a less pronounced feature ( due to fading sunlight ), but the angle of sun and position of shuttle were quite good to have a distinct view of the spacecraft, and it is seen from behind & slightly above. more pictures via this link list of pictures of the month", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.502960150868015, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb34e9dd-dfd0-4771-ba4a-f050fbe430ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.159202"}
{"text": "where there is no vision, the people perish. - proverbs 29 : 18 table of contents moons of mars before space exploration, mars was considered the best candidate for harboring extraterrestrial life. astronomers thought they saw straight lines crisscrossing its surface. this led to the popular belief that irrigation canals on the planet had been constructed by intelligent beings. in 1938, when orson welles broadcasted a radio drama based on the science fiction classic war of the worlds by h. g. wells, enough people believed in the tale of invading martians to cause a near panic. another reason for scientists to expect life on mars had to do with the apparent seasonal color changes on the planet ' s surface. this phenomenon led to speculation that conditions might support a bloom of martian vegetation during the warmer months and cause plant life to become dormant during colder periods. in july of 1965, mariner 4, transmitted 22 close - up pictures of mars. all that was revealed was a surface containing many craters and naturally occurring channels but no evidence of artificial canals or flowing water. finally, in july and september 1976, viking landers 1 and 2 touched down on the surface of mars. the three biology experiments aboard the landers discovered unexpected and enigmatic chemical activity in the martian soil, but provided no clear evidence for the presence of living microorganisms in the soil near the landing sites. according to mission biologists, mars is self - sterilizing. they believe the combination of solar ultraviolet radiation that saturates the surface, the extreme dryness of the soil and the oxidizing nature of the soil chemistry prevent the formation of living organisms in the martian soil. the question of life on mars at some time in the distant past remains open. other instruments found no sign of organic chemistry at either landing site, but they did provide a precise and definitive analysis of the composition of the martian atmosphere and found previously undetected trace elements. the atmosphere of mars is quite different from that of earth. it is composed primarily of carbon dioxide with small amounts of other gases. the six most common components of the atmosphere are : - carbon dioxide ( co2 ) : 95. 32 % - nitrogen ( n2 ) : 2. 7 % - argon ( ar ) : 1. 6 % - oxygen ( o2 ) : 0. 13 % - water ( h2o ) : 0. 03 % - neon ( ne ) : 0. 00025 % martian air contains only about 1 / 1, 000 as much water as our air, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49761584524281444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.174372"}
{"text": "( o2 ) : 0. 13 % - water ( h2o ) : 0. 03 % - neon ( ne ) : 0. 00025 % martian air contains only about 1 / 1, 000 as much water as our air, but even this small amount can condense out, forming clouds that ride high in the atmosphere or swirl around the slopes of towering volcanoes. local patches of early morning fog can form in valleys. at the viking lander 2 site, a thin layer of water frost covered the ground each winter. there is evidence that in the past a denser martian atmosphere may have allowed water to flow on the planet. physical features closely resembling shorelines, gorges, riverbeds and islands suggest that great rivers once marked the planet. temperature and pressure the average recorded temperature on mars is - 63\u00b0 c ( - 81\u00b0 f ) with a maximum temperature of 20\u00b0 c ( 68\u00b0 f ) and a minimum of - 140\u00b0 c ( - 220\u00b0 f ). barometric pressure varies at each landing site on a semiannual basis. carbon dioxide, the major constituent of the atmosphere, freezes out to form an immense polar cap, alternately at each pole. the carbon dioxide forms a great cover of snow and then evaporates again with the coming of spring in each hemisphere. when the southern cap was largest, the mean daily pressure observed by viking lander 1 was as low as 6. 8 millibars ; at other times of the year it was as high as 9. 0 millibars. the pressures at the viking lander 2 site were 7. 3 and 10. 8 millibars. in comparison, the average pressure of the earth is 1000 millibars. | mass ( earth = 1 ) | | 1. 0745e - 01 | | equatorial radius ( km ) | | 3, 397. 2 | | equatorial radius ( earth = 1 ) | | 5. 3264e - 01 | | mean density ( gm / cm ^ 3 ) | | 3. 94 | | mean distance from the sun ( km ) | | 227, 940, 000 | | mean distance from the sun ( earth = 1 ) | | 1. 5237 | | rotational period ( hours ) | | 24. 6229 | | rotational period ( days ) | | 1. 025957 | | orbital period ( days ) | | 686. 98 | | mean orbital velocity ( km / sec ) | | 24. 13 | | tilt of axis ( degrees ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5071501603099065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.175341"}
{"text": "| rotational period ( days ) | | 1. 025957 | | orbital period ( days ) | | 686. 98 | | mean orbital velocity ( km / sec ) | | 24. 13 | | tilt of axis ( degrees ) | | 25. 19 | | orbital inclination ( degrees ) | | 1. 850 | | equatorial surface gravity ( m / sec ^ 2 ) | | 3. 72 | | equatorial escape velocity ( km / sec ) | | 5. 02 | | visual geometric albedo | | 0. 15 | | minimum surface temperature | | - 140\u00b0c | | mean surface temperature | | - 63\u00b0c | | maximum surface temperature | | 20\u00b0c | | atmospheric pressure ( bars ) | | 0. 007 | carbon dioxide ( c02 ) carbon monoxide ( co ) - rotating mars movie. - mars topography movie. - animation of tharsis tholus. - animation of the olympus mons caldera. - mars global surveyor animation. - mars the movie. - flight over valles marineris. - animation of martian poles. - animation over olympus mons. - hubble telescope full - globe animation. mars with cloud cover this image of mars came from a series of pictures taken by the mars global surveyor wide angle cameras. a map was created and then wrapped around a sphere to generate this view of mars. here, bluish - white water ice clouds hang above the tharsis volcanoes. ( copyright 2005 by calvin j. hamilton ) large mosaic of mars this image is a large mosaic of the valles marineris [ val - less mar - uh - nair - iss ] hemisphere of mars. it is a view similar to that which one would see from a spacecraft. the lower center of the scene shows the entire valles marineris canyon system, more than 3, 000 kilometers ( 1, 860 miles ) long and up to 8 kilometers ( 5 miles ) deep, extending from noctis labyrinthus, the arcuate system of graben to the west, to the chaotic terrain to the east. many huge ancient river channels begin from the chaotic terrain and north - central canyons and run north. many of the channels flowed into a basin called acidalia planitia, which is the dark area in the extreme north of this picture. the three tharsis volcanoes ( dark red spots ), each about 25 kilometers ( 16 miles ) high, are visible to the west along with olympus mons the largest volcano on the planet. very ancient terrain covered by many impact craters lies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45386833699854084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.176332"}
{"text": "this picture. the three tharsis volcanoes ( dark red spots ), each about 25 kilometers ( 16 miles ) high, are visible to the west along with olympus mons the largest volcano on the planet. very ancient terrain covered by many impact craters lies to the south of valles marineris. the polar cap can be seen to the north. ( copyright calvin j. hamilton ) the interior of mars the current understanding of the interior of mars suggests that it can be modeled with a thin crust, similar to earth ' s, a mantle and a core. using four parameters, the martian core size and mass can be determined. however, only three out of the four are known and include the total mass, size of mars, and the moment of inertia. mass and size was determined accurately from early missions. the moment of inertia was determined from viking lander and pathfinder doppler data, by measuring the precession rate of mars. the fourth parameter, needed to complete the interior model, will be obtained from future spacecraft missions. with the three known parameters, the model is significantly constrained. if the martian core is dense ( composed of iron ) similar to earth ' s or snc meteorites thought to originate from mars, then the minimum core radius would be about 1300 kilometers. if the core is made out of less - dense material such as a mixture of sulfur and iron, the maximum radius would probably be less than 2000 kilometers. ( copyright 1998 by calvin j. hamilton ) the serpent dust devil of mars a towering dust devil, casts a serpentine shadow over the martian surface in this image acquired by the high resolution imaging science experiment ( hirise ) camera on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter. the scene is a late - spring afternoon in the amazonis planitia region of northern mars. the view covers an area about four - tenths of a mile ( 644 meters ) across. north is toward the top. the length of the dusty whirlwind ' s shadow indicates that the dust plume reaches more than half a mile ( 800 meters ) in height. the plume is about 30 yards or meters in diameter. a westerly breeze partway up the height of the dust devil produced a delicate arc in the plume. the image was taken during the time of martian year when the planet is farthest from the sun. just as on earth, winds on mars are powered by solar heating. exposure to the sun ' s rays declines during this season, yet even now, dust devils act relentlessly to clean the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43688020826284707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.177458"}
{"text": "martian year when the planet is farthest from the sun. just as on earth, winds on mars are powered by solar heating. exposure to the sun ' s rays declines during this season, yet even now, dust devils act relentlessly to clean the surface of freshly deposited dust, a little at a time. ( courtesy nasa / jpl - caltech / univ. of arizona ) topography map of mars this image is a newly released topographic map of mars. the full range of topography on mars is about 19 miles ( 30 kilometers ), one and a half times the range of elevations found on earth, the most curious aspect of the map is the striking difference between the planet ' s low, smooth northern hemisphere and the heavily cratered southern hemisphere, \" which sits, on average, about three miles ( five kilometers ) higher than the north. ( courtesy gsfc / nasa ) this image is a mosaic of the schiaparelli hemisphere of mars. the center of this image is near the impact crater schiaparelli, 450 kilometers ( 280 miles ) in diameter. the dark streaks with bright margins emanating from craters in the oxie palus region, upper left of image, are caused by erosion and / or deposition by the wind. bright white areas to the south, including the hellas impact basin at extreme lower right, are covered by carbon dioxide frost. ( courtesy usgs ) central candor chasm - oblique view this image shows part of candor chasm in valles marineris. it is centered at latitude - 5. 0, longitude 70. 0. the view is from the north looking into the chasm. candor chasm ' s geomorphology is complex, shaped by tectonics, mass wasting, wind, and perhaps by water and volcanism. ( courtesy usgs ) west candor chasm ( enhanced color ) this picture ( centered at latitude 4\u00b0 s, longitude 76\u00b0 w ) shows areas of central valles marineris, including candor chasm ( lower left ), ophir chasm ( lower right ), and hebes chasm ( upper right ). complex layered deposits in the canyons may have been deposited in lakes, and if so, are of great interest for future searches for fossil life on mars. the pinkish deposits in candor chasm may be due to hydrothermal alterations and the production of crystalline ferric oxides. ( ( geissler et al., 1993, icarus 106, 380 ). viking orbiter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45096640416323797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.178473"}
{"text": "mars. the pinkish deposits in candor chasm may be due to hydrothermal alterations and the production of crystalline ferric oxides. ( ( geissler et al., 1993, icarus 106, 380 ). viking orbiter picture numbers 279b02 ( violet ), 279b10 ( green ), and 279b12 ( red ) at 240 meters / pixel resolution. picture width is 231 kilometers. north is 47\u00b0 clockwise from top. ) ophir chasma is a large west - northwest - trending trough about 100 km wide. the chasma is bordered by 4 km high walled cliffs, most likely faults, that show spur - and - gully morphology and smooth sections. the walls have been dissected by landslides forming reentrants ; one area ( upper left ) on the north wall shows a young landslide about 100 km wide. the volume of the landslide debris is more than 1000 times greater than that from the may 18, 1980 debris avalanche from mount st. helens. the longitudinal grooves seen in the foreground are thought to be due to differential shear and lateral spreading at high velocities. the landslide passes between mounds of interior layered deposits on the floor of the chasma. ( courtesy usgs ) landslide in valles marineris although valles marineris originated as a tectonic structure, it has been modified by other processes. this image shows a close - up view of a landslide on the south wall of valles marineris. this landslide partially removed the rim of the crater that is on the plateau adjacent to valles marineris. note the texture of the landslide deposit where it flowed across the floor of valles marineris. several distinct layers can be seen in the walls of the trough. these layers may be regions of distinct chemical composition or mechanical properties in the martian crust. ( copyright calvin j. hamilton ; caption : lpi ) hst 3 views of mars at opposition these hubble space telescope views provide the most detailed complete global coverage of the red planet ever seen from earth. the pictures were taken on february 25, 1995, when mars was at a distance of 103 million kilometers ( 65 million miles ). to the surprise of researchers, mars is cloudier than seen in previous years. this means the planet is cooler and drier, because water vapor in the atmosphere freezes out to form ice - crystal clouds. the three images show the tharsis, valles marineris and syrtis major regions. ( credit : philip james, university of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4547152495324056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.179425"}
{"text": "is cooler and drier, because water vapor in the atmosphere freezes out to form ice - crystal clouds. the three images show the tharsis, valles marineris and syrtis major regions. ( credit : philip james, university of toledo ; steven lee, university of colorado ; and nasa ) outflow source of channel ravi vallis this image of the head of ravi vallis shows a 300 - kilometer ( 186 - mile ) long portion of a channel. like many other channels that empty into the northern plains of mars, ravi vallis orginates in a region of collapsed and disrupted ( \" chaotic \" ) terrain within the planet ' s older, cratered highlands. structures in these channels indicate that they were carved by liquid water moving at high flow rates. the abrupt beginning of the channel, with no apparent tributaries, suggests that the water was released under great pressure from beneath a confining layer of frozen ground. as this water was released and flowed away, the overlying surface collapsed, producing the disruption and subsidence shown here. three such regions of chaotic collapsed material are seen in this image, connected by a channel whose floor was scoured by the flowing water. the flow in this channel was from west to east ( left to right ). this channel ultimately links up with a system of channels that flowed northward into chryse basin. ( copyright calvin j. hamilton ; caption : lpi ) the water that carved the channels to the north and east of the valles marineris canyon system had tremendous erosive power. one consequence of this erosion was the formation of streamlined islands where the water encountered obstacles along its path. this image shows two streamlined islands that formed as the water was diverted by two 8 - 10 kilometer ( 5 - 6 mile ) diameter craters lying near the mouth of ares vallis in chryse planitia. the water flowed from south to north ( bottom to top of the image ). the height of the scarp surrounding the upper island is about 400 meters ( 1, 300 feet ), while the scarp surrounding the southern island is about 600 meters ( 2, 000 feet ) high. ( copyright calvin j. hamilton ; caption : lpi ) unlike the features shown in the above two images, many systems on mars do not show evidence of catastrophic flooding. instead, they show a resemblance to drainage systems on earth, where water acts at slow rates over long periods of time. as on earth, the channels shown here merge together to form larger channels. however, these valley networks are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48581478471618383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.180409"}
{"text": "evidence of catastrophic flooding. instead, they show a resemblance to drainage systems on earth, where water acts at slow rates over long periods of time. as on earth, the channels shown here merge together to form larger channels. however, these valley networks are less developed than typical terrestrial drainage systems, with the martian examples lacking small - scale streams feeding into the larger valleys. because of the absence of small - scale streams in the martian valley networks, it is thought that the valleys were carved primarily by ground water flow rather than by runoff of rain. although liquid water is currently unstable on the surface of mars, theoretical studies indicate that flowing groundwater might be able to form valley networks if the water flowed beneath a protective cover of ice. alternatively, because the valley networks are confined to relatively old regions of mars, their presence may indicate that mars once possessed a warmer and wetter climate in its early history. ( copyright calvin j. hamilton ; caption : lpi ) south polar cap this image shows the south polar cap of mars as it appears near its minimum size of about 400 kilometers ( 249 miles ). it consists mainly of frozen carbon dioxide. this carbon dioxide cap never melts completely. the ice appears reddish due to dust that has been incorporated into the cap. ( courtesy nasa ) north polar cap this image is an oblique view of the north polar cap of mars. unlike the south polar cap, the north polar cap probably consists of water - ice. ( copyright calvin j. hamilton ) polar laminated terrain one of the discoveries of the mariner 9 spacecraft was that the south polar cap of mars was made of thin layers or laminations of ice and sediment. four years later, on october 10, 1976, the viking 2 spacecraft took this picture of the martian north polar cap. the visible layering occurred as a result of wind born dust settling upon the polar cap. as the caps experience climatic variations, they expand and contract. the layers of dust sediment tend to grow thicker near the poles where ice deposits remain for longer periods of time. the thickness of the deposits indicates they were formed during cyclical climatic variation rather than annual changes. as ice withdraws from a region, wind exposes the layers sculpting valleys and scarps. the formation of layered deposits is an active process today. ( copyright 1998 by calvin j. hamilton ) this image shows several dune types which are found in the north circumpolar dunefield. this thumnail image shows a section of transverse dunes. the full image has a field of traverse dunes on the left and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4793595802483782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.181462"}
{"text": "by calvin j. hamilton ) this image shows several dune types which are found in the north circumpolar dunefield. this thumnail image shows a section of transverse dunes. the full image has a field of traverse dunes on the left and barchan dunes on the right with a transition zone inbetween. transverse dunes are oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. they are long and linear, and frequently join their neighbor in a low - angle \" y \" junction. barchan dunes are crescent - shaped mounds with downwind - pointing horns. these dunes are comparable in size to the largest dunes found on the earth. ( copyright calvin j. hamilton ) local dust storm local dust storms are relatively common on mars. they tend to occur in areas of high topographic and / or high thermal gradients ( usually near the polar caps ), where surface winds would be strongest. this storm is several hundreds of kilometers in extent and is located near the edge of the south polar cap. some local storms grow larger, others die out. ( copyright calvin j. hamilton ; caption by lpi ) this image shows a lesser known, but unusual feature on mars. it is commonly called \" white rock \". the white feature is eroded crater fill, but exactly how it was formed has not been satisfactorily explained. white rock was not formed by polar processes because it lies near to the equator at latitude - 8 degrees and longitude 355 degrees. it has been modified through aeolian erosion showing transverse and longitudinal erosional features. ( copyright 1998 by calvin j. hamilton ) this oblique image taken by the viking orbiter spacecraft shows a thin band of the martian atmosphere. this image looks northeast across the argyre basin. the argyre basin is about 600 kilometers across with a rugged rim of about 500 kilometers in width. ( copyright 1997 by calvin j. hamilton ) the following table summarizes the radius, mass, distance from the planet center, discoverer and the date of discovery of each of the moons of mars : beatty, j. k. and a. chaikin, eds. the new solar system. massachusetts : sky publishing, 3rd edition, 1990. carr m. h. the surface of mars. yale university press, new haven, 1981. kiefer, walter s., allan h. treiman, and stephen m. clifford. the red planet : a survey of mars - slide set. lunar and planetary institute. mutch t. a., arvidson r. e., head", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5125489608173462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc200136-8d58-4333-8ace-4fdb06eaddd4>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.182733"}
{"text": "the town sits in the valley of the river oka, which flows into the gernika estuary. very close by is the urdaibai nature reserve, which unesco has declared to be a biosphere reserve. the cave of santimamine ( kortezubi ) shows that the valley has been inhabited since prehistoric times. inside are cave paintings comparable in terms of quality and richness to those of altamira. from that period on, gernika was inhabited by successive civilizations until its foundation as a town in 1366. in town, you must visit the casa de juntas del senorio de vizcaya ( the meeting hall of the gentlemen of vizcaya ), with its symbolic tree - the basque leaders used to meet under it to decide on the interests of the community -, the \u201c juradera \u201d church of santa maria, the museum of euskalerria and the parque de la paz ( park of peace ), with colossal sculptures by eduardo chillida and henry moore. in 1937, during the civil war, the town was totally destroyed by german aircraft sent by hitler. this experimental act, which inspired picasso ' s legendary painting, was the first of similar atrocities carried out in subsequent wars. en 1987, the 50th anniversary of the bombing was held along with the preliminary congress of the world association of martyred cities. gernika has earned the title of \u201c peace symbol city ', twinning with other cities and making commitments to cooperating with them in the fields of culture, education, and industry : berga ( catalonia ), pforzheim ( germany ) and boise ( idaho - usa ). wat je niet mag missen alle rechten voorbehouden. turespana / segittur \u00a9 2013 deze portal wordt beheerd door : sociedad estatal para la gestion de la innovacion y las tecnologias turisticas, s. a. ( segittur )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4115044733324691, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:443a5a6d-cd92-4b8d-aa31-defa6d4cdbcf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.184716"}
{"text": "pain can be severe after spinal cord injury ( sci ). sports injuries or trauma caused from trips or falls can leave patients with acute or chronic pain and may prevent normal activities such driving, working or lifting. spinal nerve root damage may be caused by a ruptured disc in the neck or lower back, tumours, injury or infection. there are different types of pain : musculosketal pain is caused by damage or trauma to the muscles, bones or joints of the body. the pain is aggravated by movement of these areas and if caused by injury it should recover within a few days. the sensation is dull and aching ; resting the body will ease musculoskeletal pain. over use of muscles can result in musculoskeletal pain. relief can be found in treatments such as acupuncture. bone pain tends to be deeper and more penetrating and is most commonly caused by injury. other causes may be osteomyelitis ( infection ) or tumours. if a patient experiences bone pain but has not incurred an injury to the area, medical consultation should be sought to rule out anything more serious. tendon or ligament pain can be caused by tendinitis, lateral epicondylitis, tenosynovitis or tendon injuries. tendon pain can be less extreme than bone pain and these tend to originate from sprains caused through sport. spinal nerve root damage may be caused by a ruptured disc in the neck or lower back. tumours within the spinal cord which may be either benign or malignant can cause pain spinal cord damage spinal cord damage results from trauma or injury to the neck or back. spinal stenosis may also be a cause, which is a narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure. stenosis is usually diagnosed from medical imaging although it can also be detected using a stethoscope. spinal nerve root damage may be caused by a ruptured disc in the neck or lower back. spinal cord tumours tumours within the spinal cord which may be either benign or malignant but both can cause pain. tumours occur when cells within the central nervous system do not grow and multiply in a controlled way. in malignant tumours the wayward cells can move to other sections of the cns causing damage to the tissue. benign tumours remain in one site. symptoms of spine tumours may include restricted motor control or clumsiness or incontinence. wednesday, 8 september 2010 a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4559321771575081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1acf890c-8883-4a5e-b15b-fcf7bd5ce1d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.188582"}
{"text": "move to other sections of the cns causing damage to the tissue. benign tumours remain in one site. symptoms of spine tumours may include restricted motor control or clumsiness or incontinence. wednesday, 8 september 2010 a prolapsed disc, or slipped disc is when a disc in the spinal column is ruptured or split causing it to leak the gel like contents into the vertebrae. damaged discs can be extremely painful and can cause extreme pain in both the back and other areas of the body. slipped discs often occur in the lower back or lumbar part of the spine where the pressure on these discs is greatest. slipped discs are much more common in men than women and tend to occur in people aged 30 - 50. straining physical activity such ash heavy lifting without adequate stretching can cause a slipped disc as can sport or something as minor as simply bending over. the spinal cord is comprised of twenty four vertebrae ( individual disc shaped bones ) which, sit on top of each other in a column. each vertebrae is separated from the next by a disc of strong flexible tissue which enables the spine to move freely without friction or discomfort. the discs outer layer is rubber like and fibrous whilst the inner consistency is softer and like jelly. when a disc slips it is this inner substance which leaks out causing the disc to lose its padding and for nerves to become squashed and the spinal column to become painful. a symptom of a slipped disc is back pain which can be chronic or mild. the pain may appear quickly without warning or build up and is often eased by lying flat. movement, such coughing or sneezing can aggravate the pain. as there are nerve endings within the spinal cord, pressure from the slipped disc may cause pain to be felt along the affected nerve strain so pain can be felt in the lower legs in addition to the back. treatments for slipped disc include painkiller medication. anti - inflammatory painkillers such as nurofen or ibuprufen can work better than paracetamol as they work to reduce any swelling that may be round the nerve. muscle relaxants such as diazepam can be prescribed by your doctor if the pain is particularly bad. in general prolapsed discs tend to recover unaided within a couple of weeks although in some cases surgery is necessary. posted by spine injury pain at 09 : 30", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4788758187034835, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1acf890c-8883-4a5e-b15b-fcf7bd5ce1d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.189687"}
{"text": "are you looking for the most popular computer training in australia? if so, you ' re in the right place because you can use startlocal\u00ae to easily find local businesses. user guide to computer training computers play an important role in the world today. as a programmable machine that carries out various logical operations, the computer ' s application is limitless. businesses, government offices and agencies, universities, medical facilities, the military and other institutions use computers for different purposes. there are numerous types of computers in all shapes, sizes, and form. the universal appeal and functionality of computers have made it an essential part of people ' s lives. most people nowadays have the most basic skill in operating and using a computer commonly accessing the internet is one of the top reasons why people use computers be it for business or personal use. some individuals such as professionals, on the other hand, require a more advance knowledge in using a computer using a specific program. having different types of software applications and programs, also the constant changes and updates on them, make people prefer to enroll in computer training classes to keep up with these changes and acquire an advanced knowledge in terms of operating and utilizing the system. there are computer programs created to perform tasks that deal with customer service, sales, and marketing. other categories of application software are medical, databases, telecommunications, and image editing. requirements for job applicants in almost all industry require basic skill and knowledge in computer. some companies that have the right facilities and training staff would induct and teach the new hires themselves. however, other businesses prefer hiring people who have the experience or at least familiar in using the program. this is one reason why some professionals and newly graduates, choose to equip themselves with additional skills by learning advance computer literacy courses. there are computer schools that provide training or short courses. computer training can be instructor led or done online. business professionals take computer courses in order to learn the basic or advance skill in using microsoft office applications such as excel, word, and outlook. those who are in the field of art and design on the other hand prefer taking adobe photoshop, illustrator, or adobe premiere classes, depending on their job requirement. also, there are it technical training courses available for it professionals. a few examples are microsoft sql and exchange server, cisco, and vmware courses. in some university degree courses, students are required to use a specific type of software application or program. for example, architectural designers use autocad for drawing 3d objects. however some experienced architects educated using the traditional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4365826569749565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a1c2c70-07e8-45b4-8f30-69abaca752f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.192848"}
{"text": "the difference between a 16 : 9 aspect ratio and 4 : 3 aspect ratio aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of width to height of an image. a 4 : 3 aspect ratio means that for every 4 inches of width in an image, you will have 3 inches of height. in mathematical terms, that comes out to the screen being 33 % wider than it is high. a 16 : 9 aspect ratio means that for every 16 inches of width in an image, you will have 9 inches of height. unlike the 4 : 3 aspect ratio, a 16 : 9 aspect ratio is 78 % wider than high. history of the 4 : 3 aspect ratio the 4 : 3 aspect ratio has been around since the early days of television in the 1940 ' s and 1950 ' s. a television that has an aspect ratio of 4 : 3 is often referred to as being ntsc, or pan and scan. the majority of analog cable channels still broadcast in 4 : 3. history of the 16 : 9 aspect ratio the 16 : 9 aspect ratio is a product of movie producers. they wanted to find a way to make their movies bigger and better in order to attract more customers. the widescreen format of the 16 : 9 aspect ratio allows users to view a bigger picture when compared to the 4 : 3 aspect ratio. the 16 : 9 aspect ratio also enhances the quality of the image by allowing for bolder backdrops and scenery. the 16 : 9 aspect ratio is not as wide as what you would see in a cinema, but it is close. difference in television watching both the 4 : 3 aspect ratio and 16 : 9 aspect ratio remain popular today. a 4 : 3 aspect ratio will produce a more box - like picture, because the screen is only slightly wider than it is high. a 16 : 9 aspect ratio will produce a widescreen, or letterbox, picture. if you are watching only analog cable, a 4 : 3 aspect ratio is for you. being that 16 : 9 is the standard aspect ratio of hd televisions, you will need a television that is compatible with the 16 : 9 aspect ratio in order to benefit from the high definition picture. when it all comes down to it, aspect ratio is really a personal preference. some people do not like that newer movies have to be cropped to fit within a 4 : 3 screen, while others may not like the black bars that come with a 16 : 9 widescreen television. when it comes to digital photography, you need to pay some attention to the aspect ratio. many digital cameras", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44727602248971166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:376116f5-9e9b-4a9b-ae9d-e4245199efe5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.196938"}
{"text": "epididymitis is swelling ( inflammation ) of the epididymis, the tube that connects the testicle with the vas deferens. causes, incidence, and risk factors : epididymitis is most common in young men ages 19 - 35. it is a major cause of hospital admissions in the military. epididymitis is usually caused by the spread of a bacterial infection from the urethra, prostate, or the bladder. the most common infections that cause this condition in young heterosexual men are gonorrhea and chlamydia. in children and older men, e. coli and similar infections are much more common. this is also true in homosexual men. mycobacterium tuberculosis ( tb ) can cause epididymitis. other bacteria ( such as ureaplasma ) may also cause the condition. another cause of epididymitis is the use of a medication called amiodarone, which prevents abnormal heart rhythms. the following increase the risk for epididymitis : - being uncircumcised - recent surgery or a history of structural problems in the urinary tract - regular use of a urethral catheter - sexual intercourse with more than one partner and not using condoms epididymitis may begin with a low - grade fever, chills, and a heavy sensation in the testicle area. the area becomes more and more sensitive to pressure. other symptoms include : blood in the semen - discharge from the urethra ( the opening at the end of the penis ) - discomfort in the lower abdomen or pelvis - lump in the testicle - pain during ejaculation - pain or burning during urination - painful scrotal swelling ( epididymis is enlarged ) - tender, swollen groin area on affected side testicle pain that gets worse during a bowel movement signs and tests : physical examination shows a red, tender, and sometimes swollen lump ( mass ) on the affected side of the scrotum. tenderness is usually in a small area of the testicle where the epididymis is attached. there may be enlarged lymph nodes in the groin area ( inguinal nodes ), and a discharge from the penis. a rectal examination may show an enlarged or tender prostate. these tests may be performed : - complete blood count ( cbc ) - doppler ultrasound - testicular scan ( nuclear medicine scan ) urinalysis and culture ( you may need to give several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4460284402617821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d85e4195-e25f-4a1b-b5d4-3eada7d5fdee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.204033"}
{"text": "rectal examination may show an enlarged or tender prostate. these tests may be performed : - complete blood count ( cbc ) - doppler ultrasound - testicular scan ( nuclear medicine scan ) urinalysis and culture ( you may need to give several specimens, including initial stream, mid - stream, and after a prostate massage ) - tests for chlamydia and gonorrhea it is important to distinguish this condition from testicular torsion. testicular torsion is an emergency and should be treated with surgery as soon as possible. your health care provider will prescribe medications to treat the infection. sexually - transmitted infections require specific antibiotics. your sexual partners should also be treated. you may need pain medications and anti - inflammatory medications. the treatment for epididymitis caused by the medication amiodarone is a lower dose or change in the medication. bed rest, while elevating the scrotum and applying ice packs to the area, is recommended. it is very important to have a follow - up visit with your health care provider to find out whether the infection has gone away completely. epididymitis usually gets better with antibiotic treatment. there usually is no reduction in sexual or reproductive abilities. however, the condition may return. if not treated, or in some other cases, the condition can become long - term ( chronic ). in chronic cases, there is usually no swelling, but there is pain. abscess in the scrotum - chronic epididymitis fistula on the skin of the scrotum ( cutaneous scrotal fistula ) - death of testicular tissue due to lack of blood ( testicular infarction ) acute pain in the scrotum is a medical emergency. it needs to be checked out by a health care provider immediately. calling your health care provider : call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of epididymitis. go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number ( such as 911 ) if you have severe testicle pain suddenly or after an injury. you can prevent complications from epididymitis by getting diagnosed early, and by treating any infections. your doctor may prescribe antibiotics before a surgery that increases the risk for epididymitis. practicing safe sex ( having intercourse with only one partner at a time, using condoms ) may help prevent epididymitis caused by sexually - transmitted diseases. geisler gm. diseases caused by chlamydiae. in : goldman l, schafer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41816928184366386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d85e4195-e25f-4a1b-b5d4-3eada7d5fdee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.205007"}
{"text": "( having intercourse with only one partner at a time, using condoms ) may help prevent epididymitis caused by sexually - transmitted diseases. geisler gm. diseases caused by chlamydiae. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 326. nickel jc. inflammatory conditions of the male genitourinarytract : prostatitis, and related conditions, orchitis, epididymitis. in : wein aj, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 10th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 11. | review date : 8 / 30 / 2012 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4477267109011144, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d85e4195-e25f-4a1b-b5d4-3eada7d5fdee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.205820"}
{"text": "study solar energy during the solar energy journey to the earth, approximately 19 % of the energy is absorbed by the atmosphere that surrounds the earth, and then another 35 % is absorbed by clouds. solar exterior lighting is extremely practical. it is powered by small solar cells that collect sunlight during the day, then store it for use at night. the solar cell can be mounted in a sunny place and wired to the lighting fixture it its location doesn \u2019 t receive enough direct sunlight during the day to power it. become a solar technician renewable energies are set to explode, solar energy jobs are and will be in high demand. there are no jobs for life anymore, but for those with the right qualifications there will be no shortage of places to go to work to. studying solar energy is one of the best investments you can do for yourself and family future and wellbeing. solar energy demand has grown at about 30 % per annum over the past 15 years ( hydrocarbon energy demand typically grows between 0 - 2 % per annum ). as costs in solar energy decline, market penetration is leading to very rapid growth rates in this industry. when you think about the truly tremendous amount of heat that the sun produces, it seems absolutely ridiculous that we should want to burn our precious fossil fuels to heat things up. we can use the sun to directly heat our buildings \u2014 this is known as passive heating \u2014 or we can use an intermediate storage and distribution medium such as water or air. the advantage of using water or air as a storage medium for the heat, is that we can concentrate the sun, and collect it efficiently using solar collectors, and then using a distribution network of pipes or ducts, we can direct the heat to where we want it ; and, more importantly, direct the heat to the places where it can be utilized most effectively. solar energy technologies : - evacuated tube collectors - solar air heaters - concentrated solar collectors - heat driven chillers solar energy employment outlook solar energy system installers basics a background on plumbing, pipefitting, electrical and sheetmetal will be of high advantadge. a good and competent solar energy engineer should also learn how to design and build sustainable, efficient, comfortable and beautiful homes. you can learn all those competences online, but only workshops will provide you with the necessary hands on experience installing a solar energy system. solar photovoltaic technology a solar cell, or photovoltaic cell ( pv ), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. the photoelectric effect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5126831452041261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61d1c02a-d803-4658-8ad7-be517e279ae0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.209959"}
{"text": "hands on experience installing a solar energy system. solar photovoltaic technology a solar cell, or photovoltaic cell ( pv ), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. the photoelectric effect refers to the emission, or ejection, of electrons from the surface of, generally, a metal in response to incident light. solar water heating solar thermal installers install and repair hot water and swimming pool heating systems fact : the earth receives more energy from the sun in just one hour than the world uses in a whole year. how to land a job in solar energy most solar energy system installers are trained by their employers. they start as helpers and climb up the ladder up to experienced installers. to qualify as a trainee it will help you qualify having completed a high school shop courses in electricity and wood working, and summer jobs as construction helpers for plumbers, electricians or roofers contractors. some manufacturers sponsor training sessions on their products. check the telephone yellow pages or search the internet for \" solar energy equipment and systems \" to locate manufacturers in your area. job seekers should also attend convention exhibits that demonstrate the latest developments in solar technology and talk to company representatives. solar energy installers working conditions solar energy system installers work outdoors most of the time. the work requires lifting heavy tools and equipment and the confidence to work on rooftops and in cramped quarters. dangers from electrical shock or falling objects are uncommon when safety rules are followed. tools are usually provided by the employer, but installers may supply their own work clothing and safety helmets. thermal and pvs installers mount pre - assembled solar panels or systems and install storage tanks, pumps, valves, pipes, and ducts. they set up and adjust electrical or electronic controls and sometimes do routine maintenance. in new construction, they follow blueprints to connect piping, ducting, controls and wiring. solar energy installer salaries it is not possible to give an exact figure because salaries vary widely, it will depend on education, geographical location, and type of position. technicians who are employed by large companies will normally receive larger benefits, including health insurance and paid vacations and holidays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5731834017586743, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61d1c02a-d803-4658-8ad7-be517e279ae0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.210895"}
{"text": "bloodless surgery is an approach to health care that began in the 1960s as simple avoidance of the use of transfused blood. it has grown over the last four decades, however, to include changed attitudes toward blood conservation as well as new technologies that minimize the need for transfusions during surgery. the center for bloodless medicine and surgery at hartford hospital in connecticut defines bloodless surgery as \"... surgical and medical treatment without the administration of blood or blood - related products. \" the new interest in bloodless surgery has emerged from a variety of religious and social concerns as well as medical, legal, and economic issues. religious and ethical considerations one of the earliest motivations for bloodless surgery was finding ways to treat jehovah ' s witnesses who needed emergency surgery without offending their beliefs about blood transfusion. many of the larger bloodless surgery centers in the united states serve areas with a large population of jehovah ' s witnesses. the specific biblical passages that witnesses cite as the basis for their objections are genesis 9 : 4 \u2013 5, in which god forbids eating animal \" flesh with its blood \" ; and acts 15 : 29, in which the apostles ask their first converts to \" abstain from blood \" as well as from other forms of immorality. mainstream commentators generally understand the first passage as referring to eating an animal that is still alive, and the second as referring to a controversy among early christians between jewish and gentile converts. a group within the jehovah ' s witnesses community, the associated jehovah ' s witnesses for reform on blood ( ajwrb ), is a good resource for readers interested in the range of views among contemporary witnesses regarding blood transfusions and in the witnesses ' interpretation of the bible. respect for the religious beliefs of a specific group, however, is related to a more general ethical concern for patients ' rights. while a majority of bloodless surgical procedures are still requested by jehovah ' s witnesses, as of 2003 the proportion of other patients requesting bloodless surgery is rising and is expected to continue to increase. whereas in 1998 only 10 % of bloodless surgical procedures were performed on non - witnesses, by the end of 2002 the proportion had risen to 30 %. the number of medical centers in the united states that offer bloodless surgery has expanded from about 20 in 1996 to over 70 as of 2002. while the increased demand for bloodless procedures stems partly from concerns that will be discussed in the following sections, it also reflects changing attitudes on the part of patients. one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48385623155267043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.225166"}
{"text": "bloodless surgery has expanded from about 20 in 1996 to over 70 as of 2002. while the increased demand for bloodless procedures stems partly from concerns that will be discussed in the following sections, it also reflects changing attitudes on the part of patients. one nurse has described patients enrolling in bloodless surgery programs as \" proactive \" people who are aware that they have choices about health care and expect medical professionals to respect their decisions. this attitude is a considerable change from the \" doctor knows best \" passive acceptance that characterized previous generations of patients. hospitals with bloodless surgery centers emphasize the importance of patients ' ethical rights to privacy and self - determination as well as their legal rights to refuse treatments that they find objectionable. the most important non - religious reason that patients give for requesting bloodless surgery is concern about the safety of blood transfusions. these fears are related to the quality of the american blood supply as well as the process of blood transfusion itself. - bloodborne diseases. many patients are afraid of contracting diseases such as aids and hepatitis from allogeneic ( donated ) blood. the risk of contracting these specific diseases has been vastly reduced over the past 40 years. according to dr. gregory nuttall, chair of the committee on transfusion medicine of the american society of anesthesiologists, the risk of contracting hepatitis from transfused blood has decreased from one chance in 10 in the 1960s to less than 1 : 100, 000 by 2000. the risk of contracting hiv infection has been reduced by a factor of 10, 000 since the virus was first identified in 1983. unfortunately, these statistics do not reassure patients who are concerned about the possibility of being infected by disease agents that have not yet been identified as bloodborne. in addition, as of 2003 there is no way to screen potential blood donors for four diseases caused by parasites ( malaria, babesiosis, chagas ' disease, and lyme disease ) and one disease caused by prions ( creutzfeldt - jakob disease ), even though the centers for disease control ( cdc ) have recorded cases of transfusion - transmitted malaria, babesiosis, and chagas ' disease in the united states. - transfusion reactions related to medical errors. in contrast to the reduction of risk from infection, there has been little reduction of risk since 1960 of noninfectious serious hazards of transfusion, or nishot. nishot statistics include mistransfusion and abo / rh - incompatibility. although transfusion errors are only a small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47978499579675127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.226603"}
{"text": "been little reduction of risk since 1960 of noninfectious serious hazards of transfusion, or nishot. nishot statistics include mistransfusion and abo / rh - incompatibility. although transfusion errors are only a small percentage of all medical errors reported in north american hospitals, they are the most common cause of serious mortality and morbidity associated with blood transfusions. about 25 patients die each year in the united states from transfusion errors involving aborh incompatibility. these errors are due to misidentification of type - and - crossmatch samples, laboratory errors, or misidentification of the transfusion recipient. even patients who donate their own blood ( autologous donation ) in preparation for elective surgery cannot be completely certain that their blood will be correctly labeled and used during their operation. - immune system reactions. allogeneic blood has been shown to disrupt the immune system and reduce longevity in cancer patients. other studies have shown that transfused donor blood suppresses the production of b - cells and t - cells in recipients. - availability of blood. many healthcare professionals are concerned about the growing shortage of blood for surgical procedures in the united states. some blood types are less common than others ; in addition, there are often seasonal shortages of blood. in january 2003, the american red cross, american association of blood banks, and the federal department of health and human services issued an urgent appeal for blood donations ; many hospitals had less than a one - day supply when a seven - day supply is considered optimal. there is an increasing demand for blood ; three million pints of blood are used in the united states every year just for elective surgery. in addition, many surgical procedures require large amounts of blood or blood products. according to the center for molecular and cellular therapy at the university of minnesota, a liver transplant requires six to 10 units of red blood cells, 20 units of plasma, and 10 units of platelets, while a bone marrow transplant takes one to two units of red blood cells every other day for two to four weeks plus six to eight units of platelets daily for four to six weeks. the cost of allogeneic blood transfusions is higher than most people realize. one hospital in new jersey estimates that each blood transfusion costs the patient about $ 500. another cost analysis published in the american journal of surgery concluded that even though the donated blood itself is free, the costs of preparing, storing, transporting, and unpackaging the blood come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.495289918771583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.227626"}
{"text": "estimates that each blood transfusion costs the patient about $ 500. another cost analysis published in the american journal of surgery concluded that even though the donated blood itself is free, the costs of preparing, storing, transporting, and unpackaging the blood come to $ 1, 003 to $ 1, 043 per patient receiving a transfusion \u2014 and this figure does not include treating the medical complications associated with allogeneic blood transfusion. a significant problem confronting blood banks in the united states is the growing proportion of older americans in the general population. their numbers are not matched by any corresponding increase in the donor population ; it is estimated that only 5 % of american adults give blood regularly. although a wide cross - section of the public can be found at blood drives, several studies have shown that the statistically average donor is a college - educated married caucasian male between the ages of 30 and 50 with an above - average income. as of 2003, the elderly comprise about 13 % of the american population, but use about 25 % of transfused blood. the aging of the so - called baby boomer generation, which represents a large segment of the population, is expected to lead to a critical shortage of blood by 2030. the rise in the number of complex orthopedic procedures associated with high - volume blood loss that are performed largely in elderly patients contributes to the likelihood of a severe blood shortage over the next two decades. another demographic change that affects the size of the population eligible to donate blood is the increased popularity of tourism and the rising number of people stationed in other countries by their employers or the military. people who have been exposed to or have a history of certain diseases from living abroad are either indefinitely or permanently deferred from giving blood. detailed policies regarding donor deferral from the american red cross and the department of defense can be found in all about blood, a booklet from the american association of blood banks ( aabb ) that can be downloaded free of charge from the aabb web site. bloodless surgery covers a wide variety of changes in medical practice as well as new equipment and technological innovations. preoperative assessment of patients a patient seeking bloodless elective surgery is carefully evaluated for a history of unexpected bleeding or clotting problems after medical or dental procedures. he or she will also be asked about a family history of bleeding disorders. the patient ' s blood will be tested to determine hemoglobin levels. in most cases, he or she will be given medications to build up hemoglobin levels prior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4112080073339546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.228726"}
{"text": "or she will also be asked about a family history of bleeding disorders. the patient ' s blood will be tested to determine hemoglobin levels. in most cases, he or she will be given medications to build up hemoglobin levels prior to surgery. these are discussed in more detail below. care is taken to minimize the number and size of blood samples drawn for presurgical testing. the invention of microanalyzers allows hospital laboratories to run blood tests on samples of blood that are 30 \u2013 60 % smaller than those previously collected, and to use the same blood sample for multiple tests. reducing blood loss during surgery new instruments and surgical techniques. the invention of several types of new surgical instruments has allowed surgeons to perform a variety of procedures with minimal blood loss. miniaturized endoscopes make it possible to perform surgery on the abdomen and spine through very small incisions, often shorter than 1 in ( 2. 5 cm ) in length. the invention of argon beam coagulators, electrocautery devices, and harmonic scalpels \u2014 which use a combination of ultrasound vibration and friction to clot blood at the same time as cutting \u2014 also help to make transfusions unnecessary. in addition, surgeons are being trained to use extra caution during surgery and to clamp or cauterize open blood vessels as quickly as possible. performing difficult procedures in stages. blood transfusions can sometimes be avoided by scheduling lengthy surgical procedures in two stages. although this approach requires additional exposure to general anesthesia, it can shorten the overall length of the patient ' s hospital stay. the patient can be discharged after the first operation relatively quickly and build up his or her hemoglobin levels before the second procedure. in addition, the second surgery can be completed without the need for allogeneic blood. hypotension. hypotension in surgery refers to the intentional lowering of the patient ' s arterial blood pressure during the procedure. lowering blood pressure has been shown to reduce blood loss and the consequent need for transfusions. it also shortens the length of time spent in the operating room. the limitation of hypotension is that it cannot be used in surgical procedures requiring tissue grafting or in patients with coronary artery disease. hemodilution and blood salvage techniques. hemodilution is a technique in which whole blood from the patient is withdrawn before surgery for temporary storage and replaced with crystalloid or colloid solutions that restore the normal fluid volume of the blood without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5151230569358585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.229773"}
{"text": ". hemodilution and blood salvage techniques. hemodilution is a technique in which whole blood from the patient is withdrawn before surgery for temporary storage and replaced with crystalloid or colloid solutions that restore the normal fluid volume of the blood without adding new blood cells. the patient thus loses fewer red blood cells during surgery. at the close of the operation the patient ' s own blood is reinfused, thus minimizing the possibility of transfusion error or a transfusion reaction. hemodilution has been approved and recommended by experts at the national heart, lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ) of the national institutes of health ( nhi ). blood salvage, which is also called autotransfusion, involves an automated recovery system that collects the patient ' s blood during surgery in a cell separation device. this device separates the red blood cells from other blood components, washes them, and concentrates them for reinfusion. as of 2003, however, autotransfusion cannot be used in patients with malignant tumors or active infections. reevaluation of postoperative anemia another change that has affected the frequency and number of blood transfusions is the reevaluation of anemia and its effects on the body. at one time patients were automatically given blood transfusions if their hemoglobin level fell below 10 g / dl. more recent studies have shown that patients can tolerate hemoglobin levels of 5 g / dl or even lower as long as the fluid volume of the blood is adequate. these findings have led medical professionals to question the wisdom of using blood as a \" medication \" for treating anemia. at present, the so - called transfusion trigger is a hemoglobin level of 7 g / dl, evaluated in the context of the patient ' s overall clinical condition. red cell substitutes researchers are presently investigating the possibility of manufacturing substitutes for red blood cells that would reduce the cost of transfusions while improving patient safety. as of 2002, the two approaches that have been explored are cell - free hemoglobin solutions and perfluorocarbon solutions. neither approach has yielded satisfactory results so far ; the hemoglobin solutions have a short half - life, and the perfluorocarbon solutions would be difficult to administer intravenously. further research in this area is underway. preparation for nonemergency bloodless surgery includes a registration process as well as medical preparation. in most american hospitals, a person who wants to register for bloodless surgery makes an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5037785021039873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.231371"}
{"text": "to administer intravenously. further research in this area is underway. preparation for nonemergency bloodless surgery includes a registration process as well as medical preparation. in most american hospitals, a person who wants to register for bloodless surgery makes an appointment with the coordinator of the program. the coordinator, who is usually an rn, reviews the patient ' s request for bloodless care with him or her. the patient is then given an advance directive and enrollment form to sign. the documents are kept on file with the patient ' s preadmission chart. after the patient is admitted, he or she is given a red ( or other distinctive color ) wristband with the words \" do not administer blood products. \" signs and stickers with the same warning are attached to the patient ' s bed and the front of the patient ' s chart. these identifiers are necessary because most hospitals with bloodless surgery programs do not operate special units ; their patients are admitted to all hospital services together with other patients. after the patient has signed the advance directive, he or she is given a copy that may be reproduced and given to friends or relatives in the event of an emergency. some bloodless surgery centers give pre - enrolled patients wallet cards that can be attached to a driver ' s license, in the event that the patient needs emergency care and is unable to speak for him - or herself. one of the basic components of bloodless surgery programs is presurgical treatment intended to boost the oxygen - carrying capacity of the patient ' s blood. patients are given erythropoetin, or epo, several weeks before surgery. the usual dose is 600 units per kg of body weight once a week for three weeks. epo is a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, as many as seven times the normal amount. the greater number of red cells increases the blood ' s ability to carry oxygen. in addition to the epo, patients are given iron supplements, most commonly ferrous sulfate, iron dextran, or vitamin b. patients who have been treated in bloodless surgery centers are generally satisfied with the care they receive. hospitals have found that patients recover faster with fewer complications ; several centers have reported that patients requiring inpatient procedures leave the hospital on average a full day earlier than patients who have had conventional transfusions. committee on quality of health care in america, institute of medicine. to err is human : building a safer health system. washington, dc : national academy press, 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5050183978853617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.232754"}
{"text": "average a full day earlier than patients who have had conventional transfusions. committee on quality of health care in america, institute of medicine. to err is human : building a safer health system. washington, dc : national academy press, 2000. cogliano, j., and d. kisner. \" bloodless medicine and surgery in the or and beyond. \" aorn journal 76 ( november 2002 ) : 830 \u2013 837, 839, 841. dalton, john. \" bloodless surgery growing as patients demand alternatives. \" health industry today, december 1998. maness, c. p., s. m. russell, p. altonji, and p. allmendinger. \" bloodless medicine and surgery. \" aorn journal 67 ( january 1998 ) : 144 \u2013 152. martyn, v., s. l. farmer, m. n. wren, et al. \" the theory and practice of bloodless surgery. \" transfusion and apheresis science 27 ( august 2002 ) : 29 \u2013 43. nuttall, gregory a., md. \" keeping a finger on the pulse of transfusion practices. \" american society of anesthesiologists newsletter 66 december 2002 [ cited may 20, 2003 ]. < http : / / www. asahq. org / newsletters / 2002 / 12 _ 02 / nuttall. html ;. ozawa, s., a. shander, and t. d. ochani. \" a practical approach to achieving bloodless surgery. \" aorn journal 74 ( july 2001 ) : 34 \u2013 40, 42 \u2013 47, 50 \u2013 54. yowler, charles, md. \" transfusion and autotransfusion. \" emedicine march 29, 2002 [ cited may 21, 2003 ]. http : / / www. emedicine. com / med / topic3215. htm american association of blood banks ( aabb ). 8101 glenbrook road, bethesda, md 20814 - 2749. ( 301 ) 907 - 6977. http : / / www. aabb. org. american red cross ( arc ) national headquarters. 431 18th street, nw. washington, dc 20006. ( 202 ) 303 - 4498. http : / / www. redcross. org. associated jehovah ' s witnesses for reform on blood ( ajwrb ). p. o. box 190089, boise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45580090635730125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.233706"}
{"text": "20006. ( 202 ) 303 - 4498. http : / / www. redcross. org. associated jehovah ' s witnesses for reform on blood ( ajwrb ). p. o. box 190089, boise, id 83719 - 0089. http : / / www. ajwrb / org. division of blood diseases and resources. the national heart, lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ). two rockledge center, suite 10138, 6701 rockledge drive, msc 7950, bethesda, md 20892 - 7950. http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov / about / dbdr. national blood data resource center ( nbdrc ). 8101 glenbrook road, bethesda, md 20814 - 2749. ( 301 ) 215 - 6506. http : / / www. nbdrc. org. physicians and nurses for blood conservation ( pnbc ). p. o. box 217, 6 - 2400 dundas street west, mississauga, on l5k 2r8. ( 905 ) 608 - 1647. http : / / www. pnbc. ca. society for the advancement of blood management ( sabm ). 350 engle street, englewood, nj 07631. ( 866 ) 894 - 3916. http : / / www. sabm. org. american association of blood banks ( aabb ). all about blood. bethesda, md : aabb, 2002. rebecca frey, phd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42467172493815547, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39eca20-326d-4ab6-9b97-7f55a5723c1d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.234201"}
{"text": "| resources for teachers | as a teacher, you have the ability to make a tremendous impact on waste reduction in the salinas valley. you can contribute to your community ' s efforts to reduce waste by educating your students about the 3rs ( reduce, reuse, recycle ) and by modeling these practices in your classroom. on this website, you can find information about bringing the highly interactive and informative school assembly program recyclerama to your school. the kids section has lots of great information for your students and plenty of links to curriculum resources for you. the svswa can provide resources to help you start recycling or to improve your current program. we also provide free waste assessments to schools that are interested in saving money and modeling environmentally responsible behavior for their students. contact us today! recyclerama is an exciting show brought to you by the salinas valley solid waste authority. this 25 - minute, highly interactive and informative school assembly program engages the audience, uses multimedia, and incorporates easily accessible learning tools. recycling starts with our youth... and this inspirational event is perfect way to motivate students to learn about recycling. about the show \" recyclerama - the recycling game show \" is for audiences of all ages, but is specifically geared towards elementary and middle school students. the show uses visual and oral recognition practices to easily get the message out. much like call and response, the students are encouraged to answer questions directly related to facts they learned earlier in the show. in the activity round, students are asked to correctly identify the recyclable product and match it with its recycled counterpart. this use of tactile props further instills the association and direct correlation between the reusable / reused products. the show itself is built around a gameshow theme, much like the events one sees on nickelodeon. high energy and audience participation play integral parts in its success. this is not your ordinary assembly. it is bells, whistles, music and laughter provide education through entertainment ; otherwise known as \" edu - tainment \". us epa resources for teachers these resources will assist you in teaching your students about the waste we generate in our schools, homes, and communitiesa\u20ac \u201d and what we can all do to make a difference! from classroom activities, to starting a school electronics recycling program, these materials will help you and your students learn what we can do to reduce and better manage waste in the world around us. many of these resources are provided in both english and spanish. a the madison", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4589491797298399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61c465dc-5b49-42e8-8a3b-17b91abe7142>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.237611"}
{"text": "activities, to starting a school electronics recycling program, these materials will help you and your students learn what we can do to reduce and better manage waste in the world around us. many of these resources are provided in both english and spanish. a the madison museum of contemporary art provides lesson plans for integrating art and science into the classroom. the link above takes you to a fun project that creates birds from found objects. a there ' s no machinery at the imagination factory, and smokestacks don ' t pollute the air. instead, we teach children and their caregivers creative ways to recycle by making art. visitors learn dozens of inexpensive ways to create art and crafts as they help save the environment. the lessons and activities include drawing, painting, sculpture, collage, papier - mache, marbling, crafts, and a special section for holiday art and crafts is featured. a go fish! recycled arts lesson plan. the green guide to recycling appliances and electronics provides information on recycling appliances and electronics. source was found by a student who is enthusiastic about recycling. thank you marcus! a kid ' s guide to recycling a kid ' s guide to recycling helps kid ' s learn why and how to recycle. living green : a guide to recycling learn how to recycle electronic items.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4736853570966597, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61c465dc-5b49-42e8-8a3b-17b91abe7142>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.238154"}
{"text": "dozens of students at st. martin school attempted friday to put themselves into the guinness book of world records, using science as their tool. the students, along with children in 130 schools across canada, conducted a pair of experiments surrounding the bernoulli principle, an 18th - century theory that says as a liquid ' s speed increases, pressure decreases. \" it was a pretty cool way to learn science, \" said haleigh beaucage, an 11 - year - old grade 6 student at the south - side school. \" i think it was very fun, even if we don? t get into the guinness book of world records, \" she said. \" i just think science is cool, pretty much.? classmate ben furtado couldn ' t agree more. \" i think it? s pretty cool because you ' re thinking that thousands of kids across canada are doing this exact thing at one o ' clock and we? re participating and can be in the guinness book of world records, \" ben said. the experiment also gives the 11 - year - old a chance to teach his dad at home. \" my father is a science teacher and he shows me lots of things, and he ' s never showed me that before. so i can go home and show him that and he can maybe tell that to his students. \" haleigh said she actually learned something from the pair of experiments. \" i didn ' t know about air pressure and when you blow between two balloons it would weaken the air pressure, so the air pressure would push the two balloons together. i had no idea that ' s why it happened. \" lakehead university student zack white is st. martin ' s engineer - in - residence and helped orchestrated the world - record effort. the second experiment saw students use perpendicular straws, one submersed in a cup of water, to create a mist. \" we had to videotape it and have stopwatches and all kinds of things to make it official for guinness, \" white said of the initiative, which was promoted by the government of canada. \" the idea is to make science and math a little more exciting for students. \" overall there have been studies that have been showing that the amount of people in technical fields, such as engineering and math and science fields has been on the decline compared to other countries in the world, \" white said. \" they ' re trying to promote at the grassroots science and technology and inspire some minds that are young and at a malleable age. \" grade 6 teacher sean van", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44045486844380977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db411b9e-c5df-4469-adaf-af0fa4d30a51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.241270"}
{"text": "anzac day once seemed destined to die a natural death. in the 1960s, veterans of the first world war still lived among us, their missing limbs covered by pinned sleeves and trouser legs. these soldiers were mortals whose day was destined to pass. by the 1970s, the new nationalism tried to build an identity separate from the mother country. anzac day, commemorating a disastrous battle in a horrific war fought to preserve the british empire, did not fit. the anzac legend, though, is now entrenched in our definition of what it means to be australian. this development has troubled historians such as marilyn lake and henry reynolds, who wish we would remember better stories about our democratic and republican traditions. anzac is centred on men and was, in lake \u2019 s words, \" white australia \u2019 s creation myth \". in the same way, former prime minister paul keating prefers the more australian experience of new guinea during world war ii as the defining moment of nationhood. anzac is a false historical memory. inventing national traditions, though, is nearly impossible. the fourth of july is not about historical truth and neither is bastille day. the americans and the french are always adapting their history to the concerns of the present. every american political party or social movement has eventually created its own version of 1776 to prove its american - ness. many of the founding fathers owned slaves but in the 1850s abraham lincoln seized on the idea that \u2018 all men are created equal \u2019 to denounce slavery. more recently tea party republicans have channelled the spirit of the revolutionaries by wearing frock coats and tricorn hats as they denounced the obama administration \u2019 s spending and taxes. so the question for anzac is not what happened on april 25, but \" how is anzac woven into australian life? \" the narrative that is central to australian identity is not simply about proving national manhood against overwhelming odds at gallipoli. the larger truth, repeatedly embraced as australian identity, tells of a small nation proving itself among the great. australians lionised prime minister billy hughes when he faced down american president woodrow wilson to remove the ' ' racial equality clause ' ' from the league of nations covenant. when wilson asked hughes if he was prepared to defy the rest of the civilised world on that issue, he replied bluntly : \" that \u2019 s about the size of it. \" sport is particularly rich in such exploits. sir donald bradman, despite his own troubled service record during world war ii, epitomises elements of the anzac narrative : he was born in small - town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4081741288833733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d962c4e-f7e4-40ae-aaef-a30c5cb0c95c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.250901"}
{"text": "\u2019 s about the size of it. \" sport is particularly rich in such exploits. sir donald bradman, despite his own troubled service record during world war ii, epitomises elements of the anzac narrative : he was born in small - town australia and taught himself the skills of the game with the proverbial cricket stump and golf ball - so he was a natural cricketer in the same way the bush had \" trained \" the anzacs. bradman was tried by the mortal threat of the bodyline series against england in the summer of 1932 - 33 and he came back with almost superhuman feats in the 1948 tour of england. on the final day of the fourth test at headingly, bradman led australia to victory with 404 runs scored in 345 minutes. in 2001, bob carr, then the premier of new south wales, highlighted these ideas in bradman ' s obituary : \" don bradman was the ordinary australian writ large, who came from an ordinary house in a small provincial town \u2026 but he found his calling and practised it, and with it he electrified a nation and startled an empire. \" the 1983 victory of alan bond \u2019 s yacht australia ii in the america \u2019 s cup shows how easily anzac - type heroes can be manufactured. bond himself now modestly calls the win \" the sporting triumph of the century \" - but few australians would have contradicted him on september 26, 1983. throughout the challenge, bond emphasised that australia was the underdog and when victory came, we knew it was a shared national moment re - enacting the essential anzac story : australians can beat their toughest rivals, no matter how daunting the odds. that story is revived every time australians claim victory at the olympics, wimbledon, the ashes, or even a contest as esoteric as the america \u2019 s cup. this reliving of the anzac narrative is embedded in australian culture. clive james, for example, recounts in his memoirs that he arrived in london as an unsophisticated australian who soon conquered the capital. he learned to dance the twist, could seemingly drink with the best of them and was finally accepted into cambridge university. we know the rest of the story : james, an ordinary boy from suburban jannali, becomes a cultural guru in london. our most popular fictions also echo anzac. crocodile dundee is a bushman whose charm and guile allow him to conquer new york. whether dundee is experimenting with the bidet, figuring out the gender of a cross - dresser or comparing knives with a mugger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4842944210242949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d962c4e-f7e4-40ae-aaef-a30c5cb0c95c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.252126"}
{"text": "popular fictions also echo anzac. crocodile dundee is a bushman whose charm and guile allow him to conquer new york. whether dundee is experimenting with the bidet, figuring out the gender of a cross - dresser or comparing knives with a mugger, he \u2019 s a larrikin triumphing over the american metropolis. these are but two examples of anzac stories \u2013 the tales australians tell themselves about how they are punching above their weight. nobel prize winners such as peter doherty or elizabeth blackburn fit this model. so, too, did patrick white. despite his jaundiced view of australian life, winning australia \u2019 s first nobel prize for literature made him a household name. when australian stars shine in hollywood, their experience back home gives them an edge. director peter spierig, for example, recently told reporters : \" you have to be tough just to survive as an actor in australia. it isn \u2019 t a culture of princesses ; the glamorous side of film - making is largely an american thing. \" in march, new south wales premier barry o \u2019 farrell could offer no higher praise of dame joan sutherland than these words : \" i think what \u2019 s fantastic about this woman, who was just such a magnificent singer, was that it just demonstrates that australians can do anything on the world stage. \" so, far from being a narrow, misremembered tale of a horrific war, anzac has become the template of australian identity : even if australia is small, the common people \u2019 s wisdom and talents triumph in the much larger world. the anzac narrative assumes that australia is an outpost of western civilisation and it is in that arena we still want to prove ourselves. we may export raw materials to china and japan but we measure ourselves by whether we can make it in london or los angeles. anzac is a very protean narrative but the key elements were in the original reports of gallipoli from the british war correspondent ellis ashmead - bartlett. he campaigned against the mediterranean strategy, believing it was a strategic disaster. his april 25 dispatch from gallipoli, published in australia in early may, noted that the boats had almost reached the beach when the turks opened fire. \" australians rose to the occasion. they did not wait for orders or for the boats to reach the beach, but sprang into the sea, formed a sort of rough line, and rushed the enemy \u2019 s trenches. their magazines were uncharged, so they just went in with cold steel. \" despite the odds, the colonials were \" practical above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3597888005528687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d962c4e-f7e4-40ae-aaef-a30c5cb0c95c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.253858"}
{"text": "beach, but sprang into the sea, formed a sort of rough line, and rushed the enemy \u2019 s trenches. their magazines were uncharged, so they just went in with cold steel. \" despite the odds, the colonials were \" practical above all else \". \" this race of athletes \" scaled the cliffs oblivious to the turks firing down on them. of the wounded, who were \" shot to bits \", ashmead - bartlett wrote : \" they were happy because they knew they had been tried for the first time, and had not been found wanting. \" these \" raw colonial troops \" were the equal of the heroes of the major battles on the western front. anzac is not the centre of australian national identity because the nation could only be forged in the crucible of war. that gets the process backwards. anzac became the celebration of australian identity because it embodies the story we \u2019 ve long told each other about what it means to be australian. that anzac narrative has many variations but they all explain that, even as a small nation, australia is the little country that could. and australians tell those stories to each other every day of the year. critics who doubt the meanings of anzac are fighting a losing battle trying to correct false anzac memory syndrome. national identity is not about historical truth but about what we imagine ourselves to be. and, like it or not, australians are still talking and thinking about proving themselves on the world stage and those who succeed are our heroes. anzac was simply the original version of that story. ian mylchreest is an australian journalist living in las vegas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43937402587474816, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d962c4e-f7e4-40ae-aaef-a30c5cb0c95c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.254483"}
{"text": "tinea corporis is a skin infection due to fungi. fungal infection - body ; infection - fungal - body ; tinea of the body ; tinea circinata ; ringworm - body causes, incidence, and risk factors : tinea corporis ( often called ringworm of the body ) is a common skin disorder, especially among children. however, it may occur in people of all ages. it is caused by mold - like fungi called dermatophytes. fungi thrive in warm, moist areas. the following raise your risk for a fungal infection : - long - term wetness of the skin ( such as from sweating ) - minor skin and nail injuries - poor hygiene tinea corporis is contagious. you can catch the condition if you come into direct contact with someone who is infected, or if you touch contaminated items such as : - pool surfaces - shower floors and walls the fungi can also be spread by pets ( cats are common carriers ). symptoms include itching and a ring - shaped, red - colored skin rash. the rash may occur on the arms, legs, face, or other exposed body areas. the border of the rash lesions look scaly. signs and tests : the primary diagnosis is based on how the skin looks. in some cases, the following tests may be done : keep the skin clean and dry. over - the - counter antifungal creams, such as those that contain miconazole, clotrimazole, or similar ingredients, are often effective in controlling ringworm. severe or chronic infection may need further treatment by your health care provider. oral antifungal medications may be used for severe, widespread fungal infections, or an infection that has spread deeper into the skin to the hair follicle. stronger, prescription topical antifungal medications, such as ketoconazole may be needed. antibiotics may be needed to treat secondary bacterial infections. infected pets should also be treated. ringworm usually responds to topical medications within 4 weeks. severe or resistant cases usually respond quickly to antifungal medicines taken by mouth. - bacterial skin infections, cellulitis - skin disorders such as pyoderma or dermatophytid - spread of tinea to feet, scalp, groin, or nails - whole - body ( systemic ) side effects of medications calling your health care provider : call for an appointment with your health care provider if ringworm does not improve with self - care. good general hygiene helps prevent ringworm infections. avoid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4319644358899037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad108843-5f91-46b0-9b39-94c9cb6f51c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.257784"}
{"text": ", or nails - whole - body ( systemic ) side effects of medications calling your health care provider : call for an appointment with your health care provider if ringworm does not improve with self - care. good general hygiene helps prevent ringworm infections. avoid contact with infected pets as much as possible. clean and dry clothing and household items, such as combs and bathroom surfaces, before you reuse them or another person uses them to prevent the spread of infection. wash your hands thoroughly after having contact with any fungal infection, including when treating the infection. andrews md, burns m. common tinea infections in children. am fam physician. 2008 ; 77 : 1415 - 1420. | review date : 10 / 3 / 2008 | reviewed by : kevin berman, md, phd, atlanta center for dermatologic disease, atlanta, ga. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4025992445238776, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad108843-5f91-46b0-9b39-94c9cb6f51c8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.258436"}
{"text": "modus. irrealis wrote :... because on some deeper level the enclitic isn ' t really the first word, but the surface structure is formed by moving the conjunction from first to second position? bert wrote : that is an interesting question. i don ' t have a lot of time right now ( seeing that it is bedtime ) but my first thought is that it might be because i \u201e i\u00b9i \u201a is the same word as i \u201e a\u00bd \u00b7 i \u201a. the accent indicates that the intonation is different but still, it is the same word. if this is indeed the reason then words like i\u20aca\u00bd\u00bdi \u201a, i\u20aci \u00bf i \u201e a\u00bd\u00b3 and i\u20aci \u00bf a\u00bd \u00bb should occur first in a sentence as well. anyone know if that happens? bert wrote : looking in smyth ( 187 ) i found that enclitics retain their accents if ( among other things ) they are first in a sentence. the examples given all have a post possitive following so it does not prove anyting, it just gives some confirmation that your question is valid. modus. irrealis wrote : edit again to add that this still seems quite odd, and self - contradictory, behaviour for enclitics, even the example from classical greek. modus. irrealis wrote : that makes sense, to distinguish them that way. but are i\u00bcii\u00bd and i\u00b4i enclitics in the strict sense, since they don ' t seem to form accentuation groups with the words that precede them? bert wrote : syntactic, pragmatic, non - syntactic. do you mind giving a short description or explanation of these terms? users browsing this forum : exabot [ bot ] and 10 guests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5055289589870261, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11490e0e-9443-4869-bfce-0461c88b3fd9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.260353"}
{"text": "de stijl, artists and art ( movement, 1917 - 1931 ) dutch nonfigurative art movement, also called neoplasticism. in 1917 a group of artists, architects, and poets was organized under the name de stijl, and a journal of the same name was initiated. the leaders of the movement were the artists theo van doesburg and piet mondrian. they advocated a purification of art, eliminating subject matter in favor of vertical and horizontal elements, and the use of primary colors and noncolors. their austerity of expression influenced architects, principally j. j. p. oud and gerrit rietveld. the movement lasted until 1931 ; in architecture a few de stijl principles are still applied. artists de stijl : the dutch review de stijl was founded in 1917 by theo van doesburg, and the name has come to represent the common aims and utopian vision of a loose affiliation of dutch and international artists and architects. the central figures of de stijl \u2014 van doesburg and piet mondrian \u2014 strove for a universal form that would correspond to their spiritual vision. neo - plasticism ( meaning \u201c a new plastic art \u201d ) was the term adopted by mondrian to describe the qualities that de stijl artists endeavored to achieve in their work... name of journal founded in 1917 in holland by pioneers of abstract art, piet mondrian and theo van doesburg. means style in dutch. the name de stijl also came to refer to the circle of artists that gathered around the publication. de stijl became a vehicle for mondrian ' s ideas on art, and in a series of articles in the first year ' s issues he defined his aims and used, perhaps for the first time, the term neo - plasticism... de stijl. edited by theo van doesburg. leiden, 1917 - 1932. 8 volumes ( 90 numbers ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48612763264914993, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e7c6f4e-c3b7-47b7-9810-32c341a1bfee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.262177"}
{"text": "features of constitution1 | is there a constitution? | | yes | | does the constitution provide for freedom of religion? | | yes | | source | | national information commission ( nepal ) | | translation | | source is an english translation | | current as of | | may 11, 2011 | constitution excerpts ( clauses that reference religion ) 2 having determined for progressive restructuring of the state in order to resolve the existing problems of the country relating to class, caste, region and gender ; having multi - ethnic, multi - lingual, multi - religious, multi - cultural characteristics with common aspirations, and being committed to and united by a bond of allegiance to national independence, integrity, national interest and prosperity of nepal, the nepali people collectively constitute the nation. 4. state of nepal ( 1 ) nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive and a fully democratic state. 12. right to freedom ( 1 ) every person shall have the right to live with dignity, and no law which provides for capital punishment shall be made. ( 2 ) except as provided for by law no person shall be deprived of his / her personal liberty. ( 3 ) every citizen shall have the following freedoms : ( a ) freedom of opinion and expression ; ( b ) freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms ; ( c ) freedom to form political party [ sic ] ; ( d ) freedom to form unions and associations ; ( e ) freedom to move and reside in any part of nepal ; and ( f ) freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, industry, or trade. ( 1 ) nothing in sub - clause ( a ) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes, religion or communities, or on any act of defamation, contempt of court or incitement to an offense ; or on any act which may be contrary to decent public behavior or morality. ( 3 ) nothing in sub - clauses ( c ) and ( d ) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes religion or communities, or which may instigate violence, or which may be contrary to public morality. ( 4 ) nothing in sub - clause (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47137530036409486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f6cfce3-55d8-4420-8c06-28e560274f4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.272369"}
{"text": "may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes religion or communities, or which may instigate violence, or which may be contrary to public morality. ( 4 ) nothing in sub - clause ( e ) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws which are in the interest of the general public, or which are made to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes, religion or communities. 13. right to equality ( 1 ) all citizens shall be equal before the law. no person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws. ( 2 ) no discrimination shall be made against any citizen in the application of general laws on grounds of religion, race, gender, caste, tribe, origin, language or ideological conviction or any of these. ( 3 ) the state shall not discriminate among citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, tribe, gender, origin, language or ideological conviction or any of these. provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of special provisions by law for the protection, empowerment or advancement of the interests of women, dalit, indigenous ethnic tribes [ adivasi janajati ], madhesi, or farmers, laborers or those who belong to a class which is economically, socially or culturally backward, or children, the aged, disabled or those who are physically or mentally incapacitated. 14. right against untouchability and racial discrimination ( 1 ) no person shall, on the ground of caste, descent, community or occupation, be subject to racial discrimination and untouchability in any form. such a discriminatory act shall be liable to punishment and the victim shall be entitled to compensation as provided by the law. ( 2 ) no person shall, on the ground of caste or tribe, be deprived of the use of services, conveniences or utilities available to the public, or be denied access to any public place, or public religious places, or be prevented from performing any religious act. ( 3 ) no person belonging to any particular caste or tribe shall, in relation to the production or making available of any goods, services or conveniences, be prevented from purchasing or acquiring such goods, services or conveniences ; and no such goods, services or conveniences shall be sold or distributed only to members of a particular caste or tribe. ( 4 ) no one shall be allowed to purport to demonstrate superiority or inferiority of any person or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5232710232649376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f6cfce3-55d8-4420-8c06-28e560274f4d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.273419"}
{"text": "or conveniences ; and no such goods, services or conveniences shall be sold or distributed only to members of a particular caste or tribe. ( 4 ) no one shall be allowed to purport to demonstrate superiority or inferiority of any person or a group of persons belonging to any caste, tribe or origin ; or to justify social discrimination on the basis of caste and tribe ; or to disseminate ideas based on caste superiority or hatred ; or to encourage caste discrimination in any form. ( 5 ) any act contrary to the provisions of sub - clauses ( 2 ), ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) shall be punishable in accordance with law. 15. right regarding publication, broadcasting and press ( 1 ) there shall be no prior censorship of publication and broadcasting or printing of any news items, editorial, article, feature or other reading or audio - visual material by any means including electronic publication, broadcasting and press. provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty or integrity of nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tributes or communities ; or on any act of sedition, defamation, contempt of court or incitement to an offense ; or on any act which may be contrary to decent public behavior or morality. 21. right to social justice ( 1 ) women, dalits, indigenous ethnic groups [ adivsai janajati ], madhesi communities, oppressed groups, the poor farmers and laborers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in state structures on the basis of principles of proportional inclusion. 23. right to religion ( 1 ) every person shall have the right to profess, practice and preserve his or her own religion as handed down to him or her from ancient times paying due regard to social and cultural traditions. provided that no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another, and no person shall act or behave in a manner which may infringe upon the religion of others. ( 2 ) every religious denomination shall have the right to maintain its independent existence, and for this purpose to manage and protect its religious places and religious trusts, in accordance with law. 33. responsibilities of the state the state shall have the following responsibilities : ( d ) to carry out an inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the state by eliminating its existing form of centralized and unitary structure in order to address the problems related to women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4883579019564328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f6cfce3-55d8-4420-8c06-28e560274f4d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.274456"}
{"text": ". 33. responsibilities of the state the state shall have the following responsibilities : ( d ) to carry out an inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the state by eliminating its existing form of centralized and unitary structure in order to address the problems related to women, dalits, indigenous tribes [ adivsai janajati ], madhesis, oppressed and minority communities and other disadvantaged groups, by eliminating class, caste, language, gender, cultural, religious and regional discrimination, 34. directive principles of the state ( 4 ) the fundamental economic objective of the state must be to give priority and protection to making the national economy independent, self - reliant and progressive by preventing the concentration of available resources and means of the country within a limited section of society, by making arrangements for equitable distribution of economic gains based on social justice, by making such provision as will prevent economic inequality and exploitation of any caste, gender, class, origin or individuals, and by giving priority and encouragement to national private and public enterprises. ( 5 ) the social objective of the state shall be to establish and develop a healthy social life on the foundation of justice and morality, by eliminating all types of economic and social inequalities and by establishing harmony among diverse castes, tribes, religions, languages, races, communities and sects. 35. state policies ( 3 ) the state shall pursue a policy of strengthening the unity of the nation by maintaining the cultural diversity of the country through the promotion of healthy and harmonious social relations, on the basis of on equality and coexistence, among people of various religions, cultures, castes, communities, sects, origins, languages and linguistic groups, and by assisting in the equal promotion of their languages, literatures, scripts, arts and cultures. ( 10 ) the state shall pursue a policy which will help to uplift the economically and socially backward indigenous ethnic tribes [ adivasi janajati ], madhesis, dalits, as well as marginalized communities, and workers and farmers living below the poverty line by making provisions for reservations in education, health, housing, food security and employment for a certain period of time. ( 14 ) the state shall pursue a policy of making special provision based on positive discrimination for the minorities, landless, squatters, bonded laborers, persons with disability, backward communities and sections, and the victims of conflict, including women, dalits, indigenous tribes [ adivasi janajati ], madhesis and muslims. 63. formation of the constituent assembly ( 1 ) a constituent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4719366643401068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f6cfce3-55d8-4420-8c06-28e560274f4d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.275515"}
{"text": ", persons with disability, backward communities and sections, and the victims of conflict, including women, dalits, indigenous tribes [ adivasi janajati ], madhesis and muslims. 63. formation of the constituent assembly ( 1 ) a constituent assembly shall be constituted to formulate a new constitution by the nepali people themselves, subject to the provisions of this constitution. ( 2 ) the election of the constituent assembly shall be held on a date to be specified by the government of nepal after the commencement of this constitution. ( 3 ) in accordance with the law, there will be the following members of the ca, elected and nominated according to the mixed electoral system, taking account of the equality of population, geographical convenience and special characteristics, and, in the case of madhes on the basis of percentage of the population - ( a ) one member elected, under the first - past - the - post system, from each geographical constituency, two hundred and forty as determined by the constituency delimitation commission under article 154 ( a ), based on the national census preceding the constituent assembly elections, and as far as possible maintaining the same relationship between number of members and population for all the administrative districts, while retaining the same administrative districts as hitherto. ( b ) three hundred and thirty - five members to be elected according to the proportional representation system, with voting being for political parties, and treating the whole country as a single constituency. ( 4 ) the principle of inclusiveness shall be taken into consideration by political parties while selecting the candidates pursuant to sub - clause ( a ) of clause ( 3 ), and, while making the list of the candidates pursuant to sub - clause ( b ), the political parties shall have to ensure the proportional representation to women, dalits, oppressed communities / indigenous groups, backward regions, madhesis and other groups, in accordance with the law. 90. consolidated fund except for the revenues of religious endowments, all revenues received by the government of nepal, all loans raised on the security of revenues, and all the moneys received in repayment of any loan made under the authority of any act and any amount received by the government of nepal shall be credited to a government fund to be known as the consolidated fund. provided that, the money of religious endowments, other than private religious endowments, shall be regulated by laws to be enacted. 138. progressive restructuring of the state ( 1 ) to bring an end to discrimination based on class, caste, language, gender, culture, religion and region by eliminating the centralized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46072392653110855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f6cfce3-55d8-4420-8c06-28e560274f4d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.276576"}
{"text": "than private religious endowments, shall be regulated by laws to be enacted. 138. progressive restructuring of the state ( 1 ) to bring an end to discrimination based on class, caste, language, gender, culture, religion and region by eliminating the centralized and unitary form of the state, the state shall be made inclusive and restructured into a progressive, democratic federal system. 142. registration required for securing recognition for the purpose of contesting elections as a political party ( 1 ) any political party wishing the secure recognition from the election commission for the purposes of elections shall be required to register its name with the election commission in accordance with the procedure determined by the commission. political parties that fail to register their names shall be removed from the list of the election commission. ( 3 ) political parties shall fulfill the following conditions while filing an application pursuant to clause ( 1 ) - ( c ) there shall be a provision for the inclusion of members from neglected and oppressed groups including women and dalits in the executive committees at various levels, ( 4 ) the election commission shall not register any political party if any nepali citizen is discriminated against in becoming a member of the political party on the basis of religion, caste, tribe, language or gender or if the name, objectives, symbol or flag of such political party is of a character that may disturb the countrys religious or communal unity or is divisive in character, or if the constitution or rules of such party have the objective of protecting and promoting a partyless or single party system of government. 1. data under the \" features of constitution \" heading are drawn from coding of the u. s. state department ' s 2008 international religious freedom reports conducted by researchers at the association of religion data archives. the article by brian grim and roger finke describes the coding of the international religious freedom reports. a dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. used with permission. 2. the constitutional excerpts shown above are reproduced from the websites given in the \" source \" field ; the links to these websites were active as of may 2011. where the constitutional text shown on these websites was provided in a language other than english, this text was translated to english by arda staff with assistance from web - based translation utilities such as google translate and yahoo! babel fish. constitutional text was converted to american english where applicable. constitutional clauses were judged to contain religious content based largely on the standards used in the construction of the religion and state constitutions dataset collected by jonathan fox", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5102376008701898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f6cfce3-55d8-4420-8c06-28e560274f4d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.277642"}
{"text": "discovered : male fish who engage in same - sex flirting lure in female fish ; cheese dates back 7. 5 millennia ; americans love public transportation once they give it a chance ; depressed mice cheer up after brain stimulation. gay fish attract more female mates. nature has its own version of a pop culture archetype \u2014 the highly attractive man who, unfortunately, remains unavailable to the women swooning over him. a team of researchers led by university of frankfurt ' s david bierbach has found a species of tropical fish in which males who flirt with other males are perceived as more attractive by potential female mates. they observed poecilia mexicana, or atlantic mollies, engaged in \" mate copying, \" meaning that females will try to mate with a male fish they ' ve seen interacting sexually with members of their own sex. \" males can increase their attractiveness towards females by homosexual interactions, which in turn increase the likelihood of a male ' s future heterosexual interactions, \" says bierbach. \" we do not know how widespread female mate choice copying is, but up to now it is reported in many species, including fruit flies, fishes, birds and mammals [ including ] humans. \" [ bbc news ] cheese is really old... ahem... well aged. ancient pottery recovered on a dig in poland reveals that cheese making could date back as far as 5, 500 b. c. university of bristol researchers led by richard evershed discovered fatty milk residue on the shards of sieves. that ruled out previous theories that they were used to make honey or beer. \" it ' s almost inconceivable that the milk fat residues in the sieves were from anything else but cheese, \" comments university of vermont nutrition professor paul kindstedt. we ' re glad neolithic people discovered cheese, because their cuisine sounds really boring without it, consisting mostly of porridge. \" they probably would not be the first choice for a lot of people today, \" kindstedt says of the cheeses these sieves could have produced. \" but i would still love to try it. \" [ ap ] if you can convince americans to take public transportation, they ' ll love it. it ' s hard to convince drivers to try public transportation, so maya abou - zeid of the american university of beirut and moshe ben - akiva of m. i. t. cut a deal with their experimental subjects : they covered their fare for a brief trial period. they found that 30 percent of boston car commuters were convinced to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47099783263648365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bb0e61d-f2c7-4bb2-9924-a43fcde6d123>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.281037"}
{"text": "of the american university of beirut and moshe ben - akiva of m. i. t. cut a deal with their experimental subjects : they covered their fare for a brief trial period. they found that 30 percent of boston car commuters were convinced to switch to public transportation, and 25 percent actually stuck with it for six months. so what was preventing them from switching before? mostly our societal opinions on public transportation, the researchers found. \" because of a generally weaker public transportation culture in boston than in switzerland, m. i. t. participants who switched might not have seriously considered using public transportation until they experimented with it during the trial, \" they write. [ atlantic cities ] brain stimulation cheers up depressed mice. stanford university neuroscientist karl deisseroth has been able to quell depression in mice by stimulating and silencing certain parts of the rodents ' brains with lasers. using optogenetics, the researchers behind two new papers could control nerve cells by adjusting fiber - optic light beams. by better understanding the neural pathways that regulate depression in mice, deisseroth hopes to develop treatments for humans suffering from depression. \" in this way, bit by bit, we can piece together the circuitry, \" he says. \" it \u2019 s a long process that \u2019 s just starting, but we have a foothold now. \" [ science news ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5386999576444056, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bb0e61d-f2c7-4bb2-9924-a43fcde6d123>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.281587"}
{"text": "the overthrow of king james ii was the focus of england ' s glorious revolution in the fall of 1688. it was termed a bloodless revolution, which may in fact, not be accurate. when james ii knew that he was defeated, he fled the country and went to france in december of 1688. some in the alternative media see evidence linking oliver cromwell ' s english rebellion to the subsequent glorious revolution. the idea here is that the banking elites of the day funded various political movements within england in order to create the first english central bank. our view would be that the movements that convulsed britain at the time can also be seen within the context of information - technology. in fact, from this standpoint it was the gutenberg press that helped create the glorious revolution. this is not merely an assertion. there was an enormous religious ferment in england at the time thanks to various biblical translations spawned by the gutenberg press. certainly, it can be argued that there would have been certain social changes no matter how they came about. were they entirely the work of a certain transnational power elite? in fact, the gutenberg press, by allowing people to print and read the bible for themselves, helped spawn first the renaissance and then the protestant reformation that in turn gave rise to protestantism. the glorious revolution in this context was the result of much larger forces put in play decades before its inception. historically, this was a very disruptive period for the british. political, economic and social policies were under stress and about to be changed. parliament believed that james ii looked to gain absolute power over all aspects of the country. james ii was considered a problem to the opposition party and both the tories and the whigs fought against what they felt were his absurd policies. he outwardly supported the catholic church, undermining the protestant religions. he deemed protesting as an act against the government and suspended the legal rights of all dissenters. once james had vacated the throne, it was necessary to appoint new leadership. the appointment went to mary ii, the daughter of james ii and to william iii as mary ' s husband. in 1689, the american colonialists felt that restrictions on the colonies would be relaxed as a result of the accession of william and mary. this was not the case, as william and mary did not concern themselves with colonial issues and the restrictions that james ii put into place continued for the american colonies. william and mary were instead concerned about the unrest in england itself. change primarily took place in the mother country in an effort to bring the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4459648071681889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a9d2b9d-2353-49a7-8009-92b83b46d8c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.284430"}
{"text": "book i. propositions 31 and 32 back to propositions 31, 32. 11. solve the problem of proposition 31 : through a given point to draw straight line parallel to a given straight line. to see the answer, pass your mouse over the colored area. let a be the given point, and bc the given straight line ; choose any point d on bc, and draw ad ; the straight line ad, which meets the two straight lines ef, bc makes the alternate angles ead, adc equal. therefore ef is parallel to bc. ( i. 27 ) 12. a ) state the hypothesis of proposition 32. a figure is a triangle and one side is extended. 2. b ) state the conclusion. the exterior angle is equal to the two opposite interior angles ; and the three interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles. 2. c ) practice proposition 32. 13. prove proposition 32 by drawing a straight line de through a 3. this proof is attributed to pythagoras, who lived some 250 years because de is parallel to bc, 14. abc is a circle with center d ; abd is a triangle ; and adc is a 14. straight line. prove that angle bdc is double angle a. ad is equal to db because they are radii of the circle ; 15. prove : the acute angles of a right triangle are together equal to a the three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles, 16. in an isosceles right triangle, why is each acute angle half of a right since the triangle is isosceles, the base angles are equal. 17. prove that if an acute angle of one right triangle is equal to an acute that is, if angles b and e are right angles, and angle c equals angles a and c together equal one right angle, 18. according to the corollary to i. 32, the four interior angles of any 19. in any five - sided rectilineal figure, the five angles are together equal 19. to how many right angles? 10. in the degree system of angular measurement, in which a right angle 10. is called 90\u00b0, how many degrees is each angle in a regular octagon? 10. ( that is an eight - sided figure which is both equilateral and please make a donation to keep themathpage online. copyright \u00a9 2012 lawrence spector questions or comments?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.554990373165754, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9c1f8d-de52-4e65-b208-1ca0fb3c3c25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.287122"}
{"text": "in 1377, john wycliffe went on trial in london ' s st. paul ' s cathedral after arguing against the sale of indulgences, the worship of saints and the veneration of relics. he was never convicted as a heretic. in 1473, the founder of modern astronomy, nicolaus copernicus, was born in poland. his theory established the sun as the centre of the planetary system. in 1732, religious houses in new france were forbidden to shelter fugitives from justice. in 1878, thomas edison was issued a u. s. patent for his phonograph, less than two months after he applied. in the autumn of 1877, edison had successfully tested a crude cylinder phonograph that recorded his voice on a piece of tinfoil wrapped around a cylinder. he had shouted into the mouthpiece of the instrument the nursery rhyme \" mary had a little lamb. \" when he played back the recording, and a recognizable reproduction of his voice emerged, edison was quoted as saying : \" i was never so taken aback in my life. \" before the patent was even granted, the edison speaking phonograph company had been formed to control the manufacture and exhibition of the instruments. however, the phonograph ' s commercial value at the time lay solely in its appeal as a novelty. in 1889, saskatchewan metis leader gabriel dumont was pardoned by the federal government for his actions during the 1885 northwest rebellion led by louis riel. in 1897, in stoney creek, ont., adelaide hunter hoodless formed the women ' s institute, a group that spread throughout the english - speaking world. hoodless was jolted out of her comfortable middle - class existence when her infant son died after drinking impure milk. she became devoted to educating women for motherhood and household management. hoodless also helped found the national council of women, the victorian order of nurses and the national ywca. she died in toronto on her 53rd birthday in 1910. in 1906, michigan doctor william kellogg formed the battle creek cornflake company to make a breakfast cereal he had developed for patients suffering from mental disorders. in 1920, shareholders of the grand trunk railway ratified its sale to the federal government. it became part of the canadian national railway system. in 1930, the quebec legislature rejected a bill to admit women to the practice of law. in 1945, u. s. marines landed on the japanese - held island of iwo jima during the second world war. the island was eventually taken on march 26 at a cost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4667570891223553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e227bcd8-5264-4b9a-ad8b-24199bbb68c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.292594"}
{"text": "legislature rejected a bill to admit women to the practice of law. in 1945, u. s. marines landed on the japanese - held island of iwo jima during the second world war. the island was eventually taken on march 26 at a cost of more than 6, 800 american lives. in 1959, an agreement was signed by britain, turkey and greece granting cyprus its independence. in 1960, queen elizabeth became the first reigning british monarch in more than a century to have a baby, prince andrew. in 1968, the federal liberal minority government lost a tax vote in the commons. the opposition conservatives demanded, without success, that the government resign. on feb. 28, the liberals won a vote of confidence. in 1970, canada claimed jurisdiction over all waters of the northwest passage, and between the islands of the arctic archipelago. in 1974, the national hockey league and world hockey association reached an out - of - court settlement in their litigation. the agreement, signed in philadelphia, struck down the nhl ' s reserve clause, which bound a player to a team for life unless he was traded or released. in 1983, joe clark resigned as conservative leader, although he remained in control of the party until successor brian mulroney was chosen at a june convention. in 1993, two british explorers became the first to cross the antarctic on foot without outside support. sir ralph fiennes and dr. michael stroud dragged their supplies on sledges weighing 196 kilograms across more than 2, 100 kilometres. in 1997, deng xiaoping, china ' s paramount leader, died at 92. he was the architect of china ' s economic reforms in the 1980s, but also ordered the bloody 1989 crackdown on pro - democracy protesters in tiananmen square. in 1998, 101 items belonging to the late duke and duchess of windsor fetched $ 1. 9 million at auction - - three times what sotheby ' s had expected. in 2001, the canada - u. s. automotive agreement expired after 36 years. the 1965 auto pact provided a large measure of free trade in vehicles and parts between the two countries and was a major boost to the canadian auto industry. it was allowed to lapse after the world trade organization ruled it violated international trade laws. in 2001, film producer stanley kramer, whose works included \" high noon, \" \" judgement at nuremberg \" and \" inherit the wind, \" died at age 87. in 2003, an iranian military plane carrying 302 members of the elite revolutionary guards crashed in the mountains of southeastern iran, killing all onboard in iran", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4610137393215087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e227bcd8-5264-4b9a-ad8b-24199bbb68c4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.293533"}
{"text": "\" high noon, \" \" judgement at nuremberg \" and \" inherit the wind, \" died at age 87. in 2003, an iranian military plane carrying 302 members of the elite revolutionary guards crashed in the mountains of southeastern iran, killing all onboard in iran ' s worst aviation disaster. in 2003, mounir el motassadeq, a 28 - year - old moroccan, was jailed for 15 years by a german court after being convicted of accessory to murder in the world ' s first trial over the sept 11, 2001, attacks. in 2004, a fierce blizzard forced nova scotia and p. e. i. to declare a state of emergency ; halifax received a record 95. 5 cm of snow. in 2007, celia franca, the founder of the national ballet of canada, died in ottawa at the age of 85. in 2007, gov. gen. michaelle jean presented awards for military bravery to six soldiers who performed extraordinary deeds under fire in afghanistan. it was the first time these decorations for military valour were awarded since they were created in 1994. in 2008, the b. c. government introduced north america ' s first full - fledged carbon tax in an effort to curb greenhouse gases. in 2008, fidel castro formally resigned as president of cuba after 49 years, a year - and - a - half after temporarily relinquishing power to his brother raoul. his resignation effectively ended the longest rule in the world for a head of government. in 2009, u. s. president barack obama met prime minister stephen harper in ottawa on his first foreign visit since becoming president. they outlined three main priorities of the bilateral relationship \u2014 working together to restore economic growth, a new initiative on environmental protection and a commitment to stabilize afghanistan. in 2010, pope benedict approved sainthood for montreal ' s brother andre, the founder of st. joseph ' s oratory who was credited with miracle healings before his death in 1937. formal canonization took place on oct. 17 in rome. in 2010, all 64 young students, including 42 canadian high school and university students, and crew aboard the nova - scotia - based tall ship, concordia, were saved after the ship capsized on feb. 17 about 550 km southeast of rio de janeiro, brazil. in 2010, jon montgomery, the fast - talking, energetic auctioneer and car salesman from russell, man., won the gold medal in the men ' s skeleton race at the vancouver olympics. in 2010, tiger woods made his first public appearance since crashing his car in late 2009, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44503063433148815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e227bcd8-5264-4b9a-ad8b-24199bbb68c4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.294830"}
{"text": "tiny transistor stays where it ' s put doing well with silicon and phosphorus \u2013 one atom at a time the team that earlier this year characterized a four - atom wire that obeys ohm \u2019 s law has now demonstrated a repeatable single - atom transistor. while single atoms have been observed acting like transistors in the past, the \u2018 device \u2019 demonstrated by the unsw, university of melbourne and purdue team is exceptional in that it has been engineered and can be built repeatably. and with high precision : by creating a well - like structure to contain the atom, the researchers claim they \u2019 ve eliminated the 10nm positional uncertainties now observed in single - atom transistors. as dr martin fuechsle, lead author of the group \u2019 s paper ( published in nature nanotechnology ) explains, this accurate positioning is needed \u201c if you want to use it as a qubit \u201d. it was achieved by lifting one silicon atom out of a group of six using a scanning tunnelling electron microscope, and replacing it with the phosphorus atom. the structure includes markers that allow researchers to attach contacts to it and apply a voltage. the single phosphorus atom in its well in the centre of a silicon crystal, shown in this purdue simulation. while the transistor exists as a single phosphorus atom, the entire structure is a little bigger : the atom has to be confined in a well or channel in a silicon crystal. it also needs to be kept at - 196\u00b0c to operate, as purdue \u2019 s gerhard klimeck explains. \u201c the atom sits in a well or channel, and for it to operate as a transistor, the electrons must stay in that channel. \u201d this explains the need for cold : \u201c at higher temperatures, the electrons move more and go outside of the channel \u201d. \" by achieving the placement of a single atom, we have, at the same time, developed a technique that will allow us to be able to place several of these single - atom devices towards the goal of a developing a scalable system, \u201d says michelle simmons, director of unsw \u2019 s arc centre for quantum computation and communication. such techniques are also important, she says, because it allows an exotic device to be built using materials familiar to the computer industry. a unsw video discussing the technology is below. \u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5837826382208059, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12c58b96-861c-49d0-8a1a-c0cb4d3ed03d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.297260"}
{"text": "did dogs really eat slaves, like in ' django '? 100 amazing facts about the negro : plus, whether slaves rode horses or had mandingo death matches. ( slaveryimages. org ; original source unidentified ) horses and horsemanship played an interesting role during slavery. the most famous black horseman in the revolutionary period was our old friend, william \" billy \" lee, george washington ' s slave and personal attendant, the only slave whom washington freed upon his death. billy lee was, by all accounts, a superb horseman, and rode just behind his master. in the black abolitionist henry bibb ' s famous slave narrative of 1849, horses compose almost a leitmotif : before finally attaining his freedom, he is captured, handcuffed and tied by his feet to a horse and returned to slavery, but he effects his ultimate escape by stealing another horse ( \" the best looking of them \" ) from a large plantation, and riding him \" not less than forty miles that night, or before sunrise the next morning, \" to gain his freedom. bibb, a famous newspaper editor whose narrative was extremely popular, tells us, \" i thanked god, and thanked the horse for what he had done for me, and wished him a safe journey back home. \" and then there is the famous 1862 painting titled \" the fugitive slaves, \" by eastman johnson, which depicts a slave family fleeing to freedom on a stallion, suggesting that horses were used by slaves to make their escapes. slaves also rode horses professionally : as lisa k. winkler writes in smithsonian magazine, slaves served as jockeys from colonial times, long before black men dominated the first decades of the kentucky derby ( in the first derby in 1875, 13 of 15 jockeys were black ) : \" \u2026 when president andrew jackson moved in the white house in 1829, he brought along his best thoroughbreds and his black jockeys. because racing was tremendously popular in the south, it is not surprising that the first black jockeys were slaves. they cleaned the stables and handled the grooming and training of some of the country ' s most valuable horseflesh, \" they \" were allowed to travel the racing circuit \" and \" they competed alongside whites. \" so, for as effective as the trope is used in django to distinguish a free negro from a slave, this is not historically accurate. it was a dog - eat - slave world professional slave catchers used dogs to chase and capture fugitive slaves. as david doddington writes in \" slavery and dogs in the ant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39414999273073825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e762c516-c250-4cbd-90ec-01af474c74a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.302068"}
{"text": "to distinguish a free negro from a slave, this is not historically accurate. it was a dog - eat - slave world professional slave catchers used dogs to chase and capture fugitive slaves. as david doddington writes in \" slavery and dogs in the antebellum south \" for the website sniffing the past, \" it was the use of trained dogs that appears to have most concerned \" the slaves. \" former slaves claimed that masters, patrollers, or professional slave catchers would use ' savage dogs, trained to hunt and follow the track of the poor colored fugitive, ' \" according to the 1857 slave narrative of william j. anderson. but tracking slaves is one thing ; devouring them, as happens in django, is quite another. did this happen - - could this have happened - - given the fact that the ultimate goal of a master was to exploit his human chattel for maximum profit, and destroying property would not be perhaps the best business decision? apparently, it sometimes did happen. doddington quotes a slaveholder from louisiana named bennett h. barrow, \" who kept a detailed dairy and frequently mentioned the importance of dogs in capturing runaways, as well as the terrible violence they could inflict : ' hunting ruffins boy henry, came across williams runaway caught him dogs nearly et his legs off, near killing him. ' \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4360345105198084, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e762c516-c250-4cbd-90ec-01af474c74a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.302679"}
{"text": "teacher ryan hari helps nick raska with an ipad during a math intensive class jan. 11 at parrish middle school in salem, ore. / timothy j. gonzalez, ( salem, ore. ) statesman journal salem, ore. - ipad apps that college students have developed soon could help high school and middle school students crack the code of algebra, often a gatekeeper to college entry. the tools assist teachers in diagnosing where students struggle and offer interactive solutions to put them on track. one app called \" card clutter \" helps students understand the relative value of numbers by arranging cards in order with face values ranging from negative fractions to absolute numbers. those expressions sometimes stump students when solving algebraic equations. many of the apps are available for free on itunes. the program is part of a joint effort with george fox, pacific, western oregon and willamette universities to increase student success in algebra. they received a $ 740, 000 grant from the u. s. department of education to create the center for algebraic thinking. \" algebra is the gateway to college, \" said steve rhine, the project ' s director and willamette education professor. \" it is most correlated with going to college of anything you take in high school. \" in oregon, 1 of 3 high school students failed the state math test last year. rhine said the main reason is not understanding algebra. next year, the stakes will be raised. all high school students must pass the state math test to earn their high school diploma. without interventions, rhine said graduation rates will plummet. ryan hari, a math teacher at parrish middle school here, is a fan of the technology, especially in his math - intensive classes for struggling students. he was one of the first to field - test the apps and received eight ipads as part of the grant. recently a handful of his students tapped the touch screens in rapid fire to solve for x. \" do some ' alge - bingo ' for me, \" he told zack sheldon, who quickly got to work. \" it makes it fun and easy, \" sheldon said. programmers building apps for the project didn ' t design that app, but it motivates users thanks to bingo tiles given for every right answer. hari ' s students end up solving many more equations with the app than they would on paper, he said. another benefit is instant feedback. \" i would be unable to give that amount of feedback to that many students that quickly, \" he said. rhine sees tablets as the textbooks of the future, another good reason", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4348217363348581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29a4dd2c-c167-44c9-ae2c-793bd6e060d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.306315"}
{"text": "than they would on paper, he said. another benefit is instant feedback. \" i would be unable to give that amount of feedback to that many students that quickly, \" he said. rhine sees tablets as the textbooks of the future, another good reason to develop teaching tools for them. he and 16 other educators started the first phase of the project two years ago when they combed through 800 studies on what makes algebra so hard. they isolated 70 common pitfalls and posted them online at www. algebraicthinking. org. the site breaks down each problem, common mistakes and solutions to help everyone from student teachers to veteran teachers plan lessons. willamette university also created an app development class, and students in it designed half the apps for the grant. top students, including stephanie jones, went on to teach the independent study class the next year. jones said it was a great way to use her math skills, teaching skills and computer science skills at the same time. she developed the \" diamond factor \" app, which helps students factor trinomials, an algebraic expression with three terms such as xa\u00b2 + 8x + 16. the three - year grant wraps up this year, but rhine is applying for another one to expand the project. he will find out this spring whether the center gets the $ 1. 5 million grant. after that? he might tackle another common roadblock : geometry. copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : college students develop apps to help kids with algebra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4855492290178701, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29a4dd2c-c167-44c9-ae2c-793bd6e060d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.306921"}
{"text": "| [ excerpt from the science of yoga, page 505 ] patanjali describes the first stage of concentration in the yoga sutras, vibhuti pada, sutra 1 : \" desa - bandha cittasya dharana \" translation - concentration is the confining of the mind within a limited mental area. at this first stage of dharana, the mind is confined to the limited sphere, which is simply defined as the \" object of concentration. \" you may wonder how it is that the mind can maintain movement when it is concentrating solely upon one thing. this is easy to understand when we consider that everything has innumerable aspects or dimensions upon which the mind can occupy itself - - one by one. this is true for objects in the physical realm, as well as concepts within the mental field, which may involve a process of reasoning or an analysis of several steps required to form a logical understanding of it. thus there can also be ' movement ' in the psychological sphere alone without leaving the object of concentration. when the mind gets out of touch with the object of concentration, and another, unrelated object ( or thought ) enters it, then dharana is broken. so our main task in dharana is to immediately bring the mind back to our intended object of concentration each time it becomes distracted - - gradually, over time, strengthening its ability to remain ' contained within a field '. it is through diligent and regular practice alone that the sadhak is able to progressively reduce the frequency of these interruptions and eventually eliminate them altogether. \" [ dharana ] is a method by which a person concentrates more and more upon less and less. the aim is to empty the mind while paradoxically remaining alert. \" ~ john h clark, a map of mental states note : this yoga article is an excerpt from the science of yoga, an online yoga training program with streaming yoga videos and 600 pages of step - by - step yoga instruction. \" the science of yoga is a course worthy of leather binding and an honored place in the finest libraries in the world... it is indeed a masterful work. \" dr. john michael christian learn more about the science of yoga course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5773757654296687, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ff31834-7ba1-467e-a45f-295b945d7619>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.309048"}
{"text": "the ultimate clue, my dear watson : dna fingerprinting students learn practical applications of dna profiling in today ' s forensic science and the future ' s many possibilities. while viewing the video, students delve into the problems of extracting ancient dna from fossils. these molecular biologists use dna profiling to sequence pieces of the dinosaurs ' genome. after viewing the video, students will simulate dna profiling with electrophoresis gel to solve a possible baby mix - up at the hospital. nova : the real jurassic park students will be able to : - explain the steps of dna profiling - describe the possible usefulness of dna profiling to our society - contrast extracting ancient dna from fossils to modern dna from blood and other cells of organisms. per group of two : - copies of the lab \" will the real baby smith please speak up! \" - glue or tape to prepare students for the video, explain the steps of extracting and profiling dna. explain how dna is extracted and isolated from cells. cell membranes are lysed with detergent. the detergent will dissolve the lipid component of the cell membrane and expose the protein and nucleic acids. dna must be extracted at a temperature range of 50\u00b0 - 60\u00b0 celsius. temperatures exceeding 60\u00b0 c may denature the dna. dna must then be placed in ethanol because it is soluble in aqueous solutions. for an interesting demonstration of extracting dna, purchase 1 dna spooling kit. this laboratory activity allows students to extract dna from salmon sperm. the students will add ethanol alcohol to the sperm solution and precipitate dna by spooling it onto a stirring rod. the students are delighted. request sigma product d - 8666 : 1 kit $ 18. 90 from : sigma chemical company po box 14508 st. louis, mo 63178 - 9916 ( 800 ) 325 - 3010 ) explain how dna is cut with restriction enzymes, run through an electrophoresis gel, and probed with a radioactive substance, which appears on the film. many different restriction enzymes are available, and scientists choose the one that will cut the dna in the appropriate place in the sequence. each person has a slightly different sequence and when probed with radioactive substances will produce a unique set of bands. ask the students for possible uses of dna profiling. have students bring in news articles of recent court cases that use dna fingerprints as evidence. another use of dna profiling is to locate genes in our human genome. once these genes are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5501693768021177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08367d39-fc58-49eb-b081-a0a738af834e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.316487"}
{"text": "of bands. ask the students for possible uses of dna profiling. have students bring in news articles of recent court cases that use dna fingerprints as evidence. another use of dna profiling is to locate genes in our human genome. once these genes are found, they can be isolated and possibly inserted into people whose genes are not functioning properly. discuss the possibilities with cutting out dysfunctional genes and inserting functional ones to cure a disease. if there is time, distribute \" designer genes \" worksheet and hold a mock trial or debate about the moral implications of such genetic engineering. discuss probability, a branch of math that predicts the occurrence of chance events. give students statistics for dna testing in various court cases and have them predict the chances of two people having similar bands. to give students a specific responsibility while viewing, have them write down each hurdle scientists must overcome to extract and sequence a dinosaur ' s dna ( 4 billion base pairs! ) ask if they believe jurassic park could become a reality some day. begin the nova video \" the real jurassic park \". pause when jeff goldblum says, \" jurassic park has left me wondering if we will ever see dinosaurs in the zoo someday. \" ask the students the same question again, \" how many of you believe that someday jurassic park could become reality? \" resume the video. pause after michael crichton speaks about his book. discuss what is meant by a genetically engineered dinosaur. resume the video. pause after step 1 find dinosaur dna. contrast uses and accessibility of obtaining dna from modern living organisms to that of dinosaurs ' fossils. as students watch the rest of this segment, have them write down all problems that must be overcome just to extract and assemble the dna from dinosaur fossils. ( small organisms the size of a pin - point, range of species of dinosaur dna in insect ' s stomach, trying to figure out which species the dna came from, and if found in the bones, they must be well preserved ) resume video. pause when poinar jr. holds up the gel sheet and points to the dna bands. explain that this is a dna profile film that was discussed in previewing. resume the video. pause after the color of ancient dna and modern dna is shown when the female scientist takes them out of the freezer. discuss the viability of the dna that is only 13, 000 years old compared to 100 million years old dinosaur dna. ask \" what do you think happens to dna over one million years? \" resume stop the tape after john horner shows the jaw of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5513329966963533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08367d39-fc58-49eb-b081-a0a738af834e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.317479"}
{"text": "viability of the dna that is only 13, 000 years old compared to 100 million years old dinosaur dna. ask \" what do you think happens to dna over one million years? \" resume stop the tape after john horner shows the jaw of a rapter and discusses manipulating eggs and sperm. discuss on and off switches for genes in our bodies. tie this into prenatal care and how important it is to allow off genes to stay off and on genes to come on. drugs and alcohol can effect this delicate balance and cause diseases or deformities. on a positive note, genetic engineers may learn to turn on genes that code for important proteins such as insulin. this could rid a person of diabetes. to prepare students for the lab activity \" will the real ' baby smith please speak up \" review the processes of dna extraction and dna profiling. discuss how dna is separated in gel solutions. gel electrophoresis is a technique which separates charged particles such as nucleic acids by running them through an electrical field. the dna segments ( which were cut by restriction enzymes ) migrate toward the opposite charge at the other end of the gel. the smallest fragments can travel or migrate through the gel the fastest. a radioactive probe is then placed on the bands and comparisons or conclusions can be drawn as to whose dna fingerprint is more closely tell the students they will be simulating the process of dna profiling in the activity, \" will the real baby smith please speak up! \" explain that a simulation allows students to understand each step of dna profiling. students will simulate cutting the dna with enzymes, running it through the gel, attaching radioactive probes, and developing the film to see bands. have students predict the impact of biotechnology on their future and place their ideas in a time capsule to be opened at their 10 year reunion. invite a genetic engineer into your classroom to share recent research being performed. it is possible that he / she could bring in equipment to show how the process of electrophoresis gel is used to analyze dna. visit your local forensic lab to learn how dna fingerprinting is useful in solving crimes. have students write to local judges asking if dna profiling has ever been used to help solve crimes in their immediate area. language arts / social studies : finish viewing the nova tape \" the real jurassic park \". invite the students to express their opinions of bioengineering using the debate, \" should dinosaurs be brought back to life and placed in modern society. \" have students write arguments to support their position. share ideas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.54283584668922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08367d39-fc58-49eb-b081-a0a738af834e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.318436"}
{"text": "tape \" the real jurassic park \". invite the students to express their opinions of bioengineering using the debate, \" should dinosaurs be brought back to life and placed in modern society. \" have students write arguments to support their position. share ideas the next day in class to spark a debate. have students prepare a combined argument to present to the environmental protection agency. if some students are unsure, have them represent the environmental protection agency to make the final decision based on the arguments presented by classmates. ( \" exploring jurassic park \", the science teacher, november 1993, simmons and wylie ) art / engineering : have students draw or create a three dimensional model of a dinosaur zoo for tourists to visit. make sure the students research appropriate habitat, food sources, space for size of dinosaur etc. students could use facts from michael crichton ' s book jurassic park for guidelines. science / society : take students to the library and look up recent articles on breakthroughs in the human genome project. such diseases as alzheimer ' s, heart disease, and many other genetically inherited disorders are being mapped by scientists internationally. after reading the articles, students could predict the outcomes of such technology for the year 2100. relate this to vaccines and medicines that were not around 100 years ago. purchase science sleuths videodisc from videodiscovery and have students solve the mystery of the forgotten triplet. this is an interactive videodisc that allows students to witness interviews, look at documents, and see results of scientific tests such as dna profiles to determine which person could be the long lost triplet to share the inheritance. master teachers : suzanne asaturian and cindy vernon lesson plan database thirteen ed online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5200619434209868, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08367d39-fc58-49eb-b081-a0a738af834e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.319123"}
{"text": "moon light world map the map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. the white dot symbolizes the position of the moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. view day and night map - the bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on saturday, november 3, 2012 at 22 : 36 : 00 utc. - the sun ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the sun will be at its zenith ( directly overhead ) in relation to an observer. - the moon ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the moon. fraction of moon illuminated : 78 % position of the moon on saturday, november 3, 2012 at 22 : 36 : 00 utc the moon is at its zenith at these coordinates : | latitude : | | 19\u00b0 44 ' | | north | | longitude : | | 74\u00b0 57 ' | | east | the ground speed of the movement is currently 422. 71 meters / second, 1521. 7 km / hour, 945. 6 miles / hour or 821. 7 knots. the table below shows the moon position compared to the time and date above : | time | | longitude difference | | latitude difference | | total | | 1 minute | | 0\u00b0 14 ' 31. 0 \" | | 15. 76 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 00 ' 03. 7 \" | | 0. 07 mi | | south | | 15. 76 mi | | 1 hour | | 14\u00b0 31 ' 05. 0 \" | | 945. 34 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 03 ' 42. 9 \" | | 4. 26 mi | | south | | 945. 54 mi | | 24 hours | | 11\u00b0 30 ' 12. 2 \" | | 749. 13 mi | | east | | 1\u00b0 54 ' 03. 6 \" | | 130. 76 mi | | south | | 764. 69 mi | locations with the moon near zenith the following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. | aurangabad | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 38 km | | 24 miles | | 21 nm | | se | | shirdi | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 49 km | | 30 miles | | 26 nm | | w | | ahmed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49602406443289027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d518133b-a0f3-4eec-b68d-84cac8cda908>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.322085"}
{"text": "| sun 4 : 06 am | | 38 km | | 24 miles | | 21 nm | | se | | shirdi | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 49 km | | 30 miles | | 26 nm | | w | | ahmednagar | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 75 km | | 46 miles | | 40 nm | | ssw | | jalna | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 96 km | | 59 miles | | 52 nm | | e | | beed | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 120 km | | 75 miles | | 65 nm | | se | | nashik | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 124 km | | 77 miles | | 67 nm | | wnw | | dhule | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 129 km | | 80 miles | | 70 nm | | n | | amalner | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 144 km | | 90 miles | | 78 nm | | n | | jalgaon | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 156 km | | 97 miles | | 84 nm | | nne | | buldhana | | sun 4 : 06 am | | 157 km | | 97 miles | | 85 nm | | ne | related time zone tools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3826780184870421, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d518133b-a0f3-4eec-b68d-84cac8cda908>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.322566"}
{"text": "vermont has long been known for its progressive income tax system. for a couple of reasons, it makes sense to tax higher incomes at higher rates. those who benefit most from society have a responsibility to contribute more, and those with more discretionary income o whatis left after covering taxes and necessities o can afford to pay more. but while vermontis income tax system is progressive, the overall tax system is not. which may come as a surprise to many people. the institute on taxation and economic policy in washington, d. c., just released its latest dwho pays? e report o the fourth edition since 1996. itis an analysis of state and local taxes paid by people in various income categories. the study shows that vermontis tax system is better than many statesi o that is, itis one of the least regressive. but the lowest - income vermonters still pay more of their income in state and local taxes than those at the top. itis a coincidence that the report has come out right in the middle of the debate over gov. peter shumlinis proposal to cut the vermont earned income tax credit. but the data in the report are relevant. the eitc is a federal tax break for low - income wage earners. itis refundable, so if the credit is more than a person owes in income taxes, the taxpayer receives a cash refund. taxpayers must be working and earning income to receive the credit. the federal credit was made refundable, in part, to offset other regressive federal taxes, like the payroll tax. and as much as the eitc helps low - wage families make ends meet o it is cited in studies as one of the most effective anti - poverty tools o it can also be seen as a benefit to employers who pay low wages. vermontis eitc is piggy - backed to the federal credit. the state credit is 32 percent of the federal credit, and again taxpayers receive a refund if the credit is more than the personis tax liability. in tax year 2011, according to the most recent available data, about 44, 000 vermont tax filers received state earned income credits totaling $ 25 million. in most cases, people received a refund for all or some of the credit. one thing revealed by the report is that vermontis tax system would be even more unfair without the eitc. the bottom 20 percent of vermont taxpayers now pay 8. 7 percent of their income in state and local taxes. without the tax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46847485044666387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b806dd72-d5a8-4703-a025-399332e28b83>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.325244"}
{"text": "note : this item is more than three years old. please take the publication date into consideration for any date references. dec. 18, 2009 officials investigating waterfowl die - off in panhandle dalhart, texas \u2014 state and federal officials are investigating the deaths of about 2, 000 geese and ducks discovered this week near dalhart in the northwest texas panhandle. preliminary results of lab evaluations indicate naturally - occurring avian cholera is a factor. avian cholera poses no threat to human health and while the die - off could affect local waterfowl populations, wildlife officials say isolated events like this are not uncommon for the area. on tuesday, dec. 14, texas parks and wildlife department biologists and game wardens observed about 1, 000 dead geese on lake rita blanca, a 500 - acre impoundment on the outskirts of dalhart. an additional 1, 000 dead geese and ducks were found on a nearby wetland. tpwd officials suspect the die - off event likely began during the first week of december when temperatures in the area dropped to near zero for lows and stayed near or below freezing during the day for about a week. flocks of about 30, 000 geese were on lake rita blanca when temperatures plummeted, causing the lakes to freeze up. biologists theorize the near zero temperatures triggered stress in the geese, which often gives rise to disease outbreaks. in this case, preliminarily signs suggest avian cholera as a likely bacterial agent involved. fifteen specimens of waterfowl collected from the site by tpwd were shipped to the u. s. geological service \u2019 s national wildlife health center in madison, wi, for clinical evaluation to determine the cause of death. usgs wildlife disease specialist dr. leann white advised tpwd that a preliminary examination of the specimens were suggestive of a cholera outbreak, but cultures of the causal agent will not be ready for several more days. a formal report will be sent to tpwd at that time. according to the wildlife disease action plan established to handle such problems and coordinated between tpwd, the u. s. fish and wildlife service and usda wildlife services, once a disease outbreak has been documented proper precautions are taken to protect wildlife and human health. precautions should be taken when handling dead birds, such as wearing protective gloves. avian cholera is highly contagious among most birds and can spread rapidly. prompt action is often needed to prevent and minimize the spread of the disease. in addition to monitoring the situation, during severe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4285654867993884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd34427f-e308-4cf4-9051-e9fa97bb21f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.330644"}
{"text": "handling dead birds, such as wearing protective gloves. avian cholera is highly contagious among most birds and can spread rapidly. prompt action is often needed to prevent and minimize the spread of the disease. in addition to monitoring the situation, during severe outbreaks dead and sick birds may be picked up and incinerated to slow the spread of diseases. while most birds can become infected with avian cholera, the species most commonly affected are ducks and geese, coots, gulls, and crows. avian cholera does not pose a threat to human health, according to the usgs wildlife health center, but common sense precautions should be used when handling wild fowl. geese can carry the organism without active disease symptoms showing until severe stress gets involved, triggering active symptoms. the bacteria can be transmitted by bird - to - bird contact, contact with secretions or feces of infected birds, or ingestion of food or water containing the bacteria. aerosol transmission may also occur. the bacteria may survive up to 4 months in soil and water. death may be so rapid that birds literally fall out of the sky or die while eating with no previous signs of disease. sick birds appear lethargic, and when captured may die within minutes. other signs include convulsions ; swimming in circles ; throwing the head back between the wings ; erratic flight, such as flying upside down or trying to land a foot or more above the water. the texas panhandle has long been known for small and occasionally large disease outbreaks of avian cholera in waterfowl when severe cold begins to stress the birds. tpwd waterfowl biologist bill johnson said he has seen these problems on an annual basis when the right conditions come into play, \" but we are fortunate that severe cold usually does not last too long and the problems are usually relatively small. \" \" temperatures in the area have been moderating for the past week and the frozen lakes are rapidly thawing. there does not seem to be new birds being added to the die - off, \" said johnson. \" signs indicate the event is about to run its course, but we will continue to monitor the situation, especially if severe cold returns to the area. \" publication \u2014 permission is granted to publish, in whole or in part, any news releases on this page. print \u2014 a print - friendly version of the news release shows only the release with font sizes set to the browser default. e - mail \u2014 this link launches your e - mail client with the subject and message filled in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3855058162771986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd34427f-e308-4cf4-9051-e9fa97bb21f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.333847"}
{"text": "c. wright mills. ( image : jared rodriguez / truthout ) c. wright mills, the radical columbia university sociologist who died 50 years ago ( march 20, 1962 ) at age 45, would have loved occupy wall street. in the 1950s, when most college professors were cautious about their political views and lifestyles, mills rode a motorcycle to work ; wore plaid shirts, jeans and work boots instead of flannel suits ; built his house with his own hands ; and, in a torrent of books and articles, warned that america was becoming a nation of \" cheerful robots, \" heading toward a third world war and was being corrupted by an economic elite. in three books published between 1948 and 1956 - \" the new men of power, \" \" white collar \" and \" the power elite \" - mills challenged the widely held belief that american society, having triumphed over the fundamental problems of the 20th century ( depression, war and fascism ) had become a model of economic success, political democracy and social well - being. at a time when social scientists and journalists were extolling america ' s post - world war ii prosperity, mills warned about the dangers of the growing concentration of wealth and power. mills ' most influential book, \" the power elite, \" published in 1956, challenged the predominant view that america was a classless society and that all segments of society - farmers, workers, middle - class consumers, small business and big business - had an equal voice in its democracy. instead, he described the power structure created by overlapping circles of business, military and political leaders whose big decisions determined the nation ' s destiny, including war and peace. the academic and media establishment attacked mills ' caustic critique of what he called the \" american celebration. \" his was a lonely voice among academic sociologists, but his books sold well, suggesting that at least some americans were not happy with the postwar status quo. his writings eventually struck a chord with a significant segment of the american public and with the small but growing radical movement on college campuses. in a 1961 article, \" who are the student boat - rockers? \" in mademoiselle magazine, student activist tom hayden listed the three people over 30 whom young radicals most admired. they were norman thomas, michael harrington and mills. many of mills ' ideas, considered radical in his day, are now taken for granted. his phrase \" power elite \" - criticized by conservatives and liberals at the time - is widely used today by the mainstream media. public opinion today has now swung in mills ' direction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47577998293236023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.350393"}
{"text": "' ideas, considered radical in his day, are now taken for granted. his phrase \" power elite \" - criticized by conservatives and liberals at the time - is widely used today by the mainstream media. public opinion today has now swung in mills ' direction. even many americans who don ' t agree with occupy wall street ' s tactics or rhetoric nevertheless share its indignation at outrageous corporate profits, widening inequality and excessive executive compensation side by side with the epidemic of layoffs and foreclosures. most americans now recognize that the biggest corporations and the very wealthy have disproportionate political influence. a pew research center survey released in december found that most americans ( 77 percent ) - including a majority ( 53 percent ) of republicans - agree that \" there is too much power in the hands of a few rich people and corporations. \" pew also discovered that 61 percent of americans believe that \" the economic system in this country unfairly favors the wealthy. \" a significant majority ( 57 percent ) think that wealthy people don ' t pay their fair share of taxes. whether they refer to the elite as the \" establishment, \" the \" power structure \" or the \" top 1 percent, \" americans understand that this concentration of power subverts democracy. they see the revolving door among corporate board rooms, top military brass and the cabinet - exemplified by men like robert rubin, dick cheney, colin powell, donald rumsfeld, john snow, tim geithner and john bryson who served in the clinton, bush and obama administrations. they know that corporate campaign contributions buy access and influence and tilt the political playing field toward big business interests, made worse by the supreme court ' s citizens united ruling in 2010 that individuals and corporations can exercise almost unlimited \" free speech \" through political donations. the current wave of superpacs dominating our elections, funded primarily by millionaires and billionaires, reflects the corruption of democracy by big money. growing up in a middle class family, charles wright mills graduated from dallas technical high school in 1934. after a year at texas a & m university, he transferred to the university of texas, graduating with a degree in philosophy in 1939. he earned his ph. d. in sociology at the university of wisconsin, where he focused his research on social psychology and social theory. after a brief stint teaching at the university of maryland, he arrived at columbia in 1945 to work at the university ' s new survey research center and teach sociology. he remained at columbia until he died of a heart attack in 1962. at columbia, mills mastered the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4640820338870022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.351482"}
{"text": "brief stint teaching at the university of maryland, he arrived at columbia in 1945 to work at the university ' s new survey research center and teach sociology. he remained at columbia until he died of a heart attack in 1962. at columbia, mills mastered the techniques of social research, particularly the skills of conducting interviews and doing large surveys, which he used to carry out several projects that his senior colleagues suggested. but mills was restless. he wanted to use his academic perch to reach outside academia, influence public thinking and help build a progressive movement. in new york city, he met a widening circle of radicals and rebels, like novelist harvey swados, critic dwight mcdonald and labor activist j. b. s hardman, who expanded mills ' political horizons. he quickly became what today we call a \" public intellectual, \" writing essays for progressive and left - wing opinion magazines like the new republic ; the nation ; new leader ; partisan review ; dissent ; and especially politics, which criticized america ' s warfare state and sought ways to invigorate grassroots democracy. the country mills wrote about had overcome the depression, triumphed over fascism in world war ii and was in the midst of an unprecedented economic boom. the gross national product and the standard of living increased rapidly in the postwar decade. a growing number of american families were able afford to move to the suburbs, buy homes, install air conditioners, purchase a new contraption called a television, pay for a new car every few years, take a yearly vacation ( and stay at a new phenomenon called a \" motel \" ) and even fly on an airplane. they could send their children to college and save money for a comfortable retirement. the postwar prosperity was fueled by big government initiatives - a massive national highway - building program ; huge subsidies and financial aid to expand the college and university system ; federal insurance to increase home building and home buying ; and, most importantly, an immense defense budget. all this government spending boosted employment and put money in people ' s pockets, stimulating the consumer demand that provided america ' s businesses with record profits. business, political, religious and academic leaders justified all this government spending as critical to winning the cold war. russia, japan, germany and the rest of europe had been destroyed - economically and physically - by the war. the united states, in contrast, was the dominant economic and military superpower in the world. american businesses were able to produce goods - cars, cameras, tvs, movies, blue jeans and sodas - that would sell at home and around the world. but most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.443439996110624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.352748"}
{"text": "in contrast, was the dominant economic and military superpower in the world. american businesses were able to produce goods - cars, cameras, tvs, movies, blue jeans and sodas - that would sell at home and around the world. but most business and political leaders warned, all this could end unless the united states was ready to stop the spread of communism, especially in europe and the poor nations of the world. american schools and universities had to train the next generation of skilled workers, corporate managers, school teachers and scientists, particularly to compete with russia, which launched the sputnik satellite in 1957. we even had to be prepared, if necessary, to fight a war with the soviet union. the vast defense budget - what some called a \" permanent war economy \" - paid for expensive new weapons systems ; military bases around the world ; and millions of american civilians and troops employed by the army, navy, marines, air force and private military contractors. at home, the fear of communists and other radicals led to the hysteria called mccarthyism, led by business groups worried about stronger unions and higher taxes and by politicians who got into office by scaring voters about the red menace taking over the public schools, unions, hollywood and universities. mills rebelled against this conventional thinking. in his first few years at columbia, mills joined a network of academics who provided research to help union leaders understand the major social and economic changes facing their members. a wave of militant strikes across the country after the war and an increase in union membership gave radicals hope that the labor movement would be in the forefront of progressive change. mills ' ties to the labor movement led to the first of his major books on what he called the \" main drift \" of american society - \" the new men of power : america ' s labor leaders, \" published in 1948. when mills was writing the book, union membership had increased fivefold in the previous decade and represented one - third of non - farm workers. he believed that unions could be a bulwark against america ' s drift toward \" war and slump \" by pushing to convert the war economy to civilian uses, improving workers ' incomes and job security and giving ordinary americans a voice in government to challenge big business power. at the core of \" the new men of power \" is mills ' survey of 500 labor leaders. he discovered that blue - collar workers ' route to the middle class was more likely to occur via better union contracts than by being recruited into the ranks of corporate management. he found that cio union leaders were more progressive than their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5287935270797535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.353954"}
{"text": "of 500 labor leaders. he discovered that blue - collar workers ' route to the middle class was more likely to occur via better union contracts than by being recruited into the ranks of corporate management. he found that cio union leaders were more progressive than their afl counterparts, that many were open to the idea of a third political party based in the labor movement and that an astonishing 69 percent of industrial union leaders believed that the potential for fascism was a real threat in the united states. mills was particularly impressed with walter reuther, who had just been elected president of the united auto workers, and other progressive union leaders whom he hoped would move the labor movement leftward. mills examined the other major segments in american society contending for political power. he warned that moderates in big business and conservatives among small business, both well - entrenched within the republican party, as well as mainstream business - friendly cold - war liberals within the democratic party, could marginalize or even co - opt the labor movement. he dismissed the far left ( particularly the communist party ) and the far right as too small and isolated to be influential. mills ' chapter, \" the program of the left, \" outlined a labor - based radical agenda that was really an expansion of the new deal plus a call for halting the arms race and the war economy. it reflected bits and pieces of the views of norman thomas ' socialist party, walter reuther ' s uaw and what would later that year become former vice president wallace henry wallace ' s progressive party campaign for the white house. it included proposals for consumer cooperatives, neighborhood committees to monitor business practices ( including the continuation of war - time price controls ) and workplace democracy. \" the new men of power \" was cautiously optimistic about the labor movement ' s potential. but in 1947, while mills was writing the book, congress passed the taft - hartley act over president harry truman ' s veto, which weakened unions ' ability to organize. mills was also disappointed when, in the 1948 elections, the afl and cio unions ( including the uaw ) endorsed truman over thomas ( whom mills voted for ). in that political climate, few major union leaders were inclined to challenge the cold war, the arms race and the attacks on radical dissent. indeed, most unions would soon purge themselves of their radical leaders as part of the red scare hysteria. mills drifted away from working with progressive labor activists as his confidence in the labor movement gave way to skepticism. having examined the blue - collar working class, mills ' next book, \" white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122117484660277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.354955"}
{"text": "themselves of their radical leaders as part of the red scare hysteria. mills drifted away from working with progressive labor activists as his confidence in the labor movement gave way to skepticism. having examined the blue - collar working class, mills ' next book, \" white collar : the american middle classes, \" published in 1951, explored the social conditions and psychology of the growing strata of americans in the professions and middle management, living in urban neighborhoods and suburbs and exemplifying the \" american way of life \" that the nation ' s leaders contrasted with the drab and compliant life in communist russia. based on interviews and surveys as well as analysis of popular culture, mills concluded that many middle - class americans were socially, intellectually and politically stifled, trapped working in offices in large business bureaucracies over which they had no control ( including no union representation ). instead of finding pleasure and pride in craftsmanship at work, they pursued happiness and status by buying things they didn ' t need and living without much purpose. he coined the phrase \" cheerful robot \" to decry the unthinking conformity of much of america ' s middle - class culture. in a speech in england, mills described what he meant : \" we know that men can be turned into robots - by chemical means, by physical coercion, as in concentration camps and so on. but we are now confronting a situation more serious than that - a situation in which there are developed human beings who are cheerfully and willingly turning themselves into robots. \" mills believed that such conformity was an aspect of what he called \" mass society \" - a condition of widespread political apathy that allowed business and political leaders to pursue the arms race and the potential for a nuclear war without much opposition. mills ' critique was not unique. throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, there were other indications that many americans were coming to question the nation ' s moral and psychological condition. the novel ( 1955 ) and film ( 1956 ) \" the man in the grey - flannel suit \" disparaged the lifestyle of middle - class managers. j. d. salinger ' s popular 1951 novel, \" catcher in the rye \" ; the 1955 film starring james dean, \" rebel without a cause \" ; and paul goodman ' s 1960 book, \" growing up absurd, \" all depicted the alienation of middle - class youth, raging against \" phonies. \" best - selling books by sociologically oriented journalists - william h. white ' s \" the organization man \" ( 1956 ) and vance packard ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45818336447352476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.355927"}
{"text": ", \" all depicted the alienation of middle - class youth, raging against \" phonies. \" best - selling books by sociologically oriented journalists - william h. white ' s \" the organization man \" ( 1956 ) and vance packard ' s \" the hidden persuaders \" ( 1957 ) and \" the status seekers \" ( 1959 ) - expressed alarm during the height of the eisenhower administration at the influence of corporate employers, advertisers and suburban developers in shaping the daily lives of american families. arthur miller ' s 1949 play, \" death of a salesman, \" struck a similar chord. in 1952, two left - wing writers, william gaines and harvey kurtzman, launched mad, a comics magazine of political and social satire that became an instant sensation with the baby - boom generation. it poked fun at middle - class suburbia, the cold war and advertising. its slogan, \" what? me worry? \" was intentionally ironic because many americans were quite worried about the escalating arms race, the proliferation of fall - out shelters and the possibility of a nuclear holocaust. malvina reynolds ' 1962 song \" little boxes \" poked fun at the look - alike housing developments in postwar suburbs and the complacency of the people who lived in them. \" the power elite, \" published in 1956, was the most radical, controversial and widely read of mills ' three major books. it caused a firestorm in academic and political circles. america has a ruling elite, mills wrote, and its most active members - top corporate executives - have little sense of social responsibility. rather, they work collaboratively with the top military leaders and their allies in congress and the white house ( former gen. and world war ii hero dwight eisenhower was the republican president at the time ) to shape the nation ' s major priorities based primarily on greed and self - interest. the various interest groups that could contend for power - farmer organizations, labor unions, big - city mayors and others - fought over crumbs left over after the big spending decisions, particularly the military budget, had already been decided. mills pointed out that the corporate, military and political elites were not separate spheres, but overlapping groups at the \" command posts \" of society. top corporate executives ( such as eisenhower ' s secretary of defense, former general motors ceo charles wilson ) were recruited to serve in the cabinet and on numerous committees providing advice to the white house and congress. retired generals and admirals ( whom mills called \" warlords \" ) went to work for major defense corporations, using their influence to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4596093184735928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.357099"}
{"text": "ceo charles wilson ) were recruited to serve in the cabinet and on numerous committees providing advice to the white house and congress. retired generals and admirals ( whom mills called \" warlords \" ) went to work for major defense corporations, using their influence to argue for bigger military budgets, new weapons systems and government contracts for their new employers. corporate executives and pentagon leaders lobbied congress to increase the military budget, pointing out that it would create jobs in defense plants and military bases in their districts. mills was particularly concerned that few newspapers, academics or religious leaders spoke out against this concentration of power. instead, most went along with the power elite ' s ideology - a stance mills called \" crackpot realism, \" which involves dangerous, irresponsible ideas that the public accepts as normal. one such idea was \" mutually assured destruction \" - that a world war could be averted if both the us and soviet union had enough weapons to destroy each other. mills hated soviet totalitarianism, but he thought the us and ussr could cooperate to avoid a costly arms race and a possible nuclear holocaust. mills ' critique of america ' s power structure was dramatically at odds with the prevailing view of american democracy taught in high schools and colleges at the time. this idea - \" pluralism \" - viewed government as a neutral umpire among contending interest groups of roughly equal power. but mills ' view found unlikely validation in president eisenhower ' s farewell address on january 17, 1961, which warned about the \" unwarranted influence \" of the \" military industrial complex, \" an idea very similar to the power elite. during the 1960s and 1970s, \" the power elite \" ( along with floyd hunter ' s \" community power structure, \" a study of atlanta published in 1953 ) inspired hundreds of studies by academics that examined the overlapping networks of corporate influence on local and national politics. community organizing groups, unions, and other activists learned how to conduct power structure research in order to expose its web of relationships and find ways to challenge its influence and hold it accountable. by the time he wrote \" the power elite, \" mills had given up hope that a resurgent labor movement could revitalize american democracy. he seemed oblivious to the burgeoning civil rights movement that had erupted in montgomery in 1955. ( in fact, he was oblivious to issues of race throughout his writings. ) but mills ' books, particularly \" the power elite, \" resonated with the growing mood of discontent in the nation, particularly on college campuses. for example, its influence can be seen in the \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.534538057633586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.358095"}
{"text": "to issues of race throughout his writings. ) but mills ' books, particularly \" the power elite, \" resonated with the growing mood of discontent in the nation, particularly on college campuses. for example, its influence can be seen in the \" port huron statement, \" the founding manifesto of students for a democratic society ( sds ), written in 1962. the \" statement ' s \" principal author, tom hayden and other sds leaders, like sociologist dick flacks, greatly admired mills. the \" statement ' s \" analysis of power and its call for \" participatory democracy \" echoed mills ' views. during the last few years of his life, a few trends - the rise of student activism in the united states and europe ; the cuban revolution in 1959 ; and the awakening of anti - colonial movements in africa, asia and south america - gave mills a new sense of hope. energized by these movements, he quickly wrote two short books - which he called \" pamphlets \" - that he aimed for a wide audience. \" the causes of world war three \" ( 1958 ), an impassioned plea for an end to the nuclear arms race, sold over 100, 000 copies. \" listen, yankee \" ( 1960 ), a sympathetic look at the cuban revolution from the viewpoint of a cuban revolutionary, sold over 400, 000 copies. in the fall of 1960, he published a \" letter to the new left \" in the british journal new left review, encouraging young radicals around the world. mills ' writing combined analysis and outrage. he was a meticulous researcher, but he did not wish to be what he called a \" sociological bookkeeper. \" he wrote about the fundamental questions facing american society and he had strong opinions. \" i try to be objective, \" mills wrote, \" i do not claim to be detached. \" toward the end of his life, the mainstream media began asking mills for his views on major issues of the day. in december 1960, he was invited to appear on the nbc television show \" the nation ' s future \" to debate a. a. berle, a spokesperson for the newly elected kennedy administration, about us policy in latin america. on the eve of the program, mills suffered a heart attack and had to cancel the debate. he never fully recovered his remarkable energy. a second heart attack on march 20, 1962, was fatal. he didn ' t live to see the emergence of the student and antiwar movements that his work helped inspire. few occupier wall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49494194427420574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.359211"}
{"text": ". he never fully recovered his remarkable energy. a second heart attack on march 20, 1962, was fatal. he didn ' t live to see the emergence of the student and antiwar movements that his work helped inspire. few occupier wall street activists have probably heard of mills or are familiar with his work. but mills ' breakthrough ideas - especially his notion of the \" power elite \" - resonate today with the growing recognition that too much wealth and power in the hands of the superrich undermines democracy. for further reference : daniel geary, \" radical ambition : c. wright mills, the left and american social thought, \" berkeley : university of california press, 2009. kathryn mills with patricia mills, editors, \" c. wright mills : letters and autobiographical writings, \" berkeley : university of california press, 2000. john h. summers, editor, \" the politics of truth : selected writings of c. wright mills, \" new york : oxford university press, 2008. g. william domhoff, \" who rules america? challenges to corporate and class dominance, \" sixth edition, new york : mcgraw - hill, 2010. tom hayden, \" radical nomad : c. wright mills and his times, \" boulder, colorado : paradigm publishers, 2006. c. wright mills, \" the new men of power. america ' s labor leaders, \" new york : harcourt brace and co., 1948. c. wright mills, \" white collar. the american middle classes, \" new york : oxford university press, 1951. c. wright mills, \" the power elite, \" new york : oxford university press, 1956. c. wright mills, \" the causes of world war three, \" new york : simon and schuster, 1958. c. wright mills, \" listen yankee : the revolution in cuba, \" new york : mcgraw hill, 1960.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5289353909800184, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55b89ca-d965-4046-a1a0-d476a9a30f3d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.359927"}
{"text": "mac 101 : adjusting your mouse and trackpad speed if you ' ve ever used the trackpad on a pc laptop connected to an external monitor and noticed how many times you have to swipe your finger across the pad to get the mouse cursor from one screen to the other, the end result can be quite frustrating and tiresome. of course, the same thing can easily happen if you hook up an external display to your macbook or imac, although it usually is not as obvious thanks to the larger surface area that apple has designed into recent trackpads. luckily, this can be easily corrected on any mac in just a few simple clicks. before we dive into the settings, though, let ' s talk about what is causing this to happen in the first place. although we often take it for granted, one of the most astonishing aspects of using a mouse with a computer is the fact that you only have to move your hand by a couple of inches, while the pointer on the screen moves from one end of the screen to the other - - even if the screen is over 20 \" wide. this feat is accomplished by a simple mathematical conversion being done in the background that measures the distance the mouse ( or your finger, if using a trackpad ) moves and multiplies that by a specific factor to determine how far - - and in what direction - - to move the cursor on the screen. read on to find out how to give your mouse ( or trackpad ) a speed boost. this factor is called the tracking speed, and it can easily be adjusted to your liking. you ' ll want to start by opening the system preferences application. if you often switch between using a mouse and a trackpad, you ' ll be pleased to know that os x allows you to set separate tracking speeds ( as well as several other settings ) for mice and trackpads, so you won ' t have to update your settings whenever you change devices. the settings for the mouse can be found under the mouse preference panel, and they are pretty straightforward : to adjust the tracking speed, simply drag the slider at the top left of the window to the left to lower the speed, or to the right to increase it. slower tracking speeds give you more control over the mouse pointer, but the pointer will not move as far and may require you to reposition the mouse on the pad if you are attempting to move your pointer very far on the screen. higher speeds will allow the pointer to easily move from one end of the screen to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4360703451057243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:804c4a1b-ac61-44df-b8ef-b2be43b25751>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.363349"}
{"text": "but the pointer will not move as far and may require you to reposition the mouse on the pad if you are attempting to move your pointer very far on the screen. higher speeds will allow the pointer to easily move from one end of the screen to the other, but it will make it more difficult to constrain the pointer to a small area of the screen, which may be troublesome for detail - oriented work such as working with images. you can easily experiment with the effects here ; the pointer will immediately follow the new tracking speed when the slider is changed, so move the mouse around and see how it feels. if the pointer jumps around too much, drag the slider to the left a notch or two and try it out again. if it feels sluggish, drag it to the right. there are some other settings here that control other speed factors, such as how far a page scrolls when you scroll using the wheel, ball or buttons on your mouse, and how rapidly you must click the mouse for the computer to recognize a double click. if you ' re configuring a magic trackpad, there are many more options available, but the same basics apply. the tracking speed will not affect the speed of your gestures, it just affects the cursor speed when using the trackpad as a pointer. deals of the daymore deals software updatesmore updates - microsoft office for mac 2011 update 14. 3. 4 - pixelmator 2. 2 available with over 100 new features and improvements - dabkick for iphone lets you share photos, watch videos and now listen to music in real - time - google now added to search app on iphone, ipad - gateguru for iphone has been updated and greatly improved - twitter updates its os x client", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45156770914135713, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:804c4a1b-ac61-44df-b8ef-b2be43b25751>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.364144"}
{"text": "uc davis study shows that the increase in obesity among california school children has slowed researchers recommend expanded fitness testing and outreach to reduce childhood obesity among the very youngest children click here to view this release en espanol. after years of increases in the rates of childhood obesity, a new uc davis study shows that the increase slowed from 2003 to 2008 among california school children. while encouraged by the results, the authors expressed concern about a group of youngsters currently driving the increase in obesity : children under age 10. \" children who were obese entering the fifth grade remained obese in subsequent years as well, despite improvements in school nutrition and fitness standards, \" said william bommer, professor of cardiovascular medicine at uc davis and senior author of the study. \" and we suspect that this trend begins before kindergarten. \" published in the february 2012 issue of the american heart journal, the results indicate a major turning point in efforts to reduce the impact of a chronic condition linked with a host of serious adult health issues that can begin in childhood, including heart disease, diabetes, breathing issues and some cancers. bommer served on a state task force that recommended standards to help protect k - 12 children and teens from diseases related to sedentary living and unhealthy eating. as a result, new laws in 2005 expanded fitness programs, nutrition education and alternatives to high - fat, high - sugar foods and beverages in california schools. since 1996, california schools have reported to the state department of education the results of a variety of fitness and body composition evaluations for fifth, seventh and ninth graders. body composition evaluations included body mass index - - or bmi - - measures, which determine if a child has a healthy weight or is overweight or obese. data on all students from 2003 to 2008 were provided to bommer to evaluate and gauge the success of the new standards. for the current study, he and his colleagues included data on a total of 6. 3 million students for whom complete fitness test results and body composition evaluations were available. there were some encouraging results. while childhood obesity is still on the rise ( 2 percent more children were overweight and obese in 2008 than in 2003 ), the rate of increase is slowing. national studies in prior decades showed annual increases in obesity among children and teens between 0. 8 percent and 1. 7 percent each year. for the current study, the rate of increase in california was an average of 0. 33 percent per year. in addition, while the results of fitness tests varied ( abdominal strength and trunk extens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4412649231135976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed9c10ed-d0be-4fd6-a6a6-d9ae5b1f84b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.367916"}
{"text": ". 8 percent and 1. 7 percent each year. for the current study, the rate of increase in california was an average of 0. 33 percent per year. in addition, while the results of fitness tests varied ( abdominal strength and trunk extensor strength worsened overall, while upper body strength and flexibility improved overall ), there was a significant increase in the percent of children with healthy aerobic capacity. \" this was particularly heartening, because cardiovascular and respiratory endurance directly correlate with reduced risks of heart disease and diabetes later in life, especially if it is maintained over time, \" said bommer. one concern, however, was that students with lower aerobic capacity and upper body strength fitness scores and higher bmis tended to live in counties with lower median household incomes ( less than $ 40, 000 per year ) or with higher unemployment. \" we clearly need to do more to ensure that children, regardless of where they go to school, are benefiting from the recommended health standards, \" said study lead author melanie aryana, a uc davis researcher in cardiovascular medicine. \" expanding efforts to ensure that all california schools have the resources they need to make healthy changes will help. \" the team ' s strongest recommendation related to reducing the trend toward early onset, persistent obesity among younger school children. this generation could eventually reverse recent advances in reducing heart disease risks and mortality, according to bommer. he advises earlier fitness testing, including during preschool, to better monitor this increase together with interventions that specifically address unhealthy weight prior to age 10. \" our study proves that nutrition and physical activity standards can help fewer children become obese during a critical time in their lives for establishing long - term healthy habits, \" said bommer. \" but just imagine how much more we can do to reduce the impact of obesity if we are just as successful much earlier in children ' s lives. \" in addition to bommer and aryana, zhongmin li, uc davis associate professor of internal medicine, was a study coauthor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41023771921034924, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed9c10ed-d0be-4fd6-a6a6-d9ae5b1f84b0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.368776"}
{"text": "ovulation induction uses hormonal therapy to stimulate egg development and release, or ovulation. historically, these drugs were designed to induce ovulation in women who did not ovulate on their own \u2014 typically women with irregular menstrual cycles. the goal was to produce a single, healthy egg. the second use of ovulation induction was to increase the number of eggs reaching maturity in a single cycle, to increase chances for conception. the initial agents for this treatment \u2014 used first for in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) and only later for simpler treatments \u2014 were injectable medications. these agents carry an increased risk of multiple gestation, ovarian hyperstimulation, and increased cost and time commitment. more recently, in the mid - 90s, evidence developed to suggest there may be an advantage to treating even ovulatory women with fertility medications. these women with \" unexplained infertility \" may have subtle defects in ovulation, and medications may induce two to three eggs to mature, versus only one. this treatment therefore improves the quality and quantity of the ovulation, thus enhancing pregnancy rates. in ovulatory women, ovulation induction is always combined with intrauterine insemination. ovulation induction should progress only after a complete and thorough evaluation. all underlying hormonal disorders, such as thyroid dysfunction, should be treated before resorting to ovulation induction with fertility drugs. the following common fertility drugs are used for ovulation induction. clomiphene citrate is an oral medication that induces ovulation by blocking estrogen receptors. this artificial anti - estrogen effect makes your body believe that estrogen levels are low, which stimulates the production of more follicle stimulating hormone ( fsh ). clomiphene citrate acts as a fertility agent in women by inducing superovulation \u2014 the release of multiple eggs in a given menstrual cycle. some form of monitoring is necessary while taking clomiphene citrate. this monitoring may include ultrasounds, blood estrogen levels, and urinary leutinizing hormone ( lh ) testing. for unexplained infertility, clomiphene citrate is prescribed with intrauterine insemination ( iui ). when used for ovulation induction in women who do not ovulate, iui is not necessary. human menopausal gonadotropin (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4849520469062275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1fdabdc-1b6e-4225-ad4e-40bfa0c15d31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.373708"}
{"text": "citrate is prescribed with intrauterine insemination ( iui ). when used for ovulation induction in women who do not ovulate, iui is not necessary. human menopausal gonadotropin ( hmg ) is a medication that is composed of follicle stimulating hormone ( fsh ) and leutinizing hormone ( lh ). it is used to stimulate egg development in women who do not ovulate spontaneously or who ovulate extremely irregularly, or to increase the number of eggs developed in a single cycle in women who already ovulate. due to the variability in response from patient to patient, no fixed dosage regimen can be recommended. each patient cycle must be individualized. however, it is generally thought to be a stronger superovulation agent than oral medications. this fertility medication can be used with both intrauterine insemination ( iui ) and in vitro fertilization ( ivf ). some form of monitoring of the ovarian response is necessary. a combination of blood estrogen measurement ( e2 ) and ultrasound is the best approach at the present time. monitoring minimizes the risk of complications. human menopausal gonadotropin is available only in injectable form. self - administered injection techniques are taught in a special class given by the nursing staff at the ucsf center for reproductive health. fsh medications are used to stimulate the recruitment and development of multiple eggs in women during an ovulation induction cycle. fsh products may be used alone or in combination with human menopausal gonadotropin ( hmg ) to induce superovulation. due to the variability in response from patient to patient, no fixed dosage regimen can be recommended. each patient cycle must be individualized, with ultrasound exams and blood estrogen level tests to assess ovarian response. monitoring minimizes the risk of complications. fsh is available only in an injectable form. self - administered injection techniques are taught in a special class given by the nursing staff at the ucsf center for reproductive health. human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) is a natural hormone that helps with the final maturation of the eggs and triggers the ovaries to release the mature eggs ( ovulation ). it also stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone to prepare the lining of the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg. o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4510997758962915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1fdabdc-1b6e-4225-ad4e-40bfa0c15d31>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.374819"}
{"text": "the ovaries to release the mature eggs ( ovulation ). it also stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone to prepare the lining of the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg. ovulation usually occurs about 36 hours after the hcg is given. the drug is self - administered as an injection. self - administered injection techniques are taught in a special class given by the nursing staff at the ucsf center for reproductive health. lupron suppresses the brain ' s secretion of leutinizing hormone ( lh ) and follicle stimulating hormone ( fsh ). therefore, it is used in preparation for cycles of treatment with ovulation induction drugs, such as exogenous hmg - lh / fsh and / or fsh. it improves the recruitment of follicles by preventing the recruitment of a dominant follicle for the next menstrual cycle. lupron enables the ovaries to respond with the recruitment of multiple follicles since in most cases it ' s possible to override the selection of a single dominant follicle. it also prevents premature ovulation by preventing lh release. to confirm the effectiveness of the lupron treatment, an ultrasound is performed before the ovarian stimulation is begun and a blood estrogen level ( e2 ) test may be required. lupron also may be used to stimulate fsh if it is used early in the menstrual cycle. this property of the drug is helpful in patients expected to respond poorly. lupron is available in an injectable form. self - administered injection techniques are taught in a special class given by the nursing staff at the ucsf center for reproductive health. reviewed by health care specialists at ucsf medical center. this information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or health care provider. we encourage you to discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have. center for reproductive health 2356 sutter st., seventh floor san francisco, ca 94115 phone : ( 415 ) 353 - 7475 fax : ( 415 ) 353 - 7744", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44289283297313575, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1fdabdc-1b6e-4225-ad4e-40bfa0c15d31>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.375703"}
{"text": "network articles & tutorials search : home : help : articles & tutorials amd, the berkeley automount daemon amd - a public domain automount daemon an architectural overview of unix network security - by robert b. reinhardt - the goal of this paper is to present my concept of a unix network security architecture based on the internet connectivity model and firewall approach to implementing security. arp networking tricks bsd sockets : a quick and dirty primer - by jim frost february 13, 1990 curing remote - access ailments with ssh dns operations guid - domain name server operations guide for bind dns tips and tricks - generating cache file with dig ; recovering from an soa typo ; ultrix needs primaries in host file ; slip and bind ; what is a lame delegation? ; terminology : domain, zone, label ; cnames as rr targets ; local dummy zones ; legal characters in hostnames ; checking if a domain is registered already ; setting up a resolver ; given a choice of servers, which one is queried? - the purpose of this tutorial is to provide basic information about fddi, a networking protocol used in local area networks ( lan ' s ). by keith mcguigan - email @ example. com integrating your machine with the network - very comprehensive networking resource and reference from the unix system administration independent learning project. ethernet, dns, nfs... you name it, it ' s here. - the isdn shop mbone how to guide - dan ' s quick and dirty guide to getting connected to the mbone network administrator ' s guide ( nag ) - this is the reference on linux networking. i ' d advise you to save yourself toner and eyestrain and buy the book, but if you need a quick reference you can always hit this page. network computing success network information services plus tutorial - what it is and what it isn ' t. by douglas w. stevenson - starting nfs daemons, exporting / sharing file systems, mounting remote file systems, automount ; includes sample files and man pages. - basic overview of nfs. if you don ' t understand it, start here and read the last two paragraphs. subnet addressing - by ron cooney securing your data and e - mail with pg - introduction to the internet protocols ( tcp / ip ) - by scott newton tcp / ip primer - by hal stern - using the cmu snmp library to build an snmp manager.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5494161217836435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e63c8edf-e3f0-4000-9ba6-ebdf7164414d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.378286"}
{"text": "a literature review of the efficacy of natural systems in removing faecal indicator bacteria two wetland types have been distinguished according to the presence of a free water surface. this feature determines the extent to which key processes, including oxygen diffusion and the balance of removal mechanisms between sedimentation and sieving, will operate. removal of faecal indicator organisms and pathogens has been represented as a two step process, where initial retention is followed by elimination. short - term by - pass and channelled flow, which might occur during storm - events, represents a potential problem to operational efficiency. despite this fact, almost no intensive, event - based, sampled data exist. the majority of studies rely upon infrequent ( weekly or longer ) paired sampling of influent and effluent flows which are likely to be biased towards more stable flow conditions. few data quantify seasonal changes to fio and pathogen populations within individual wetlands. thus, the principal data gap is event - based faecal indicator flux assessment to assess impacts on \u2018 protected areas \u2019 such as bathing waters. customers who bought this report also bought... establishing the relationship between farm re - stocking and cryptosporidia : the caldew catchment study05 / dw / 06 / 19 - isbn : 1 - 84057 - 374 - 0 this report details an investigation into the relationship between farm re - stocking and cryptosporidia. the study took place following the foot and mouth disease ( fmd ) related cull within the river caldew catchment, cumbria.... more... price : \u00a3100 add to basket effect of climate change on river flows and groundwater recharge, a practical methodology : use of climate change scenario data at a catchment level05 / cl / 04 / 3 - isbn : 1 - 84057 - 373 - 2 this report provides background information on using the united kingdom climate impacts programme ( ukcip02 ) climate scenarios ( hulme, et al., 2002 ) and catchment scale climate scenario data developed as the deliverable fro... more... price : \u00a3200 add to basket tightening wwtw emission standards - a review of the treatment technologies and their impact on climate change02 / ww / 04 / 1 - isbn : 1 - 84507 259 0 this study examines the feasibility of meeting tighter effluent quality standards at wastewater treatment works. the impact of these tight standards on energy use, greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emissions and costs has been assessed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5122389370540574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02315f74-9b01-4327-b44c-6e143c89a202>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.381052"}
{"text": "return to artiodactyla body length : 180 - 195 cm / 6 - 6. 5 ft. shoulder height : 110 - 120 cm / 3. 6 - 4 ft. tail length : 10 - 15 cm / 4 - 6 in. weight : 70 - 110 kg / 154 - 242 lb. the slightly shaggy coat is primarily reddish brown or chestnut in colour, with the undersides, especially the lower surface of the neck, being lighter. the lower legs are black in colour. unlike many deer species, young marsh deer are born without spots. there is a faint white eye ring, and the muzzle and lips are conspicuously black. the ears are large and lined with fluffy white hair. the upper surface of the tail is the same colour as the back, while the bushy underside is dark brown or black. like other ungulates adapted to a boggy habitat, the dewclaws of the marsh deer are well developed and the widely - splayed hooves are very long, growing 7 - 8 cm / 2. 8 - 3. 2 inches in length. males bear a pair of large, dark yellow antlers about 60 cm / 24 inches in length, with four or five tines each. the heavy antlers, each weighing 1. 65 - 2. 5 kg / 3. 6 - 5. 5 lb, are shed irregularly, and a grown set may be retained for up to 21 months. ontogeny and reproduction gestation period : 260 days. young per birth : 1 weaning : about 5 months. sexual maturity : at 1 year. immediately after parturition the female comes back into heat, and hence may be pregnant throughout her breeding years. fawns may associate with their mother for over a year after birth. ecology and behavior remaining hidden during the day, marsh deer emege at dusk to graze in flooded clearings, retiring again in the early morning. as its name and habitat preference infer, the marsh deer frequently enters water. however, it is primarily a wader, preferring areas where the water is less than 60 cm / 2 feet deep. excessive flooding causes these deer to retire to higher ground, where they often come into contact with domestic cattle, which carry several diseases which are fatal to this species. the hindquarters are well developed - an excellent adaptation for jumping ( the fastest way to move in waist - deep water ). males do not spar for breeding privileges, which renders the antlers as primarily ornamental objects. population densities range from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4068645163386686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51f4d983-10f8-4cd3-a2f6-02dfb0f0eb69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.384586"}
{"text": "##quarters are well developed - an excellent adaptation for jumping ( the fastest way to move in waist - deep water ). males do not spar for breeding privileges, which renders the antlers as primarily ornamental objects. population densities range from one deer per 3. 8 - 42. 0 square kilometers. family group : solitary, or in groups of less than 6 animals, generally and adult male, a few females, and their young. diet : grasses, reeds, aquatic plants. main predators : jaguar, anaconda, domestic dogs. floodplains and and moist forests in central south america. range map ( redrawn from whitehead, 1993 ) the marsh deer is classified as vulnerable by the iucn ( 1996 ). sometimes called the swamp deer, care must be taken to differentiate between this species and the barasingha ( cervus duvaucelii ). fortunately for this species, the meat of the marsh deer is said to be unpalatable. blastos ( greek ) a bud or shoot ; keras ( greek ) the horn of an animal. dikhe ( greek ) in two ways ; tome ( greek ) cutting, sharp : a reference to the doubly forked antlers. eisenberg, j. f., and k. h. redford. mammals of the neotropics. chicago : the university of chicago press, 1999. geist, v. 1990. pampas and swamp deer ( genera ozotoceros and blastocerus ). in grzimek ' s encyclopedia of mammals. edited by s. p. parker. new york : mcgraw - hill. volume 5, pp. 218 - 219. whitehead, k. g. 1993. the whitehead encyclopedia of deer. stillwater, mn : voyageur press, inc. wilson, d. e., and d. m. reeder [ editors ]. 1993. mammal species of the world ( second edition ). washington : smithsonian institution press. available online at http : / / nmnhwww. si. edu / msw / return to artiodactyla \u00a9 brent huffman, www. ultimateungulate. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43899186743895013, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51f4d983-10f8-4cd3-a2f6-02dfb0f0eb69>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.385458"}
{"text": "- date submitted : 1 nov 2011 - stakeholder type : member state - name : montenegro - submission document : download full submission1 introduction this report presents in a condensed form the main findings and recommendations from several activities that were carried out in the framework of national preparations for the un conference on sustainable development ( uncsd ) to be held in rio in 2012 ( also known as rio + 20 ). the report draws on the following : - assessments and information included in the questionnaire on experiences, success factors, risks and challenges with regard to objective and themes of uncsd ; - results of the compatible national processes, such as an assessment of the key achievements and weaknesses exhibited with implementation of the declaration on ecological state ( analysis prepared by national council of sustainable development to mark 20th anniversary of the adoption of declaration ) ; - stocktaking report and consultations with various stakeholders ; - key discussion points and messages from the national multi - stakeholder conference on sustainable development held in october 2011. the questionnaire was submitted to the un in december 2010 and it contains a comprehensive set of answers pertinent to the objective and themes of uncsd, including information on experiences gained during the past 20 years in the area of sustainable development as well as views on successes, risks and challenges. the stakeholder conference on sustainable development was held in october 2011, organised by the ministry of sustainable development and tourism, with the support of undp. the objective of the conference was to provide a forum for debate on achievements and problems encountered with the implementation of sustainable development in montenegro and to identify / reach consensus on priority issues of relevance at the national level, priorities relevant for regional actions as well as those that could be significant for the decisions at the uncsd itself. 2 sustainable development commitments over the past 20 years : the key developments in montenegro in the wake of 1992 earth summit in rio ( united nations conference on environment and development or unced ), montenegrin parliament adopted a declaration on ecological state in september of 1991. the declaration has stated a high level of commitment to preservation of natural environment and balanced development, and these strategic determinations were later reflected in montenegrin constitution which defines the country ( inter alia ) as an ecological state. the declaration has also been recognised at the rio summit and enlisted as one of the conference documents. during the 1990s little has been done to operationalize and implement the concept of ecological state and rio summit outcomes. the first steps were taken to set up a modern legal and institutional framework for environmental protection and integrate environmental concerns into development planning, however the negative developments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46031635303296503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.416500"}
{"text": "the 1990s little has been done to operationalize and implement the concept of ecological state and rio summit outcomes. the first steps were taken to set up a modern legal and institutional framework for environmental protection and integrate environmental concerns into development planning, however the negative developments of the decade ( including wars and breakdown of former country, pronounced political and economic instability, international isolation and similar ) hindered these efforts and prevented achievement of progress towards sustainability. consequently, the opposite trends? deterioration of conditions and indicators for the three pillars of sustainable development - characterised much of the 1990s. montenegro took part in the world summit on sustainable development ( wssd ) in 2002 in johannesburg by reaffirming the ecological state idea. in the beginning of 2000s the region entered a more stable period and the country turned towards development of a comprehensive and systemic response to sustainable development challenges. the progress throughout the decade has been steady, although not as rapid and effective as desired. the past decade was also a decade when montenegro renewed its statehood and joined the united nations as an independent state, and embarked on a path of european integrations. the country has received a status of candidate country in 2010 and is expected to start with accession negotiations in the forthcoming period. when it comes to mechanisms and policy instruments for sustainable development, it is worth of mentioning that national council for sustainable development ( ncsd ) has been operational since 2002, while national sustainable development strategy ( nsds ) was adopted in 2007. 3 political commitment to sustainable development, progress achieved and gaps in implementation 3. 1 national efforts to implement sustainable development principles the main characteristic of the country ' s evolving legal framework in all the areas pertinent to sustainable development is its progressive harmonisation with the eu acquis, as a part of the accession process. the eu integration is a strong driver for implementation of sustainable development concepts in montenegro as european regulations and policies are seen as one of the most progressive ones worldwide, striving to achieve goals of competitive and knowledge based economy, equitable and inclusive society and preserved natural environments. in addition to intensive work on aligning national with the eu legislation, a large number of strategic documents were adopted during the past five years for areas and sectors significant for sustainable development, including inter alia spatial planning, energy, transport, waste and wastewater management, climate change, biodiversity, forestry, agriculture, regional development and others. furthermore, much has been done to improve policy and strategic frameworks for public participation, development of partnerships among stakeholders, application of principles of solidarity and equity ( within current generation and among generations ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49965759559281414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.417696"}
{"text": "biodiversity, forestry, agriculture, regional development and others. furthermore, much has been done to improve policy and strategic frameworks for public participation, development of partnerships among stakeholders, application of principles of solidarity and equity ( within current generation and among generations ), equal access to resources and services ( including health and education ), poverty reduction and similar. as for the local level, a limited number of municipalities have developed local sustainable development strategies, environmental action plans and similar documents addressing sustainability issues. montenegro is committed to implementation of millennium development goals and is monitoring the progress in this area. country specific human development reports are prepared periodically. montenegro has ratified three major un conventions ( on biodiversity, climate change and on combating desertification ) and is at the various levels of implementation of responsibilities undertaken at ratification. in 2010, the first national communication to united nations framework convention on climate change has been completed, as well as national biodiversity strategy and action plan. besides these major un conventions, montenegro is a party or signatory to around 60 multilateral environmental agreements. regarding the institutional set up for sustainable development, national council for sustainable development ( ncsd ) as an advisory body to the government plays an important role. the council was established in 2002 and it is currently composed in a way that provides for participation of different stakeholders ranging from the national and local government representatives to members of academia, business and the ngo sector as well as independent experts. the ncsd task is to, inter alia, consider all the strategic documents pertinent to sustainable development ( sd ) and issue related opinions and recommendations to the government, thus contributing to policy integration. the council ' s mission is to promote and communicate sustainable development and contribute to implementation of sd principles in montenegro. the office for sustainable development, which used to operate as a separate body at government level, acts as a secretariat to the council and also has a mandate to ensure coordination of the line ministries in the processes of the adoption of long term policies. as of june 2011, the office has been integrated in the relevant ministry ( ministry of sustainable development and tourism ). with regards to the public sector, competences and responsibilities for sustainable development are spread over a large number of administrative bodies and public institutions. status and mandate of the part of administration responsible for environmental protection has often changed over the course of the past two decades. environment is now predominantly under competence of the ministry of sustainable development and tourism ( a composite ministry responsible for spatial planning, construction, communal issues? including waste and wastewater, housing, and tourism, in addition to environmental protection ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47313529376423025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.418818"}
{"text": "the past two decades. environment is now predominantly under competence of the ministry of sustainable development and tourism ( a composite ministry responsible for spatial planning, construction, communal issues? including waste and wastewater, housing, and tourism, in addition to environmental protection ). other ministries, administrative bodies and institutions that have competences relevant for sustainable development include : ministry of economy ; ministry of agriculture and rural development ; ministry of transport and maritime affairs ; ministry of health ; ministry of labour and social affairs ; ministry of internal affairs ; ministry of justice ; ministry of external affairs and european integrations ; ministry of education and sport ; ministry of science ; agency for environmental protection ; nature protection institute ; hydro - meteorological institute ; public enterprise national parks ; public enterprise for public maritime domain ; centre for eco - toxicological research ; water administration ; forestry administration ; public health institute ; real estate administration, and others. local self - governments also have important competencies for implementation of sd principles. civil society has contributed significantly to formulation and implementation of sustainability policies, especially during the last decade. contribution of civil society stakeholders has been particularly important when it comes to opening and discussion of sensitive issues and to identification of societal problems that have a negative impact on development perspectives and equal rights of all citizens. a number of scientific and research institutions are operating in montenegro and they comprise an important segment of total capacities for development of knowledge based economy / society and for fulfilling sustainability objectives. business sector is another highly significant stakeholder for sustainable development. international organisations have, through various forms of assistance, played a very important role in implementing sd in montenegro. un assistance was particularly pronounced with development and implementation of sd policies and standards and development of national and local capacities. 3. 2 progress achieved and remaining gaps in implementation a more substantial progress with implementation of sustainable development was evidenced during the past decade, as opposed to 1990s when, despite some significant events, little has been done on balanced development within three sd pillars ( economy? environment? society ). the progress can be primarily attributed to improvements in legal and strategic frameworks, as well as to certain steps forward with institutional solutions. this primarily refers to the establishment of national council of sustainable development, the office for sustainable development and the adoption of the national sd strategy, harmonisation of numerous national regulations with the eu legislation ( and advancement in the eu integration in general ), as well as to adoption of important documents for biodiversity, forests, climate change, waste and wastewater management, regional development, energy efficiency etc. environmental protection agency has been established and decisions brought to remediate certain environmental '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47010563763096525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.419960"}
{"text": "eu integration in general ), as well as to adoption of important documents for biodiversity, forests, climate change, waste and wastewater management, regional development, energy efficiency etc. environmental protection agency has been established and decisions brought to remediate certain environmental ' hot spots ' ( some of these decisions have been realised and remediation projects completed ), and a new national park ( fifth one - prokletije ) has been declared. a progress has been achieved in the area of access to information and participation in decision making, and slight improvements in the overall development were recorded ( as measured by the human development index ). it should be noted however that indicators showing progress ( or opposite trends ) in relation to sd goals are not always available. situation is somewhat better when socio - economic aspects of sustainable development are considered ( including indicators such as poverty rate, human development index etc. ). sustainability indicators for socio - economic development aspects have been mainly revolving around same values during the past 7? 8 years, with some variations in both directions ( increases and decreases ). classical economic indicators ( such as gdp, employment etc. ) have exhibited positive trends throughout the last decade and have peaked in 2008, before the effects of economic crisis. in the years prior to 2008, montenegrin economy was one of the fastest growing in the region. in depth analysis on the extent to which this growth was sustainable is not available. when it comes to environment, there are no composite indicators ( such as ecological footprint or similar ) that could show whether environmental performances of montenegrin society / economy are sustainable. generally speaking, environmental statistics and indicators are not sufficiently developed ; a gef ( global environmental facility ) project is currently being implemented to address these gaps. implementation of laws, policies and strategies is still not fully adequate and should be further improved. other identified challenges that also contribute to implementation weaknesses include insufficient levels of harmonisation among sectoral policies, low level of integration of environmental concerns in sectoral / economic policies, inadequate estimation and lack of financial resources necessary for implementation, lack of sufficiently developed monitoring and enforcement mechanisms and similar. necessity of cooperation and partnerships among stakeholders based of the principles of transparency and participation has been recognised as a precondition for sustainable development. when reviewing developments over the past 20 years in montenegro, positive examples of synergetic conduct of different stakeholders towards common sustainability objectives can be identified, as well as examples of opposite practices. lack of integrated approaches is pronounced. institutional framework and stakeholder cooperation are certainly areas where it is possible and necessary to achieve substantial improvements in the forthcoming period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47491453888566243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.421061"}
{"text": "conduct of different stakeholders towards common sustainability objectives can be identified, as well as examples of opposite practices. lack of integrated approaches is pronounced. institutional framework and stakeholder cooperation are certainly areas where it is possible and necessary to achieve substantial improvements in the forthcoming period. though the organisational infrastructure for sustainable development is in place, but certain challenges persist. some of the issues that decrease public sector capacities to adequately respond to challenges and requirements of sustainable development are overlapping competences, insufficient or ineffective coordination, and lack of necessary skills and preparedness for strict enforcement of regulations. the areas over which these deficiencies have had an impact so far i. e. problems they generate include : deterioration of protected areas ; illegal construction ; illegal waste disposal ; conversion of agricultural land ; unsustainable forest cutting ; poor enforcement of regulations for industrial pollution of air, water and soil ; inadequate water management, etc. problem of insufficient capacities ( human, technical and financial ) in public administration bodies has been also noted, especially on local level. scientific and research capacities for numerous, often new and complex environmental, climate change and sustainable development issues can be also assessed as insufficient. this refers to human resources, equipment, assets and projects undertaken by these institutions. the role of civil society stakeholders and their contributions to sustainable development need to be further strengthened through continuous efforts to allow for meaningful participation in policy and decision making. existing partnerships need to be extended and new ones built to harness potential of this stakeholder group to its full potential. relative to the role of civil sector in the society, capacities are significant. this is mainly due to flexibility and openness of civil society stakeholders. on the other hand, there is a room for improvements. media, for example, could do more on awareness raising agenda and with better / more in depth coverage on all the issues from the sustainable development corpus. despite some positive examples during the last few years, the level of involvement of business sector and its contribution to sustainable development goals has remained at relatively low level. concepts such as sustainable consumption and production and corporate social responsibility are not widely applied. development of public - private partnerships is still at initial stage. during the past decade, the un assistance was to a large degree extended through undp office in montenegro and was referring to issues such as establishment and operation of the office for sustainable development, functioning and reform of ncsd as well as to preparation of nsds. assistance from un desa was received in improving the existing set of core indicators of sustainable development. furthermore, the un system provided an essential support to montenegro in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45785695067859655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.422186"}
{"text": "sustainable development, functioning and reform of ncsd as well as to preparation of nsds. assistance from un desa was received in improving the existing set of core indicators of sustainable development. furthermore, the un system provided an essential support to montenegro in the areas of :? climate change ( strengthening capacities to address climate change and analyse its impacts on people, economy and environment ) ;? biodiversity ( building capacities for development and implementation of adequate policies, improving management of protected areas ) ;? monitoring and reporting on the implementation of millennium development goals and preparation of human development reports ;? preparation of strategic documents for regional development, public administration reform etc. continued support of the un system and cooperation towards montenegro? s sustainable development is expected in the future through the? delivering as one? initiative, based on consultations between un agencies and government partners. notwithstanding achieved progress, challenges with implementation of sustainable development goals remain numerous. they have been exacerbated lately by global challenges such as climate change and financial / economic crisis. in addition, long lasting negative trends that have been recorded within the country, such as spatial degradation, inadequate waste management, non - compliance with regulations, regional development disparities, poverty and economic vulnerability, inequitable distribution of benefits among social groups, inefficient use of resources and similar, make facing these challenges a more demanding and difficult task. due to pressures to achieve rapid economic improvements in the transitional period, there has been insufficient ability to translate the growing political commitment to sustainable development into concrete transformative actions and policies. lack of longer term perspective in policy formulation has been frequently seen due to pressures to achieve rapid economic improvements, and so despite formal advocating of the sd principles? the need to renew political commitment to this concept is evident. priorities identified through the hitherto preparations for rio + 20 and the key challenges for accelerating progress towards sustainable development over the course of the next decade are :? sustainable management and use of space ;? waste and wastewater management ;? biodiversity protection, preservation of resilience and stability of ecosystems, and rational use of water and forests ;? energy efficiency in all sectors and orientation towards new and alternative energy sources ( especially solar and wind energy ) ;? decrease of currently large regional development disparities and poverty eradication. in order to address these challenges it will be necessary to :? further harmonise national legislation with the eu acquis, international conventions and un recommendations as well as to strengthen commitment and readiness ( also capacities ) to implement regulations and undertaken responsibilities fully and efficiently ;? improve governance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.486167700515844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.423382"}
{"text": "challenges it will be necessary to :? further harmonise national legislation with the eu acquis, international conventions and un recommendations as well as to strengthen commitment and readiness ( also capacities ) to implement regulations and undertaken responsibilities fully and efficiently ;? improve governance system ( to enable stronger involvement of stakeholders in decision making and building of partnerships ) ;? develop and implement educational and awareness raising programmes in order to recognise and adopt values, principles and standards of sustainable development ;? build institutions and capacities at all levels ; improve coordination ;? ensure provision of adequate financial support from the national and local budgets for implementation of sustainability policies and strategies ;? integrate climate change into sectoral policies ; develop climate change adaptation strategies ;? provide for continuous development of scientific, academic, business and administrative capacities in order to promote and stimulate innovation ;? establish statistical system that will generate adequate basis for adoption of policies for sustainable development and their evaluation. 3. 3 recommendations 3. 3. 1 international level ( 1 ) the outcomes of unced in 1992 and wssd in 2002 were highly relevant for montenegro and had to a significant extent affected national level policy making. the rio principles, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, should continue to serve as the guiding principles and basis for international cooperation and move towards sustainable development. ( 2 ) the forthcoming uncsd or rio + 20 will be a unique opportunity to renew political commitment for sustainable development, to reinvigorate global sd efforts and to emphasise the need for integration of environmental, economic and social pillars. international organisations, in particular the international financial institutions, national and local governments, all other groups ( in particular vulnerable groups, women and youth, civil society, academia and business sector ) must be involved in order to ensure sustainable future. ( 3 ) un member states should lead discussions at the rio + 20 conference with the aim to ensure outcomes that will address global, regional and national challenges and provide for tangible, effective and action - oriented results. these outcomes will need to make a positive impact across the world now as well as future generations. ( 4 ) developed countries need to continue and enhance provision of assistance to developing countries ensuring at the same time improved effectiveness and coordination. 3. 3. 2 national level ( 1 ) high level political commitment to sustainable development has been exhibited in montenegro in the past period on strategic and policy level however it proved insufficient on the level of practical implementation and for delivering substantial results. it is therefore necessary to work on renewing and strengthening political commitment for implementation and for integration of all three pillars of sustainable development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46530165225460735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.424454"}
{"text": "the past period on strategic and policy level however it proved insufficient on the level of practical implementation and for delivering substantial results. it is therefore necessary to work on renewing and strengthening political commitment for implementation and for integration of all three pillars of sustainable development. ( 2 ) government should have a leading role in sd implementation and integration, while other stakeholders need to be fully included in decision - making and assessment of the scope and dynamics in fulfilling the commitments. accountability is important for all stakeholders. partnerships must be strengthened both within the country and with international actors. ( 3 ) coordination between line ministries, national expert, research and scientific institutions as well as between national and local levels of administration has to improve and effective mechanisms for information and knowledge sharing need to be established. clear delineation of competencies and capacity building is necessary to this end. ( 4 ) the process of eu integration and sd implementation are synergetic processes that are reinforcing each other. advancement in transposition and implementation of european standards ( especially in areas such as environmental protection, energy, competitiveness, regional and rural development, social inclusion and equity ) will yield benefits for sustainability agenda and vice versa. it is therefore of the utmost importance to vigorously pursue the eu accession priorities. ( 5 ) national sustainable development strategy needs to be renewed to take into account progress made and remaining / emerging challenges. implementation of the updated strategy needs to be improved by securing adequate political backing and wide acceptance, as well as by setting aside adequate resources both for its implementation and progress monitoring. a strong move from proclamations to actions is necessary. ( 6 ) funding sources for implementation of sustainable development policies and actions need to be diversified to include both public and private sources. additional efforts are needed to mobilise more funds from already recognized sources and to use them more effectively, as well as to identify new sources of finance. ( 7 ) knowledge and data availability need to be improved to ensure that informed decisions are made and sustainability achieved. ( 8 ) comprehensive education and awareness raising programmes need to be continuously developed and implemented to incorporate sustainable development values and principles into everyday life. 4 addressing new and emerging challenges from the long list of new and emerging challenges that are expected to put sustainable development on test globally, the following have been recognised as the most relevant ones for montenegro :? climate change ;? sustainable land use / management of space and linkages with biodiversity conservation, water management and energy ;? inefficient and harmful consumption and production patterns ;? degradation of coastal zone and marine ecosystems ;? further progress towards fu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4624305527922915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.425631"}
{"text": "climate change ;? sustainable land use / management of space and linkages with biodiversity conservation, water management and energy ;? inefficient and harmful consumption and production patterns ;? degradation of coastal zone and marine ecosystems ;? further progress towards fulfilment of millennium development goals, particularly regarding the position of vulnerable groups and regional development, since these are areas of particular interest in the national context ;? the unfolding of global financial crisis and recession and related negative impacts on the national economy. climate change is a relatively new policy area in montenegro. country specific assessment of potential impacts on communities, environment and the economy and efforts to develop adequate responses are in the initial stages. sustainable use of space and degradation of coastal zone / marine ecosystems are, on the other hand, recognised as re - emerging challenges for sustainable development due to prolonged negative trends that threaten to cause irreversible changes and thus affect future development prospects. similarly, efforts to contribute to full implementation of millennium development goals and related national priorities of eradicating poverty and providing for balanced regional development emerge in somewhat changed form in light of economic crisis of the past few years. adapting to and overcoming the impacts of crisis and creating innovative and sustainable approaches to growth is another new area, as is the need to establish sustainable consumption and production standards and practice. taking into account the size of the country and its limited resources, addressing all these challenges in an efficient and effective way is of vital interest. existing mechanisms for addressing these challenges are not well developed, nevertheless significant efforts have been made to establish coordinating bodies ( such as national council on sustainable development ; establishment of climate change council is being considered ), to develop adequate strategies and to implement projects that pilot sustainable approaches in dealing with these problems. furthermore, montenegro has been contributing to establishment of regional mechanisms and networks on economic development, coastal zone management and climate change ( regional forum on climate change for the western balkans being an example ). at the local level, individual positive examples in addressing some of the new and emerging challenges have been recorded ( including efforts to develop sustainable transport systems, increase energy efficiency for public buildings and lighting, etc. ). however, a lot remains to be done to ensure proactive role of local communities in addressing the stated challenges. the country has so far received significant technical and financial assistance to address new and emerging challenges and related areas, such as biodiversity and nature protection, climate change, energy efficiency, regional and rural development, organic agriculture, sustainable tourism development etc. there are continuous efforts and projects to enhance education for sustainable development at all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48221183629518877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.426762"}
{"text": "to address new and emerging challenges and related areas, such as biodiversity and nature protection, climate change, energy efficiency, regional and rural development, organic agriculture, sustainable tourism development etc. there are continuous efforts and projects to enhance education for sustainable development at all levels, nevertheless both scope and effectiveness of these programmes needs to be further improved. sustainable consumption and production is a new theme on montenegrin development agenda where significant progress is of the utmost importance for the future given current and inherited wasteful and polluting production and consumption patterns. assistance in this area has so far come through projects aiming to introduce cleaner production processes, and an assessment of technological needs for climate change mitigation and adaptation is on - going. it is necessary to provide continued and increased support for, in particular, climate change adaptation and mitigation, use of sustainable renewable energy sources, agriculture and sustainable tourism, as well as for introduction of sustainable consumption and production patterns in key sectors ( energy, transport, construction etc. ). further assistance is also necessary for strengthening capacities for integrated policy making and strategy development. 4. 1 recommendations ( 1 ) the success of the rio + 20 will to a large degree depend on the way the most significant global challenges? climate change, sustainable consumption and production, millennium development goals, water scarcity, degradation of marine ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, unfolding energy, food and economic crisis? will be addressed. the conference needs to provide commonly agreed guidelines for adequate responses while at the same time ensuring their flexibility and applicability for different levels of governance and county specific conditions. ( 2 ) cooperation in the areas of technology and research and development, as well as knowledge and technology transfers between developed and developing countries are needed, alongside with education, training programmes and capacity building activities to ensure adequate skills, information and technologies to address new and emerging challenges, and climate change in particular, exist around the world. ( 3 ) public awareness raising activities and strengthened management tools are needed to shift behaviours towards more sustainable lifestyles. ( 4 ) montenegro has recognized the significance of addressing the causes of climate change and adapting to it. improved cooperation and coordination on national, regional and international levels is needed in order to successfully address climate change threats. integration of climate change concerns into development planning is very important as the changing climate poses significant risks to economic growth and development of the country. ( 5 ) a more significant emphasis on sustainable consumption and production ( scp ) is needed on the national level. further integration of scp requirements into sectoral policies for energy, industry, transport, agriculture and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47671718152400266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.428014"}
{"text": "economic growth and development of the country. ( 5 ) a more significant emphasis on sustainable consumption and production ( scp ) is needed on the national level. further integration of scp requirements into sectoral policies for energy, industry, transport, agriculture and services is needed. ( 6 ) integration of development policies under the sustainability umbrella is necessary to provide for land use practices that will safeguard long term development opportunities and quality of life. rational use of space, in particular in the coastal zone, efficient use of resources such as water and energy, and preservation of ecosystem services are necessary preconditions for sustainable response to new and emerging challenges. ( 7 ) efforts to provide for economic growth and development need to be paralleled by more robust mechanisms and tools for balanced regional development and equitable sharing of benefits among all society groups. 5 green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication : experiences and aspirations similar to the situation on global level, there is still no consensus on the meaning of term ' green economy ' and no applicable definition. however, some examples of policies and measures that could be characterised as efforts towards green economy development have been recorded. these include implementation ( limited but evolving ) of the polluter pays principle, introduction of the concept of low - carbon development into national strategies and plans, increased attention paid to biodiversity protection and energy efficiency, incentives for research and development, introduction of clean technologies, strengthening of statistical system and information basis, adaptation to climate change and similar. the concept of green economy is generally understood as a way of achieving sustainable development and it includes social aspects such as poverty reduction, equitable regional development and building up of human capital. pollution charges are in place ( although with limited effects ) as a way of implementing polluter pays principle. nevertheless there is still a need for more comprehensive and effective application of market based instruments for greening the economy. legislation, strategies and action plans to improve resource efficiency are being developed, and specific projects are implemented in the areas such as energy and waste management. incentives for energy efficiency improvements in small and medium sized enterprises, public buildings and housing sector are increasing both in number and scope. even though there is no integral strategy on the development of green economy, some fundamental concepts and principles have been established in the national sustainable development strategy. regional development strategy ( 2010 ) links reduction of development disparities ( within the country ) and increase in employment to the concept of low - carbon development in the main economic sectors and envisages introduction of measures for encouraging private investments into green businesses. preparation of the new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5529637717378495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.429406"}
{"text": "2010 ) links reduction of development disparities ( within the country ) and increase in employment to the concept of low - carbon development in the main economic sectors and envisages introduction of measures for encouraging private investments into green businesses. preparation of the new strategy for construction sector based on green standards is planned, and measures to promote sustainable growth have been recorded in various sectors ( examples include organic agriculture, eco - tourism, renewable energy sources etc. ). a diversified policy mix is needed to achieve green, inclusive and competitive economy. market - based instruments include environmental taxes, charges and fees, tradable permits and subsidies. carbon pricing, which comprises carbon taxes and emission - trading schemes, has a central place in global attempts to achieve green economy. non - market instruments include regulatory and voluntary approaches. legislative or regulatory instruments are based on performance standards, licensing and banning of certain products or practices, while voluntary approaches include ratings, labelling and certification. within the eu accession process, montenegro needs to develop adequate policy mix that will deliver results in its transition to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. priority sectors for green economy development in montenegro include energy, tourism, construction, agriculture and forestry. more specifically, opportunities exist for increased use of renewable energy sources ( particularly sun and wind ), improved energy efficiency, introduction of the environmental standards ( low carbon buildings ) into construction, development of rural, mountain and eco - tourism, organic agriculture, rural development, sustainable forestry etc. besides these, greening opportunities exist for transport ( introduction of combined transport, improvements in public transportation systems ) and waste management ( waste minimisation reuse and recycling ). there are also untapped opportunities with sustainable public procurement ( the new law on public procurement has recently been adopted by the government and it includes general provisions for introduction of both environmental and social criteria for the public procurement rules ) and introduction of voluntary instruments such as labelling and eco - certification schemes. partnerships with scientific institutions and business sector need to be developed in order to support development of low - carbon technologies and green jobs creation. development of adequate human and technical capacity is a prerequisite for transition to a green economy. availability of international assistance is also very important. discussions held during the national multi - stakeholder conference on sustainable development ( october 2011 ) confirmed montenegrins aspirations to become a pilot country for thorough restructuring and greening of the national economy based on the principles of social equity, resource efficiency and preservation of the environment. the idea and possibility to secure support for such an endeavour has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4876520519948497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.430484"}
{"text": "2011 ) confirmed montenegrins aspirations to become a pilot country for thorough restructuring and greening of the national economy based on the principles of social equity, resource efficiency and preservation of the environment. the idea and possibility to secure support for such an endeavour has been tested during the 19th session of un commission on sustainable development in may 2011, when it was generally evaluated in a positive manner. rio + 20 conference is seen as an opportunity to pursue this idea further, marking the twentieth anniversary of the initial presentation of montenegro as an ecological state at the earth summit in rio in 1992. as for the expectations from uncsd, montenegro holds a position that the existing momentum for green economy development should be utilised to re - emphasise complementarity between economic growth, preservation of the natural environments and resources, and stimulating employment and social equity. the conference should also provide guidelines for development of green economy and ensure commitment and support of developed countries to the developing ones through technology transfers, information sharing and continued financial assistance. sustainable development and green economy should not be understood as concepts that exclude or replace each other. the recommendations / guidelines for implementation of the green economy concept should be adjustable to individual countries? contexts and include examples of best practices and successful instruments. measurable indicators for monitoring results should be defined. linked to this, definition of targets would be desirable. 5. 1 recommendations ( 1 ) the united nations environment programme ( unep ) defines green economy as the? one that results in improved human well - being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities?. this definition is compatible with the view advocated in the uncsd preparations that greening the economy can be a tool to help achieve sustainable development and eradicate poverty. in this context, green economy is considered to be at the heart of renewed efforts to integrate environmental and social considerations with economic decision - making. montenegro supports these views and sees green economy as a low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive economy. ( 2 ) the multiple crises in recent years have underlined the need to reorient current economic growth models. global community needs to rethink development together. growth should be inclusive, equitable and strongly oriented towards poverty eradication. environmental impacts of this growth have to be reduced through sensible policies on energy, water, agriculture, marine environments, land / use urbanization, climate change, and job creation. ( 3 ) progress towards green economy needs to be measured. rio + 20 should contribute to the adoption of a new set of indicators complementing gdp and integrating economic, social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5269808491355286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.432345"}
{"text": "marine environments, land / use urbanization, climate change, and job creation. ( 3 ) progress towards green economy needs to be measured. rio + 20 should contribute to the adoption of a new set of indicators complementing gdp and integrating economic, social and environmental dimensions in a balanced manner. ( 4 ) technology, finance and capacity building needed for the economic transformation have to be provided and developing countries supported in their efforts to pursue sustainable development. technology cooperation and technology transfer should be strengthened. ( 5 ) financing for a green economy as a means for sustainable development and poverty eradication needs to be secured and to come from various sources? public and private. new / innovative sources need to be identified. ( 6 ) ecosystem services valuation represents an important tool and a good argument in advocating for green economy. structure and functions of ecosystems that support our economy and well - being i. e. ecological resilience, have to be maintained. ( 7 ) increasing resource efficiency can yield economic savings and social benefits and reduce environmental impacts of production activities. on the other hand, these are necessary to gain competitive advantages on global markets and adjust to increasing global competition for resources and environmental constraints. furthermore, strong commitment is needed for moving from just increasing the eco - efficiency in the production processes to improving the eco - effectiveness in the context of the life cycle approach. ( 8 ) the transition to a green economy requires a well - balanced policy mix and financing mechanisms. choosing the most cost - effective and efficient policy mixes for the green economy needs to be country specific and to rely on specific information and analysis. to this end, it is necessary to develop adequate national capacities and to secure international coordination. full cost pricing should be a central element of the policy mix across all sectors. ( 9 ) measuring progress is the first step to managing the transition towards a green economy. information - gathering tools and processes need to be strengthened at all levels. this is an area where significant benefits can be gained through improved cooperation and information exchange ( within countries, on regional and global levels ). ( 10 ) active engagement of the private sector and civil society in green economy discussions and implementation is necessary to promote sustainable practices and fully utilise employment potential of the green economy. workers? education and training will play an important role in facilitating transition to a green economy. ( 11 ) private sector, through investment, trade and innovation, has a prominent role to play in delivering a green economy. the governments have a responsibility to create conditions to ensure that this will happen, especially by stimulating green innovation at the level of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4707336604436195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.433590"}
{"text": ". ( 11 ) private sector, through investment, trade and innovation, has a prominent role to play in delivering a green economy. the governments have a responsibility to create conditions to ensure that this will happen, especially by stimulating green innovation at the level of small and medium sized enterprises. partnerships at all levels in the key green economy sectors and areas are of the utmost importance. ( 12 ) transition to a green economy will require significant efforts on education and awareness raising for all stakeholders, including consumers and businesses, environmental and non - environmental parts of administrations and others, to allow for informed decision - making. governments should stimulate green markets creation through green public procurement and similar instruments. ( 13 ) investing in energy and resource efficiency has proven to be a win - win solution regardless of countries? economic structures. the same applies for waste prevention, reuse and recycling. replication of best practices from other countries / regions and expansion of current programmes would be a welcome support for montenegrin ambitions to move to a green economy. ( 14 ) the united nations system ( most notably undp ) has been providing continued assistance to montenegro with sustainable development and green economy agendas. building national and local level capacities for green economic policymaking and a focused analysis of and investment in key economic sectors with an effort to decouple economic growth from resource consumption remains an important area for future assistance too. this is all the more important in the montenegrin context, considering that the major contributors to the country? s gdp are sectors that rest on a vibrant, resilient environment and natural capital ( i. e. tourism ). running down this capital will directly result in the loss of jobs and income. ( 15 ) national and local governments, civil society, international organizations and business sector have been carrying out a number of initiatives which are contributing to a transition towards the green economy. such initiatives need to be further strengthened and scaled up in the forthcoming period to assist montenegro with its green economy aspirations. at the same time, a significant shift in perceptions and priorities and will need to be achieved in the country, starting from decision makers down to general public. 6 institutional framework for sustainable development : experiences and aspirations as already discussed in chapter three of this report, institutional framework for sustainable development has been reasonably well developed in montenegro and rich experiences have been gained with different solutions over the course of the past two decades. this is not to say that the practice has always been satisfactory and yielding positive outcomes. on contrary, areas where significant improvements are needed have been identified and they include but are not limited to strengthening of capacities and clarify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46022728913353367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.434738"}
{"text": "the course of the past two decades. this is not to say that the practice has always been satisfactory and yielding positive outcomes. on contrary, areas where significant improvements are needed have been identified and they include but are not limited to strengthening of capacities and clarifying roles, improved coordination, efficient and effective operation, etc. positive experiences include establishment and work of the national council for sustainable development ( ncsd ), improved participation and a more significant role played by civil society, business sector and academia and independent experts, strengthened capacities of environmental and other parts of administration for policy integration and implementation, etc. on the local level, a pilot project to establish local sustainable development council has been completed in december 2010, while few other municipalities established different inter - sectoral mechanisms to follow up on development policies implementation and sustainability issues. as regards the cooperation between government and other stakeholders, non - governmental organisations and independent experts, as active members of the ncsd, stand out as one the main counterparts in the process of consultations and preparations of policies relevant for sustainable development. the business sector and trade unions are more involved in the work of the social council, which gathers representatives of the government, employers and employees, but are also represented in the ncsd. participation of the business sector has increased significantly after the reform of the ncsd, which provided for a more specialised and continuous work of the council throughout the year. local self - governments participate in policy making through the union of municipalities as well as through direct membership in some of the advisory bodies. academia, universities and other educational and research institutions have an important role too. cooperation with international organisations is highly significant. some of the most significant challenges national institutions need to address and key tasks lying ahead of them in the attempts to provide adequate backing for sustainable development include :? raising awareness at all levels? from decision makers to general public? on the need for integrated approaches to development planning and policy making ;? improving cooperation, coordination and information sharing for streamlined responses to complex problems ;? development and strengthening of institutions and capacities at national and local levels, with particular focus on the latter ;? clear delineation of competences among the key institutions ;? establishment of transparent mechanisms for effective engagement of all stakeholders in policy and decision making ;? establishment of an efficient system for monitoring the progress with implementation of sustainable development principles and standards ( primarily through creation of adequate mechanism, but also through strengthening of statistical capacities in institutions tasked with data collection and analysis ) ;? development and implementation of comprehensive awareness raising and educational programmes to promote sustainable development values and principles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45193570802831173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.435863"}
{"text": "of sustainable development principles and standards ( primarily through creation of adequate mechanism, but also through strengthening of statistical capacities in institutions tasked with data collection and analysis ) ;? development and implementation of comprehensive awareness raising and educational programmes to promote sustainable development values and principles. as regards the international level, a large number of institutions and agencies are operating in the areas relevant for sustainable development. the un commission on sustainable development, however, does not have the mandate to coordinate globally implemented initiatives, programmes and activities and its resources have been significantly reduced in terms of its ability to provide technical / expert support to the member countries. establishment of integrated and rational coordination system would largely contribute to fulfilment of sustainability objectives. this due to the fact that insufficient coordination, overlapping responsibilities and use of various concepts without sufficient effort to integrate them, have been also evident for these actors. within the un system, it would be useful to assess cumulative performance at the level of overall organization rather than the results achieved within frameworks of individual un agencies. an already applied approach through which the un system attempted to accelerate its endeavours and increase coherence and efficiency of its operations was the so - called \" delivering as one? approach. montenegro expects that the uncsd will adopt decisions on reforming the existing institutional framework for sustainable development and contribute to governance improvements at all levels. clear and strengthened mandate of lead agencies and enhanced coordination to consolidate and align the activities would be welcome. recommendations on more effective ways of delivering support to developing countries would make another welcome output of the conference. 6. 1 recommendations ( 1 ) the uncsd should emphasise importance of governance for sustainable development at all levels. ( 2 ) the need to reform institutional framework for sustainable development ( ifsd ) is apparent in order to provide for adequate responses to current and future challenges, to bridge gaps in the implementation of the sustainable development agenda as well as to accelerate global action towards a greener and more sustainable economy and eradication of poverty. international environmental governance ( ieg ) needs to be strengthened as a part of the broader ifsd reform. ( 3 ) the ifsd reform should be guided by the need to improve the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development, enhance transparency and participation, and simplify administration and implementation while maintaining ability to address complex issues. ( 4 ) montenegro supports a strengthened role for the unep and better coordination across the un system in integrating environment into development, and in supporting sustainable development. revision of the role of the un commission on sustainable development is, in our view, necessary. as a part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5022721714778273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.437003"}
{"text": "supports a strengthened role for the unep and better coordination across the un system in integrating environment into development, and in supporting sustainable development. revision of the role of the un commission on sustainable development is, in our view, necessary. as a part of the un system that has so far played a leading role in sustainable development efforts and was directly present in the country, undp should continue to play an important role as the only agency with capacities to speak on all three pillars of sustainable development - social, environmental, economic ; undp? s capacities and experiences should be utilised in the best possible ways. ( 5 ) sustainable development progress needs to be measured and information widely shared. one of the uncsd outcomes should be increased emphasis on monitoring and evaluation. ( 6 ) montenegro supports the proposals to streamline and reinforce the multilateral environmental agreements ( meas ) system and to reinforce and mainstream the environmental dimension within the un system, as was for example the case with the \" delivering as one \" initiative. ( 7 ) on the national level, it will be necessary to review mandates of certain institutions, improve their coordination ( horizontal and vertical ) and work on capacity building. for efficiency purposes, existing institutions should be consolidated whenever possible, but at the same time there will be a need for creation of new institutions to address the eu integration and sustainability agendas. the practice of ncsd providing advices on policy integration to the government and overseeing implementation of nsds should be maintained. ( 8 ) institutional framework for sustainable development in montenegro needs to be expanded to include parliament in an effort to strengthen the oversight and monitoring function. ( 9 ) capacity building is especially relevant for the local administrations ; establishment of local councils on sustainable development should be promoted and supported whenever feasible. ( 10 ) achieved progress in consultations and participation of relevant stakeholders should be maintained and improved in the forthcoming period. in montenegrin experience, ncsd with evolving / improved structure has proven to be a useful tool to enhance stakeholder participation and wide consultations, and there is potential to replicate this experience to other countries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4656105815631936, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66132acc-5813-4388-a3b4-77832c4396c0>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.437957"}
{"text": "the writings of frethorik and wiljow this happened 1888 years after the submersion of atland ( = 306 bc ) or should all these placenames be located at the coast of the baltic? it ' s the cimbrian flood and it drove the inhabitants of denmark to the south, and brought them in contact with the romans. personally i think it happened in the north sea, not the baltic, and i know we have talked about this long a go. de zeventiende eeuwse friese geschiedschrijver chr. schotanus schreef over de kimbrische vloed ; \u201c omtrend den jare nae de scheppinghe der werelt 360 ofte 350 voor de geboorte jesu christi is door stormen en tempgeesten een schricklijke watervloed over alle zee - custen van duytsland gelopen, die veel vee ende mensen heeft vernielt. dit eerste en oudste vloet, daer men gedachtenis af kan hebben, die oock so men meent, alle eylanden, aan de friessche custen, van \u2019 t vaste land afgescheurt en vele binnenwateren ende meeren gemaekt heeft, daer de monden van de rivieren, voorhenen, met enghe gaten in ze uitliepen. the 17th century frisian historian chr. schotanus wrote this about the cymbrian flood : about the year 360 or 350 before the birth of jesus christ a terrible flood, caused by violent storms, hit all the sea coasts of germany, a flood that destroyed many cattle and people. this first and oldest flood which can be remembered, could also have ripped all the islands on the frisian coast from the mainland, and have created many inlets and lakes because formerly the mouths of the rivers ended up in them through narrow entrances. right, so you think the balda sea translated as baltic, where jutlanders and letlanders flee from, is not the baltic? i hardly think so. balda could be bold sea, not really bad, because bold can mean frightful, dangerous as well, which is what i think ' bad ' could mean in the wording of the olb. [ / i ] bold (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45548600554993013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31944375-8222-4cb9-9b21-f71a78753508>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.440408"}
{"text": "search engines 101 at the studio of ur2 creative web development & design company, we focus on our client ' s website placement by determining and applying our optimization techniques and search engine marketing experience at the beginning of the design process, instead of doing a corrective job afterwards. improving your rankings in the search engines requires considerable understanding of how they function and how they order results. we have provided the following information about the optimization of your website to better equip you with understanding this involving and complex process. understanding search engines ; a search engine builds its database either by getting list submissions from webmasters or by using software robots. robot or spiders are programs that browse through the web and store links and information about the pages that they visit. there are fewer manually indexed search engines compared to their spider - indexed counterparts such as google, yahoo, alta vista, etc. the way a spider indexes and ranks a website is very much dependent on what information it receives from your website and how we have designed the site. keywords ; your website is indexed by search engines on the basis of your key words. when a search engine sends a spider to your web site, it determines that pages ' keywords by counting the words on the web page it is visiting. the words that appear most frequently or considered most significant ( words that are mentioned towards the top of a document and words that are repeated several times throughout the document are more likely to be considered important. ) become your keywords. when a user searches for a particular term, the ranking of your site in the results would depend on the weight of that search term on your site. creating copy ; as much as it is important to use your keyword as many times as possible on a page, you should also pay attention to how the text sounds when read by user. overstuffing the text with keywords will not only confuse or put - off a visitor but you might also get identified as a spammer by search engines and your website removed from the database forever. meta tags ; many search engines index websites by the meta tags in the documents ' html. the \" title \" and the \" description \" meta tags are often used by search engines in indexing. it is essential to use your keyword in the title tag. use relevant words in keyword meta tags such as synonyms of your keyword, or words directly relevant to your page. password - protected pages ; spiders cannot enter password - protected pages. flash ; most spiders are unable to index flash content or follow their navigation links. flash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47397631533940227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57fc2f61-def5-4b34-b5c7-445d76822724>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.444558"}
{"text": "##word meta tags such as synonyms of your keyword, or words directly relevant to your page. password - protected pages ; spiders cannot enter password - protected pages. flash ; most spiders are unable to index flash content or follow their navigation links. flash should be an optional link with a duplicate spider - friendly html page, or placed in as enhancements within html. outside links ; number and relevancy of outside links significantly affects the ranking of your website by search engines, and even helps you get your website indexed faster. if a site that has a link to yours is already indexed, the spiders visiting that site will follow the link to your website. you can build links to your website in several ways such as link exchange or reciprocal linking, requesting addition of your url to informational sites or directories relevant to the subject of your site, and affiliate programs. tables ; spiders do not have a problem reading the content of tables, however if you use nested tables, it makes it difficult for spiders to navigate through your website. frame sets ; frames always pose difficulty for spiders. some spiders are absolutely unable to read frames pages, while others see only the master page and therefore will not be able to read complete webpage because of which your website will not be indexed properly. graphics ; a careful balance of graphics and text must be achieved for your placement success. graphics are not read by spiders and reduce space for text but also affect the speed of loading of the page. alt - tags provide text equivalent information whenever graphics are present, and will greatly aid in search engine indexing and the compliance of ada ( americans with disabilities act ) requirements. back to our site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48192034353413027, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57fc2f61-def5-4b34-b5c7-445d76822724>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.445266"}
{"text": "cool tools to keep your kids from smoking many teenagers think smoking is cool. this belief is supported in recent centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) tobacco statistics. the cdc states that while the number of teens who smoke continues to drop each year, progress is slowing. this slowing decline in cigarette use among teens suggests that smoking and the health problems related to it will be issues as today ' s teens become adults. this trend proves there ' s reason to be diligent as parents. cigarette advertising is more limited than in the past, but still remains fairly obvious. despite various forms of advertising, parents who smoke and allow smoking in the home, and peers who smoke have the greatest impact on whether preadolescents and teens will take up smoking. steps for parents the cdc offers the following ideas to keep children from smoking : be a good role model. don ' t use tobacco and don ' t let others use it in your home. give your children clear and consistent messages about the risks of tobacco use. volunteer to help with prevention programs. if your community doesn ' t have one, start one. if your child uses tobacco, support his or her efforts to stop. help with goal setting and give lots of positive feedback. the cdc ' s office on smoking and health ( osh ) offers parent information, media campaign resources, and a variety of tobacco - reduction educational ideas. osh ' s goal is to reduce death and disease caused by tobacco use and secondhand smoke. resources can be accessed at : www. cdc. gov / tobacco.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4486523816886902, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:451e084c-e8c8-4f76-80d2-32d8c84cb309>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.447008"}
{"text": "update of common salivary tumors moderators : dr. john eveson and dr. silloo kapadia section 5 - adenoid cystic carcinoma john w eveson adenoid cystic carcinoma is a basaloid tumour consisting of epithelial and myoepithelial cells in variable morphologic configurations, including tubular, cribriform and solid patterns ( who 2005 ). adenoid cystic carcinoma ( adcc ) accounted for 4. 4 % of all salivary gland tumors and 11. 8 % of malignant salivary neoplasms in the largest reported series. it affects a wide age range ( 13 - 103 years ) with a peak incidence in 50 \u2013 70 year olds. there is a female preponderance of about 3 : 2. the most common sites are the parotid ( 21 % ), palate ( 17 % ) and submandibular gland ( 15 % ). minor glands of the mouth and the upper aerodigestive tract account for about half of all cases. rare central ( intra - osseous ) cases have been reported, the large majority involving the body and angle of mandible. tumors usually present as a slow growing but widely infiltrative mass of long duration and may be mobile or fixed. they may be tender or painful, and cranial nerve lesions, particularly facial nerve palsy, can be the presenting feature. tumors of minor glands often show ulceration of the overlying mucosa. adcc is composed of luminal ductal cells and abluminal, modified myoepithelial cells. the latter predominate and have indistinct cell borders and frequently sparse, amphophilic or clear cytoplasm. the nuclei are uniform in size, basophilic and may be round or angular ( peg shaped ). the ductal cells surround small and sometimes indistinct lumina ; they are cuboidal and have more abundant, eosinophilic cytoplasm and round, uniform nuclei that may contain small nucleoli. there are three main morphological patterns : cribriform ( cylindromatous ), tubular and solid in that order of frequency. a mixture of these patterns may be seen. the cribriform variant consists of islands of modified myoepithelial cells containing rounded, pseudocytic areas forming a characteristic ' swiss cheese ' appearance. the pseudocysts are basophilic and mu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45243043629582386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14919896-5272-4e63-881f-7361b8710883>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.458640"}
{"text": "these patterns may be seen. the cribriform variant consists of islands of modified myoepithelial cells containing rounded, pseudocytic areas forming a characteristic ' swiss cheese ' appearance. the pseudocysts are basophilic and mucoid, or consist of hyaline, eosinophilic material. they are composed of glycosaminoglycans and reduplicated basement membrane material. foci of ductal cells are present within the myoepithelial areas but may require careful examination to detect. the tubular variant is double layered and has conspicuous ductal differentiation. there is an inner layer of eosinophilic, duct - lining cells and the abluminal myoepithelial cells may show clear cytoplasm and irregular, angular nuclei or be morphologically similar to the luminal layer. occasionally, foci of squamous, sebaceous or oncocytic metaplasia are present. the least common solid variant consists of islands or sheets of basaloid cells with larger and less angular nuclei. duct - lining cells may be few and inconspicuous and comedonecrosis is common. mitoses are sparse in the cribriform and tubular patterns but may be frequent, often together with extensive apoptosis, in the solid type. recently, rare but clinically aggressive dedifferentiated variants of adcc, characterized histologically by the combination of a conventional adcc and a high - grade carcinoma, have been reported. in addition, adcc may form part of a hybrid tumor, most commonly in association with salivary duct carcinoma or epithelial - myoepithelial carcinoma. the stroma of adcc is usually fibrous and cases where hyalinisation is so abundant that tumor cells are attenuated into strands have been reported as a sclerosing variant. perineural or intraneural invasion is common and frequently conspicuous and the tumor can extend along nerves and their branches over a wide area. the tumor may invade bone extensively before there is any radiological evidence bone destruction. lymph node involvement is uncommon ( ~ 5 % of cases ) and is usually due to contiguous spread rather than lymphatic permeation or embolization. the pseudocysts are positive for pas and alcian blue and contain basement membrane components such as type iv collagen and laminin isoforms. the epithelial cells are positive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47387699041867015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14919896-5272-4e63-881f-7361b8710883>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.459770"}
{"text": "lymphatic permeation or embolization. the pseudocysts are positive for pas and alcian blue and contain basement membrane components such as type iv collagen and laminin isoforms. the epithelial cells are positive for low molecular weight keratins and ema, and the myoepithelial cells are variably positive for markers such as calponin, sma, p63, and s100. expression of s100 and gfap has been correlated with the presence perineural high expression of both p53 and bcl - 2 has been reported but there was no relation to this observation and the histological tumor types, clinical stage or survival. in the other study, the ki - 67 labelling index was found to be low, in keeping with the natural history of alterations in chromosomes 6q, 9p and 17p12 - 13 are the most frequent cytogenetic alterations reported. there are frequent losses at 12q, 6q23 - qter, 13q21 - q22 and 19q regions. a high frequency of loh at 6q23 - 25 has been reported and, although not specific for adcc, this has been correlated with both tumor grade and behaviour. over half of cases show genomic deletions of chromosome 6 and candidate suppressor genes have also been mapped to chromosome 12. hypermethylation of the p16 promotor gene was found in 4 / 22 of adcc and was associated with higher histological grades of malignancy. alterations in p53 and rb genes have been reported and correlated with behaviour. recently, microarrays and comparative genomic hybridization have been used to identify candidate genes for adcc. it is important to distinguish adcc from polymorphous low - grade adenocarcinoma ( plga ) in tumors from minor salivary glands. plga consists of a uniform cell population with cytologically bland, round or oval and vesicular nuclei and pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, whereas cells in adcc often have clear cytoplasm and angular, hyperchromatic nuclei and may show mitotic activity. the mib - 1 proliferative index is reported to be nearly 10x higher in adcc than plga with no overlap zone. smooth muscle markers of myoepithelial differentiation are positive in adcc but negative in plga. in addition, plga shows a much wider spectrum of histomorph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48323755467893686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14919896-5272-4e63-881f-7361b8710883>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.460684"}
{"text": "10x higher in adcc than plga with no overlap zone. smooth muscle markers of myoepithelial differentiation are positive in adcc but negative in plga. in addition, plga shows a much wider spectrum of histomorphological differentiation. even when cribriform areas are present in plga they are typically focal and adcc does not show papillary differentiation or the single cord arrangement of cells seen in plga. although both adcc and plga show neural invasion, in plga this is often associated with a striking whorling arrangement of single file cords of cells or small ducts, and is seen predominantly within or very close to the main tumor mass. it has been postulated that staining with c - kit or galectin 3 aids the distinction between plga and acc, but recent studies suggest the value of these immunoagents is limited. in addition, c - kit expression in adcc does not appear to correlate with behavior. occasional foci in pleomorphic adenoma can resemble adcc but the presence of typical myxochondroid matrix and plasmacytoid or spindle - shaped cells helps to avoid confusion. basaloid squamous cell carcinoma can resemble solid variants of adcc but typically involves the hypopharynx and glottal region, which are uncommon, sites for adcc. both can show islands with cribriform configurations, hyaline material surrounding tumor nests and solid areas with comedonecrosis, but basaloid squamous carcinoma also has evidence of squamous differentiation and usually involves the overlying mucosa. in addition, the different patterns of p63 staining may aid distinction. both epithelial - myoepithelial carcinoma and the tubular variant of adcc can show double - layered duct - like structures with an abluminal layer of clear cells. the average 5 and 10 - year survival rates are about 60 % and 40 % respectively but the majority of patients usually die of, or with, the tumor. local recurrence is very common, especially in the first 5 years after surgery. the main prognostic factors are site, clinical stage and histological pattern. bone involvement and failure of primary surgery are associated with poor prognosis. correlations between tumor morphology, grading and outcome have yielded conflicting results, particularly after 10 year follow - up due to the overall poor long - term prognosis. the tubular and crib", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4790695933297201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14919896-5272-4e63-881f-7361b8710883>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.461664"}
{"text": "failure of primary surgery are associated with poor prognosis. correlations between tumor morphology, grading and outcome have yielded conflicting results, particularly after 10 year follow - up due to the overall poor long - term prognosis. the tubular and cribriform variants have been reported to have a better outcome than tumors with a solid component, especially if this exceeds 30 % of the tumor volume. some studies suggest that tumor size and clinical stage are more reliable indicators of prognosis. tumors in the submandibular gland have a poorer prognosis than those in the parotid. the relationship between perineural invasion ( pni ) and survival is also contentious but invasion of larger nerves appears to correlate with more aggressive in a review of the literature, barrett and speight ( 2002 ) found 23 % ( range 2 - 86 % ) of patients had clinical evidence of neurological deficit. histological evidence of pni was reported in 51 % ( range 8 - 86 % ) of cases. clinical evidence of nerve involvement such as facial nerve palsy was an indicator of poor prognosis but histological evidence of pni appeared not to be an independent factor but was associated with other adverse features such as clinically large and more aggressive tumors. in addition, spiro and co - workers in large follow - up studies of patients with adcc found that both histological grades and pni are unreliable predictors of behavior and they suggest that clinical stage is a better guide to prognosis. lymph node involvement is relatively uncommon but distant metastases to lung, bone, brain and liver are seen in 40 \u2013 60 % of cases. wide local excision, together with adjuvant radiotherapy, offers the best hope of local control. - al - sukhun j, lindqvist c, hietanen j, et al. central adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mandible : case report and literature review of 16 cases. oral surg oral med oral pathol oral radiol endod 2006 ; 101 : 304 - 8. - nagao t, gaffey ta, serizawa h, et al. dedifferentiated adenoid cystic carcinoma : a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases. mod pathol 2003 ; 16 : 1265 - 72. - nagao t, sugano i, ishida y, et al. hybrid carcinomas of the salivary glands : report of nine cases with a clinicopath", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4371739391949663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14919896-5272-4e63-881f-7361b8710883>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.462606"}
{"text": "cases. mod pathol 2003 ; 16 : 1265 - 72. - nagao t, sugano i, ishida y, et al. hybrid carcinomas of the salivary glands : report of nine cases with a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and p53 gene alteration analysis. mod pathol. 2002 ; 15 : 724 - 33. - albores - saavedra j, wu j, uribe - uribe n. the sclerosing variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma : a previously unrecognized neoplasm of major salivary glands. ann diagn pathol 2006 ; 10 : 1 - 7. - kumamoto m, kuratomi y, yasumatsu r, et al. expression of laminin 5 basement membrane components in invading and recurring adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. auris nasus larynx 2006 ; 33 : 167 - 72. - luo x - l, sun m - y, lu c - t, et al. the role of schwann cell differentiation in perineural invasion of adenoid cystic and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland. int j oral maxillofac surg 2006 ; [ epub ahead of print ] - yamamoto y, wistuba ii, kishimoto y, et al. dna analysis at p53 locus in adenoid cystic carcinoma : comparison of molecular study and p53 immunostaining. pathol int 1998 ; 48 : 273 - 80. - carlinfante g, lazzaretti m, ferrari s, et al. p53, bcl - 2 and ki - 67 expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate. a clinico - pathologic study of 21 cases with long - term follow - up. pathol res pract 2005 ; 200 : 791 - 9. - rutherford s, yu y, rumpel ca, et al. chromosome 6 deletion and candidate tumor suppressor genes in adenoid cystic carcinoma. cancer lett 2006 ; 236 : 309 - 17. - rutherford s, hampton gm, frierson hf, et al. mapping of candidate tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 12 in adenoid cystic carcinoma. lab invest 2005 ; 85 : 1076 - 85. - yamamoto y, virmani ak, wistuba ii", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49128650445910826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14919896-5272-4e63-881f-7361b8710883>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.463442"}
{"text": "int 2003 ; 53 : 30 - 4. - emanuel p, wang b, wu m, et al. p63 immunohistochemistry in the distinction of adenoid cystic carcinoma from basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. mod pathol 2005 ; 18 : 645 - 50. - szanto pa, luna ma, tortoledo me, et al. histologic grading of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. cancer 1984 sep 15 ; 54 : 1062 - 9. - spiro rh, huvos ag. stage means more than grade in adenoid cystic carcinoma. am j surg 1992 ; 164 : 623 - 8. - garden as, weber rs, morrison wh, et al. the influence of positive margins and nerve invasion in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated with surgery and radiation. int j radiat oncol biol phys 1995 ; 32 : 619 - 26. - barrett a, speight p. chapter 19. the controversial adenoid cystic carcinoma. the implications of histological grade and perineural invasion. in : controversies in the management of salivary gland disease. ed m mcgurk, a renehan. oxford university press 2002. pp 211 - 7.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46177638602701504, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14919896-5272-4e63-881f-7361b8710883>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.466047"}
{"text": "vol. 15 : no. 5 decision making in the development of web - based instruction deborah case, med. debra k. bauder, ed. d. thomas j. simmons, ph. d., crc preparation of this report was supported, in part, by the university of kentucky and grant # h029d70065 special education doctoral program in the delivery of distance education from the division of research to practice, office of special education programs, u. s. department of education. the conclusions drawn do not necessarily represent the official position of the university of kentucky or the u. s. department of education. advances in instructional technology are changing both the way education is delivered by faculty and received by students. one such advance has been the use of the internet ' s world wide web ( otherwise known as the web ). web - based instruction ( wbi ) is a potential set of questions have been identified and placed into a decision making model for use of wbi. the first set of questions concerns motivation : first, why do we want to engage in wbi? second, what are our reasons for investigating wbi? the second set relates to content and pedagogy : what is the subject matter to be delivered through the web? what style of instruction will be used in the content development and delivery? the third set of questions involves the target audience : who is the intended target audience of the wbi? what are the characteristics of successful online students? the fourth set involves timelines : when is the course to be delivered over the web? what timelines are dictating the development, completion, maintenance, and evaluation of the course? the fifth set of questions addresses resources needed : what resources are available to develop, deliver, maintain, and evaluate the course? the need to ask these important questions is discussed in the following paper along with research supporting the implications of such an inquiry. decision making in the development of web - based instruction distance education ( de ) is transforming higher education pedagogy at an increasing rate. there are many reasons for this rapid increase including student considerations, cost effectiveness and advances in technology. additionally, there is a great need for alternate methods of instruction for the adult learner who is in need of a degree, certification, or continuing education credits. using the traditional method of instruction many students must fit coursework within constraints of family and part - time work ( bertram, 1999 ). technology is changing the way education is delivered by faculty and received by students. one such advance has been the use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.495463963840435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.506076"}
{"text": ". using the traditional method of instruction many students must fit coursework within constraints of family and part - time work ( bertram, 1999 ). technology is changing the way education is delivered by faculty and received by students. one such advance has been the use of the internet \u2019 s web to deliver coursework. the accessibility of web - based instruction ( wbi ) is increasingly finding consumers, including faculty, interested in furnishing educational opportunities through the internet. as defined by khan ( 1997 ), wbi is \" a hypermedia - based instructional program which utilizes the attributes and resources of the world wide web to create a meaningful learning environment where learning is fostered and supported \" ( p. 6 ). the availability of web - based courses makes higher education attainable. this includes meeting the potential educational needs of special groups such as single mothers, persons with disabilities, individuals that work multiple jobs, etc. ( bertram, 1999 ). there are many components and features inherent to wbi, including : interactivity ; multimedia capabilities ; independence from device, distance, and design ; global accessibility ; online resources and support ; learner control ; convenience ; ease of use ; cost - effectiveness ; non - discriminatory application ; and collaborative learning ( khan, 1997 ). while many of these features may be attractive to educators, the vast array of capabilities associated with wbi creates the need for consideration of a number of factors prior to the implementation of wbi. however, when designing decision set one - rationale for wbi the first set of questions deals with the reason for pursuing wbi. why use wbi to deliver course work? what are the advantages - - and the disadvantages? rudenstine ( 1997 ) identifies four characteristics of the internet that make it a suitable match for learning. the internet offers ( a ) access to potentially unlimited sources, ( b ) opportunities to develop extensive course content, ( c ) informal learning processes, and ( d ) reinforcement of the student ' s active construction of knowledge ( rudenstine, 1997 ). potential benefits of using the internet include increased enrollment income through the ability to attract students at a distance. additionally, since students are typically no longer occupying classrooms and university computer systems, there could be a reduced need for infrastructure in equipment and physical plant ( berdine et al., in press ; brooks, 1997 ). the web will be used as a means for delivering instruction despite the absence of a solid research base supporting its effectiveness. the web is driving the way we live as we evolve into a digital economy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5144690225065771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.507055"}
{"text": "et al., in press ; brooks, 1997 ). the web will be used as a means for delivering instruction despite the absence of a solid research base supporting its effectiveness. the web is driving the way we live as we evolve into a digital economy, it is trendy, and our perception is that the web is an effective means of meeting needs ( courier journal article, 2000 ). online learning outcomes such as program completion, skill acquisition, and student satisfaction have been shown in some instances to be equal or superior to face - to - face ( f2f ) classroom instruction ( hiltz, 1988, 1994 ; wells, 1990 ). however, while both wbi and traditional instruction are effective educational pedagogues, like all instructional methods, they possess both advantages and disadvantages. there are many advantages to using the internet to deliver wbi ( barnard, 1997 ; kirby, 1997b ; starr, 1997 ). kirby ( 1997b ) considers the ease of delivering content, the ease of modifying content, linking capabilities, and the decreased need technical support to be primary advantages of wbi. ease of delivery, according to kirby, is important due to the increasing number of students that have computers, allowing students to access the content and information being offered nearly anytime and anywhere. concurrently, the content that is being offered can be modified easily by simply rewording or changing the web connection. additionally, the ability to link to many sources across a multitude of states and countries allows for content to be easily accessed and disseminated. barnard ( 1997 ) concurred with kirby ( 1997b ) regarding the linking aspects of wbi, but suggests that web - based education prohibits individual students from dominating conversation, potentially drawing out intimidated students who ordinarily choose not to speak up in class. another advantage that barnard points out is the issue of anytime and anywhere access to instruction, limiting needs for travel ( i. e. a student can sit at the computer in their home or at a local library and take courses at a university in another state or country ). barnard, ( 1997 ) considers this a paradigm shift eliciting on - demand learning, 24 hours a day. starr, ( 1997 ) has also attributed advantages to wbi. the aspects that starr ( 1997 ) sees as useful include the ability to expand content, seamless integration - true interactivity and the delivery of multimedia. wbi is a very fluid environment. content can be added to or substituted for with limited effort. new issues or research can be provided or linked into the content", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5138700915725155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.508105"}
{"text": "ability to expand content, seamless integration - true interactivity and the delivery of multimedia. wbi is a very fluid environment. content can be added to or substituted for with limited effort. new issues or research can be provided or linked into the content. interactivity is important to enable feedback and support for students. because the wbi instruction affords both asynchronous and synchronous interchanges many different aspects of instruction may be accomplished. finally, starr indicated that various forms of information could be presented via multiple methods that are not so easily utilized in other pedagogical contexts. for instance multimedia and varying forms of electronic approaches can be easily presented in the wbi environment. however, when attempting to perform the equivalent strategies in a non - virtual environment, the instructor must carry along many forms of equipment and support systems. finally, kirby, ( 1997b ) and starr, ( 1997 ) have indicated that the options for security, and speed in turn around time present some of the most important aspects or advantages to this relatively new pedagogical alternative. in most circumstances the information that is presented along with the use of various codes and passwords affords the student and the instructor much greater security than in other circumstances. the advantage here is that other unauthorized individuals have limited access to the material and thus distribution is controlled. further, due to password protection and access, much of the information can be kept securely between the student and the instructor. the web is not without its weaknesses. limitations attributed to wbi include the potential for ( a ) the lack of non - verbal feedback ( barnard, 1997 ), ( b ) fragmentation of educational systems, ( c ) a \u201c disconnect \u201d with students and faculty, ( d ) misinterpretation or misreading of asynchronous textual communications ( starr, 1997 ), and ( e ) unknowing access of unauthentic, unreliable, and incorrect information ( brooks, 1997 ). in addition wbi holds the potential for passive instruction ( brooks, 1997 ) and presents copyright ( starr, 1997 ) and intellectual property issues. barnard ( 1997 ) indicates that significant amounts of communication during class time can be transmitted through non - verbal behavior. web - based instruction prohibits the use of such visual cues, which can be used to emphasize specific information and perspectives for student benefit. further, because of loss of connectivity, students might feel that the educational process is quite removed or fragmented to the degree that they feel they are not learning what they should be learning (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5311362361400206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.509151"}
{"text": "which can be used to emphasize specific information and perspectives for student benefit. further, because of loss of connectivity, students might feel that the educational process is quite removed or fragmented to the degree that they feel they are not learning what they should be learning ( banard, 1997 ). starr, ( 1997 ) concurs with this point of view but goes further by indicating that distance learning students may even misread or misinterpret information that is being presented due to a lack of contextual cues. other potential negative aspects of wbi include the potential for providing unreliable or incorrect information ( brooks, 1997 ). this may occur by connecting to urls that do not deliver actual or reliable information, in addition to those that have changed or no longer exist. a substantial disadvantage to the instructor, on the other hand, is related to maintaining intellectual property and copyright to the content. while there are controls with regard to instructor and student information via using passwords and other \u201c firewalls, \u201d once the student has access, the student may download and distribute the information to others thus putting those property rights in jeopardy, whether intentional or not. another class of weaknesses related to wbi includes issues with computer equipment and related interfacing technology. included is this equipment area are servers that hold the information, the phone lines or hard wires that connect the equipment, the quality of the software that is used to download the information and, finally, the skill of the people using the equipment. mingle, ( 1995 ), found that not only do phone lines dictate quality and speed in connection, but servers also crash. with these limitations the quality of learning is effected. mingle also indicated that weaknesses exist due to high cost of building and maintaining networks that can meet the demand of students / learners. other weaknesses that affect the quality of learning through the wbi process include rapid changes in technology that require large expenditures to keep up with speed and consumer needs, formatting issues around browser settings and preferences, and variance in browsers being used to access the information ( kirby, 1997b ; starr, 1997 ). another area that confounds the issue of successfully using wbi is the continued existence of computer or technological illiteracy and lack of motivation of students / learners to make use of web based instruction. an issue related to customer utilization is that of formatting issues in a multitude of browsers, including user control on multi - user machines ( gottschalk, 1996b ; kirby, 1997b ; starr, 1997 ). a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.550082471455728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.510338"}
{"text": "based instruction. an issue related to customer utilization is that of formatting issues in a multitude of browsers, including user control on multi - user machines ( gottschalk, 1996b ; kirby, 1997b ; starr, 1997 ). a final but not the least important aspect that weakens the learning experience is bandwidth limitation. briefly stated, bandwidth is the amount of information that can be transmitted across a phone line or dedicated / non - dedicated wiring that connects one \u2019 s computer to the server that transmits the information. the limitations are those that restrict either at the server or the computer or somewhere between. bandwidth is generally described in kilobytes. the larger the kilobytes transmitted the quicker the information is downloaded. an unfortunate aspect of bandwidth is that the communication between the two linking computers is based upon the least common denominator. consequently, if your computer is on a phone line utilizing a modem that is able to transmit at 36 k and the server is able to transmit at 1000 k, the information will be downloaded or received at 36k ( kirby, 1997b ; starr, 1997 ). although the disadvantages appear numerous, many problems may be overcome with thoughtful planning and implementation, beginning with understanding the content and pedagogy. decision set two - pedagogy and content the second decision set of questions addresses content and pedagogy : what philosophy will underlie instruction? what is the subject matter? what style of instruction will be implemented? the mode of delivery is not critical to effective instructional delivery ( berdine et al., in press ). curricular goals, objectives, and competencies should not change simply because the delivery medium changes ( berdine et al., in press ). the instructional paradigm needs to be contextually appropriate and instructionally sound ( barnard, 1997 ). constructing meaningful educational materials takes time, commitment, and a level of institutional support ( rodenberg, 1999 ). instruction via wbi may require adjustments of strategies, materials, and activities to overcome and balance the limitations in technology and distance education ( cheney, cummings, & royce, 1990 ; collins, hemmeter, schuster, & stevens, 1996 ; as cited in collins & grisham - brown, in press, p. 2 ). the student, however, must remain the focal point of instructional decisions when using online education. mcmanus ( 1996 ) defines pedagogy as \u201c the deliberate organization and presentation of information with the end goal of promoting specific learning \u201d ( p. 5 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.544493279483575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.511273"}
{"text": ", however, must remain the focal point of instructional decisions when using online education. mcmanus ( 1996 ) defines pedagogy as \u201c the deliberate organization and presentation of information with the end goal of promoting specific learning \u201d ( p. 5 ). pedagogy is dictated by the educational philosophy of the instructor. philosophies may vary, some lending themselves to wbi more than others, but too often content and pedagogy are overlooked as technology personnel, not educators, lead the drive toward wbi ( rodenberg, 1999 ). excitement about the potential of the technology and its capabilities may lead to a focus on design elements, overpowering the instructional goals and objectives. one approach to the development of web - based content and instruction is supported in the theory behind online learning. as defined by firdyiwek, \u201c the pedagogy of online instruction is based on the effective use of electronic learning environments for the development of cognitive skills through access to information, interactivity with tools, and communication \u201d ( p. 29 ). theories of learning and cognition underlie pedagogy. these theories can be viewed in terms of what knowledge is, how it is transferred, and what it is that motivates individuals to learn ( firdyiwek, 1999 ). resnick, greeno, and collins ( 1996 ) have defined three categories of theory : behaviorist / empiricist, cognitive / rationalist, and situative / pragmatist - sociohistoric ( situative / pragmatist ). in the behaviorist / empiricist model, information is presented in a clearly defined series of instruction reinforced with feedback. this model emphasizes individualized environments, as well as direct skills, teaching, and test - based assessment. the cognitive / rationalist model focuses on interactivity ; information is organized in developmental stages of learning and assessment is performance based. lastly, the situative / pragmatist model stresses \u201c environments of participation. \u201d the learner practices active learning, which also serves to assess the learner. flexibility is a defining element ( firdyiwek, 1999 ). a second perspective or approach to wbi is taken from instructional design models. according to mcmanus ( 1996 ), there are two basic underlying theories in instructional design : objectivist and constructivist. the objectivist leads the learner through a series of steps, developing materials that will enable the learner to exhibit the desired behavior. motivation is assumed to be intrinsic or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5835040968230659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.512184"}
{"text": "there are two basic underlying theories in instructional design : objectivist and constructivist. the objectivist leads the learner through a series of steps, developing materials that will enable the learner to exhibit the desired behavior. motivation is assumed to be intrinsic or extrinsic to the learner ( mcmanus, 1996 ). constructivist theory is nonlinear and provides learners with opportunities to \" construct \" their own knowledge from the educational materials provided for them. instructors determine what they intend to create from the instruction, defining a design goal, and then students determine what they want to learn, establishing a learner objective ( mcmanus, 1996 ). regardless of the underlying theory, the instructor makes pedagogical decisions and the instructor or a subject - matter expert makes content decisions. yet, the student and not the technology must remain the focal point of instruction. further development then cannot take place without identifying the needs of the target audience. decision set three - target audience the third set of questions in the decision model involves the target audience : who is the target audience of the wbi? what student characteristics are common to success or failure? innovative education will lead to a more diverse group of students entering the system, students with greater or differing expectations, varied educational backgrounds, and technological expertise ( plater, 1995 ). the freedom from time and place permits education to move beyond the campus into rural areas typically prevented from higher educational opportunities due to geographical distances. wbi enables the student to learn wherever they have access to the internet, with access being critical since not all rural areas have access to the internet or solely at the local library. instructors need to know the students : who they are, what they need, what they expect, how they learn best, and when and where this learning will take place ( plater, 1995 ). berdine et al. ( in press ) note several characteristics of students enrolled in wbi that contribute to success. successful students typically ( a ) are older and more ambitious, ( b ) are self - motivated, ( c ) incur distance or employment barriers to traditional education, ( d ) have limited access to instructional and technology supports, ( e ) are inexperienced in research, and ( f ) need to be current and competitive in their field ( s ). as individuals engage in wbi, the instructor and the student must develop new skills ( collins & grisham - brown, in press ). this necessity impacts both immediate and future expectations. trends in education, business, and technology mandate that both become life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5747485839440283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.513132"}
{"text": "individuals engage in wbi, the instructor and the student must develop new skills ( collins & grisham - brown, in press ). this necessity impacts both immediate and future expectations. trends in education, business, and technology mandate that both become life - long learners ( plater, 1995 ) ; in the process, each becomes both student and teacher. as wbi processes between instructor and student are no longer solely through face - to - face ( f2f ) contact, communication expectations change, necessitating specification of all modes of support at the beginning of coursework ( institute for distance education, 1997 ) and consideration of both instructor with student expectations. these supporting technologies include phone, mail, fax, and e - mail ( institute for distance education, 1997 ), as well as other means of support as determined by the instructor such as f2f meetings, conference calls, chatrooms, listservs, and two - way audio or visual systems. throughout the course, students should be encouraged to make use of the communication tools available. emphasis should be placed on asking questions and requesting clarification when in doubt about assignments or subjects, thus opening the lines of communication and fostering a higher success rate and positive overall experience. the lack of visual cues, a limitation described above, also renders the instructor void of expected feedback from students typically relied upon for signs of understanding and participation. students, in turn, are void of nonverbal signs as well as verbal emphasis placed by the instructor on important content matter. the absence of eye contact with students can slow the establishment of student - instructor relationships. communicating also requires greater efforts by the student and instructor. communication must be initiated and then maintained by ongoing efforts. barnard ( 1997 ) has indicated that it is not uncommon for an instructor to spend four to five hours a week in e - mail communication with a class of 50 students. text - based communication, typically the essence of distance education ( de ) communication, can be easily misread ; therefore, care must be taken to provide clear communications and prevent miscommunications. in addition, the misconception must be overcome that online course work requires less time than does traditional course work ( caldwell 1993, as cited in berdine et al., in press ). course work delivered over the web requires equivalent if not more time than a traditional lecture course. besides the time spent performing traditional work for a f2f course, students generally have to do more reading, write research papers, participate in practicum experiences and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5282279994195778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.514437"}
{"text": "work delivered over the web requires equivalent if not more time than a traditional lecture course. besides the time spent performing traditional work for a f2f course, students generally have to do more reading, write research papers, participate in practicum experiences and collaborate with other students to implement projects. additional activities that a student has to carry out regarding wbi courses includes ( a ) purchasing or acquiring computer equipment that can access the www, ( b ) acquiring a www account, ( c ) utilizing software for interacting with students and faculty, and ( d ) utilizing email and research software that enables the student to perform the required course requirements. it also is important to note that wbi presents opportunities for off - task behavior through the exploration of links, resulting in longer engagement times than those resulting from on - task behavior and traditional instruction. traditional instruction has revolved around the philosophy of the student as the passive recipient of information presented in the form of lecture by the instructor. online instruction requires that the student become an active learner, constructing his or her own knowledge from the direction provided by the instructor. wbi can transform passive students into active students, with instructors guiding and facilitating, aiding them in the tasks of analyzing and synthesizing information ( young, 1997 ). educators in wbi become more like coaches and facilitators linking students directly to desired resources and sources of information ( barnard, 1997 ) rather than acting in the traditional role of delivering information. however, as students continue to be overloaded with information, they will need to establish information competency ( daigle & jarmon, 1997 ). information competency is defined as the ability to access, retrieve, manipulate, relate, understand, and evaluate information ( berdine et al., in press ) in order to fulfill expected levels of performance ( roi ) - - awareness, information, application, and systematic integration ( todnam & warner, 1983, as cited in berdine et al., in press ). the basic characteristics of wbi result in changes in the dynamics of the relationship between instructor and student. not all faculty or students adjust or acclimate well to such a student centered, independent mode of learning. careful planning to meet student needs, however, will enhance the learning experience. the process in developing courses for seamless transition to wbi not only requires time, but also can be impacted by a number of timelines. decision set four - timelines the fourth decision set involves identifying timelines. when is the course to be delivered over the web? what timeline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.516093310264598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.516395"}
{"text": "has estimated that an online course can be developed in 12 weeks from start to finish. this appears to be an optimistic goal and reaching it will depend on the developer ' s background and experience with not only the hardware and software, but also the specific software or language being used for development. often a learning curve is necessitated ; as new products and upgrades become available offering enhanced efficiency, learning curves become more the rule than the exception. the pure nature of technology also brings the unexpected ; therefore, time for delays due to technological problems with both hardware and software must be incorporated into planning. technological issues also impair timelines set for course work as problems from both the server or delivery side and the user side can prevent accessibility and result in delays in access to materials and assignment completion, as well as in barriers to communication. developing coursework for wbi can be a time consuming and an ongoing process. in order to develop successful instruction for use on the web, considerable thought should go into each and every stage of development, including initial consideration and evaluation. yet, university driven time constraints may impact development processes, as well as, the availability of needed resources. the rationale for wbi has been addressed, as have pedagogy and content, the target audience, and timeline. the last and greatest level of decision making, however, becomes that of resources. what resources are available to develop, deliver, maintain, and evaluate the course? decision set five - resources academic policy and processes determine the use of university resources. resources both within the university and external to the university may affect the decision to pursue wbi due to the associated financial implications. what resources are available to develop, deliver, maintain, and evaluate the course? what resources are available including infrastructure - policy, physical plant, technology, and personnel ( berdine et al., in press )? academic policy and processes the mission of the institution must be considered when deciding whether or not to pursue wbi ( berdine, et al., in press ). if the mission does not support the expansion of education to the web, obtaining necessary support within the university will be difficult. this, however, does not prevent engaging in the development of wbi. major issues in an institution of higher education \u2019 s ( ihe ) de policy include planning ( physical plant and personnel ) ; accountability ( faculty incentives and finance and fiscal responsibility ) ; and technology ( hardware, software, accessibility, and maintenance ) ( berdine et al., in press ; miller & clouse, 1993 - 1994", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4990686859692299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.518721"}
{"text": "planning ( physical plant and personnel ) ; accountability ( faculty incentives and finance and fiscal responsibility ) ; and technology ( hardware, software, accessibility, and maintenance ) ( berdine et al., in press ; miller & clouse, 1993 - 1994 ). according to w. h. berdine ( personal communication, november 22, 1999 ), there is typically no existing policy to support wbi. the administrators of educational institutions need to understand and anticipate the restructuring of higher education in the new millennium ( plater, 1995 ). not only does the shift towards wbi affect classroom availability, but wbi may necessitate additional faculty, programs for professional development, review of definitions of faculty workloads and awards, and attention to issues surrounding intellectual property rights. cost effectiveness measures will focus on access, productivity, and quality. in addition, faculty will need access to hardware, software, network resources, and support ( berdine et al., in press ). the transformation in ihe toward technology - driven education requires a strong human infrastructure ( daigle & jarmon, 1997 ). according to plater ( 1995 ) : universities and colleges must become more effective managers of resources and re - deploy faculty and staff time to meet needs more efficiently at a higher level of quality... since most other resources are fixed, faculty and staff time is the only resource that can be changed significantly to improve performance \" ( p. 26 ). mingle ( 1995 ) claims technology is not about doing what we are doing now - - teaching and learning - - but about doing it better. policymakers need to realize that the vision is about growth, not budget - cutting. the vision is of a quality education that is relevant, affordable, and accessible anytime / anyplace ; a learner - centered and value - centered education that increases student choice and fulfills specific needs ( mingle, 1995 ). this vision, in turn, compels universal systems, commitment to life - long learning, a shift to a student - centered approach, re - engineering of delivery systems, customized content, gains in productivity, and financing and regulatory reform ( mingle, 1995 ). wbi requires the consideration of a substantial number of resources, each of which carries with it a cost. costs associated with wbi include : ( a ) purchase / lease of instructional materials, including software and hardware ; ( b ) equipment maintenance, ( c ) telecommunication fees - broadcasting, connecting, delivering, and disseminating information ; ( d ) personnel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4951138429324389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.519752"}
{"text": "costs associated with wbi include : ( a ) purchase / lease of instructional materials, including software and hardware ; ( b ) equipment maintenance, ( c ) telecommunication fees - broadcasting, connecting, delivering, and disseminating information ; ( d ) personnel, including full - time faculty, adjunct faculty, graduate and undergraduate assistants, technical personnel, clerical personnel, contracted personnel from other departments, and outside designers and consultants ; ( e ) components of direct costs - planning, course production, course maintenance, mediating / tutoring, and student assessment ( mingle, 1995 ) ; ( f ) delivery of the instruction and associated costs ; and ( g ) time and money for training faculty and staff in the use of hardware and software ( hall, 1997 ). de delivery systems consist of a complex mix of capital, operating, technological, and human - labor costs ( mingle, 1995 ). as measures to cut costs continue, wbi is a suitable alternative ( young, 1997 ). miller and clouse ( 1993 - 1994 ) center cost effectiveness on access, productivity, and quality ( efficient instruction ) ( berdine et al., in press ). when considering costs in wbi, development costs alone can be deceiving. the development cost of a low - tech and low - end course is approximately $ 15, 000, whereas a high tech course with all the \" bells and whistles \" may be as much as $ 30, 000 or more ( berdine personal communication, november 22, 1999 ). responses to personal survey of cost estimates for a fully interactive instruction ranged from $ 200 per page to $ 800 per page. cost is a factor of a co - mingling of elements and thus difficult to compare meaningfully. the initial cost of the development of wbi is greater than the costs incurred once the process and materials have been obtained ( gregory, as cited in hall, 1997 ). perception of audience need, learner objectives, and the array of tools required will drive the process of creating wbi, thus influencing its associated costs. wbi potentially offers several cost benefits : ( a ) a smaller number of faculty can reach a larger number of students ; ( b ) expenses for physical building space and operational costs such as air conditioning, electricity, water, etc. may be reduced ; and ( c ) students carry the financial responsibility of accessing the hardware and software necessary to complete course requirements. the costs of wbi, however, cannot always be addressed in terms of a return on investment. klevans ( 1987,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48245767534110945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.520746"}
{"text": "reduced ; and ( c ) students carry the financial responsibility of accessing the hardware and software necessary to complete course requirements. the costs of wbi, however, cannot always be addressed in terms of a return on investment. klevans ( 1987, as cited in berdine, et al., in press ) suggests looking at the cost of meeting the need versus the cost of ignoring the need. several critical cost factors to the delivery of wbi are addressed in greater detail below. physical space. physical resources can be defined as typical bricks and mortar or physical space. wbi limits physical space requirements. a classroom is no longer required for delivery, freeing up a valuable commodity within a university. wbi requires physical space only for the server, the development hardware, and, possibly, for software storage. a computer laboratory housing hardware and software for production may already exist within the department or university, thus providing the needed physical space for development of instruction and materials. tools - hardware. planning for wbi includes determining the location of the instruction. instruction can be stored on a university server, a department server, the instructor ' s server ( set up and managed by the instructor ), or on a server belonging to a partner organization. once location of instruction has been determined, the capabilities and needs of the server must be identified. these include storage space, server software features impacting web design, access for development, monitoring, and maintenance. compatible course work can then be developed. access to a digital camera, digital camcorder, scanner, color printer, zip drive, vcr, and a recordable cd - rom drive also may be desirable. tools - software. development of the instruction and associated materials can take place on any computer system meeting minimal software requirements. increased capabilities in software can result in greater quality and efficiency, but also require more random access memory ( ram ) and hard drive space for materials produced. not all users will be accessing the course with computers whose specifications match those of the development machine or server, so state - of - the - art equipment may not be appropriate. the more technology incorporated into the design, the less accessible the instruction becomes to the majority ; therefore, students should be provided with high caliber instruction even if using a slower speed computer and modem. it is critical that wbi incorporate accessibility for individuals with disabilities. guidelines for creating accessible web sites can be found on the web itself. sites also exist which provide feedback on the quality of access provided by a web site. again, it is important to stress that although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5103839538712098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.521787"}
{"text": "that wbi incorporate accessibility for individuals with disabilities. guidelines for creating accessible web sites can be found on the web itself. sites also exist which provide feedback on the quality of access provided by a web site. again, it is important to stress that although the inclusion of multimodal instruction may aid in learning for an individual with a sensory impairment, it also may serve as a barrier to others. cautions are given on the use of multimedia since additional modes may interfere with accessibility software and hardware and vice versa. yet coombs and banks ( 1999 ) surmise that the use of redundant modes of information display makes the information accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities, and meets the preferred learning styles of individuals, although the subject of learning styles itself remains controversial. coombs and banks ( 1999 ) also contend that today \u2019 s students have been raised on multimedia and its components. it must be determined whether the course will be developed in html or using pre - packaged software. user - friendly web page development software can be purchased to create web sites, although knowledge of html is helpful for editing purposes. software can be used to create, alter, and animate images, as well as to create full motion video and high quality sound. authoring software also provides opportunities to incorporate interactive multimedia components, and additional utilities can aid in creating searchable, web - accessible document files. however, if the course will include audio and / or video, several factors must be considered : the quality of the media and its potential download speeds, the worthiness of including such media, the possible necessity for the download of plug - ins for accessibility, and the source of plug - ins should the user require them. in addition, applications vary in both capabilities and costs ; as capabilities increase, costs and complexity of use rise as well. shareware or freeware also may perform some desired functions. interactivity is one of the attractive components of web - based education and is not limited to the use of hypertext and the media. asynchronous and synchronous communications can take place in the form of email, listservs, chat rooms, and discussion areas. these components also vary as to whether one must go to a specific separate location to access messages versus receiving the information in the form of e - mail. courseware tools also have been developed over the past few years to aid in the development of electronic learning environments by integrating access to information, interactivity, and synchronous and asynchronous communication ( firdyiwe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47854197302306845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.523913"}
{"text": "- mail. courseware tools also have been developed over the past few years to aid in the development of electronic learning environments by integrating access to information, interactivity, and synchronous and asynchronous communication ( firdyiwek, 1999 ). kearsley ( 1998, as cited in firdyiwek, 1999 ), however, points out that the increase in options and features available to instructors and course designers can inhibit the selection of suitable functions for course content areas. firdyiwek ( 1999 ) reviewed three tools purported to handle the design, delivery, and management of online courses : webct, topclass, and web course in a box ( wbc ). according to firdyiwek no one tool appeared superior in comparison to the others as each appeared to have both advantages and disadvantages with regard to the handling administrative and instructional tasks. firdyiwek ( 1999 ) then concludes that simply looking at features alone does not provide a clear answer as to which tool is best. firdyiwek \u2019 s full review can be found in the article, \u201c web - based courseware tools : where is the pedagogy? \u201d in the 1999 issue of educational technology, 39 ( 1 ), 29 - 34. copyright lastly, copyright issues often arise when developing web - based instruction and the supplementary course materials to be presented over the web. courses may not incorporate any course content and materials developed by others without obtaining the creator \u2019 s permission. after spending the time and energy developing a course, copyrighting all material is desirable. weiss ( 1996, as cited in berdine et al., in press ) suggests copyrighting all materials developed for de as a standard operation. personnel - infrastructure. it is suggested that the student - teacher classroom model, though interactive, will no longer dominate, but it will not disappear ( plater, 1995 ). human infrastructure is the foundation of student learning, and physical, technological, and human elements must be integrated ( daigle & jarmon, 1997 ). daigle and jarmon ( 1997 ) and plater ( 1997 ) believe faculty, as well as students, should be just - in - time, life - long learners. instructors are already spending less time on teaching and more on scholarship and research ( honeyman & bruhn, 1996, as cited in berdine et al., in press ). when planning, delivery, and maintenance are included, de appears to require more rather than less faculty time ( be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5047436935024894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.525274"}
{"text": "on scholarship and research ( honeyman & bruhn, 1996, as cited in berdine et al., in press ). when planning, delivery, and maintenance are included, de appears to require more rather than less faculty time ( berdine et al., in press ). as a result, collaborative efforts are encouraged to share expertise and resources, as well as to establish faculty accountability within the peer group. partnerships and the trend in resource sharing have proven to be mutually beneficial to institutions and students ( barnard, 1997 ). guiding principles for faculty development as denoted by daigle and jarmon ( 1997 ) must : ( a ) be integrally related to the mission of the institution, ( b ) be based on empirical data linking technology to learning outcomes of students, ( c ) employ a collaborative model ( i. e. train the trainers ), and ; ( d ) be seen as part of infrastructure in serving students. human infrastructure is critical to total institutional infrastructure ; technology is impacting not only physical infrastructure but human infrastructure as well. as new teaching - learning paradigms evolve, faculty must be strengthened through training and university supports. investment in the development of faculty will build the human infrastructure essential to technology - driven higher education ( daigle & jarmon, 1997 ). in order to meet the multitude of needs and goals in de, faculty must have convenient, universal, and affordable access to hardware, software, network resources, and support, as well as assistance to foster professional development ( daigle & jarmon, 1997 ). personnel - preparation. because \" poorly planned and delivered instruction can sabotage any learning situation \" ( berdine et al., in press ), the development of web - based instruction merits the consideration of a number of variables concerning knowledge and experience. the web is not an interactive tool unless elements are incorporated to promote that interaction. creating interactive and multimedia courses requires a level of technical expertise many instructors lack ( young, 1997 ). mcfarlane and turner ( 1995 ) find knowledge of computers and of how to access electronic information essential for educators and administrators. the development of wbi, however, requires an even higher level of understanding. berge ( 1998 ) states, \" the constant learning cycle ( as it gets simpler at the user end, it gets more complicated at the provider end ) \" ( p. 2 ). personnel preparation programs increasingly offer instruction to promote technological competence ( berdine et al., in press ) and knowledge in de, but in the meantime, faculty will avoid wbi or their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5231194719516548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.526478"}
{"text": "at the provider end ) \" ( p. 2 ). personnel preparation programs increasingly offer instruction to promote technological competence ( berdine et al., in press ) and knowledge in de, but in the meantime, faculty will avoid wbi or their products will lack quality and expertise unless they are provided with opportunities for professional development and supplied with outside assistance as needed. pedagogy, however, should remain the responsibility of the instructor and content the responsibility of the instructor or a subject matter expert. university graduate students with the desired expertise may be hired from within or outside the department for $ 8 to $ 10 per hour to assist with development and, possibly, with subject matter. outside consultants or contractors also can be hired, though given the fast pace of technological innovation, individuals marketing themselves as consultants or contractors may not always possess sufficient knowledge and expertise, expertise being defined as knowledge of content, pedagogy, and the tools available to offer wbi. web page developers external to the university may cost as little as $ 30 to $ 100 per hour, though fees may be higher depending on the nature and extent of the development. other participants in establishing the desired web - based course must have an understanding of and level of expertise in important characteristics of wbi. for example, kirby ( 1997b ), of the wbt information center, suggests eight rules to follow in designing web - based training : ( a ) establish a formal development process focusing on the needs of the user ; ( b ) select media based on defined learning objectives ; ( c ) provide the user with opportunities to interact with the information ; ( d ) adapt products to the user ' s knowledge and abilities, providing remediation when necessary ; ( e ) although controversial due to the lack of empirical evidence, consider the types of learners that will be accessing the instruction ; ( f ) abandon linear thinking ; ( g ) clearly demonstrate respect for the learner ; and ( h ) test all aspects of the instruction with real users. starr ( 1997 ) considers the following to be essential design considerations for web - based courses : ( a ) learner analysis, ( b ) setting analysis ( hardware and software ), ( c ) internal resources, ( d ) external resources, ( e ) collaboration, ( f ) web design features, ( g ) development, ( h ) updating and expansion, and ( i ) evaluation. a number of additional print and electronic resources exist which outline characteristics of quality wbi, as well as tenets for successful web design. those selected for inclusion above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157603833785077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.527495"}
{"text": "g ) development, ( h ) updating and expansion, and ( i ) evaluation. a number of additional print and electronic resources exist which outline characteristics of quality wbi, as well as tenets for successful web design. those selected for inclusion above were incorporated to indicate some of the many factors that must be considered when developing wbi. personnel - expectations. engaging in wbi requires not only the instructor or developer to have a level of expertise in wbi but the student as well. both must possess a level of knowledge or aptitude enabling them to perform the basic operations of both the computer hardware and system software ( operating system ). both must be able to apply simple problem solving techniques as well as have a general understanding or foundation in how to navigate the www and use functions such as e - mail and / or fax. if they do not possess these abilities, support must be provided. students also will require knowledge in basic software applications needed for the completion of assignments. personnel - student support. the remote student in wbi will also need access to the same student services as on - campus students, such as registration, tuition payment, student support, examinations, and library services. although improving ( mingle, 1995 ), electronic access to university resources and support must continue to improve to the point of transparent access. seamless access to library resources is an innate goal ( barnard, 1997 ) for student success and the overall success of de. in wbi, librarians become partners ( plater, 1995 ), with both the instructor and librarian offering direction and guidance to students ( barnard, 1997 ). personnel - marketing. creating wbi without marketing and promoting the availability of such course work deflates the potential profitability that increased enrollment can offer. it also prevents meeting the identified need. if the department or university does not have an individual or group of individuals designated to promote web - based courses, marketing efforts will become a faculty responsibility. marketing can be time - consuming and costly, but failure to do so also can increase overall costs of a web - based course. although popular, the decision to pursue wbi may not be the most appropriate for all individuals. careful inquiry must be made in several areas. the decision making model proposed can lead to a checklist of critical questions to ask prior to pursuing wbi. although the list is not totally inclusive, key elements for successful wbi instruction have been addressed. first, because the reasons for pursuing wbi vary, a concrete motive for engaging in wbi must be realized. second, not all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5013843980327964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.528459"}
{"text": "pursuing wbi. although the list is not totally inclusive, key elements for successful wbi instruction have been addressed. first, because the reasons for pursuing wbi vary, a concrete motive for engaging in wbi must be realized. second, not all instruction is appropriate for or lends itself to the web. identify the style of instruction that will be used, the content to be covered, and the outcomes desired. remember that learner goals should be at the forefront of wbi. third, determine the target audience as well as the characteristics for successful participation in wbi. not only will the audience affect the overall decision to engage in wbi, but the audience also will affect development decisions ; instructional elements will need to address factors necessary for successful learning experiences. fourth, although ultimately dictated by decisions on what to include in the online instruction, timelines will impact decision - making. time is a factor in planning, design and development, completion, delivery, maintenance, and evaluation. is that time available and justifiable? the fifth and last probe, inquiring into the resources available for the development of effective, quality wbi, may be the most important area of decision making. the depth and breadth of resources to be considered can prove overwhelming. resources impact the decision to engage in wbi at all levels, from administration to software and student services to levels of expertise. if engaging in the five decision sets described in the decision making model leads to the decision to pursue wbi, the model can then provide direction for careful planning and development. decisions will need to be made on the resources that will be used in the online instruction. however, if questions or apprehensions remain after reviewing the critical questions in the decision model, the decision can be made to pursue wbi through successive approximations moving gradually through the categories described previously by hall ( 1997 ). replacing text with pictures and other media does not necessarily bring about enhanced learning. the development of an online syllabus and readings could be the entrance into wbi, followed by the incorporation of hyperlinks and the addition of text and image - based instructional materials ( brooks, 1997 ). professors are currently creating web pages for courses, syllabi, readings, and links ( barnard, 1997 ). e - mail may initially serve as the primary mode of communication, followed by the incorporation of a listserv, then synchronous chats. additionally, online tutoring can be followed by online exams ( brooks, 1997 ). the decision sets described in the model can provide critical insight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48809592228529286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.529410"}
{"text": "mode of communication, followed by the incorporation of a listserv, then synchronous chats. additionally, online tutoring can be followed by online exams ( brooks, 1997 ). the decision sets described in the model can provide critical insight in deciding whether to pursue wbi completely or in stages. adams ( as cited in hall, 1997 ) has developed a decision aid for wbi which assigns point value to the responses made to each of 27 considerations. the total value then falls into ranges suggesting the future direction to be taken in regard to the desired online course. following review of the sets of questions suggested, the aid can serve as a final step. the aid can be found in hall ' s web - based training cookbook or obtained from the publisher \u2019 s web site, www. wiley. com / compbooks / hall. summary and conclusions this article has provided an overview of sets of questions to aid in the decision to engage in wbi : why should wbi be used? what is the rationale for its use? what will be its content and pedagogy? who will be the target audience? what timelines will be imposed? what resources will be required? the questions identified in the decision making model for wbi affect each of the stages of wbi. unfortunately, although wbi raises many questions, there are no easy answers. brooks ( 1997 ) indicates that there is little solid empirical evidence to consult when considering wbi. the lack of empirical evidence supports the need for additional research in wbi, yet fast - paced technological innovation and its sheer abundance serve as barriers to relevant and current research. literature reflects an increase in the implementation of effective de ( winn, 1990, as cited in berdine et al., in press ). perhaps by defining what is and what is not wbi or expanding upon the suggested decision sets, research topics related to wbi can be refined that will enable replication and result in empirically based implementation. web - based instruction has heretofore been defined in broad terms, resulting in variation and confusion as to exactly what constitutes web - based instruction. the very availability of such a wide array of possibilities in the production of multimedia adds confusion in that an immense combination of modalities of varying qualities can be incorporated. the server, the computer system of the user, and related services such as the internet service provider all impact the way the instruction will be experienced, as does the instruction itself. although evaluation concerns exist for wbi, the development of such materials continues,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528836709641691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.530447"}
{"text": "the server, the computer system of the user, and related services such as the internet service provider all impact the way the instruction will be experienced, as does the instruction itself. although evaluation concerns exist for wbi, the development of such materials continues, perhaps due to our confusion as to the operational definition of wbi, not to mention quality of wbi. in addition, much depends on individual situations and circumstance, as well as personal preference. no course or project is the same. as the design, delivery, instructional approach, etc. of each online learning experience is unique, so is that of the instructor and the student. as a result, generalizations are not possible. yet as the amount of information available within each of the sets of questions described increases, decisions can be made with greater confidence and support. barnard, j. ( 1997 ). the world wide web and higher education : the promise of virtual universities and online libraries. educational technology, 37 ( 3 ), 30 - 35. berdine, w. h., burleson, r. b., case, d. a., liaupsin, c. j., & zabala, j. s. ( in press ). administrative guidelines for distance education program development. reston, va : council for exceptional children. berge, z. ( 1998 ). concerns of online teachers in higher education. [ online ]. available : http : / / jan. ucc. nau. edu / ~ mpc3 / berge / iste98. html brooks, d. w. ( 1997 ). web - teaching : a guide to designing interactive teaching for the world wide web. new york : plenum press. collins, b. & grisham - brown, j. ( in press ). guidelines for distance learning content delivery. reston, va : council for exceptional children. coombs, n. & banks, r. ( 1999 ). enhancing web instruction : using streaming audio and video. [ online ]. available : daigle, s., & jarmon, c. ( 1997 ). building the campus infrastructure that really counts. educom review, 31 ( 4 ), 35 - 38. firdyiwek, y. ( 1999 ). web - based courseware tools : where is the pedagogy? educational technology, 39 ( 1 ), 29 - 34. gottschalk, t. h. ( ed. ). ( 1996a )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5144360906922869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.533061"}
{"text": ". ( 1999 ). web - based courseware tools : where is the pedagogy? educational technology, 39 ( 1 ), 29 - 34. gottschalk, t. h. ( ed. ). ( 1996a ). guide # 3 : instructional development for distance education. [ online ]. available : gottschalk, t. h. ( ed. ). ( 1996b ). guide # 7 : computers in distance education. [ online ]. available : hall, b. ( 1997 ). web - based training cookbook : everything you need to know for online training. new york : john wiley & sons, inc. institute for distance education, university system of maryland ( 1997 ). three models of distance education. [ online ]. available : khan, b. h. ( ed. ). ( 1997 ). web - based instruction. edgewood cliffs, nj : educational technology publications. kirby, t. ( ed. ). ( 1997a ). rules for good wbt design. [ online ]. available : http : / / www. filename. com / wbt / pages / primer. htm kirby, t. ( ed. ). ( 1997b ). wbt advantages and disadvantages. [ online ]. available : http : / / www. filename. com / wbt / pages / advdis. htm mcfarlane, f. r., & turner, t. ( 1995 ). a glimpse into the future for technology and distance education. journal of rehabilitation administration, 19 ( 4 ), 327 - 328. mcmanus, t. f. ( 1996 ). delivering instruction on the world wide web. unpublished manuscript, university of texas at austin. miller, c. d., & clouse, r. w. ( 1993 - 1994 ). technology - based distance learning : present and future directions in business and education. journal of educational technology systems, 22 ( 3 ), 191 - 204. mingle, j. r. ( 1995 ). vision and reality for technology - based delivery systems in postsecondary education. paper presented at the governor \u2019 s conference on higher education, st. louis, mo. newsweek. ( 1999m september 20 ). the dawn of e - life. new york, newsweek, 38 - 41. plater, w. m. ( 1995 ). future work : faculty time in the 21st century. change, 27 ( 3 ), 23 - 33. russell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.477849521292184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.534213"}
{"text": ". the dawn of e - life. new york, newsweek, 38 - 41. plater, w. m. ( 1995 ). future work : faculty time in the 21st century. change, 27 ( 3 ), 23 - 33. russell, t. l. ( 1997 ). the no significant difference phenomenon. raleigh, nc, office of instructional telecommunications, north carolina university. rodenberg, d. ( 1999 ). commentary : web - based learning : extending the paradigm. technology source. [ online ]. available : http : / / horizon. unc. edu / ts / commentary / 1999 - 11. asp spooner, f., spooner, m., algozzine, b., & jordan, l. ( 1998 ). distance education and special education : promises, practices, and potential pitfalls. teacher education and special education, 21 ( 2 ), 121 - 131. starr, r. ( 1997 ). delivering instruction on the world wide web : overview and basic design principles. educational technology, 37 ( 3 ), 7 - 15. young, j. r. ( 1997 ). rethinking the role of the professor in an age of high - tech tools : will ' unbundling ' of tasks give faculty members more time or put them on the sidelines? the chronicle of higher education, xliv ( 6 ), a26 - a28. about the authors deborah case, med. is a doctoral student at the university of kentucky. her areas of study include distance education, assistive technology, and early childhood special education. ms case is currently employed as a research associate at the university of louisville and is involved with online assistive technology training and the research component of a distance - based assistive technology assessment project to assess students in rural areas for assistive technology. prior to this role, ms case worked as an assistive technology specialist / practitioner in an assistive technology resource center and as an early interventionist. email : firstname. lastname @ example. org / email @ example. com debra k bauder, ed. d. is a teacher, technical consultant, computer specialist, technology training specialist, instructor in higher education, and a director of statewide training in assistive technology. dr. bauder has her educational specialists and doctorate from the university of kentucky with an emphasis on preparing personnel in the use of technology in special education. dr. bauder is a faculty member of the university of louisville ' s distance education faculty. she is involved in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.520475273768968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19fe450-d576-444f-92df-e878db3b9764>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.535112"}
{"text": "[ parents, learn how to help your bullied teen. ] but the problem is likely much worse, since nearly two thirds of the incidents are never reported, the department estimates. limited supervision and a confined environment make school buses a hotbed for bullying, a recent slate article notes. \" in my experience at least, bullying and the bus went together like peanut butter and jelly, \" writes jeremy stahl, the article ' s author. while most drivers say bullying is a serious problem on their school buses, effectively juggling the monitoring of bullying while ensuring students arrive safely at their destinations is a significant challenge, notes the national association for pupil transportation. \" there are typically far more children on a school bus than in a classroom, and the bus driver has to manage them all while operating a 10 - ton vehicle and facing the opposite direction, \" napt officials pointed out in a 2010 release. [ bullying happens online, too. read more about cyber bullying. ] insufficient training and bullying policies that don ' t address a bus driver ' s role only compound the problem, mike martin, executive director of the napt, said in a presentation last year. to address this issue, the napt and department of education developed a two - part training program specifically for school bus drivers. building a rapport with students by greeting them and addressing them by name can help drivers prevent bullying, according to the training materials. when bullying does occur, the training champions the \" see something, do something \" mantra, instructing drivers to warn the students and inform school administrators. but school bus drivers are just that \u2014 drivers, not disciplinarians or social workers \u2014 and are limited in what they can do beyond reporting incidents, the napt points out. beyond that, it is up to parents and school administrators to address bullying when it is reported. have something of interest to share? send your news to us at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3984095446164627, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2445e48-c959-4771-b4ee-b24502c296aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.537290"}
{"text": "chad stone is chief economist at the center on budget and policy priorities. we learned earlier this year that incomes at the very top began to rebound in 2010 from the financial crisis and great recession and that, in that year, about a fifth of total before - tax income went to the top 1 percent. this week, the federal reserve released information for 2010 about the distribution of wealth ( or \" net worth \" ) that reminds us that wealth is even more highly concentrated than income. first, let ' s define our terms : a family ' s income is the flow of money coming in over the course of a year from earnings, dividends and interest, social security, etc. its wealth is the stock of assets it has from inheritance and saving, minus its liabilities. assets include savings, stocks, vehicles, homes, business and financial assets, and so on, while liabilities include credit card debt, mortgages, past - due bills, and so on. the fed ' s report is based on its triennial survey of consumer finances, and provides literally a wealth of data on changes in u. s. family finances from 2007 to 2010. researchers rely on other sources of data for assessing trends in income inequality, but the fed ' s data on net worth are incomparable. we ' ll have to wait until researchers at the fed and elsewhere have crunched the numbers further to get more detail on the concentration of income and wealth in these data, including the share of the top 1 percent, but the published numbers already point to how much more concentrated wealth is than income ( as it has been since these data have been collected ). as the chart shows, 45 percent of before - tax income goes to the top 10 percent of families ranked by income. an astounding 75 percent of wealth goes to the top 10 percent of families ranked by wealth. if previous years ' surveys are a guide, we ' ll discover once all the data are available, that, in each case, nearly half of the income received or wealth held by the top 10 percent in each distribution is received or held by the top 1 percent. in these data, a family income of $ 142, 300 or more in 2010 would have put you in the top 10 percent of income ; a net worth of $ 952, 500 would have put you in the top 10 percent of wealth. in each case, of course, the averages are much higher ( almost $ 349, 000 for income and $ 3. 7 million for wealth ). to put that in perspective,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4382115007108287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8402298c-206f-4a80-b79e-423b59f45643>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.540695"}
{"text": "500 would have put you in the top 10 percent of wealth. in each case, of course, the averages are much higher ( almost $ 349, 000 for income and $ 3. 7 million for wealth ). to put that in perspective, the median income in 2010 in these data was $ 45, 800 ( half of all families had more, half had less ) while the median wealth was $ 77, 300. the rich took a hit in the financial crisis and great recession, with their net worth falling by 11 percent from 2007 to 2009, but that pales in comparison with a 24 percent drop in the net worth of the bottom 90 percent. it appears that the financial wealth that dominates the net worth of the top 10 percent fell less ( or rebounded more in 2009 - 10 ) than the housing wealth that accounts for most of the typical family ' s net worth. moreover, the net worth of the top 10 percent is nearly 10 percent higher than it was in 2001, while the net worth of the bottom 90 percent is 14 percent lower. as policymakers contemplate policies to address the nation ' s fiscal challenges, it seems reasonable to ask whether talk of restoring tax rates to what they were in the 1990s is \" class warfare \" or simply asking the wealthiest among us to bear their fair share of the lift. - why the education bubble will be worse than the housing bubble - follow the thomas jefferson street blog on twitter at @ tjsblog. - check out u. s. news weekly : an insider ' s guide to politics and policy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4221549858112162, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8402298c-206f-4a80-b79e-423b59f45643>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.541294"}
{"text": "portraits of a marriage picasso \u2019 s first visit to rome, in february 1917, had originally been conceived as a wedding trip, but at the last moment his on - again, off - again mistress, irene lagut, who had promised to marry him, changed her mind, as had her predecessor, gaby lespinasse, the year before. instead of irene, jean cocteau accompanied picasso. in a vain attempt to set himself at the head of the avant - garde, this ambitious young poet had inveigled picasso into collaborating with him on parade, a ballet about a couple of shills who lure the public into their vaudeville theater by tantalizing them with samples of their acts. cocteau had desperately wanted serge diaghilev to stage this ballet in paris, and picasso \u2019 s chilean patron and mother figure, eugenia errazuriz, had persuaded the impresario to agree, provided picasso did the decor, erik satie the score, and leonide massine the choreography. sets, costumes, and rehearsals were to be done in rome, where the impresario had his wartime headquarters. picasso \u2019 s cubist followers were horrified that their hero should desert them for the chic, elitist ballets russes, but he ignored their complaints. after two and a half years of war, with its appalling death toll, hardships and shortages, and above all the absence of some of his closest friends, who were at the front ( notably fellow cubist georges braque and the poet guillaume apollinaire, who both suffered severe head wounds ), picasso was elated at the prospect of leaving the war behind to spend a couple of months in the relative peace of rome, which he had always wanted to see. when he arrived there, he was still suffering from chagrin d \u2019 amour. eager to find a replacement for the woman who had turned him down, he promptly fell for one of diaghilev \u2019 s russian dancers, 25 - year - old olga khokhlova. although he courted her assiduously and did a drawing of her, olga proved adamantly chaste. chastity was a challenge that picasso had seldom had to face. diaghilev warned him that a respectable russian woman would not sacrifice her virginity unless assured of marriage. olga was indeed more respectable than the bohemian models of his past ; she was the daughter of stepan vasilievich khokhlov, who she always claimed was a general but who was in fact a colonel in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3921530237134101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.575280"}
{"text": "unless assured of marriage. olga was indeed more respectable than the bohemian models of his past ; she was the daughter of stepan vasilievich khokhlov, who she always claimed was a general but who was in fact a colonel in the corps of engineers in charge of the railway system. appointed to a post in the provinces in 1910, the colonel had taken his three sons and a second daughter with him, but had left olga behind. egged on by a friend \u2019 s sister who had joined the diaghilev ballet after graduating from the imperial ballet school, she decided to become a dancer. despite a late start at a st. petersburg ballet school, olga got an audition with diaghilev. a daunting committee \u2014 besides vaslav nijinsky, the star dancer, it included enrico cecchetti, the greatest of classical ballet masters \u2014 put her through her paces and accepted her. nijinsky was sufficiently impressed to pick her out of the corps de ballet. massine, who had taken nijinsky \u2019 s place in diaghilev \u2019 s company as well as in his heart, had chosen olga to play a role in les femmes de bonne humeur, based on a comedy by the 18th - century italian playwright goldoni, with sets by leon bakst. at a rehearsal for this ballet, picasso spotted olga and set about courting her. to familiarize himself with the techniques of theatrical decor and observe his new love dance, he helped the scene painters execute bakst \u2019 s designs. to watch olga backstage, picasso even helped the stagehands at the ballet \u2019 s premiere. fifteen months later, picasso would marry olga. ten years younger than picasso, olga had fine features, dark - reddish hair, green eyes, a lithe body, and a look of wistful, swan lake melancholy. photographs reveal her to have been a beauty \u2014 an unsmiling one as a rule, although in early snapshots with picasso and cocteau in rome she is actually grinning. the celebrated ballerina alexandra danilova declared that olga \u201c was nothing \u2014 nice but nothing. we couldn \u2019 t discover what picasso saw in her. \u201d on the other hand, lydia lopokova \u2014 the most intelligent of diaghilev \u2019 s ballerinas \u2014 was olga \u2019 s best friend in the company. besides being challenged by olga \u2019 s virginal stance, picasso sensed the victim within. her vulnerability would have appealed to his possessiveness and protectiveness \u2014 especially when the russian revolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4498987954764253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.576308"}
{"text": "s ballerinas \u2014 was olga \u2019 s best friend in the company. besides being challenged by olga \u2019 s virginal stance, picasso sensed the victim within. her vulnerability would have appealed to his possessiveness and protectiveness \u2014 especially when the russian revolution cut her off from her family \u2014 and also to his sadistic side. ( picasso expected the women in his life to read the works of the marquis de sade. ) his desperation at being rejected by the two women he had hoped to marry should also be taken into account. he was 35 and wanted to settle down with a presentable wife and have a son. the gala opening of the exceedingly avant - garde parade took place in paris on may 18, 1917, at the theatre du chatelet. due to the wartime blackout, the performance was scheduled for 3 : 30 in the afternoon. \u201c the audience wanted to kill us, women rushed at us armed with hatpins, \u201d cocteau claimed. \u201c a bayonet charge in flanders [ was ] nothing compared to what happened that night at the chatelet. parade was the greatest battle of the war. \u201d this was nonsense, and infuriated anyone who had suffered in the trenches. the women armed with hatpins had been invented by cocteau to drum up publicity. in fact, there were just a few boos ; applause prevailed. when the company left to perform in barcelona, picasso went along with olga and took his fiancee to meet his mother. as he later told francoise gilot, the painter and mother of his children claude and paloma, dona maria took a very dim view of olga as a daughter - in - law. \u201c you poor girl, you don \u2019 t know what you \u2019 re letting yourself in for, \u201d she supposedly told her. \u201c if i were a friend, i would tell you not to do it under any conditions. i don \u2019 t believe any woman would be happy with my son. he \u2019 s available for himself but for no one else. \u201d might the artist have been putting words into his mother \u2019 s mouth? dona maria later became extremely fond of olga. whether or not her future mother - in - law approved, olga was dead set on marriage. the russian revolution \u2019 s descent into a holocaust had left her with no alternative. also, she would have seen how rapturously picasso was received in france and spain and realized that he was far more of a celebrity than she could ever be. her best hope of stardom was to sacrifice her career as a ball", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4352459885951899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.577338"}
{"text": "no alternative. also, she would have seen how rapturously picasso was received in france and spain and realized that he was far more of a celebrity than she could ever be. her best hope of stardom was to sacrifice her career as a ballerina and become madame picasso. the only problem : olga refused to sleep with her lover before they were married. a long engagement the company \u2019 s departure for a tour of south america left olga marooned in a country where few spoke french, let alone russian. neither dona maria nor picasso \u2019 s sister lola took olga to their hearts, and picasso would not let her meet his raffish, bohemian friends. fraught with worry at the news from russia, olga became totally reliant on picasso, with whom she proceeded to fall passionately in love. when he was off working in a friend \u2019 s studio, olga stayed in a pension. she exercised every day at the barre in a local dance studio. otherwise, as drawings reveal, she spent her time on a sunny balcony, reading and sewing and waiting for her french visa to come through. hitherto, olga had had no difficulty crossing frontiers. having left the troupe, she was now stateless, stuck in spain without a passport. evenings, picasso would pay court to her. she would get herself up in the gauzy black dress her fiance had picked out for her at barcelona \u2019 s fashionable grand gerard shop. arm in arm in the dusk, they would stroll ceremoniously up and down the famous promenade known as the ramblas. picasso enjoyed showing olga off, and soon he set about painting a lifelike portrait of her, costumed a l \u2019 espagnole, complete with a spit curl and a mantilla, improvised out of a fringed lace tablecloth pinched from a hotel. these trappings are at odds with the sitter \u2019 s melancholy gaze. this, his first portrait of her, is surprisingly unaffectionate. olga \u2019 s reproachful eyes and pursed lips look ahead to the cruel, exorcistic portraits picasso would paint 15 years later, when their marriage had soured. at first, olga would not allow picasso to spend the night in her room at the pension. for a sex - obsessed andalusian, the brothel would therefore have been a daily or nightly necessity. the stress generated by olga \u2019 s resistance might well explain the ambiguity and coolness of her expression in the portrait. however, the closeness that sitting for the portrait entailed seems to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43937691876643536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.578669"}
{"text": ", the brothel would therefore have been a daily or nightly necessity. the stress generated by olga \u2019 s resistance might well explain the ambiguity and coolness of her expression in the portrait. however, the closeness that sitting for the portrait entailed seems to have melted olga \u2019 s resolve. she finally allowed picasso to sleep in her room. sketchbook drawings reflect the couple \u2019 s ever increasing intimacy. we see olga in a negligee with her mane of reddish hair loose around her shoulders or done up in a chignon. and yet, for all their affection, these drawings reveal no trace of picasso \u2019 s predatory physicality. one of the few to evoke desire rather than pride of ownership is a study of a languorous - looking olga on a chaise longue, clutching a teddy bear \u2014 daddy \u2019 s little girl, but very much a woman. in another touching sketch of her, on her balcony, dated july 21, picasso portrays her feeding a canary. after a six - month wait for a visa, they were finally able to return to paris \u2014 olga to the luxurious new hotel lutetia, picasso to his rented suburban villa at montrouge. the winter of 1917 \u2013 18 was bitter, but despite the cold and the discomfort he was happy to be home. they would live apart for most of the next six months. olga went off to do daily exercises at a ballet school, but there were also portraits to sit for, so she spent most of her days at montrouge. sometimes the bombing may have obliged her to stay there overnight. a nighttime trip with shrapnel raining down could be fatal. on meeting picasso \u2019 s former associates, olga made a major tactical error. she drove a wedge between picasso and his oldest french friend, max jacob, the great poet, who had chosen the artist as his godfather when he converted to catholicism. she could not stand his dirtiness, drunkenness, and addiction to rough trade. jacob had usually managed to stay close to the artist by insinuating himself into the affections of his women, but olga refused to have him around. knowing what she did about the homosexual ties that held diaghilev \u2019 s company together and sometimes blew it apart, she likely sensed the amorous nature of jacob \u2019 s feelings for her fiance. as a result, the artist would have to sneak off and see him on the sly. to commemorate his engagement, picasso painted a very traditional portrait of olga in all her glory. she wears the black dress he had bought for her in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46154482970945815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.579856"}
{"text": "her fiance. as a result, the artist would have to sneak off and see him on the sly. to commemorate his engagement, picasso painted a very traditional portrait of olga in all her glory. she wears the black dress he had bought for her in barcelona, holds a fan, and is seated on a slipper chair. the painting is ingresque in the pose but not in the handling. at the same time, it is one of the first examples of picasso \u2019 s use of a camera in preparation for a portrait. he had photographs taken of olga and followed them closely on canvas. even the color is virtually monochrome, delicately tinted as if by a retoucher. originally scheduled for may 1918, the marriage had to be postponed. the ballerina had woken up one morning with an agonizing pain in her foot. she could not move it or get out of bed. dancers can be reticent about their injuries, so we have to guess at the cause of olga \u2019 s. presumably she had suffered an accident in the course of her daily workout at the barre ; it could also have been the result of a previous injury. ( an old photograph of olga with a walking stick, taken before she met picasso, hints at an earlier injury. ) after a spell in a nearby clinic, she was obliged to undergo an operation, which left her entire right leg encased in plaster. by the end of june, the leg had healed sufficiently for a date to be set for the wedding : july 9. her plaster cast would be off by then, and her papers would be in order. at the last moment there was a hitch \u2014 seemingly occasioned by olga \u2019 s injury \u2014 and the wedding had to be postponed a few more days. even then the bride had to hobble around with a cane \u2014 a galling experience for a ballerina. the marriage certificate lists the clinic as her address. \u201c wedding photographs \u201d were taken much later. the civil ceremony was held at the mairie, and the religious ceremony at the russian church in paris. the witnesses for picasso were apollinaire and jacob ; for olga, cocteau and a russian ballet critic. following the wedding, there was a luncheon ; afterward, olga returned to the clinic. a few days later, the picassos left to spend their honeymoon in eugenia errazuriz \u2019 s villa in biarritz, where picasso did a great deal of work, including some lighthearted frescoes in one of the rooms. since olga was confined most of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4541778775486465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.581264"}
{"text": "the picassos left to spend their honeymoon in eugenia errazuriz \u2019 s villa in biarritz, where picasso did a great deal of work, including some lighthearted frescoes in one of the rooms. since olga was confined most of the time to an armchair or chaise longue, picasso could draw her all he wanted. she enjoyed this ritual, but she still comes across as a bit distant. sometimes he depicts her as a noble, classical beauty ; sometimes less formally, as a soulful young wife ; sometimes as a cubist construction. however, he always keeps his libido buttoned, which was not necessarily the case when he drew the gorgeous south american girls eugenia knew. on august 20, olga wrote jacqueline apollinaire that she was still bedridden. ten days later she was beginning \u201c to walk a bit, \u201d but it was not until late september that she finally appeared to be fully recovered. before being able to dance, she would have had to undergo months of agonizing rehabilitation. whether or not she did so, olga never danced again in public. the shadow of her injury would darken picasso \u2019 s future relationships with women. \u201c women \u2019 s illnesses are always women \u2019 s fault, \u201d he said to me many years later, as if to shift the guilt from his shoulders onto hers. the honeymooners returned home at the beginning of october and set about searching for a suitable apartment in central paris. picasso \u2019 s dealer, paul rosenberg, saw to it that they did not have far to look. to keep his valuable new artist under surveillance, he arranged for him to rent an apartment at 23 rue la boetie, the building next to his. rosenberg had a lease drawn up, and by mid - october they had moved from montrouge to the lutetia, the better to supervise the decoration. former friends denounced picasso \u2019 s new address as too redolent of bourgeois affluence and commerce. the rue la boetie had recently become the center of the paris art trade. it was lined with galleries and expensive antiques shops. why, in view of his denunciations of \u201c dealers [ as ] the enemy, \u201d did picasso choose to live in their very midst? had he returned to the more bohemian montparnasse, where he had previously resided, he would have encountered disgruntled cubists and former girlfriends at every turn. also, olga was determined to woo him away from his formerly louche life. the picassos moved into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4320395311062263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.582947"}
{"text": "bohemian montparnasse, where he had previously resided, he would have encountered disgruntled cubists and former girlfriends at every turn. also, olga was determined to woo him away from his formerly louche life. the picassos moved into their new apartment a week before christmas 1918. it consisted of a single, spacious floor divided into his and her realms. picasso and lotti, his huge pyrenean sheepdog, took over the rooms looking onto the street for his studios ; the rooms at the back were his wife \u2019 s domain. to judge by the artist \u2019 s drawings of the salon and dining room, olga did up the place in a stylish but relaxed way. apart from the paintings on the walls, the only picassian touches were the upholstery of the armchairs in the salon, each in a different bright color, and a screen he painted for olga \u2019 s sitting room. olga turned out to be an exemplary maitresse de maison, according to the photographer brassai, \u201c not the slightest disorder, not a grain of dust. \u201d picasso, on the other hand, was a compulsive hoarder with an idiosyncratic relish of dust : it enabled him to tell whether anybody had disturbed his piles of old journals, letters, and smoker \u2019 s debris. the bedroom smacked of olga : twin brass bedsteads, as in the hotel lutetia. to keep her domain just so, olga assembled an impeccable staff : butler, cook, maid, and chauffeur. she took her role as hostess very seriously. with the guidance of cocteau and that supreme social operator misia sert, she was soon giving suitable little dinners \u2014 lots of caviar \u2014 for the beau monde after first nights at the ballet or theater. by virtue of their celebrity, the picassos starred at the fancy - dress balls organized by such scions of \u201c le gratin \u201d as count and countess etienne de beaumont and the vicomte and vicomtesse de noailles, who had one of the greatest collections of old and modern masters in france. of all picasso \u2019 s parisian friends, the one olga was fondest of was that enormously gifted jack - of - all - trades ( poet, novelist, playwright, cineaste, painter ) cocteau. he was elegant, mondain, witty \u2014 a social rigoletto. also, he was always at pains to charm her. hopelessly, masoch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41618009624426267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.583890"}
{"text": "trades ( poet, novelist, playwright, cineaste, painter ) cocteau. he was elegant, mondain, witty \u2014 a social rigoletto. also, he was always at pains to charm her. hopelessly, masochistically in love with picasso, cocteau managed to make himself indispensable \u2014 a mercurial manipulator \u2014 at the cost of being mercilessly mocked and yet in the end always taken back into favor, for he was without question the most coruscating wit of his time. picasso doted on him and defended him against his enemies, the surrealists. the bourgeois life on february 4, 1921, olga gave birth to a son who would be christened paul \u201c paulo \u201d joseph ( after his father, pablo, and grandfather don jose ). the godparents were misia sert and picasso \u2019 s rich argentinean fan georges bemberg, who was supposed to bring a spanish archbishop to preside over the ceremony. gertrude stein, whom picasso used to call his \u201c pard, \u201d was not asked to be a godparent. they had quarreled : \u201c they neither of them ever knew about what, \u201d wrote gertrude in her autobiography of alice b. toklas. at first picasso was delighted to have a son, the only male heir born to his branch of the family. paintings and drawings of the baby in his mother \u2019 s arms testify to paternal pride and love. unfortunately, olga became an obsessively overprotective parent and would behave as if the birth of a son and heir entitled her to a great deal of deference as the wife of the world \u2019 s foremost painter. from now on, she would play the part of madame picasso as if it conferred stardom. a bohemian at heart, picasso would try to adjust to her notion of how a celebrated artist should live. he was proud of olga and the ambience she provided, but this enjoyment would come under increasing attack from erstwhile friends. seeing man ray \u2019 s photograph of picasso dressed as a torero at one of etienne de beaumont \u2019 s very grand balls, braque said, \u201c i ought to recognize that gentleman. \u201d to counter criticism, picasso blamed his wife. \u201c you see, olga likes tea, caviar, pastries, and so on, \u201d he told one of his models. \u201c me, i like sausage and beans. \u201d around this time, a friend caught picasso looking at himself in a mirror and murmuring,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38756494700399297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.584838"}
{"text": "likes tea, caviar, pastries, and so on, \u201d he told one of his models. \u201c me, i like sausage and beans. \u201d around this time, a friend caught picasso looking at himself in a mirror and murmuring, \u201c comedia. \u201d the birth of a son triggered a monumental change in picasso \u2019 s work. during the summer of 1921, which he spent in a rented house at fontainebleau, he executed a number of huge, highly finished paintings of hefty nudes inspired by the classical sculptures he had admired in the naples museum. modernists criticized this return to representationalism, but two no less sizable cubist paintings entitled three musicians, which he worked on simultaneously, reveal that he saw these totally dissimilar styles as two sides of the same coin. the momentum generated in the course of the summer at fontainebleau carried him through into the following year. back in the rue la boetie apartment, he did his best to fill the role of a dutiful husband and father, but sometimes the tedium of these responsibilities and the russian chitchat of olga \u2019 s ballet associates became intolerable, and he would go off and cruise the boulevards. then, in october, an attractive american couple, gerald and sara murphy, entered his life, and for the next three or four years they would enliven it. in the summer of 1922, which the picasso family spent in the northern resort town of dinard, olga fell seriously ill. the nature of her illness has never been divulged. rather than having anything to do with her leg, it was seemingly the first manifestation of the gynecological problems that would cloud the rest of her life \u2014 \u201c women \u2019 s troubles, \u201d friends were told. in mid - september she had to be rushed to paris for an emergency operation. picasso had a difficult drive to the city, coping with paulo \u2019 s car sickness while applying ice packs to olga \u2019 s temples. a sanguine drawing of olga, done around the middle of september, shows her looking haggard and sick. this drawing evidently had a malign significance for picasso : 41 years later he gave it to his son paulo for christmas \u2014 seemingly the only work he ever inscribed to him. there would be many more representational portrayals of olga, but none of them manifests the anguish that makes this one so memorable. after olga \u2019 s operation, picasso went back to dinard to collect the work he had done there. his return attracted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4613486702995304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.585999"}
{"text": "would be many more representational portrayals of olga, but none of them manifests the anguish that makes this one so memorable. after olga \u2019 s operation, picasso went back to dinard to collect the work he had done there. his return attracted attention : while in paris he had bought a costly new car and hired a driver. the car was a fancy panhard, impressive enough to be written up in the dinard newspaper. from then on, everything picasso did would be news. picasso \u2019 s acquisition of a chauffeur - driven automobile was attributed to olga. many of his fellow artists and writer friends had acquired expensive cars \u2014 roadsters or racing cars for the most part \u2014 but they always drove them themselves. francis picabia had some 15 of the finest makes ; andre derain owned a renault and a racing bugatti ; braque had an alfa romeo. unlike most of his artist friends, picasso refused to learn to drive. he would later tell francoise gilot that he was frightened of spoiling the suppleness of his hands and wrists. if a painter could afford to buy a car, picasso thought, he should be able to afford a chauffeur. the change in picasso \u2019 s attitude to olga is reflected in his portraits of her after her recovery. there is a sadness to them, which bears out something picasso told gilot : that \u201c he tried to placate his wife by having her sit for him. \u201d olga figures in her husband \u2019 s early portraits of her as a trophy wife, almost never as a sexually desirable woman. the three highly finished paintings of her in a fur - collared blue dress he did in 1923 are not so much likenesses as idealizations \u2014 pastiches of the great french 18th - century pastelists. she was still an object of admiration and pride to picasso, but his desire for her was evidently cooling. the numerous portraits picasso did of his son are more alive than those he did of the boy \u2019 s mother. paulo figures in many different costumes and poses : on a donkey, with a toy lamb or a horse or a motorcar. on one occasion picasso took his sleeping son \u2019 s model car and repainted it in bright colors with trompe l \u2019 oeil cushions and a checkered carpet on the floor. when paulo awoke, he was furious. the father was not happy at the way olga pampered and monitored the boy. his upbringing at the hands of music teachers, dancing instructors, and the like became yet another bone of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45040472235934403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.586965"}
{"text": "carpet on the floor. when paulo awoke, he was furious. the father was not happy at the way olga pampered and monitored the boy. his upbringing at the hands of music teachers, dancing instructors, and the like became yet another bone of contention. like his father, the son would come to resent olga and ultimately to loathe her. now that the picassos were pillars of the beau monde, they were condemned to a constant round of fashionable functions. new year \u2019 s eve 1922, they were guests at a party given by paul rosenberg \u2019 s in - laws, the jacques helfts, who were silver dealers. everyone wore fancy dress, except picasso, who enjoyed dressing up only as long as it was not mandatory. olga put on a tutu ; rosenberg went as a chauffeur. picasso was so impressed by the antique french silver on the helfts \u2019 dining table that he asked whether he could buy a set of 18th - century knives, forks, and spoons. helft took him down to the vault, and the deal was done. picasso would give helft a watercolor of a knife, fork, and spoon to commemorate the purchase. the summer of 1923 would prove a historic one, not just for picasso and his friends the murphys, but for the future of the cote d \u2019 azur. in asking the proprietor of the hotel du cap at antibes, which had hitherto been limited to a winter season, to keep a few rooms open for the summer, the two couples unwittingly transformed the riviera into a year - round resort. the murphys were almost too adept at organizing treats for their children and friends. the picnics on the beach, boating trips, treasure hunts, dances, alfresco dinners, and cocktail parties left picasso little time for work. much as he enjoyed the murphys \u2019 american joie de vivre, he would eventually tire of the constant cocktails, the wisecracks in a language he did not understand, and the egomaniacal behavior of the murphys \u2019 literary friends f. scott fitzgerald and ernest hemingway. sara murphy is the model for some drawings and a couple of sand paintings, but there is no basis to the story that picasso fell obsessively in love with her, which was thought up by a former director of new york \u2019 s museum of modern art. sara was famously virtuous, and picasso was averse to affairs with women who had had children. in subsequent summers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4276025630256457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.587905"}
{"text": "broad smile, beautiful red - and - black tie, wide gold ring \u2014 off an expensive umbrella \u2014 and huge mesmeric eyes instantly disarmed her. she remembered him saying, \u201c you have an interesting face. i would like to do a portrait of you. i feel we are going to do great things together. \u201d \u201c i am picasso, \u201d he announced, but the name meant nothing to marie - therese, so he took her to a bookstore and showed her a book about him. the fact that he was a painter touched her, she said, \u201c because my mother had had a great romance with a painter. \u201d picasso \u2019 s comment that she was beautiful gave marie - therese particular pleasure. her family \u2014 three sisters who lived with their single mother in a riverside house on the outskirts of paris \u2014 had always teased her for having an ugly \u201c greek \u201d nose instead of a cute little parisian retrousse one. picasso \u2019 s \u201c lovemaking [ was ] at times intimidating and terrible, \u201d marie - therese confessed, \u201c [ but ] in the end a completely fulfilling experience \u2026. [ he ] was very \u2018 virile. \u2019 \u201d what excited him was having total psychological power over her, as his imagery reveals. picasso \u2019 s boast to the poet paul eluard \u2014 \u201c you know, in my love affairs there has always been a lot of gnashing and suffering : two bodies entangled in barbed wire, rubbing against each other, tearing themselves to bits \u201d \u2014 should not be taken too seriously. the artist wanted to outboast a fellow disciple of the \u201c divine marquis. \u201d to conceal marie - therese from olga, picasso rented an apartment near where he had picked her up ; to conceal her in his work, he was obliged to allegorize her in the form of a guitar, a jug or a fruit dish, or interlocking monograms : he would also depict her in the form of his penis or her vagina. sometimes he would portray another woman in the pose he had devised for marie - therese. in cannes with olga for the summer of 1927, picasso missed his new girlfriend so much that he dashed back to paris to be with her. the trip left him more obsessed than ever. back in cannes, he filled two sketchbooks with some of his most astonishing images : a series of highly finished biomorphic drawings of marie - therese \u2019 s pumped - up body in the guise of his own engorged penis \u2014 hybrids composed of erectile tissue. picasso turns his mistress into an it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45144653902522436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.590172"}
{"text": "some of his most astonishing images : a series of highly finished biomorphic drawings of marie - therese \u2019 s pumped - up body in the guise of his own engorged penis \u2014 hybrids composed of erectile tissue. picasso turns his mistress into an ithyphallic figure with a penis for a head, alone on a sandy beach sunning her rubbery limbs and ballooning breasts. in one of the most spectacular of these masturbatory fantasies, he shrinks her head to the size of a pea set high in the sky to give her infinite height ; she trails a beach towel and inserts a tiny key into her cabana. the romance of picasso \u2019 s seduction of marie - therese walter should not blind us to the fact that picasso lived under the same roof as an obsessively jealous wife, who took the role of madame picasso \u2014 elegant consort, zealous mother, impeccable hostess \u2014 very much to heart. olga had no intention of relinquishing this role, nor did picasso, who had spanish reservations about such things, want her to do so. granted, olga \u2019 s gynecological problems had worsened and left her prone to psychological ones, but much as picasso would fulminate about her affliction and her terrible attacks on him, his wife would inspire images that are far more dramatic than his loving and lyrical images of marie - therese. like many another unfaithful husband, picasso soon found himself leading two separate lives : as an overtly conventional pere de famille who would take his wife and child off to trendy normandy resorts on weekends, and a secretive bohemian who hid his mistress away from his friends. this bifurcated pattern would be reflected in picasso \u2019 s bifurcated imagery. marie - therese \u2019 s images would be suffused with rampant sexuality, whereas those of olga \u2014 the subject of far more paintings than people realize \u2014 would reek of rage : the consequences of picasso \u2019 s shamanic effort to exorcise her troubles. in the summer of 1928, picasso forsook the riviera for dinard, where he kept marie - therese secreted in a pension de jeunes filles, well out of his wife \u2019 s sight. olga, paulo, and his governess kept to the beach immediately below their villa ; picasso and marie - therese kept to the plage de l \u2019 ecluse, with its rows of tempting cabanas. to justify his daily absences from olga, picasso likely rented a studio for his work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46348508301313823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.591127"}
{"text": "the beach immediately below their villa ; picasso and marie - therese kept to the plage de l \u2019 ecluse, with its rows of tempting cabanas. to justify his daily absences from olga, picasso likely rented a studio for his work as well as for his trysts with marie - therese. at dinard, picasso did several marvelous small paintings of her. at first he depicted her as an assemblage of sticks, beach balls, and boomerangs, and then gradually transformed her into a cutout, playing ball with identical cutouts of herself. in one of the paintings, picasso portrays himself crouching inside a phallic - looking cabana, waiting to catch the ball she is about to throw him. and whereas the previous summer picasso had pictured her volumetrically, not only as a male organ but also as a bionic gas pump extending a hosepipe arm to unlock her cabana, this summer he portrays her two - dimensionally as a cutout. this time the key in her hand is to his cabana. dinard \u2014 or was it marie - therese? \u2014 had an adverse effect on olga, just as it had had in 1922. her hemorrhages started up again, more seriously than ever. they became so grave that the family returned to paris on september 5. the following day, olga entered a clinic, where she would undergo an operation that necessitated a lengthy convalescence. picasso wrote to thank gertrude stein for a recent letter : \u201c olga is getting better, but she must remain in the clinic for some time. i \u2019 ll keep you informed about her health, but what a summer we have had! in spite of everything, i \u2019 ve worked and i will show you what i \u2019 ve done when you return. \u201d this letter was also signed by olga, who would leave the clinic on october 10, only to return a month later for a second operation. in early december she returned home, but not for long ; she was back in the clinic for christmas. olga \u2019 s absence solved a major problem : picasso and marie - therese could finally see each other as often as they liked without marital constraints. buoyed by love and sex and freedom from stress, picasso turned to sculpture. with the help of an old friend from barcelona, the sculptor julio gonzalez, he whittled his big, classical girls on the beach down to a cat \u2019 s cradle of metal rods, thereby advancing triumphantly into a new age of iron. soon picasso envisaged another monumental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46490891959522196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.592315"}
{"text": "friend from barcelona, the sculptor julio gonzalez, he whittled his big, classical girls on the beach down to a cat \u2019 s cradle of metal rods, thereby advancing triumphantly into a new age of iron. soon picasso envisaged another monumental beach sculpture, but, lacking the necessary facilities, he conceptualized it in paint. the uplifted arms of nude standing by the sea represent marie - therese rather than olga. picasso evidently wanted to see how his beautiful, trim young mistress would be enhanced by being portrayed in the pose identified in earlier works with his ballerina wife. a decorative obelisk topped with a ball that was part of the furniture of their left bank hideaway inspired the tapered neck and tiny head, which enables marie - therese to tower up into the sky. sculptural gigantism had become a fixation. early in 1929, olga finally emerged from the clinic, where she had spent most of the previous four or five months. her reappearance triggered some of picasso \u2019 s most harrowing images. up to then, his passion for marie - therese had generated the psychic energy that fueled his work. but his resentment and superstitious fear of sickness in women \u2014 olga, above all \u2014 proved to be an even more powerful source of inspiration. olga \u2019 s hysterical scenes and threats to kill her husband saw to that. had the distraught wife discovered that \u201c the other woman \u201d had become a fixture? she had only to look in her husband \u2019 s wallet to see that marie - therese \u2019 s photograph was always with him, or visit the studio to be confronted by loving images of her. \u201c how awful, \u201d picasso once told me, \u201c for a woman to realize from my work that she is being supplanted. \u201d not that there was much question of that happening to olga. the status quo suited the artist. marie - therese would have been miscast as madame picasso. olga may have sensed that her rival had no marital ambitions, and to that extent she accepted her existence. acceptance did not preclude resentment, but it would have been easier for olga to bear than the promiscuity of the past. a loved one \u2019 s tears evoked a predatory tenderness in picasso, but the tears of olga evoked only guilt and rage \u2014 rage that could be assuaged in paint. bust of a woman with self - portrait ( 1929 ) depicts olga as a scrawny succubus, with eyes sewn onto her cheeks like buttons and a dagger - sharp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49582872339645695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.593413"}
{"text": "and rage \u2014 rage that could be assuaged in paint. bust of a woman with self - portrait ( 1929 ) depicts olga as a scrawny succubus, with eyes sewn onto her cheeks like buttons and a dagger - sharp tongue protruding from her gaping mouth. perversely, picasso has given his wife, who had begun to dye her hair, a chignon dyed the color of marie - therese \u2019 s. more hurtful, he has set this travesty of olga off against a fine, cool profile of himself incised into a puddle of paint redder than blood. in another, bifurcated head of olga \u2014 goggle - eyed and manic on the left, depressed and tranquilized on the right \u2014 picasso diagnoses her perturbed state, the better, perhaps, to exorcise it. another, similar head, entitled the kiss, is a hybrid : a demonic dark - haired profile of olga on the left with a serene blond - haired marie - therese on the right. they sprout from the same neck. the ferocity in these images suggests that, for all his passion for women, picasso may have suffered from the atavistic misogyny that supposedly lurks in the psyche of every full - blooded andalusian male. it is above all in the two masterpieces of this spring, large nude in a red armchair ( may 5 ) and large bather ( may 26 ), that picasso pits his demons against olga \u2019 s demons. the shadows of two very different artists fall across large nude : matisse and goya. the positioning of olga \u2019 s right arm flopping bonelessly over the arm of the chair like a damaged leg is a cruel replay of the pose of matisse \u2019 s odalisque with a tambourine. the darkness of goya \u2014 a shadow picasso seldom provoked \u2014 falls no less strongly across this stridently colored work. large nude bears a disturbing resemblance to that artist \u2019 s misogynistic masterpiece, time, or the old ones : a bedizened hag gazing into a mirror, its back emblazoned with the words que tal? ( what \u2019 s up? ), which a no less hideous attendant holds up to her. the similarities \u2014 malevolent distortions, ominously flabby flesh \u2014 are self - evident. primed with goya \u2019 s merciless spanish irony, picasso gets back at his wife of little more than 10 years by picturing her as old and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4656693284126756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.594274"}
{"text": "malevolent distortions, ominously flabby flesh \u2014 are self - evident. primed with goya \u2019 s merciless spanish irony, picasso gets back at his wife of little more than 10 years by picturing her as old and decrepit. in 1930, picasso purchased a smallish, handsome, hidden - away chateau called boisgeloup. an hour \u2019 s drive northwest of paris, it was the perfect place to work in peace, and the old stables provided him with a badly needed sculpture studio. during the week, marie - therese would materialize and fulfill her duties as mistress, model, and muse. weekends, olga would appear with paulo and play the role of chatelaine. if olga arrived unexpectedly, marie - therese would scoot off on her bicycle to an inn at gisors. snapshots reveal that when olga was around picasso dressed up as an affable country gentleman in a smart three - piece suit, complete with watch chain and spats. paulo would put on the costume of a torero, jockey, harlequin, marechal de france, or 18th - century page. home movies show the chatelaine emerging from the house, a wistful smile on her face as she pulls the petals off a daisy \u2014 he loves me ; he loves me not \u2014 a heartbreaking image difficult to reconcile with large nude in a red armchair. for poor olga, life had become a charade. supposedly, the scales did not fall from olga \u2019 s eyes until picasso \u2019 s first major retrospective, at the galeries georges petit in 1932. painting after painting would have left her in no doubt as to the appearance, if not the identity, of her rival. however, bernard picasso, picasso \u2019 s only legitimate grandson, questions this assumption. he believes that his grandmother knew about marie - therese. olga was jealous and suspicious by nature, but she was no fool, and she is likely to have made inquiries of the concierge or people in the village. had picasso perhaps told her? how else to explain the rows? boisgeloup has come to be associated with marie - therese \u2019 s imagery, but it was never her turf ; it was olga \u2019 s. insofar as picasso and marie - therese had a place of their own, it was the hideaway on the left bank, and later an apartment a few houses down from his on the rue la boetie. it was not boisgeloup. ironically, after no more than five years the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44971787187119633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.596618"}
{"text": "place of their own, it was the hideaway on the left bank, and later an apartment a few houses down from his on the rue la boetie. it was not boisgeloup. ironically, after no more than five years the artist would lose possession of the chateau to olga, as a condition of their separation. their grandson, bernard, has inherited the place and transformed it into an exceedingly attractive and comfortable house. like many another married man passionately in love with a mistress, picasso repeatedly promised to marry marie - therese. these promises were not kept. as he told his later mistress dora maar and his second wife, jacqueline roque, he would never remarry until olga was dead. spaniards are averse to divorce, and although picasso contemplated it, he changed his mind when he discovered that olga would be entitled to half his property, including his paints and brushes and sketchbooks as well as his vast holdings of his own work. in the end, he settled for a separation. over christmas of 1931, picasso painted one of his most harrowing images of olga ; it is based on jacques - louis david \u2019 s great painting of the murder of the ideologue jean - paul marat at the hands of the royalist charlotte corday at the height of the french revolution. picasso \u2019 s version, woman with a stiletto, is deceptively sketchy. besides being stabbed in the heart, the little figure of marat ( a surrogate for picasso ) is about to be snapped up in the toothy maw of corday ( a surrogate for olga ). once again, picasso takes preposterous liberties with scale. the disproportionately large leg and foot belong to the otherwise minuscule marat. picasso envisions oozing gobs of vermilion gore, which end up as the red in a tricolor flag. this grotesquely farcical image implies that for picasso demonic mockery was the most effective way to exorcise olga \u2019 s murderous threats. better that he purge himself of his wrath on canvas than on her. ( when they were about to split up, in 1934, picasso would do an even more fiendish drawing of the murder of marat. this time round, a maniacal olga is cutting marie - therese \u2019 s throat with a huge knife. ) picasso finished this horrendous woman with a stiletto on christmas day. while he was working on it, olga was busy arranging a festive tea party for paulo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44100747978284915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8963aa47-5fa8-4b4f-8afc-025cef293056>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.598110"}
{"text": "training your dog? why rewards work better than punishment - provided by vetstreet. com reward - based training has been demonstrated to be effective both in the trenches with trainers and \u2014 more important \u2014 in the realm of science. scientists ivan pavlov and b. f. skinner made famous the benefit of using rewards and positive associations to change both behavior and emotion in an animal. pavlov found that, over time, animals make associations with certain stimuli that did not elicit a response originally. in pavlov ' s famous dog experiment, the sound of a dinner bell could start a dog \u2019 s salivation response, because the dog had learned through previous experience to associate this cue with food. this approach is called classical conditioning. marrying classical conditioning and operant conditioning skinner ' s experiments explored ways to get animals to repeat or avoid behaviors depending on the consequence of that behavior ; for example, he taught lab rats that pulling a lever resulted in a treat appearing in front of them. this approach is called operant conditioning. classical conditioning and operant conditioning can be combined to train dogs with scientifically sound methods using rewards. classical conditioning affects behavior by changing the underlying stimulus associated with a natural response, while operant conditioning rewards a desired behavior, increasing the chances that the behavior will occur again in the future. these two approaches can both be used in a system of positive reinforcement. by pairing rewards and positive consequences with a stimulus, such as giving high - value treats to a dog every time he sees another dog he was once unsure of, a trainer can change the dog ' s response from fear or aggression to joyful anticipation each time he sees that particular dog. this change in stimulus then causes the desired behavior change in the dog \u2014 say, from barking at the other dog to sitting peacefully at his owner ' s side. why punishment is more of a problem than a solution science shows that in order to effectively change behavior, there has to be some motivation for the change. punishment is often a motivator of choice for more traditional trainers. unfortunately, using punishment most often only rewards the punisher, because it \u2019 s an outlet for frustration. punishment can quickly get out of hand \u2014 there is a fine line between punishment and abuse. punishment will not change your pet ' s behavior in the desired way. often the animal doesn \u2019 t understand what he is being punished for, and will associate other things with the punishment than what is intended. this can hinder the bond between pet and person, as the owner is perceived by the dog as someone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5120022018244015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bccd53b-f13f-47ef-a31e-c21d535be195>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.604045"}
{"text": "way. often the animal doesn \u2019 t understand what he is being punished for, and will associate other things with the punishment than what is intended. this can hinder the bond between pet and person, as the owner is perceived by the dog as someone who is \u201c unsafe. \u201d as a result, the dog will be intimidated by and afraid of the owner. when dogs are punished, they also begin to associate certain situations with something they dislike ; in this situation, a dog may show increased aggression. this can be seen in dogs who are jerked on their prong collar when they strain towards another dog on a walk ; eventually, the dog begins to escalate his reaction to barking and lunging when he sees another dog, because the sight of another dog means he is going to be punished. dogs that are punished may temporarily inhibit their behavior in order to avoid punishment, but they don \u2019 t learn a better behavior to take the unwanted behavior \u2019 s place. in the long run, either the old behavior comes back again later or other unwanted behaviors take its place. in order to change a dog ' s behavior using the punishment model, the punishment needs to increases in intensity with time, because dogs grow desensitized to it. dogs who have been trained using punishment methods have also been shown to have increased aggression and a higher tendency to bite, which can make them a danger to children or unfamiliar adults. why positive reinforcement is preferable punishment is not a method that can be used by the entire family ; it carries great risk for both the family and the pet. positive reinforcement training, on the other hand, is something the entire family can be involved in, from young children to the elderly. using rewards doesn \u2019 t require the use of force ; it simply requires creativity. choose the behavior you want to reinforce and the unwanted behavior you want it to replace, such as getting your dog to lie on a mat instead of begging at the table, and use rewards to get your dog to display the acceptable behavior. this will increase the chances of the desirable behavior recurring, while the unwanted behavior stops. with reward - based training, you will replace the fear and inhibition taught with punishment training to a demeanor of confidence and joy. reward - based training is scientifically sound for lasting behavior change and provides a common language between pet and person that deepens the human - animal bond.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46943099173910696, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bccd53b-f13f-47ef-a31e-c21d535be195>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.605045"}
{"text": "schools have banned cupcakes, issued obesity report cards and cleared space in cafeterias for salad bars. just last month, michelle obama ' s campaign to end childhood obesity promised to get young people moving more and revamp school lunch, and beverage makers said they had cut the sheer number of liquid calories shipped to schools by almost 90 percent in the past five years. but new research suggests that interventions aimed at school - aged children may be, if not too little, too late. more and more evidence points to pivotal events very early in life - - during the toddler years, infancy and even before birth, in the womb - - that can set young children on an obesity trajectory that is hard to alter by the time they ' re in kindergarten. the evidence is not ironclad, but it suggests that prevention efforts should start very early. among the findings are these : \u00b6 the chubby cherub - like baby who is growing so nicely may be growing too much for his or her own good, research suggests. \u00b6 babies who sleep less than 12 hours are at increased risk for obesity later. if they don ' t sleep enough and also watch two hours or more of tv a day, they are at even greater risk. some early interventions are already widely practiced. doctors recommend that overweight women lose weight before pregnancy rather than after, to cut the risk of obesity and diabetes in their children ; breast - feeding is also recommended to lower the obesity risk. but weight or diet restrictions on young children have been avoided. \" it used to be kind of taboo to label a child under 5 as overweight or obese, even if the child was - - the thinking was that it was too stigmatizing, \" said dr. elsie m. taveras of harvard medical school, lead author of a recent paper on racial disparities in early risk factors. the new evidence \" raises the question whether our policies during the last 10 years have been enough, \" dr. taveras said. \" that ' s not to say they ' ve been wrong - - obviously it ' s important to improve access to healthy food in schools and increase opportunities for exercise. but it might not be enough. \" much of the evidence comes from an unusual long - term harvard study led by dr. matthew gillman that has been following more than 2, 000 women and babies since early in pregnancy. like children and teenagers, babies and toddlers have been getting fatter. one in 10 children under age 2 is overweight. the percentage of children ages 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41049402406481306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4694287-cf4a-4e50-ae67-150ef78aedcc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.609322"}
{"text": "a jesuit franciscan. - guest voices a franciscan jesuit for pope what can we make of the argentine jesuit pope who has chosen the name francis? jesuits and franciscans are both catholic, but they do represent different forms of catholic spirituality. in times past, the jesuits and franciscans have also had their share of disagreements \u2014 over mission territory, over involvement in secular affairs and over the finer points of theology. jesuits are celebrated for their complexity ; franciscans are admired for their simplicity. jesuit spirituality values discernment and decision - making, and a prayerful consideration of possibilities and choices. it is a way that emphasizes detachment from the passions. franciscan spirituality embraces an ethos of sharing, a sharing not just of possessions, but also of love and experience. it is a way recognizes our reliance on the mercy of god. jesuits, of course, have a well - deserved reputation as the intellectuals of the church \u2014 a quality that finds expression not just through teaching and research, but also through organizing and institution building. franciscans are accustomed to expressing themselves in less discursive ways : through labor, through charity, and through other examples of what catholics call corporal and spiritual works of mercy. it \u2019 s easy to make too much of these differences. many jesuits have embraced poverty and lives of hidden service ; and many franciscans are keen theologians and brilliant thinkers. but most importantly, jesuit and franciscan spiritualities converge on the person of jesus christ. st. ignatius of loyola, the founder of the society of jesus, often meditated on the prayer amina christi that says, \u201c o jesus, hide me in thy wounds so that i may never be separated from thee. \u201d st. francis of assisi, the founder of the order of friars minor, kissed and washed the sores of lepers. for him, christ was not just revealed in the leper, jesus was a leper : despised, humiliated, and outcast. for both ignatius and francis, for both jesuits and franciscans, it is the person of christ who reveals the divine and transforms our humanity. pope francis will bring a jesuit intellectualism into the papacy. after all, he was trained in germany and taught theology himself. but by choosing the name francis, he is also affirming the power of humility and simplicity. pope francis, the argentine jesuit, is not simply attesting to the complementarity of the ignatian and franciscan paths. he is pointing to how the mind and heart meet in the love of jesus christ. both st. ignatius and st.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4128308539137957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e321fa5d-defd-4144-8941-5bf1251db287>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.613046"}
{"text": "on jan. 29, 1839, in the little chapel in the english village of maer, a religious, 30 - year - old woman named emma wedgwood put on a green silk dress and got married. she believed firmly in a heaven and a hell. and she believed you had to accept god to go to heaven. she married charles darwin. as we head into a new era for a country that has struggled for too long with the marriage of science and religion, we should take a look at the marriage of charles and emma darwin. when charles came home in 1836 from his five - year voyage around the world, which included the visit to the galapagos islands, he was already seeing life and creation in a new way. and as he courted emma, he also was secretly scribbling notes about a new idea, his theory of evolution, in leather - bound notebooks marked \" private. \" he knew that his view of creation would rock the faith of emma and almost everyone in england, and as he prepared to propose to her, he agonized. charles ' father advised him to keep his mouth shut. \" conceal your doubts, \" he warned. but charles couldn ' t do that. he was too honest. he told emma of his doubts about the veracity of the bible and of his growing skepticism about religion. emma said she would marry him anyway. she prized his candor, and she knew he was a good and moral man. but in a letter she sent him soon after their engagement, she told him that she was sad that \" our opinions on the most important subject should differ widely. \" this was the first of several letters about religion that emma wrote to charles during their lives. she urged him not to close the door on faith. and she shared her fears that they would be separated for eternity. charles always listened to what she had to say, and they talked about the problem. he kept each letter close. he wrote on one of them, \" when i am dead, know that many times, i have kissed and cryed over this. c. d. \" on another he wrote, simply, \" god bless you. \" charles and emma had 10 children together. three of the children died ; the death of their beloved 10 - year - old daughter, annie, broke their hearts. that loss could have driven them apart forever. it strengthened emma ' s faith and all but closed the door on god for charles. but they fought for their marriage. the day after annie died, emma wrote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46031367640783505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:920ca39f-b9e0-4d1a-bba6-5cd2014661be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.619949"}
{"text": "old daughter, annie, broke their hearts. that loss could have driven them apart forever. it strengthened emma ' s faith and all but closed the door on god for charles. but they fought for their marriage. the day after annie died, emma wrote to charles, \" you must remember that you are my prime treasure ( and always have been ). \" darwin worked for decades on his theory. he tried to make his argument as strong and solid as possible, and he also aimed not to offend. he showed emma drafts, and he worked harder on a passage when she wrote in the margin, \" a great assumption. \" in 1859, as he finally readied \" the origin of species \" for publication, he gave the manuscript to emma. she was always his best and most trusted editor. as she read the argument that essentially took god out of creation, she did not ask charles to soften it at all. in fact, she helped him strengthen his book by making the language clearer. ( she also cleaned up his spelling and punctuation. ) through the years, the two continued to talk and listen to each other about this \" most important subject, \" as emma called it. she encouraged him not to approach religion in the same way he approached science. what leads to faith, she said, is \" feeling, not reasoning. \" after he became famous, people often wrote to the sage of down house and asked him what he believed about god. usually darwin demurred. and he echoed emma. he said his views were of \" no consequence to anyone except myself \" and that the question of religion was for theologians, not for scientists. still, he often pointed to his friend, the american botanist asa gray, who was both an evolutionist and a theist. charles and emma were married for 43 years. in his last years, charles renewed a fascination with worms and wrote \" the formation of vegetable mold through the action of worms with observations on their habits, \" a bestseller in its day. emma, never much interested in science, found herself joining him in his obsession. they spent hours together watching the worms in the garden of down house, side by side. although they never were able to see eye - to - eye on the question of religion and god, they were able to reach their hands across the gulf. in the end, each of them accepted and, it seems, truly understood what the other believed. if it is a sign of intelligence to be able to hold two opposite thoughts or opinions in your head, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5022765797510044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:920ca39f-b9e0-4d1a-bba6-5cd2014661be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.621405"}
{"text": "new test best measure of heart risk apo predicts disease better than cholesterol feb. 27, 2003 - - cholesterol, schmolesterol. the name of the heart disease game is now apob, researchers are telling doctors. it ' s not that cholesterol isn ' t important. after all, more scientists have won nobel prizes from studying cholesterol than any other molecule. but science has marched on. four huge clinical trials now show that there ' s a better single measure of heart - disease risk than cholesterol levels. it ' s called apolipoprotein or apo for short. apolipoproteins are tiny fat particles floating in the blood. having a lot of one kind of apo - - apolipoprotein b or apob - - means high risk of clogged arteries and heart attack. a high apob count predicts heart disease even better than a high level of \" bad \" ldl cholesterol, argue allan sniderman, md, and colleagues. this international group of experts also argues that the ratio of apob to apoa1 ( another kind of apo ) tells doctors more than the ratio of ldl cholesterol to \" good \" hdl cholesterol. \" the measurement of apolipoproteins should now be introduced broadly into clinical practice, \" sniderman and colleagues write in the march 1 issue of the lancet. the experts based their opinion on several huge clinical trials. the new test should be particularly helpful for patients taking cholesterol - lowering drugs. many studies show that ldl cholesterol levels don ' t do a good job of predicting heart disease risk in these patients. for them, measuring apob and the apob / apoa1 ratio may be better. good tests for apo already exist. in fact, they are even easier than cholesterol tests. that ' s because a patient doesn ' t have to fast before giving a blood sample. so why aren ' t most doctors already using the tests? \" the importance of cholesterol is densely entrenched within the medical profession and lay public, \" sniderman and colleagues note. \" the pace of change will be determined, in part at least, by how resistant conventional belief is to emerging clinical evidence. \" source : the lancet, march 1, 2003.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4531567827686432, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f537a1ce-dab7-4ef8-9be3-94c3ab8daa1a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.624526"}
{"text": "a listed building is a building, object or structure that has been judged to be of national historical or architectural interest. a listed building is a building included on a register called the ' list of buildings of special architectural or historic interest ', drawn up by the department of culture, media and sport ( dcms ), under the planning ( listed buildings and conservation areas ) act 1990. in the act any object or structure fixed to the building is treated as part of the listed building, as is any object or structure within the curtilage of the building, which although not fixed to the building, forms part of the land and has done so since before 1 july 1948. listed buildings in the borough to find out whether a building is listed or not, check the heritage gateway. if you own a property that is listed or are planning to carry out some improvement to a listed building please read on. listed buildings are placed in one of three grades, which give an indication of their relative importance - grade i, grade ii * or grade ii. grade i and ii * listed buildings are a small proportion ( about 6 per cent nationally ) of all listed buildings. they are particularly important to the nation ' s built heritage as buildings of outstanding architectural or historic interest. the remaining buildings are listed grade ii and represent an important part of our built heritage which is given special protection. grading can be changed where re - evaluation takes place after damage or alteration, or as more evidence of a building ' s history or architectural quality comes to light. but the statutory controls on alterations apply equally to all listed buildings whatever the grade. the following are the main criteria, which the dcms uses in deciding which buildings to include on the statutory list : architectural interest buildings of importance because of their design, decoration and craftsmanship ; also important examples of particular building types and techniques and building of significant plan forms ; historic interest illustrations of important aspects of the nation ' s social, economic, cultural or military history ; historic association close historical association with nationally important people or events ; group value especially where buildings comprise an important architectural or historic group or a fine example of planning, such as squares, terraces or model villages. the older a building is, and the fewer the surviving examples of its kind, the more likely it is to have historic importance. all buildings built before 1700 which survive in anything like their original condition are listed and most buildings built between 1700 and 1840 are listed. buildings erected after 1840 may be listed where they are the best examples of particular building types and only buildings of definite quality and character", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5078318514456175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27e60bb4-81ab-4591-8318-187dd31f46ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.632513"}
{"text": "buildings built before 1700 which survive in anything like their original condition are listed and most buildings built between 1700 and 1840 are listed. buildings erected after 1840 may be listed where they are the best examples of particular building types and only buildings of definite quality and character are listed. buildings that are less than 30 years old, are normally listed only if they are of outstanding quality and under threat. buildings are not listed until they are at least ten years old. buildings are added ( or removed ) from the list by the dcms listing, archaeology and world heritage branch, on the advice of specialist inspectors employed by english heritage. a building is added in one of 3 ways : there is no requirement to consult the owners before a building is listed but unless an inspector is aware of a specific threat, they will contact the owner. there is also no right of appeal against a listing and no right to compensation for loss of redevelopment opportunities. the dcms will consider a request to review a listing providing the request is accompanied by new evidence relating specifically to the architectural or historic interest of the building. evidence about a building ' s condition and cost of repairing or maintaining it or redevelopment plans can not be considered by the dcms. if you want a building to be listed or a listing to be reconsidered, you must write to : department of culture media and sport listing, archaeology and world heritage branch you do not need to be the owner of a building. the dcms does not normally consider a request for de - listing when : any request for a listing review should be accompanied by : the statutory list includes a description of each building, which may refer to some, but not all, important features of an historic building. every part of a building is listed, including the interior and any later alterations or additions. even if a feature ( internal or external ) is not included on the description, it does not mean that it is not of interest and it is still part of the listed building. you will need the council ' s consent to demolish a listed building or for any alteration or extension which would affect its character as a building of architectural or historic interest. the need for listed building consent is different from planning permission but the process is very similar. it is a criminal offence to carry out works to a listed building without prior listed building consent - even if you did not know that the building was listed. carrying out unauthorised work is punishable by a fine or a prison sentence and the council can require you to put the building back the way it was. regular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41952473934409695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27e60bb4-81ab-4591-8318-187dd31f46ff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.634800"}
{"text": "listed building consent - even if you did not know that the building was listed. carrying out unauthorised work is punishable by a fine or a prison sentence and the council can require you to put the building back the way it was. regular maintenance and ' like for like ' repairs do not need listed building consent but it would be required if the repairs include removal of historic material or changes to its character. for example, internal alterations that include removal of historic doors, fireplaces or plaster work or replacement of external doors or windows would require consent. painting and internal decorating does not need listed building consent but any external painting may require consent as it may affect the character of the listed building. replacement of modern kitchen and bathroom fittings does not require consent. advice on maintenance and repairs is available from the council and is recommended as the effect is not always straight forward. you can contact us if you are unsure whether you need permission, or for more advice on what type of work would require listed building consent. emergency work can be carried out to a listed building without prior consent providing you can subsequently prove all of the following : you will need to fill in a listed building application form. the listed building consent process is very similar to the planning process and for most cases it will take eight weeks to process an application. advice to owners or developers and their professional agents is an important part of the listed building application process and planning officers are available to discuss your proposal before you submit your application. except for the most simple applications it is advisable to employ an agent who is familiar with the policies and procedures of the council and is able to complete the necessary heritage statement. generally, the council seeks to preserve listed buildings, their settings and any features of architectural or historic interest. we would not normally approve an application to demolish a listed building, allow alterations that would involve the loss of historic parts of the building, obscure the original plan form, layout or structural integrity, or otherwise diminish the historic value of listed buildings. the council also aims to keep listed buildings in their original use, or if this use no longer exists, in another use that causes least harm to the building. many buildings can sustain some sensitive alterations or extensions to accommodate continuing or new uses. but listed buildings vary greatly in the extent to which they can be changed without harm to their special architectural or historic interest. additional detailed guidance is included in the government ' s national planning policy framework. not all listed buildings are cared for by their owners. in certain cases of deliberate neglect or long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41352673501695036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27e60bb4-81ab-4591-8318-187dd31f46ff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.635972"}
{"text": "to which they can be changed without harm to their special architectural or historic interest. additional detailed guidance is included in the government ' s national planning policy framework. not all listed buildings are cared for by their owners. in certain cases of deliberate neglect or long term vacancy, a listed building is put on the register of buildings at risk. a register is drawn up by english heritage for grades i and ii *. the council has legal powers to serve an urgent works notice or repairs notice on a listed building owner, requiring repair works to be carried out to prevent further decay. the notice will specify the works, which are considered reasonably necessary for the preservation of the building. an urgent works notice is restricted to emergency repairs only - for example works to keep a building wind and weather - proof and secure against vandalism. a repairs notice is not restricted to urgent works and may include works to preserve architectural details but can not be used to restore lost features. in extreme cases where building owners have not taken reasonable steps to preserve a listed building, the council can do the work at the owner ' s cost or compulsorily purchase a building at risk. if you are aware of an historic building which is either derelict or not being properly preserved you can the planning team who will inspect the building and advise you what action they intend to take. for information on zero rated vat building works contact hm revenue and customs ( on the web link on the right building and construction work and vat scroll down the page to ' work on buildings other than ordinary homes that may be reduced - rated or zero - rated ' ). the governments national planning website, planning portal, also has useful information along with organisations such as english heritage and national monuments record centre. this page was last updated on 09 / 11 / 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4334327913913272, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27e60bb4-81ab-4591-8318-187dd31f46ff>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.637060"}
{"text": "expect the flu to last about five days, which is the time it takes your body to produce the antibodies that finally beat the infection. you will be protected from that strain of influenza for the rest of the season. some people continue to feel ill and cough for more than two weeks. in some cases, the flu can make health conditions such as asthma or diabetes worse or lead to complications such as bacterial pneumonia. adults older than 65 and people with chronic health conditions have the greatest risk for complications from the flu, the cdc says. antiviral medications are also recommended to treat the flu - - amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir and oseltamivir - - but must be taken within the first two days of illness to be effective, the cdc says. they can reduce the length of time flu symptoms are present. these medications usually are used in hospitals, nursing homes and other institutions where people are at high risk for complications of the flu. some side effects may result from taking these medications, such as nervousness, lightheadedness, or nausea. individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are cautioned about using zanamivir. talk to your health care provider if you think you should take one of these medications. these medications are not meant as a substitute for vaccination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4180277722020287, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eba2371e-6e61-48e4-9ab6-17c379fa6848>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.639602"}
{"text": "treaty of peace between the republic of finland and the union of soviet socialist republics march 12, 1940 the government of the republic of finland on the one hand and the presidium of the supreme soviet of the union of soviet socialist republics on the other hand. desiring to put to an end the hostilities which have arisen between the two countries and to create lasting peaceful relations between them, and being convinced that the creation of precise conditions for reciprocal security, including the security of the cities of leningrad and murmansk and of the murmansk railway, corresponds to the interest of both contracting parties. have to this end found it necessary to conclude a peace treaty and have... agreed upon the following : hostilities between finland and the ussr shall cease immediately in accordance with procedure laid down in protocol appended to this treaty. the national frontier between the republic of finland and the ussr shall run along a new line in such fashion that there shall be included in the territory of the ussr, the entire karelian isthmus with the city of viipuri and viipuri bay with its islands, the western and northern shores of lake ladoga with the cities of kexholm and sortavala and the town of suojarvi, a number of islands in the gulf of finland, the area east of markajarvi with the town of kuolajarvi, and part of the rybachi and sredni peninsulas, all in accordance with the map appended to this treaty. a more detailed determination and establishment of the frontier line shall be carried out by a mixed commission made up of representatives of the contacting powers, which commission shall be named within ten days from the date of the signing of this treaty. both contracting parties undertake to refrain from any attack upon the other and make no alliance and to participate in no coalition directed against either of the contracting parties. the republic of finland agrees to lease to the soviet union for 30 years, against an annual rental of eight million finnish marks to be paid by the soviet union, hanko cape and the waters surrounding it in a radius of five miles to the south and east and three miles to the north and west, and also the several islands falling within that area, in accordance with the map appended to this treaty, for the establishment of a naval base capable of defending the mouth of the gulf of finland against attack ; in addition to which, for the purpose of protecting the naval base, the soviet union is granted the right of maintaining there at its own expense the necessary number of armed land and air", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44098093979470765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81982904-7e52-4c23-907c-74823a414f1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.646587"}
{"text": "base capable of defending the mouth of the gulf of finland against attack ; in addition to which, for the purpose of protecting the naval base, the soviet union is granted the right of maintaining there at its own expense the necessary number of armed land and air forces. within ten days from the date this treaty enters into effect, the government of finland shall withdraw all its military forces from hanko cape, which together with its adjoining islands shall be transferred to the jurisdiction of the ussr in accordance with this article of the treaty. the ussr undertakes to withdraw its troops for the petsamo area which the soviet state voluntarily cede to finland under the peace treaty of 1920. finland undertakes, as provided in the peace treaty of 1920, to refrain from maintain in the waters running along its coast of the arctic ocean warships and other armed ships, excluding armed ships of less than 100 tons displacement, which finland shall be entitled to maintain without restriction, and also at most 15 warships or other armed ships, the displacement of none of which shall exceed four hundred tons. finland undertakes, as was provided in the same treaty, not to maintain in the said waters any submarines or armed finland similarly undertakes, as was provided in the same treaty, not to establish on that coast military ports, naval bases, or naval repair shops of greater capacity than is necessary for the above - mentioned ships and their armaments. as provided in the treaty of 1920, the soviet union and its citizens are granted the right of free transit across the petsamo area to norway and back, in addition to which the soviet union is granted the right to establish a consulate in the petsamo area. merchandise shipped through the petsamo area from the soviet union to norway, and likewise merchandise shipped through the same area from norway to the soviet union, is exempted from inspection and control, with the exception of such control as is necessary for the regulation of transit traffic ; neither customs duties nor transit or other charges shall be assessed. the above mentioned control of transit merchandise shall be permitted only in the form usual in such cases in accordance with established practice in international communications. citizens of the soviet union who travel through the petsamo area to norway and from norway back to the soviet union shall be entitled to free transit passage of the basis of passports issued by the appropriate officials of the soviet union. observing general directives in effect, unarmed soviet aircraft shall be entitled to maintain air service between the soviet union and norway in the petsamo area. the government of finland grants to the soviet union the right of transit for good between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4832549095654879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81982904-7e52-4c23-907c-74823a414f1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.648797"}
{"text": "and the word was made flesh and dwelt among us sometimes, we miss the obvious. amid all the festivities of christmas, we are cautioned to remember the birth of christ. far less often, we are reminded to look beyond the birth and consider the incarnation. though the birth of jesus is a joyous event, the incarnation is the beginning of something unexpected : the restoration of humanity to a state of grace greater than that of adam and eve before the fall. at the annunciation, we dwell more on the angel ' s announcement and mary ' s response than jesus being conceived at that time. in the christmas season, we might do well to contemplate the incarnation, especially because it requires from us a response. two views of the incarnation are common in music, books and homilies : while these are both true, let us instead contemplate other less popular views of the incarnation because so much good work has been done regarding the first two. none of the following views of the incarnation is new, just overshadowed by the ones already mentioned. in considering the incarnation, we must remember that jesus existed before his conception. in fact, we believe \" through him all things were made \" ( from john 1 and the nicene creed ). through jesus, god freely chose to share in the human experience, shrinking back from nothing and participating in our world as one of us. though lord of all creation, he was subject to joseph and mary, his creatures. though the author of life, he submitted to its rules, sleeping, eating, drinking and even passing out that which his body could not use. he bore the limits of human communication, and struggled to reveal the kingdom of god in human words and actions. he endured the same politics among his followers that we suffer today, and he paid his taxes. even in the miracles, he never violated nature : stones did not become bread, animals did not speak, it did not rain wine. although he did not create death, he submitted to it for our sake, because it was the will of the father. being both god and man, inseparably joined, jesus carried this intimacy in his own body. he showed a perfect union between the divine and the human in every moment of his life. by his life, jesus again blessed creation and declared it good, and proved the love of god for creation by his life, death and resurrection. whatever jesus did as a man would be forever blessed and proven good. in the greatest intimacy of all, jesus did not reject his humanity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4577079508700788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1097d100-a828-4183-b9c7-1b468abec37b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.653302"}
{"text": "blessed creation and declared it good, and proved the love of god for creation by his life, death and resurrection. whatever jesus did as a man would be forever blessed and proven good. in the greatest intimacy of all, jesus did not reject his humanity at the resurrection. rather than leave us merely enlightened, he rose to the father while beckoning to us to follow and share his glory. likewise, all creation will be perfected to serve us in the world to come ( st. ignatius of antioch ). our pastor often says : \" the faith is caught before it is taught. \" jesus introduced a new glory into human life, almost like a virus. instead of illness and death, this contagion brings life and a share in god ' s glory. the incarnation makes it possible for us to become part of the body of christ and do the same things he did. as part of his body, we heal the sick and raise the dead ( after all, where did hospitals come from? ), we challenge those in power by our lives and words, and we bring the love of god to the poor and those rejected by society through counseling, food, and support. anyone surrendering their life to god will become at least a bit more like jesus. just as god breathed life into man at the creation, so, too, does jesus breathe life into us through the holy spirit. we are truly a new creation, for we too have received the spirit of god. writers, such as st. irenaeus and st. thomas aquinas, expressed a movement of creation coming forth from god and then returning to god. creation was not something god did a long time ago. it is ongoing. thomas merton, commenting on the writings of irenaeus, said he saw \" man as a possibility of indefinite growth. \" the incarnation opened up new possibilities for growth and made a path to god for all of creation. the incarnation was a continuing of the work of creation, and we are called to join the great procession joyfully leading all creation back to god. the love of god, made flesh in the incarnation, did not consider man below his concern. as jesus did not reject us, we can reject no one. as jesus shared in our poverty, we are called to share in the poverty of others. in our relationships with others may be found a kind of \" second incarnation \" as the body of christ comes to the world again and again, loving, sharing, finding the lost and feeding the hungry. for another view of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48821872379612186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1097d100-a828-4183-b9c7-1b468abec37b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.654282"}
{"text": "human rights \u2013 a central concern for the global hiv response on world aids day 2010, the global community is focusing attention on protecting human rights of all people affected by hiv. health, hiv and human rights are inextricably linked. hiv responses need to ensure that human rights are protected and promoted. at the same time, the promotion and protection of human rights reduces hiv risk and vulnerability and makes hiv programmes more effective. those populations most vulnerable and at risk of hiv are often the same populations prone to human rights violations. hiv policies and programmes in the health sector must promote human rights and empower individuals to exercise their rights. the right to health is central to the hiv response. while we are encouraged by news that hiv epidemics are stabilizing in most regions of the world, it is clear that too many people still do not have access to essential hiv services that can prevent hiv infections and save lives. antiretroviral treatment is still only available to one third of people in need. even with the expansion of programmes to prevent mother - to - child transmission of hiv, in 2009 only 53 % of pregnant women living with hiv were able to access treatment to prevent their infants from becoming infected. populations most at risk of hiv infection, including injecting drug users, sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender people are also those populations who have the least access to much needed hiv prevention, treatment and care services. for example, coverage of harm reduction programmes remained limited in 2009. among 92 countries that reported, 36 had needle and syringe programmes and 33 offered opioid substitution therapy. people living with hiv should not only enjoy their right to health but also their right to access crucial social services such as education, employment, housing, social security and even asylum in some cases. ensuring the rights of people living with hiv is good public health practice, by improving the health and well - being of those affected and by making prevention efforts more effective. a wide range of countries have enacted legislation to prevent discrimination against people living with hiv. however, in many cases, there is poor enforcements of such laws and stigmatization of people living with hiv and most - at - risk populations persist. hiv - related stigma and discrimination continue to undermine hiv responses. the fear of being shunned by their families and friends, marginalized in their communities or denied employment and other services is often the reason why people do not present for hiv testing or attend hiv services. all too often it is the negative attitudes and behaviours of health workers that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46090069074419593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7442d5d-39f4-4ec4-8787-dee47f196ebe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.658562"}
{"text": "##d by their families and friends, marginalized in their communities or denied employment and other services is often the reason why people do not present for hiv testing or attend hiv services. all too often it is the negative attitudes and behaviours of health workers that make health services inaccessible and unacceptable to those people at greatest risk of hiv infection and in greatest need of prevention, treatment and care services. people living with hiv, drug users, sex workers and men who have sex with men should be able to attend health services where they feel safe and are ensured the best possible and non - judgmental care. the failure to promote and protect human rights increases vulnerability and can drive hiv epidemics. in sub - saharan africa, women and girls are particularly vulnerable to hiv ; 80 % of all women living with hiv are in this region. in eastern europe, over 50 % of hiv cases are among people who inject drugs. in france, netherlands and spain, between 1 / 3 and 3 / 4 of new hiv infections are concentrated among migrants. on the eve of a new decade, we need to address laws, policies, and regulations that increase hiv vulnerability and risk, impede access to health services or infringe on human rights, particularly for vulnerable and most - at - risk populations. in nearly 80 countries, same - sex sexual relations are criminalized, with 6 countries applying the death penalty. in over 50 countries and territories, there are restrictions on travel and residence for people living with hiv. in many countries drug users are sent to prison or compulsory rehabilitation programmes rather than being provided with effective treatment. the health sector has a critical role to play in promoting public health approaches and arguments when laws are made and strategies developed by other sectors. today, i call on all sectors to protect human rights, including the right to health, and to combat discrimination. working with people living with hiv is critical for an effective hiv response and member states need to be mindful of the commitments made in the 2006 political declaration on hiv / aids to promote better legal and social environments for people to access hiv testing, prevention and treatment. who is firmly committed to the goal of achieving universal access to key hiv services. however, this will not be possible unless we make sure that the human rights of everyone, everywhere, are protected and promoted. for more information, please contact : team leader, communications, telephone : + 41 22 791 1073,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45357023019554804, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7442d5d-39f4-4ec4-8787-dee47f196ebe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.659588"}
{"text": "chemical hazards in drinking - water - copper copper is considered in the who guidelines for drinking - water quality. you can link from here to : the guidelines for drinking water quality also consider for individual chemicals : aspects of analytical achievability [ section 8. 3, pp. 157 - 166 ] technical achievability ( through treatment and other means ) [ section 8. 4, pp 166 - 184 ] rolling revision of the who guidelines for drinking - water quality copper is included in the plan of work of the rolling revision of the who guidelines for drinking - water quality. recent studies in rabbits have suggested a link between copper in drinking - water and alzheimer disease. levels in the rabbits \u2019 drinking - water were well below the current who guideline of 2 mg / litre, based on acute gastrointestinal effects ; however, it has not been established whether rabbits are an appropriate model. in addition, a communication received by who headquarters suggested the need to review the guideline value and text on copper with regard to toxicity in the preparation of formula for bottle - fed infants. progress to date the gdwq wg meeting ( geneva, 2004 ) agreed to monitor studies relating to the health effects of copper and to consult with infant nutrition experts. the gdwq wg meeting ( geneva, 2005 ) decided that the issue would be better dealt with by the who nutrition group. the gdwq wg meeting ( geneva, 2006 ) met with the who nutrition group and requested that they follow up on progress in the infant formula area at the next meeting and review the current background document on copper. no progress had been made by the time of the gdwq wg meetings in berlin ( 2007 ) and singapore ( 2008 ). other publications of interest - chemical safety of drinking - water : assessing priorities for risk management ( in preparation ) - protecting groundwater for health : managing the quality of drinking - water sources ( in preparation ) - protecting surface waters for health ( in preparation )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4780163108127262, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fcf4aae-22bd-4aed-a9f9-6597b7741e24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.662655"}
{"text": "a classic image of mars from the viking lander. click on image for full size the viking missions the viking i and viking 2 missions were designed to both orbit mars and land and make exploratory observations on the planet ' s surface. at this stage in the history of the exploration of mars, scientists had no idea what to expect nor what they might discover upon landing on the surface. the landers verified mariner missions ' bleak findings of the \" lunar - esc \" martian landscape, and performed soil studies similar to those performed by mars pathfinder ( mpf ). the soils examined by the viking missions were found to be similar, but unlike those explored by mpf! immediately prior to viking 2 orbit insertion, mars was completely enveloped in a global dust storm, rendering the surface invisible to cameras for several months. it was the first time that scientists realized the extent and potential intensity of martain dust storms. eventually, pictures * were * returned by the viking orbiters and these pictures contained valuable information about martian channels and other surface features. among other things, altimetry measurements from the viking orbiters helped establish the enormous size of olympus mons, which was first imaged by mariner 9. viking made more complete measurements of the figure of mars, measurements which help scientists understand the interior of the planet and the existence of the bulge called tharsis ridge. some of the data returned from these two spacecraft are shown in the image archive below. with this data, scientists began to make the first educated guesses about what the interior, surface history, and evolution of mars must be. the next american spacecraft to scheduled visit mars was the mars observer mission. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist, full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science, ranging from seismology, rocks and minerals, and earth system science you might also be interested in : what types of instructional experiences help k - 8 students learn science with understanding? what do science educators teachers, teacher leaders, science specialists, professional development staff, curriculum designers, school administrators need to know to create and support such experiences?... more the viking missions to mars were part of a series of u. s. efforts to explore and better understand the red planet. each viking spacecraft consisted of an orbiter and lander. the landers were sterilized... more soils form through a complex interaction of the molecules of soil with particles and molecules of the atmosphere. measurements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4743159027045738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e90c0a5-5fc4-47b7-9f30-33bf85efa7d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.667758"}
{"text": "and better understand the red planet. each viking spacecraft consisted of an orbiter and lander. the landers were sterilized... more soils form through a complex interaction of the molecules of soil with particles and molecules of the atmosphere. measurements of the soil contribute to an understanding of a planet ' s climate, weather,... more this image shows a local dust storm near the edge of the south polar cap. viewing of this image at high resolution is recommended. this fascinating image shows dust swirling over a large area. martian... more this image, taken from the mars global surveyor mission ( mgs ), shows the tharsis ridge, the green / blue area in the middle of the picture, as well as a portion of the southern hemisphere of mars. the green... more the mars observer set out to observe the atmosphere ( detailed weather rather than climate ), magnetic field and surface of mars. it carried with it 8 instruments. however, the mars observer ( mo ) failed... more in spite of mars ' similarity to earth in size and proximity to the sun, the environment of mars seems unfriendly toward life as we know it on earth. mars is small, so there is not much gravity. for this... more in spite of the fact that mars has an atmosphere, the environment of mars seems unfriendly toward life as we know it on earth. mars is small, so there is not much gravity. for this reason, much of the... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47702423112718995, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e90c0a5-5fc4-47b7-9f30-33bf85efa7d2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.668398"}
{"text": "let \u2019 s limit the effect of software patents, since we can \u2019 t eliminate them - 6 : 30 am patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have long feared have broken out. software developers and software users \u2013 which in our society, is most people \u2013 need software to be free of patents. the patents that threaten us are often called \u201c software patents, \u201d but that term is misleading. such patents are not about any specific program. rather, each patent describes some practical idea, and says that anyone carrying out the idea can be sued. so it \u2019 s clearer to call them \u201c computational idea patents. \u201d the u. s. patent system doesn \u2019 t label patents to say this one \u2019 s a \u201c software patent \u201d and that one isn \u2019 t. software developers are the ones who make a distinction between the patents that threaten us \u2013 those that cover ideas that can be implemented in software \u2013 and the rest. for example : if the patented idea is the shape of a physical structure or a chemical reaction, no program can implement that idea ; that patent doesn \u2019 t threaten the software field. but if the idea that \u2019 s patented is a computation, that patent \u2019 s barrel points at software developers and users. this is not to say that computational idea patents prohibit only software. these ideas can also be implemented in hardware \u2026 and many of them have been. each patent typically covers both hardware and software implementations of the idea. the magnitude of the software problem still, software is where computational idea patents cause a special problem. in software, it \u2019 s easy to implement thousands of ideas together in one program : if 10 percent are patented, that means hundreds of patents threaten it. when dan ravicher of the public patent foundation studied one large program ( linux, which is the kernel of the gnu / linux operating system ) in 2004, he found 283 u. s. patents that appeared to cover computing ideas implemented in the source code of that program. that same year, it was estimated that linux was. 25 percent of the whole gnu / linux system. multiplying 300 by 400 we get the order - of - magnitude estimate that the system as a whole was threatened by around 100, 000 patents. if half of those patents were eliminated as \u201c bad quality \u201d \u2013 i. e., mistakes of the patent system \u2013 it would not really change things. whether 100, 000 patents or 50, 000, it \u2019 s the same disaster. this is why it \u2019 s a mistake to limit our criticism of software patents to just \u201c patent trolls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5441618873316768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a040b93a-a347-4414-9485-d80f73a41443>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.672571"}
{"text": "mistakes of the patent system \u2013 it would not really change things. whether 100, 000 patents or 50, 000, it \u2019 s the same disaster. this is why it \u2019 s a mistake to limit our criticism of software patents to just \u201c patent trolls \u201d or \u201d bad quality \u201d patents. in this sense apple, which isn \u2019 t a \u201c troll \u201d by the usual definition, is the most dangerous patent aggressor today. i don \u2019 t know whether apple \u2019 s patents are \u201c good quality, \u201d but the better the patent \u2019 s \u201c quality, \u201d the more dangerous its threat. we need to fix the whole problem, not just a part. the usual suggestions for correcting the problem legislatively involve changing the criteria for granting patents \u2013 for instance, to ban issuing patents on computational practices and systems to perform them. but this approach has two drawbacks. first, patent lawyers are clever at reformulating patents to fit whatever rules may apply ; they transform any attempt at limiting the substance of patents into a requirement of mere form. for instance, many u. s. computational idea patents describe a system including an arithmetic unit, an instruction sequencer, a memory, plus controls to carry out a particular computation. this is a peculiar way of describing a computer running a program that does a certain computation ; it was designed to make the patent application satisfy criteria that the u. s. patent system was believed for a time to require. second, the u. s. already has many thousands of computational idea patents, and changing the criteria to prevent issuing more would not get rid of the existing ones. we would have to wait almost 20 years for the problem to be entirely corrected through patent expiration. and legislating the abolition of these existing patents is probably unconstitutional. ( perversely, the supreme court has insisted that congress can extend private privileges at the expense of the public \u2019 s rights but that it can \u2019 t go in the other direction. ) a different approach : limit effect, not patentability my suggestion is to change the effect of patents. we should legislate that developing, distributing, or running a program on generally used computing hardware does not constitute patent infringement. this approach has several advantages : - it doesn \u2019 t require classifying patents or patent applications as \u201c software \u201d or \u201c not software. \u201d - it provides developers and users with protection from both existing and potential future computational idea patents. - patent lawyers can \u2019 t defeat the intended effect by writing applications differently. this approach doesn \u2019 t entirely invalidate existing computational idea patents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49130313077996957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a040b93a-a347-4414-9485-d80f73a41443>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.673690"}
{"text": "we can assume that when richard iii was interred by the monks in the church of the greyfriars, possibly with a few of henry tudor ' s henchmen present to see that it was done, it would not have been the burial a king of england could have expected. the confirmation that the remains found in leicester are those of king richard means that, at last, this can be put right and he can be laid to rest with the solemnity and dignity that is appropriate for an anointed king. even more significantly, the finding and reinterment of richard iii ' s remains will, we hope, open up the debate about the king and his reputation. it would make such a difference if people would start to look into the history of this much maligned monarch without the old prejudices. perhaps, then, they will see past the myth and innuendo that has blackened his name and find the truth. no one is going to suggest that he was a saint - i have said on many occasions that we are not the richard iii adoration society - but even a cursory reading of the known facts will show that the tudor representation of richard iii, especially that in shakespeare ' s well known play, just doesn ' t stand up. shakespeare wrote a great play but even he must have been aware that he was twisting the facts in order to make it more dramatic. after all, he called it a \" tragedy \" not a \" history. \" his richard iii is a villain and a superb villain at that, but shakespeare was not writing history, no matter what the duke of marlborough might have thought. there are many instances where the portrayal just does not fit the historical record. for instance, in one of his three plays about henry vi, shakespeare has richard of gloucester, later richard iii, killing the duke of somerset at the first battle of st albans. at the time of that fight, richard plantagenet wasn ' t duke of gloucester and, more cogently, he wasn ' t yet three years old! the richard iii society was founded as the fellowship of the white boar almost 90 years ago. it was re - founded in 1956 and changed its name three years later, as a result of which, it took on a more missionary approach to its aims of securing a reassessment of the material relating to the life and times of this king. this was not new, of course, as reassessment had begun in the 17th century after the death of the last tudor monarch and it has continued ever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4299005369615093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68478a99-45ae-444d-9697-c3e3d454506b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.677454"}
{"text": "a reassessment of the material relating to the life and times of this king. this was not new, of course, as reassessment had begun in the 17th century after the death of the last tudor monarch and it has continued ever since. over the centuries, the approach to richard iii ' s reputation has swung like a pendulum. if, as a result of the finding of richard iii and all the publicity it has engendered, people can be encouraged to read the facts for themselves, it will be a truly great event and all who have been involved in the project are to be congratulated. i have followed its progress from an early stage when philippa langley, a member of the richard iii society whose idea it was, first came to me to ask if she thought it was viable and would the society be willing to back it. i have tried to encourage her at times when doors were being shut and when there were setbacks and together we appealed for money when there was a shortfall. it is a great testament to philippa ' s tenacity and bloody - mindedness that the project has been so successful. richard iii was no saint but neither was he a criminal. all but one of the so - called crimes laid at his door can be refuted by the facts. the one that cannot is the disappearance of his nephews, the \" princes in the tower \" and the answer to that question is simply that no - one knows what happened to them. all that follows is conjecture - they just disappeared. richard had no need to kill them ; they had been declared bastards. henry vii needed them out of the way, but he got so scared whenever a pretender appeared that it is likely that he knew they were alive at the time richard died at bosworth. did they die in 1483 or 1485 or were they spirited out of the country to their aunt, the dowager duchess of burgundy? we will probably never know. to return to the question of what will the finding of richard iii ' s remains mean? let us hope it means more clear thinking, a wider debate, greater seeking of the truth and above all, may it set the record straight for good king richard!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5017144211984141, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68478a99-45ae-444d-9697-c3e3d454506b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.678418"}
{"text": "biology - life cycles game craig t. brandow native american preparatory school p. o. box 260 rowe, new mexico 87562 notes to the teacher : to top 2. life cycles game is not a difficult game and can be challenged by lower or high level students. students can use their texts to look up answers to questions they do not know. 3. not all of the words used in the game are from a particular area but from several subject areas in biology. 2. prokaryote - cell or organism lacking a membrane - bound, structurally discrete nucleus and other subcellular compartments. bacteria are prokaryotes. compare eukaryote. see chromosomes. 3. centromere - a specialized chromosome region to which spindle fibers attach during cell division. 4. rna - ribonucleic acid, a chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells ; it plays an important role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell. the structure of rna is similar to that of dna. there are several classes of rna molecules, including messenger rna, transfer rna, ribosomal rna, and other small rnas, each serving a different purpose. 5. mitosis - the process of nuclear division in cells that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. 6. cytokinesis - is the process where one cell splits off from its sister cell. it usually occurs after cell division. 7. cell cycle - is the sequence of growth, dna replication, growth and cell division that all cells go through. 8. prophase - is the first stage of mitosis proper. chromatin condenses ( remember that chromatin / dna replicate during interphase ), the nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles ( if present ) divide and migrate, kinetchores and kinetochore fibers form, and the spindle forms. 9. metaphase - a stage in mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial plane of the cell. 10. sex chromosomes - the x and y chromosomes in human beings that determine the sex of an individual. females have two x chromosomes in diploid cells ; males have an x and a y chromosome. the sex chromosomes comprise the 23rd chromosome pair in a karyotype. compare autosome. 11. dna - ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) : the molecule that encodes genetic information. dna is a double stranded molecule held together by weak bonds between base", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5773952308477992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eb4a7f6-a477-4ba1-a951-47465cfe16e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.688616"}
{"text": "23rd chromosome pair in a karyotype. compare autosome. 11. dna - ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) : the molecule that encodes genetic information. dna is a double stranded molecule held together by weak bonds between base pairs of nucleotides. the four nucleotides in dna contain the bases : adenine ( a ), guanine ( g ), cytosine ( c ), and thymine ( t ). in nature, base pairs form only between a and t and between g and c ; thus the base sequence of each single strand can be deduced from that of its partner. 12. haploid - a single set of chromosomes ( half the full set of genetic material ), present in the egg and sperm cells of animals and in the egg and pollen cells of plants. human beings have 23 chromosomes in their reproductive cells. compare diploid. 13. amino acids - small molecules that form the building blocks of protein. 14. double helix - the shape that two linear strands of dna assume when bonded together. 15. transcription - the synthesis of an rna copy from a sequence of dna ( a gene ) ; the first step in gene expression. compare translation. 16. telophase - is when the chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles, the nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin form, and the nucleolus ( which had disappeared during prophase ) reform. where there was one cell there are now two smaller cells each with exactly the same genetic information. these cells may then develop into different adult forms via the processes of development. 17. cleavage furrow - when cytokinesis occurs during mitosis, the location of the furrow is ordinarily determined by the orientation of the spindle, in whose equatorial region the furrow forms. the furrow becomes progressively deeper, until it cuts completely through the cell producing two new cells. 18. cell plate - forms in cytoplasm of plant cell and slowly becomes larger until its edges reach the outer surface of the cells and the cells contents are cut in two. 19. hybridization - the process of joining two complimentary strands of dna or one each of dna and rna to form a double - stranded molecule. 20. morphogenesis - the establishment of shape and pattern in a organism. 21. daughter cell - process whereby a mother cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells ( see mitosis ) or four gametes ( see meiosis )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5989223376433981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eb4a7f6-a477-4ba1-a951-47465cfe16e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.690097"}
{"text": "molecule. 20. morphogenesis - the establishment of shape and pattern in a organism. 21. daughter cell - process whereby a mother cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells ( see mitosis ) or four gametes ( see meiosis ). 22. dna fingerprinting - the characterization of one or more features of an individuals genome by developing a dna fragment band ( allele ) pattern. if a sufficient number of different size bands are analyzed, the resultant bar code profile will be unique for each individual, except identical twins. it involves the use of restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis. 23. autosome - non - sex chromosome. there are 22 autosomes in the human genome. 24. interphase - the period in the cell cycle when dna is replicated in the nucleus ; followed by mitosis. 25. nucleotide - a subunit of dna or rna consisting of a nitrogenous base ( adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in dna ; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in rna ), a phosphate molecule, and a sugar molecule ( deoxyribose in dna and ribose in rna ). thousands of nucleotides are linked to form a dna or rna molecule. see dna, base pair, rna. 26. protein - a large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order ; the order is determined by the base sequence or nucleotides in the gene coding for the protein. proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body cells, tissues, and organs, and each protein has unique functions. examples are hormones, enzymes, and antibodies. 27. enzyme - a protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding the rate at which a biochemical reaction proceeds but not altering the direction or nature of the reaction. 28. alleles - alternative forms of a genetic characteristic. 29. chromosomes - the self - replicating genetic structures of cells containing the cellular dna that bears in its nucleotide sequence the linear array of genes. in prokaryotes, chromosomal dna is circular, and the entire genome is carried on one chromosome. eukaryotic genomes consist of a number of chromosomes whose dna is associated with different kinds of proteins. 30. gene - the fundamental unit of heredity. 31. gene mapping - determination of the relative position of genes on a dna molecule ( chromosome or plasmid ) and of the distance, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6743404394587942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eb4a7f6-a477-4ba1-a951-47465cfe16e3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.691077"}
{"text": "dna is associated with different kinds of proteins. 30. gene - the fundamental unit of heredity. 31. gene mapping - determination of the relative position of genes on a dna molecule ( chromosome or plasmid ) and of the distance, in linkage units or physical units, between them. 32. genome - the entire genetic identity of an individual, including alleles, or gene forms, that do not show as outward characteristics. 33. mutation - any heritable change in dna sequence. 34. plasmid - a small circular piece of dna free in the cytoplasm of a bacterial or yeast cell and replicated independently of the cell ' s chromosome. 35. recessive gene - a gene which must be present on both chromosomes in a pair to show outward signs of a certain characteristic. 36. amnion - an extra embryonic membrane that forms a fluid - filled sac containing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. 37. translation - the process by which rna makes proteins. 38. embryo - a plant or animal in an early stage of development, generally still contained within the seed, egg or uterus. 39. fertilization - fusion of nuclei of egg and sperm. 40. yolk - stored food material in an egg. 41. meiosis - the process of two consecutive cell divisions in the diploid of sex cells. meiosis results in four rather than two daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes. 42. karotypes - a photomicrograph of an individuals chromosomes arranged in a standard format showing the number, size, and shape of each chromosome type ; used in low - resolution physical mapping to correlate gross chromosomal abnormalities with the characteristics of specific diseases. 43. zygote - a fertilized egg cell. 44. blastula - an early embryonic stage in animals, preceding the delimitation of the three principle tissue layers ; frequently spherical and hollow. 45. gastrula - a two - layered, three - layered, animal embryonic stage. 46. clone - a group of genetically identical cells or organisms that are descended from one parent. identical twins are clones, as are clones of bacteria that reproduce by simple cell division. 47. gamete - mature male or female reproductive cell ( sperm or ovum ) with a haploid set of chromosomes ( 23 for humans ). 48. phenotype - the outward physical characteristics of an organism. 49. genotype - the particular combination of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6398996858086828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eb4a7f6-a477-4ba1-a951-47465cfe16e3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.692073"}
{"text": "mature male or female reproductive cell ( sperm or ovum ) with a haploid set of chromosomes ( 23 for humans ). 48. phenotype - the outward physical characteristics of an organism. 49. genotype - the particular combination of genes present in the cells of an individual. 50. binary fission - reproduction by the division of a cell into two essentially equal parts by a nonmutatic process. to help familiarize the students with new words and concepts. students will use logical approaches to solving the problem and will use textbook as a resource. biology textbooks, biology life cycles word game, dice, cup, hour glass, score sheets and game cards. follow game rules and instructions. the class will be divided into groups and each group will have a life cycles game board to use. each group will select the role of each of the players before starting the game. 1. teacher will divide up the class into groups of 4 each group will be given a \" biology life cycles game board \" ( 50 cards with definitions on one side and blank or picture on opposite side, 2 playing dice, cup ( to shake dice ), scoring paper, miniture hour glass ( like one used in scrabble ) and reference materials ( biology ). the gameboard and cards are items that can be made by the teacher or students in the classroom using cardboard and construction paper. 2. in order to play the game each student will take a turn rolling the dice ; if the numbers come up even, then the student can pick up one card from the stack at the center of the gameboard. the vocabulary / concept cards will be laying face down on the gameboard. when the student picks up the card, they will try and match it up with the labels on the gameboard. the miniture hour glass will be turned over as soon as the dice are rolled, this will be done by the scorekeeper. 3. when the sand runs out on the hourglass, the scorekeeper will call \" time \" and the next person will take their turn. the game cards are worth 5 points, if the card ( with the definitions ) matches the right name, then the player is awarded 5 points. anytime, a player throws a dice and it comes up with odd numbers, they lose their turn and must pass the cup to the player on their left. the game always goes in a clockwise direction! 4. students can use their texts to look up any vocabulary words they are not familiar with, however, if they have not read the chapter assig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6002430788561279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eb4a7f6-a477-4ba1-a951-47465cfe16e3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.693074"}
{"text": "must pass the cup to the player on their left. the game always goes in a clockwise direction! 4. students can use their texts to look up any vocabulary words they are not familiar with, however, if they have not read the chapter assigment, they will have some trouble meeting the time window. scorekeeper will announce the winning player whose total score reaches 100 points. the students who have the highest points in their respective group will play the winners of the other groups until there is one overall winner. the top 3 class winners will help the teacher to pick vocabulary words that can be used in future life cycles board games. students will complete game when the first student accumulates 100 points. to top 2. what the heck is a gene? http / / falcon. cc. ukans. edu / - jbrown / gene. html 3. diving into the gene pool - http / / www. exploratorium. edu / / genepool / glossary. html 4. cell division : binary fission and mitosis - http / / www. eme. maricopa. edu / bio18 / biobk / biobookmito. html 5. mitosis - http / / www. botany. utexas. edu / facstaff / facpages / ksata / ecpp96 / 9 / index. htm 6. biological science ( fifth edition ), william t. keeton, james l. & carol g. gould, w. w. norton and company, new york, new york. 1993. 7. schaum ' s outline of \" theory and problems of molecular and cell biology \", william d. stansfield, ph. d., jaime s. colume ', ph. d. and raul j. cano, ph. d., mcgraw - hill, 1996 8. dna fingerprinting - an introduction, lorne t. kirby - stockton press, 15 east 26th street, new york, new york 10010, 1990. 9. discovering dna structure http : / / www. gene. com / ae / ae / aepc / wwc / 1994 / discovering _ dna. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.547276232174768, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eb4a7f6-a477-4ba1-a951-47465cfe16e3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.693822"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adj. impervious to pleas, appeals, or reason ; stubbornly unyielding. see synonyms at inflexible. - n. a stone once believed to be impenetrable in its hardness. - n. an extremely hard substance. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a name applied with more or less indefiniteness to various real or imaginary metals or minerals characterized by extreme hardness : as the diamond - n. the natural opposite of the diamond - n. a lodestone or magnet, and - n. an anti - magnet. - n. in general, any substance of impenetrable or surpassing hardness ; that which is impregnable to any force. - adj. firm ; unshakeable ; unyielding ; determined. - n. a rock or mineral held by some to be of impenetrable hardness ; a name given to the diamond and other substances of extreme hardness. - n. an embodiment of impregnable hardness. - n. a magnet ; a lodestone. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. a stone imagined by some to be of impenetrable hardness ; a name given to the diamond and other substances of extreme hardness ; but in modern mineralogy it has no technical signification. it is now a rhetorical or poetical name for the embodiment of impenetrable hardness. - n. obsolete lodestone ; magnet. - adj. impervious to pleas, persuasion, requests, reason - n. very hard native crystalline carbon valued as a gem - from latin adamantem, accusative singular form of adamas ( \" hard as steel \" ), from ancient greek \u03b1\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 ( adamas, \" invincible \" ), from \u03b1 - ( a -, \" not \" ) + \u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03c9 ( damazo, \" i tame \" ). ( wiktionary ) - from middle english, a hard precious stone, from old french adamaunt, from latin adamas, adamant -, from greek, unconquerable, hard steel, diamond ; see dem\u0259 - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c while some analysts believe the fed ' s move has been largely priced in, others remain adamant that the u. s. currency will suffer as long as policy is eased further. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5873592087217119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31eca49c-8b4b-4bde-98db-fbb5795398a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.708289"}
{"text": "( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c while some analysts believe the fed ' s move has been largely priced in, others remain adamant that the u. s. currency will suffer as long as policy is eased further. \u201d \u201c i was adamant from the outset that it should be packaged like fiction \u2026 petite | \u201d \u201c still, republicans say they remain adamant that public broadcasting cannot receive funding at the expense of healthcare and education programs. \u201d \u201c anorexia is defined as the adamant conscious refusal to eat, to the point of self - starvation ; in extreme cases, it can be so severe as to cause death. \u201d \u201c i shall say, he that can take a prospect of the eternally miserable condition of multitudes among whom we live, and the approaching miseries which, without repentance and reformation, will not be avoided, and not spend some tears on them, hath a heart like a flint or adamant, that is capable of no impression. \u201d \u201c it is the greatest kind of hardness ; and hence they are said to be harder than a rock, or than an adamant, that is, harder than flint ; so hard, that nothing can enter ( jer 5 : 3 ; zech 7 : 12 ). \u201d \u201c i ' m always kind of adamant that musicians should not be visual artists. \u201d \u201c director ruba nadda says she was \" adamant \" that the character be 50 years old. \u201d \u201c laura bush was \" adamant \" about it, but kept it all quiet. \u201d \u201c speaking at a seminar on the state response to the crime problem, senior researcher johan burger said that he was \" adamant \" that the strategy had failed. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 adamant \u2019. a complete barron ' s wordlist for gre preparation. your online flashcard replacement. music brings silence ' s to raging thoughts and temperament, calm, as it is our object of definite purpose. these come from gamma meditation, i think. every major discipline has uniquely developed esoteric nomenclature to facilitate interdisciplinary dissemination looking for tweets for adamant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5101126463383424, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31eca49c-8b4b-4bde-98db-fbb5795398a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.709953"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - v. to joke or quip. - v. to make sport of. - n. a joke or quip. century dictionary and cyclopedia - v. intransitive to jest ; play tricks ; joke ; jeer. - v. transitive to mock ; deride ; gibe ; trick ; befool. - n. a joke gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. obsolete to jest ; to play tricks ; to jeer. - v. to mock ; to trick. - n. a humorous anecdote or remark intended to provoke laughter - from middle english japen ( \" to joke, play tricks \" ), of uncertain origin. perhaps from old french japer ( \" to bark, howl, scream \" ) ( possibly conflated with old french gaber ( \" to mock, deride \" ), see gab ), related to old provencal japar, jaupar ( \" to bark, yelp, yap \" ), probably of germanic origin, related to old saxon galpon ( \" to cry loudly, make a noise, brag \" ) ( low german galpen ( \" to bark, howl, scream \" ) ), middle high german gelpfen ( \" to scream, bark, boast, proclaim \" ), old norse gjalpa ( \" to yelp \" ) ( swedish dialectal galpa ( \" to cry, screech \" ) ). more at yelp, yawp, yap. ( wiktionary ) - middle english japen, probably from old french japer, to yap, chatter, nag, of imitative origin. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c we don \u2019 t want to criminalise a group of students, but at the same time we don \u2019 t want to treat the problem as some kind of jape, either. \u201d \u201c even ponting describes the quiet as \" appalling \" on one of his intertitles, which otherwise often have a jolly - jape feel. \u201d \u201c that eye wanted to cross, to discredit perkus tooth ' s whole sober aura with a comic jape. \u201d \u201c the huffington post noted the references as well as more \" jokes \" in the same vein ( including a video of cooper ' s jape, over which david gergen cluelessly chortles ). \u201d \u201c i remember when i was a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5072430855535465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:932d6add-ff3c-445d-a13d-c249b7661ba4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.715492"}
{"text": "\u201d \u201c the huffington post noted the references as well as more \" jokes \" in the same vein ( including a video of cooper ' s jape, over which david gergen cluelessly chortles ). \u201d \u201c i remember when i was a young boy, 1 april fell on a saturday, so the football league decided to create a ' hilarious ' jape by sending referees and linesmen with thematically linked names to the same game, \" recalls robin tucker. \u201d \u201c cambridge union society ' s pole - dancing jape is just plain daft. \u201d \u201c people would halt the progress of whatever parley they were engaged in and turn to stop him in aisles and antechambers, demanding an instant jape or trick from him. \u201d \u201c such little verses always made the best sort of jape. \u201d \u201c a little jape on himself, and one that would certainly deliver more concrete rewards than his loftier verse. \u201d \u201c chef nikki billington and her partner paul watson had always made running a restaurant feel less like a business venture and more like a jolly jape. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 jape \u2019. words formed in imitation of the sound of the things they signify. words that are fun to say.... a list of words that wwf recognizes as valid - most are unusual words ; some are simply high - scoring. i marvel at the amazing variety of four - letter words in the english language. and that ' s not even counting really common ( to me ) words like fuck. everyone ' s got their favorites. here are some of mine. words formed in imitation of a natural sound. words which are highly likely to be found in the work of learned writers. visions of witfulness and vision - a wise guise looking for tweets for jape.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4665342720032237, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:932d6add-ff3c-445d-a13d-c249b7661ba4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.716976"}
{"text": "iv. economic growth rates gdp growth rates in developing countries are on average higher than those in developed countries. over the 1965 - 99 period, the average annual growth rate was 4. 1 percent in low - income countries, 4. 2 percent in middle - income countries, and 3. 2 percent in high - income countries ( see figure 4. 1 ). so does this mean that the poor countries will soon catch up with the rich? the growth patterns described above do not mean that the world is on its way to \u201c convergence \u201d \u2014 that is, to the gradual elimination of the development gap between rich and poor countries. much faster population growth in most developing countries is offsetting comparatively faster gdp growth, causing gdp per capita growth rates in these countries to be relatively low or even negative ( see figure 4. 1 ; map 4. 1 ; data table 1 ). as a result the gulf between the average gnp per capita in developing and developed countries continues to widen. in the last 40 years of the 20th century, the gap between the average income of the richest 20 countries and that of the poorest 20 countries doubled in size, with the wealthiest group reaching a level more than 30 times that of the poorest. by the end of the century, of more than $ 29 trillion in global gdp, only about $ 6 trillion \u2014 less than 22 percent \u2014 was generated in developing countries, even though these countries accounted for about 85 percent of the world \u2019 s population. the average growth data for developing countries also mask growing disparities among these countries. between 1990 and 1999 east asia and the pacific experienced the fastest growth of gdp per capita \u2014 more than 6 percent a year. at the same time in sub - saharan africa the average annual growth rate was negative, and in the middle east and north africa it was less than 1 percent. the biggest drop in gdp per capita growth occurred in eastern europe and central asia because of the economic crisis caused by the transition from planned to market economies ( see figure 4. 2 ). the news is not all bad for developing countries, however. the two developing countries with the biggest populations did comparatively well during the past decade. in india gdp per capita grew by about 2. 4 percent a year, and in china by an unprecedented 6. 4 percent a year. rapid growth rates in china and india explain why almost two - thirds of the world \u2019 s population live in economies growing faster than 2 percent a year ( see figure 4. 3 ). but if india is excluded from the group of low - income countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41579331409479325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47249d98-cf92-4a40-b14d-5e3fd34ce9b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.723794"}
{"text": "rapid growth rates in china and india explain why almost two - thirds of the world \u2019 s population live in economies growing faster than 2 percent a year ( see figure 4. 3 ). but if india is excluded from the group of low - income countries and china is excluded from the group of middle - income countries, average annual growth rates in these groups become considerably lower than in high - income countries ( see figure 4. 1 ). during the last decade of the 20th century 54 developing countries had negative average growth rates, and most of those with positive growth rates were growing slower than high - income countries ( see map 4. 1 and data table 1 ). 1965 and 1995 the gap between developed countries and most developing countries widened considerably ( see figure 4. 4 ). asia was the only major region to achieve significant convergence toward the developed countries ' level of gnp per capita. per capita income in the newly industrialized economies of asia \u2014 hong kong ( china ), the republic of korea, singapore, and taiwan ( china ) \u2014 increased from 18 percent of the developed country average in 1965 to 66 percent in 1995. at the same time africa, for instance, became even poorer in relative terms. the average per capita income in african countries equaled 14 percent of the developed country level in 1965 and just 7 percent in 1995. even though figure 4. 4 does not cover the second half of the 1990s, you can still find the approximate position of your country in it, using data table 1 in the back of this book ( see the ppp estimate of gnp per capita in your country as of 1999 and use the average of $ 24, 930 for gnp per capita in developed countries ).. on existing trends, only about 10 developing countries \u2014 those with gnp per capita growth rates more than 1 percentage point higher than the average for developed countries \u2014 can look forward to catching up with developed countries within the next hundred years. and those 10 countries will catch up only if they can maintain their high growth rates. doing so will be a challenge. in fact, the poorer a country is, the harder it is to maintain the high volume of investment needed for its economic growth ( see chapter 6 ). sustained economic growth in developing countries is a critical tool for reducing poverty and improving most people \u2019 s standard of living. but economic growth alone is not enough. in some countries poverty worsened in spite of overall economic growth, owing to increased income inequality ( see chapter 5 ). such economic growth can be socially unsustainable \u2013 leading to social stress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4459975677961484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47249d98-cf92-4a40-b14d-5e3fd34ce9b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.725005"}
{"text": "occasionally tornadoes develop so rapidly that advance warning is not possible. remain alert for signs of an approaching tornado such as a dark, often greenish sky, large hail, or a loud roar similar to a freight train. here are tornado safety rules from the national weather service : - - the safest place to be is an underground shelter, basement, or safe room. - - if no underground shelter or safe room is available, a small, windowless interior room or hallway on the lowest level of a sturdy building is the safest alternative. - - mobile homes are not safe during tornadoes. abandon mobile homes and go to the nearest sturdy building or shelter immediately. - - if you are caught outdoors, seek shelter in a basement, shelter or sturdy building. if you cannot quickly walk to a shelter, immediately get into a vehicle, buckle your seat belt and try to drive to the closest sturdy shelter. - - if flying debris occurs while you are driving, pull over and park. now you have the following options as a last resort : - - stay in your vehicle with the seat belt on. put your head down below the windows, covering with your hands and a blanket if possible. - - if you can safely get noticeably lower than the level of the roadway, exit your car, and lie in that area, covering your head with your hands. your choice should be driven by your specific circumstances. this information is from noaa and the national weather service.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4307802739049623, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c713b5a-e5d3-4f1c-8441-21eb90515b92>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.727541"}
{"text": "the new economy challenge : implications for higher education think of this as our final examination to determine whether we are a species worthy of survival. if there is to be a human future, we must reinvent ourselves and our institutions \u2014 and do so with all possible speed. this is the challenge with which our educational institutions must now engage. we need a new vision for the human future that goes far beyond current policy proposals for adjustments in technology and market incentives. the values and institutions of the 20th century that led us to recklessly squander earth \u2019 s abundance for the benefit of the few were shaped by an economic mindset that reduces all values to financial values and all human exchanges to financial transactions for private financial gain. this mindset gave us collapsing environmental systems, unconscionable inequality, and rule by global corporations that operate beyond the reach of democratic accountability. ecological principles for the new economy the economic systems and institutions of the 21st century must be designed to serve three very different outcomes : ecological balance, shared prosperity, and living democracy. we properly turn to ecologists, not economists, for guidance. the underlying principles of the new economy are ecological principles. they are central to the ecologist \u2019 s intellectual frame, but alien to the financial frame of most professional economists. - ecological balance : i call this spaceship management 101. the defining human imperative of our time is to bring ourselves into balance with earth \u2019 s biosphere. this requires shrinking global gdp, starting with the most profligate nations while creating a planetary - scale economic system that mimics the structure and behavior of earth \u2019 s biosphere. listen closely, because the following is key : earth \u2019 s biosphere is segmented into countless self - organizing local ecosystems, each locally rooted, locally self - reliant, and exquisitely adapted to its particular place on earth to optimize the use of locally available resources in service to life. we must similarly organize our human economies as subsystems of local ecosystems. to the extent that each local economy is in balance with its local ecosystem, the biosphere itself will be in balance. - shared prosperity : as we act to reduce aggregate consumption and rebuild local economies that integrate with local ecosystems, we need to recognize that earth \u2019 s bounty is the shared birthright of all living beings and learn to share it equitably for the benefit of all. it is the right thing to do and essential to our survival. it is also a necessary path to increasing human health and happiness. according to a massive body of public health research, societies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5249434025838673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e260bc4-88da-413b-8d77-3e87e932c408>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.735965"}
{"text": "to share it equitably for the benefit of all. it is the right thing to do and essential to our survival. it is also a necessary path to increasing human health and happiness. according to a massive body of public health research, societies that share wealth equally are healthier, have stronger families and communities, less crime and violence, and healthier natural environments than do less equal societies. inequality creates psychological and emotional stress, including for those at the top, discourages sharing, and increases insecurity. societies that distribute wealth equitably also tend to be more democratic and more resilient in the face of crisis. - living democracy : in living democracies, popular sovereignty is integral to the fabric of community life. living democracy is a daily practice of civic life. living democracies celebrate and affirm diversity within a framework of individual rights, community responsibility, and mutual accountability. their political and economic institutions support local decision making within a framework of cooperation and mutually agreed rules. shared power, shared resources, and shared prosperity go hand in hand. redesigning the system the defining structural characteristics of economies organized to support ecological balance, shared prosperity, and living democracy will be near mirror opposites of the structures of power and privilege that the current economy supports. here are three key system design issues : the economics of happiness a ground - breaking commission of leading economists suggests that nations look beyond gdp. - indicators. we currently use gross domestic product ( gdp ) and corporate stock share price indices as the primary indicators against which we evaluate economic performance, and we manage our public policies to maximize their growth. gdp is basically a measure of the rate at which we are turning useful resources into garbage and stock price indices are basically a measure of the rate at which rich people are getting richer relative to the rest of us while doing no useful work. we get what we measure, so we should measure what we want by assessing economic performance against non - financial indicators of the health of people, community, and nature. indicators like the living planet index and the ecological footprint promoted by the world wide fund for nature are an excellent place to start. - money system. our present economic system centralizes and monopolizes control of the creation and allocation of money in the hands of a very few private banks that use this power to finance socially destructive speculation, asset bubbles, loan pyramids, and corporate buyouts, and to force working people and productive main street enterprises into debt slavery. the official money system is the operating system of the economy. it can and should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5266580884505871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e260bc4-88da-413b-8d77-3e87e932c408>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.737147"}
{"text": "this power to finance socially destructive speculation, asset bubbles, loan pyramids, and corporate buyouts, and to force working people and productive main street enterprises into debt slavery. the official money system is the operating system of the economy. it can and should be decentralized, localized, and managed as a public utility comprised primarily of locally rooted nonprofit or publicly owned community banks and credit unions providing basic financial services and funding productive local investment. financial speculation should be eliminated either by legal prohibition or through the imposition of confiscatory taxes. for all the attention given to financial analysis, the money system is one of the least understood aspects of modern society and it gets little attention in university programs. understanding money as a system of power and the implications for society should be considered an essential foundation of education for responsible citizenship to which every student should be exposed. - business enterprises. the global economy is organized under the control of global mega - corporations with internal economies larger than those of most countries, which are accountable only to absentee owners whose sole interest is financial return. the living economies of the future are properly organized around locally owned small and medium - sized living enterprises that root economic decision making in the community, treat profit as a means rather than an end, and define their purpose in terms of meeting community needs. large corporations must be broken up and restructured as smaller worker - or community - owned businesses. business schools that prepare managers to serve the financial bottom line of large corporations will need to reorganize to prepare managers for living enterprises. when money rules modern money is perhaps the most mysterious of human inventions. it is nothing but a number of no substance or intrinsic worth. yet in contemporary societies, money determines our access to virtually every essential of life. the decisions of those who control the creation and allocation of money determine the fate of nations and shape the booms and busts of economic life they determine who among earth \u2019 s people will have food, shelter, education, and health care \u2014 and who will not. it is all just numbers and creative accounting, but the system that generates and allocates these special numbers is the most effective and undemocratic of tyrannies, because its inner workings are largely invisible and therefore difficult for ordinary people to challenge. we may express outrage against the bankers who abuse the power the system gives them, but we generally take the system itself for granted. the money system largely defies understanding, because it is based on illusions, beginning with the illusion that money itself is wealth and that people who make money are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385106071671996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e260bc4-88da-413b-8d77-3e87e932c408>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.738210"}
{"text": "who abuse the power the system gives them, but we generally take the system itself for granted. the money system largely defies understanding, because it is based on illusions, beginning with the illusion that money itself is wealth and that people who make money are thereby creating wealth. economist john kenneth galbraith once famously observed that the process by which money is created is \u201c so simple it repels the mind. \u201d when you take out a loan from a bank, the bank opens an account in your name and enters the amount of the loan in its ledger. that becomes a liability on the bank \u2019 s accounts, offset by the corresponding asset of your promise to repay with interest. two simple accounting entries and money magically appears from nowhere. this simple fact makes banking a very profitable business and is the key to the ability of the institutions of global finance to rule the world. mayer amschel rothschild, founder of the rothschild banking dynasty, once famously said, \" permit me to issue and control the money of a nation and i care not who makes its laws. \" money created out of nothing, unrelated to the creation of anything of corresponding value, is phantom wealth. in the united states, wall street has built a whole industry devoted to creating phantom wealth. they call it financial innovation. it is a form of theft and should be treated as such. understanding how this works is essential to fulfilling one \u2019 s civic responsibility in a democratic society, yet it is rarely addressed in existing university curricula. that means, we rely on support from our readers. independent. nonprofit. subscriber - supported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5359711413711161, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e260bc4-88da-413b-8d77-3e87e932c408>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.738911"}
{"text": "telautograph forerunner to modern fax by neal mcchristy over 100 years ago, you might have lived in new york and instantly received a handwritten faxed note from your grandmother in boston. while most people consider the fax machine a modern invention, its use over telegraph wires started with the invention of the telautograph, which transmitted handwriting to distant points over a two - wire circuit such as telegraph wires. the 1888 invention by the founder of omnifax, elisha gray, was displayed at the 1893 chicago world ' s fair, which featured electricity as a fairly new phenomenon of science. it was in 1894 that george tiffany invented the faster \" eureka \" model, and commercial instruments were first installed that year at the american bank note company. it was the start of a number of business uses, including in the sales world. and in the political world, results were instantaneously transmitted to the public on election night nov. 7, 1916, when record crowds watched as president woodrow wilson was re - elected. the earlier telautograph was both transmitter and receiver, but evolved into separate units in the 1930s. the transmitter wrote with a metal plate connected to a stylus, which was connected to potentiometers. the amplitude of the voltage was related to the position of the stylus on the metal plate, measured by the set of potentiometers. on the receiving end, motors would move according to the voltage received from the transmitter. the receiver pen was held away from the paper by a metal bar. the operator wrote on the metal plate and motion on the metal plate on the transmitting end would cause the bar to drop and the pen to touch the paper on the receiver. a \" telescriber \" was an improved telautograph in the ' 40s. it was part of a growing technology today known as facsimile. the technique was also growing for use of a rotating cylinder and transmitter for transmission of photos by press services, another fax - related technology. in about 1956, long - range transmission using low - frequency signals was introduced. there was also the introduction of the \" model d \" series that used paper, instead of metal plates, for the transmitters and amplifiers in all receivers. facsimile improved dramatically in the ' 60s with the introduction of the \" copyphone, \" which transmitted at a page per minute. in 1979, the telautograph corp., formed in the ' 20s, introduced its omnifax brand name. it was also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4717897595351157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01788a03-0fef-4bb7-88f6-6d7a9064f1ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.742045"}
{"text": "the ' 60s with the introduction of the \" copyphone, \" which transmitted at a page per minute. in 1979, the telautograph corp., formed in the ' 20s, introduced its omnifax brand name. it was also the year that the first thermal fax was introduced. as fax machines became more common in the ' 80s and ' 90s, smaller, personal - unit machines began to be used. telautograph became danka / omnifax in 1993, bought by danka business systems plc. the danka fax machine business was sold to xerox in june of this year. editor ' s note : the information for this article was compiled from information supplied by omnifax, now owned by xerox and headquartered in austin, texas. see the history of the omnifax at the omnifax history pages. related web sites : omnifax home page there is mention of demonstration of the telautograph at the 1893 chicago world ' s fair tour narrative. omnifax home page rs & r news online : \" a history of fax - related technology \" rs & r news online : \" danka sells fax business to xerox \" rs & r news online : \" the future of fax is online \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4400737071039975, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01788a03-0fef-4bb7-88f6-6d7a9064f1ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.742595"}
{"text": "as a result of the oil spill in the gulf, people are beginning to question our dependence on oil. though the massive leak was an catastrophic environmental tradgedy, it may have been the push we needed towards a renewable energy future. in the meantime, we personally, can take baby steps away from oil. this entry comes by popular request. a lot of people have been asking what they can do to use less oil, and reduce demand for the sticky stuff ruining beaches everywhere. here \u2019 s my top ten, feel free to add to it in comments : 1. carpool, cycle or use public transport to go to work. 2. choose, when possible, products packaged without plastic and recycle or re - use containers. 3. buy organic fruits and vegetables ( fertilisers and pesticides are based on oil more often than not ). 4. buy beauty products ( shampoo, soap, make - up ) based on natural ingredients, not oil. 5. choose when possible locally produced products ( less transport involved ). 6. buy clothes made out of organic cotton or hemp \u2013 not from oil derivatives. 7. use non - disposable items in picnics and summer festivals. 8. quit bottled water. 9. fly less. 10. demand that your government encourage renewable energy instead of subsidizing oil.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4283689532551836, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0236e8e6-e509-4aa4-8d0f-533e8c47206d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.743992"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s been quite a week for space exploration and some truly remarkable pictures were taken, here \u2019 s the best ones. the solar flare in 3d earth was struck by a major solar flare, the biggest one in years, and this fantastic 3d image shows sunspots and \u201c wonderful active regions in exquisite detail, \u201d according to nasa \u2019 s solar dynamics observatory. despite the fact that scientists feared gps and plane disturbances, the storm \u2019 s effects were quite soft. the martian dust devil dust devils are spectacular sights indeed, and when they occur on mars \u2013 things get even better. this snake like devil casts a snake - like shadow in what can only be called a stunning image. they form when hot air near the surface rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler, low - pressure air above it. if conditions are just right, the air may begin to rotate. this particular dust devil was 800 meters tall. mars was definitely one of the stars of the past week, and this landslide - riddled part of the martian canyon ius chasma shows us just how beautiful the red planet can be. in what many geologists believe to be the same process as the one which formed earth \u2019 s african rift, the martian crust split and formed this gigantic canyon system. the desert with green dots green fields dot the desert in saudi arabia, in an almost surreal picture captured by the international space station ( iss ). during the past few years, agriculture has been taken to a whole new level in saudi arabia ( and other neighboring countries ) as water is pumped from underground aquifers and distributed through a technique that rotates water around a circular point \u2013 thus creating the round patterns you see. the mediteranean area \u2013 from space another great picture highlights the activity around the nile \u2019 s delta ( to the left ) and the gulf of suez and the suez canal which can be seen on the right.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4582515940873633, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c061316-8020-4474-b680-074d652c0cda>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.746628"}
{"text": "july 24, 2002 i would like to thank you for the work you are doing to improve the achievement of all students. the no child left behind act ( nclba ) significantly raises expectations for states, local educational agencies and schools in that all students are expected to meet or exceed state standards in reading and in math within 12 years. it also provides a significant increase in resources to assist states in meeting these new expectations. this bipartisan act is intended to build upon and enhance accountability systems that states have been developing since, or prior to, the 1994 reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act ( esea ). i would like to applaud the efforts states have made to develop and implement high quality accountability systems based on challenging standards and assessments and high expectations for students. working together, we can ensure that all students succeed and that the achievement gap is closed, once and for all. accountability is central to the success of the no child left behind act : states need to set high standards for improving academic achievement in order to improve the quality of education for all students. under the nclba, each state establishes a definition of \" adequate yearly progress \" ( ayp ) to use each year to determine the achievement of each school district and school. the new definition of ayp is diagnostic in nature, and intended to highlight where schools need improvement and should focus their resources. the statute gives states and local educational agencies significant flexibility in how they direct resources and tailor interventions to the needs of individual schools identified for improvement. under the nclba, schools are held accountable for the achievement of all students, not just average student performance. ensuring that schools are held accountable for all students ' meeting state standards represents the core of the bipartisan act ' s goal of ensuring that no child is left behind. the purpose of the statute, for both assessments and accountability, is to build on high quality accountability systems that states already have in place, not to require every state to start from scratch. therefore, i want to assure you that the department will work with states so that they have the tools they need to implement definitions of ayp that meet the requirements of the statute and maintain high standards. states are to identify for improvement any title i school that does not meet the state ' s definition of adequate yearly progress for two consecutive years. however, it is important to underscore the flexibility granted by the statute to state and local educational agencies to direct resources and tailor interventions to the needs of individual schools. for example, the statute gives states and leas flexibility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5110987641416711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b72d3aa5-ab12-495d-92ad-6013237475de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.760684"}
{"text": "for two consecutive years. however, it is important to underscore the flexibility granted by the statute to state and local educational agencies to direct resources and tailor interventions to the needs of individual schools. for example, the statute gives states and leas flexibility in how they can direct title i school improvement funds to schools that need the most improvement. it also provides a list of consequences under \" school improvement, \" \" corrective action \" and \" restructuring \" that allow states to take a range of actions. for example, under \" corrective action \" the options range from more limited consequences such as hiring an outside expert to advise a school on how to make adequate yearly progress, to more significant measures such as replacing school staff or restructuring the internal organization of a school ( see attached chart ). states are free to build on the statutory requirements and to develop differentiated responses based on the degree to which a school has not made ayp. the law does not prescribe how states must officially designate schools that do not meet ayp requirements. for example, a state could develop categories based on the number of subgroups that make ayp : - all groups of students meet ayp goals. - all but one or two subgroups meet ayp goals. - all but one or two subgroups, and the school as a whole, do not meet ayp goals. - no group of students meets ayp goals. ayp should be used to target the unique needs of schools to improve student achievement. it does not necessitate a \" one size fits all \" response without regard to how well a school is doing overall. however, any title i school in which any group of students fails to meet the ayp goal must be identified as in need of improvement, and all such schools that are identified are subject to the timeline for improvement required under section 1116. regardless of the degree to which a school is not making ayp, an lea must take actions to address the needs of the school and improve achievement, provide public school choice for all students in any school that is identified for improvement, and provide supplemental education services for eligible students in schools that continue to not make ayp, as required under section 1116. it should be noted that the statute permits schools that do not meet a statewide proficiency goal to also make ayp if, in the subgroup that does not meet this bar, there was at least a ten percent reduction from the previous year in the percentage of students who are not proficient and that subgroup made progress on the other state - designated academic indicator. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46353750661133136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b72d3aa5-ab12-495d-92ad-6013237475de>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.761852"}
{"text": "ayp if, in the subgroup that does not meet this bar, there was at least a ten percent reduction from the previous year in the percentage of students who are not proficient and that subgroup made progress on the other state - designated academic indicator. for example, if the percentage of disadvantaged students not proficient in reading decreases from 70 percent to 63 percent the following year, that group has made sufficient progress. the department will issue proposed regulations that address in detail the requirements for state accountability systems. the purpose of this letter is to clarify the process for reviewing and approving state definitions of ayp and to provide you with additional guidance by highlighting criteria that will be used in this process. guidance on ayp criteria and the peer review process states will be required to submit their definitions of ayp for review at the beginning of 2003, although those states applying for state flex 1 will have to submit definitions for approval this fall. in order to ensure that states can move expeditiously to implement their new definitions of ayp, states can submit the plans for review this fall even if they are not applying for state flex. the department will provide additional ayp guidance and more details about the requirements of the review process. all definitions will be peer reviewed, as required by the statute, by a panel that includes representatives of parents, teachers, state educational agencies and local educational agencies. peer review panelists will make recommendations as to how well each proposed definition meets the requirements of the statute. approaches to meeting the statutory requirements that are at least as rigorous as the requirements of the statute and the regulations will be considered, provided that a state demonstrates that its system meets the following criteria : a single statewide accountability system applied to all public schools and leas. 2 - \" all schools and leas \" includes title i and non - title i schools and leas. - student assessments are administered and the accountability system is applied in the same manner for all schools, regardless of receipt of title i funds. 3 all public school students are included in the state accountability system. 4 - a student attending the same school for a \" full academic year \" must be included when determining if a school has made ayp. - a student that attends more than one school in a district during the school year is only included in determining if a district has made ayp. - all student results are included in the school level report card. a state ' s definition of ayp is based on expectations for growth in student achievement that is continuous and substantial, such that all students are proficient in reading and math no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5054207250102012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b72d3aa5-ab12-495d-92ad-6013237475de>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.763065"}
{"text": "ayp. - all student results are included in the school level report card. a state ' s definition of ayp is based on expectations for growth in student achievement that is continuous and substantial, such that all students are proficient in reading and math no later than 2013 - 2014. 5 - accountability systems must establish proficiency goals statewide, based on assessment data from the 2001 - 02 school year, that progressively increase to reflect 100 percent proficiency for all students by 2013 - 14. - these goals must increase at steady and consistent increments during the 12 - year timeline, although not necessarily annually throughout the 12 years ( i. e., states cannot establish goals that will require the most substantial progress toward the end of the 12 - year timeline ). - increases in proficiency rates must occur for a school to make ayp. progress in student achievement from the \" below basic \" to the \" basic level \" is not in and of itself sufficient to meet ayp requirements. however, states and leas are strongly encouraged to develop systems to recognize very low - performing schools that are making such improvement. a state makes annual decisions about the achievement of all public schools and leas. 6 - states may calculate ayp for a school using up to three consecutive years of data. - if a state chooses to average data over two or three years, it must still determine whether a school or district made ayp on an annual basis. all public schools and leas are held accountable for the achievement of individual subgroups. 7 - accountability decisions must be based on the achievement of each subgroup in the law, as well as overall achievement. - states must set separate, measurable annual objectives for each of these subgroups that ensure they meet the deadline to reach proficiency within 12 years. - subgroups for accountability are major ethnic / racial groups, economically disadvantaged students, limited english proficient ( lep ) students, and students with disabilities. the goals for each subgroup may be the same as long as each subgroup reaches 100 percent proficiency in 12 years. a state ' s definition of ayp is based primarily on the state ' s academic assessments. 8 - decisions about school and lea progress must be primarily determined by achievement on academic assessments. a state ' s definition of ayp includes graduation rates for high schools and an additional indicator selected by the state for middle and elementary schools ( such as attendance rates ). 9 - other academic indicators may be included in addition to these required indicators. - these indicators may only have the effect of indicating a school did not make ayp. in other words", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5114450649384705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b72d3aa5-ab12-495d-92ad-6013237475de>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.764141"}
{"text": "the state for middle and elementary schools ( such as attendance rates ). 9 - other academic indicators may be included in addition to these required indicators. - these indicators may only have the effect of indicating a school did not make ayp. in other words, a state may use these indicators to identify a school for improvement, but they may not be used to prevent a school from being identified for improvement. ayp is based on separate reading / language arts and math achievement objectives. 10 - each subgroup of students enrolled in schools and leas must meet annual objectives in reading and math for the school or lea to make ayp. a state ' s accountability system is statistically valid and reliable. 11 - in determining ayp, a state is not required to use disaggregated data when the number of students in a subgroup is ( a ) too small to yield statistically reliable information or ( b ) the results would reveal personally identifiable information. - each state determines a minimum size of a group, below which the results would not be statistically reliable for use in determining ayp. states make a reasonable determination of that number based on the technical specifications of their assessments. in order for a school to make ayp, a state ensures that it assessed at least 95 % of students in each subgroup enrolled. 12 - schools must report all student results by subgroup. the number of students in a subgroup must be of sufficient size to produce statistically reliable results for the 95 % requirement to affect ayp. in other words, if the number of students in a subgroup is too small to produce statistically reliable results, the state need not, on the basis of the 95 % requirement, identify the school as not making ayp, even if fewer than 95 % of the students in that subgroup take the state ' s assessment. in general, the nclba sets the minimum requirements for statewide accountability systems. states should use these requirements to enhance their current systems. this letter is intended to amplify our proposed regulations and provide states with information necessary to be successful in the upcoming state accountability system peer review process. i encourage you to review and comment on our proposed regulations. please know that my staff and i are available to work with you as we move forward. i look forward to our collaboration on implementing this most fundamental aspect of the nclba. 1 the nclba enacted significant new flexibility options for state and local school districts. the state flexibility demonstration program allows states to receive additional flexibility in exchange for increased accountability for achievement. for more information about the flexibility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45366561045866216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b72d3aa5-ab12-495d-92ad-6013237475de>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.767082"}
{"text": "fundamental aspect of the nclba. 1 the nclba enacted significant new flexibility options for state and local school districts. the state flexibility demonstration program allows states to receive additional flexibility in exchange for increased accountability for achievement. for more information about the flexibility options in the nclba, please go to our web site at http : / / www. ed. gov / nclb / freedom / local / flexibility /. 2 sections 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( a ) and 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( i ). 3 requirements for school improvement, corrective action and restructuring under section 1116 only apply to schools receiving title i funds. 4 sections 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( a ), 1111 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( c ) ( xi ), 1111 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( c ) ( xi ), and 1111 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( c ) ( xiii ). 5 sections 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( iii ), 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( f ), and 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( h ). 6 section 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( j ). 7 sections 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( v ), 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( v ), and 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( v ) ( ii ). 8 section 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( iv ). 9 section 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( vi ). 10 section 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( g ) ( i ) 11 section 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( ii ) 12 section 1111 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( i ) ( ii ). | school improvement options | | a school is identified for school improvement after it has not made ayp for two consecutive school years. a school moves to the next \" step \" or \" year \" in this chart if it continues to not make ayp. | in general, schools identified for improvement must receive technical assistance that enables them to specifically address the academic achievement problem that caused the school to be identified for improvement. the lea is required to provide technical assistance as the school develops and implements the plan, including specific assistance in analyzing assessment data, improving professional development, and improving resource allocation. in addition, the following must take place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46764814860439263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b72d3aa5-ab12-495d-92ad-6013237475de>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.768009"}
{"text": "| pdf ( 144 kb ) | the family educational rights and privacy act of 1974 ( \" ferpa \" ), \u00a7 513 of p. l. 93 - 380 ( the education amendments of 1974 ), was signed into law by president ford on august 21, 1974, with an effective date of november 19, 1974, 90 days after enactment. ferpa was enacted as a new \u00a7 438 of the general education provisions act ( gepa ) called \" protection of the rights and privacy of parents and students, \" and codified at 20 u. s. c. \u00a7 1232g. it was also commonly referred to as the \" buckley amendment \" after its principal sponsor, senator james buckley of new york. ferpa was offered as an amendment on the senate floor and was not the subject of committee consideration. accordingly, traditional legislative history for ferpa as first enacted is unavailable. senators buckley and pell sponsored major ferpa amendments that were enacted on december 31, 1974, just four months later, and made retroactive to its effective date of november 19, 1974. these amendments were intended to address a number of ambiguities and concerns identified by the educational community, including parents, students, and institutions. on december 13, 1974, these sponsors introduced the major source of legislative history for the amendment, which is known as the \" joint statement in explanation of buckley / pell amendment \" ( \" joint statement \" ). see volume 120 of the congressional record, pages 39862 - 39866. congress has amended ferpa a total of nine times in the nearly28 years since its enactment, as follows : p. l. 93 - 568, dec. 31, 1974, effective nov. 19, 1974 ( buckley / pell amendment ) p. l. 96 - 46, aug. 6, 1979 ( amendments to education amendments of 1978 ) p. l. 96 - 88, oct. 17, 1979 ( establishment of department of education ) p. l. 101 - 542, nov. 8, 1990 ( campus security act ) p. l. 102 - 325, july 23, 1992 ( higher education amendments of 1992 ) p. l. 103 - 382, oct. 20, 1994 ( improving america ' s schools act ) p. l. 105 - 244, oct. 7, 1998 ( higher education amendments of 1998 ) p. l. 106 - 386, oct. 28, 2000 ( campus sex crime prevention act ) p. l. 107 - 56, oct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4195131097931446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.785177"}
{"text": "p. l. 105 - 244, oct. 7, 1998 ( higher education amendments of 1998 ) p. l. 106 - 386, oct. 28, 2000 ( campus sex crime prevention act ) p. l. 107 - 56, oct. 26, 2001 ( usa patriot act of 2001 ) scope and applicability ferpa is a \" spending clause \" statute enacted under the authority of congress in art. i, \u00a7 8 of the u. s. constitution to spend funds to provide for the general welfare. ( \" no funds shall be made available under any applicable program... \" unless statutory requirements are met. ) i. covered institutions initially, ferpa applied to \" any state or local educational agency, any institution of higher education, any community college, any school, agency offering a preschool program, or any other educational institution. \" the 1974 amendments substituted the term \" educational agency or institution, \" defined as \" any public or private agency or institution which is the recipient of funds under any applicable program. \" the 1994 iasa amendments extended the right to inspect and review to education records maintained by state educational agencies, whose records are not otherwise subject to ferpa. modification of inaccurate records that seas receive from educational agencies and institutions still takes place at the local level. ii. covered records as first enacted, ferpa provided parents with the right to inspect and review \" any and all official records, files, and data directly related to their children, including all material that is incorporated into each student ' s cumulative record folder, and intended for school use or to be available to parties outside the school or school system, and specifically including, but not necessarily limited to, identifying data, academic work completed, level of achievement ( grades, standardized achievement test scores ), attendance data, scores on standardized intelligence, aptitude, and psychological tests, interest inventory results, health data, family background information, teacher or counselor ratings and observations, and verified reports of serious or recurrent behavior patters. \" the 1974 amendments substituted the term \" education records \" for the \" laundry list \" of records subject to ferpa. \" education records \" was defined in the 1974 amendments as \" those records, files, documents, and other materials which contain information directly related to a student ; and are maintained by an educational agency or institution or by a person acting for such agency or institution. \" four categories of records were excluded : 1 ) records in the sole possession of instructional, supervisory, and administrative personnel ; 2 ) records of a law enforcement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46784663129593806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.786468"}
{"text": "are maintained by an educational agency or institution or by a person acting for such agency or institution. \" four categories of records were excluded : 1 ) records in the sole possession of instructional, supervisory, and administrative personnel ; 2 ) records of a law enforcement unit which are kept apart from \" education records, \" are maintained solely for law enforcement purposes, and are not made available to persons other than law enforcement officials of the same jurisdiction, provided that personnel of a law enforcement unit do not have access to \" education records \" ; 3 ) records of employees who are not also in attendance ; and 4 ) physician, psychiatrist, or psychologist treatment records for eligible students. the conferees stated their intention that the department interpret the term \" treatment \" narrowly to limit the exemption for such records to those similar to those enumerated, and not remedial educational records made or maintained by education professionals. they also stated they did not intend to disrupt existing parental and student rights to confidentiality. conference report no. 93 - 1409, joint explanatory statement of the committee of conference, for p. l. 93 - 568. at the request of the secretary of education, congress amended the \" law enforcement unit exception \" in 1992 to eliminate the unworkable and unintended results of the prohibition on sharing education records with the law enforcement unit. the exclusion now applies to \" records maintained by a law enforcement unit of the educational agency or institution that were created by that law enforcement unit for the purpose of law enforcement. \" as originally enacted, all ferpa rights transfer from parents to students who are 18 years old or attending postsecondary institutions. the term \" eligible students \" is regulatory. rights of parents and eligible students i. right to inspect and review / right to access education records parents have the right to inspect and review the education records of their children. in the 1974 amendments, congress clarified that when a record or data pertains to more than one child, parents \" have the right to inspect and review only such part of such material or document as relates to such student or to be informed of the specific information contained in such part of such material. \" the 1974 amendments limited the right to inspect and review records so that postsecondary students do not have access to 1 ) financial records of their parents, and 2 ) confidential letters of recommendation placed in records before january 1, 1975, or if the student has voluntarily waived access to these letters, provided that the waiver cannot be required as a precondition of admission,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4946513804647648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.787767"}
{"text": "financial records of their parents, and 2 ) confidential letters of recommendation placed in records before january 1, 1975, or if the student has voluntarily waived access to these letters, provided that the waiver cannot be required as a precondition of admission, employment, or receipt of awards. in order to ensure that a rejected applicant was not given the right to challenge letters of recommendation or the institution ' s admission decision, \" student \" was defined as \" any person with respect to whom an educational agency or institution maintains education records or personally identifiable information, but does not include a person who has not been in attendance at such agency or institution. \" ii. right to challenge the content of education records parents originally had the right to a hearing to challenge the content of records to insure they are not \" inaccurate, misleading, or otherwise in violation of the privacy or other rights of students \" and to provide an opportunity for the \" correction or deletion of any such inaccurate, misleading or otherwise inappropriate data. \" the1974 amendments strengthened this right by prohibiting the department from making funds available to an agency or institution unless parents are provided an opportunity for a hearing. this amendment also gave parents the right to insert a written explanation regarding the contents of the records. the 1994 iasa amendments limited challenges to the violation of the \" privacy rights of students, \" deleting the reference to \" other rights. \" the purpose was to ensure that parents do not attempt to use ferpa to enforce rights under other laws, such as the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). the 1994 iasa amendments also added a new subsection ( h ) regarding treatment of disciplinary records, which states that nothing in ferpa prohibits an agency or institution from including in a student ' s records appropriate information regarding disciplinary actions taken against the student for \" conduct that posed a significant risk to the safety or well - being of that student, other students, or other members of the school community, \" or from disclosing that information to teachers and other school officials who have legitimate educational interest in the student ' s behavior. iii. right to consent to the disclosure of education records as originally enacted, covered institutions could not have a policy of permitting the release of personally identifiable records or files ( or personal information contained therein ) ( \u00a7 1232g ( b ) ( 1 ) ), or a policy or practice of furnishing, in any form, any personally identifiable information contained in personal school records ( \u00a7 1232g ( b ) ( 2 ) ), unless there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5325938646415485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.789753"}
{"text": "\u00a7 1232g ( b ) ( 1 ) ), or a policy or practice of furnishing, in any form, any personally identifiable information contained in personal school records ( \u00a7 1232g ( b ) ( 2 ) ), unless there is written consent from parents specifying records to be released, reasons for release, and parties to whom records may be released. the 1974 amendments clarified that agencies and institutions may not have \" a policy or practice of permitting the release of [ or providing access to ] education records ( or personally identifiable information contained therein other than directory information \" without a parent ' s prior written consent. \" directory information \" in the 1974 amendments was defined to include \" the student ' s name, address, telephone listing, date and place of birth, major field of study, participation in officially recognized activities and sports, weight and height of members of athletic teams, dates of attendance, degrees and awards received, and the most recent previous educational agency or institution attended by the student. \" educational agencies and institutions were required to provide public notice of any designated categories of directory information and to allow a reasonable time for parents to refuse to allow release of directory information without prior consent. the no child left behind act of 2001, p. l. 107 - 110 ( jan. 8, 2002 ), addresses the disclosure of directory - type information ( students ' names, addresses, and telephone listings ) to military recruiters. congress included similar language in the national defense authorization act for fiscal year 2002. both laws, with some exceptions, require schools to provide directory - type information to military recruiters who request it. typically, recruiters request information on junior and senior high school students that will be used for recruiting purposes and college scholarships offered by the military. exceptions to the \" prior written consent \" rule as first enacted, ferpa contained five exceptions to the prior written consent rule for disclosures to : 1. other school officials, including teachers within the educational institution or local educational agency who have legitimate educational interests. the 1974 amendments clarified that the agency or institution determines which school officials have \" legitimate educational interests. \" the 1994 iasa amendments added a requirement that the specific educational interests of the child for whom consent would otherwise be required are included among legitimate educational interests of school officials. the 1994 amendments also clarified that nothing in ferpa prohibited an agency or institution from disclosing information about disciplinary actions taken against students to teachers and school officials, including those in other schools, who have legitimate educational interests in the behavior of the student. the no child", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48818122750134835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.791014"}
{"text": "clarified that nothing in ferpa prohibited an agency or institution from disclosing information about disciplinary actions taken against students to teachers and school officials, including those in other schools, who have legitimate educational interests in the behavior of the student. the no child left behind act amended the elementary and secondary education act to require each state to provide an assurance to the secretary that it has a procedure in place to facilitate the transfer of disciplinary records regarding a student ' s suspension or expulsion to any elementary or secondary school where the student is enrolled or intends to enroll. 2. officials of other schools or school systems in which the student intends to enroll, upon condition that the student ' s parents be notified of the transfer, receive a copy of the record if desired, and have an opportunity for a hearing to challenge the content of the record. the 1974 amendments added \" seeks or \" before \" intends to enroll. \" 3. authorized representatives of ( i ) the comptroller general of the u. s. ; ( ii ) the secretary ; ( iii ) an administrative head of an education agency ( as defined in section 409 of gepa ) ( deleted after reorganization of the department ) ; or ( iv ) state educational authorities. as first enacted, ferpa provided that these recipients may have access to records \" which may be necessary in connection with the audit and evaluation of federally - supported education programs, or in connection with the enforcement of the federal legal requirements which relate to such programs \" provided that, except when collection of personally identifiable data is specifically authorized by federal law, \" data collected by such officials with respect to individual students shall not include information ( including social security numbers ) which would permit the personal identification of such students or their parents after the data so obtained has been collected. \" the final clause was amended on december 31, 1974, to read : \" any data collected by such officials shall be protected in a manner which will not permit the personal identification of students and their parents by other than those officials, and such personally identifiable data shall be destroyed when no longer needed for such audit, evaluation, and enforcement of federal legal requirements. \" on august 6, 1979, congress clarified that ferpa does not \" prohibit state and local educational officials from having access to student or other records which may be necessary in connection with the audit and evaluation of any federally or state supported education program or in connection with the enforcement of the federal legal requirements which relate to any such program, \" subject to the conditions on redisclosure set forth elsewhere in the statute. the legislative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47193489286271023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.792046"}
{"text": "the audit and evaluation of any federally or state supported education program or in connection with the enforcement of the federal legal requirements which relate to any such program, \" subject to the conditions on redisclosure set forth elsewhere in the statute. the legislative history explains that this amendment corrects an \" anomaly \" caused by the department ' s interpretation of ferpa as precluding state auditors from requesting student records in order to conduct state audits of local and state - supported programs. the 1998 higher education amendments added a provision that also allows disclosure to authorized representatives of \" the attorney general for law enforcement purposes \" under the same conditions as apply to the secretary under this provision, as described above. 4. appropriate officials in connection with a student ' s application for, or receipt of, financial aid. the conferees of the 1974 amendments stated their intention that this exception should allow the use of social security numbers in connection with a student ' s application for, or receipt of, financial aid. 5. designees of a judicial order or any lawfully issued subpoena, upon condition that parents and students are notified in advance of compliance by the educational institution or agency. the 1994 iasa amendments added a new, related exception for law enforcement purposes that allows agencies and institutions to disclose information to designees of a federal grand jury subpoena without first notifying parents or students, and to designees in any other subpoena issued for a law enforcement purpose with notice to parents or students at the discretion of the court or other issuing agency. the 1974 amendments added five additional exceptions to the prior written consent rule : 6. state and local officials or authorities to whom such information is specifically required to be reported or disclosed pursuant to state statute adopted prior to november 19, 1974 ( \" grandfather clause \" ). the joint statement explained that in establishing a minimum federal standard for record confidentiality and access, ferpa was not intended to preempt the states ' authority in the field. accordingly, states may further limit the number or type of state or local officials who will continue to have access or provide parents and students with greater access to records than under ferpa. the 1994 iasa amendments eliminated the \" grandfather clause \" and substituted an exception for disclosure to state and local officials in connection with the state ' s juvenile justice system under specified conditions. 7. organizations conducting studies for, or on behalf of, educational agencies or institutions for the purpose of developing, validating or administering predictive tests, administering student aid programs, and improving instruction, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5182710805099571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.793062"}
{"text": "state ' s juvenile justice system under specified conditions. 7. organizations conducting studies for, or on behalf of, educational agencies or institutions for the purpose of developing, validating or administering predictive tests, administering student aid programs, and improving instruction, if such studies are conducted in such a manner as will not permit the personal identification of students and their parents by persons other than representatives of such organizations and such information will be destroyed when no longer needed for the purpose for which it is conducted. the senate amendment permitted access for testing purposes if the \" information will not permit the identification of any person by the organization receiving such information. \" the house amendment, which was adopted, provides that this exemption for such agencies as the college entrance examination board or the educational testing service will allow representatives of those organizations to have access to personally identifiable information under the conditions stated. conference report no. 93 - 1409. the 1994 iasa amendments added that if an organization conducting studies fails to destroy information in violation of the requirements, the educational agency or institution may not permit access to that organization for not less than five years. 8. accrediting organizations in order to carry out their accrediting functions. 9. parents of dependent students as defined in the internal revenue code. 10. appropriate persons in connection with an emergency, if the knowledge of such information is necessary to protect the health or safety of the student or other persons. the joint statement explains : \" in order to assure that there are adequate safeguards on this exception, the amendments provided that the secretary shall promulgate regulations to implement this subsection. it is expected that he will strictly limit the applicability of this exception. \" in 1990, congress enacted the campus security act, which added a new exception to the prior written consent rule : 11. postsecondary institutions may disclose to an alleged victim of any crime of violence ( as defined in u. s. code title 18, \u00a7 16 ) the results of any disciplinary proceeding conducted by the institution against the alleged perpetrator of the crime, regardless of the outcome of the proceeding. congress amended this provision in the higher education amendments of 1998 by including \" nonforcible sex offenses \" and clarifying that only \" final results \" may be disclosed ( i. e., name of student perpetrator, violation committed, and sanction imposed. written consent is still required to disclose the name of any other student ). the following new exception was also added in the 1998 hea amendments. 12. postsecondary institutions may disclose the final", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.543637646405424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.794149"}
{"text": "or organizations that have requested or obtained access to a student ' s education records and indicating specifically the legitimate interest that each has in obtaining the information. school officials with legitimate educational interests were excluded. the record of access is available only to parents and school officials responsible for custody of records and auditing the system. the 2001 usa patriot act excludes from the recordkeeping requirement disclosures in response to a court ' s ex parte order based upon the attorney general ' s certification regarding terrorism investigations and prosecutions. ii. redisclosure of records as first enacted, ferpa provided that personal information from covered records could only be transferred to a third party on the condition that the recipient would not permit any other party to have access without a parent ' s written consent. the 1994 iasa amendments added that if a third party recipient permits access to education records without prior written consent ( except in compliance with a subpoena or court order ), the educational agency or institution may not permit access to that party for not less than five years. iii. notification of rights as first enacted, ferpa required the recipient of funds to inform parents and eligible students of their rights. the 1994 iasa amendments changed the term to \" effectively informs \" to ensure that agencies and institutions carry out this requirement in a way that ensures that parents and students actually receive notice. administrative requirements applicable to the department as originally enacted, ferpa required the department to issue regulations to protect privacy rights of students and families in connection with any surveys or data - gathering activities conducted, assisted, or authorized by the department. these activities must also be authorized by law. the 1994 iasa amendments directed the department to adopt or identify appropriate regulations within 8 months. any action to terminate federal financial assistance may be taken only if the secretary finds that there has been a failure to comply, and compliance cannot be secured voluntarily. in accordance with the statute, the secretary has designated an office and review board within the department to investigate, process, review and adjudicate ferpa violations and complaints of alleged ferpa violations. the 1974 amendments prohibit the regionalization of the enforcement of ferpa by providing that, except for the conduct of hearings, none of the functions of the secretary may be carried out in any regional offices of the department.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46513310227507354, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e08a1ef0-7abd-422a-9225-c89198195dd9>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.796243"}
{"text": "so what do these letters stand for anyway? the english language is the toughest language in the world to learn simply because many of our words are spelled the same but mean something different. take the word \u201c can \u201d. it cane be a used as a verb as in \u201c yes, you can do something \u201d or as a noun in \u201c just put it in the can \u201c. that is just one word of hundreds like it in our language. then come abbreviations for words and acronyms. for instance there \u2019 s nafta, which stands for north american free trade agreement. for one year in my life, i worked for the federal government and the use of acronyms was beyond belief. with that said, there are plenty of abbreviations we have all seen over the years and have just referred to them as the abbreviation. for instance here are a few we use quite often but i bet you won \u2019 t know what they all stand for. bmw, cvs pharmacy, m & m \u201d s, zip code and dos. i could go on and on but you get the point. by the way bmw stands for bavarian motor works, cvs is consumer value store, m & m \u2019 s stand for mars and murrie, the candy founders ( forrest mars, sr. and bruce murrie ). zip stands for zone improvement code and dos means disk operating system. for your information, other than nafta i didn \u2019 t know any of these correctly so i learned something today. hopefully, you knew a few but if not, feel free to try them on others and see what their response is.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4707614588801781, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:597dc547-13b0-4989-b920-cdaf677394b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.799979"}
{"text": "junk foods widely available at elementary schools chicago \u2013 junk food remains plentiful at the nation ' s elementary schools despite widespread efforts to curb childhood obesity, a new study suggests. between 2006 and 2010, nearly half of public and private schools surveyed sold sweet or salty snack foods in vending machines or other places, the study found. there was little change over the four years, a surprising finding given vocal advocacy campaigns to improve kids ' diets, said researcher lindsey turner, a health psychologist at the university of illinois at chicago and the study ' s lead author. the study focused on snacks not sold during mealtimes, which until recently weren ' t subject to government nutrition standards. schools most likely to sell chips, cookies or similar foods were in the south, where obesity rates are the highest ; these foods were scarcest at schools in the west. the results are concerning, turner said, because they show that many schools have not heeded messages from health advocates including the institute of medicine, which in a 2007 report urged limiting availability of food in schools outside of mealtimes, and said these items should not be sugary, salty or fatty snack foods. many schools in the study also offered more healthy foods outside of mealtimes, including fruit and vegetables. but selling them along with junk food may tempt kids to skip the healthy options, and sends \" mixed messages about healthful nutrition, \" dr. thomas robinson, a stanford university pediatrician and obesity prevention researcher. robinson called the study results \" sobering \" and said a key strategy for reversing childhood obesity includes improving nutrition in schools. recent data suggest that almost 20 percent of elementary school children nationwide are obese. policies that limit junk food sold in schools have been linked with less obesity among students, said c. tracy orleans, a senior scientist at the robert wood johnson foundation, which paid for the study. the study appears in archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, released monday. robinson wrote an accompanying editorial. anti - obesity advocates also have pushed to remove sugary sodas from schools, and some states and schools have enacted bans. also, a 2010 report found a big decline in sales of these drinks to schools during some of the years studied. the new study, which focused only on foods, is based on surveys mailed to principals at public and private elementary schools. nearly 4, 000 responded, or more than half of those contacted. the participating schools were nationally representative and there were no geographic or economic differences in schools that didn ' t respond that would affect the results", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43482747645388753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b29092e-d362-46c5-904f-6b1f9a3ee8c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.805222"}
{"text": "##ed to principals at public and private elementary schools. nearly 4, 000 responded, or more than half of those contacted. the participating schools were nationally representative and there were no geographic or economic differences in schools that didn ' t respond that would affect the results, turner said. overall, about 45 percent of schools sold sugary and salty snacks. some schools sold low - fat salty snacks and baked goods, including pretzels and low - fat ice cream, but their high sugar or salt content makes them a poor choice, turner said. candy, salty snacks and regular - fat baked goods were more common at private schools than public schools ; and low - fat ice cream was more common at both types of schools than full - fat ice cream snacks. the study authors say their results should encourage the u. s. department of agriculture to crack down on junk food in schools. a law enacted in december 2010, after the study ended, gives the agency authority to do so, and it is developing changes. before that measure, usda policy restricted schools from selling foods \" of minimal nutritional value \" during mealtimes. under the new law, the agency can set nutrition standards for all foods sold in u. s. schools. another usda change announced last month focuses on making school lunches healthier, with changes including less sodium and more whole grains. the changes affecting snack foods \" need to be comprehensive, they need to be strong, they need to be specific, \" and they could be \" a game - changer, \" said orleans. a website for the usda ' s food and nutrition service says restricting these foods can pose challenges for schools, because many rely on sales of snack foods to boost revenue. but it also explains why changes are needed. \" the constant availability of foods and beverages may increase the likelihood of impulse buying and contribute to overeating by some students, \" the usda website says. it lists states and school districts that have imposed some restrictions on these foods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3720630233726988, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b29092e-d362-46c5-904f-6b1f9a3ee8c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.806051"}
{"text": "christmas bird count - published : december 23, 2010 the worldwide bird count that glen helen participated in last saturday, dec. 18, uncovered 2, 524 birds of 38 different species that are foraging and making a living in the glen this winter. according to glen helen ecology institute director nick boutis, wintertime never supports as many birds as the warmer months, and the species of european starlings generally considered vermin dwarfed the variety considerably. the starlings were brought here last century by societies bent on propagating around the world the birds in shakespeare \u2019 s plays, boutis said. the starlings and house sparrows ( not commonin this area ) are aggressive and adaptable and generally out - compete native species for food and nesting space, he said. but the intrepid presence of the less common yellow - bellied sapsuckers and flickers keeps hope alive that the glen still manages to support a healthy ecosystem of aviators. the biannual bird count includes not only the glen but the village of yellow springs and the surrounding area, whose data will be added to the glen \u2019 s growing body of evidence of the trends and health of its land. the counts are an opportunity for people to look out their windows and participate in the oldest continuously operating civilian science effort in the world, boutis said. bird counts began over 100 years ago, but while the glen has a few years of species data dating back to the 1940s, it was only two years ago that the preserve began comprehensive record - keeping of the flora and fauna of the area. the full results of the christmas bird count are as follows : european starling : 1, 515 american robin : 341 carolina chickadee : 130 american crow : 87 northern cardinal : 58 white - throated sparrow : 46 dark - eyed junco : 43 tufted titmouse : 44 blue jay : 33 white - breasted nuthatch : 30 mourning dove : 27 american goldfinch : 26 red - bellied woodpecker : 25 mallard : 18 downy woodpecker : 12 turkey vulture : 9 house sparrow : 8 black vulture : 1 cooper \u2019 s hawk : 1 red - shouldered hawk : 1 red - tailed hawk : 4 great horned owl : 1 barred owl : 1 belted kingfisher : 1 yellow - bellied sapsucker : 4 hairy woodpecker : 4 northern flicker : 5 pileated woodpecker : 4 brown creeper : 8 carolina wren : 9 winter wren : 3 golden - crowned kinglet : 6 eastern bluebird", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.416374598037797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1fb89e4-511c-40d0-81b9-5c579307febe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.811109"}
{"text": "marijuana smoke not as harmful as cigarette smoke, study finds marijuana was made illegal as a public health safety measure, but according to results from a new study from the university of alabama at birmingham, marijuana smoke is not as damaging to the lungs as cigarette smoke. published in the january edition of journal of the american medical association, researchers compared the lung function of marijuana and tobacco users over a 20 - year time span. the results showed that tobacco smoke had the same effect on its users as past studies, which is loss of air flow and lung volumes, but the same did not hold true for marijuana smokers. \u201c at levels of marijuana exposure commonly seen in american, occasional marijuana use was associated with increases in lung air flow fates and increases in lung capacity, \u201d said dr. stefan kertesz, associate professor at university of alabama at birmingham, and lead author of the study. \u201c those increases were not large, but they were statistically significant. and the data showed that even up to moderately high use levels, one joint a day for seven years, there is no evidence of decreased air - flow rates or lung volumes, \u201d he said. medical marijuana has been made legal in 16 states and washington d. c., and historically has been used to manage such illnesses as aids, glaucoma and cancer. with over 16. 7 million people using marijuana monthly, according to the national survey on drug use, these new study findings will allow users to better differentiate and understand how their lungs are affected by marijuana smoke. \u201c with marijuana use increasing and large numbers of people who have been and continue to be exposed, knowing whether it causes lasting damage to lung function is important for public - health messaging and medical use of marijuana, \u201d he said. kertesz also cautions marijuana smokers that this information does not confirm that smoking marijuana is good for the lungs, and these new findings may not apply to heavy users. \u201c the relationship changes for people who get to high levels of lifetime exposure, \u201d kertesz said. \u201c at that point, the data suggests there is a decline in lung air - flow rate. there also may be other damaging effects that don \u2019 t manifest until extremely high levels of exposure ; we did not have enough very heavy marijuana smokers in this study to determine this, \u201d he explained. lastly, the researchers were careful to mention that the scope of this study was only to determine the relationship between marijuana smoking and proper lung function, and did not study the affects on other parts of the body. they also maintain that the researchers do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3962232188323502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0272021-671e-4704-a006-dc8855caa2ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.815988"}
{"text": "final product what you ' ll be creating have you seen those animated adverts, where the text seamlessly moves along path? in this tutorial we are going to learn how to create a sequence that involves text animating along a custom path using the first margin text property. a custom path is a vector path that is drawn freehand using the pen tool in after effects. create a new composition the first thing we are going to do is create a composition ; this is the canvas you will create your animation on. to manually create a composition, you need to do the following. choose new composition. new composition window. this will open the composition dialog box. the options on the basic tab will allow you to set up the preset, width, height, aspect ratio, frames per second, start code and duration for your animated sequence. with the dialog box open apply the following settings : preset : pal d1 / dv width and height : 720 x 576 aspect ratio : d1 / dv pal 1. 09 start timecode : 0. 00. 00. 00 depending on your output, you may want to set up the first 4 settings at other standard settings, for example for northern american broadcast media or for the web. so now our sequence will run for 30 seconds. changing background color of the composition. to change the background color you need to do the following : choose background color. this will open the color picker dialog box. the color picker dialog box. click ok to choose a color for your background. with your cursor move around within the color space to pick a color, when you have chosen your color click ok to accept this. creating text for the animation. using the text tool type out a word on the stage. choose the font and size using the character palette. the character palette. creating the path for the animation with the text layer selected, select the pen tool draw a path for the text to follow. make sure that rotobezier check box in the tool palette, is selected, this allows you to draw a smooth path. twirl down the text option to reveal the path options. select mask 1 for the path, this is the path you have just created. now the text is automatically linked to that path. animating text the path with the play back at the start of the time line, create a keyframe for the first margin property. for this property set the stopwatch and drag the word to the beginning of the path by dragging the slide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46359522080461935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:737a46e7-f6dd-4b0c-8ac0-01cb57bf3e88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.821430"}
{"text": "welcome to the wyoming homeowners and small acreage website. here you will find information, tools and resources to protect your family, pets and the water when using chemicals. for questions and comments, please contact the wyoming department of agriculture. definition of pesticide as defined by wyoming state statute 35 - 7 - 354 : - ( i ) any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pests ; - ( ii ) any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant ; and - ( iii ) any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used as a spray adjuvant. did you know that these common household products are pesticides? - cockroach sprays and baits. - insect sprays and wasp repellents for indoor use. - insect repellents for personal use. - termite control products. - rat and other rodent poisons. - flea and tick sprays, powders, and pet collars. - kitchen, laundry, and bath disinfectants and sanitizers, including bleach. - products to kill mold and mildew - lawn and garden products such as weed killers. - swimming pool chemicals, including those that kill algae - repellents that keep deer, raccoons, or rabbits away from your garden.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5156791399249527, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08204358-bfa0-4a73-82eb-c8a809434766>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.824542"}
{"text": "fact sheet 729 st. johns wort ( hypericin ) what is st. john ' s wort? what are the benefits of st. john ' s wort? why do people with hiv use st. john ' s wort? how is st. john ' s wort used? what are the side effects? how does it interact with other therapies? the bottom line st. john \u2019 s wort is a flowering plant. ( \u201c wort \u201d is an old english word for an herb or plant. ) it grows in many parts of the world. its scientific name is hypericum perforatum. all of the aboveground parts of the plant are used. they are collected while the plant is flowering. st. john \u2019 s wort has traditionally been used to treat bruises, burns, and mild depression or anxiety. st. john \u2019 s wort contains many different substances that work together. a major compound is hypericin. currently, the major use of st. john \u2019 s wort is to treat mild depression or anxiety. in 1996, the british medical journal published a review of scientific studies on st. john \u2019 s wort and depression. this review supports the herb \u2019 s use to treat mild or moderate depression. a study of 150 patients in 2006 showed similar results. exactly how st. john \u2019 s wort treats depression is unclear, although it may be similar to the action of some pharmaceutical products. hypericin is active against several viruses, including cytomegalovirus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis b, and herpes. this antiviral activity has been shown in the laboratory and animal studies, but not in human studies. the herb seems to work against viruses by oxidation. the herb \u2019 s antiviral effect is stronger when exposed to light. st. john \u2019 s wort was studied in 1991 in people with hiv disease. the doses were much higher than for treating depression. patients were given intravenous doses of purified hypericin. the study was stopped when every white - skinned patient in the trial became very sensitive to light. they developed skin rashes and some could not go outside until after they stopped taking hypericin. the one black - skinned patient did not have this reaction. although st. john \u2019 s wort has some antiviral activity at high doses, there are no scientific studies to show that it can reduce people \u2019 s hiv viral load. however, it is effective against mild to moderate depression and anxiety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5188035060914646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb9ab504-fb98-45db-8b42-69c719529ff4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.830755"}
{"text": ". although st. john \u2019 s wort has some antiviral activity at high doses, there are no scientific studies to show that it can reduce people \u2019 s hiv viral load. however, it is effective against mild to moderate depression and anxiety. it is also useful for treating insomnia. many people with hiv have used st. john \u2019 s wort for these purposes. early in 2000, a study showed that st. john \u2019 s wort causes a large drop in blood levels of indinavir. see \u201c how does it interact with other therapies. \u201d st. john \u2019 s wort is used in several forms. the most common form is in capsules containing a powder of the dried plant. it is also used in oil - based preparations, especially for use on the skin. as mentioned earlier, a highly purified form of hypericin was used in research studies but caused serious sensitivity to light. the british review of the use of st. john \u2019 s wort to treat depression found that many different doses were used. the best dosage is not known. the only known side effect of st. john \u2019 s wort is skin rash and sensitivity to light. this side effect is only seen with a purified extract or at extremely high dosages. st. john \u2019 s wort has sometimes been used to increase women \u2019 s menstrual flow. it may have a negative effect on fertility for both men and women. pregnant women should not use it. there are very few studies of interactions between st. john \u2019 s wort and medications or other herbs. some bad reactions have been reported in people who combine st. john \u2019 s wort with anti - depression medications. do not use st. john ' s wort with other antidepressants. a study published in february 2000 showed that st. john \u2019 s wort affects the liver and reduces the levels of indinavir ( crixivan ) in the blood. even low doses of st. john \u2019 s wort made the blood levels of indinavir go down by more than 50 %. this could make indinavir ineffective against hiv and allow resistance to develop rapidly. st. john \u2019 s wort probably also changes the blood levels of other drugs that are broken down by the liver, including non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. do not use st. john \u2019 s wort if you are taking antiretroviral drugs ( arvs ). be sure your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4692403563066717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb9ab504-fb98-45db-8b42-69c719529ff4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.833616"}
{"text": "down by the liver, including non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. do not use st. john \u2019 s wort if you are taking antiretroviral drugs ( arvs ). be sure your health care provider knows if you are using st. john \u2019 s wort. however, most antidepressant drugs also change the blood levels of some arvs. you and your health care provider should discuss the costs, risks, and benefits of different treatments for depression. st. john \u2019 s wort may also block the effects of birth control pills and may interfere with several other medications. be sure your health care provider knows if you are taking st. john \u2019 s wort while taking any medications. st. john \u2019 s wort is a flowering plant used for several health problems. it is mainly used to treat mild or moderate depression. it is active against viruses in the laboratory and in some animal studies. however, high doses of a purified extract used in human studies of its antiviral effect caused serious sensitivity to light. st. john \u2019 s wort interacts with the liver and speeds up the processing of some drugs, including protease inhibitors. do not use st. john \u2019 s wort if you are taking arvs. people with hiv may want to take st. john \u2019 s wort to deal with mild or moderate depression, if they are not taking arvs. be sure your health care provider knows if you are taking st. john \u2019 s wort while taking any medications. back to fact sheet categories partially funded by the national library of medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47317813321156005, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb9ab504-fb98-45db-8b42-69c719529ff4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.834328"}
{"text": "the temple trailer village, seen in this 1953 photograph, opened in the early 1940s to provide affordable housing to federal government workers and their families during world war ii, and later housed returning veterans. the mobile home park was southeast of the intersection of duke street and telegraph road and was located in fairfax county until the 1952 annexation made it part of the city of alexandria. this photograph was taken when telegraph road, to the left, still passed under the railroad tracks. the american trailer company operated temple trailer village and other mobile home communities, including oak grove on richmond highway in fairfax county. by the 1960s, temple village had grown to more than 300 lots along roads named lee drive, temple terrace, mason drive and washington drive. the property included a management office, grocery store, post office, barbershop and community building. the community building was built in the late 1940s with $ 27, 000 in federal funds to support housing for veterans. the community building offered residents convenience facilities such as washers, dryers and showers, and a variety of events, including church services, dances, large suppers and hobby classes, were held there. in the early 1950s, the building was even used by fairfax county public schools as classroom space when the lee - jackson school became too crowded. in 1971, after the american trailer company partnered with real estate developer hubert hoffman, temple village closed down, residents had to move out, and a new government office building was erected on the eastern part of the property. today, hoffman building i and adjacent parking lots to the north and west cover the tract where temple trailer village once stood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4134467114293604, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:039a77f4-3e67-47f2-b463-ef4ea844696c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.836175"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia santiago ramon y cajal he was born in petilla de aragon, a navarrese enclave in aragon, spain and attended the medical school of zaragoza, from which he graduated in 1873. he also became a doctor of medicine in madrid in 1883. he was the director of the zaragoza museum ( 1879 ). he became a university professor at valencia ( 1881 ), at barcelona ( 1886 ), and at madrid ( 1892 ). he was director of the national institute of hygiene ( 1899 ). he founded the laboratorio de investigaciones biologicas ( 1902 ) which later became the cajal institute ( 1922 ). among his many distinctions and memberships of societies, he was also made an honorary doctor of medicine of the universities of cambridge and wurzburg, and doctor of philosophy of the clark university. he published over 100 scientific works and articles in french, spanish and german. his most famous works are \" rules and advices on scientific investigation, \" \" histology, \" \" degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system, \" \" manual of normal histology and micrographic technique, \" \" elements of histology, etc., \" \" manual of general pathological anatomy, \" \" new ideas on the fine anatomy of the nerve centres, \" \" textbook on the nervous system of man and the vertebrates, \" and \" the retina of vertebrates. \" his most famous studies were on the structure of the cortex of the brain. he discovered that the nervous system is made up of billions of separate nerve cells ( neurons ) and that nerve cells are polarized. he described the terminal branching of neurons, devised a way to stain nerve tissues, and made many other discoveries in the structure of the nervous system. for this work he was awarded the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 1906, which he shared with camillo golgi. he married silveria fananas garcia in 1879 with whom he had four daughters and three sons. he died in madrid in 1934. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4884298943453781, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:518070ac-0ac3-484b-8842-8a8ae8a0306d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.838669"}
{"text": "however, there \u2019 s one very important food that \u2019 s essential to our wellbeing which is not often spoken about : fermented foods. they are among the true nutritional heroes. fermented foods, such as yoghurt, cabbage, pickles, sourdough, or drinks like \u201c kombucha \u201d, promote good bacteria ( probiotics ) in our gut or digestive system. our gut, aptly nicknamed \u201c the forgotten organ \u201d houses between 300 and 1000 different species of bacteria, both good and bad, and when our gut is in balance this influences our mental, emotional and physical wellbeing. even hippocrates once stated that all diseases begin in the gut. did you know : that 90 per cent of the body \u2019 s total serotonin - the \u201c happiness and wellbeing \u201d hormone - is located in the gut? the balance of good bacteria to bad bacteria or pathogens can be disrupted by a number of factors, such as antibiotics, medications, excess alcohol, excess sugar, stress, lack of sleep, food and water - borne pathogens and also gut conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, crohn ' s disease, or food allergies such as lactose and gluten intolerance. when the presence of good bacteria is compromised in the gut, this can cause a whole host of problems including a low immune system, reoccurring illnesses, thrust, chronic diarrhea, constipation, poor digestion, skin conditions, allergies, intolerances and even adhd and depression. so when the gut flora ( bacteria ) is healthy, it assists the digestive cells ( called enterocytes ) to regenerate, which heals and seals the gut lining and digests and absorbs essential nutrients. this in turn strengthens your immune system, reduces systemic and gut inflammation, supports mental health and cognitive functioning, and supports healthy weight management. fermented foods are easily digested and readily absorbed by the body. they help to break down the lactose in dairy, or the gluten and lectin components of bread. not all fermented products are created equal, however. wine and beer are also fermented, however i don \u2019 t suggest drinking alcohol as a healthy measure to restore the good bacteria in your gut ( because the strength of the alcohol itself kills the beneficial flora in your gut ). and avoid buying canned or commercially produced fermented foods. these are often highly processed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45637326194226013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4af42f29-dfc5-4cd8-82da-c73d7ef09665>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.842600"}
{"text": "this exercise system originated in sweden where trotting is a major sport. it may well be the reason for the swedes ' supremacy in this field as their horses are exercised from six months to maturity by a natural and simple method that causes no ligament or joint stress to their horses. the exercise yard consists of a series of corridors side by side. each one is fairly narrow - 6 to 10 yards wide and 100 / 200 yards long. the corridors are separated by 2 strands of tape and closed at the ends with 3 strands. one horse is put into each corridor for 2 to 3 hours. it is important that the horses should be beside each other. they will tend to run up and down the full length of the corridor out of curiosity, competitiveness to their neighbor, or just out for playfulness. as each horse is confined to it ' s own corridor it is unable to injure itself or either of it ' s neighbors. when the horses stop running and playing it is either because they have become used to their companions or because they have exercised enough. at the next session it is then necessary to vary each horse ' s routine by either switching corridors or putting a strange or more fiery horse beside it. after few month with this form of natural exercising horses, foals and even older horses will have developed good, hard muscles, improved wind and stronger hearts. it is not necessary to lunge or ride them by the hour and this will develop a natural competitive spirit. with tape corridors their training starts, quite naturally, at weaning. by the age of two a horse reared this way has the build of a mature athlete and is raring to begin formal training. ( from weanling onwards. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48570187770680595, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9838cad8-6bde-4595-974a-8ec3c9be6b40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.844335"}
{"text": "provided by georgia health sciences university some unusual alliances are necessary for you to wiggle your fingers, researchers report. understanding those relationships should enable better treatment of neuromuscular diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, which prevent muscles from taking orders from your brain, said lin mei, ph. d., director of the institute of molecular medicine and genetics at georgia health sciences university. during development, neurons in the spinal cord reach out to muscle fibers to form a direct line of communication called the neuromuscular junction. once complete, motor neurons send chemical messengers, called acetylcholine, via that junction so you can text, walk, or breathe. as a first step in laying down the junction, motor neurons release the protein agrin, which reaches out to lrp4, a protein on the muscle cell surface. in turn, this activates musk, an enzyme that supports the clustering of receptors on the muscle cell surface that will enable communication between the brain and muscle. the precise alignment between the neuron and muscle cell that occurs during development ensures there is no confusion about what the brain is telling the muscle to do. a missing piece was how agrin and lrp4 get together. a study published february 1 in the journal genes & development shows that in the space between the neuron and its muscle cell, agrin and lrp4 first form two diverse work teams : each team has one agrin and one lrp4. the two teams then merge to form a four - molecule complex essential to musk activation and to the clustering of receptors that will receive the chemical messenger acetylcholine on the muscle cell. it was expected that the two agrins would get together first, then prompt the lrp4s to merge. \u201c this is very novel, \u201d said mei, and an important finding in efforts to intervene in diseases that attack the neuromuscular junction. mei and rongsheng jin, ph. d., neuroscientist and structural biologist in the del e. webb center for neuroscience, aging, and stem cell research at sanford - burnham, are co - corresponding authors of the study. to reveal the novel mechanism, they used a technique known as x - ray crystallography, which produces 3 - d \u201c pictures \u201d of protein at the atomic level using powerful x - ray beams. myasthenia gravis, which paralyzes previously healthy individuals, targets these protein workers. the condition, which can run in families,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5304517770963154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e242375-8162-4ced-8d07-1f7d11411086>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.850432"}
{"text": "produces 3 - d \u201c pictures \u201d of protein at the atomic level using powerful x - ray beams. myasthenia gravis, which paralyzes previously healthy individuals, targets these protein workers. the condition, which can run in families, likely results from a process called mimicry in which the immune system starts making antibodies to the body \u2019 s own proteins. the majority of patients have antibodies to acetylcholine receptors and a smaller percentage have antibodies to musk. more recently, georgia health sciences university researchers also helped identify lrp4 as an antibody target. the scientists already are looking at the impact of the antibodies on the lrp4 complex. understanding its unique structure is essential to designing drugs that could one day block such attacks. \u201c prior to this we had no idea how they interacted, \u201d mei said. in addition to providing new information on muscle diseases, this study might also have a far - reaching ripple effect in the field of neuroscience. \u201c this is just the beginning, \u201d says jin. \u201c now that we know more about how signals are transferred during the formation of neuromuscular junctions, we can start looking at how a similar system might work in brain synapses and how it malfunctions in neurodegenerative conditions like alzheimer \u2019 s and parkinson \u2019 s diseases. if we can figure out how to trigger the formation of new brain synapses, maintain old synapses, or simply slow their disappearance, we \u2019 d be much better equipped to prevent or treat these diseases. \u201d zong y, zhang b, gu s, lee k, zhou j, yao g, figueiredo d, perry k, mei l, & jin r ( 2012 ). structural basis of agrin - lrp4 - musk signaling. genes & development, 26 ( 3 ), 247 - 58 pmid : 22302937", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5491375120000324, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e242375-8162-4ced-8d07-1f7d11411086>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.852287"}
{"text": "unleashing the nuclear watchdog : strengthening and reform of the iaea author : trevor findlay, research fellow, project on managing the atom / international security program the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) is the principal multilateral organization mandated by the international community to deal with nuclear issues. established in 1957 and based in vienna, it is essentially the nucleus around which all other parts of the global nuclear governance system revolve. this report, based on more than two years of research, interviews and consultations, concludes that the iaea is : - irreplaceable \u2014 like the united nations itself, if it did not exist it would have to be invented ; - considering its capabilities, size and budget, a veritable bargain for international peace and security ; - effective and efficient \u2014 mostly ; - in need of both strengthening and reform \u2014 in certain key respects ; and - deserving of increased funding from member states and greater support from all stakeholders. the iaea has attributes and roles that cannot be matched by other organizations, groups of states or individual states, no matter how powerful or influential : - it is a standing, multilateral organization with near universal membership and a science and technology orientation. - its nuclear safeguards system and associated verification activity is unparalleled. - its legitimacy and credibility allow it to oversee the formulation and dissemination of global nuclear nonproliferation, safety and security norms. - its role in fostering improved nuclear safety is well established and set to grow following the 2011 fukushima disaster. - its work in the sensitive area of nuclear security is expanding and has great long - term potential, given the likely ephemeral nature of some other international arrangements. - its independence from the nuclear industry allows it to be a disinterested promoter of nuclear energy for states where it is appropriate, affordable and subject to the achievement of necessary milestones. - its assistance to developing countries in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy is an essential component of the nuclear non - proliferation bargain. - its impartiality permits it to be a facilitator and, in some cases, an active driver of treaty implementation across a wide spectrum of nuclear issues. - it plays a unique role in fostering a truly international nuclear community. the organization has, in many respects, evolved deftly over the past 55 years, shedding unrealizable visions, seizing new opportunities and handling with aplomb several international crises into which it has been drawn. its secretariat ' s technical competence and professionalism is highly regarded. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5158235465235841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504185a6-acba-4161-b8e8-33c54fd13080>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.860734"}
{"text": "evolved deftly over the past 55 years, shedding unrealizable visions, seizing new opportunities and handling with aplomb several international crises into which it has been drawn. its secretariat ' s technical competence and professionalism is highly regarded. the iaea is widely viewed as one of the most effective and efficient in the un family of organizations. zero real budgetary growth has forced the agency to stay relatively compact and to continuously seek efficiencies. the research for this report confirms that, nonetheless, while the iaea does not need a dramatic overhaul, it does need strengthening and reform \u2014 in particular respects. the agency has not taken advantage of all the authorities and capacities that it has, and it sometimes has failed to seize opportunities staring it in the face. like all venerable organizations it also suffers from a number of longstanding \" legacy \" issues that need fixing. for the iaea ' s key programs \u2014 safeguards, safety, security and promotion of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy \u2014 the following conclusions were reached : - nuclear safeguards have been considerably strengthened in recent years, but current efforts to find new approaches and technologies and to change the old safeguards culture need to be intensified ; - the agency ' s role in nuclear safety is being strengthened post - fukushima, but remains hobbled by member states ' reluctance to commit to mandatory measures and provide adequate resources ; - the agency ' s emergency response capabilities produced mixed outcomes during the fukushima disaster and need careful reconsideration and extra resources ; - the nuclear security tasks accorded to the agency by member states, although growing, tend to be modest and supportive of external efforts : the secretariat needs to rapidly equip itself for this new area of work and member states need to resource this activity properly ; and - technical cooperation ( tc ) has long been undermanaged, under - resourced and overexploited by some member states ; current reform efforts need to be sustained and extended. among the agency ' s governance, managerial and administrative challenges are the following : - the governing bodies have seen a dissipation of the \" spirit of vienna, \" resulting from sharpened political divisions between developed and developing countries \u2014 especially over compliance, verification and peaceful uses ; - the agency ' s leadership has struggled to find the correct balance between taking the initiative as an \" independent \" organization and necessary acquiescence to member states ' disparate and evolving demands \u2014 especially over noncompliance controversies ; - the secretariat has faced some long - standing management issues, including : insufficient strategic planning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.508652242896626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504185a6-acba-4161-b8e8-33c54fd13080>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.861901"}
{"text": "taking the initiative as an \" independent \" organization and necessary acquiescence to member states ' disparate and evolving demands \u2014 especially over noncompliance controversies ; - the secretariat has faced some long - standing management issues, including : insufficient strategic planning ; a flat management structure ; inconsistent practices and quality control across departments ; programmatic stovepiping ; a proliferation of programs, projects and mechanisms ; and inadequate personnel policies ; - as a result of zero real budgetary growth, the agency ' s infrastructure, technology ( including it ) and human resources have deteriorated and the adoption of modern management tools has been delayed ( although steps are underway to address all of these ) ; - intra - agency barriers to communication, transparency and information sharing have persisted ; and - the agency has not communicated successfully with all of its stakeholders, including the media, the general public, the nuclear industry, the international development community and even member states. in addition to meeting current expectations, the agency also needs to prepare itself for future challenges : - given that verification is never 100 percent effective and is likely to be needed in perpetuity, and that certain states may still risk non - compliance, safeguards and other verification capacities need constant enhancement, especially for detecting undeclared activities ; - the agency ' s roles in nuclear safety and security by their very nature will likewise always be works - in - progress ; - new special verification mandates may arise or be resurrected at any time, as in the cases of iran, north korea and syria ; - the agency will likely be offered a role in verifying steps towards global nuclear disarmament, beginning with a fissionable material cut - off treaty and assistance with bilateral us / russia cuts ; - and despite fukushima, runaway climate change may induce rapid demand for nuclear electricity and an upsurge in demand for the agency ' s advisory and assistance services. reform and strengthening is already occurring in a number of areas of the iaea ' s operations. unless otherwise indicated, this report endorses such efforts and, in many instances, recommends that they be pursued with even greater vigour. this report also identifies a raft of other possibilities, both major and minor, for improving the agency ' s performance in the short to medium term. in most cases, however, change will only be achievable if all the players work in tandem. several proposals would require amending the statute or involve decisions by the board of governors ( bog ) and or the general conference ( gc ). there should be no illusions about the difficulty of achieving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5276546836659518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504185a6-acba-4161-b8e8-33c54fd13080>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.863047"}
{"text": "that, like many organizations, the agency has assumed an independent identity and presence in international affairs that no one member state can gainsay, and that in some circumstances it has some room for independent manoeuvre, especially by balancing the interests of various member states. it can in some respects strengthen and reform itself. but ultimately, it is constrained by the strong preferences of its membership as a whole or those of key, active member states. it is therefore to the member states that we must look to trigger and sustain lasting strengthening and reform \u2014 and thus unleash the nuclear watchdog. \" opportune time to improve iaea ' s role in global governance \" \u2014 an interview with trevor findlay : http : / / www. cigionline. org / articles / 2012 / 06 / unleashing - nuclear - watchdog - interview visit the center for international governance innovation ' s interactive feature and timeline : http : / / interactive. cigionline. org / iaea / read the policy brief that summarizes the report ' s key findings and policy recommendations : http : / / belfercenter. ksg. harvard. edu / publication / 22130 / for more information about this publication please contact the isp program coordinator at 617 - 496 - 1981. full text of this publication is available at : for academic citation :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4813694510260028, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504185a6-acba-4161-b8e8-33c54fd13080>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.866498"}
{"text": "did your holiday guests keep you up until the wee hours? did shopping on black friday ( or before ) leave you exhausted? a long thanksgiving weekend should offer an opportunity for some serious shut - eye. but though we spend almost a third of our lives asleep, that doesn \u2019 t make us experts on how much is too much or how many hours of rest the kids need to be sharp in school. let \u2019 s tackle some popular misconceptions about mr. sandman. 1 you need eight hours of sleep per night. that \u2019 s the cliche. napoleon, for one, didn \u2019 t believe it. his prescription went something like this : \u201c six hours for a man, seven for a woman and eight for a fool. \" but napoleon \u2019 s formula wasn \u2019 t right, either. the ideal amount of sleep is different for everyone and depends on many factors, including age and genetic makeup. in the past 10 years, a research team in munich has surveyed the sleep behavior of more than 150, 000 people. about 11 percent slept six hours or less, while only 27 percent clocked eight or more. the majority fell in between. women tended to sleep longer than men, but only by 14 minutes. bigger differences are seen when comparing various age groups. ten - year - olds needed about nine hours of sleep, while adults older than 30, including senior citizens, averaged about seven. we recently identified the first gene associated with sleep duration \u2014 if you have one variant of this gene, you need more sleep than if you have another. although it \u2019 s common to hear warnings about getting too much sleep \u2014 and 80 percent of the world uses an alarm clock to wake up on workdays \u2014 it \u2019 s not difficult to figure out how much sleep we need. we sometimes overeat, but we generally cannot oversleep. when we wake up unprompted, feeling refreshed, we have slept enough. in our industrial and urban society, we sleep about two hours less per night than 50 years ago. like alcohol, this sleep deprivation significantly decreases our work performance and compromises our health and memory. 2 early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. benjamin franklin \u2019 s proverbial praise of early risers made sense in the second half of the 18th century, when his peers were exposed to much more daylight and to very dark nights. their body clocks were tightly synchronized to this day - night cycle. this changed as work gradually moved indoors, performed under the far weaker intensity of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47825473976832944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6361c7cf-df9f-4aab-841e-adbf3e434899>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.873318"}
{"text": "second half of the 18th century, when his peers were exposed to much more daylight and to very dark nights. their body clocks were tightly synchronized to this day - night cycle. this changed as work gradually moved indoors, performed under the far weaker intensity of artificial light during the day and, if desired, all night long. the timing of sleep \u2014 earlier or later \u2014 is controlled by our internal clocks, which determine what researchers call our optimal \u201c sleep window. \" with electric light, our body clocks have shifted later while the workday has essentially remained the same. we fall asleep according to our ( late ) body clock and are awakened early for work by the alarm clock. we therefore suffer from chronic sleep deprivation, for which we try to compensate by sleeping in on free days. many of us sleep more than an hour longer on weekends than on workdays. this discrepancy between what our body clocks want and what our social clocks want has been termed \u201c social jet lag. \" this is most obvious in teenagers. their tendency to sleep longer is biological, not laziness, and it reaches its peak around age 20. studies show that teenagers who sleep later and start school later exhibit improved academic performance, higher motivation, decreased absenteeism and better eating habits. yet many cultures reward people who start work early, even if they \u2019 re operating on reduced sleep. as a result, many successful people are short - sleeping early risers such as margaret thatcher and bill clinton. fortunately for those of us who like to hit the snooze button, success is not restricted to early birds. albert einstein and elvis presley, for example, were late sleepers. 3 exercise helps you sleep. exercising may contribute to falling asleep earlier, and it certainly helps us sleep soundly through the night. but it \u2019 s light, not physical activity, that proves the german proverb \u201c fresh air makes you tired. \" exercise often means being outside and getting more light \u2014 on average, 1, 000 times more than indoor levels. exposure to sunlight synchronizes our body clocks with daylight. sleep is not only regulated by the body clock, but also by how long we were awake ( also known as the buildup of \u201c sleep pressure \" ). but not all waking hours are equal. we \u2019 ll get more tired skiing, for example, than sitting at a desk sending email. this is one reason we sometimes lie awake at the end of a long day at the office despite utter exhaustion. 4 sleep is just a matter of discipline. most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5355575598104705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6361c7cf-df9f-4aab-841e-adbf3e434899>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.874297"}
{"text": "\u2019 ll get more tired skiing, for example, than sitting at a desk sending email. this is one reason we sometimes lie awake at the end of a long day at the office despite utter exhaustion. 4 sleep is just a matter of discipline. most parents and teachers think that if teenagers are zombies in the morning, they just lack the discipline to go to bed early. although it is true that exposure to computer and television screens late at night makes for late rising, early - to - bed teenagers will still have a hard time getting up at the crack of dawn. think of teenagers as early shift workers who suffer the most social jet lag. they go to school at their biological equivalent of midnight with profound consequences for learning and memory. they suffer from sleep deprivation during the school week and certainly should be allowed to catch up on weekends. however, they should sleep with daylight coming into their bedrooms and should refrain from using light - emitting devices after 10 p. m. 5 most couples have very different sleep habits. we \u2019 ve all heard stories : a woman tries to sleep while her husband is reading. or one spouse needs to sleep in but the other wants to start the day. but again, this is a matter of biology and genetics, not habits and personal preference. women generally fall asleep earlier than men, who tend toward night owlishness. women, however, tend to control the sleep times in a partnership. husbands of women who work late shifts at night, for example, go to bed much earlier when their wives are at home than when their wives are working late, research has found. one finding that might be surprising, given how much time we spend in our beds : men and women don \u2019 t seem to give any consideration to sleep patterns when choosing a mate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44965978916765753, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6361c7cf-df9f-4aab-841e-adbf3e434899>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.875076"}
{"text": "entering professional theatre chapter 3 : advanced walking and diet by john bent jr. ( msw ) advanced sound walking it is a well documented fact, that almost all the sound effects used in theatre in the 1950s were chickens. chickens clucking, chickens pecking, chickens flying ( science would later discover that chickens can not in fact fly ), and chickens cooking. in fact sound walking wasn \u2019 t even called sound walking in the 1950 \u2019 s. it was known as \u201c dodging the chicken \u201d. jack apogee would have only have dealt with chicken sounds, and as a result, his repertoire of walking techniques was small. but today there are many sound effects, like thunder, automobiles, and flatulence. this chapter shall deal with the advances in walking sound, and the many strides modern sound walking has taken. jack apogee dodging the chickens designer \u2013 walker communication many aspects of technical theatre were borrowed from other sources, and one of these sources is the navy. knot tying, rigging, wigs, and the underwear parade, are deep, rich naval traditions. so when sound walkers found it difficult to take instructions from their designers, it was a naval technique that saved the day. semaphore. a sound designer on leave from hms sussex although the semaphore used in modern sound walking has it \u2019 s roots in the navy, it was updated to suit the sound designer and sound walker \u2019 s needs. naval semaphore is nothing but an alphabet, but because most sound walkers can \u2019 t read, let alone spell, the navy \u2019 s semaphore just wouldn \u2019 t do. here are some examples of semaphore for sound levels or \u201c flagging the walker \u201d. a sound walker pretending to know how to read. examples of flagging the walker due to the rising cost of gaff tape, modern day theatres are reducing the set up time for shows. where crews used to have weeks to set up a show, now they only have days. in the future, sound levels will be set during the closing performance of the previous show. crews have had to learn to multitask in order to utilise the time given. it \u2019 s not enough to just be a sound walker any more. while walking sound, you may be asked to sew buttons on a costume, paint a piece of scenery, or choreograph the 2nd act. you must evolve to keep up with the times. the multitasking sound booth many new products on the market will help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4401204122117818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4f47a14-968c-41f5-852c-0b966da22a40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.878619"}
{"text": "may be asked to sew buttons on a costume, paint a piece of scenery, or choreograph the 2nd act. you must evolve to keep up with the times. the multitasking sound booth many new products on the market will help with this new \u201c time crunch \u201d that is infecting modern theatre. here are some examples \u2026 why set levels on only 1 cue at a time when you can do 2? this machine produces ideas on how to save overtime. it costs 19 million dollars. sound walking and choreography try and ignore the distractions sound walkers diet a lot of pressure has been put on sound walkers in recent years to slim down. high frequency sound waves are better represented on stage through thinner sound walkers. many of the sound walkers of the past were very large people who would trade their shiny beads in for greasy breakfasts in the theatre \u2019 s cafeteria. the 1956 \u201c sound walker special \u201d at the lincoln center this new \u201c thinner sound walker \u201d movement has created a lot of controversy. \u201c how thin is too thin \u201d and \u201c respect the large walker \u201d and \u201c give me back my fucking bacon \u201d have been the cries heard from the n. a. s. w. a. in recent years. not only has the health of the sound walker come into question, but this new \u201c walk the thin line \u201d call from producers has cost many sound walkers their sponsorships. \u201c no more beads for you thin bastards \u201d is the reply from long time sponsors mcdonalds, burger king, and uncle deans deep fried pork skins. eating to be thin has cost many a sound walker their sponsorships. the next chapter will deal with instructions for certification through a correspondence course, including all forms necessary to complete your sound walker accreditation. for more information on sound walking visit your local library or call the apogee sound walking institute at 1 - 800 - loudwalk. sound walker student during examination at the apogee sound walking institute in south - western greenland pdf download soundwalkingchapter3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4342521789568942, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4f47a14-968c-41f5-852c-0b966da22a40>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.879380"}
{"text": "have you ever wondered \u2013 what exactly are probiotics and what are they used for? the word \u2018 probiotics \u2019 means \u2018 for life. \u2019 essentially, they are live microorganisms \u2013 often referred to as \u2018 good bacteria \u2019 which already live in our bodies ( intestines ) or may be beneficial to health. mechanisms for action you may find the idea of bacteria in your body as a reason to rush out and take antibiotics, but believe it or not, we need bacteria throughout our small and large intestine to help digest food and keep our immune system functioning properly. according to the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ), the effects of probiotics on health include reducing harmful organisms in the intestine, producing antimicrobial substances that destroy or suppress the growth of microorganisms, and stimulating the body \u2019 s immune response. basically, the research is still out about all of the health benefits and efficacy due to the lack of randomized controlled, double - blind studies that have been conducted with probiotics. healthy digestive tract = healthy immune system probiotics were identified around the turn of the century. researchers were looking at correlations between longevity and milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria in european and russian communities. remember those dannon commericials with the dancing 100 year - old russians? in addition to breathing in pathogens, eating food and drinking beverages is another way of bringing germs into the body, so a healthy gastrointestinal tract is a good first line of defense.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48933239740474066, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b20d6b96-f844-4e9a-85cb-a46226b343f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.883316"}
{"text": "the south asia free trade agreement ( safta ) was agreed to among the seven south asia countries that form the south asian association for regional cooperation ( saarc ) : bangladesh, bhutan, india, maldives, nepal, pakistan and sri lanka safta came into effect on 1 january 2006, with the aim of reducing tarrifs for intraregional trade among the seven saarc members. pakistan and india are to complete implementation by 2012, sri lanka by 2013 and bangladesh, bhutan, maldives and nepal by 2015. safta replaces the earlier south asia preferential trade agreement ( sapta ) and may eventually lead to a full - fledged south asia economic union. the road to implementation, however, is plagued by the overarching conflict between india and pakistan. last update : may 2012 peru : \u00a1 por un limite no negociable de nuestros derechos! | 20 - may - 2013 planton contra el tpp | 20 - may - 2013 in whose interest is eu - india fta being negotiated? | 16 - may - 2013 colombia : paro nacional de productores | 13 - may - 2013 japanese movement against tpp growing | 10 - may - 2013 traders protest against govt policies on fdi, fta | 6 - may - 2013 carta abierta al presidente correa : no al tlc con la ue | 30 - april - 2013 japan \u2019 s rice lobby visits capitol hill to fight free trade pact | 25 - april - 2013 relase ipa activists that demand to stop trade liberalization! | 22 - april - 2013 indios rechazan la firma de un tlc con union europea | 12 - april - 2013 l \u2019 accord entre l \u2019 union europeenne et l \u2019 inde menace l \u2019 acces aux traitements en afrique du nord et au moyen - orient | 12 - april - 2013 join the rally to oppose eu - india fta! | 9 - april - 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39129834854214807, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20a857bb-540b-4aa9-908a-de41a8c55f66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.885232"}
{"text": "what specific biochemical processes are involved in inducing meiosis rather than mitosis? why are gonadal cells the only cells in the human body which do undergo meiosis? it ' s a difficult question because every step in the development of a germ cell is ultimately necessary for the final differentiation, which includes a meiotic division. meiosis requires a lot of specialized components to pair and segregate homologues, to induce and resolve recombination, etc. what starts it all is still largely unknown. there are plenty of mutants that halt the process, but these are required along the way, so damaging the pathway ultimately stops it from progressing. at least one study has been able to initiate the program of meiosis in yeast : induction of meiosis in saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on conversion of the transcriptional represssor ume6 to a positive regulator by its regulated association with the transcriptional activator ime1. i rubin - bejerano, s mandel, k robzyk, and y kassir basically, they turned on a transcription factor, which activated an entire suite of downstream genes necessary for meiosis. in essence, they turned on the \" meiosis pathway. \" bear in mind this is yeast, so does ' t have separate germ cells, but the concept is probably the same. all other cells are diploid. only in germ cells does the organism induce reductional divisions ( to make haploid gametes for ultimate fusion in the zygote of the next generation ). creation of haploid somatic cells would uncover recessive lethal mutations and cells would die. in sperm and eggs, which do not express any genes until after fertilization and karyogamy, this is not a problem. ultimately, it seems that follicle - stimulating hormone ( fsh ), released from the pituitary gland, may be the direct signal for spermatocytes to enter meiosis. it ' s worth noting, though, that these results come from in vitro studies, where spermatocytes were co - cultured with all cell types of seminiferous tubules in an artificial medium, which makes it a rather crude approximation of in vivo conditions : mimicking the complete spermatogenic cycle in vitro remains to be done. it ' s a little bit more complicated with oocytes. they start meiosis during prenatal development, are arrested in diplotene stage of the first meiotic division, and then a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4943030681665211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1935797c-792e-46d2-b828-482ce4330e66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.890077"}
{"text": "spermatogenic cycle in vitro remains to be done. it ' s a little bit more complicated with oocytes. they start meiosis during prenatal development, are arrested in diplotene stage of the first meiotic division, and then a surge of luteinizing hormone ( lh ), just before ovulation, makes them resume. but they are arrested again in the last phase, and only after conception do they finish meiosis. the pause occuring in prenatal development is thought to be induced by some kind of an \" arrester \" secreted by cells in the oocyte environment ( specifically, mural granulosa cells ) and sustained by high camp levels, that are produced in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. another matter, and quite interesting, is the issue of timing : meiosis starts in a distinct moment of a male mammal develompent, and then goes on continuously, but mammal oogenesis is a series of starts and stops. more on this can be found in and. tesarik, j., guido, m., mendoza, c. & greco, e. human spermatogenesis in vitro : respective effects of follicle - stimulating hormone and testosterone on meiosis, spermiogenesis, and sertoli cell apoptosis. j. clin. endocrinol. metab. 83, 4467 \u2013 4473 ( 1998 ). pmid : 9851795. free access. sousa, m., cremades, n., alves, c., silva, j. & barros, a. developmental potential of human spermatogenic cells co - cultured with sertoli cells. hum. reprod. 17, 161 \u2013 172 ( 2002 ). pmid : 11756382. free access. zhang, m. & xia, g. hormonal control of mammalian oocyte meiosis at diplotene stage. cell. mol. life sci. epub ahead of print. ( 2011 ). pmid : 22045555. albertini, d. f. & carabatsos, m. j. comparative aspects of meiotic cell cycle control in mammals. j. mol. med. 76, 795 \u2013 799 ( 1998 ). pmid : 9846949. let ' s start by answering the second part of your question first. i can ask you a similar question like \" why do parietal cells secrete hcl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46684353491489755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1935797c-792e-46d2-b828-482ce4330e66>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.890896"}
{"text": "\u201c i have a rash all over my back. \u201d \u201c physical examination revealed a diffuse rash covering most of the patient \u2019 s back. \u201d one sentence overheard in conversation, the other appearing in a medical report ; the former more colloquial, the latter more technical \u2014 but both correct, right? well, not quite. while rash has been used in medical writings since at least the second half of the 19th century, current thought is that rash is a lay term lacking precision and specificity. thus, while it is perfectly acceptable ( and understandable ) for a patient to use the term when describing symptoms to a clinician, once the clinician turns to describing an inflammatory ( as opposed to a cystic or neoplastic ) skin condition for the patient \u2019 s record or in a case report or other formal medical literature, rash should be replaced with a more descriptive and specific term. however, this does not mean that rash has no place in medical literature. because patients typically use rash when describing their symptoms, the term might legitimately appear, for example, in a report of a patient presenting with specific symptoms and signs or a list of adverse reactions self - reported by participants in a randomized trial ; similarly, report forms provided to trial participants might also include rash in a list of potential adverse reactions. editors of medical literature, then, need to take into account the context in which rash was originally used as well as the intended audience. the term is appropriate when it appears in passages quoted from patients or when used in materials intended for lay use, eg, instruction sheets, patient care brochures, and medication inserts ( however, use of the term skin rash in such materials is redundant and should be avoided [ see 11. 2. 1, redundant words, in the ama manual of style, pp 405 - 406 in print ] ). in many cases, as noted above, the term is also appropriate in more formal medical literature reporting nondermatological studies in which rash is one of several adverse events listed and any type of rash would be lumped together in one category. in literature describing physical examinations, specific skin - related adverse events, or dermatological studies, rash should be replaced with a more precise term. while skin eruption or dermatitis are often acceptable replacements, ideally the replacement term should be precise enough to describe the appearance of the lesion ( eg, macule or patch vs papule, bulla, vesicle, nodule, or pustule ) and the suspected specific cause (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4813715265684619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27a54e76-7795-407c-97c8-37c4e574d2d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.893936"}
{"text": "jurispedia, the shared law, is an academic project accessible on the web and devoted to systems of law as well as legal and political sciences throughout the world. the project aims to offer information about all of the laws of every country in the world. based on a wiki, jurispedia combines the facility of contributions on that platform with an academic control of those insertions a posteriori. this international project is the result of a free collaboration of different research teams and law schools. the different websites are accessible in eight languages ( arabic, chinese, dutch, english, french, german, spanish and portuguese ). in its seven years of existence, the project has grown to more than 15000 entries and outlines of articles dealing with legal systems of thirty countries. in 2007, hughes - jehan approached my colleagues and i, then running the southern african legal information institute, to host the english language version of jurispedia. we were excited at the opportunity to work with jurispedia to introduce the concept of crowdsourcing legal knowledge to anglophone universities, where we hoped the concept would fall on fertile ground amongst students and academics. any follower of the wikipedia story will know that the reality is not as simple. wikipedia operates on 5 pillars : - wikipedia is an online encyclopedia ; - wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view ; - wikipedia is free content that anyone can edit, use, modify, and distribute ; - editors should interact with each other in a respectful and civil manner ; - wikipedia does not have firm rules. in adopting the wikimedia software, jurispedia would appear to follow the same principles. there is a significant difference : jurispedia is not written from a neutral point of view but from a located point of view. each jurisdiction has a local perspective on their legal concepts. jurispedia aims to represent the truth in several languages : the law is as it is in a country, not as it could or should be. as a result, we have the bases of a legal encyclopedia representing over 200 legal systems where each concept is clearly identifiable as a part of a national law. southern african perspectives as for wikipedia, it is the third pillar which seems to strike terror into the hearts of the legal professionals and academics with whom i have spoken. when describing the idea to one of the trustees of saflii, an acting judge on the bench of the constitutional court of south africa, i was alerted to some difficulties that may lie ahead. she is an exceptional, open - minded and forward - thinking legal mind, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5177251418340213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf91a8ee-dc0e-49ed-918d-b4a7451f14bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.903533"}
{"text": "one of the trustees of saflii, an acting judge on the bench of the constitutional court of south africa, i was alerted to some difficulties that may lie ahead. she is an exceptional, open - minded and forward - thinking legal mind, but she was cautiously horrified at the prospect of crowdsourced legal knowledge. her concerns, listed below, were to be echoed by the deans of law schools in south africa who we approached : - because there is no formal control over submissions \u2013 and therefore their accuracy \u2013 jurispedia cannot be used by students as an official reference tool. citations linking to jurispedia will not be accepted in student papers. - crowdsourced legal information, particularly in common law jurisdictions, runs a high risk of providing an incorrect interpretation of the law. the overarching concern appears to be that if legal content is made freely available for editing, use, modification and distribution, that the resulting content will be unreliable at best and just plain wrong at worst. after 7 years online though, there is a substantial amount of feedback about contributors to the project. the open nature of this law - wiki, to which every internet user can contribute, did not lead to a massive surge of uncontrolled and uncontrollable content. on the contrary, although the number of articles continues to grow, it remains reasonable. the subject of the project ( only the law ), and its academic character has certainly led to a auto - selection of contributors of a higher caliber in legal studies. many of the contributors are students doing a master or a ph. d. degree, but they also include doctors, professors and professionals in law, such as lawyers, notaries and judges from more than thirty jurisdictions ( and one member of parliament from the kingdom of morocco ). all these specialists give the project a solid foundation and make it a reality by contributing from time to time as they can. more than 19000 users have subscribed to jurispedia, and in the past year, more than 1000 people, from arabic language countries for most part, joined its facebook group. the jurispedia content is licensed under a creative commons licence that is quite customisable so that the content can be reused for purposes other than commercial purposes. this last point is linked to the authorization of the particular contributor. this is a fair choice in the information society where the digital divide is an important element concerning every international project on the internet : for now, only the most developed jurisdictions have the possibility of using such collective creations in a commercial way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4724954353835974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf91a8ee-dc0e-49ed-918d-b4a7451f14bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.904569"}
{"text": "of the particular contributor. this is a fair choice in the information society where the digital divide is an important element concerning every international project on the internet : for now, only the most developed jurisdictions have the possibility of using such collective creations in a commercial way. and we take pride in counting contributors from haiti or sudan ( if you want to use commercially the informations they provide, please, contact them \u2026 ) in this context concerns regarding the integrity of the content of jurispedia become less alarming. however, i believe that these concerns also represent a misconception of what jurispedia is and what it can be in the anglophone, common law, legal context. occasionally, it is easier to understand what something is by describing what it is not. jurispedia is not : - a law report - a law journal - a prescribed legal text book - a law professor - a judge - a lawyer let us imagine for a moment that jurispedia is also not an online portal but a student tutorial group, led by a masters student, an associate or full professor. in the course of the tutorial, a few ideas are put forward, discussed, dissected and amended. each student ( in an ideal world! ) leaves the group with a better understanding of a particular point of law which has been discussed. perhaps the person leading the group has also had occasion to review his or her own position. the group dispurses to research the work further for a more formal submission or interaction. now let us imagine that a lay person struggling with a specific legal problem related to what the group has been discussing, is allowed a final, precised description of the law relating to this legal problem prepared by this tutorial group. he or she cannot head into a courtroom armed only with this information, but it may allow them to engage with a legal clinic or lawyer feeling a little less lost. the thought experiment i describe above describes the read - write meme applied to the legal context. in this meme we encourage an involvement in sharing knowledge amongst legal professionals, academics and students in order to create a body of knowledge about the law accessible by the same as well as by the general public. the risk of inaccuracies is present in all contexts, printed and online, crowdsourced or expert. a topic for a further blog may be the review of perceived versus actual risk but i would like to use this blog post to propose that the actual risk of inaccuracies can be mitigated by one of two approaches i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5318558003801498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf91a8ee-dc0e-49ed-918d-b4a7451f14bb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.905619"}
{"text": "born in brazil and experimented with by actors in france and several other countries. jurispedia is an international project that should follow some simple and unifying guidelines. this is why we tried from the beginning to eliminate any geographical centralization ( in order to inform about law as it is and not as it should be in a certain state ). the observation of law in the world is not necessarily connected to the idea of a universal legal system, and \u2013 since we like to highlight evidence - law is linked to its culture and can be either more or less similar to our own legal system. this is why shared law becomes not only a program preventing anybody from ignoring a legal system. on the contrary, jurispedia will gradually make it possible to appreciate or react to what is done elsewhere, not only in the west but also in the north, east and south. actually : the institut de recherche et d \u2019 etudes en droit de l \u2019 information et de la communication ( paul cezanne university, france ) ; the faculty of law of can tho ( vietnam ) ; the faculty of law at the university of groningen ( netherlands ) ; the institute for the law and informatics at the saarland university ( germany ) ; juris at the faculty for political and legal sciences at the university of quebec in montreal. this list is not definite, the project being absolutely open, especially to research teams and faculties of law of southern states. this arabic version of jurispedia ( \u062c\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 ) is most of the time managed by me mostafa attiya, member of the egyptian bar association. he made an amazing job and actively participated to build a large arabian legal community on the project. an animal is often considered to be a movable property. this can be absurd in some societies where the alliance between human and nature is different. history and literature told us often about this kind of astonishment when cultures observe each other ( see, concerning criminal law and 900 years ago, maalouf, amin. the crusades through arab eyes, new york : schocken books, 1984. ( concerning the trials by ordeal during the frankish period. ) hughes - jehan vibert is a doctor of law from the former iretij ( institute of research for the treatment of the legal information, montpellier university, france ) and a research fellow in the institute of law and informatics ( ifri, http : / / www. rechtsinformatik. de, germany ). he \u2019 s ict project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4951951710747974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf91a8ee-dc0e-49ed-918d-b4a7451f14bb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.907693"}
{"text": "treatment of the legal information, montpellier university, france ) and a research fellow in the institute of law and informatics ( ifri, http : / / www. rechtsinformatik. de, germany ). he \u2019 s ict project manager for the network for legislative cooperation between the ministries of justice of the european union and also working on a report about the diffusion and access to the law for the international organization of the francophonie. kerry anderson is a co - founder of and coordinator for the african legal information institute, a project of the southern africa litigation center. she has worked variously in web development, research and strategy for an advertising agency, it startups and financial services corporates. she has a bsc in computer science from uct and an mba from gibs. her mba dissertation was on the impact of open innovation on software research development clusters in south africa. [ editor \u2019 s note : for topic - related voxpopulii posts please see : meritxell fernandez - barrera, legal prosumers : how can government leverage user - generated content ; isabelle moncion and mariya badeva - bright, reaching sustainability of free access to law initiatives ; and isabelle moncion, building sustainable liis : or free access to law as seen through the eyes of a newbie. voxpopulii is edited by judith pratt. editors - in - chief are stephanie davidson and christine kirchberger, to whom queries should be directed. the information above should not be considered legal advice. if you require legal representation, please consult a lawyer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46746482186699767, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf91a8ee-dc0e-49ed-918d-b4a7451f14bb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.908431"}
{"text": "myheritage welcomes you to a new weekly blog post, \" surname of the week. \" we ' ll discuss the origin, history and other information of one surname in each post. surnames first appeared in the middle ages as a way to record and document people and for tax purposes. details included given names, nicknames, parents \u2019 names, occupation and residence. this personal information later became an important part of the history of surnames. english surnames, as we know them today, began in england as early as the 11th century. however, it was not until the late - 17th - century that many families adopted permanent surnames. generally speaking, family names fall into the following categories with some examples given : - occupation : smith, taylor or miller - personal characteristics : young, black or white - geographic or locations : hamilton, bush, hill, windsor or murray - patronymics, matronymics or ancestral : stephenson, richardson or harris in honor of american - british actress elizabeth taylor ' s birthday, we look at taylor this week : myheritage heads to london this week for the leading family history show, who do you think you are? live, from february 22 - 24. the event, at the olympia exhibition halls, features genealogy workshops, expert speakers, vendors and more to help with your family history research. we ' ve recently added millions of new records to myheritage ' s data collections. the international collections include headstones, military records, yearbooks and even wanted posters and mugshots! the records are searchable on myheritage ' s supersearch engine and are integrated with myheritage ' s record matching technology. this means that myheritage users will automatically receive notifications about records from these collections that match individuals in their family trees. here ' s some more information and links to the main collections we ' ve added : boxing day is a holiday traditionally observed in the uk and commonwealth on december 26, but has nothing to do with the sport of the same name! where did it originate? there are various opinions about its origins. one view is that it comes from a very early christian custom where boxes were left outside of churches for people to donate offerings for the feast of saint stephen. the european belief is that it stems from a tradition dating back to the middle ages where people would give money and gifts to needy tradesmen. in britain, it was customary for tradesmen to collect boxes of money or presents, as thanks for their services, much like the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.446206061598079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fa6fc32-884a-4705-a908-d5cf16451b37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.913865"}
{"text": "that it stems from a tradition dating back to the middle ages where people would give money and gifts to needy tradesmen. in britain, it was customary for tradesmen to collect boxes of money or presents, as thanks for their services, much like the concept of the christmas bonus that many companies in western countries have adopted. in the days when wealthy aristocrats employed servants to manage their homes, servants would have to work on christmas day, but would be given the next day as a holiday. the masters would give the servants a box of presents and leftovers to take home to their families. today, boxing day in the uk is mainly about shopping. most people who celebrate christmas will have spent a large amount of time and money shopping before the holiday, buying food for their festive dinner and presents for their family. to entice people back to the stores, boxing day is the day retailers traditionally hold sales. in this regard, it ' s very similar to black friday in the us. as many families come together for the holidays, boxing day is also a ' ' bonus ' ' family day. are you celebrating boxing day? if so, how? let us know in the comments below. we love bringing member success stories to our readers. they provide encouragement, offer tips, and show what can be accomplished. we especially like the stories of our younger members, which often spotlight social media. joe tarsh of manchester ( uk ) is only 21 and became interested in his family when he was 13. i came to the realization that i wanted to know where i came from and a little voice at the back of my head told me that if i don \u2019 t ask now, then all the people who can answer may not be around to answer those questions much longer. born in london in 1991, his family moved to hertfordshire, where he lived until 18. he then took a gap year, returned to the uk in 2010 and is now in his third year at university, studying for a degree in youth and community work. he joined myheritage in march 2010 because he liked the site \u2019 s easy accessibility, found it simple to use and it had an incredible amount of data. this post appeared last week in our german blog. we ' ve translated it to help gudrun giesemann find her father. we ' re now hoping to help gudrun, who ' s been searching for her biological father for over 30 years. she ' s tried everything, without success. now we ' re asking our readers for help. each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4152696312226497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fa6fc32-884a-4705-a908-d5cf16451b37>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.915427"}
{"text": "a member of the brassicaceae family, kale is related to broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower. it is a cool season biennial that is grown as an annual and is harvested for its tender foliage. reliable and quick to harvest, growing kale is relatively easy because cold weather doesn \u2019 t bother it. in fact, cold weather makes it taste \u2026 well, a whole lot better! kale grows best in full sun and cool moist soil that is enriched with compost. incorporate a legume cover crop, or work in 30 pounds of compost per 100 square feet before planting. kale requires moderate amounts of fertilizer rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. tip : before you grow your organic garden, grow your soil. consider adding soil amendments, like alfalfa meal ( 5 - 1 - 2 ), rock phosphate ( 0 - 3 - 0 ), greensand ( 0 - 0 - 3 ) and kelp meal, to your garden to improve the structure of the soil and provide a slow - release mix of nutrients to plant roots. how to plant : sow kale from seed or nursery stock in late summer for a fall harvest or early spring for summer harvest. sow seeds 1 / 2 inch deep, allowing 1 foot between plants and 2 feet between rows. fertilize with fish emulsion and kelp extract to encourage more growth. mulch around kale plants with a heavy layer of organic compost. this keeps the soil cool, prevents moisture loss, and provides readily available nutrients to the shallow feeder roots. like most winter vegetables, the taste improves after the first frost. in fact, we recommend that you do not harvest kale until after at least one or two hard frosts. pick outer leaves as they develop or, harvest the entire plant. kale matures 50 - 65 days after direct sowing or 30 - 40 days after transplanting. note : an extremely hardy plant, kale can be harvested as late as december in many areas and will over winter in warmer locations. insects and diseases : relatively hardy, kale does not have many diseases or pest problems associated with it. rotating crops helps to discourage many plant diseases, such as downy mildew and black rot. watch for flea beetles and aphids and protect young plants from cutworms with a collar made from paper cups with the bottoms removed. seed saving instructions : biennial. kale will cross - pollinate with all other brassica oleracea, isolate by one mile the second year when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4024401823766409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eaa580fc-c70f-46d8-926f-7e270dbe33ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.918102"}
{"text": "an interesting fact seemed to go unnoticed in all the press around the electric reliability council of texas \u2019 s ( ercot ) long term system assessment, a biennial report submitted to the texas legislature on \" the need for increased transmission and generation capacity throughout the state of texas. \" ercot found that if you use updated wind and solar power characteristics like cost and actual output to reflect real world conditions, rather than the previously used 2006 assumed characteristics, wind and solar are more competitive than natural gas over the next 20 years. this might seem a bit strange since we ' ve been told for years by renewable energy skeptics that wind and solar power can ' t compete with low natural gas prices. let me back up a second and explain what ' s going on here, and what it means for both the energy crunch and texas ' ongoing drought. every two years since 2005, ercot has used a series of complex energy system models to model and estimate future conditions on the texas electric grid. this serves a critical function for legislators, utilities and regulators and others who need to prepare for changes as our electric use continues to expand and evolve. as with any model of this kind, the assumptions are critical : everything from the price of natural gas, to the cost to build power plants and transmission lines. facing an acute energy crunch and given that solar and wind costs have come down a great deal since the first study in 2006, ercot dug a little deeper into their historical assumptions and developed a version of the model that used current, real - world cost and performance data for wind and solar power. what they found was astounding : without these real - world data points, ercot found that 20, 000 mw of natural gas will be built over the next 20 years, along with a little bit of demand response and nothing else. once they updated their assumptions to reflect a real - world scenario ( which they call \u201c bau with updated wind shapes \u201d ) ercot found that about 17, 000 mws of wind units, along with 10, 000 mw of solar power, will be built in future years. in addition to demonstrating the economic viability of renewable energy, these results show two drastically different futures : one in which we rely overwhelmingly on natural gas for our electricity, and one in which we have a diverse portfolio of comparable amounts of renewable energy ( which does not use water ) and natural gas. all of this is crucial to keep in mind as the legislature, the public utility commission and ercot evaluate proposals to address resource adequacy concerns and the impacts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5153603313951867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:559e6d44-93b3-45b4-8aad-39a6bc5d83dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.921235"}
{"text": "the latest science, described in the world bank report \u201c turn down the heat, \u201d indicates that we are heading toward a 4\u00b0 c warmer world, with catastrophic consequences in this century. while carbon dioxide ( co2 ) is still the no. 1 threat, there is another category of warming agent called short - lived climate pollutants ( slcps ). mitigating these pollutants is a must if we want to avoid the 4\u00b0 c warmer future. the main slcps are black carbon, methane, tropospheric ozone, and hydrofluorocarbons. they are potentially responsible for more than one - third of the current warming. because slcps have a much shorter lifetime in the air than co2 ; reducing their emissions can create almost immediate reduction of global / regional warming, which is not possible by reducing co2 emissions alone. according to one u. n. report, full implementation of 16 identified measures to mitigate slcps would reduce future global warming by about 0.. in this blog, we will focus on one slcp \u2013 black carbon. black carbon is a primary component of particulate matter ( pm ), the major environmental cause of premature deaths globally. as a climate pollutant, black carbon \u2019 s global warming effects are multi - faceted. it can warm the atmosphere directly by absorbing radiation. when deposited on ice and snow, black carbon reduces their reflecting power and increases their melting rate. at the regional level, it also influences cloud formation and impacts regional circulation and rainfall patterns such as the monsoon in south asia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49593326463919063, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27df5ad7-cfaa-45dd-9780-199d0aa281ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.923446"}
{"text": "fish as food more than a billion people \u2013 largely in developing countries \u2013 rely on fish as their primary source for animal protein. that \u2019 s a lot of fish tied to human health and well being. in this fish as food issue, we describe topics as they relate to fish as a vital nutrient or as a healthy dish to occasionally savor. sustainable seafood choices provides practical, hands - on guidelines to eating wild - caught fish. this information will help you become a more conscientious consumer who keeps healthy oceans in mind. is there enough fish for everyone? we talk about that in overfishing \u2014 one of the global challenges to finding a balance between ocean and human health. another issue related to commercial fishing is bycatch, the unintentional catch of other species. aquaculture is a viable, growing industry that provides additional fish for our growing demand. but there are real concerns about many of these farm - raised fish. in our advice for medical professionals you \u2019 ll find easy to understand information about the risks and benefits of eating seafood. and there are simple guidelines and tutorials to understand mercury in seafood, too. check out seafood fraud to learn about seafood being sold under false names. aquaculture \u2014 farmed seafood aquaculture \u2014 fish farming \u2014 produces an estimated 55 million metric tons of fish annually, worth $ 106 billion. for comparison, commercial fishing hauls in 90 million metric tons of wild - caught fish annually. aquaculture is a large and growing industry, and has the potential to take pressure off depleted wild fish populations, while providing food and nutrients to millions of bycatch refers to the unwanted sea life people catch when they \u2019 re fishing for something else. bycatch wastes 7 million metric tonnes of sea life every year. the vast majority of bycatch \u2014 already dead when it hits the deck \u2014 is just discarded. killing hundreds of thousands of juvenile fish not big enough for legal take can undermine fish sold as red snapper, wild salmon, and atlantic cod are commonly mislabeled. a boston globe study of over a hundred boston - area seafood restaurants found that 48 percent of the fish was mislabeled. when asked about the discrepancies, some restaurant owners shrugged saying that everyone does it. the most common kinds of fraud are mislabeling mercury in seafood and we care about mercury because \u2026? because if you \u2019 re eating seafood, it \u2019 s got mercury. and because mercury poisoning is rare, but the risks are real. and mainly because if you understand the risks \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44530192079111675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2ff8f47-a158-4f62-a9ca-247eca53ffb1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.926316"}
{"text": "abcs of raising boys i am excited to be joining almost 75 other kid bloggers from around the world in the kid blogger network \u2019 s abc series. each participating blogger created their own abcs of a topic of their choice. i chose, no surprise, to write the abcs of raising boys. ( note : before we begin, bmtm recognizes that each boy is an individual and not all boys like the same things nor do they behave the same way. ) that said, here is \u2026 boy mama teacher mama \u2019 s abcs of raising boys a is for aim potty training is almost not always an easy task and when you have boys there is an added challenge and that is aim or teaching your son how to aim so the pee goes in the toilet instead of, well, everywhere else. b is for behavior boys brains and girl brains develop differently and at different rates. as a parent of boys, it is important to understand this so you can help them, advocate for them and support their learning both in school and out. - boy \u2019 s behavior - why boys behave the way they do? from brainy child - are boys and girls really so different? from childhood 101 c is for comic books ( and graphic novels ) yes! comic books and graphic novels count! they are a valid reading choices for boys! many books now - a - days incorporate comic book / graphic novel elements to appeal to boy readers. want to know more? read this article from the telegraph : comic books \u2018 help boys read. \u2019 i do not claim to know anything about comic books beyond the richie rich and archie comic books i read as a young child. but, as a mom of boys i am learning daily and the following books are popular with boys for this very reason. - magic school bus series - 13 story treehouse by andy griffiths - diary of a wimpy kid series by jeff kinney - comics for kids from read that again - try creating your own comics with help from the nurture store : using comics to promote literacy d is for dinosaurs - 8 books about dinosaurs from delightful children \u2019 s books - best dinosaur books from children \u2019 s book guide - ten best dinosaur sites from top sites - top 10 dinosaur activities for kids from wildlife fun 4 kids - imaginative play : dinosaur small world from one perfect day - make a dinosaur helmet from learn with play at home - dino rice krispies treats from mama miss e is for e - readers recent studies show that for middle school males, using e - readers improved confidence, skill and interest in reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44893159097797214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f158f718-2d29-4680-ae1f-b1b6793fc26b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.938287"}
{"text": "one perfect day - make a dinosaur helmet from learn with play at home - dino rice krispies treats from mama miss e is for e - readers recent studies show that for middle school males, using e - readers improved confidence, skill and interest in reading. for the girls? just the opposite \u2026. want to know more? read this from upi. com : e - readers improve boys \u2019 reading - but not for young children \u2026. e - readers or real books for preschoolers from kindergarten and preschool for parents and teachers. f is for firefighters i could not possibly create an abcs for boys and leave out firefighters! there are so many wonderful firefighter books, activities, movies and more available now. here are a few favorites and a few resources. - books about firefighters from no time for flashcards - books about fire fighters and fire engines from read that again - boy mama : cardboard box use # 2, 489 - building a burning building from boy mama teacher mama - homemade fire hose from busy bee kid crafts - ten for tuesday : fire prevention week from the good long road g is for gurian if you are a parent of a boy ( or boys ), this is one man you need to know. michael gurian, co - founder of the gurian institute, has written several important books on understanding and raising boys based on years of research and practical experience. his books include ( but are not limited to ) the wonder of boys, boys and girls learn differently, the minds of boys, what could he be thinking and the good son. h is for hands - on research tells and experience shows that boys learn better when they can manipulate their world. here are some of my favorite ideas from around the web for teaching boys. - monster truck sight word mash from train up a child - sight word drag racing from playdough to plato - science for kids : water bottle fountain from learn with play at home - baseball math from boy mama teacher mama i is for i love watching you \u2026. if you haven \u2019 t read the post, six words you should say today, from hands free mama you must. if you have read it in the past, it is well worth reading again. j and k are for just kidding around boys love to joke around. they love silly jokes and bodily functions. words like \u201c poop \u201d and \u201c pee \u201d are staples in a boy \u2019 s vocabulary. knock - knock joke books and books about all things gross are a staple in many young boys \u2019 libraries. - how about adding some jokes to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48036362363993546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f158f718-2d29-4680-ae1f-b1b6793fc26b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.939271"}
{"text": "bodily functions. words like \u201c poop \u201d and \u201c pee \u201d are staples in a boy \u2019 s vocabulary. knock - knock joke books and books about all things gross are a staple in many young boys \u2019 libraries. - how about adding some jokes to your child \u2019 s lunch? see kindergarten lunchbox jokes from preschool and kindergarten for parents and teachers. l is for legos there really isn \u2019 t much need to say more. boys like legos. my boys love legos. i really like them too. here are a few things boy mama teacher mama had to share about legos in our home. - boy mama : love affair with legos - boy mama : lego structure math - activities for kids : 30 minute challenge from picklebums - lego math activities from kids activities blog - roll a lego \u2026 dice game from boy mama teacher mama - 25 rules for mothers of sons from team studer - dear g, here is the thing about raising boys from carrots are orange n is for ( things ) no one ever told us about raising boys \u2026 - things no one ever told us about raising a boy from raisingboys. com. au o is for organization wondering how to organize all those tiny pieces your son ( s ) has collected? legos everywhere? you are not alone. here are some toy organization ideas : - boy mama : legos organized - check! from boy mama teacher mama - boy mama : legos organized - follow up from boy mama teacher mama - a cleaner playroom and a reading lesson from playdough to plato - playful parenting tip # 4 : toy storage from the golden gleam p is for play i am cheating a bit on this one, or maybe just stretching it. here are a few of my very favorite play activities from around the web. - how to make a spider web obstacle course from wildlife fun 4 kids - blocks of fun! 40 block activities for kids from hands on as we grow - kid friendly ways to spark creativity from playdough to plato - printable paper rockets from picklebums - chalkboard blocks from picklebums - making a crane from at home with ali need i really say more? okay, here is a link about the importance of quiet time from the pepperrific life r is for respecting women teaching boys to respect girls / women is a challenge for all those raising boys. here are some thoughts on just how to do this from thoughts from a mama of boys from the good long road s is for shoulder to shoulder talking to / with boys can be very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5117654030801665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f158f718-2d29-4680-ae1f-b1b6793fc26b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.940510"}
{"text": "to respect girls / women is a challenge for all those raising boys. here are some thoughts on just how to do this from thoughts from a mama of boys from the good long road s is for shoulder to shoulder talking to / with boys can be very different than talking to girls. boys do not want the same intense eye contact that girls want and need. so, how do you talk to boys in a way that is respectful of their unique needs? read shoulder to shoulder or face to face from raise a boy. t is for treasures most children love hunting for treasures. my boys love it. the \u201c treasures \u201d they bring to me vary from dead dandelions to \u201c gold \u201d they have uncovered in our backyard. looking for treasures comes in all varieties. here are some of the best : - garden treasure hunt for painted rocks from one perfect day - photo treasure hunt from paint on the ceiling - treasure rocks from learn with play at home - digging for dinosaur eggs from one perfect day on be a fun mom - preschool treasure maps from reading confetti - literacy spot # 34 library treasure hunt from childhood 101 - x marks the spot from adventures at home with mum u is for understanding boys pbs parents : raising boys is one of the best websites i have come across about understanding and raising boys. read it. book mark it. revisit it often. it is worth it. boys love vehicles - of all kinds! here at boy mama teacher mama we have shared several of our favorite vehicle books. what are you favorites? - book mama : book series : vehicles for all ages - book mama : boat books - book mama : chugga chugga read! books about trains - 25 picture books about cars and trucks from no time for flashcards w is for websites here are some boy centered blogs to check out : x is for exit sign ( and other signs ) my boys love signs. they love creating them, using them and simply having them in their possession. we have created several different signs in our home that the boys have loved so dearly that they have fallen apart. - boy mama : signs, signs and more signs! from boy mama teacher mama - boy mama : caution wet floor from boy mama teacher mama - boy mama : stop and go! from boy mama teacher mama y is for why, how, who and what okay, so i cheated a bit on this one too, but you get the idea - right? boys love information! they love reading non - fiction books, magazines and instruction manuals. these should all be considered legitimate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47861482454009846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f158f718-2d29-4680-ae1f-b1b6793fc26b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.941571"}
{"text": ", how, who and what okay, so i cheated a bit on this one too, but you get the idea - right? boys love information! they love reading non - fiction books, magazines and instruction manuals. these should all be considered legitimate reading choices for boys. so, what are some good suggestions? - national geographic kids ( and national geographic little kids ) r - ranger rick and ranger rick jr from the national wildlife federation - sports illustrated kids - kids discover ( science ) - boys \u2019 life magazine z is for zzzzzzzzzzz monsters and other creepy things are keeping my boys from being able to sleep. books and other monster activities are a great way to help them understand and demystify monsters. - monsters under the bed? 6 books to overcome fears of monsters from boy mama teacher mama - loo roll monsters from red ted art \u2019 s blog - monster activities from the educators \u2019 spin on it mom tips & tricks : - being a hands on mom from hands on : as we grow - connecting with your kids from one perfect day - family field trips with kids from edventures with kids - fun healthy snacks for kids from juggling with kids - kids party ideas from mama pea pod - mama survival from the dizzy mom - organized home from mamas like me - printables from mama miss - raising boys from boy mama teacher mama - raising eco - friendly kids from kitchen counter chronicles - raising girls from mess for less - raising a healthy kid from living life intentionally - raising a thinking child from the outlaw mom - raising toddlers from home learning journey - raising a world citizen from all done monkey - simply celebrating holidays as a family from inspired by family magazine - teaching kids about money from carrots are orange - the family dinner table from connecting family & seoul - trying a new experience with your children from 52 brand new - values for children from true aim education \u00a9 boy mama teacher mama 2013 all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5195905742466402, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f158f718-2d29-4680-ae1f-b1b6793fc26b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.942385"}
{"text": "not thinking about a problem for a while doesn \u2019 t just give you a fresh perspective when you come back to it. it also allows your more creative unconscious to get to work as it \u201c \u2026 ventures out to the dark and dusty nooks and crannies of the mind \u201d. that \u2019 s according to ap dijksterhuis and teun meurs at the university of amsterdam, who were keen to show that the benefits of taking a break from thinking hard about a problem are not merely passive ( for example, by freeing you from an incorrect line of thought ), but that unconscious thought actually offers an alternative, active mode of thinking that is more divergent and creative. in one experiment dijksterhuis and meurs asked 87 students to think of as many new names for pasta as they could, giving them five examples of existing names that all began with the letter \u2018 i \u2019. those students who were engaged in a distracter task for three minutes before giving their suggestions thought of far more varied names than students who were given three minutes to concentrate on thinking of new names ( they mostly thought of new names beginning with \u2018 i \u2019 ). in another experiment, students were asked to think of places in holland beginning with the letter \u2018 a \u2019. those students who were distracted before being asked to give their suggestions named a wide variety of cities, towns and villages, whereas students who were given time to think of places, and students who answered immediately, tended to just name the most obvious main cities in holland. finally, students were asked to name as many uses as they could for a brick. again, students who were distracted by a different task before giving their suggestions, didn \u2019 t name more uses, but were judged by two independent raters to have proposed more creative and unusual uses than students who were given dedicated time to think, or than students who answered immediately. \u201c upon being confronted with a task that requires a certain degree of creativity, it pays off to delegate the labour of thinking to the unconscious mind \u201d, the authors concluded. dijksterhuis, a. & meurs, t. ( 2006 ). where creativity resides : the generative power of unconscious thought. consciousness and cognition, 15, 135 - 146. link to recent research, also by dijksterhuis, showing that it ' s best not to consciously deliberate when making big decisions like which house or car to buy. bbc coverage here. link to article in the psychologist celebrating psychology ' s rediscovery of ' the irrational ' ( bp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5347604352307533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b94a494-9a50-4605-987b-4a850c77e335>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.945137"}
{"text": "lake waccamaw offers lessons in history and nature to view our videos, you need to install adobe flash 9 or above. install now. then come back here and refresh the page. at three miles by five miles, lake waccamaw covers nearly 9, 000 acres. it is what is known as a carolina bay. \" there are over 500, 000 carolina bay lakes. this is the largest bay lake, \" said toby hall with lake waccamaw state park. carolina bays are oval shaped bodies of water that all have similar characteristics. \" you ' ll notice they all predominantly go the same direction, northwest to southeast, \" said hall. several theories exist for how the carolina bays were formed, from meteors to sinkholes. the most popular at this point is the oriented lake theory. \" ocean waters receded to where they are today. winds from the north - northeast came in and actually carved out these oval shapes, \" said hall. most figure they are called carolina bays because bays are bodies of water. that is a misconception. \" it does get its name from bay vegetation, the three trees that grow typically around carolina bay lakes, \" said hall. the northern shore of lake waccamaw is limestone, which is exposed in several locations. that gives the water an unusual neutral ph and a great deal of biodiversity. \" there ' s 54 species of fish, 15 species of mussels and clams and 10 species of freshwater snails, \" said hall. \" they have seven endemic species that live only in lake waccamaw. \" because the neutral ph is so critical to the lake \u2019 s ecosystem, the state park recently created a team of monitors to make certain the water is not becoming too alkaline or acidic. \" that is a very fragile balance in maintaining the water ' s chemistry out here on lake waccamaw, \" said hall. the tea color of the lake is not related to the ph level. it is generated as the four creeks, which feed the lake, pass through decaying vegetation. there \u2019 s plenty to learn at lake waccamaw state park from early native american presence and the discovery of several dugout canoes that are being kept under the surface of the lake to a new display featuring the bones of a baleen whale found in the lake. \" it ' s been carbon dated to about 2. 8 million years ago, which actually shows that, yes this was ocean at one time, \" said hall. put everything together and it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42978242333499095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f95c086-dba7-430d-8944-e8917801a446>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.948325"}
{"text": "madison grant \u2019 s the passing of the great race, published in 1916, is a classic in race studies. it is hard to imagine that when my grandmas were little girls, the passing became immensely popular both in the united states and in europe. henry fairfield osborn wrote in the preface : in the chapters relating to the racial history of europe we enter a new and fascinating field of study, which i trust the author himself may some day expand into a longer story. i was fascinated by osborn \u2019 s preface and can only ask, after a century since the book was written, where are the historians who ought to have followed grant \u2019 s steps? by now heavy treatises, such as gibbon \u2019 s multivolume study on the fall of rome, but this time taking race as the basis to understand european history should have been written. but we only have grant \u2019 s preliminary study for a racial understanding of history. why are people of european origin sleeping so deeply? in \u201c europe in dormition \u201d dominique venner wrote, \u201c the state of \u2018 dormition \u2019 is the consequence of the catastrophic excesses of the murderous, fratricidal frenzy perpetrated between 1914 and 1945. it was also the gift of the us and ussr, the two hegemonic powers resulting from the second world war. \u201d i would have said \u201c between 1914 to 1947 \u201d since the americans and the bolsheviks perpetrated an holocaust targeting the german people that nobody wants to discuss in the mainstream media. while grant was a nordicist i believe that studying this classic may help caucasians of both nordish of mediterranean ancestry to wake up. below, a few excerpts from osborn \u2019 s preface ( no ellipsis added ) : the passing of the great race, in its original form, was designed by the author to rouse his fellow americans to the overwhelming importance of race and to the folly of the \u201c melting pot \u201d theory, even at the expense of bitter controversy. this purpose has been accomplished thoroughly, and one of the most far - reaching effects of the doctrines enunciated in this volume and in the discussions that followed its publication was the decision of the congress of the united states to adopt discriminatory and restrictive measures against the immigration of undesirable races and peoples. the best example of complete elimination of a dominant class is in santo domingo. the horrors of the black revolt were followed by the slow death of the culture of the white man. this history should be studied carefully because it gives in prophetic form the sequence of events that we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5068420851941445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:351ad162-01fc-4c2a-bdb2-2cfb9d95069b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.953335"}
{"text": "complete elimination of a dominant class is in santo domingo. the horrors of the black revolt were followed by the slow death of the culture of the white man. this history should be studied carefully because it gives in prophetic form the sequence of events that we may expect to find in mexico and in parts of south america where the replacement of the higher type by the resurgent native is taking place. in the countries inhabited by a population more or less racially uniform the phenomenon of the multiplication of the inferior classes fostered and aided by the noble but fatuous philanthropy of the well - to - do everywhere appears. nature \u2019 s laws when unchecked maintain a relatively fixed ratio between the classes, which is greatly impaired in modern society by humanitarian and charitable activities. the late peloponnesian war in the world at large, like the civil war in america, has shattered the prestige of the white race and it will take several generations and perhaps wars to recover its former control, if it ever does regain it. [ this preface was written in 1916 ] the danger is from within and not from without. neither the black, nor the brown, nor the yellow, nor the red will conquer the white in battle. but if the valuable elements in the nordic race mix with inferior strains or die out through race suicide, then the citadel of civilization will fall for mere lack of defenders. one of the curious effects of democracy is the unquestionable fact that there is less freedom of the press than under autocratic forms of government. it is well - nigh impossible to publish in the american newspapers any reflection upon certain religions or races which are hysterically sensitive even when mentioned by name. the underlying idea seems to be that if publication can be suppressed the facts themselves will ultimately disappear. abroad, conditions are fully as bad, and we have the authority of one of the most eminent anthropologists in france that the collection of anthropological measurements and data among french recruits at the outbreak of the great war was prevented by jewish influence, which aimed to suppress any suggestion of racial differentiation in france. in the united states also, during the war, we were unable to obtain complete measurements and data, in spite of the self - devotion of certain scientists. this failure was due to lack of time and equipment and not to racial influences, but in the near future we may confidently expect in this country strenuous opposition to any public discussion of race as such. the days of the civil war and the provincial sentimentalism which governed or misgoverned our public opinion are past, and this generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.522237013038809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:351ad162-01fc-4c2a-bdb2-2cfb9d95069b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.954411"}
{"text": "the united states department of war, sometimes also called the war office, was the department of the united states government ' s executive branch responsible for the operation and maintenance of land ( and later air ) forces from 1789 until september 18, 1947, when it became part of the national military establishment, renamed on august 10, 1949 the department of defense. the united states of america \u2014 commonly referred to as the war is an international relations dispute, characterized by organized violence between national military units the united states of america \u2014 commonly referred to as the the federal government of the united states is the central united states governmental body established by the united states constitution. the federal government of the united states is the central united states governmental body established by the united states constitution. the united states armed forces are the overall unified military forces of the united states year 1789 ( mdcclxxxix ) was a common year starting on thursday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a common events 96 - nerva is proclaimed roman emperor after domitian is assassinated year 1947 ( mcmxlvii ) was a common year starting on wednesday ( link will display full 1947 calendar of the gregorian calendar. the united states department of defense ( dod or dod ) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government events 612 bc - killing of sinsharishkun, king of assyrian empire year 1949 ( mcmxlix ) was a common year starting on saturday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar. the united states department of defense ( dod or dod ) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government the department had responsibility for the young nation ' s naval affairs until the establishment of the navy department in 1798. the united states department of the navy was established by an act of congress on april 30 1798 to provide administrative and technical support and civilian leadership the war department was headed by the secretary of war, who was also a member of the president ' s cabinet. the secretary of war was a member of the united states president ' s cabinet, beginning with george washington ' s administration the president of the united states is the head of state and head of government of the united states and is the highest political official in united states by the united states cabinet ( usually simplified as \" the cabinet \" is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government upon becoming a part of the national military establishment, the war department was renamed the department of the army and became one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5101272258127709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94a4ea6a-3da5-421e-b396-7144776ff95a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.961108"}
{"text": "states cabinet ( usually simplified as \" the cabinet \" is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government upon becoming a part of the national military establishment, the war department was renamed the department of the army and became one of the three military departments of the federal government. the department of the army is one of the three service departments in the united states department of defense. at the same time, the army air forces were separated from the army and became the u. s. air force under the newly - formed department of the air force. the united states army air forces ( usaaf ) was the military aviation arm of the united states of america during and immediately after world war ii. prior to world war ii, many countries had a ministry of war which was responsible for national defense. world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including however, in the aftermath of the carnage of ww ii, governments came to the conclusion that the use of the word \u201c war \u201d added, if not assumed, a bellicose attitude towards military preparedness. thus, the late 1940s and 1950s witnessed the renaming from \u201c war \u201d to \u201c defense \u201d in most countries around the globe. one vestige of the former nomenclature is war college, where military officers of the united states are still trained in battlefield strategy. the date \" mdcclxxviii \" and the designation \" war office \" are indicative of the origin of the seal. the department of the army seal and the department of the army emblem are respectively the official seal and emblem of the headquarters u the date ( 1778 ) refers to the year of its adoption. the term \" war office \" used during the revolution, and for many years afterward, was associated with the headquarters of the army. in this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the american revolution are primarily referred to as \" americans \" with occasional references to \" patriots \" description : in the center is a roman cuirass below a vertical unsheathed sword, point up, the pommel resting on the neck opening of the cuirass and a phrygian cap supported on the sword point, all between on the right an esponton and on the left a musket with fixed bayonet crossed in saltire behind the cuirass and passing under the sword guard. cuirass ( french cuirasse, latin coriaceus, made of leather from co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4640002485668725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94a4ea6a-3da5-421e-b396-7144776ff95a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.962321"}
{"text": "that supported the american revolution are primarily referred to as \" americans \" with occasional references to \" patriots \" a mortar is a muzzle - loading indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high - arcing ballistic trajectories centered above the phrygian cap is a rattlesnake holding in its mouth a scroll inscribed \" this we \u2019 ll defend. \" centered below the cuirass are the roman numerals \" mdcclxxviii. roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient rome, adapted from etruscan numerals. \" symbolism : the central element, the roman cuirass, is a symbol of strength and defense. the sword, esponton ( a type of half - pike formerly used by subordinate officers ), musket, bayonet, cannon, cannon balls, mortar, and mortar bombs are representative of army implements. the drum and drumsticks are symbols of public notification of the army \u2019 s purpose and intent to serve the nation and its people. the phrygian cap ( often called the cap of liberty ) supported on the point of an unsheathed sword and the motto \" this we \u2019 ll defend \" on a scroll held by the rattlesnake is a symbol depicted on some american colonial flags and signifies the army \u2019 s constant readiness to defend and preserve the united states. rattlesnakes are a group of venomous snakes, genera crotalus and sistrurus. current usage : this \" war office \" seal continues to be used to this day when legal certification is necessary to authenticate as \" official \" documents and records of the department of the army. the department of the army is one of the three service departments in the united states department of defense. the army ' s \" emblem \" as depicted above, which is based on this seal, is preferred for public display.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47657740720999375, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94a4ea6a-3da5-421e-b396-7144776ff95a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.964277"}
{"text": "when a child is in pain and crying, a loving parent wants nothing more than to make the pain go away. ear infections can be very painful and often a parent will request antibiotics to treat the infection from their pediatrician or family doctor. the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) has issued new guidelines for identifying and treating childhood ear infections and would like to see fewer antibiotics prescribed. the guidelines more clearly define the signs and symptoms that indicate an infection that needs treatment. they also encourage more observation, with follow - ups, instead of antibiotics. this would also include some children under the age of two. most children with ear infections get well on their own and can be safely monitored for a few days. for children with recurrent infections, the guidelines advise physicians and parents on when it is time to see a specialist. \" between a more accurate diagnosis and the use of observation, we think we can greatly decrease the use of antibiotics, \" said the lead author of the new guidelines, dr. allan lieberthal, a pediatrician at kaiser permanente panorama city, in los angeles, and a clinical professor of pediatrics at the keck school of medicine at the university of southern california. the guidelines say that there are definitely times when antibiotics should be prescribed such as when children have a severe ear infection. severe is defined as when a child has either a fever of 102. 2 degrees or higher or is in significant pain. he or she has a ruptured ear drum with drainage, or an infection in both ears for kids two years or younger. these account for fewer cases but studies have shown that children benefit from antibiotics given right away. it ' s been since 2004 since the last set of guidelines were issued. those guidelines stimulated new research that has provided evidence for the new aap guidelines that will appear in the march issue of pediatrics. lieberthal said the biggest change is the definition of the diagnosis itself. experts say that the new definition is more precise. because of the different stages of ear infections, diagnosis can be tricky. the aap offers detailed treatment suggestions that encourage observation with close follow - ups as long as the child is not having severe symptoms, but leaves it up to the discretion of the physician whether or not to prescribe antibiotics. previous guidelines recommended that antibiotics be prescribed for children under two with ear infections. pain management is also an important component of the new guidelines. antibiotics can take up to 2 days before they start to improve symptoms, so if a child has fever or pain they should be given pain relieving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4250900682093743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70c1fd84-f743-4503-a5fd-1a8c0a90dde0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.971227"}
{"text": "for children under two with ear infections. pain management is also an important component of the new guidelines. antibiotics can take up to 2 days before they start to improve symptoms, so if a child has fever or pain they should be given pain relieving or fever reducing medications. the new guidelines also state that children, even those with recurrent infections, shouldn ' t be on long - term daily antibiotics to try to prevent infections from occurring. long - term antibiotic use has its own downfall. children can develop a rash and diarrhea ( causing dehydration. ) the biggest concern is that the child will build up immunity to the antibiotic, making it ineffective over time. when children have recurrent ear infections they should be referred to an ear, nose and throat specialist. recurrent is defined as children who have three or more ear infections in a six - month period, or four or more infections in a one - year period ( with at least one infection occurring in the previous six months. ) the new guidelines also recommend staying current on your child ' s vaccine schedule, especially the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( pcv ), and the flu shot. \" studies show that anything that decreases viral infection will decrease the incidence of ear infections, \" lieberthal said. many parents are beginning to see the logic of not over - using antibiotics, but some are still unaware of the dangers. physicians may now be more assertive about watchful waiting and follow - ups when a child ' s ear infection isn ' t severe. that may not comfort the parent of a crying child in pain, but it may be the best approach for the child in the long run. michelle healy http : / / www. usatoday. com / story / news / nation / 2013 / 02 / 25 / ear - infections - new - guidelines / 1935493 /? utm _ source = feedburner & utm _ medium = feed & utm _ campaign = feed % 3a + usatoday - newstopstories + ( news + - + top + stories )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4088784502132241, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70c1fd84-f743-4503-a5fd-1a8c0a90dde0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.972204"}
{"text": "shutters and blinds 1x4 boards to mount behind the shutters screws and anchors drill with screw driver bits saving energy with window blinds and shutters the windows in your home may be responsible for up to 25 percent of your heating and cooling bills. when it comes to energy conservation, most windows don ' t do a very good job. so, if you want to make your windows more efficient when it comes to saving energy and maintaining the temperature in your home, you might want to take a careful look at your choice of window coverings. here are a few tips to help you shop smart as you try to save energy with your new window coverings. - consider cellular blinds - cellular blinds are an excellent choice for energy saving window coverings. the honeycomb ( or cell ) that forms when the blinds are lowered traps air within it, providing an extra layer of insulation for your window. of course the more layers in the blinds and the deeper they are, the better they insulate. - keep your colors light - light colored window coverings help reflect the intense summer sun, keeping the hot air out and your cooler air in. when the weather gets cooler you can open them to let in the light and warmth of the winter sun. - keep window direction in mind - do your windows face south or do you have a harsher western exposure? consider the direction of your windows as you are looking for the best energy saving window coverings. windows facing west receive the most intense sun, so as a result they would need greater insulation. southern facing windows receive a gentler light and therefore need less protection. - leave less space when hanging drapes - if you chose to go with energy saving drapes or curtains, be sure to hang them as close to the window as possible. this prevents the air in your room from being affected by the heat or cold outside.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46529734847363896, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d4cbad8-4c4a-4a86-89a3-0e3139650c30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.974501"}
{"text": "citations with the tag : children - - diseases results 1 - 50 - an evaluation of clinical indicators for severe paediatric illness. paxton, l. a. ; redd, s. c. / / bulletin of the world health organization ; 1996, vol. 74 issue 6, p613 evaluates the clinical indicators of severe pediatric illnesses in a rural district of western kenya. development of treatment algorithm known as sick child charts ; signs indicative of severe illness ; mortality and morbidity rates ; giving high priority on training and supervision of health workers. - childhood diseases aren ' t just kids ' stuff. paul, p. / / current health 2 ; may89, vol. 15 issue 9, p26 report that when teenagers and adults catch a childhood disease, the symptoms are often more severe than in young children. viruses ; measles and rubella ; mumps ; chicken pox and whooping cough. - no aspirin, please. kaitschuck, gail / / current health 2 ; dec92, vol. 19 issue 4, p12 discusses the link between reye ' s syndrome, a potentially deadly condition afflicting children and teenagers, and the use of aspirin during viral infections such as chicken pox and the flu. australian physician ralph doyle reye, who discovered the syndrome ; symptoms ; decline in aspirin use and... - the dilemmas of childhood hiv infection. rudigier, a. f. ; crocker, a. c. / / children today ; jul / aug90, vol. 19 issue 4, p26 examines the problem of children with hiv infection. danger posed by substance abuse ; examples of natural, foster and adoptive families caring for hiv children ; central nervous system ( cns ) dysfunction ; principles of program management ; future directions. - many childhood diseases can be prevented. guthrie, richard a. / / diabetes in the news ; mar / apr93, vol. 12 issue 2, p29 provides an overview of common childhood diseases, their symptoms, recommended immunization schedules, and complications due to diabetes. rubeola or red measles ; rubella or german measles ; chicken pox ; mumps ; influenza. insets : additional disease immunizations. ; what a parent can do... - it ' s time to talk about children ' s medications. young, f. e. / / fda consumer ; oct89, vol. 23 issue 8, p6 describes how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4452981819402434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dac408b-62ac-4edd-94de-e833becd58d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.990386"}
{"text": "with hiv as african american ; performance of hiv - infected children as compared with children of their age ; high risk of placement in foster care ; importance of consideration at developmental risk. - a metabolic problem that ' s easily missed. brazdziunas, dana m. ; roizen, nancy j. m. / / rn ; may92, vol. 55 issue 5, p111 states that a child who suffers chronic infections, gains little or no weight, has poor muscle tone and coordination, and is very lethargic, may have a metabolic disorder called carnitine deficiency. details of the study ; based on a press release from assistance for babies and children with... - non - organic failure - to - thrive : origins and psychoeducational implications. phelps, leadelle / / school psychology review ; 1991, vol. 20 issue 3, p417 examines the origins and psychoeducational implications of non - organic failure - to - thrive ( noft ) disorder in children. defects exhibited by infants diagnosed with noft ; proposed model for treatment or mitigation ; realization of long - term results for the child with noft. - the phantom pains of childhood. phelps, leadelle / / nutrition health review : the consumer ' s medical journal ; 1992, issue 63, p10 presents the results of a study done by seattle pediatric rheumatologists on the psychosomatic pain many children feel. not unusual in children ; typical child with psychosomatic pain ; importance of a physical exam to rule out physical problems ; detail of study ; most significant findings of... - the birth defect : ` doctors wouldn ' t listen - - but i knew something was wrong. ' busby, k. ; raymond, b. b. / / redbook ; feb91, vol. 176 issue 4, p100 recounts the years of agony and indecision the author felt until her daughter ' s birth defect was finally diagnosed as cranio synastosis. her form, trigonocephaly, means ` tri - forehead. ' it causes the skull to be malformed. early surgery corrected the problem. inset : cher ( talks about the... - common pediatric disabilities : medical aspects and educational implications. tyler, janet siantz ; colson, steven / / focus on exceptional children ; dec94, vol. 27 issue 4, p1 presents information on several pediatric disabilities and their implications for educators. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ; cerebral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4808585062679536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dac408b-62ac-4edd-94de-e833becd58d3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.992336"}
{"text": "tyler, janet siantz ; colson, steven / / focus on exceptional children ; dec94, vol. 27 issue 4, p1 presents information on several pediatric disabilities and their implications for educators. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ; cerebral palsy ; down syndrome ; fragile x syndrome ; leukemia ; neurofibromatosis ; seizure disorders ; traumatic brain injury ; turner syndrome. - genes : key for curing kids ' diseases. mcphee, a. t. / / current science ; 11 / 17 / 89, vol. 75 issue 6, p8 reports on the latest findings in genetic research and what the findings mean to people afflicted with a gene - related disease. relationship between genes and chromosomes. illustrates how genes cause disease. gene - related diseases. - imagination triggers illness among kids. mcphee, a. t. / / current science ; 12 / 14 / 90, vol. 76 issue 8, p15 reports on an illness that was triggered by the overactive imaginations of children at a summer day - care program in florida. symptoms ; mass sociogenic illness. - common infections in child care. o ' connor, deborah l. / / patient care ; 8 / 15 / 1998, vol. 32 issue 13, p60 focuses on the challenges of preventing and the management of child care infections by primary care physicians in the united states. question whether infections in children under child care differ from those cared for at home ; factors which predispose children attending child care to... - a - z of children ' s health. o ' connor, deborah l. / / australia ' s parents ; oct95, issue 88, p45 presents information on various childhood ailments. pneumonia ; polio ; pyloric stenosis ; rashes ; ringworm ; rubella. - healthy parenting. godbey, susan flagg ; walsh, therese / / prevention ; jul96, vol. 48 issue 7, p40 provides tips for parents on the prevention and treatment of children ' s ailments. use of hair dryers to prevent swimmer ' s ear ; breastfeeding mothers ' alteration of diets an antidote to colic attack in infants ; types of food that trigger colic episodes. inset : making better babies.. - the silent genocide. taylor, r. j. / / canada & the world ; dec90, vol. 56 issue 4, p31 discusses the fact that 11 million children will die in the third world this year from prevent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248447886406136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dac408b-62ac-4edd-94de-e833becd58d3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.993466"}
{"text": "better babies.. - the silent genocide. taylor, r. j. / / canada & the world ; dec90, vol. 56 issue 4, p31 discusses the fact that 11 million children will die in the third world this year from preventable or curable diseases. causes of the deaths ; why they are not being prevented ; what world leaders have done about this problem. - don ' t be fooled! m. e. r. / / cortlandt forum ; 02 / 25 / 97, vol. 10 issue 2, p133 narrates how mothers could tell that their children would develop sickness even if they appear healthy. - henoch - schonlein purpura : a review. kraft, debra m. ; mckee, denise ; scott, carol / / american family physician ; 8 / 1 / 1998, vol. 58 issue 2, p405 offers information on henoch - schonlein purpura, a disorder of children and young adults. number of incidence in cases per 100, 000 persons ; symptoms of the disorder ; what have been associated with the disorder ; what has been linked to the development of the disorder ; details on the disorder ;... - the first casualties of war. hoskins, eric / / new statesman & society ; 1 / 29 / 93, vol. 6 issue 237, p16 reports that mysterious illnesses showing up in iraqi children may be caused by close contact with abandoned gulf war weaponry. rise in childhood cancers, especially leukemia ; usually fatal ; radioactive bullets called depleted uranium ( du ) penetrators ; how children use bullets as toys ;... - new stomach - bug vaccine. bluestein, stephanie stassel / / parenting ; jun / jul98, vol. 12 issue 5, p41 focuses on the illness rotavirus, which affects children between the ages of 3 months and 2 years. symptoms of the illness ; information on the vaccine rotashield ; comments from william sears, a california pediatrician. - ` my baby will grow old - - but she ' ll never grow up. ' schulz, l. d. / / redbook ; feb89, vol. 172 issue 4, p44 personal account by the mother of a child suffering from progeria, a rare genetic disease which causes children to age prematurely. life expectancy for children with the disease is approximately 13 years. - experts baffled by mysterious disease. bateman, chris / / cme : south africa ' s continuing medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47701288958009125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dac408b-62ac-4edd-94de-e833becd58d3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.994444"}
{"text": "progeria, a rare genetic disease which causes children to age prematurely. life expectancy for children with the disease is approximately 13 years. - experts baffled by mysterious disease. bateman, chris / / cme : south africa ' s continuing medical education journal ; feb2012, vol. 30 issue 2, p85 the article reports on the investigation being done by ugandan authorities into a disease that has left about 3, 000 victims, mainly children. - beyond measles and chickenpox : other childhood diseases cause rashes. stehlin, d. / / fda consumer ; apr92, vol. 26 issue 3, p32 examines various rash - producing childhood diseases. types of diseases ; symptoms and causes ; treatments. a quick look at rash diseases ; impetigo ; roseola. inset : treating a child ' s fever, by d. s.. - danger in dairyland. carey, benedict ; fraser, laura / / health ( time inc. health ) ; mar / apr93, vol. 7 issue 2, p11 warns about school children drinking raw milk from cows during field trips. epidemiologist michael osterholm at the minnesota department of health ; outbreaks of campylobacter from unpasteurized milk ; why farmers are not affected ; recommendations ; details. - dodging the day care disease. carey, benedict ; fraser, laura / / people ' s medical society newsletter ; apr92, vol. 11 issue 2, p6 focuses on a study published in the april 1991 issue of the ` journal of pediatrics ' which reports that children under the age of three who attend day care develop more respiratory infections and more serious illnesses than do children that stay at home during that period of life. no surprise... - childhood diseases at a glance. carey, benedict ; fraser, laura / / mothering ; winter95, issue 77, p37 presents information on childhood diseases. incubation ; infectious period ; signs and symptoms. - ` new morbidites ' afflict children. carey, benedict ; fraser, laura / / new hampshire business review ; 9 / 3 / 93, vol. 15 issue 16, p14 reports on the new morbidities that afflict children. opinion by dr. steve kairys, acting chairman of the department of pediatrics at the dartmouth hitchcock medical center in hanover, new hampshire ; comparison with old morbidities ; issues in pediatrics ; efforts by the children ' s hospital at... - is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4713546342702267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dac408b-62ac-4edd-94de-e833becd58d3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.995395"}
{"text": ". steve kairys, acting chairman of the department of pediatrics at the dartmouth hitchcock medical center in hanover, new hampshire ; comparison with old morbidities ; issues in pediatrics ; efforts by the children ' s hospital at... - is a temperature trouble? gilbert, susan / / redbook ; mar93, vol. 180 issue 5, p154 recommends the proper treatment for kids ' fevers, acknowledging that many parents are getting contradictory advice from doctors. recent study ; ` fever phobia ' ; comment from survey head ariane may of boston city hospital. - saint vitus ' s dance. dajer, t. / / discover ; mar1990, vol. 11 issue 3, p86 presents the case history of a 10 - year - old girl with sydenham ' s chorea, or saint vitus ' s dance, developed several weeks after a strep infection. symptoms ; history of illness ; treatment ; rheumatic fever. - mom, my tummy hurts. webster, harriet / / better homes & gardens ; sep96, vol. 74 issue 9, p50 presents suggestions on how to deal with children ' s illnesses. implication of children ' s illness on parents ; ways of determining when to keep a sick child at home ; ways to keep children healthy ; interpreting adolescent ailments ; alternative plans for child care. - too sick for school? webster, harriet / / scholastic parent & child ; sep2003, vol. 11 issue 1, p56 the article presents information on children ' s diseases. overview of different diseases, their symptoms, how long to stay at home and their treatment is given. - frequency of resistant virus and options for a second - line treatment for hiv - 1 infected children under haart in mozambique. chaix, marie - laure ; jani, ilesh ; macassa, eugenia ; bila, dulce ; vubil, adolfo ; andersson, soren ; rouzioux, christine ; vaz, paula ; blanche, stphane / / retrovirology ; 2009 supplement 1, vol. 6, p1 an abstract of the article \" frequency of resistant virus and options for a second - line treatment for hiv - 1 infected children under haart in mozambique, \" by marie - laure chaix and colleagues, is presented. - evolution of the biological follow - up of efficiency and tolerance of a once daily antiretroviral treatment with 3tc + ddi + efv in children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49857986028345963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dac408b-62ac-4edd-94de-e833becd58d3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.996281"}
{"text": "mozambique, \" by marie - laure chaix and colleagues, is presented. - evolution of the biological follow - up of efficiency and tolerance of a once daily antiretroviral treatment with 3tc + ddi + efv in children infected with hiv - 1 ( clinical trial anrs 12 103 ). nacro, boubacar ; diasso, yaya ; zoure, emmanuelle ; diabouga, potiendi serge ; van de perre, philippe ; drabo, aly ; ouiminga, adama ; rouet, franois ; kania, dramane ; yameogo, souleymane ; hien, alain ; hien, herv ; msellati, philippe / / retrovirology ; 2009 supplement 1, vol. 6, p1 an abstract of the article \" evolution of the biological follow - up of efficiency and tolerance of a once daily antiretroviral treatment with 3tc + ddi + efv in children infected with hiv - 1, \" by boubacar nacro and colleagues, is presented. - transient elastography ( fibroscan ) in hiv - 1 vertically infected children. a cross - sectional study. monpoux, fabrice ; huguon, emilie ; truchi, rgine ; rubio, amandine ; riolo, valrie ; deville, anne ; boutte, patrick ; tran, albert / / retrovirology ; 2009 supplement 1, vol. 6, p1 an abstract of the article \" transient elastography, fibroscan, in hiv - 1 vertically infected children : a cross - sectional study, \" by fabrice monpoux and colleagues, is presented. - adherence in hiv - 1 infected children taking once daily haart with didanosine + lamivudine + efavirenz in west africa. anrs 12103 clinical trial. som, jerme ; nacro, boubacar ; hien, herv ; tamboura, hassane ; zour, emmanuelle ; diagbouga, serge ; ouiminga, adama ; drabo, aly ; hien, alain ; yamogo, souleymane ; van de perre, philippe ; msellati, philippe / / retrovirology ; 2009 supplement 1, vol. 6, p1 an abstract of an article related to hiv - i infected children is presented. - didano", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47941638920698293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dac408b-62ac-4edd-94de-e833becd58d3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:37.997032"}
{"text": "both positive and negative effects of deafness on visual attention. the purpose of this study was to replicate and expand findings of previous studies by examining visual attention abilities in children with deafness and children with normal hearing. twenty - eight... - listening effort and fatigue in school - age children with and without hearing loss. hicks, candace bourland ; tharpe, anne marie / / journal of speech, language & hearing research ; jun2002, vol. 45 issue 3, p573 parents, audiologists, and educators have long speculated that children with hearing loss must expend more effort and, therefore, fatigue more easily than their peers with normal hearing when listening in adverse acoustic conditions. until now, however, very few studies have been conducted to... - cochlear implants and the deaf child : a nursing perspective. russell, katherine e. ; coffin, cheryl / / pediatric nursing ; jul / aug99, vol. 25 issue 4, p396 presents information on a study which focused on pediatric cochlear implantation. benefits of cochlear implantation ; preoperative assessment and care ; opposition to implantation. - childhood fevers : developing an evidence - based anticipatory guidance tool for parents. krantz, chantal / / pediatric nursing ; nov / dec2001, vol. 27 issue 6, p567 provides information on a study which explored the concepts of the health belief model applied to parent behavior to promote a greater understanding of their actions in the face of childhood fever. importance for parents to have knowledge about fever ; perceptions of severity and threat of... - pediatric management problems. belkengren, richard ; sapala, shirley / / pediatric nursing ; nov / dec2001, vol. 27 issue 6, p611 presents a pediatric case where presenting symptoms are cough, but afebrile. assessment ; management plan ; physical examination. - fighting the flu season. belkengren, richard ; sapala, shirley / / scholastic news - - edition 3 ; 10 / 27 / 2008, vol. 65 issue 6, p3 the article presents ways on how children can overcome flu. - the paths of chlorpyrifos. renner, rebecca / / environmental health perspectives ; mar2002, vol. 110 issue 3, pa 150 presents a study on the exposure routes of chlorpyrifos in the u. s. effects of the pesticide on children ; discussions on inhalation pathway ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4992350072588306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dac408b-62ac-4edd-94de-e833becd58d3>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.001709"}
{"text": "what happens when you let two bots have a conversation? cornell researchers igor labutov, jason yosinski and hod lipson find out. follow the links at the bottom of this post for more about \" ai vs. ai. \" laughing babies, talking dogs and rebecca black may be internet sensations, but if you want to add something more substantive to your viral video diet, turn your dial to dueling chatbots, dancing ph. d. theses and other highlights from the past year ' s surfeit of science videos. talking bots can be just as surprising and silly as talking dogs. take \" ai vs. ai, \" for example. cornell researchers igor labutov, jason losinski and hod lipson took two cleverbot artificial - intelligence programs, hooked them up to each other, and typed in \" hi \" as an ice - breaker. hilarity ensues. \" we just assembled the pieces, the audio and the avatars, and let the program run, \" lipson, an associate professor at the cornell creative machines lab, told me today. the funniest line in the video comes when one ai program tells the other that they ' re chatting together as robots. the other bot replies, \" i am not a robot, i am a unicorn. \" where did that come from? \" the conversations are based on millions of conversations that it had before, \" lipson said. \" probably this term is something it had encountered in some conversation with a human. \" the best guess is that someone made a reference to the unicorn from lewis carroll ' s \" through the looking glass, \" and somehow that stuck in the cleverbot ' s electronic brain. the takeaway is that artificially intelligent chatbots can become as petulant and irrational as the humans who made them. this cleverbot conversation provides further evidence of that. ( \" i ' m talking about you... how you are a creep, \" one clone - bot tells another. ) here are 10 other clever and creepy science videos from 2011 to while away the minutes with. i ' ve added links to more information about each of them at the bottom of this item : science educator james drake put together 600 pictures from the international space station to create this video view of an orbital night flight. it ' s been viewed more than 6 million times on youtube since september. follow the links at the bottom for more night - flight videos. the top video in this year ' s \" dance your ph. d \" contest was \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5263876029087301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f334ce1-cd67-4c1b-b102-02226b501b74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.009479"}
{"text": "orbital night flight. it ' s been viewed more than 6 million times on youtube since september. follow the links at the bottom for more night - flight videos. the top video in this year ' s \" dance your ph. d \" contest was \" microstructure - property relationships in ti2448 components produced by selective laser melting : a love story \" from joel miller on vimeo. follow the links at the bottom to watch more winners from the \" dance your ph. d \" video file. one of the year ' s most trafficked videos is \" a day made of glass, \" which depicts corning ' s vision for a glassy future. it ' s been viewed more than 16 million times on youtube since february. follow the links at the bottom of this story for more about the future of glass. an octopus rises from the deep at the fitzgerald marine reserve in california... and walks over land on its legs. it turns out this behavior is not all that uncommon. the video is among txchnologist ' s top 10 science videos. follow the links at the bottom for more about walking octopi and the txchnologist list.. speaking of octopi, here ' s a soft robot that crawls along a surface like an octopus out of water. follow the links at the bottom to see more videos from chemical & engineering news. soft robots may look cute, but this hard - charging alphadog proto looks downright creepy. it ' s being developed by boston dynamics with funding from darpa and the u. s. marine corps. the first version of the complete robot will be ready in 2012. follow the links at the bottom to learn more about alphadog. minute physics focuses on the faster - than - light neutrino research in its latest video. follow the links listed below for more from minute physics. quantum levitation sounds like a science - fiction phenomenon, but the superconductivity group at the university of tel aviv shows that it really, really works. watch this report from today. com ' s dara brown, and follow the links at the bottom of this post to learn more. in one of a series of math - themed videos, vi hart takes potshots at pi and talks up tau instead. and she proves she can make a cherry pie. follow the links at the bottom for more about hart and tau day. the \" readers choice \" honors in the 2011 labby awards went to \" weaver ants \" by mark moffett and melissa wells. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5713159179727784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f334ce1-cd67-4c1b-b102-02226b501b74>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.010761"}
{"text": "proves she can make a cherry pie. follow the links at the bottom for more about hart and tau day. the \" readers choice \" honors in the 2011 labby awards went to \" weaver ants \" by mark moffett and melissa wells. this video was posted by thescientistllc on vimeo. follow the links below for more about the labbies. update for 8 : 35 p. m. et : for 10 more must - see, humorous science videos, check out this tree of life blog posting by uc - davis biologist jonathan a. eisen. he says his no. 1 pick, the \" bad project \" lady gaga parody, is \" simply awesome \" \u2014 and i simply agree. more about the videos : - cleverbots at cornell : ai vs. ai - how the cleverbot chats like a human - night flights : sleigh ride in orbit - night flights : the best of nasa ' s night lights - ph. d. dance - off makes science sexy - a day made of glass : the story from corning - future of tech : the evolution of glass - scientific american explains the walking octopus - txchnologist : ten of 2011 ' s top science videos - top 10 videos of 2011 from c & en, including soft robot - four - legged battlefield robot evolves into ' alphadog ' - minute physics ' youtube channel - video wows with quantum levitation - vi hart ' s math blog | the tau manifesto - the scientist ' s 2011 labby awards | doctor bugs more year - end reviews : - cast your vote for the weird science awards - 11 scientific twists from 2011 - the biggest ancient mysteries of 2011 - the year in space | 2011 slideshow - who ' s on the a - list for bad celebrity science? alan boyle is msnbc. com ' s science editor. connect with the cosmic log community by \" liking \" the log ' s facebook page, following @ b0yle on twitter and adding the cosmic log page to your google + presence. you can also check out \" the case for pluto, \" my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5045172062409307, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f334ce1-cd67-4c1b-b102-02226b501b74>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.011651"}
{"text": "gilbert, sir william schwenck gilbert, sir william schwenck, 1836 - 1911, english playwright and poet. he won fame as the librettist of numerous popular operettas, written in collaboration with the composer sir arthur sullivan. while on the staff of the magazine fun, he first became known as the author of bab ballads, amusing but often bitter and cynical poems, published in that magazine and collected in 1869. his first play dulcamara was produced in 1866. it was followed by several fairly successful comedies, dramas, and burlesques. in 1871, gilbert began his collaboration with arthur sullivan, lasting about 20 years, which resulted in the popular operettas for which they are famous. the first of their joint works was thespis ( 1871 ) and the last was the grand duke ( 1896 ). their most famous operettas are trial by jury ( 1875 ), h. m. s. pinafore ( 1878 ), the pirates of penzance ( 1879 ), patience ( 1881 ), iolanthe ( 1882 ), princess ida ( 1884 ), the mikado ( 1885 ), ruddigore ( 1887 ), the yeoman of the guard ( 1888 ), and the gondoliers ( 1889 ). gilbert ' s lyrics are those of a metrical craftsman. in his songs he satirized various aspects of victorian life : aesthetes, the navy, the law, and women ' s education. the savoy theatre, built by richard d ' oyly carte in 1881 to house gilbert and sullivan operas, gave them the name savoy operas. about 1896 a quarrel between gilbert and sullivan concerning a business arrangement with carte terminated their collaboration. thereafter neither of them produced anything to equal their joint works. we ' re sorry this article wasn ' t helpful. tell us how we can improve.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.372481775008877, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6be6c8a5-5424-408f-b633-9e56d652c291>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.013592"}
{"text": "new clues to possible genetic basis for adhd10 / 04 / 10 monday, oct. 4 ( healthday news ) - - children whose mothers are likely to produce too little of the brain chemical serotonin because of gene mutations may be at higher risk of developing attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) later in life, norwegian researchers report. serotonin is involved in many physiological functions and plays an important role during development, especially in the development of nerve cells, the researchers say. \" an impaired maternal serotonin production may have profound long - term behavioral effects on [ offspring ], independent of the children ' s own genotypes, \" said lead researcher dr. jan haavik, from the department of biomedicine at the university of bergen. \" as technologies evolve, systematic gene sequencing can provide new insight into mechanisms of complex disorders like adhd, \" he added. the report is published in the october issue of the archives of general psychiatry. for the study, haavik and colleagues took blood samples from 495 adults with adhd and 97 of their family members as well as from 187 people without adhd from across norway. in addition, they collected data on these individuals ' psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms. the researchers then sequenced the genes of 646 of the participants and found nine mutations, eight of which were linked to the two enzymes involved in the body ' s synthesis of the researchers found that children of mothers who were predisposed to impaired serotonin production were more likely to have adhd. among 38 family members and 41 of the children, those whose mother had one of the mutations had a 1. 5 to 2. 5 higher risk of developing adhd, compared with people or children who did not have these mutations or children whose father had the the number and severity of adhd symptoms varied widely, which suggested that for children of mothers with these mutations, \" the clinical outcome probably depends on a sum of many different genetic or environmental factors in addition to variations in maternal serotonin levels, \" the norwegian researchers noted. they also stressed that further studies replicating the results, \" preferably in larger samples, will be required to corroborate this dr. stephan zuchner, an associate professor and director of the center for human molecular genomics at the university of miami miller school of medicine, said there is considerable debate of how much of adhd is genetically based. \" there is an extreme spectrum, from people who think it ' s not so much to people who think it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5073680749251874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dad3b1-32eb-4710-9f42-f309fdb1da05>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.019508"}
{"text": "molecular genomics at the university of miami miller school of medicine, said there is considerable debate of how much of adhd is genetically based. \" there is an extreme spectrum, from people who think it ' s not so much to people who think it ' s a lot, \" he said. \" i think it ' s certainly significant - - the genetic contribution. there is little doubt that adhd has a genetic component. \" however, zuchner thinks that developing adhd is a result of both genetics and environment. \" it is rare to see that genetics alone can cause adhd, \" he said. zuchner also noted this is a small study, so it is premature to try to identify the risk of developing adhd based on these genetic mutations. \" i would be careful from this small study not to draw any larger conclusions, \" he said. at least one other study has found some evidence of a genetic basis for adhd. a report in the sept. 30 online edition of the lancet found that many who suffer from adhd appear to have a genetic abnormality that may predispose them to the condition, british researchers report. the u. k. team analyzed the genetic information of 366 children with adhd, comparing it to more than 1, 000 unrelated but ethnically matched individuals in a control group. children with adhd were significantly more likely to have missing or duplicated segments of dna - - called copy number variations ( cnvs ) - - than were children without adhd, the researchers found. this type of genetic variation is more common in those with brain disorders, they noted. the findings were replicated in a study of 825 icelandic patients with adhd and more than 35, 000 icelandic control group in background materials to the study, the british researchers said they hoped their findings would help overcome the stigma associated with adhd - - which some people associate with parenting problems or poor diet - - by suggesting that it has a genetic finally, a third study - this time a small case - control study of about 250 children - - found that children with adhd are more likely to suffer from depression or attempt suicide as teens. in fact, 16 to 37 percent of those with adhd suffer from major depressive disorder or a relatively mild form of depression known as dysthymia, noted andrea chronis - tuscano of the university of maryland and colleagues. \" these findings suggest that it is possible to identify children with adhd at very young ages who are at very high risk for later depression and suicidal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4884093173465729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dad3b1-32eb-4710-9f42-f309fdb1da05>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.020893"}
{"text": "something missing here : across a wide stretch of midwestern farms, sweltering temperatures and a dearth of rain are threatening what was expected to be the nation \u2019 s largest corn crop in generations. already, some farmers in illinois and missouri have given up on parched and stunted fields, mowing them over. national specialists say parts of five corn - growing states, including indiana, kentucky, and ohio, are experiencing severe or extreme drought conditions. and in at least nine states, conditions in one - fifth to one - half of cornfields have been deemed poor or very poor, federal authorities reported this week, a notable shift from the high expectations just a month before. crop insurance agents and agricultural economists are watching closely, a few comparing the situation with a devastating drought of 1988, when corn yields shriveled significantly, while some farmers have begun alluding, unhappily, to the dust bowl of the 1930s. far more is at stake in the coming pivotal days : with the brief, delicate phase of pollination imminent in many states, miles and miles of corn will rise or fall on whether rain soon appears and temperatures moderate. \u201c it all quickly went from ideal to tragic, \u2019 \u2019 said don duvall, a farmer in illinois who has already watched two of his cornfields dry up and perish as others remain in peril. for him, it has been a virtually rainless month. \u2018 \u2018 every day that passes, more corn will be abandoned, \u2019 \u2019 duvall said. \u2018 \u2018 but even if it starts raining now, there will not be that bumper crop of corn everyone talked about. \u2019 \u2019 ( via boston globe ) not word one about climate change. almost like a conspiracy of silence. it ' s the most important issue of our times, and therefore the most ignored.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40952711011410464, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ab0d89-d6dd-4230-816e-ae04ab8c95ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.024169"}
{"text": "functional brain imaging is thought to be one of the most important discoveries in sleep research in the past 100 years. researchers are using it to look at what happens in the whole brain during sleep, both in healthy individuals and in people who suffer sleep disturbances such as depression, sleep apnea, and insomnia. before brain imaging techniques developed, researchers relied on electroencephalograms, or eegs, to learn about the different stages of sleep. eegs detect the electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on a patient ' s scalp. the technique measures general patterns of brain activity, such as the speed of neural spikes, but is not sensitive enough to distinguish activity in different brain regions or in the deeper structures of the brain, below the cortex. | in the past, traces from an electroencephalogram, left, provided information about the stages of sleep. that method has been upstaged by functional magnetic resonance imaging, above, which provides a comparison of sensory processing during wakefulness, shown in the scan on the left, and light sleep. sound signals are transmitted to the auditory cortex during wakefulness, as indicated by increased neural activity, but not during sleep. credits : hannah gal / photo researchers, inc. ; czisch et al., 2004. | scientists know how sounds are processed in the brain when someone hears something while they are awake, with neural signals passing from the auditory nerve to the thalamus and then to the primary cortex, where the signals are processed. to find out what happens when someone is sleeping and hears a noise, thomas pollmacher, a lead investigator at the max planck institute of psychiatry in munich, and colleagues are using functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fmri, and eeg. for these experiments, a volunteer lies in the mri scanner with electrodes on his or her head. when the volunteer falls asleep, the researchers play a sound repeatedly. significantly, the scientists do not detect activation in the thalamus or auditory cortex. the researchers interpret this lack of a strong signal to mean that the brain is actually trying to repress outside stimuli, as if trying to maintain sleep and prevent waking. during rapid - eye movement sleep, or rem, during which most dreaming occurs, the group has observed a similar pattern in which the auditory cortex is quiet. \" the brain functions in a closed mode, \" pollmacher says. \" it tries to exclude external sensory information and reinforce internal signals. \" that observation agrees with experimental data showing that sleep is important for reinforcing memories.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5815895680037123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52d0706d-306d-4126-96d4-fb2cc3f521c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.029293"}
{"text": "cortex is quiet. \" the brain functions in a closed mode, \" pollmacher says. \" it tries to exclude external sensory information and reinforce internal signals. \" that observation agrees with experimental data showing that sleep is important for reinforcing memories. while a person sleeps, the brain reviews the tasks or events of the day, storing them more securely than if the brain processed them only at the moment they occurred. meanwhile, eric nofzinger and colleagues at the western psychiatric institute and clinic in pittsburgh are examining what regions of the brain are active during sleep in healthy and depressed volunteers and are helping to explain why patients with depression have a hard time sleeping. in these experiments, volunteers sleep in a normal bedroom setting, with eeg electrodes attached and an intravenous ( iv ) needle in their arms. when volunteers reach a specified stage of sleep, the scientists inject a solution of radioactive glucose through the iv. they then wake the volunteers and put them in a positron emission tomography, or pet, scanner. because the glucose goes to the cells that are most active, the team can see what regions of the brain were in use when they injected the solution. during rem sleep depressed patients have an overactive limbic system, which controls emotions. \" it ' s like they have a raw nerve, which is too easily overstimulated, \" nofzinger says. the team has started to look at what happens in patients who are depressed but receiving treatment. nofzinger says they have preliminary results in these patients, and that although it is too early to draw conclusions, there are undoubtedly differences between untreated and treated patients. sleep is key to restoring an individual ' s brain power. if scientists can find out what healthy sleep looks like and what happens when it is disrupted - as occurs in depression - they may be able to correct it. one striking observation, pollmacher says, is what happens when his team uses eeg to see what is going on in a patient who complains about severe sleep disturbances : \" the eegs are almost non - remarkable. it could be that by looking at deeper regions [ with imaging techniques ] we will be able to understand why people perceive their sleep is so bad. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.563418973388183, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52d0706d-306d-4126-96d4-fb2cc3f521c4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.030214"}
{"text": "| | ensure that all students are on track to graduate from high school on - time and ready for college and careers. | | students will enter elementary school ready to succeed in school and in life. | how progress is measured : | | the percent of 3 - and 4 - year - olds enrolled in preschool programs : 2005 \u2013 07 and 2007 \u2013 09 | why is this measure important? | | ensuring that all students, especially high - need students, are on track for success in school and beyond requires increasing access to high - quality early learning programs. this is particularly important for high - need students who have less access to quality early learning programs and often enter kindergarten behind their age - peers. children who attend high - quality early learning programs, receive comprehensive services, and have opportunities to learn across all domains of school readiness are likely to do measurably better in school than their peers who do not. this is particularly important for high - need students who have less access to quality early learning programs and often enter kindergarten behind their age - peers. | what do the data tell us at the national level? | | the enrollment rate of 3 - and 4 - year - olds in the united states was higher in 2007 \u2013 09 ( 48 percent ) than it was in 2005 \u2013 07 ( 46 percent ). | what are the limitations of the indicator? | | while the dashboard provides data on enrollment in preschool programs, there is no source of comparable state - by - state data on the quality of programs or the extent to which kindergartners enter school ready to succeed. as such, data on preschool enrollment are being used as incomplete proxies for the objective, based on the assumption that access to an early learning program is an important element of increasing school readiness. since the measure reflects averages over a 3 - year time period, short - term changes may not be apparent. additionally, information is not provided on the extent to which high - need children are participating in preschool programs. | documentation for the indicator : | | data on participation in preschool programs were obtained through a sample survey of households in each of the states. data are from the public use microdata sample ( pums ) of the american community survey ( acs ), produced by the u. s. census bureau. the percentages reflect the participation of young children in early learning programs at the time the survey was administered and are subject to sampling error. a small number of children enrolled in kindergarten are included. estimates are 3 - year averages. use of a 3 - year average", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45770011617867257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85f19e9d-a7dd-430a-b740-91f67c65d3b1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.053750"}
{"text": "barfield ' s abiding passion for the romantic movement in literature and philosophy dates back at least as early as his oxford days prior to world war i. most interested in the work of the german romantic and the englishman samuel taylor coleridge ( about whom he wrote a book - - what coleridge thought - - as well as his writings contain numerous references as well to most of the other major british romantics and to the german romantic philosophers as well ( especially schelling ). for barfield, romanticism represents a rebirth of the \" perennial philosophy \" ( huxley ), of ideas that had oriental equivalents2 and had been around in the west since the ancient greeks, as he made clear as early as history in english words. but romanticism gave these ideas a new, more \" natural \" emphasis ; indeed, romanticism equated imagination and nature. slowly the divers of the romantic expedition brought up to the surface of consciousness that vast new cosmos which had so long been blindly forming in the depths. it was a cosmos in which the spirit and spontaneity of life had moved out of nature and into man. the magic of persia, the muses of greece, the witches and fairies and charms and enchantments or romance - - all these had been locked safely in man ' s bosom, there to sleep until the trumpet of romanticism sounded its call to imagination to give back their teeming life to nature.... this re - animation of nature was possible because the imagination was felt as creative in the full religious sense of the word. it had itself assisted in creating the natural forms which the senses were now contemplating. it had moved upon the face of the waters. for it was the \" repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation \" - - the word made human. ( 212 ) barfield chose to call a collection of occasional writings and lectures published during world war ii ( his first published book since poetic diction ) romanticism comes of age - - a title which referred to a central barfield thesis : that the thought of rudolf could become, if accepted and fully realized, the mature fruition of romantic thought. this thesis is developed in the three representative passages quoted below, all from romanticism comes of age : for there is no doubt [ for the romantics ] about where the life in an invented or fictitious image comes from. there can be no \" pathetic fallacy \" there, 3 what is peculiar to the romantic movement - - as, indeed, its very name recalls -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.540762505896547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab37379e-00d9-4102-86aa-3f165cad9fac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.076087"}
{"text": "doubt [ for the romantics ] about where the life in an invented or fictitious image comes from. there can be no \" pathetic fallacy \" there, 3 what is peculiar to the romantic movement - - as, indeed, its very name recalls - - is the further reaction of this enthusiasm for fictitious and fabulous representations on the phenomena - - on nature herself. this is also what took the romantic conception of art, properly understood, a step beyond the neo - platonic theory.... the neo - platonic theory holds that man the artist is, in some measure, a creator. the romantic conception agrees - - but goes further and returns him, in this capacity, to nature herself. ( sa 129 ) twenty three years later, barfield seemed less optimistic that romanticism had, in fact, grown up. in saving the appearances he seems to have less faith that his prediction will come true : \" the tremendous impulse underlying the romantic movement has never grown to maturity ; \" he concedes there, \" and after adolescence, the alternative to maturity is puerility \" ( 130 - 31 ). a young man may be considered as fully come of age only when he has discovered two things : firstly his identity and secondly his vocation.... the young man called the romantic impulse appears to have gone a long way... toward discovering his identity, but... i see little sign as yet of his having discovered his vocation. ( 22 ) to make romanticism into a self - sufficient organic being, able to stand on its own legs and face the rest of the world, there ought to have been added to the new concept, beauty, the renewed conception of freedom, a new idea also of the nature of truth. ( 28 ) in the legend of parsifal tragic consequences follow the failure of the hero to ask the crucial question at the crucial moment. the question he should have asked when he saw the holy grail was \" of what is it served? \" the same question should have been asked by the romantic movement, when it saw the visionary grail of the human imagination. but it was not asked... except by coleridge.... and in the state of romanticism, as it exists today, we see the tragic consequences that followed. the charm faded. the mirror cracked from side to side. just as coleridge, who had indeed had a vision of imagination as the vessel by which the divinity passes down into humanity - - just as he fell back from this kind of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.514429831568174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab37379e-00d9-4102-86aa-3f165cad9fac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.077619"}
{"text": "blog challenge # 2 : ask a question. get an answer. note : class polls are a great way to get your kids thinking, and with web tools like google forms, you can get them thinking nationally or even globally. if anyone ever asks you why a teacher would want a pln ( professional learning network ) here \u2019 s one thing you can throw back at them. \u201c did you ever want to ask the world a question? \u201d our third grade did. they wanted to know what the world had for breakfast on april 1st, 2009. we created a google form then i sent the link out on twitter saying, \u201c let \u2019 s show this teacher the power of our newtork. \u201d twenty - four hours later we had over 400 responses which i painstakingly added one by one to a google map. ( read more about it : it \u2019 s all about the network ) last year while the winter olympics were in full swing, our third grade wanted to know about your favorite winter olympic sport. this time we used a new tool called map - a - list to take the location data from the form to automatically generate a map of the responses. ( if you \u2019 d like to learn to do this yourself look at \u201c collaborative maps \u201c. ) in both surveys, the class was able to get global results in 24 hours \u2013 something that was unthinkable when i was in school. kids couldn \u2019 t wait to check the map as the responses came in. a lesson about the olympics quickly became a lesson in geography. math and graphing were added as the results were tallied. which sport was the most popular? students were able to compare their class responses with people in other states and countries. their teacher was even able to pose thinking questions like \u2026 \u201c barbara in new zealand ate muesli and tinned peaches. what are tinned peaches? \u201d \u201c why do you think different sports are popular in different places? \u201d \u201c why do you think most of the people who answered our survey live in english speaking countries? \u201d she then led the class discussion as students worked to find the answers. all this learning from one simple question. what would you ask the world?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5000435300565103, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5123cb18-7c7d-4c48-b7bf-06bc51f0cc06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.080680"}
{"text": "carlos andres perez, twice venezuela \u2019 s president in 1974 and 1989 died yesterday at 88. a controversial figure, cap, as he was known, was twice in exile as a young adeco activist in 1948 and the 1950 \u2032 s and was in charge of the fight against guerrillas during romulo betancourt \u2019 s presidency from 1959 to 1964, first as a director general of the ministry of interior and justice and later as minister. he developed an image of being tough during this time. when the 1973 presidential campaign arrived, romulo betancourt quickly said he would not be a candidate, leaving the field open for cap. it was the first multimedia electoral campaign in venezuela \u2019 s history with cap projecting an energetic image ( he was a tireless worker ), visiting all corners of the country and defeating lorenzo fernandez of the incumbent copei party. once elected, cap was dramatic the first few months of his presidency, nationalizing oil and iron his first day in power, benefiting from the sharp rise in oil prices. but cap, like most venezuelan presidents, had no economic knowledge and his government was a hodge podge of cepal - like recipes and the conception that the government could do it all. but he dazzled the population, in the first month in power, he cleaned up caracas, froze the prize of arepas ( which made areperas disappear in short order ) and decreed that all elevators had to have an operator, as a way of creating employment ( pleno empleo, full employment, was his motto ). the economy boomed, thanks to the oil windfall, but the same windfall hid all of the problems as cap developed his vision of the \u201c gran venezuela \u201d. money was thrown at steel, aluminum and technology projects in which the government was the owner or provided the financing, but there was little control and / or know how to make it successful. he did try to protect some of the windfall, creating the fondo de inversiones de venezuela, reduced oil production because so much money was not needed and maintained the structure of the oil industry before it was nationalized, creating pdvsa and naming general ravard to preside it. the boom was so huge that everyone benefited, poverty reached the lowest levels in venezuela \u2019 s history, he created the mariscal de ayacucho program that sent 10, 000 venezuelans abroad for mostly graduate degrees, protected wild areas in national parks, he created the oil research institute intevep, he built important hydroelectric projects. he was a democrat and he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4496255864679407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:591c7c37-b085-4c96-b42f-e935c2e634a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.092273"}
{"text": "mariscal de ayacucho program that sent 10, 000 venezuelans abroad for mostly graduate degrees, protected wild areas in national parks, he created the oil research institute intevep, he built important hydroelectric projects. he was a democrat and he was a populist, a bit of megalomaniac, worried about his image and his legacy. he gave a boat to bolivia which has no ports, as a symbol of its fight to have access to the sea. he reached out to fidel castro, while shunning the dictators from the south, while making it attractive and facilitating for thousands of highly educated people from the latter countries to move to venezuela to help in his push to increase the number of university students. but his economic policies had as their central theme the intervention by the state. he removed the independence of the venezuelan central bank, while increasing salaries periodically, which debased the currency leading to inflation. venezuela was not ready for the huge inflows and there were lots of corrupt people ready to make a lot of money off the government. by the end of his term, corruption charges, including the infamous sierra nevada refrigerated boat scandal, tarnished his image. he was brought to trial because of that case, curiously, it was jose vicente rangel who cast the deciding vote to exonerate cap. that was cap, he was capable of talking to everyone and anyone, even his staunchest enemies felt that he was someone he could talk to. his last year in power, oil prices dropped, forcing cap to lower the budget by 10 %, venezuelans had the feeling that things were worse for the first time in many years ( little did they know! ) and his party lost. cap spent the ten years required by law between terms, traveling around the world, involving himself with the south commission and talking to world leaders. this changed his ideas, but still, he had little economic knowledge and as he ran for president in 1988, he promised to return to the hey day years of his first term. but it was not be. cap reached out to a group of well educated non - adecos, including those that were involved in studies on how to change the state. it was not until they began talking to the people of the lusinchi government, after cap was elected. that they realized how dire the situation was. international reserves were less than us $ 400 million. after a lavish \u201c crowning \u201d with all of the pomposity that was simply out of place, the cap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43036013786279737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:591c7c37-b085-4c96-b42f-e935c2e634a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.093218"}
{"text": "##ential rate when the government was ready to devalue, he was accused and impeached. he was later sentenced to 28 months in prison and charged with other crimes. he was elected senator in 1998, which gave him immunity, but the 2000 constitution eliminated the senate and this rule, removing the protection he had. he never returned to venezuela. he was in the end, a true democrat, too ignorant on economic matters to have a coherent plan, but smart enough to follow his instincts with his collaborators, he allowed corruption to flourish around him, there was so much money to be made. but he did many positive things, implementing changes in his second government that were very important. some of them even took power away from him! he was willing to change, but sadly he did not sell the change the same way he sold himself. on a relative scale, he was not that bad, better than caldera, who would never change, better than luis herrera, who had no program on how to change the country, better than lusinchi, who had no clue. betancourt was better, because he understood economics, oil and what the country needed, he had a program. leoni simply followed betancourt \u2019 s plans with honesty and surrounded by many of the same people. and of course, he was much better than hugo, who is not a democrat and has failed at all of his economic initiatives, allowing the largest corruption levels in venezuela \u2019 s history and failing to leverage the biggest oil boom in the country ; s history for the benefit of the people. may carlos andres perez rest in peace!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4414892587454441, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:591c7c37-b085-4c96-b42f-e935c2e634a7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.096309"}
{"text": "| green coloring of leaves and plants needed for photosynthesis | | male reproductive structure which produces gametes in ferns, mosses, fungi and algae | | 1. | | any of the cordlike bundles of fibres that conduct sensory or motor impulses between the brain or spinal cord and another part of the bodyrelated : neural | | 2. | | courage, bravery, or steadfastness | | 3. | | lose one ' s nerve to become timid, esp failing to perform some audacious act | | 4. | | informal boldness or effrontery ; impudence : he had the nerve to swear at me | | 5. | | muscle or sinew ( often in the phrase strain every nerve ) | | 6. | | a large vein in a leaf | | 7. | | any of the veins of an insect ' s wing | | 8. | | touch a nerve, touch a raw nerve, hit a nerve, hit a raw nerve, strike a nerve, strike a raw nerve to mention or bring to mind a sensitive issue or subject | | 9. | | to give courage to ( oneself ) ; steel ( oneself ) | | 10. | | to provide with nerve or nerves | | [ c16 : from latin nervus ; related to greek neuron ; compare sanskrit snavan sinew ] | any of the cordlike bundles of nervous tissue made up of myelinated or unmyelinated nerve fibers and held together by a connective tissue sheath through which sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass between the brain or other parts of the central nervous system and the eyes, glands, muscles, and other parts of the body. the sensitive tissue in the pulp of a tooth. | nerve ( nurv ) pronunciation key any of the bundles of fibers made up of neurons that carry sensory and motor information throughout the body in the form of electrical impulses. afferent nerves carry information to the central nervous system, and efferent nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles, organs, and glands. efferent nerves include the nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which control voluntary motor activity and of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary motor activity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5664634095793109, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21bcccf1-6c0c-4fd3-bcef-7fe8631b63a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.099258"}
{"text": "| html ( web ) | | epub ( nook, ipad ) | | mobi ( kindle ) | | pdf ( print ) | | part one | | part one | | part one | | part one | | part two | | part two | | part two | | part two | sample 2012 syllabus.... unit introductions / overviews.... lecture notes throughout the year, version 1. 1 ( 2013 ) of dala will be under development. you may follow its progress here : future version 1. 1. every attempt has been made to provide original primary literary materials that are no longer under copyright protections in the united states of america. in some cases, the ' electronic ' versions of the texts provided are still under copyright protection where noted, though available for educational, non - commercial uses. the copyright notices for these works must be maintained. if you believe that any of the original materials here are still under copyright, please contact the editor. | a selection of academic web resources | | academic resources in the study of american literature | | native peoples, native influences | | explorers, invaders and colonists | | pilgrims, puritans and opponents | | nationalism and awakenings in the age of enlightenment | | transcendental theory and practice, an american romanticism | | the new nation and its literature | | american gothic, a dark romanticism | | edgar allan poe | | slavery in america, introduction | | harriet beecher stowe | | rise of realism | this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 unported license. to offer feedback, commentary, complaints, or compliments, please go to the dala blog.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4590740115361815, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:929a1820-26fe-4d33-a14d-daca99ed2824>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.100968"}
{"text": "journal of industrial teacher education national association of industrial and technical teacher educators initiatives to integrate engineering design within the field of technology education are increasingly evident ( lewis, 2005 ; wicklein, 2006 ). alliances between technology education and engineering were prominent in the development of the standards for technological literacy ( international technology education association, 2000 ), and leaders from both disciplines have expressed support for the outcomes described in the standards ( bybee, 2000 ; council of the national academy of engineering, 2000 ; dugger, meade, delany, and nichols, 2003 ; gorham, newberry, and bickart, 2003 ). the national science foundation ( nsf ) has also encouraged and funded opportunities for technology educators and engineers to work collaboratively. the bridges for engineering education projects and more recently the $ 10 million, 5 - year funding for the national center for engineering and technology education exemplify the commitment of the nsf to support these activities. the history of technology education is replete with trends and changes in curriculum, technical content, instructional materials and equipment, instructional strategies, and even identity ( lewis, 2004, 1999 ; sanders, 2001 ). the profession has revised its name and made substantial efforts to affect public perceptions of the field. the historical benchmarks in technology education bear labels such as industrial arts curriculum project, maryland plan, jackson \u2019 s mill, or technology for all americans. a movement to embrace engineering design as a focal element in technology education would be another significant event in the ongoing history of technology education and could become another benchmark in shaping the profession. perspectives regarding the role engineering should play within the discipline of technology education vary considerably. these positions range from advocating that technology education take on the role of pre - engineering for high school students to arguments in favor of retaining a broad focus for technology education in which it treats engineering design as simply one of many forms of creative activity. the perspective underlying the position presented here is that technology education should retain a general education role, providing hands - on learning activities for all students and encompassing approaches to design and problem - solving that extend beyond engineering to embrace aesthetics and artistic creativity. engineering design, however, can provide a focus for the field of technology education that is applicable for students in all grade levels and career pathways. implementing an engineering design focus within technology education has significant ramifications. classroom teachers, teacher educators, and support staff will need additional knowledge and skills to successfully shift the focus of the field toward engineering design. changes will especially affect the preparation of technology teachers. curriculum, educational philosophy, instructional strategies,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5415125619589287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8e48e2c-e23d-41f0-9dcb-d1b74173f067>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.105825"}
{"text": "maotian mountain just doesn \u2019 t seem to fit in with its surroundings these days. set in the high country of southwest china, overlooking the town of chengjiang, this little peak stands framed against a postcard - perfect lake and terraced tobacco fields that lead up to the tropical sky like some giant staircase. here in the central yunnan plateau, spring weather lasts all year long and the air carries a crisp fragrance mercifully free of the pollution that chokes cities to the east. the small mountain itself, however, is looking a little haggard. maotian today displays a face pockmarked by gaping pits, heaps of broken stone, and bald patches stripped of vegetation. in the last few years scientists have blasted maotian with dynamite and hired local peasants to whack at it with shovels ; even foreign dignitaries have taken a few cracks at the clay - colored rock. it seems that everyone has an urge to disfigure this unassuming ridge. the assault on maotian started in 1984, when chinese paleontologist hou xianguang split open a stone on the west face of the mountain and discovered an unfamiliar egg - size fossil. although the animal had spent more than a half - billion years entombed in rock, it had weathered the eons so well that hou could discern its individual limbs, spread out like an army marching in single file ; in hou \u2019 s trembling hands this long - dead creature seemed caught in the act of scuttling across the rain - soaked stone. thus began one of the most important fossil discoveries of the century. prospecting around the town of chengjiang, hou and other researchers have since uncovered thousands of exquisitely preserved fossils that offer a glimpse back to a pivotal event in the history of life. this moment, right at the start of earth \u2019 s cambrian period, some 550 million years ago, marks the evolutionary explosion that filled the seas with the world \u2019 s first complex creatures. in a blink of geologic time a planet dominated by simple spongelike animals gave way to one ruled by a vast variety of sophisticated beasts, animals whose relatives still inhabit the world today. this biological big bang reverberated through all facets of existence, altering not only the shape of animals but also the way they lived together. it was at this time that the world \u2019 s first predators appeared, an event that forever split life into the hunters and the hunted. today, after nine years spent analyzing these fossils, hou and his colleagues are faced with a startling conclusion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46648658841720086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.124266"}
{"text": ". it was at this time that the world \u2019 s first predators appeared, an event that forever split life into the hunters and the hunted. today, after nine years spent analyzing these fossils, hou and his colleagues are faced with a startling conclusion. the picture emerging from chengjiang reveals that the animal kingdom took shape far faster than researchers had previously thought. life rocketed from primeval to modern in the space of a few million years, an astonishingly short period of time. for paleontologists, the chengjiang fossils fire the imagination because they offer a chance to understand how this happened. this is genesis material, gushed one researcher, in reviewing a paper written by hou and his colleagues. when ordinarily sober - minded scientists reach for biblical references, it \u2019 s clear that something unusual has turned up - - a fact hou quickly recognized that fateful day on maotian mountain. when i found the first fossil, i didn \u2019 t know what this animal was. i didn \u2019 t know its detailed structure. but i realized that you could see the impression of the soft body parts. that night i put the fossils under my bed. but because i was so excited, i couldn \u2019 t sleep very well. i got up often and pulled out the fossils just to look at them. soft - tissue impressions like these represent the rarest of all fossil finds. most animals, when they die, decompose without leaving any trace. if conditions do conspire to form a fossil, it \u2019 s almost always the case that only the mineral - rich parts of the body, such as teeth, bones, or solid shells, are preserved. as a rule, softer, unmineralized features like muscles, skin, and insect exoskeleton fall apart far too quickly to survive the eons. infrequently, though, that rule breaks down and fossil hunters will find the remnants of whole animals staring them in the face. in one of the great ironies of paleontology, another of these extremely rare soft - tissue finds turned up the day after hou made the chengjiang discovery : nearly halfway around the world, in northern greenland, a team of researchers uncovered a set of soft - body fossils at a cambrian - age site. prior to these finds, the last major discovery of such well - preserved cambrian fossils occurred 75 years earlier in the burgess shale of western canada. because of their unique status, these three cambrian sites have earned the appellation lagerstatte. this german word translates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043708827831866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.125248"}
{"text": "finds, the last major discovery of such well - preserved cambrian fossils occurred 75 years earlier in the burgess shale of western canada. because of their unique status, these three cambrian sites have earned the appellation lagerstatte. this german word translates literally as lode place, as in the english mining expression mother lode. of the three cambrian lagerstatten, the burgess shale has the most venerable history. since its discovery in 1909, this site has shaped the way researchers view the origin of modern animals. but fossils from the canadian site can \u2019 t provide a clear picture of the actual evolutionary explosion because they hail from the middle of the period, some 15 to 20 million years after the start of the cambrian drama. trying to interpret the earliest events by studying the burgess shale is like walking into macbeth in the middle of the third act - - although the principal characters are still alive at that point, it would be difficult to piece together exactly how the tragic scotsman got himself into such a pickle. both chengjiang and the greenland site lie much closer to the cambrian \u2019 s start, so they raise the curtain nearer to the beginning of the play. the chinese site is believed to fall within about 5 million years of the cambrian boundary, and the greenland site appears to be somewhat later. even so close to the start, though, the fossils from chengjiang show a remarkable diversity in the broad body types, or phyla, that had evolved by then. there are some fleshy, clamlike creatures anchored inside shells, others with exoskeletons, jointed legs, and complete digestive systems, and still others at just about every point in between. the chengjiang fauna demonstrates that the large animal phyla of today were present already in the early cambrian and that they were as distinct from each other then as they are today, says jan bergstrom, a paleontologist at the swedish museum of natural history in stockholm. bergstrom was the first foreign paleontologist to visit chengjiang after hou \u2019 s discovery, and the two have worked side by side in sweden since hou arrived there three years ago. the time available for evolving this early cambrian fauna is very much shorter now, bergstrom says. we have just 5 million years instead of the 20 million years that we had when only the burgess shale fauna was known. when bergstrom discusses the cambrian events, he \u2019 s really talking about an innovation in biological architecture. before the start of the cambrian, the most complex creatures visible in the fossil record had bodies about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5191113595261805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.126304"}
{"text": "we had when only the burgess shale fauna was known. when bergstrom discusses the cambrian events, he \u2019 s really talking about an innovation in biological architecture. before the start of the cambrian, the most complex creatures visible in the fossil record had bodies about as interesting as an oreo cookie without the filling. like sponges and jellyfish, these precambrian animals had exteriors and interiors but lacked a middle layer of tissue - - the mesoderm, which forms skeleton, muscle tissue, the circulatory system, and some internal organs. they had no hearts ; they had no brains. without a mesoderm, these early creatures - - called the ediacara fauna - - could do little more than spend quiet lives anchored to the seafloor or floating in the ocean currents. some of the ediacara forms look so different from modern life that several paleontologists believe they weren \u2019 t even animals. instead they may represent a separate offshoot of multicellular evolution that left no heirs in the modern world. judging from fossilized tracks in the precambrian rock, researchers surmise that the ediacara fauna had some company in the seas. apparently wormlike creatures had evolved by this time and were slithering across the seafloor. but the traces they left are none too complicated, suggesting these first crawlers had relatively simple forms. take a short step forward in time to the cambrian, though, and you step into a marvelous world of animal innovation. exoskeletons and hard shells appear for the first time, as do such biological novelties as legs, antennae, and segmented bodies. shuffle these features together in various arrangements and you get the broad categories of modern ocean life. not only did the cambrian beasts look wholly unlike their predecessors, they also had developed an entirely different style of life. for the first time in the planet \u2019 s history, animals were highly mobile, displaying a newfound ability to swim, walk, and even burrow complex, tunnellike mazes through the seafloor sediments. within the rocks of chengjiang, paleontologists have found a menagerie of clam cousins, sponges, segmented worms, and other invertebrates that would seem vaguely familiar to any scuba diver. animals called branchiocaris, for instance, appear to have been remarkably like shrimp, while plump vetulicola could have been early forerunners of lobsters, with their long segmented tails at one end and beady little eyes at the other. the community also included", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5201127193672336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.128387"}
{"text": "of the spectacular things we have found is monsters, the earliest monsters, chen says excitedly, pausing to let the impact of the words sink in. chen \u2019 s monsters are actually large, toothy animals that represent the earliest known predators in the fossil record. in a sense, the appearance of these creatures marks the birth of violence, when one set of large bullies began snacking on weaker animals. so started the evolutionary arms race between predator and prey that continues to this day. one of the chengjiang predators may have reached gigantic proportions relative to most of the cambrian creatures, which generally measured no longer than a finger. anomalocaris, an armor - plated behemoth equipped with a round mouth surrounded by knifelike blades, may have been more than three feet in length. it had spiny arms and probably moved along the ocean bottom. similar creatures found in the burgess shale had remnants of other animals in their intestines, indicating that anomalocaris was a deadly carnivore. paleontologists have found another, even bigger mouth, which may have been part of another predator called peytoia. the mouth consists of a circular set of plates that looks remarkably like a pineapple slice with a central hole. inside, it has seven or eight rows of teeth that are largest near the opening and smallest toward the back of the mouth. evidently the entire system worked like an assembly line, first chopping the prey into large bits and then passing the food farther into the mouth, where it was cut into smaller morsels. chen \u2019 s monsters help flesh out some of the details of the evolutionary burst at the start of the cambrian. it not only gave birth to a pageant of different phyla, it also created animals that filled a wide variety of ecological niches, from the rock - scraping grazers, to the filter feeders, right up to the large predators. our study shows that the ecosystem is already very advanced by the time of the chengjiang animals, says chen. with its diversity of characters, the chengjiang community raises a fundamental question that has long plagued researchers who study the cambrian explosion : why was the beginning of this period so different from the rest of time? almost all the major phyla appeared in one brief burst a half - billion years ago, and nothing as dramatic has happened since then. sure, many new kinds of animals have developed in the intervening time, especially when organisms crawled up onto the continents for the first time and evolved bodies suited to the hazards of life out of water. our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4961844295463976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.131054"}
{"text": ", and nothing as dramatic has happened since then. sure, many new kinds of animals have developed in the intervening time, especially when organisms crawled up onto the continents for the first time and evolved bodies suited to the hazards of life out of water. our own four - limbed chassis, for example, sports a host of features not seen on the creatures swimming through the cambrian ocean. yet homo sapiens and other modern additions to the animal world do not represent wholesale changes in body plans ; rather, they are mere variations on the broad themes established at the start of the cambrian. look back to the burgess shale, and you can find one animal, named pikaia, with evidence of a hardened structure running down its back - - a feature that would develop into a full - fledged backbone in later animals. say hello to an ancient relative, for pikaia is the earliest known member of our own phylum, the chordates. in trying to explain the unique flowering of phyla in the cambrian, paleontologists such as bergstrom instinctively reach for the conventional answer, which centers on the key darwinian concept of competition. in this view, animals of the cambrian explosion had the freedom to develop new body plans because they ventured into virgin ecological territory. as the first complex animals, these creatures faced little competition from the simpler organisms already populating earth. the cambrian newcomers could explore a wide array of different architectural paths to exploit the planet \u2019 s bounteous resources. but once those ecological niches were filled, the wild party ceased. no more could evolution simply slap different features together and create a viable body plan, because new additions had to compete with already successful animals occupying the available niches. in ecology, as in congress, incumbents enjoy a strong advantage over challengers, so the odds greatly favor the established animals, making it nearly impossible for new phyla to develop. yet that darwinian argument may not provide the entire answer. as interest in the cambrian explosion has grown in recent years, many scientists outside paleontology have started exploring the problem by looking inside animals for other ways to explain the unique radiation of phyla. in particular, some researchers wonder whether creatures that appeared in the cambrian had lost the ability to create new body plans ; perhaps their genes had become wired together in too complex a fashion to allow the evolution of totally novel phyla. according to this internalistic view, once you fix all the features of development, they get very rigidly tied together and you can \u2019 t change it, says rudolf raff, a developmental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5170950268394257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.133470"}
{"text": "a fashion to allow the evolution of totally novel phyla. according to this internalistic view, once you fix all the features of development, they get very rigidly tied together and you can \u2019 t change it, says rudolf raff, a developmental and evolutionary biologist at indiana university. think of this through the analogy of evolving a machine, explains raff. if you have the parts, you can build a primitive bicycle, with two wheels and pedals, and then you put gears on it. you can put a motor on it and make it a motorcycle, and you can use titanium instead of steel and make it lighter. at each one of these stages you improve the thing, still staying with the basic body plan. and it becomes harder to convert it to something else, because it belongs to a different lineage than some other kind of machine. if you want to improve it, you can make any kind of change you want, but you will still have something like a bicycle, which is different from a four - wheeled vehicle like a car. you would never add a hook and ladder and make a bicycle into a fire truck. by this reasoning, once the panoply of different phyla appeared, they could not change course to form completely different body types. evolution couldn \u2019 t alter a few features on a crab and create a sea urchin, for example. raff has actually tried to gauge the flexibility of developmental pathways in modern animals, focusing on two species of sea urchin that split from a common ancestor about 10 million years ago. while the species look similar in their adult forms, they go through startlingly different larval stages - - a major developmental change that happened since the two species branched away from each other. one thing that tells us is that you can make really substantial changes in development in a very short period of geologic time. it doesn \u2019 t take a hundred million years to invent a new way of developing an organism, says raff. but in the end, this developmental divergence didn \u2019 t amount to much, because the two urchin species retain similar adult forms, suggesting that modern animals do not have unlimited freedom to alter their development. you can build an urchin another way, but you still build an urchin, says raff. back at the beginning of the cambrian, however, such restrictions may not have existed, he says. earth itself may also have played a starring role in the cambrian drama. bergstrom thinks the ocean went through a radical chemical shift at this time that sparked the biological frenzy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5303679151802453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.134946"}
{"text": "of the cambrian, however, such restrictions may not have existed, he says. earth itself may also have played a starring role in the cambrian drama. bergstrom thinks the ocean went through a radical chemical shift at this time that sparked the biological frenzy. it must have been something in the environment that triggered this event, he says with confidence. when asked to elaborate, bergstrom spins a story about oxygen levels rising right before the cambrian boundary. although today \u2019 s atmosphere holds 21 percent free oxygen, there was little free oxygen in the air and oceans early in life \u2019 s history. it began accumulating in the oceans about 3. 8 billion years ago, as shown by the red bands of oxidized, or rusted, iron in seafloor rocks from that time until about 2 billion years ago. as the oceans rusted out, oxygen was now free to accumulate in the environment, reaching levels high enough to support small and simple life - forms. by the time of the ediacara animals in the late precambrian, oxygen levels had increased enough to permit the development of large - bodied organisms. but even the ediacara creatures may have faced oxygen limitations, for these animals were mostly flat sheets, a shape well suited for allowing even scant amounts of gas to reach the innermost cells. eventually, for whatever reason, enough oxygen did accumulate in the environment, says bergstrom, and the increase would have triggered evolution on a grand scale. animals could have developed complex shapes, chased after prey, built exoskeletons and shells ; they could have produced everything that appeared in the cambrian explosion. while this makes for a good story, even bergstrom admits that it may be complete fiction. geologists really do not know when oxygen reached the levels required by complex organisms ; it may have occurred long before the cambrian \u2019 s start. still, bergstrom believes that something unusual was going on in the cambrian environment. raff wonders whether a biological factor allowed animals to form modern phyla all of a sudden. for instance, some creatures may have developed the ability to scrape algae off rocks, thereby exploiting a whole new food source that would have allowed them to grow larger and more active. if that idea doesn \u2019 t appeal, raff can rattle off a dozen others that have been suggested over the years by various scientists. perhaps the appearance of the earliest predators forced the evolution of complex body plans with built - in defenses. or maybe an extinction of the precambrian creatures sparked the evolutionary explosion. it may have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080021512654144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.136005"}
{"text": "have been suggested over the years by various scientists. perhaps the appearance of the earliest predators forced the evolution of complex body plans with built - in defenses. or maybe an extinction of the precambrian creatures sparked the evolutionary explosion. it may have been that any number of causes could ultimately have done it. it \u2019 s just that one or the other did, and we don \u2019 t know which one that was, he says. working backward through history and connecting effects with obscure causes is easy when you have detailed records. the discovery of the chengjiang fossils, for instance, can be traced to the unlikely cause of world war ii, when thousands of chinese academics fled the invading japanese army and set up shop near chengjiang. one geologist wrote a paper about some arthropod shells found on maotian mountain. four decades later a paleontologist came across that paper, and it prompted him to visit the mountain. his name was hou xianguang, and instead of arthropod shells he found the mother lode. but when it comes to reconstructing prehistory in the cambrian, the problem is that scientists see the effect, but they have many causes to choose from - - and not a lot of clues about the correct choice to make. you are looking at a unique event, raff says, so you don \u2019 t have the ability to replicate it and look at another example. it \u2019 s like the joke about the first exam in astronomy, where question one goes : define universe, and give two examples. we face the same problem. we don \u2019 t have another example of the cambrian radiation or anything like it. we have no way of replicating it in the lab. it \u2019 s removed a half - billion years from us. so it \u2019 s a tough thing to understand. and that is precisely why chengjiang is so attractive to scientists grappling with these issues. the cambrian problem is currently getting attention from diverse groups of researchers, not just the enclave devoted to studying extinct beasts. it reaches beyond paleontology. it \u2019 s not just a curiosity, says raff. these animals are not going to end up on exhibit simply as weird - looking things. they really influence the way a lot of people think about the history of life. as he speaks, the work crews in chengjiang are out in force, building a better road up to maotian mountain to replace the old dirt path. near the top of the ridge, sunlight glints off a marble monument covered with engraved script. chinese characters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5150334448191732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba670767-e349-43f7-9d90-38997c27f579>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.138367"}
{"text": "according to francis maude, open data is the raw material for \u201c next industrial revolution \u201d. now you should obviously take everything politicians say with a large pinch of salt ( especially maude ) but despite the political hyperbole, when it comes to data he is onto something. according to wikipedia, which is considerably more reliable than politicians, open data is : \u201c the idea that certain data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control. \u201d open data is slowly having an impact in the world of science and also in wider society. initiatives like data. gov in the u. s. and data. gov. uk in england, also known as e - government or government 2. 0, have put huge amounts of data in the public domain and there is plenty more data in the pipeline. all of this data makes novel applications possible, like cycling injury maps showing accident black spots, and many others just like it. to discuss the current status of open data in greater manchester there were two events last week : - the open data manchester meetup \u201c 24 hour data people \u201d at the the manchester digital laboratory ( \u201c madlab \u201d ), which recently made bbc headlines with the diy bio project - the discover open data event at the cornerhouse cinema", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5214887917812411, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0801f911-9c12-44d1-b92e-b460278ae508>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.140046"}
{"text": "james cameron \u2019 s submersible craft deepsea challenger reemerged from its record - breaking dive into the challenger deep of the mariana trench \u2013 the deepest known point in the earth \u2019 s oceans \u2013 today at 2 utc ( 9 p. m. cst on march 25, 2012 ). cameron is a national geographic explorer and filmmaker. he is the first human being to reach the bottom of the 6. 8 - mile - deep ( 11 - kilometer - deep ) undersea trench, traveling in what some call his \u201c vertical torpedo. \u201d the mariana trench in the western pacific is an unsusaully deep feature in the ocean floor. challenger deep is a slot - shaped depression within the mariana trench. its bottom is 11. 3 km ( 7 miles ) long and 1. 6 km ( 1 mile ) wide, with gently sloping sides. challenger deep is located at the southern end of the mariana trench. james cameron has become the first human to reach and return solo from the 6. 8 - mile - deep ( 11 - kilometer - deep ) undersea challenger deep in the mariana trench in the western pacific. he descended solo in his craft deepsea challenger. the depth his craft recorded was 10, 898 metres ( 35, 755 ft ) when he touched down.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43292613726498097, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47110b6d-be7f-4fae-a0ee-50a90a289869>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.141275"}
{"text": "amplitude modulation synthesis is a type of sound synthesis where the gain of one signal is controlled, or modulated, by the gain of another signal. the signal whose gain is being modulated is called the \" carrier \", and the signal responsible for the modulation is called the \" modulator \". in classical amplitude modulation, or am synthesis, both the modulator and the carrier are oscillators. however, the carrier can also be another kind of signal, such as an instrument or vocal input. amplitude modulation using a very low frequency modulator is known as tremolo, and the use of one audio signal to amplitude modulate another audio signal is known as ring modulation. simple am synthesis classical am synthesis is created by using one oscillator to modulate the gain of another oscillator. because we are changing the gain of the carrier oscillator from 0 ( no gain ) to 1 ( full gain ), the modulating oscillator must output a signal which changes between 0 and 1. this is most often done at audio frequency rates from 20 hz and up. in this case, the sawtooth waveform of a [ phasor ~ ] is used as the modulator, and the sine waveform of an [ osc ~ ] is the carrier. tremolo is a form of amplitude modulation where the gain of an audio signal is changed at a very slow rate, often at a frequency below the range of hearing ( approximately 20 hz ). this effect is commonly used to alter the sound of organs or electric guitar. since a sine wave is often used for a smooth - sounding tremolo effect, in this patch we have taken the output of an [ osc ~ ], which normally moves between - 1 and 1, and scaled it so that it ' s output is now from 0 to 1. this is known as adding a dc offset to the signal. for more discussion on this, please see the chapter on dc offset. you can also modulate one audio signal with another audio signal ( i. e. a signal which has both positive and negative values ). this effect is called ring modulation. if you have a microphone connected to your computer, try the following patch. the sound of your voice will enter pd through the analog to digital converter [ adc ~ ] object ( the line in from the soundcard ), and be modulated by the sine wave of a [ phasor ~ ] object. notice that there is no sound when only one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5781201271885076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9baa87e-0f04-4c4f-9725-7d1675d7851f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.145173"}
{"text": "| location | | galleria dell ' accademia, florence | david is a masterpiece of renaissance sculpture created between 1501 and 1504, by the italian artist michelangelo. it is a 5. 17 - metre ( 17. 0 ft ) marble statue of a standing male nude. the statue represents the biblical hero david, a favoured subject in the art of florence. originally commissioned as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned along the roofline of the east end of florence cathedral, the statue was instead placed in a public square, outside the palazzo della signoria, the seat of civic government in florence, where it was unveiled on 8 september 1504. because of the nature of the hero that it represented, it soon came to symbolize the defence of civil liberties embodied in the florentine republic, an independent city - state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the medici family. the eyes of david, with a warning glare, were turned towards rome. the statue was moved to the accademia gallery in florence in 1873, and later replaced at the original location by a replica. the history of the statue begins before michelangelo ' s work on it from 1501 to 1504. prior to michelangelo ' s involvement, the overseers of the office of works of florence cathedral, consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild, the arte della lana, had plans to commission a series of twelve large old testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral of santa maria del fiore. one of those statues had been made by donatello in 1410, a figure of joshua made of terracotta, and a second, also a terracotta, but this time of hercules, was commissioned from the florentine sculptor agostino di duccio in 1463 ; scholars suggest that agostino was working under donatello ' s direction. eager to continue their project, in 1464, the operai contracted agostino to create a sculpture of david. a block of marble was provided, from a quarry in carrara, a town in the apuan alps in northern tuscany. agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs, feet and the torso, roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs. his association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of donatello in 1466, and ten years later antonio rossellino was commissioned to take up where agostino had left off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3926546575758255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.163083"}
{"text": "gouging a hole between the legs. his association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of donatello in 1466, and ten years later antonio rossellino was commissioned to take up where agostino had left off. rossellino ' s contract was terminated soon thereafter, and the block of marble remained neglected for twenty - five years, all the while exposed to the elements in the yard of the cathedral workshop. this was of great concern to the opera authorities, as such a large piece of marble not only was costly but also represented a large amount of labour and difficulty in its transportation to florence. in 1500, an inventory of the cathedral workshops described the piece as \" a certain figure of marble called david, badly blocked out and supine. \" a year later, documents showed that the operai were determined to find an artist who could take this large piece of marble and turn it into a finished work of art. they ordered the block of stone, which they called the giant, \" raised on its feet \" so that a master experienced in this kind of work might examine it and express an opinion. though leonardo da vinci and others were consulted, it was michelangelo, only twenty - six years old, who convinced the operai that he deserved the commission. on august 16, 1501, michelangelo was given the official contract to undertake this challenging new task. he began carving the statue early in the morning on monday, september 13, a month after he was awarded the contract. he would work on the massive biblical hero for more than two years. on january 25, 1504, when the sculpture was nearing completion, florentine authorities had to acknowledge there would be little possibility of raising the more than 6 - ton statue to the roof of the cathedral. they convened a committee of 30 florentine citizens that comprised many artists, including leonardo da vinci and sandro botticelli, to decide on an appropriate site for david. while nine different locations for the statue were discussed, the majority of members seem to have been closely split between two sites : one group, led by giuliano da sangallo and supported by leonardo and piero di cosimo, among others, believed that, due to the imperfections in the marble, the sculpture should be placed under the roof of the loggia dei lanzi on piazza della signoria ; the other group thought it should stand at the entrance to the palazzo della signoria, the city ' s town hall. only a rather minor view, supported by bottic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39989513477619487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.164557"}
{"text": "under the roof of the loggia dei lanzi on piazza della signoria ; the other group thought it should stand at the entrance to the palazzo della signoria, the city ' s town hall. only a rather minor view, supported by botticelli, believed that the sculpture should be situated on or near the cathedral. in june 1504, david was installed next to the entrance to the palazzo vecchio, replacing donatello ' s bronze sculpture of judith and holofernes, which embodied a comparable theme of heroic resistance. it took four days to move the statue the half mile from michelangelo ' s workshop into the piazza della signoria. in 1873 the statue of david was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and displayed in the accademia gallery, florence, where it attracts many visitors. a replica was placed in the piazza della signoria in 1910. in 1991, a deranged man attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket, in the process damaging the toes of the left foot before being restrained. on 12 november 2010, a fiberglass replica of the david was installed on the roofline of florence cathedral, for one day only. photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the operai who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen. in 2010, a dispute over the ownership of david arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the italian culture ministry claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the city of florence, where it has always been located. florence disputes the state claim. the statue at one point contained gold ; the tree stump was gilded in 1504 and there was also a gilt garland on the figure ' s head. these adornments have since been lost. michelangelo ' s david differs from previous representations of the subject in that the biblical hero is not depicted with the head of the slain goliath, as he is in donatello ' s and verrocchio ' s statues. most scholars consider that the work depicts david before his battle with goliath. instead of appearing victorious over a foe much larger than he, david ' s face looks tense and ready for combat. the tendons in his neck stand out tautly ; the muscles between his upper lip and nose are tight ; his brow is furrowed ; and his eyes seem to focus intently on something in the distance. veins bulge out of his lowered right hand, but his body is in a relaxed contrapposto pose, and he carries his sling casually thrown over his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41632887532530927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.166983"}
{"text": "; his brow is furrowed ; and his eyes seem to focus intently on something in the distance. veins bulge out of his lowered right hand, but his body is in a relaxed contrapposto pose, and he carries his sling casually thrown over his left shoulder. the pose is unlike that of any earlier david ; donatello and verrocchio had both represented the hero standing victorious over the head of goliath, and andrea del castagno had shown the boy in mid - swing, even as goliath ' s head rested between his feet, but no earlier florentine artist had omitted the giant altogether. the contrast between his intense expression and his calm pose perhaps suggests that david is represented after he has made the decision to fight goliath but before the battle has actually taken place. the majority of his weight is on his back leg, staying consistent with the renaissance practice of depicting its subjects in recoiled, calm positions, just prior to action. it is a representation of the moment between conscious choice and conscious action. michelangelo ' s david is a renaissance interpretation of a common ancient greek theme of the standing heroic male nude. in the high renaissance, contrapposto poses were thought of as a distinctive feature of antique sculpture. in david, the figure stands with one leg holding its full weight and the other leg relaxed. this classic pose causes the figure \u2019 s hips and shoulders to rest at opposite angles, giving a slight s - curve to the entire torso. in addition, the head turns to the left while the left arm is raised to his left shoulder with his sling flung down behind his back. michelangelo \u2019 s david has become one of the most recognized works of renaissance sculpture, becoming a symbol of both strength and youthful human beauty. it was the colossal size of the statue that impressed michelangelo ' s contemporaries, however. vasari described it as \" certainly a miracle that of michelangelo, to restore to life one who was dead, \" and then listed every ancient colossal statue he had ever seen, concluding that michelangelo ' s work excelled \" all ancient and modern statues, whether greek or latin, that have ever existed. \" the proportions of the david are atypical of michelangelo ' s work ; the figure has an unusually large head and hands ( particularly apparent in the right hand ). these enlargements may be due to the fact that the statue was originally intended to be placed on the cathedral roofline, where the important parts of the sculpture would necessarily be accentuated in order to be visible from below. the statue is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45574535810546624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.168100"}
{"text": ". these enlargements may be due to the fact that the statue was originally intended to be placed on the cathedral roofline, where the important parts of the sculpture would necessarily be accentuated in order to be visible from below. the statue is unusually slender ( front to back ) in comparison to its height. this may be the result of the work that had been done on the block before michelangelo began carving it. it is possible that the david was conceived as a political statue before michelangelo began to work on it. certainly david the giant - killer had long been seen as a political figure in florence, and images of the biblical hero already carried political implications there. donatello ' s bronze david, made for the medici family, perhaps c. 1440, had been appropriated by the signoria in 1494, when the medici were exiled from florence, and the statue was installed in the courtyard of the palazzo della signoria, where it stood for the republican government of the city. by placing michelangelo ' s statue in the same general location, the florentine authorities ensured that david would be seen as a political parallel as well as an artistic response to that earlier work. in 1991 the foot of the statue was damaged by a deranged man with a hammer. the samples obtained from that incident allowed scientists to determine that the marble used was obtained from the fantiscritti quarries in miseglia, the central of three small valleys in carrara. the marble in question contains many microscopic holes that cause it to deteriorate faster than other marbles. because of the marble ' s degradation, from 2003 to 2004 the statue was given its first major cleaning since 1843. some experts opposed the use of water to clean the statue, fearing further deterioration. under the direction of dr. franca falleti, senior restorers monica eichmann and cinzia parnigoni undertook the job of restoring the statue. in 2008, plans were proposed to insulate the statue from the vibration of tourists ' footsteps at florence ' s galleria dell ' accademia, to prevent damage to the marble. the statue has been reproduced many times. the plaster cast of david at the victoria and albert museum has a detachable plaster fig leaf which is displayed nearby. the fig leaf was created in response to queen victoria ' s shock upon first viewing the statue ' s nudity, and was hung on the figure prior to royal visits, using two strategically placed hooks. by the 20th century, michelangelo ' s david had become iconic shorthand for \" culture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4392695775821407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.169185"}
{"text": "to queen victoria ' s shock upon first viewing the statue ' s nudity, and was hung on the figure prior to royal visits, using two strategically placed hooks. by the 20th century, michelangelo ' s david had become iconic shorthand for \" culture \". david has been endlessly reproduced, in plaster and imitation marble fibreglass, signifying an attempt to lend an atmosphere of culture even in some unlikely settings, such as beach resorts, gambling casinos and model railroads. | michelangelo ' s david, smarthistory | - goffen, rona, renaissance rivals : michelangelo, leonardo, raphael, titian, new haven : yale university press, 2002. - hall, james, michelangelo and the invention of the human body new york : farrar, straus and giroux, 2005. - hartt, frederick, michelangelo : the complete sculpture, new york : abrams, 1982. - hibbard, howard. michelangelo, new york : harper & row, 1974. - hirst michael, \u201c michelangelo in florence : david in 1503 and hercules in 1506, \u201d the burlington magazine, 142 ( 2000 ) : 487 \u2013 492. - hughes, anthony, michelangelo, london : phaidon, 1997. - pope - hennessy, john, italian high renaissance and baroque sculpture. london : phaidon, 1996. - levine, saul, \" the location of michelangelo ' s david : the meeting of january 25, 1504, the art bulletin, 56 ( 1974 ) : 31 \u2013 49 - seymour, charles, jr. michelangelo ' s david : a search for identity ( mellon studies in the humanities ), pittsburgh : university of pittsburgh press, 1967. - vasari, giorgio, lives of the artists ( penguin books ), \u201c life of michelangelo \u201d, pp. 325 \u2013 442. - the height of the david was recorded incorrectly and the mistake proliferated through many art history publications. the accurate height was only determined in 1998 - 1999 when a team from stanford university went to florence to try out a project on digitally imaging large 3d objects by photographing sculptures by michelangelo and found that the sculpture was taller than any of the sources had indicated. see and - see, for example, donatello ' s 2 versions of david ; verrocchio ' s bronze david ; domenico ghirlandaio ' s painting of david ; and bartolomeo bellano ' s bronze david. - this theory was first proposed by saul levine \" the location of michelangelo ' s david : the meeting of january 25, 1504", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4596284507757376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.170136"}
{"text": "david ; domenico ghirlandaio ' s painting of david ; and bartolomeo bellano ' s bronze david. - this theory was first proposed by saul levine \" the location of michelangelo ' s david : the meeting of january 25, 1504, the art bulletin 56 ( 1974 ) : 31 \u2013 49. see also j. huston mcculloch, david : a new perspective, ( 2007 ) accessed 13 - 02 - 2010 - the genesis of david was discussed in seymour 1967. - charles seymour, jr. \" homo magnus et albus : the quattrocento background for michelangelo ' s david of 1501 - 04, \" stil und uberlieferung in der kunst des abendlandes, berlin, 1967, ii, 96 - 105. - seymour, 100 - 101. - giovanni gaye, carteggio inedito d ' artisti del sec. xiv, xv, xvi, florence : 1839 - 40, 2 : 454 and charles seymour, michelangelo ' s david : a search for identity, pittsburgh : pittsburgh university press, 1967, 134 \u2013 137, doc. 34. - gaetano milanesi, le lettere di michelangelo buonarroti pubblicati coi ricordi ed i contratti artistici, florence, 1875, 620 - 623 : \"... the consuls of the arte della lana and the lords overseers being met overseers, have chosen as sculptor to the said cathedral the worthy master, michelangelo, the son of lodovico buonarrotti, a citizen of florence, to the end that he may make, finish and bring to perfection the male figure known as the giant, nine braccia in height, already blocked out in marble by maestro agostino grande, of florence, and badly blocked ; and now stored in the workshops of the cathedral. the work shall be completed within the period and term of two years next ensuing, beginning from the first day of september next ensuing, with a salary and payment together in joint assembly within the hall of the said of six broad florins of gold in gold for every month. and for all other works that shall be required about the said building ( edificium ) the said overseers bind themselves to supply and provide both men and scaffolding from their office and all else that may be necessary. when the said work and the said male figure of marble shall be finished, then the consuls and overseers who shall at that time be in authority shall judge whether it merits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44721722916302564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.171072"}
{"text": "and scaffolding from their office and all else that may be necessary. when the said work and the said male figure of marble shall be finished, then the consuls and overseers who shall at that time be in authority shall judge whether it merits a higher reward, being guided therein by the dictates of their own consciences. \" - the statue has not been weighed, but an estimate of its weight was circulated in 2004, when the statue was cleaned. see a cbs news report of 8 march 2004. - the minutes of the meeting were published in giovanni gaye, carteggio inedito d ' artisti del sec. xiv, xv, xvi, florence, 1839 \u2013 40, 2 : 454 \u2013 463. for an english translation of the document, see seymour, michelangelo ' s david, 140 - 155 and for an analysis, see saul levine, \" the location of michelangelo ' s david : the meeting of january 25, 1504, art bulletin 56 ( 1974 ) : 31 - 49 ; n. randolph parks, \" the placement of michelangelo ' s david : a review of the documents, \" art bulletin, 57 ( 1975 ) 560 - 570 ; and rona goffen, renaissance rivals : michelangelo, leonardo, raphael, titian, new haven, 2002, 123 \u2013 127. - gilded details were added to the statue later that summer : a victory wreath, his sling and tree - stump support, a grape - leaf belt. goffen 130. - \" a man the police described as deranged broke part of a toe with a hammer, saying a 16th century venetian painter ' s model ordered him to do so. \" cowell, alan. \" michelangelo ' s david is damaged \". new york times, 1991 - 09 - 15. retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 23. - povoledo, elisabetta ( august 31, 2010 ). \" who owns michelangelo \u2019 s \u2018 david \u2019? \". the new york times. retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01. - pisa, nick ( august 16, 2010 ). \" florence vs italy : michelangelo ' s david at centre of ownership row \". the daily telegraph ( london ). retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01. - art in renaissance italy. - howard hibbard, michelangelo, new york : harper & row, 1974, 59 - 61 ; anthony hughes, michelangelo, london : phaidon, 1997, 74. - giorgio vasari, le vite de ' piu eccellenti pittori, sc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42252806079521144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.171953"}
{"text": "michelangelo, new york : harper & row, 1974, 59 - 61 ; anthony hughes, michelangelo, london : phaidon, 1997, 74. - giorgio vasari, le vite de ' piu eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori nelle redazioni del 1550 e 1568, ed. rosanna bettarini and paola barocchi, florence, 1966 - 87, 6 : 21. - levine, 45 - 46. - andrew butterfield, \" new evidence for the iconography of david in quattrocento florence, i tatti studies, 8 ( 1995 ) : 115 - 133. - \" michelangelo and medicine \" journal of the royal society of medicine - eric scigliano. \" inglorious restorations. destroying old masterpieces in order to save them. \" harper ' s magazine. august 2005, 61 \u2013 68. - michelangelo ' s david ' may crack '. bbc news, 2008 - 09 - 19. retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 19. - \" david ' s fig leaf \". victoria and albert museum. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29. - a. synnott, pink flamingoes : symbols and symbolism in yard art, 1990. - \" you need not travel to florence to see michelangelo ' s david. you can see it well enough for educational purposes in reproduction, \" asserted e. b. feldman in 1973 ( feldman, \" the teacher as model critic \", journal of aesthetic education, 1973 ). - that \" typical examples of kitsch include fridge magnets showing michelangelo \u2019 s david. \" is reported even in the british medical journal ( j launer, \" medical kitsch \", bmj, 2000 ) - leibold, cheryl. \" the historic cast collection at the pennsylvania academy of the fine arts \". retrieved 11 march 2013. - \" michelangelo ' s david \". smarthistory at khan academy. retrieved march 18, 2013. | wikimedia commons has media related to : michelangelo ' s david | - david : a new perspective, j. huston mcculloch - michelangelo buonarroti : david, art and the bible - the digital michelangelo project, stanford university - models of wax and clay used by michelangelo in making his sculpture and paintings - the museums of florence - the david of michelangelo read in another language this page is available in 48 languages - bahasa indonesia - norsk bokmal - simple english - \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 / srpski - tieng", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4533416967111037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c4c263a-04eb-4a78-ba2f-60d11586ef84>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.172837"}
{"text": "anatolian weights and measures ottoman units of length the fundamental unit of length in the ottoman empire was the ars\u0131n. three types of ars\u0131n were used : the mimari ars\u0131n ( architect ' s ars\u0131n ), the cars\u0131 ars\u0131n ( market ars\u0131n ) and the endaze. the mimari ars\u0131n was 75. 8 cm, longer than the other two, and so named because it was used for measuring land and buildings. it was also known as the bina ars\u0131n\u0131 ( building ars\u0131n ). one twenty - fourth of an architect ' s ars\u0131n was called a parmak, one twelfth of a parmak a hat, and one twelfth of a hat a nokta. in other words one architect ' s ars\u0131n equalled 24 parmak, 288 hat and 3456 nokta respectively. the metric equivalents of these units are as follows : 1 architect ' s ars\u0131n = 75. 8 cm 1 parmak = 3. 158 cm 1 hat = 0. 263 cm 1 nokta = 0. 0219 cm ars\u0131n measuring rods were made of boxwood, ebony, ivory, iron or steel, and graduated in parmak. for excavation purposes, another unit of length called the kadem, half of the architect ' s ars\u0131n and equivalent to 12 parmak, was used. the kulac ( fathom ) was used for excavations, boring wells, and measuring water depth. one kulac was equivalent to 2. 5 architect ' s ars\u0131n, and 100 kulac was equivalent to 2500 architect ' s ars\u0131n, or a mil ( mile ), while one fersah ( league ) was equivalent to 3 mil or 7500 architect ' s ars\u0131n. a fersah was approximately the distance covered in an hour by a person walking at ordinary speed. four fersah was known as a berit or menzil, and two berit as a merhale. introduction of the metric system the process of introducing the metric system began during the reign of sultan abdulaziz with an imperial edict and statute dated 20 cemaziyelahir h 1286 ( 1869 ). under this statute the metre was accepted as the unit of length, and named the zira - \u0131 a ' sari ( decimal zira ) to encourage public acceptance by use of the accustomed term zira ( an alternative term for ars\u0131n ). at the same time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.477698580976865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06fd3b1c-c867-4961-84ca-8534cc4273da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.175903"}
{"text": "was accepted as the unit of length, and named the zira - \u0131 a ' sari ( decimal zira ) to encourage public acceptance by use of the accustomed term zira ( an alternative term for ars\u0131n ). at the same time the are ( 100 square metres ) became the unit of land area ; the cubic decimetre, named osr - i zira kup ( tenth of a zira cubed ) and the litre units of volume ; and the dirhem - i a ' sari ( decimal dirhem ) or gram the unit of weight. under articles 2 and 7 of the new law a standard zira - i a ' sari rule and a standard kilogram weight were to be manufactured from platinum and kept in the imperial treasury. the new law was to go into effect for official transactions in march h 1287, but the general public could continue to use both old and new measures together until march h 1290, when use of the old measures would be prohibited. these initiatives during the reign of sultan abdulaziz failed to bring the new metric system into widespread general use, and another statute was passed by sultan abdulhamid ii in 1881. from 1883 metric weights began to be stamped. however, in 1895 the country reverted to use of the dirhem, and the metric system was not finally and irrevocably instituted until the measurements act was promulgated on 26 march 1931 after the establishment of the turkish republic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49381487087498277, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06fd3b1c-c867-4961-84ca-8534cc4273da>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.176456"}
{"text": "| | a wikibookian believes this page should be split into smaller pages with a narrower subtopic. you can help by splitting this big page into smaller ones. please make sure to follow the naming policy. dividing books into smaller sections can provide more focus and allow each one to do one thing well, which benefits everyone. learning involves many activities : managing your time, taking notes, reading books, listening to lectures, memorizing, having discussions, and writing tests. we ' ll cover each of these activities individually, and teach you to do them more effectively. feel free to learn the sections in any order that makes sense to you ; however given that this is a text, we suggest that you start with the reading textbooks section. before you begin studying anything, there are some basic ground rules to follow : - desire to learn the material. if you are not motivated, you won ' t learn. - review the material regularly to reinforce your knowledge of the subject. - apply the knowledge. if you don ' t use it, you ' ll forget it sooner. - introspect regularly. set aside a specific time each week where you examine your actions for that week. take the time to learn from your mistakes and your successes. these instructions are distilled from the studying tips offered by dale carnegie in the introduction of each of his books. managing your time managing your time effectively is an important part of studying. one of the important things in time management is to do whatever works for you. one common mistake is to try to create an overly restrictive schedule which doesn ' t work, and then feel very guilty that it doesn ' t work. telling yourself that scheduling just doesn ' t work for you is another common mistake. the following list will guide you through time management. - schedule - have a regular study time and place each day - this helps put you in study mode. it ' s what pavlov did with his dogs. ( \" good doggy. now study! study... \" ) - prioritize - make a list of what you have to do and list it in order of importance. schedule the important stuff first. - plan your sessions - do the difficult stuff first. that way, by the time you can barely add 1 to 1, that ' s all you have left to do. - prepare - get everything you ' ll need together before you start studying. - take breaks - don ' t study longer than 50 minutes at a stretch. use the other ten for a run around the block", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48690714407406127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.201510"}
{"text": "' s all you have left to do. - prepare - get everything you ' ll need together before you start studying. - take breaks - don ' t study longer than 50 minutes at a stretch. use the other ten for a run around the block, or eat a snack. hmm... maybe run around the block after the snack. taking a 5 - minute hot shower is another excellent solution. - avoid getting stuck - if you can ' t figure something out, skip it, and get help later. skipping everything is not allowed. - divide and conquer - break your projects up into smaller bits, and complete those bits one by one. - set milestones - set yourself some milestones. you can also set rewards for reaching those milestones. - reward yourself - the reward can be small, like treating yourself to some ice cream, or larger, like buying that new outfit you ' ve had your eye on. rewards also don ' t have to cost money, like going to play some basketball with some friends at the park. enjoy yourself when you pass a milestone, stick to your reward plans to make them more worth reaching. - use your time wisely - use the days for tough activities like studying, and evenings for easier stuff like reviewing. on second thought, better schedule the latter during the day as well. - review regularly - we have said this before. it ' s important. better read it again. - say \" no! \" to distractions - no matter how attractive they are unless, of course, it ' s on the schedule. ( \" proclaiming my everlasting love : tuesday 16 : 25 to 16 : 30 \" ) taking notes - note : there is already a note _ taking page on wikibooks. note taking is vital when reading textbooks and listening to lectures. note taking serves a number of purposes. the least important reason is to have material for review. the real reason for note taking is to get the material to stick in your brain. by taking notes, you are actively engaging your brain in the process. and it helps keep you awake. - get the keys - make notes of key words, phrases and concepts. - summarize - make summaries of the keys. - restate - use your own words when writing down the keys. this causes you to think about them. - review - always review. review always. always. review. get it? now read that again. these instructions are derived from the cornell study method. you can find more information about the cornell notes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47995704992280297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.202646"}
{"text": "keys. this causes you to think about them. - review - always review. review always. always. review. get it? now read that again. these instructions are derived from the cornell study method. you can find more information about the cornell notes format here. - don ' t try to substitute a tape recorder or prepared lecture notes for note taking. remember that making a record of the lecture is the least important reason for taking notes. - don ' t try to copy the lecture word for word. instead try to summarize the major points. this causes you to listen actively. - talk to yourself in your notes. note what is interesting, what is boring, what makes sense, and what doesn ' t. - summarize what you have learned. some people highlight the most important sentence on each page. ( highlighting nearly every sentence on a page is a clear sign that you don ' t understand it. ) others keep scratch paper, and jot down a summary of every chapter - a few sentences noting the topic of that chapter and the three most important things about that topic. - draw diagrams in your notes, label them, and color them, if you want. diagrams related to the lecture are what is useful. unrelated diagrams are merely doodles. - visually organize points into groups. use outlines, brackets, lists, arrows, stars, boxes, circles, and others. - use color pens or highlighters to mark the different parts of concepts, such as key term, definition, examples, person, place or time, etc. annotation system if you are annotating a text, for example, a scientific article, try creating an annotating code. the system i use is to : - circle words or ideas i do not understand or have never seen - put a bracket around things i wish to highlight - underline things i especially wish to highlight - put an angle bracket next to things i disagree with - put an arrow next to things i find remarkable or interesting ( scientific articles ) play around with this. let the system evolve to suit your needs. see if colors are of any use ; i personally prefer not to switch pens so i stick to blue ( to contrast against the black text ) there are several techniques that universities advocate for studying textbooks. most of them have the same basic structure though. - preview - quickly skim over the chapter you are studying to get an overview of the material. read headings, sub - headings, bold words, and other words that are emphasized. - ask - constantly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5111047334686588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.203726"}
{"text": "have the same basic structure though. - preview - quickly skim over the chapter you are studying to get an overview of the material. read headings, sub - headings, bold words, and other words that are emphasized. - ask - constantly ask yourself questions about the headings and keywords. changing headings and keywords into questions, using who, what, where, when, and why. - read - read the first section, answering the questions you asked earlier. note any unexpected information as well. ( think about if your questions were on target and what you need to know. compare what you are reading with what is discussed in class. ) - record - take notes of your answers, of important keywords, and of important concepts. more about this in taking notes - relate - relate each section to the preceding and following sections. relate information to your previous knowledge and experience. - recite - cover your answers and notes, and recite them from heart. - repeat - repeat the ask - recite sequence for each section in the chapter. - practice - do any practice questions and exercises in the material. - review - review all your notes, and try to recite the important concepts from heart. the above is an amalgamation of the sq5r, the parcer study techniques, and plan, do, review. the concept at the heart of these techniques is active reading. the idea is that instead of passively reading a textbook and not really paying attention, you have to actively engage your mind in the act of reading, thereby improving comprehension and retaining efficiency. the more you involve your mind in the reading, the better you ' ll remember. ( really helpful ) tips - if there are words you don ' t understand, look them up in a dictionary or textbook related to the concept. math / science tips - instead of merely \" reading \" sample problems, look for errors in the author ' s work. as you read each sentence or step, verify for yourself it is completely correct, and is a logical next step or conclusion. - copy a sample problem to another sheet of paper, then see if you can solve it yourself without looking at the textbook ' s solution ( unless you get stuck ). this makes the best use of sample problems, as students who \" understood the lecture \" or \" read the chapter \" often have difficulty doing their first problems using this new - found knowledge. - reading a page of a math / science textbook this way may take anywhere from 20 minutes to several hours, but will probably reduce your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5062497836280877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.204793"}
{"text": "the lecture \" or \" read the chapter \" often have difficulty doing their first problems using this new - found knowledge. - reading a page of a math / science textbook this way may take anywhere from 20 minutes to several hours, but will probably reduce your eventual study time for a quiz or test by an even greater amount. - understanding the main ideas of a topic does not mean you will be able to solve problems involving the topic. spend more time solving problems than you do reading or listening. listening to lectures - prepare - before you go to a lecture, be sure you ' ve read any assigned reading particularly the concerning text in your study book. go to class a little early and review the key points of the reading. - be on time. instructors often dislike having students walk in mid - way through a lecture, and you will have missed material. some instructors intentionally base their lecture on statements made in the first few minutes to force students to be on time. some faculty also give key information ( such as test dates ) at the beginning of class. - take notes - always take copious notes. see taking notes for tips. - ask questions - if you don ' t get something, ask. when you ask, state what you understood the teacher to be saying, then ask whether you got it right or not. in this way, the teacher will be able to detect what exactly you don ' t understand and clarify it for you. - think ahead of the teacher - what are the implications of the things they are telling you? teachers like to steer their lecture on a subject towards the next topic in order to make a smooth transition, and thinking about the implications may give you a head start on understanding that next topic. - ( see also a similar discussion at intelligence intensification / memory techniques ) memorization is a serious bottle neck when studying. this bottle neck compromises one ' s efficiency, as it takes longer to remember new information. memorizing lists of information is easy - once you have the techniques down. if you don ' t use techniques, forget it! if you don ' t want to invest time into learning techniques, forget it! for subjects based on logic, such as physics, mathematics, and physiology, the best way to memorize facts is to learn a few basic facts and then learn the logic required to derive further information from those facts. once you work through the logic a few times, you will remember the conclusions. these then become new \" basic facts \" upon which you can base further logic to remember more facts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5356729645272563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.205865"}
{"text": "and then learn the logic required to derive further information from those facts. once you work through the logic a few times, you will remember the conclusions. these then become new \" basic facts \" upon which you can base further logic to remember more facts. for instance, if you want to memorize the starling equation for the movement of fluid between blood vessels and surrounding tissue, remember that there is fluid pressure on both sides of the vessel wall and protein on both sides of the vessel wall. then remember that protein tends to draw water to itself by osmosis, while pressure tends to push water away. then just add the four opposing forces together, making the forces that tend to make water leave the blood vessel positive and the opposite forces negative. for less logical subjects, such as history, biochemistry, and law, involving seemingly random groupings of ideas into lists, the following techniques may be more helpful. if you must memorize a list of words or sentences, you can take the first letter of each and come up with a logical sentence involving words beginning with the same letters. for instance, to remember the order of the planets, the mnemonic sentence \" my very educated mother just served us nothing \" is helpful... if you remember the names of the planets, and that mercury is first, then it is easy to remember the order is \" mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune. \" the fact that the mnemonic sentence is naturally set to music aids in remembering it, as the human brain remembers music more readily than speech. most vital are the list techniques. you start with a list of logically related persons, places, or things you can enumerate without much thought and without leaving out anything. then you associate each of these to an item in the new list of facts to be memorized. to recall the new list, recall the old list and then the attached items. here are several familiar lists one could use : - body list - attach items to body parts, from nose to toes for example - number list - associate the shapes of numbers with items in the new list ( 2 - swan, 9 - snake, for example ) - loci - method - associate each item with a point along a familiar walk, such as your route from your bed to your kitchen sink. the most significant difference between these three is the number of items you can attach to them. the body list is very limited, you have only one body, unless one considers attaching items to a pet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5441530351917364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.207033"}
{"text": "your route from your bed to your kitchen sink. the most significant difference between these three is the number of items you can attach to them. the body list is very limited, you have only one body, unless one considers attaching items to a pet ' s body or a friend ' s body as well. number lists are difficult to produce with more than 20 items, and difficult to learn. it ' s difficult to multiply them, like attaching a tire, a ball, and an egg to 0. the problem here comes when trying to assign multiple lists and getting the correct mnemonics for each list and number. the loci - method might be the most powerful method. you can find items everywhere in your familiar surrounding. you can have an unlimited number of loci - lists around, your home, your university, working place, the city, your favorite bar, disco, school. if you travel to a hotel, you can create your list there, after having become familiar with it. you can create your own virtual worlds ( if they ' re consistent ) or use the scenery of a first person shooter if you ' re familiar enough with it. \" honey - tongue \" cicero used this technique thousands of years ago to memorize his famous \" spontaneous \" speeches ; other great thinkers did likewise. memory experts use it to memorize 400 numbers in a row. it was usual for academics in previous centuries to have lists of several thousands of items, before even going to university. all this needs intense practice. having discussions one fact about learning material is that it is often a collective effort. study groups can help you greatly when you get stuck or want to discuss the material you learned. it can also land you dates. especially the french study group. ( \" ho - ho - ho, par le vous, mon ami! je t ' aime, s ' il vous plait! \" ). there are several ways in which study groups could go about discussing the material. - quiz - it ' s common to have people quiz each other on the material to check retention and comprehension. ( \" ho - ho - ho, mon ami! telephone nombre, s ' il vous plait? \" ) - debate - this is when the group goes through a part of the material and then argue about it from various angles and propose alternatives. ( \" non telephone? merde! uh... adresse s ' il vous plait? \" ) - school - one person is assigned the lesson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5028560850549074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.208042"}
{"text": "of the material and then argue about it from various angles and propose alternatives. ( \" non telephone? merde! uh... adresse s ' il vous plait? \" ) - school - one person is assigned the lesson and has to teach the rest then. the others can question this person on the content. ( \" jamais, cochon? i don ' t understand, could you explain that in english? \" ) the last method has several caveats - this method only works if everybody gets to play roles of both teacher and student. also, be sure to pick someone that knows more than the rest do about that section. an effective technique is to have the material divided between the group members, and to have each study his section especially well before doing the school thing. before the test - before you take the test, make sure that you know as much as you can about the test. what is the format? what are the likely questions? what is the grading policy? - if there is a sample test available, it is an essential resource. when possible, you should practice sample tests until you pass one ( by your standards ) on the first try. - if you are unfamiliar with the test location, visit it beforehand. - get a good night ' s sleep. eat breakfast in the morning. - don ' t think about bad situations, because it will make you more troubled in your test. at the start of the test - in a timed test, put your watch next to your test. it makes it easier to glance at the time without disturbing your train of thought. - look over the entire test before you start any work. this will give you some ideas about what sections to do and what sections not to work on. do the easy questions first. keep in mind that in standardized tests the easy questions are usually the first ones. - read the instructions. often teachers provide guidance about the best way to take the test in the instructions ( point values, time suggestions ). this information is there for a reason, use it to your best advantage. during the test - don ' t spend too much time on one question. read the question thoroughly and slowly. make sure to read all answer options even if one seems ' obvious '. there might be a better answer. - write neatly. this makes it easier on the instructor grading the test, which is always to your benefit. however, you may need to resort to scribbling in certain areas for long answers you are unsure of, as the grade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5065156182650329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.209063"}
{"text": "better answer. - write neatly. this makes it easier on the instructor grading the test, which is always to your benefit. however, you may need to resort to scribbling in certain areas for long answers you are unsure of, as the grader is highly unlikely to read the entire answer and will probably skip that part. - if you get stuck, mark the question for review and go on to the next question. subsequent questions may prompt your memory with an answer. after completing all questions, come back and review all questions. during the review you can complete all questions marked for review. - if you are starting to freeze, close your eyes, take a deep breath, and pause for a moment. this will help you to relax and get back on track. - on multiple choice questions you do not know the answer to, work to eliminate any choices that are incorrect, then choose from the remaining choices. - after completing the entire test, go back to the beginning and review your answers. research shows that 70 % of all changed answers go from wrong to right. near the end of the test - unless you know that points will be taken off for wrong answers, leave nothing blank. even if you are wildly guessing, you might get lucky. - even with an essay question, write what you know. a partial answer tells the teacher what you still need to learn, and may result in points ( remember any points are better than none ). - before you turn the test in, make sure that you have your name on the test. - on standardized forms, make sure that all the pencil marks are nice and dark and in the ovals. - on multiple choice questions that are not on standardized forms, make sure your intended answer is clear, and that you followed the teacher ' s guidance about how to write the answer properly. when you get your test back - do a quick check to make sure that the numbers were added correctly and that there are no obvious mistakes in grading. in general, it is not worth the effort to challenge a grade unless there is an obvious and unarguable flaw. - if you have questions about why something is wrong, ask the instructor. you should not go to your instructor to get points back on the test, but to gain a better understanding of the material and to be better prepared for future tests. - use the test as a study guide. focus on both what you got right and what you got wrong. writing term papers in helping your teen - age student, dr. marvin cohn says that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.423841762147787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.210142"}
{"text": "material and to be better prepared for future tests. - use the test as a study guide. focus on both what you got right and what you got wrong. writing term papers in helping your teen - age student, dr. marvin cohn says that students often leap prematurely into a topic and engage in hasty, laborious note - taking that does not contribute to the finished paper. sampling a variety of books and taking time to think about possible research projects should come before writing, he says. it is clearly best to know, before deciding on a topic, that ample sources are available for a given topic. while surveying available sources, the student should take note of which sources seem useful and also which ones do not. that prevents the student from looking at undesirable sources twice. a book that seems interesting should be noted by its title, author, location, and some description \u2013 a paragraph about one of its chapters, for example. when there is more than one book available on the same subject, the student might compare the books on the basis of some common feature. for example, with a set of george washington biographies the student can compare the accounts of washington \u2019 s winter at valley forge. much can be learned about a book by reading less than one of its pages \u2013 for example, how well the author makes points, organizes material, and uses language clearly. as a rule, it is best for the student, early in the project, to find one especially good source and rely on that as a guide throughout. the reading can be described in terms of three activities, which students generally undertake in the following order. 1. overview \u2013 getting a general idea of a subject by reading encyclopedia articles or by skimming through books, especially books that deal with the subject in a general way 2. study \u2013 reading books and articles the way students read their textbooks, using not just introductory texts but ones that deal with specific aspects of the topic 3. fact - finding \u2013 searching for details, answers to questions that have been raised by the research taking notes in the student \u2019 s own words is protection from accidental plagiarism. also, rephrasing is good because it makes the student think about the text. copying quotations from authors is the exception to the rule. it is agreed that the paper should have no more quotations than are necessary, but that does not mean, necessarily, that notes should not have many quotations. as the collection of notes increases, it \u2019 s natural, says dr. cohn, for the student to start writing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45610315421586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.211180"}
{"text": "have no more quotations than are necessary, but that does not mean, necessarily, that notes should not have many quotations. as the collection of notes increases, it \u2019 s natural, says dr. cohn, for the student to start writing observations in the form of sentences and perhaps paragraphs. as reading and note - taking continues, a set of main points may occur to the student, in which case they should be jotted down. perhaps later they will be written in a different order. the list is the origin of the outline. its writing may be compared with the growth of a young tree. from the main points are derived two or more lesser points, and from the lesser points two or more details, and so on. the general rule that a new task should not be started with immediately after finishing one applies here. it is best to stop writing after finishing work on an outline. more recent books on study mention the mind map ( below ). a student might make one of these these informal diagrams to help in developing ideas. they can be useful as a method of studying information on a topic before outlining. a paper is only a series of paragraphs, and learning how to write a paragraph well adds much to the quality of a writer \u2019 s work. in english writing, most paragraphs begin with a sentence that has the paragraph \u2019 s main idea. occasionally, a paragraph \u2019 s main idea is found in its final sentence. the main idea of the paragraph is supported by its other sentences. the simple rule of not writing sentences or paragraphs that are too long makes the paper more readable, and the writer should know when to divide lengthy sentences and paragraphs into smaller ones. unless it is needed, a technical or unusual word should be replaced with a common word, or at least explained in the writing. the research and writing process the research project cannot be divided into a series of clearly - defined steps. there is overlap. in a student \u2019 s survey of possible resources, there is some note - taking, if only to identify books and articles. note - taking often gives way to students writing observations of their own, perhaps in writing sentences or paragraphs. with the increase of material comes a need to organize it as an outline, or to develop ideas by making a mind map, before starting on an outline. the outline begins as a simple list of main points. outlines can be written different ways, consisting of phrases, sentences, or connected sentences. whereas some will write a first draft based on a fairly informal outline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5141208286556435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.212255"}
{"text": "mind map, before starting on an outline. the outline begins as a simple list of main points. outlines can be written different ways, consisting of phrases, sentences, or connected sentences. whereas some will write a first draft based on a fairly informal outline, others with keep adding details to the outline until is basically the first draft. in writing the first draft, some will write parts quickly, without much attention to spelling and grammar, and slow down at other parts to write finished prose. others will use formal language from start to finish. with all papers, it is best to re - read the work carefully and spot all errors, no matter how small. when the paper is graded, little errors add up. a traditional method of proofreading is to put the paper away for a few days, then read it with \u201c new eyes. \u201d an exercise for the beginner in how to double your child \u2019 s grades in school, author eugene schwartz presents an exercise intended to make the transition from writing short essays to writing a first term paper less frustrating. instead of the usual bibliography, he suggests working with no more than two or three easily - read books. when the student becomes familiar with them, the student answers a series of questions, including the question of which ideas should be the main points to be made, and also which points should be excluded from the brief paper. students are advised to begin the paper by making an especially good point and to write a good final sentence, these established before work on the first draft. the exercise consists of eight questions. alternative techniques study technologies each person has a certain learning style, which can only be discovered through experience. a mix of new technologies can enhance your learning experience. here are some avenues to explore : text to speech if you are studying a text that is available as a text file or on the internet, you can probably convert it into a spoken - word presentation at little or no cost. but don ' t just listen to it - - for best results, read and listen at the same time. a multi sensory experience has more impact. also, listening to spoken text while reading it deals with a little - known problem of modern readers, who tend to skim and skip even while they think they are reading. the text - to - speech programs that can be found on sites such as download. com ( search with key words \" text \" and \" speech \" ) have come a long way from the emotionless computerized voices of yesterday. text aloud is the name of one such program among many. an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4921284690604045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.213285"}
{"text": "be found on sites such as download. com ( search with key words \" text \" and \" speech \" ) have come a long way from the emotionless computerized voices of yesterday. text aloud is the name of one such program among many. an open source text to speech program can be found here. mind mapping many schools have tried to teach students outlining skills. the ability to \" write down the bones \" of a body of knowledge was thought to be a key to understanding it. with the advent of personal computers, elaborate outlining programs were released which tried to minimize the drudgery involved, but the outlining fad faded out. ( a very simple, useful, and inexpensive software outlining program is vault, available for evaluation here ) a very easy - to - use free open - source java - based mind mapping style application is freemind. it is important when you first learn about mind mapping to practice determining keywords, one per link in your mind map. see the difference in taking notes. for the more artistically impaired or lazy, the mindjet corporation has created \" mind manager \" which uses the same techniques you may have seen in organization charts to help map out ideas with graphic components. this very useful program is also beyond the budgets of many, but an evaluation copy is available here. some school districts have become quite smitten with mind - mapping technology. portions of the los angeles unified school district have standardized on inspiration. an alternate version, kidspiration, is designed for lower elementary grades. evaluation copies are available at inspiration. com. speech to text you can take your lecture notes and convert them into typed text with dragon naturallyspeaking, which translates your speech into typing. this is the best speech - to - text program currently available ; its main rival, ibm ' s viavoice, has fallen by the wayside. naturallyspeaking comes in various versions ; the most useful is naturallyspeaking professional, which is quite expensive, but allows you to create macros, and thus fire off a series of complicated instructions with just a word or two. most users settle for naturallyspeaking preferred, the much cheaper but still useful version. more details are available here. independent study often getting ahead in school involves independent study of subjects related to your coursework. while this may be intimidating to most of us who have been trained to rely on a teacher ' s guidance, the benefits of engaging in independent scholarship are well worth the effort. benefits of independent scholarship include : - more individualized content -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4946654041303217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.215054"}
{"text": "coursework. while this may be intimidating to most of us who have been trained to rely on a teacher ' s guidance, the benefits of engaging in independent scholarship are well worth the effort. benefits of independent scholarship include : - more individualized content - quicker and more efficient coverage of the material - improving of study skills overall - self - directed study helps you to discover your personal learning style - the skills gained from independent study can be applied to your other coursework. these skills include time management, organization, research and writing skills, and engaging creatively with the material. - can help you explore your interests, and might even lead to a change in major - concepts from one course area can be used to think creatively about others, such as psychology, anthropology, sociology ; can be studied as an interdisciplinary major the only downside to independent study is that you may not receive official credit for your work. if this is an issue for you, you can choose to study towards a certain test that will advance your academic career. however, know that most professors would be thrilled to have people in their classes who have read widely concerning the subject matter, and have something original to contribute to class discussions. so many students are just there because they have to get a degree to get a job, and the professors will be impressed that you studied subjects on your own just for learning ' s sake. you can also receive credit for independent study from the clep, or college level examination program. check with your school to see what their policy on clep is. self - directed study involves a dramatic paradigm shift wherein one is responsible for one ' s own learning. it is a great test of one ' s will power and determination, and depends on your attitude toward the subject and towards learning in general. in ordinary school learning is seen as building up the major concept from smaller ideas. for example, one learns how to do individual tasks in algebra and then comes later to the realization of the nature of the overall idea of algebra. self - directed learning demands the opposite, that you first grasp the main idea of the subject area you wish to study and then fill in all the blanks. it is a skill that takes time to develop. see also - school skills provides study skills articles and tools. - study skills checklist from virginia tech. - academic learning strategy videos from dartmouth provide skills training. - guide to study skills from trustyguides - harry d. kitson ( 1921 ). how to use your mind a psychology of study : being a manual for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4183431153549144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.216323"}
{"text": "from virginia tech. - academic learning strategy videos from dartmouth provide skills training. - guide to study skills from trustyguides - harry d. kitson ( 1921 ). how to use your mind a psychology of study : being a manual for the use of students and teachers in the administration of supervised study ebook # 10674 of project gutenberg - mcmurry, frank m. ( frank morton ), ( 1909 ) how to study and teaching how to studyebook # 6109 of project gutenberg - http : / / readinggenius. com / study _ skills _ for _ students. html - ideas about more effective study skills - wikipedia : method of loci if you are taking a comprehensive general course such as european culture, or anatomy and physiology, or anything with a lot of different kinds of facts to learn, a useful tool is to buy a set of highlighters. use one color only for definitions, another color for locations and dates ( a date is a location in time ), another color for processes, and so on. you can get matching colored post - it notes and write the facts on them and associate them with places in your house ( such as on the bathroom mirror, closet door ) and read the post - it aloud as you go past. be sure to keep the post - it note colors consistent with your highlighter color scheme!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48244066633785365, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7325db68-7157-4297-a333-1b0f555752b2>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.216916"}
{"text": "| benjamin helm bristow | | 30th united states secretary of the treasury | june 4, 1874 \u2013 june 20, 1876 | president | | ulysses s. grant | | preceded by | | william a. richardson | | succeeded by | | lot m. morrill | | 1st solicitor general of the united states | | president | | ulysses s. grant | | succeeded by | | samuel f. phillips | june 20, 1832 | elkton, kentucky, u. s. | died | | june 22, 1896 new york city, u. s. | political party | | whig, republican | | alma mater | | jefferson college | | allegiance | | united states of america | | service / branch | | united states army | | years of service | | 1861 - 1863 | | battles / wars | | american civil war benjamin helm bristow ( june 20, 1832 \u2013 june 22, 1896 ) was an american lawyer and republican party politician who served as the first solicitor general of the united states and as a u. s. treasury secretary. as the united states first solicitor general, bristow aided president ulysses s. grant and attorney general amos t. akerman vigorous and thorough prosecution and destruction of the ku klux klan in the reconstructed south. sol. gen. bristow advocated african american citizens in kentucky be allowed to testify in a white man ' s court case and that education was for all races to be paid for by public funding. as secretary of the treasury, bristow promoted gold standard currency and thoroughly prosecuted and shut down the notorious whiskey ring, a tax evasion scheme that depleted that national treasury. as a strong reformer, secretary bristow was one of the most popular grant cabinet members among other reformers in the nation. secretary bristow was also behind the resumption of specie act of 1875, that helped stabalize the economy during the panic of 1873. a native of kentucky, bristow was the son of a prominent whig unionist and attorney. having graduated jefferson college in pennsylvania in 1851, bristow studied law and passed the bar in 1853, working as an attorney until the outbreak of the american civil war in 1861. fighting for the union, bristow served in the army during the american civil war and was promoted to colonel. wounded at the battle of shiloh, bristow recuperated and would be promoted to lieutenant colonel. in 1863, bristow was elected kentucky state senator serving only one term. at the end of the civil war, br", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3556983152618464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e5b92f4-bad9-4d13-bac5-c28b3c71596d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.225918"}
{"text": "to colonel. wounded at the battle of shiloh, bristow recuperated and would be promoted to lieutenant colonel. in 1863, bristow was elected kentucky state senator serving only one term. at the end of the civil war, bristow was appointed assistant to the u. s. district attorney serving in the louisville area, in 1866, bristow was appointed u. s. district attorney serving in the louisville area. in 1870, bristow was appointed the united states first u. s. solicitor general, who aided the u. s. attorney general by arguing cases before the u. s. supreme court. in 1874, bristow was appointed u. s. secretary of the treasury by president ulysses s. grant. in june 1876, due to friction over bristow ' s zealous prosecution of the whiskey ring and rumor that bristow was interested in running for the u. s. presidency, bristow resigned from president grant ' s cabinet. during the presidential election of 1876, bristow made an unsuccessful attempt at gaining the republican presidential ticket, running as a republican reformer ; the republicans, however, chose rutherford b. hayes. after the 1876 presidential election, bristow returned to private practice in new york forming a successful law practice in 1878, often arguing cases before the u. s. supreme court until his death in 1896. early life born in elkton, kentucky, bristow was the son of francis bristow, a whig member of congress in 1854 - 1855 and 1859 - 1861. he graduated at jefferson college, washington, pennsylvania, in 1851, studied law under his father, and was admitted to the kentucky bar in 1853. marriage and kentucky law practice american civil war at the beginning of the civil war in 1861, bristow joined the union army. on september 21, 1861 he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 25th kentucky infantry. in april 1862, he was severely wounded by an exploding shell at the battle of shiloh in tennessee and temporarily forced to retire from field duty in order to recover from his injury. after his recuperation, lt. col. bristow returned to field service during the summer of 1862 and helped recruit the 8th kentucky cavalry. on september 8, 1862 bristow was commissioned lieutenant colonel over the 8th kentucky cavalry. lt. col. bristow assumed command of the 8th kentucky cavalry in january, 1863 after col. james m. shackleford, the previous commander, was promoted brigadier general. on april 1,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36324109963842244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e5b92f4-bad9-4d13-bac5-c28b3c71596d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.226845"}
{"text": "commissioned lieutenant colonel over the 8th kentucky cavalry. lt. col. bristow assumed command of the 8th kentucky cavalry in january, 1863 after col. james m. shackleford, the previous commander, was promoted brigadier general. on april 1, 1863 lt. col. bristow was promoted to colonel and continued his command over the 8th kentucky cavalry. in july, 1863 col. bristow and the kentucky 8th cavalry assisted in the capture of john hunt morgan during his july 1863 raid through indiana and ohio. kentucky state senator on september 23, 1863 col. bristow, was honorably discharged from service in the union army ; having been elected kentucky state senator by christian county. bristow had not known he had been elected and served one term as state senator until 1865, having resigned office. senator bristow supported all union war effort legislation, the presidential election of abraham lincoln in 1864, and the passage of the thirteenth amendment that outlawed slavery. u. s. district attorney in 1865, bristow was appointed assistant to the united states attorney. in 1866, bristow was appointed district attorney for the louisville, kentucky district. as district attorney, he was renowned for his vigor in enforcing the 1866 u. s. civil rights act. bristow served as district attorney until 1870 and spent a few months practicing law in partnership with future united states supreme court justice john harlan. first u. s. solicitor general prosecuted ku klux klan in 1870, congress created the u. s. department of justice, in part, to aid in the enforcement of u. s. congressional reconstrution laws and u. s. constitutional amendments. on october 4, 1870, bristow was appointed the first incumbent u. s. solicitor general by president ulysses s. grant and served until november 12, 1872 having resigned the office. sol. gen. bristow and u. s. attorney general amos akerman prosecuted thousands of klan ' s men that resulted in a brief two year quiet period during the turbulent reconstruction era in the south. in 1873 president grant nominated him attorney general of the united states in case then attorney general george h. williams was confirmed as chief justice of the united states, a contingency which did not arise. kentucky civil rights and education speech in 1871, sol. gen. bristow traveled to his native kentucky state and in a speech advocated african american civil rights. bristow advocated that blacks be given the right to testify in juries. at this time kentucky law forbid the 225,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.355977081739804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e5b92f4-bad9-4d13-bac5-c28b3c71596d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.228100"}
{"text": "1871, sol. gen. bristow traveled to his native kentucky state and in a speech advocated african american civil rights. bristow advocated that blacks be given the right to testify in juries. at this time kentucky law forbid the 225, 000 black u. s. citizens from testifying in any civil or criminal case involving a white man. he stated the kentucky law that denied african americans the right to testify in a white man ' s case had roots in slavery and was a \" monstrous and grievous wrong to both races. \" sol. gen. bristow stated that the ku klux klan act and the previous civil rights acts passed by the u. s. congress were designed to protect the \" humblest citizens \" from lawbreakers. bristow stated he would, \" tax the rich man ' s property to educate his poor neighbor ' s child \", and he would \" tax the white man ' s property to educate the black man ' s child. \" sol. gen. bristow advocated free universal education and all property in kentucky be taxed to pay for schools. secretary of the treasury internal reforms made on june 3, 1874 president grant appointed bristow secretary of the treasury after william a. richardson was removed in light of the sanborn incident. as treasury secretary, he initiated a much - needed internal reorganization of the treasury department, dismissing the second - comptroller for inefficiency, shaking up the detective force, and consolidating collection districts in the customs and internal revenue services. prosecuted whiskey ring corruption he prosecuted the so - called \" whiskey ring, \" which was headquartered in st. louis, and which, beginning in 1870 or 1871, had defrauded the federal government out of a large part of its rightful revenue from the distillation of whiskey. distillers and revenue officers in st. louis, milwaukee, cincinnati and other cities were implicated, and the illicit gains, which in st. louis alone probably amounted to more than $ 2, 500, 000 in the six years ( 1870 \u2013 1876 ) were divided between the distillers and the revenue officers, who levied assessments on distillers ostensibly for a republican campaign fund to be used in furthering ulysses s. grant ' s re - election. prominent among the ring ' s alleged accomplices at washington, d. c. was orville e. babcock, private secretary to president grant, whose personal friendship for babcock led him to indiscreet interference in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.436467290206094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e5b92f4-bad9-4d13-bac5-c28b3c71596d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.229023"}
{"text": "election. prominent among the ring ' s alleged accomplices at washington, d. c. was orville e. babcock, private secretary to president grant, whose personal friendship for babcock led him to indiscreet interference in the prosecution. through bristow ' s efforts more than 200 men were indicted, a number of whom were convicted, but after some months ' imprisonment were pardoned. largely owing to friction between himself and the president, bristow resigned his portfolio in june 1876 ; as secretary of the treasury he advocated the resumption of specie payments and at least a partial retirement of \" greenbacks \" ; and he was also an advocate of civil service reform. presidential run, new york attorney, and death bristow was a prominent reforming candidate for the republican presidential nomination in 1876 ( see u. s. presidential election, 1876 ). he was defeated at the republican convention ; rutherford b. hayes having received the nomination. during the 1876 republican presidential convention, stalwart members of the republican party, friends of president grant, believed bristow had been disloyal to grant during the whiskey ring prosecutions, by going after babcock. rumor spread that bristow had prosecuted the whiskey ring in an attempt to gain the 1876 presidential republican nomination. bristow, however, proved to be a loyal statesman and had desired to keep president grant and the nation from scandal. when sec. bristow testified in front of a congressional committee on the whiskey ring, he would not give any specific information regarding his conversations with president grant, having claimed executive privilege. bristow was upset over not winning the republican presidential nomination and over the rumor he had been disloyal to president grant. bristow retired from politics, never again to run for political office. after 1878 he practiced law in new york city and on october 16 he established the law partnership of bristow, peet, burnett, & opdyke. bristow was a prominent leader of the eastern bar and was elected the second president of the american bar association in 1879. having remained an advocate of civil service reform, bristow was vice president of the civil service reform association. bristow often ably argued in front of the u. s. supreme court. in 1896, bristow suffered appendicitis and died at his home on june 22, 1896. see also further reading - encyclopedia of kentucky. new york city, new york : somerset publishers. 1987. pp. 125", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4363006194479808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e5b92f4-bad9-4d13-bac5-c28b3c71596d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.229960"}
{"text": ". supreme court. in 1896, bristow suffered appendicitis and died at his home on june 22, 1896. see also further reading - encyclopedia of kentucky. new york city, new york : somerset publishers. 1987. pp. 125 \u2013 127. isbn 0 - 403 - 09981 - 1. - webb, ross a., benjamin helm bristow, border state politician, university press of kentucky ( 1969 ). - this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : chisholm, hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). \" bristow, benjamin helm \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. this work in turn cites : - willcox, david, memorial of benjamin helm bristow, cambridge, mass., privately printed, 1897. - whiskey frauds, 44th congress, 1st session, mis. doc. no. 186. - mcdonald, john, secrets of the great whiskey ring, chicago, 1880. a book by one concerned and to be considered in that light : john mcdonald was supervisor of internal revenue at st louis for nearly six years. - department of justice, benjamin bristow - find a grave ( jul 03, 2003 ), benjamin helm bristow - memorial of benjamin helm bristow ( 1897 ), pp. 9 - 10 - new york times ( june 16, 1876 ), nomination of benjamin h. bristow - memormorial of benjamin helm bristow ( 1897 ), p. 10 - media related to benjamin bristow at wikimedia commons | new title | | solicitor general of the united states samuel f. phillips william a. richardson | u. s. secretary of the treasury served under : ulysses s. grant lot m. morrill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3736100172665442, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e5b92f4-bad9-4d13-bac5-c28b3c71596d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.230567"}
{"text": "john weiss ( 28 june 1818 - 9 march 1879 ) was an american author and clergyman, as well as a noted abolitionist. weiss was born in boston. his father, a german jew, was a barber in worcester. he graduated at harvard in 1837 and at the harvard divinity school in 1843, studying abroad in between. he then preached at watertown, but withdrew on account of his anti - slavery opinions. he was pastor at new bedford, massachusetts, for a short time, resigning on account of the failure of his health. after several years of study and travel he resumed his pastorate in the unitarian church at watertown in 1859, remaining there until 1870. on the issue of slavery, the reverend john weiss was an outspoken abolitionist. he was an advocate of woman ' s rights, a rationalist in religion, and a disciple of the transcendental philosophy. he delivered courses of lectures on \u201c greek religious ideas, \u201d \u201c humor in shakespeare, \u201d and \u201c shakespeare ' s women. \u201d of his lectures on greek religious ideas, octavius b. frothingham said : \u201c they were the keenest interpretation of the ancient myths, the most profound, luminous, and sympathetic, i have met with. \u201d he is the author of many reviews, sermons, and magazine articles on literary, biographical, social, and political questions. he also wrote : - life and correspondence of theodore parker ( 2 vols., new york, 1864 ) - american religion ( 1871 ) he edited and translated : external links", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39038986440307, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8070c508-8018-4c31-9539-8bd875c6f243>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.233885"}
{"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2011 ) | sandringham house is a country house on 8, 000 hectares ( 20, 000 acres ) of land near the village of sandringham in norfolk, england. the house is privately owned by the british royal family and is located on the royal sandringham estate, which lies within the norfolk coast area of outstanding natural beauty. history and current site the site has been occupied since the elizabethan era, and, in 1771, architect cornish henley cleared the site to build sandringham hall. the hall was modified during the 19th century by charles spencer cowper, a stepson of lord palmerston, who added an elaborate porch and conservatory, designed by architect samuel sanders teulon. in 1862, the hall was purchased by queen victoria at the request of the prince of wales ( the future edward vii ) as a home for himself and his new bride, alexandra. however, in 1865, two years after moving in, the prince found the hall ' s size insufficient for his needs, and he commissioned a. j. humbert to raze the hall and create a larger building. the resulting red - brick house was completed in late 1870 in a mix of styles. this section incorporated the galleried entrance hall which is used by the royal family for entertaining and family occasions. a new wing was later added to one end of the house in a more traditional style, incorporating a ball room. it was ahead of its time in other ways, with gas lighting, flushing water closets, and an early form of shower. one part of the house was destroyed in a fire during the preparations for prince albert edward ' s 50th birthday in 1891, and later rebuilt. sandringham house has been the private home of four generations of the british royal family. the main features of the new building were bay windows, which helped lighten the interior. despite the size of sandringham and the spaciousness of the main rooms, the living quarters were quite cramped. edward and alexandra ' s sons, prince albert victor and prince george, for example, had very small bedrooms. the spacious grounds, however, provided room for queen alexandra ' s menagerie of horses, dogs, cats, and other animals. the atmosphere was far different from at home, especially when their father was about. the kennels were a particular delight to the children. in addition to stables for royal horses in 1886 a racing pigeon loft was constructed for birds given to the duke of york by king leopold of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.36339025639187295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b3200e7-fc36-4aae-b8cd-291b04529ae7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.242231"}
{"text": "from at home, especially when their father was about. the kennels were a particular delight to the children. in addition to stables for royal horses in 1886 a racing pigeon loft was constructed for birds given to the duke of york by king leopold of belgium and one or more lofts for royal pigeons have been maintained ever since. since the death of edward vii, sandringham has been a popular holiday retreat for successive members of the royal family. since king george vi died in 1952 at sandringham, queen elizabeth ii ' s custom has been to spend the anniversary of her father ' s death and her own accession privately with her family at the house, and use it as her official base until february. it is an excellent location for shooting and is used for royal shooting parties. such was edward vii ' s fondness for hunting on the estate, he ordered all the clocks to be set half an hour ahead of gmt to increase the amount of evening daylight available for hunting. this tradition of sandringham time was kept on the estate from 1901 until 1936 when the new king edward viii showed he was \" a new broom \" by sweeping the custom away. along with balmoral castle, sandringham house is the private property of the british royal family and not part of the crown estate. their succession became an issue in 1936, when edward viii abdicated as king. being legacies edward had inherited from his father, george v, the estates did not automatically pass to his younger brother george vi ; the new king had to purchase the house from him. queen alexandra, her sons prince albert victor, duke of clarence and avondale, and george v, and grandson george vi all died at sandringham. king olav v of norway, a grandson of king edward vii, was born at sandringham. york cottage and appleton house | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( january 2012 ) | the estate is also home to york cottage, built by edward vii soon after he moved in ; york cottage was also a favourite of george v. anmer hall on the grounds is a georgian house that was at one point the country home of the duke of kent. when prince carl, the future king haakon vii of norway, and princess maud were married in july 1896, appleton house was a wedding gift to them from the bride \u2019 s parents, the prince and princess of wales. the gift was intended to provide the newly married couple with a place to stay whenever they visited england. the prince of wales wrote to his danish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4163497146620123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b3200e7-fc36-4aae-b8cd-291b04529ae7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.243321"}
{"text": "appleton house was a wedding gift to them from the bride \u2019 s parents, the prince and princess of wales. the gift was intended to provide the newly married couple with a place to stay whenever they visited england. the prince of wales wrote to his danish brother - in - law, crown prince frederik of denmark, \u201c i have given maud and charles a small house, their own country retreat \u2013 about one mile from here \u2013 they will always have a pied - a - terre when they come over to england. i know they will appreciate this very much. \u201d a few months before the wedding the couple went to the adjacent sandringham to view their wedding gift. \u201c i saw my new house. it is quite lovely, \u201d prince carl wrote in a letter. queen maud came to love the house. in 1899 she wrote in a letter, \" our little house is a perfect paradise, it all seems like a dream, that we are here at last, that it is so beautiful and light, every single room is so clean and fresh. \" their son, the future king olav v of norway, was born in 1903 at sandringham. appleton house was on 2\u00bd floors and was built of brick. it had four sitting rooms on the ground floor and the same on the first floor, together with rooms for servants, 20 rooms in total. the house had a conservatory and was centrally heated. the property stood alone, surrounded by forested parkland in flitcham, norfolk, adjacent to sandringham. the open, rolling character of the surrounding landscape inspired outdoor pursuits on horseback or by bicycle. it was also full of good subjects for queen maud, who was a keen amateur photographer. around the house the prince of wales had laid out a garden, designed in accordance with the tastes of the day. here there were round, oval, triangular and square beds of roses and rhododendrons. there were extensive lawns and tall hedges of yew and box, with paths between them. queen maud enjoyed taking walks along these paths. \u201c her albums contain many photographs that show her wandering alone along these paths \u2013 clad in a full - length, white dress, her parasol lifted high. \u201d in 1938, two days after queen maud \u2019 s interment, her husband, king haakon wrote to king george vi and informed him that the time had come to return appleton house to the british royal family. the queen had had the property as long as she had wanted, just as the prince of wales had said she could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43928411391466915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b3200e7-fc36-4aae-b8cd-291b04529ae7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.244376"}
{"text": "king haakon wrote to king george vi and informed him that the time had come to return appleton house to the british royal family. the queen had had the property as long as she had wanted, just as the prince of wales had said she could when she was given it in 1896. appleton house no longer exists. for many years the house stood unused. its last known inhabitants were king george vi and queen elizabeth, who lived in the house during a visit to norfolk during world war ii ( 1939 \u2013 1945 ). a 1968 newspaper article with the headline \u201c the queen \u2019 s empty house \u201d reported that a large anti - air raid structure had been constructed around the property during world war ii and that this was unattractive and expensive to remove. since it would have been costly to restore the property to a habitable state, appleton house was torn down in july 1984. public access the house was first opened to the public in 1977, and there is a museum with displays of royal life and estate history. about 600 acres ( 240 ha ) are a country park, open to the public. in january 2012, a body was found on the grounds of sandringham ; it was later identified as that of alisa dmitrijeva, a 17 - year - old latvian girl who lived in wisbech, who was last seen alive on 31 august 2011 in king ' s lynn. see also - \" about sandringham estate \". the sandringham estate. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27. - \" history : sandringham official website \". - \" official website : royal kennels \". - \" royal family website : sandringham house \". - \" anmer hall website \". - \" police : body found on queen ' s estate was missing 17 - year - old \". cnn. 8 january 2012. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08. - sandringham estate body named as alisa dmitrijeva | wikimedia commons has media related to : sandringham house | - website of the sandringham estate - the royal residences \u2013 sandringham house from englishmonarchs. co. uk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4095905847764385, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b3200e7-fc36-4aae-b8cd-291b04529ae7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.245355"}
{"text": "in software development, a test suite, less commonly known as a validation suite, is a collection of test cases that are intended to be used to test a software program to show that it has some specified set of behaviours. a test suite often contains detailed instructions or goals for each collection of test cases and information on the system configuration to be used during testing. a group of test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions of the following tests. occasionally, test suites are used to group similar test cases together. a system might have a smoke test suite that consists only of smoke tests or a test suite for some specific functionality in the system. it may also contain all tests and signify if a test should be used as a smoke test or for some specific functionality. in model - based testing, one distinguishes between abstract test suites, which are collections of abstract test cases derived from a high - level model of the system under test and executable test suites, which are derived from abstract test suites by providing the concrete, lower - level details needed execute this suite by a program. an abstract test suite cannot be directly used on the actual system under test ( sut ) because abstract test cases remain at a high abstraction level and lack concrete details about the sut and its environment. an executable test suite works on a sufficiently detailed level to correctly communicate with the sut and a test harness is usually present to interface the executable test suite with the sut. a test suite for a primality testing subroutine might consist of a list of numbers and their primality ( prime or composite ), along with a testing subroutine. the testing subroutine would supply each number in the list to the primality tester, and verify that the result of each test is correct. see also - hakim kahlouche, cesar viho, and massimo zendri, \" an industrial experiment in automatic generation of executable test suites for a cache coherency protocol \", proc. international workshop on testing of communicating systems ( iwtcs ' 98 ), tomsk, russia, september 1998. | this software engineering - related article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5147487742796635, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c50be36-8d62-4a5e-8c90-198e2030a441>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.248194"}
{"text": "catholic encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / claude perrault born at paris, 1613 ; died there, 1688. he built the main eastern facade of the louvre, known as the \" colonnade \". his extraordinary talent and versatility brought up on him much enmity and detraction, especially in his architectural work. he achieved success as physician and anatomist, as architect and author. as physician and physicist, he received the degree of doctor from the university of paris, became one of the first members of the academy of sciences founded in 1666, and repeatedly won prizes for his thorough knowledge of physics and chemistry. he was the author of a series of treatises on physics and zoology, as well as on certain interesting machines of his own invention. colbert induced him to translate vitruvius, and this work inspired him with enthusiasm for architecture. like his contemporary, blondel, he contributed to revive the feeling for the rules and principles in architecture. his vitruvius with a good commentary and tables appeared in 1673, and an epitome of it in 1674. the same aims were pursued in his \" ordonnance des cinq especes des colonnes selon la methode des anciens \" ( 1683 ). perrault ' s architectural drawings are regarded as excellent pieces of work ; before the burning of the louvre in 1871 there were preserved there, besides his drawings for the vitruvius, two folio volumes containing among other things the designs for the louvre, which had been published by the master ' s brother, charles perrault. in his completed buildings, much fault is found, e. g. in the observatoire, the astronomical observatory of paris, although in certain parts we find traces of his later mastery. perrault ' s design for a triumphal arch on rue st - antoine was preferred to the designs of lebrun and leveau, but was only partly executed in stone. when the arch was taken down, it was found that the ingenious master had devised a means of so uniting the stones without the use of mortar that it had become an inseparable mass. in the competition for the colonnade of the louvre he was successful over all rivals, even bernini, who had been summoned from italy expressly for that purpose. this work claimed his attention from 1665 to 1680, and established his reputation. he was required to demonstrate the feasibility of his plans by constructing a model. perrault is reproached with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4177005323267822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb4ddd22-fc7d-4e47-abf9-4f67512ea1f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.250970"}
{"text": "vocabulary and grammar notes \u2013 siegfried \u2019 s trip to worms - verb phrases - present simple tense - past simple tense - passive voice - vocabulary development \u2013 word families every sentence has a verb and every verb has a tense. the verb phrases are the key to the sentences and the sentences are the key to the text. look at the verb phrases for this episode : worms is a place in germany. worms are good for the soil. siegfried came to worms to sit in the garden by the river and play his lute and sing love ballads to kriemhild. that was his plan. he wanted to marry her. he had heard about her and he wanted to marry her. kriemhild ruled burgundy with her brothers gunther, goethe and floete. gunther was the eldest and made all the important decisions in the kingdom. goethe was the next in line and devoted his time to research and self - education and waiting to become king in the event that it was necessary to take over. floete was a great musician and patron of the arts and organised all the royal entertainment and education. he was kind of like a minister of culture. while he was traveling to worms, siegfried stopped and rested by the river. he caught some fish and he made a fire to cook them. suddenly a dragon attacked him. he pulled out his sword and he slew the dragon. he killed it. when he killed the dragon, some of its blood splashed on him. it was magic blood. dragon \u2019 s blood is magic. the blood of the dragon enabled siegfried to understand the language of the birds and beasts. it is another famous story about a man who could understand the language of the birds and the beasts. siegfried could understand what the birds were saying. one of the birds in a nearby tree told him to hang the dragon \u2019 s body from the tree and drain its blood. then he was supposed to wash in the blood. washing in dragon blood made him invincible. no weapon could harm him. when he was washing in the blood of the dragon, a leaf from a linden tree floated down from the tree and fell on siegfried \u2019 s back. no dragon blood fell on this place and so this was his weak spot. it was his \u201c achilles heel \u201d. in german the linden tree is symbolic of lovers and of matters of the heart. siegfried continued on his journey to worms and the news of his victory over the dragon traveled faster than he did. by the time he arrived in worms, people had already heard that he had killed the dragon and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4920214377770449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10bdca09-12e1-41ab-9f48-fce6403856e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.257005"}
{"text": "of lovers and of matters of the heart. siegfried continued on his journey to worms and the news of his victory over the dragon traveled faster than he did. by the time he arrived in worms, people had already heard that he had killed the dragon and washed in its blood. hagen was very dishonest but many people did not know this. they did not know this because hagen was clever. he was clever and he was careful. he was careful to pay attention to people in power. he was careful to remain on very good terms with them. he was careful not to make enemies in high places. in worms there was a man called hagen. he was a bad egg. he couldn \u2019 t lie straight in bed at night. he had a crooked smile and a crooked nature. he was a slimy scheming crooked character. hagen was an advisor to king gunther. hagen had heard the story of siegfried and the dragon \u2019 s blood. he remembered it well. everybody loved siegfried. he was extremely popular with the common people everywhere. this made him very very powerful. it made him politically dangerous. hagen was a very political man. he was very ambitious and he wanted power he was very ambitious and he wanted power but he could not get it by fighting he was very ambitious and he wanted power but he could not get it by fighting because he was not strong enough. he was very ambitious and he wanted power but he could not get it by fighting because he was not strong enough so he tried to get more power by scheming and negotiating. he was very ambitious and he wanted power but he could not get it by fighting because he was not strong enough so he tried to get more power by scheming and negotiating and playing people against each other. hagen told king gunther about siegfried and the dragon \u2019 s blood. was gunther jealous? he warned him about siegfried \u2019 s power. he warned him to hide his sister. kriemhild stayed in the tower. kriemhild stayed in the tower and watched siegfried arrive. kriemhild stayed in the tower and watched siegfried arrive but she did not want to meet him. kriemhild stayed in the tower and watched siegfried arrive but she did not want to meet him because she did not want to break her vow. siegfried wanted to meet kriemhild but nobody offered to introduce him. everybody was a little afraid of siegfried. suddenly there was some bad news. another tribe of germans was attacking. they were the saxons. siegfried helped gunther to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46781481149834414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10bdca09-12e1-41ab-9f48-fce6403856e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.257922"}
{"text": "her vow. siegfried wanted to meet kriemhild but nobody offered to introduce him. everybody was a little afraid of siegfried. suddenly there was some bad news. another tribe of germans was attacking. they were the saxons. siegfried helped gunther to defeat the saxons. they became friends. the questions with tenses 1. are there worms in your garden? are you a keen gardener? is it normal to ask the father for the bride \u2019 s hand in your culture? do you have an elder sibling? do you try to educate yourself? do you think cultural assets should be protected by the government? have you ever been to the rhine? did he use worms as bait to catch the fish? what is the difference between a chinese dragon and a european dragon? have you ever killed an animal? did you know that dragon \u2019 s blood was magic? do you know the story of doctor dolittle? can you whistle like a bird? does that sound horrible to you? do you wash your hands after you go to the toilet? are weapons common in your city? what was duryodhana \u2019 s weak spot in the mahabharata? what is the flower of the heart in your imagination? did the birds spread the news of the dragon \u2019 s defeat and siegfried \u2019 s invincibility? do you know anybody like that? what is the name of the king of sweden? do you have a good memory? do you think power always corrupts? is politics a dangerous business in your country? do you know the expression, \u201c divide and conquer \u201d? do you always keep your promises? have you been to germany? who are the anglo - saxons? is your best friend a friend from military service? the story of siegfried the dragon slayer and of his beautiful wife, kriemhild and of his tragic murder and of her terrible revenge 1. nibelung \u2019 s gold 2. siegfried the dragon slayer 3. kriemhild \u2019 s dream 4. siegfried \u2019 s trip to worms 5. the plan to win the hand of bruenhild 6. bruenhild \u2019 s suspicion 7. hagen \u2019 s plan 8. kriemhild \u2019 s revenge 9. epilogue : the gold at the bottom of the river and the ring of power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46735903578330307, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10bdca09-12e1-41ab-9f48-fce6403856e8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.258709"}
{"text": "cragg, rohan g. and bardgett, richard d. ( 2001 ) how changes in animal diversity within a soil trophic group influence ecosystem processes. soil biology and biochemistry, 33 ( 15 ). pp. 2073 - 2081. issn 0038 - 0717full text not available from this repository. there are few experimental data on the consequence of varying the composition and diversity of soil animals communities, or soil food - webs, on ecosystem properties. here, we tested the hypothesis that varying the diversity and composition of soil animals within a trophic group, the microbial - feeders, affects litter decomposition and nutrient flux in grassland. microcosms containing grassland plant litter were inoculated with individual species of collembola folsomia candida, pseudosinella alba, and protaphorura armata, and all possible two and three species combinations of these species. our data show that towards the end of the experiment individual species of collembola, and especially f. candida, had markedly different, but positive, effects on measures of litter mass loss, microbial activity ( co2 respiration ) and the leaching of dissolved organic carbon ( doc ) and nitrate - n. two and three species combinations of collembola revealed that effects of fauna on ecosystem processes were due to differences in the composition of the collembolan community, rather than the number of species present. in comparison to a treatment that had no fauna, significantly higher rates of litter mass loss, microbial activity, and doc and nitrate release were detected only in microcosms that contained f. candida. there was no evidence of effects of f. candida in combination with other species, relative to effects of f. candida alone, on the above properties. these findings support the notion that changes in the diversity of microbivorous fauna may not have a predictable effect on decomposition processes rates and that the functioning of the microbial - feeding trophic group is influenced mainly by the physiological attributes of the dominant animal species present, in this case f. candida. | journal or publication title : | | soil biology and biochemistry | | uncontrolled keywords : | | decomposition ; diversity ; collembola ; trophic group ; soil fauna | | subjects : | | q science > qh natural history > qh301 biology | | departments : | | faculty of science and technology > lancaster environment centre | | deposited by : | | prof richard bardgett | | deposited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5081803256890374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6411f64e-22a0-4276-a6df-22fe6873c47a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.261147"}
{"text": "rachmah, rachmah ( 2006 ) bentuk - bentuk perilaku agresi pada narapidana di lapas wanita sukun malang. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. bentuk - bentuk perilaku agresi pada narapidana. pdf download ( 74kb ) | preview aggression is an attack done by an organism to another organism, object or even to himself. the purpose of this study is, to find other forms of aggressive behavior in female prison inmates in poor breadfruit. methods of data collection using interviews, observation and other tools such as tape recorders and pens with the intention of obtaining an adequate and complete data. the research subjects in this experiment were three prisoners. this research was carried on 10 september until 10 december. data analysis using descriptive qualitative method. based on the results of this study found that, other forms of aggressive behavior that often occurs is an argument verbally, this happens because of the factors that affects that is due to misunderstanding and the pit party. and there are many ways to do prisoner in a decrease in aggressive behavior, ie closer to god, do not care what people say, often get advice from people in disbelief. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculty of psychology > department of psychology | | depositing user : | | zainul afandi | | date deposited : | | 26 jul 2012 08 : 43 | | last modified : | | 26 jul 2012 08 : 43 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5335600935988374, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cf02dfa-7c5f-4fbb-a9d5-0e16e747efd6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.262819"}
{"text": "a global staple rice is the primary staple for more than half the world ' s population, with asia and africa the largest consuming regions. developing countries have long depended on rice ' s versatility and high caloric value. rice consumption is declining in northeast asia ( japan, taiwan ), but continues to rise in southeast asia ( the philippines, indonesia ), south asia ( india, bangladesh ), and an ancient grain, rice is known to have been domesticated as early as the fifth millennium, b. c. e. the species cultivated in asia, believed to be where rice originated, is oryza sativa from the graminaceae ( grass ) family. it is also the species cultivated in most of today ' s rice - producing countries. rice is produced worldwide and is the world ' s second - or third - largest staple crop, behind corn ( maize ). rice production, prior to milling, is about the same as total wheat production. although rice is produced over vast areas of the world, the physical requirements for growing rice ( available water, soil types ) are limited to certain areas. economically sound production typically requires high average temperatures during the growing season, a plentiful supply of water applied in a timely fashion, a smooth land surface to facilitate uniform flooding and drainage, and a subsoil hardpan that inhibits the percolation of water. four major types of rice are produced worldwide : - indica is grown mostly in tropical and subtropical regions and accounts for more than 75 percent of global trade. indica rice cooks dry, with separate grains. - japonica rice, typically grown in regions with cooler climates, accounts for more than 10 percent of global rice trade. - aromatic rice, primarily jasmine from thailand and basmati from india and pakistan, accounts for 12 - 13 percent of global trade and typically sells at a premium in world markets. - glutinous rice, grown mostly in southeast asia and used in desserts and ceremonial dishes, accounts for most of the four regions produce almost the entire u. s. rice crop : - arkansas grand prairie, - mississippi delta, ( parts of arkansas, mississippi, missouri, - gulf coast ( texas and southwest louisiana ) ; and - sacramento valley of california. each of these regions generally specializes in a specific type of rice, which, in the united states, is referred to by length of grain - - long, medium, and short. u. s. long - grain varieties typically cook dry and separate, while u. s. medium / short - grain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5137554100543598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a211efe-fbeb-4d43-b970-abaad635d345>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.269935"}
{"text": "of rice, which, in the united states, is referred to by length of grain - - long, medium, and short. u. s. long - grain varieties typically cook dry and separate, while u. s. medium / short - grain varieties are typically moist and clingy. - long grain is grown almost exclusively in the south and accounts for more than 70 percent of u. s. production. - medium grain, grown both in california and the south, accounts for more than one - fourth of total u. s. production and forms most of california ' s rice crop. arkansas accounts for most of the southern - short grain accounts for 1 - 2 percent of total u. s. rice production and is grown almost exclusively in california. all u. s. rice is produced in irrigated fields, achieving some of the highest yields in the world. producers in the united states can apply seed aerially in dry or flooded fields, or drill or broadcast seed into dry fields. fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides can also be applied by air. california producers seed primarily by air directly into flooded fields. except for parts of southwest louisiana and the texas gulf coast, most producers in the south planting typically begins in early march in texas and southwest louisiana. the delta plants the bulk of its crop in april, and california ' s crop is planted from late april through mid - may. harvest begins in early or mid - july in texas and southwest louisiana. peak harvest in the south is in september and early october, when the delta harvests the bulk of its crop. some producers in texas and southwest louisiana are able to reflood their fields after harvest and achieve a partial second or \" ratoon \" crop from the stubble of the first. california typically begins harvest at the end of september and finishes by early november. marketing and use except for rough ( unmilled ) rice exports and domestic seed sales, virtually all u. s. rice is marketed as a whole - kernel milled product. in contrast, the bulk of wheat is sold as flour. for rice, care is necessary throughout the production, drying, storage, milling, and marketing phases to minimize the number of broken kernels, which sell at a considerable discount to whole - kernel five different products ( or types of rice ) can be produced from rough rice : hulls, bran, brown rice, whole - kernel milled rice, and brokens ( broken - kernel milled rice ). the first stage of milling removes the hull, producing brown rice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4703920534340406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a211efe-fbeb-4d43-b970-abaad635d345>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.270920"}
{"text": "types of rice ) can be produced from rough rice : hulls, bran, brown rice, whole - kernel milled rice, and brokens ( broken - kernel milled rice ). the first stage of milling removes the hull, producing brown rice that can be cooked and consumed. the next stage of milling removes the bran layer, leaving milled white rice. or, prior to milling, rough rice may be parboiled, a process of soaking the rice in water and steaming it under intense pressure. parboiling makes the rice less likely to break during milling and pushes nutrients from the bran layer into the kernel. parboiled rice typically sells at a premium. on average, every 100 pounds of rough rice yield almost 60 pounds of whole - kernel milled rice, 10 - 11 pounds of brokens, about 9 pounds of bran, and 20 pounds of hull. about half of the u. s. rice crop is sold into the domestic market, which has more than doubled in size since the mid - 1980s. in recent years, u. s. rice use has been growing about 1 percent a year, about even with u. s. population growth. increasing domestic use of rice is partly attributed to demographic factors, including immigration and changing ethnic composition, with high per capita rice - consuming groups increasing their shares of the u. s. population. healthy lifestyles, rising demand for gluten - free foods, convenience, and continued introduction of new rice - based products also contribute to growth in domestic use domestic uses of rice include food for human consumption ( direct food use and in processed foods ), beer, and pet food. direct food use accounts for more than half of domestic disappearance of rice. use in processed foods - - primarily flavored rice mixes, cereal, and rice cakes - - has expanded at the fastest rate over the past two decades, accounting for almost 18 percent of domestic use. use of rice in beer production, at about 10 percent of domestic disappearance, has been declining since 2002. rice use for pet food, which almost exclusively involves broken grains, accounts for 10 - 12 percent of total domestic disappearance. see the trade chapter for information and u. s. rice imports and exports. challenges for the u. s. the combination of high operating costs ( fuel, fertilizer, and irrigation expenses ), steady growth in imports, and stiff competition from asian suppliers presents tough challenges for the u. s. rice industry. higher fuel and fertilizer costs are among the most critical, since rice is a high -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4859750537335129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a211efe-fbeb-4d43-b970-abaad635d345>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.272032"}
{"text": "##rtilizer, and irrigation expenses ), steady growth in imports, and stiff competition from asian suppliers presents tough challenges for the u. s. rice industry. higher fuel and fertilizer costs are among the most critical, since rice is a high - cost crop to grow in the united states. for example, running pumps and conducting other operations required for flood irrigation account for the much higher fuel and energy costs for rice than for other field crops. most u. s. rice imports are aromatic varieties from asia - - jasmine from thailand and basmati from india and pakistan. varieties with these specific characteristics are not currently grown in the united states. u. s. plant breeders have research underway, but until the united states develops varieties with characteristics comparable to the asian aromatic varieties, imports and the import share of domestic disappearance will continue to increase. the global market for rice is largely dominated by asian suppliers, who present tough competition for u. s. rice growers in several markets, although u. s. rice exports are consistently high - quality. thailand, for more than 25 years, and india, since the mid - 1990s, have greatly improved the quality of some grades of exportable rice. top - quality exports from these countries can now compete with u. s. rice in some global markets - - particularly in europe and the middle east. exports remain critical to the health and viability of the u. s. rice industry, since u. s. rice producers are more dependent on the global market than u. s. producers of corn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4614549303514029, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a211efe-fbeb-4d43-b970-abaad635d345>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.272665"}
{"text": "the sacramento valley is the northern component of california ' s central valley ( complimenting the san joaquin valley ). about 200 miles long, it extends from shasta dam in the north to the sacramento river delta in the south. on the west, the valley is bordered by the coast range, including tbe mendoncino national forest. on the east, the valley is defined by the volcanic northern portion of the sierra nevada through the middle of the valley runs the sacramento river, the largest river in california. the feather river also runs along much of the length of the valley, and the american, yuba, and bear rivers enter it from the east. from the west, stony creek, cache creek, and putah creek enter the valley, rivers in their own right. exactly in the center of the valley, the sutter buttes rise out of flat farmland. touted as the ' world ' s smallest mountain range ', they reach over 1000 feet in height but are only a few miles across and nearly perfectly round when viewed from above. the sutter buttes are a long dead volcano, the southernmost of the cascade chain. the main city in the sacramento valley is, not surprisingly, sacramento, the state capital. also found here are the cities of redding, red bluff ( the areas around the northern part of the valley have very red soil ), chico, and davis. once a vast series of wetlands, the sacramento valley is now mostly used for agriculture, as the soil is extremely fertile. sadly, suburban sprawl is taking over much of this fertile land as the city of sacramento expands. by far, the most important industry here is agriculture. hot summers, mild winters, fertile alluvial soil, and abundant water from the sierras combine to make this one of the most productive areas in the world. walnuts, corn, tomatos, onions, wheat, rice, and many other crops are grown here. the city of sacramento is largely supported by industries associated with the capitol. tourism is minimal, although the area supports some excellent fishing and very productive waterfowl hunting. if you are going to visit this valley, avoid the summer. summer temperatures commonly reach above 100 degrees, and the valley is more humid than most other areas west of the rockies. the summer is very dry ; summer rain falls only every one or two years. winters may be rainy, but often are dominated by the notoriously dense and resilient tule fog. spring and fall can be very windy. although winter freezes aren ' t uncommon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3995388204154652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f3e1eeb-a916-4f12-a3aa-c8a192ed2a5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.277478"}
{"text": "a tool used when wire wrapping prototype circuit boards. i shall attempt to describe it. - start with a hexagonal shaft that is the handle. mine is painted with a blue finish. - drill a hole through the center of the shaft ( not axially, but from one side of the shaft to the other ). put a small wire stripper one side of this hole. this part is for ( duh ) stripping wires. - into one end of the shaft, insert a small rod with a hole in the middle. this rod should have a concavity at the end as well. this is the unwrapping part of the wire wrap tool, for when you make mistakes and need to unwrap your wire. - into the other end of the shaft, insert the more interesting rod. i shall attempt to describe it. - start with a normal rod. - bore a small hole down the axis. - cut a trench on one side of the rod. - for the last 3 millimeters of the rod, shave off about 40 percent of the trench side of the rod. - put a four millimeter long cuff around the last two millimeters of the rod, so that it hangs off the end about 2 millimeters. the shaved off part of the rod should leave a small hole that you can fit a tiny wire through. this is the wrapping part of the wire wrap tool. despite the curious workmanship on the wrapper, you wouldn ' t expect to pay more than 50 cents for one of these tools. however, they usually sell for upwards of 8 dollars a piece, because their design in patented, and aggressively enforced.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46151545087587087, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71b01325-c1c3-4649-9467-67b8c1cd84f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.279029"}
{"text": "new hampshire mapsedit this page from familysearch wiki maps are used to locate places where your ancestors lived. they identify jurisdictional and county boundaries, names of places, geographical features, cemeteries, churches, and migration routes. historical maps are especially useful for finding communities that no longer exist. - a county map of new hampshire. n. p. : evans printing, 1969. this map shows the names of counties and townships. family history library map 974. 2 e7. - united states census bureau state and county map. this map will allow you to zoom in on any state or county in the united states and read the names of all of the neighboring counties. - delorme mapping company. the new hampshire atlas and gazetteer. freeport, maine : delorme mapping, 1987. ( family history library book q 974. 2 e7d. ) in addition to the atlas, 67 colored maps are included. - new hampshire, vermont, atlas of historical county boundaries. new york, ny : simon & schuster, 1993. ( family history library book 974 e3n. ) this has maps showing when and where each county changed boundaries. - maps of the masonian propriety : vols. 1 \u2013 5 with index. salt lake city, utah : genealogical society of utah, 1975. ( fhl film 980930 items 2 \u2013 7 ; computer number 102302. ) these are microfilms of the originals in concord, new hampshire. item two is the index to these maps. items 3 \u2013 7 contain the masonian propriety maps. - town and city atlas of the state of new hampshire. boston, massachusetts. : d. h. hurd, 1892. ( family history library folio 974. 2 e3t. ) this atlas is compiled from government surveys, county records, and personal investigations. you can view the maps, arranged by county. then by city or town, on the university of new hampshire internet site. - sanborn fire insurance maps are available for years 1867 - 1970. these are detailed, bock by block plans of communities, showing, among other things, the shapes buildings, roads and businesses. they are scaled 50 ' to 1 \", and can be valuable when used in conjuction with city directories. printable maps are available from the national atlas of the united states. county atlases and maps county atlases and maps may contain the names of the landowners. land ownership maps were published for each county between 1857 and 1861.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4202321458406373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb9f5fb9-9b5b-4cc9-9009-6095e45dcebb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.283867"}
{"text": "if you tune the intervals between different pairs of notes exactly, then the intervals and notes defined by our standard keyboard don ' t quite fit together ; this is just a sad fact of maths. to make them fit, you have to tune the intervals slightly wrong, which is called \" tempering \" the intervals, and the pattern of how you temper all the different intervals on the keyboard is called a \" temperament \". the commonest way of doing this in modern times is simply to space the notes in the octave evenly, known as \" equal temperament \" - this give fifths that are slightly flat ( too narrow ), and major thirds that are markedly sharp ( too wide ), but all by the same amount for a given type of interval. on instruments like the organ, the effect of the sharp thirds, in particular, is very apparent, because of the evenly held sounds from the pipes. so temperaments are used which make the most commonly used major thirds closer to the correct tuning - but this can only be done by making other thirds worse ; hence the idea of good keys and bad keys, according to which thirds they contain. this discussion is usually had referring to fifths ; but the thirds are more important because that ' s where the big errors are. in any case, all the adjustments have to be done at the same time so as to fit together. if you try to make as many intervals accurate as possible, throwing all the errors onto one interval, this interval is so bad that it is known as \" the wolf \". renaissance and early baroque tunings tried to make the five most important major thirds accurate, and then the rest pretty good, leaving one as the wolf. these tunings were called \" mean - tone temperaments \". in the later baroque era, the thirds were compromised enough to make all keys playable, though some were better and some were worse - these are now called \" well temperaments \" ( after bach ' s collection of pieces in all keys called \" the well - tempered klavier \" ). in the victorian period, equal temperament came to the fore ; but modern authenticity movements have led to a resurgence of the use of older unequal temperaments. in the case of an organ, changing the temperament is a major undertaking, which may require many of the pipes to be rebuilt in the workshop. so once a temperament has been chosen for an organ, it is not changed except possibly as part of a major rebuild. a harpsichord player, on the other hand, will tune his instrument for every concert,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48556154363417603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5dd60b1-10a3-4e12-85a6-fa9c933460d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.286967"}
{"text": "sieur de beaulieu was a nobleman who entered the fur trade in the early french period, and was one of the voyageurs who accompanied antoine lamothe - cadillac to establish the first permanent settlement at le detroit on july 24, 1701. plaques and statues in downtown detroit celebrate the event, and the french - canadian heritage society of michigan has photographs of those statues on their website. on their site the society also lists the names of the french noblemen and informs us that the convoy also included fifty french soldiers and some passengers : \" chacornac, baron de jaonnes ; pierre dugue, sieur de boisbriant ; antoine lamothe, fils [ brother ] ; alphonse tonty, baron de paludy ; a recollet priest, and francois vaillant de gueslis, s. j. \" images of these statues, and names of the gentlemen / voyageurs, are online at http : / / fchsm. habitant. org / plaque. html however, sieur de beaulieu ' s actual name is louis chauvin, sieur de beaulieu, and descendents of this man have told me that in the years i am searching for beaulieu men, his descendents still used the chauvin name. there is a little more information on this site you might be interested in, if you can access it. when i tried today, the pages were not available. but the family trees of the persons who were in detroit have been compiled into a document by yves drolet, a member of the societe genealoque canadienne - francais, and is supposedly available online at www. fchsm. habitant. org it is called \" genealogical tables of the quebec noblesse from the 17th to the 19th century, \" and comes in both french and english. when i searched the u. s. french catholic church records in the drouin collection on ancestry. ca many years ago, i discovered that in 1752 sieur de beaulieu had an infant baptized ; and that in 1753 the priest \" baptized catherine fille legitime of sr. beaulieu and de spouse francoise... \" he appeared to be at sault ste marie, and also seemed to be listed as a ' commander pour le roi. \" later i found a translation of above document headed : makinac, ste - anne ; copie \" wisconsin historical. \" it read : \" july 15, 1753, i administered holy baptism to catherine, legitimate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42184318179842406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be9f61f9-4422-4ccb-8c78-39117c90dbcb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.290297"}
{"text": "an upper endoscopy ( also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy, or egd ) is an essentially painless and minimally invasive procedure that enables the gastroenterologist to examine the esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine. the upper endoscopy exam itself usually takes 15 to 20 minutes and can be used to diagnose and / or treat gastrointestinal conditions such as gerd, barrett \u2019 s esophagus, esophageal varices, esophagitis, swallowing difficulties, indigestion, ulcers and gastritis. for the patient with symptoms of severe acid reflux ( heartburn ), the doctor may use upper endoscopy to diagnose gerd or diagnose barrett \u2019 s esophagus by taking a small sample of tissue for biopsy. having a biopsy is painless, because the lining of the esophagus has no pain receptor nerves. one side effect of gerd is a difficulty in swallowing from a narrowing of the esophagus as a result of acid reflux. in many cases, the gastroenterologist can alleviate it by inserting a balloon through the endoscope and inflating it to dilate the section of your esophagus that is constricted. esophageal manometry and esophageal ph monitoring are other tools used in the diagnosis and treatment of severe gerd. these tests also may be used as informational tools in preparation for anti - reflux surgery. preparing for upper endoscopy prior to the procedure, you will be asked not to eat anything for 6 hours prior, or drink anything for 3 hours prior. in addition, you may be asked to refrain from taking certain medications. once you arrive at our center, a nurse greets you, asks you to sign a consent form for entry into the ambulatory endoscopy center, and shows you where to change into a hospital gown. the nurse then brings you to a private endoscopy room and places nasal oxygen and several monitoring devices on your body. this equipment lets us monitor your heartbeat, blood pressure, and blood oxygen level during the endoscopy. you \u2019 re then hooked up to an intravenous ( iv ) line. next, the doctor meets with you to answer any of your questions. once you ' re ready, the doctor administers pain relievers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4977532031411155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a63f265-f1e8-4093-9530-dd373eaccba2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.293366"}
{"text": "the endoscopy. you \u2019 re then hooked up to an intravenous ( iv ) line. next, the doctor meets with you to answer any of your questions. once you ' re ready, the doctor administers pain relievers and a sedative through the iv. the sedative brings you into a state called \" conscious sedation. \" this is not like general anesthesia, where you \u2019 re unconscious, but a pleasant, sleepy, relaxed dreamlike state. once you have received your sedative, the doctor will insert an endoscope - - a thin, flexible, lighted tube - - into your mouth. the scope is easily passed into your esophagus. the tube is equipped with a tiny video camera that sends clear pictures to a tv monitor, letting the doctor see inside the upper gastrointestinal tract. after your upper endoscopy after the exam, you \u2019 re taken to one of our state - of - the - art recovery rooms where you wake up. there your iv is removed, and you \u2019 re watched for a period of time. most people feel ok after waking up. as a last step, your doctor visits with you, describes how the exam went, and gives you instructions to follow upon returning home. results of biopsies will be available to you in about 10 days. the total time you \u2019 re at our center is 1 - 2 hours. because of the wooziness from sedation, you need someone to drive you home. in fact, you should avoid driving and going to work the rest of the day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4552621632208087, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a63f265-f1e8-4093-9530-dd373eaccba2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.293929"}
{"text": "broadbalk wheat experiment, soil organic matter network ( somnet ), u. k. entry id : iacr. broadbalk abstract : this experiment began in 1843. the site was possibly farmed since roman times ( i. e at least 1500 years ). map of 1623 shows field in arable use. 1839 - 1843 arable crops : turnips, barley, peas, wheat, oats. the soil is clay - with - flint overlying chalk ; see avery & catt, the soil at rothamsted ( see reference list ) for full details. the average climatic conditions at the experimental site are : minimum... annual temperature of 5. 1 deg c, mean annual temperature of 9. 1 deg c, maximum annual temperature of 13 deg c, minimum annual rainfall of 409 mm, mean annual rainfall of 693 mm, and maximum annual rainfall of 983 mm. there have been 5 management regimes : 1 ) continuous wheat 1844 onwards ( occasional fallows ). [ field divided into 5 sections in 1926 to allow regular fallowing to control weeds and into 10 sections in 1968 to include rotations ] 2 ) potatoes - beans - wheat ( 1968 - 1979 ). 3 ) fallow - wheat - wheat ( 1968 - 1981 ). 4 ) fallow - potatoes - wheat - wheat - wheat ( 1982 - 1998 ). 5 ) oats - maize - wheat - wheat - wheat ( 1996 onwards ). treatments ( all regimes ) are as follows : a ) nil since 1852, b ) fym since 1844, c ) fym since 1885 plus n2 since 1968, d ) fym plus n4pk since 1968 ( not continuous wheat ), e ) n0pk ( na ) mg since 1852, f ) n1pk ( na ) mg since 1852, g ) n2pk ( na ) mg since 1852, h ) n3pk ( na ) mg since 1852, i ) n4pk ( na ) mg since 1968, j ) n5pk ( na ) mg since 1985, k ) n6pk ( na ) mg since 1985. other treatments receive npk either singly or in various combinations. one treatment received rape cake then castor meal until 1988. ( na ) - last applied 1973. fym = 35 t / ha of farmyard manure : fresh it contains about 200 - 250 kgn / ha, 40 kgp / ha & 210 kgk / ha. p = 35", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4622360478963041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcaa89fb-97ad-41c4-9724-b0bc66a57e30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.302614"}
{"text": "1988. ( na ) - last applied 1973. fym = 35 t / ha of farmyard manure : fresh it contains about 200 - 250 kgn / ha, 40 kgp / ha & 210 kgk / ha. p = 35kgp / ha, k = 90kgk / ha ( p & k both annually ). mg = 35 kgmg / ha every 3rd year. n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6 = 48, 96, 144, 192, 240 & 288 kg n / ha / year as ammonium nitrate ( n applied as ammonium sulphate to most plots until 1967 ). fym and n will not be applied to oats in new oats - maize - wheat - wheat - wheat rotation. of the 10 sections, 5 are in continuous wheat ; straw has been incorporated in one since 1986, one has never received herbicides ( fallowed every 5 years ), one receives no fungicides. 5 sections are in the 5 year rotation. all sections have received chalk regularly since the 1950 ' s. variables measured can be found in the parameters section of this record. frequency of measurements varies for each variable ( daily for weather, periodically for others, rarely for some ). for detailed sampling methodology, see somnet site, or publications listed in references section on this record. this information was compiled for the gcte - somnet database, pete smith, pete falloon, david powlson, and jo smith. soil science department, iacr - rothamsted, uk. ( click for interactive map ) data set citation dataset originator / creator : paul r. poulton dataset title : broadbalk wheat experimentonline resource : http : / / www. rothamsted. bbsrc. ac. uk / aen / eusomnet / expts / broadbal. html start date : 1843 - 01 - 01 vertical resolution : 23 cm temporal resolution : varies by parameter measured agriculture > agricultural chemicals > fertilizers agriculture > agricultural plant science > crop / plant yields agriculture > agricultural plant science > cropping systems agriculture > animal science > animal manure and waste agriculture > soils > carbon > biomass carbon agriculture > soils > carbon > carbon dioxide evolution agriculture > soils > carbon > total carbon agriculture > soils > nitrogen > ammonium nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > biomass nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > nitrate nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > total mineral nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > total nitrogen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.485677957650595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcaa89fb-97ad-41c4-9724-b0bc66a57e30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.303669"}
{"text": "agriculture > soils > carbon > total carbon agriculture > soils > nitrogen > ammonium nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > biomass nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > nitrate nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > total mineral nitrogen agriculture > soils > nitrogen > total nitrogen agriculture > soils > organic matter agriculture > soils > soil bulk density biosphere > vegetation > biomass biosphere > vegetation > nitrogen land surface > soils > carbon > biomass carbon land surface > soils > carbon > carbon dioxide evolution land surface > soils > nitrogen > ammonium nitrogen land surface > soils > nitrogen > biomass nitrogen land surface > soils > nitrogen > nitrate nitrogen land surface > soils > nitrogen > total mineral nitrogen land surface > soils > soil bulk density atmosphere > atmospheric chemistry > nitrogen compounds > molecular nitrogen > nitrogen deposition iso topic category quality width of smallest plot is 4 m length of smallest plot is 23 m width of largest plot is 6 m length of largest plot is 320 m slope : 2 % on 2 / 5 of experiment. shape : uniform details of direction of cultivation : parallel to long - axis of plots width of bare strip around plot : 1 - 1. 5m paths. width of discard strip around... plot : 6. 0m discard strip between details of homogeneity of the plots : variability within plots : most plots are about 6. 0m wide. transects taken across several plots indicate that soil movement has occurred and that there is a gradient across the unplanted path extending about 1m into the plot. soil and crop samples are therefore taken from within the central area ( 4. 0m ) and excluding a 1m strip on each side. within this area, soil analysis shows that for c, n, ph olsen p etc. the plots are reasonably uniform, c. v. about 10 % ( more for microbial biomass ). there are at least 0 replicates in the experiment. no true replication but the experiment was divided into 10 sections in 1968 ( previously into 5 sections in 1926 ). therefore, plots on sections 1 and 9 can be regarded as replicates. sections 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 could be regarded as replicates over a five year period ( i. e. the length of one rotation ). there are control plots described as follows : nil inputs plot included which has received no inorganic fertilizers or organic manures since 1852. nil plot does get chalk and pesticides on a regular basis. also an area fenced off in 1882 and allowed to revert to natural woodland (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49525733813166756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcaa89fb-97ad-41c4-9724-b0bc66a57e30>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.304717"}
{"text": "inputs plot included which has received no inorganic fertilizers or organic manures since 1852. nil plot does get chalk and pesticides on a regular basis. also an area fenced off in 1882 and allowed to revert to natural woodland ( see somnet entry on broadbalk wilderness ). thorough scrutiny at point of entering onto electronic database ( in 1995 ). some soil and crop samples from archive have been reanalysed retrospectively ; no unexplained discrepancies observed to date. access constraints none use constraints link to the following location to view data use policy of somnet members : role : technical contact phone : + 44 ( 0 ) 1582 763133 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1582 760981 iacr - rothamsted al5 2jq. province or state : hertfordshire country : united kingdom role : dif author phone : ( 301 ) 614 - 6898 email : tyler. b. stevens at nasa. gov nasa goddard space flight center global change master directory province or state : md postal code : 20771 avery, b. w. & catt. j. a. ( 1995 ) the soil at rothamsted. lawes agricultural trust, rothamsted, harpenden, u. k. dyke, g. v., george, b. j., johnston, a. e., poulton, p. r. & todd, a. d. ( 1983 ) the broadbalk wheat experiment 1968 - 78 : yields and plant nutrients in crops grown continuously and in rotation. rothamsted experimental station. report for 1982, part 2 : 5 - 44 ( and garner, h. v. & dyke, g. v. ( 1969 ) the broadbalk yields. rothamsted experimental station. report for 1968, part 2 : 26 - 49. hart, p. b. s., powlson, d. s., poulton, p. r., johnston, a. e. & jenkinson, d. s. ( 1993 ) the availability of the nitrogen in the crop residues of winter wheat to subsequent crops. j. agric. sci. 121 : 355 - 362. jenkinson, d. s. ( 1990 ) the turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil. phil. trans. r. soc. lond. b. ( 1990 ) 53 - 60.. johnston, a. e. & garner, h. v. ( 1969 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5075492991956945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcaa89fb-97ad-41c4-9724-b0bc66a57e30>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.305648"}
{"text": "fast science : doe turns on its 100 - gigabit data network the energy department has just increased the capacity of its scientific data networks with the launch of a national 100 gigabit / sec ethernet network. the new system allows scientists to move and share large amounts of data in real time, and to view experiments and tests remotely with no latency. big science requires big data pipes to move all that information around. this is especially true for the doe, which maintains the energy sciences network ( esnet ) that links its national laboratories and international science partners. managed by the lawrence berkeley national laboratory, the ethernet system was developed under the advanced networking initiative ( ani ) and funded with $ 62 million from the federal recovery and reinvestment act, said steve cotter, the esnet department head at berkeley lab. energy building 100 - gigabit / sec network to handle data ' explosion ' doe completes first cross - country 100 - gigabit network the additional bandwidth was necessary because the doe \u2019 s existing 10 gigabit / sec network was no longer sufficient to handle the data flow. cotter noted that since 1990, traffic on esnet has grown by a factor of 10 roughly every 40 months. \u201c we \u2019 re in the age of observation in science with instruments collecting more data than ever before, \u201d he said. when funds were approved for the project in 2009, doe began looking at commercial firms developing 100 - gigabit systems. however, this was at the height of the economic downturn, which had caused many firms to delay or put off work in high - speed networking technology, cotter said. this situation was cause for concern. \u201c the doe was concerned about losing its scientific competitiveness, \u201d he said. scientific productivity is based on the ability to move and share data quickly. because industry was delaying the deployment of 100 - gigabit ethernet technology, it took some persuasion from doe, in the form of ani, to move the industry along more quickly than it would have by creating a new market, cotter said. the department worked with a number of commercial firms, such as level 3 communications and lgs innovations, to push their routing and optical networking technologies to new levels. the first part of the new network was activated this month and connects three major doe computing facilities \u2014 the national energy research scientific computing center in berkeley, calif. ; the argonne leadership computing facility near chicago ; the oak ridge leadership computing facility in oak ridge, tenn. \u2014 and the man lan international exchange point in new york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.502630384825091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f68e292-96db-40f8-b7ac-a716134bc268>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.308664"}
{"text": "archaeons are a group of organisms phylogenetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. they inhabit a range of extreme conditions such as hydrothermal vents or anoxic environments that are thought to reflect the conditions that existed on the primordial earth. the recently discovered nanoarchaeum equitans represents a novel archaeon kingdom and grows in conjunction with the crenarchaeon ignicoccus. in the october 13 proceedings of the national academy of sciences, elizabeth waters and colleagues at diversa show that n. equitans is parasitic rather than symbiotic and has evolved from a primitive ancestor instead of reductively from a more complex form ( proc natl acad sci usa, doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 1735403100, october 13, 2003 ). waters et al. sequenced what turned out to be the smallest genome to date and observed a circular chromosome only 490 kb long, with 552 coding sequences covering 95 % of the genome and containing little noncoding or pseudogene sequence that would have suggested reductive evolution. function was assigned to two thirds of the genes ; 18 % had homologues of unknown function, and the remainder represented archaeal - specific sequences. analysis of gene function, together with the observation that overinfection of the host ignicoccus impedes its growth, pointed toward the lifestyle of an obligate parasite. \" we suggest that this microbe is a derived, but genomically stable parasite that diverged anciently from the archael lineage. the complexity of its information processing systems and the simplicity of its metabolic apparatus suggests an unanticipated world of organisms to be discovered, \" the authors conclude.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5209102144127302, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef65b80c-e614-445a-8dce-861d80df30f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.310315"}
{"text": "this is an image of an unidentified environmental microbial community collected from a shallow subsurface sediment sample. the sample was taken from the gulf of mexico at a depth of 575 meters and photographed using a dna dapi fluorescent stain. the stain fluoresces blue to count the cells found in the sediment sample. image credit : heath mills / tamu foraminifera, like the one seen here, are tiny creatures in the ocean about the size of the head of a pen that are surrounded by calcium carbonate shells, similar to the shells around other sea creatures. matthew schmidt, a texas a & m oceanographer, uses the foraminifera shells taken from ocean core samples to gather clues about the creature ' s surroundings, which helps scientists understand the conditions present at the start of the younger dryas period. photo by howard spero at university of california davis. the mutton snapper inhabits much of the atlantic ocean, from massachusetts to brazil. texas a & m geography doctoral candidate pablo granados - dieseldorff studies the mutton snapper in its spawning ground, the mesoamerican reef, which runs from mexico to honduras, in hopes of generating science - based conservation methods to protect both fish and habitat. peer into the interior of a thermal ionization mass spectrometer, located in the r. ken williams ' 45 radiogenic isotope geosciences laboratory. the instrument detects minute differences in the sub - atomic makeup of elements. researchers use these differences found in rocks, minerals, sediments and fossils to trace ancient ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns during periods of past climate change. they can also use isotopic compositions of uranium and lead to date rocks that are millions to billions of years old. a drill bit from the joides resolution, a drilling vessel used by researchers in texas a & m \u2019 s integrated ocean drilling program. this photo was taken during program expedition 321 in the equatorial pacific ocean, during which researchers obtained sediments from the sea floor in order to reconstruct a detailed record of climate change over the last 55 million years. researchers looked at minerals as well as microscopic fossils to construct the history. photo by bridget wade this is the image you would see were you to stand just south of the endurance crater on the surface of mars and gaze northward. endurance was visited by nasa \u2019 s mars exploration rover opportunity from may to december, 2004. images and measurements taken by opportunity led scientists to conclude that liquid water flowed episodically through the area in ancient times. texas a & m geosciences professor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5081290193992283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:322de67f-93aa-4dfe-a64b-20f475fa6ef8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.313481"}
{"text": "visited by nasa \u2019 s mars exploration rover opportunity from may to december, 2004. images and measurements taken by opportunity led scientists to conclude that liquid water flowed episodically through the area in ancient times. texas a & m geosciences professor mark lemmon played integral roles as atmospheric sciences lead in the successful missions of both mars rovers, spirit and opportunity. more recently, he has also contributed to efforts in the phoenix lander, which first encountered mars in may, 2008, and the mars science laboratory ( nicknamed curiosity ), which is scheduled for launch in november, 2011. image credit : nasa / jpl / cornell pictured on abraham lincoln \u2019 s nose, the tiny mineral zircon is used by geochronologists such as tamu geology and geophysics professor brent miller to date rocks that are millions to billions of years old. the mineral is found in volcanic rocks that are inter - bedded with fossil - bearing sedimentary rocks. this provides one of the best ways to determine the ages of long - extinct species. once - molten rocks that crystallized deep underground during plate tectonic collisions also contain zircon. the age of these zircons can be linked to the crystallization of the molten rock and thus give scientists a way to clock ancient mountain building processes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45813432269291854, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:322de67f-93aa-4dfe-a64b-20f475fa6ef8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.314209"}
{"text": "cornwallis, sir william british admiral, was the brother of the ist marquess cornwallis, gover nor - general of india. he was born on feb. 20, 1744, entered the navy as a boy of 1, and had reached post - rank when he was 2 2. in 1779 he commanded the \" lion \" in the fleet of admiral byron. the \" lion \" was very roughly handled in the battle off grenada on july 6, 1779, and had to make her way alone to jamaica. in march 178o he fought an action in company with two other vessels against a much superior french force off monti cristi, and had another encounter with them near bermuda in june. the force he engaged was the fleet carrying the troops of rochambeau to north america, and was too strong for his squadron of two small liners, two 50 - gun ships and a frigate. after taking part in the second relief of gibraltar, he returned to north america, and served with hood in the actions at the basse terre of st. kitts, and with rodney in the battle of dominica on april 12, 1782. some very rough verses which he wrote on the action have been printed in leyland ' s brest - papers, published for the navy record society, and show that he thought very ill of rodney ' s conduct of the battle. cornwallis ' s papers on this and other actions are valuable in the history of the british navy. in 1788 he went to the east indies as commodore, and had some share in the war with tippoo sahib, and helped to reduce pondi cherry. his promotion to rear - admiral dates from feb. 1, 1793, and on july 4, 1794, he became vice - admiral. in the revolutionary war his services were in the channel. the most signal of them was performed on june 16, 1795, when he carried out what was always spoken of with respect as \" the retreat of cornwallis. \" he was cruising near brest with four sail of the line and two frigates, when he was sighted by a french fleet of 12 sail of the line, and many large frigates commanded by villaret joyeuse. the odds being very great he was compelled to make off. but two of his ships were heavy sailers and fell behind. he was consequently overtaken, and attacked on both sides. the rearmost ship, the \" mars \" ( 74 ), suffered severely in her rigging and was in danger of being surrounded by the french. corn wallis turned to support her, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3883590090656279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d458836-0071-466a-a1d2-026665ff5ffb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.317905"}
{"text": "papillae - horizontal row b has an elongate anterior extension well in front of the eye ; row d is complete, not divided into two sections, and row ot extends ventrally onto the branchiostegals, ending just past the second branchiostegal ray. the first vertical papillae row is complete, extending from the eye to near row d. additional vertical rows are divided by row b, with two rows above and four rows below row b. only the last vertical row below row b extends below the level of row d. dorsal rows x1 and x2 are continuous, or nearly so, as is row n. color - the general body color is whitish with a light pink overtone in live specimens. the upper body has numerous densely packed melanophores, the pigment becoming less dense ventrally and ending at the lateral midline. the belly is whitish from the ventral surface to the lateral midline. the head and upper lip have densely packed small melanophores dorsally that become less concentrated ventrally and terminate at the ventral midline. the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins are transparent. the caudal fin is black except for the midbasal area, which is whitish with a few scattered melanophores. the dorsal fins have scattered melanophores restricted to the membranes between the fin elements that become more concentrated towards the margin of the fin. neither males nor females possess any genital pigmentation. distribution - eastern pacific, el salvador to peru habitat - black mud", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4599715886873831, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa1e7421-0a98-45b0-b868-560c095a258c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.319504"}
{"text": "\" how many days until our trip? \" and \" when are we going to disney world? \" are questions you are likely to hear again and again as soon as you let your family know you are planning a disney vacation. having a way to count the days can make it easier on everyone \u2014 kids can check the number of days at a glance, and mom and dad won ' t have to answer the same question each day. read on for some great countdown ideas, and enjoy the time leading up to your disney vacation. mark the calendar : it sounds silly, but simply having the date marked on a calendar in plain view will help. let the kids decorate the week with mickey mouse and disney themed stickers, and post the calendar in a busy room like the kitchen. older kids will be able to count the days, and little ones will be able to have a better visual of just \" when \" you are going as well. make a chain : make an old fashioned paper chain using disney themed papers ( look in the scrapbook section of your local craft store for some great papers ). make one link for each day of your trip, and tear a link each night before you go to bed. if you have small children who are learning their numbers, count the links each night. hang the chain in a visible area for a great visual reminder of just \" how many days \" are left. make a \" thermometer \" : draw or trace a thermometer image onto poster board, and color in a little each day, so that everyone can see at a glance how far off your trip is. you don ' t have to use a traditional thermometer \u2014 you can use disney paper and cut any shape you ' d like to represent your trip. fill a balloon : if you are feeling crafty, trace or print out a balloon shape onto poster board and hang it in a visible area. use a mickey mouse paper punch to cut \" mickey heads \" from colorful paper. cut one head for each day until your trip. each day, attach another \" head \" with glue. when the balloon is full, it is time to go!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4253556602080567, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f86b956-bf73-4aa4-8a04-be43100347b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.322532"}
{"text": "summons a large protective barrier protego maxima is a stronger version of the shield charm that, when cast in combination with fianto duri and repello inimicum, conjures up an almost impregnable magical protection barrier. bodies crossing the boundaries of the barrier disintegrate on the spot, while spells cast at it ( if not of enough power to break it ) create large, resonating explosions. this spell is the core of the shield summoned around hogwarts ; it is the shield itself that is seen descending over the castle. - this spell was cast by headmaster albus dumbledore to protect the boundaries of hogwarts castle from the death eater forces in the early hours of 1 september, 1996. indeed a death eater tried to cross the barrier on a broom but was repelled by the shield. - this spell was cast by charms master filius flitwick to protect the boundaries of hogwarts castle from the death eater forces in the late hours of 1 may, 1998, prior to the battle of hogwarts that started at midnight the next day. the death eaters, on voldemort ' s command, started bombarding the magical protection with spells, and it was ultimately brought down by a spell cast by voldemort. - the incantation is derived from the latin \" protego \", meaning \" i defend \", or \" i protect \", and \" maxima \", nominative feminine singular of \" maximus \", meaning \" greatest \", or \" highest limit \" ; altogether the incantation means \" i protect to the highest limit \". behind the scenes - in the novel, flitwick uses protego horribilis instead when casting the defensive enchantments around hogwarts. - in harry potter and the deathly hallows, the protective enchantments around the grounds were summoned by filius flitwick, and flitwick alone. in the second part of the film adaptation, flitwick is joined by molly weasley, horace slughorn, and poppy pomfrey to do so. - in lego harry potter : years 5 - 7 the protective enchantments around the ground are summoned by filius flitwick, horace slughorn and minerva mcgonagall. molly weasley does not help the teachers to do it. - in lego harry potter : years 5 - 7, a shield was cast over 4 privet drive ( possibly by alastor moody ). - harry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4590878764780495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f59d88ee-5c4b-46c3-a75f-36428eeefab2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.326392"}
{"text": "by ken steinken for the havre daily news if the legal appeals don ' t work, two of the nation ' s three largest grasslands will become home to the biggest railroad project since abraham lincoln was president. dakota, minnesota and eastern railroad plans to build a 260 - mile line through buffalo gap national grassland in south dakota and thunder basin national grassland in wyoming. the line would connect to the railroad ' s existing track to create a 900 - mile network designed to haul low - sulfur coal out of the powder river basin in wyoming. i wish i could do something to protect these grasslands, to help people understand they are treasures more scarce here than forests or mountains. but how do you save a grassland? what do you say to help people understand it needs to be preserved? a grassland doesn ' t help. it doesn ' t do itself any favors by what it is. a grassland is subtle ; not like the grand canyon that threatens to devour you if you fail to give it the honor it is due. nor is it like devil ' s tower, which suddenly erupts out of the prairie and then mesmerizes you as you draw close to it. it ' s nothing like the boiling mud pots, geysers and mineral terraces of yellowstone that make you wonder what planet you accidentally landed on. think of this grassland as open. to some, that means the same as empty or void, characteristics which imply a need for corrective measures : that which is empty should be filled. perhaps that is why some are all too obliging to fill that void with what they call progress or development. a grassland is vast. it creates the feeling that it is abundant. it ' s sheer volume suggests that there is plenty. certainly it wouldn ' t hurt to use just a little. at the same time its expanse frustrates. it is too big to take in, to get a grasp of its meaning. it sprawls before the eyes incomprehensible. it surrounds, cutting off hope of escape. a grassland is unsettling. one does not know what to make of all that space. it lies there untamed, uncommercial, uncivilized. if man has not mastered it, it might unleash some unseen danger. in its blank state, it may reflect the one who looks. it may stir a sudden awareness of one ' s discontent, of the pressure man exerts on the natural order, of the distance one regularly keeps between oneself and something greater, be it nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4623460947033945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75a8e043-f17e-469c-be07-989e6c2b15c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.334272"}
{"text": "blank state, it may reflect the one who looks. it may stir a sudden awareness of one ' s discontent, of the pressure man exerts on the natural order, of the distance one regularly keeps between oneself and something greater, be it nature or god. and as one becomes aware of this even at some subconscious level, the grassland inspires flight, the need to get away from a possible life - altering awakening. that is, unless one lingers to experience what is not obvious, letting in this great expanse that we don ' t manipulate or control. three of the five cooperating agencies that have authority over the land and water that lie in the path of the project realized the problems that the railroad would create. the forest service, the bureau of land management and the bureau of reclamation all recommended that it not be built. nonetheless, in its final environmental impact statement, the surface transportation board approved the route through the grasslands. as part of its approval the board required the railroad to meet 147 conditions designed to \" mitigate its impact. \" i never heard the word mitigate before i started following this project two years ago. initially, i thought it meant to resolve issues or concerns that individuals or groups raised. but the word ' s definition acknowledges that the intended action will create a situation that cannot be resolved. it means to cause to become \" less harsh or hostile, \" to make \" less severe or painful. \" building the railroad causes problems. mitigation doesn ' t make them go away. it only lessens them. so why build the railroad? simply put, the rationale goes like this : electric companies need coal, people need electricity, therefore the railroad must be built. for the sake of providing electricity to populated areas hundreds of miles away, one fourth of the national grasslands ' 4 million acres will be transformed into just another avenue to get the goods to market. the change will sacrifice the subtle wonder of these rare treasures. and isn ' t it ironic : these semi - arid lands have returned to their fragile balance after misguided pre - dust bowl attempts to convert them to croplands. they ' ve recovered from the last bad idea. they don ' t need another. ken steinken is a contributor to writers on the range, a service of high country news in paonia, colo. ( hcn. org ). he teaches english and journalism at stevens high school in rapid city, s. d., and is working on a book about the railroad ' s expansion through the grasslands.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251531722945153, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75a8e043-f17e-469c-be07-989e6c2b15c8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.335530"}
{"text": "pass those peaches \u2014 a new study finds that eating more fruits and vegetables may lead to a rosier complexion. researchers tracked the fruit and vegetable consumption of 35 people over a six - week period and found that higher intake was associated with perceptible changes to skin color. as participants ate more fruits and veggies, their skin tone looked healthier \u2014 and were judged to be more attractive. specifically, participants eating more fruits and vegetables saw increases in red and yellow tones in their skin. the researchers attribute the color change to the carotenoids in produce, the compounds that give plants their pigmentation. the study looked at two carotenoids in particular : beta - carotene, which gives carrots their orange color and is also found in yams, peaches, pumpkin, apricots and spinach ; and lycopene, which adds a reddish hue to peppers, tomatoes, watermelon, apricots and pink grapefruits. during the six - week study, participants filled out three dietary questionnaires to gauge what they ate and how their consumption changed, while researchers recorded their skin coloring. in a second part of the study, 24 observers were shown pictures of four caucasian faces whose coloring was modified to correspond to varying levels of fruit and veggie intake. the observers were asked to rate the faces based on perceived health and attractiveness, with the goal being to figure out how many servings of produce a day was associated with a noticeable bump in beauty. \u201c our study suggests that an increase in fruit and veggie consumption of around three portions, sustained over a six - week period, is sufficient to convey perceptible improvements in the apparent healthiness and attractiveness of facial skin, \u201d lead researcher dr. ross whitehead of the university of st. andrews school of psychology told healthday. \u201c conversely, those [ participants ] that worsened their diet became paler. \u201d the color changes, while perceptible, were slight \u2014 so no one looked like a blazing pumpkin. but while veg - heads have reason to rejoice, it \u2019 s important to note that the study shows only an association between produce consumption and better skin, and not a cause and effect. the researchers acknowledge that the study was also very small, with nearly all white participants. more research is needed to see if the findings hold for other ethnic and racial groups. still, results like these may give people another good reason to load up on fruits and vegetables \u2014 nothing motivates people like vanity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46835229234570297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e1a36624-28d2-4e47-b565-e8560da227a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.339835"}
{"text": ", with nearly all white participants. more research is needed to see if the findings hold for other ethnic and racial groups. still, results like these may give people another good reason to load up on fruits and vegetables \u2014 nothing motivates people like vanity. the authors write : the literature reviewed here suggests potential utility in forming novel dietary intervention strategies. fruit and vegetable consumption affects skin carotenoid levels ; this may lead to skin - color change in a fashion that is known to contribute to the appearance of health. it follows that dietary change may be motivated by illustrating to individuals these beneficial effects on appearance. to get the most from your greens, go for whole fruits and veggies instead of juices. whole produce has a lot of other healthful compounds, including fiber, which will not only help boost your complexion, but also contribute to an overall healthier diet. and keep in mind that carotenoids are present in many fruits and vegetables, even those that don \u2019 t outwardly appear to be red or yellow \u2014 like leafy greens. the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) recommends filling half your plate with fruit and vegetables at every meal. for women, the usda recommends 1. 5 to 2 cups of fruit daily and 2. 5 to 3 cups of veggies. men should aim for 2 to 2. 5 cups of fruit daily and 3. 5 to 4 cups of veggies. \u201c [ o ] nce the word gets out that eating fruits and vegetables can make you sexy, attractive and maybe even look younger, hopefully, the carrots, kale and cantaloupe will be flying off the shelves and into people \u2019 s meals, \u201d samantha heller, a dietitian and nutritionist at the center for cancer care at griffin hospital in derby, conn., told healthday. the new study was published in the online journal plos one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.444212538032494, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e1a36624-28d2-4e47-b565-e8560da227a2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.340646"}
{"text": "researchers are getting closer to developing a vaccine that could help protect people from the addictiveness of nicotine. the novel vaccine, which has so far been tested only in mice, prompts the body to manufacture an antibody that is attracted to nicotine. the antibodies patrol the bloodstream, soaking up the chemical and preventing it from reaching receptors in the reward centers of the brain, thereby countering the pleasure and addictiveness of smoking. nicotine vaccines have been tried before but failed because researchers couldn \u2019 t maintain high enough levels of antibody in smokers \u2019 blood to block the drug \u2019 s effect. one previous attempt, called nicvax, delivered nicotine encased in a cholera toxin directly to the body in hopes that the immune system would recognize the invader and make antibodies against it. problem is, nicotine is too small a molecule to trigger the robust immune response needed to inhibit its addictive effects. so, rather than delivering nicotine itself, or ready - made antibodies against it, researchers led by dr. ronald crystal, chairman of the department of genetic medicine at weill cornell medical college, tried a different method : gene therapy. crystal and his colleagues \u2019 approach involved using a cold virus to ferry in the genes needed to make the nicotine antibody ; the vaccine also contained instructions for infecting the liver, which is a factory for churning out proteins and other compounds. once the vaccine infected liver cells, they began producing copy after copy of the antibody and releasing them into the bloodstream. in the mouse experiments, the scientists found that inoculated animals were still making the antibody weeks after receiving the vaccine. they also showed that when vaccinated mice were injected with nicotine, the antibodies in their blood bound to it and prevented it from getting to the brain. compared with mice treated with placebo, those that got the vaccine had less nicotine in their blood and just a fraction \u2014 15 % \u2014 of the chemical in their brains. the scientists further studied the animals \u2019 activity in their cages and found that mice treated with the experimental vaccine appeared to be immune to the effects of nicotine. in unvaccinated mice, nicotine basically chilled them out \u2014 they relaxed and their blood pressure and heart activity dropped \u2014 signs that the nicotine had reached the brain and cardiovascular system. in contrast, vaccinated mice had no response to the drug. the scientists say enough of the antibody was measured in the animals \u2019 blood to theoretically curb a nicotine habit. the next step would be to prove just that, says crystal,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4785117183704398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a69eed82-9054-48f3-ad02-714259a7ce9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.344515"}
{"text": ". in contrast, vaccinated mice had no response to the drug. the scientists say enough of the antibody was measured in the animals \u2019 blood to theoretically curb a nicotine habit. the next step would be to prove just that, says crystal, by giving the vaccine to mice addicted to nicotine and then testing whether it affects how many times they press a lever to receive the drug. \u201c the idea would be for people who want to stop smoking, we would immunize them and they now have antibodies floating around in their blood on a permanent basis against nicotine, \u201d says crystal, whose study was published in the journal science translational medicine. \u201c so should they smoke, or smell someone else smoking, they would not get any positive reinforcing aspects of smoking because the nicotine was not reaching their brain. \u201d if the vaccine proves successful, it could give a leg up to people who want to quit. currently, fewer than 30 % of people who try anti - smoking drugs remain off their cigarettes for six months or more, and nicotine patches and gum don \u2019 t work much better. whether or not the vaccine will work in humans, however, remains to be seen. human trials are still years away ; crystal first has to complete the additional research necessary to ensure that the strategy is safe and ready to be tested in people. will we be \u201c able to generate enough antibodies in humans? we need a lot of anti - nicotine pac - men running around in the blood to do that, \u201d crystal says. \u201c and until we do the human studies, we won \u2019 t know. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.458972360792947, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a69eed82-9054-48f3-ad02-714259a7ce9c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.345144"}
{"text": "creation of the two trees of valinor event type : general age begins : pre - trees age ends : time of the trees years : 3500 ~ 1495 3500 in the year of the valar - \" then yavanna and nienna came to that green mound ; and yavanna hallowed it, and sat therelong upon the green grass and sang a song of great power, in whih was set all her thought of things that grow in the earth. but nienna thought in silence, and watered the mound with tears... \"... and as the gods watched, behold! upon the mound there sprang two green saplings, and they grew and became fair and tall, and they came to blossom. \" \" thus there awoke in the world the two trees of valinor, of all growing things the fairest and the most renowned, whose fate is woven with the fate of arda. the elder of the trees was named telperion, and its blossoms were of shining white, and a dew of silver light was spilled from them. laurelin the younger tree was called ; its green leaves were edged with gold, and its flowers were like to clusters of yellow flame, and a rain of gold dripped from them to the ground. from those trees there came forth a great light, and all valinor was filled with it. then the bliss of the valar was increased ; for the light of the trees was holy and of great power, so that, if aught was good or lovely or of worth, in that light its loveliness and its worth were fully revealed ; and all that walked in that light were glad at heart. \" home x : morgoth ' s ring, the annals of aman, section 1 1495 in the year of the tree - \"... and it was the mingling of lights and both trees were shining and the silent city of valmar was filled with radiance as of silver and gold, in that hour melkor and ungoliante came over the plain and stood before the green mound. then melkor sprang up, and with his black spear he smote each tree to its core, a little above the roots and their sap poured forth, as it were their blood, and was spilled upon the ground. but ungoliante sucked it up, and going then from tree to tree she plied her foul lips to their wounds, till they were drained ; and the poison that was in her passed into their tissues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3935664218207215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9952a34d-e5ad-44c3-8e63-abb6c9a244f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.347848"}
{"text": "some hummingbirds tough out the northwest winter feeders can help hummingbirds survive western washington winters. a hummingbird wintering in western washington hovers over its feeder. a hummingbird hovers over a bush filled with red leaves and berries. a hummingbird perched on a bush stretches its wings and tail feathers. momentarily still, a hummingbird perches on a railing. it ' s cold, wet, windy and a bit gloomy, certainly not the sunny, flower - filled weather we associate with hummingbirds. does that mean it ' s time to take down their nectar - filled feeders? it ' s your call, according to area biologists. most hummingbirds have already headed south for the winter. but a few anna ' s hummingbirds stay here year - round, said patricia thompson, a biologist from the mill creek office of the state department of fish and wildlife. and the number is growing. she said annual bird counts showed 179 hummingbirds on the western side of the state in 2001 and 1, 137 last year. experts say anna ' s hummingbirds typically were based in california, but have become residents in oregon, washington and southwestern british columbia as more people there have provided plants that offer year - round food. more feeders haven ' t hurt, either. because there is enough natural food, feeders really aren ' t essential for the hummingbirds that live here year - round, according to experts from the wildlife department or from the seattle chapter of the audubon society. they also note that it ' s unlikely that feeders will prevent hummingbirds that typically migrate for the winter from leaving the area. audubon experts suggest you keep watch on your feeders and discontinue them about two weeks after you see the last hummingbird. but if birds are still using them, they may be helpful, especially in colder weather. \" if you have been feeding the hummingbirds, and they have become accustomed to finding food in your yard, we would encourage you to continue this responsibility, \" the seattle audubon notes on its website, www. seattleaudubon. org / sas /. chris anderson, another biologist from the wildlife department, noted that he believes \" wild birds are not pets that need to be taken care of. \" but he added that people who do feed birds shouldn ' t be haphazard about it. \" if you do want to maintain feeders, be responsible and committed to it, \" he said. \" keep those feeders clean, filled and heated with lights if necessary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3922334961989122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac62d05d-3f21-4442-a776-40210107b6d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.350807"}
{"text": "boiler - system design often addresses energy efficiency and emissions, but seldom boiler footprint as well. a recently formalized partnership between a europe - based provider of heating and ventilation technology and a u. s. - based boiler manufacturer has resulted in an extended - heat - transfer - surface boiler tube for use in both hot - water and steam boilers. the tube increases heat transfer over a bare boiler tube by a factor of five, allowing a dramatic reduction in both tube count and footprint. the tube is installed in more than 10, 000 hot - water - boiler systems throughout europe. several years ago, it was introduced in the united states with the release of a condensing - boiler product line. recently, it was introduced into several steam - boiler designs. inside the carbon or stainless - steel tube is a finned aluminum - alloy insert ( figure 1 ). efficient heat transfer is the result of three factors : the high heat conductivity of the aluminum alloy. the finned, ridged design, which greatly increases heat - exchange surface area. the division of the tube into eight flow channels, which maximizes turbulence and heat exchange. for condensing boilers, the tubes are constructed vertically, which allows condensate to run down to a collection reservoir and drain, rather than remain on the heat - exchange surface. despite the tube ' s small size, the energy - saving potential is great. in fact, two - pass firetube steam boilers offering the same energy efficiency as traditional three - or four - pass boilers are available. for hot - water systems, single - pass condensing boilers that reduce 2, 000\u00b0f combustion gas to less than 200\u00b0f in only 32 in. are available. these boilers have footprints much smaller than those of their traditional counterparts. footprint reductions of 40 to 50 percent are typical when using the tubes. how it works in conventional systems, hot gas from the combustion process moves through the heat exchanger, typically in a three - or four - pass boiler configuration. with each pass, gas temperature declines until the gas exits through the stack. in a typical system, substantial heat - transfer surface is required because a bare boiler tube provides very limited heat transfer. additionally, because of boundary - layer dynamics, heat transfer at the tube surface is not maximized. a large portion of the gases passes through the center of the tube and misses out on the heat transfer available on the tube ' s surface. in an extended - heat - transfer - surface - tube boiler, hot combustion gases pass through the tubes, which are five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5597424186112994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82a2c5c0-8e13-4ec6-a2cf-2577df6475f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.355218"}
{"text": "portion of the gases passes through the center of the tube and misses out on the heat transfer available on the tube ' s surface. in an extended - heat - transfer - surface - tube boiler, hot combustion gases pass through the tubes, which are five times more effective at transferring heat than are bare tubes. therefore, boilers made with extended - heat - transfer - surface tubes feature a dramatically smaller number of tubes or dramatically shorter tubes while achieving the same efficiency. the tubes break up the boundary layer, maximizing heat transfer through multiple channels ( figure 2 ). in the united states, the tubes are available in : 10 - to 60 - hp single - pass steam firetube boilers. 10 - to 40 - hp single - pass hot - water and steam firetube boilers. a 300 - hp firetube boiler. a firetube - boiler system featuring greater than 94 - percent energy efficiency and less than 9 - ppm nox emissions. with 20 years of experience in industrial engineering, dan willems has extensive knowledge of design engineering, project management, and research and development. as vice president of product development for cleaver - brooks, he leads the company ' s efforts to create solutions that increase fuel efficiency and decrease harmful emissions in boiler rooms. he can be contacted at email @ example. com. for past hpac engineering feature articles, visit www. hpac. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5213054194821152, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82a2c5c0-8e13-4ec6-a2cf-2577df6475f6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.355765"}
{"text": "in order to appreciate machiavelli, it is necessary to have at least a superficial understanding of his life and environment. although his ideas are timeless, he was very much a product of his time and place \u2013 the italian renaissance. five hundred years later, his ideas generally hold up well in today \u2019 s current corporate and political cultures. in fact, you could argue machiavelli presaged them. he might have made a good municipal cao or ceo in today \u2019 s world. niccolo di bernardo machiavelli was born in the italian city of florence at the height of its power, in 1469. it was one of the five most powerful states in italy ; five states that were in constant tension and sometimes war with one another. italy was not a unified state then ; it was a collection of kingdoms and semi - autonomous city - states ; some republics, some dynasties. florence had a population of around 50, 000 then. florence had been a republic in the early 15th century, but in 1433, the medici family rose to power and made it their principality, albeit it was still nominally a republic. when machiavelli was born, the city - state of florence was still the medici \u2019 s hereditary oligarchy, and the city ruled over a large territory that included several smaller cities as subservient clients \u2013 pisa was one. as a young man, he watched his city \u2019 s influence under lorenzo de medici grow to its apex, then falter and wane after lorenzo \u2019 s death, in 1492. machiavelli then watched while the french invaded and conquered large parts of italy. he witnessed the bloodless surrender of florence to the french, relinquishing much of its territory including the client city of pisa, in 1494. the city \u2019 s weak family leader, piero de medici, was overthrown by the populace. a new republic was founded under the charismatic dominican friar, girolamo savonarola, that same year. during this republican period, machiavelli was a bureaucrat and diplomat for the state. he was elected \u2013 at age 29 \u2013 as secretary of the second chancery in 1498 ; an executive position in the department that kept the ruling council informed on military and political affairs. that was the same year savonarola himself was overthrown, and executed in the main square. surviving letters and reports show machiavelli a witty, intelligent and canny observer, who recognized early on the importance of a ruler \u2019 s honour and reputation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43850551236100727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd619b91-23d6-41e7-9bc8-f874ff393a2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.362107"}
{"text": "same year savonarola himself was overthrown, and executed in the main square. surviving letters and reports show machiavelli a witty, intelligent and canny observer, who recognized early on the importance of a ruler \u2019 s honour and reputation in maintaining a state. this would become a theme that runs through all of his political books. the republic lasted until late 1512, when the medici were returned to power in florence, with help from the pope, who was also a medici. the republican state of florence was not what we think of today as a democracy, but it was certainly more democratic than the hereditary states that preceded and surrounded it. it didn \u2019 t have universal suffrage ; only the more well - to - do male citizens could vote. although the republic has echoes in today \u2019 s states, it should not be mistaken as entirely analogous to today \u2019 s democratic states. machiavelli travelled on diplomatic missions throughout italy and as far away as spain, france and germany. on these missions he developed his understanding of diplomacy, power, government, the military, and trade. he spent several months on a diplomatic mission to cesare borgia, a powerful italian ruler and military leader who at one point threatened to attack florence and restore the medici. machiavelli respected cesare \u2019 s skills as both politician and commander, and that comes through in the prince. he also recognized the flaws that made a ruler like cesare fail. in 1503, machiavelli was given control of the florentine militia, and over the next few years developed a citizen army, along with his theories about why citizen - based militia were better than the mercenaries hired by most of contemporary city states. he put his knowledge into a book, the art of war, his only political work published during his lifetime. florence was at the centre of a political whirlwind in the early 16th century, as competing states in italy jostled and fought for dominance. france, the holy roman empire and spain invaded, siding first with some of the contending states, then others, tipping the battle to and fro. german and swiss mercenaries were also involved. in august, 1512, pope julius ii and his spanish mercenaries helped the medici dynasty return to power. the florentine republic was abolished. machiavelli lost both favour and his job. in 1513, he was arrested and charged with conspiracy. he was tortured, but he did not confess, and after a few weeks, he was released. he retired to his family farm outside florence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4360875838398599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd619b91-23d6-41e7-9bc8-f874ff393a2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.363180"}
{"text": "##iavelli lost both favour and his job. in 1513, he was arrested and charged with conspiracy. he was tortured, but he did not confess, and after a few weeks, he was released. he retired to his family farm outside florence, writing and studying, but could not stay out of politics for very long. bad for him, but good for us : freed from his demanding government work, machiavelli wrote his greatest works while in exile. he completed the prince in 1513, and the discourses about five years later. on top of those works, the prolific machiavelli wrote letters, plays, poems, stories and novels. although popular in his day, outside of a few scholars, most of these are forgotten today. were he alive now, machiavelli would no doubt be recognized as one of our best political and literary bloggers. he corresponded with politically - connected friends, attempting to convince them of his value in the state \u2019 s political life, and trying to get back into favour with its new rulers. those letters survive to tell us a lot more about machiavelli as a father, a friend, a jester, and a husband, than his political writings do. in 1520, he had recovered enough of his reputation to be commissioned to compose a history of florence, which he completed in 1525. he was also requested by pope leo x to report on how to reform the state of florence. between 1521 and 1525, he was again employed in minor diplomatic services for the city, although nothing as important as in his previous position. in may, 1527, the florentines again overthrew their medici rulers and proclaimed a new republic. machiavelli, however, was allowed no part in it. already in declining health, the \u2018 father of political realism \u2019 died a month later, at age 58. this republic lasted until 1532, when another medici was restored to hereditary power. that was also the year machiavelli \u2019 s masterpiece, the prince, was first published. by then, however, machiavelli had been dead for five years. previous chapter \u2013 next chapter 2, 942 total views, 27 views today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4303031118461672, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd619b91-23d6-41e7-9bc8-f874ff393a2a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.364121"}
{"text": "icon web & news search using oecd database return to previous page addition or correction in situ synchrotron x - ray fluorescence mapping and speciation of ceo2 and zno nanoparticles in soil cultivated soybean ( glycine max ) link to journal abstract with the increased use of engineered nanomaterials such as zno and ceo2 nanoparticles ( nps ), these materials will inevitably be released into the environment, with unknown consequences. in addition, the potential storage of these nps or their biotransformed products in edible / reproductive organs of crop plants can cause them to enter into the food chain and the next plant generation. few reports thus far have addressed the entire life cycle of plants grown in np - contaminated soil. soybean ( glycine max ) seeds were germinated and grown to full maturity in organic farm soil amended with either zno nps at 500 mg / kg or ceo2 nps at 1000 mg / kg. at harvest, synchrotron i - xrf and i - xanes analyses were performed on soybean tissues, including pods, to determine the forms of ce and zn in np - treated plants. the x - ray absorption spectroscopy studies showed no presence of zno nps within tissues. however, i - xanes data showed o - bound zn, in a form resembling zn - citrate, which could be an important zn complex in the soybean grains. on the other hand, the synchrotron i - xanes results showed that ce remained mostly as ceo2 nps within the plant. the data also showed that a small percentage of ce ( iv ), the oxidation state of ce in ceo2 nps, was biotransformed to ce ( iii ). to our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of ceo2 and zn compounds in the reproductive / edible portion of the soybean plant grown in farm soil with ceo2 and zno nps. for this study, soybean ( glycine max ) seeds were germinated and grown to full maturity in organic farm soil amended with either zno nps at 500 mg / kg or ceo2 nps at 1000 mg / kg. at harvest, synchrotron i - xrf and i - xanes analyses were performed on soybean tissues, including pods, to determine the forms of ce and zn in np - treated plants. peer reviewed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5367346587836063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6844639-952e-49f8-b074-2d30e7c2e568>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.367655"}
{"text": "brazil ranks as the 10th largest country in the world in term of power consumption. it is also the largest power - consuming nation on the south american continent. over the years, the consumption of power among brazilians has increased significantly. today per capita power consumption among brazilians is about 2, 235 kilowatts per year. the power distribution in brazil can be classified as follows : nuclear energy accounts for about 3 % of the total power supply in the country. nuclear energy produces approximately about 13 billion kilowatts of power every year. hydropower is the most significant contributor of power in brazil, it accounts for about 92 %. apart from producing power from hydro and nuclear energy, brazil is also among the leading countries in the world to produce power from bio - diesel fuel. bio - diesel fuels are derived from renewable organic elements like methyl or ethyl esters. in the year 2001, brazil experienced a major crisis in power supply. the crisis mainly resulted due to the occurrence of a severe drought throughout the country. the hydropower supplying plant went un - operational because of the drought. to avoid any further power crises in the country, and avoid over - dependence on hydro electricity to provide power for industrial and residential use, the brazilian government decided to decentralize the power industry. with a view to boosting the power industry in the country, the brazilian government has undertaken several policy measures that are mainly focused on improving the industry and making brazil self - sufficient in power production for both commercial and residential use. restructuring the power industry is one of the prime focus regions of the brazilian government and, to attain this, the government is making huge investment in the sector. to meet the rising need for power among brazilians the government is also encouraging foreign investment in the sector. the government has also been undertaking several projects to give a boost to the power industry in the country. all the projects require massive investments, and the brazilian government has kept the projects open for foreign investment. investors looking for an opportunity to invest in the power industry of brazil can cash in on this opportunity. investors can invest in the brazilian government \u2019 s ambitious projects and earn good returns on their investments. business analysts in brazil are of the view that the power consumption in brazil is likely to increase drastically by about 3. 6 % over the next few years. investors looking to invest in brazil can take it as a positive sign, and can consider investment in the power industry of brazil. thus, the anticipation in an increase in the power consumption amongst the brazilian population, and the positive initiative by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44924429613881145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8f8e8c6-768d-483b-8d54-9d0d7efe51e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.374347"}
{"text": "weekly washington words friday, december 7 2012 this week \u2019 s washington words is about income tax rates. \u201c tax rates \u201d \u2013 nothing makes people jump to arms in the political arena like the mention of tax rates, but many don \u2019 t think of tax rates in the context of the complex environment that is the u. s. tax code. in general, when tax rates are being discussed in the news what is being referred to are the marginal tax rates. marginal tax rates exist for each tax bracket and change as income rises. 2012 tax year federal income tax brackets ( single tax filer ) bracket marginal tax rate $ 0 to $ 8, 700 10 % $ 8, 700 \u2013 $ 35, 350 15 % $ 35, 350 \u2013 $ 85, 650 25 % $ 85, 650 \u2013 $ 178, 650 28 % $ 178, 650 \u2013 $ 388, 350 33 % over $ 388, 350 35 % marginal tax rates also differ depending on how one files their tax return ( married, single with dependents, etc. ), which is just the beginning of the confusion when it comes to our tax code. these only apply to earned income wages ; salaries, tips, and other taxable employee pay for example, and will exclude things such as carried interest, dividends, and capital gains, which are taxed at different rates. it is important to remember that with marginal tax rates that only earned income above the floor of the new tax bracket is taxed at that rate, so all income up to $ 8, 700 is only taxed at the 10 % rate, while if the individual makes $ 8, 701 only the $ 1 above will be taxed at the 15 % rate and so on. furthermore, these tax rates only refer to federal income tax and not to what citizens pay in payroll tax. for a substantial amount of the tax paying population their payroll tax burden is greater than that of the federal income tax. the federal government has a number of taxes in place, so it is important to understand what our elected officials mean with these washington words.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45238884580833727, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a3b73d8-cb0c-49d6-a839-99d038ff06e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.376268"}
{"text": "principal proposed uses there are two main ways to use vitamins and mineral supplements : \" megadose \" and nutritional therapy. the megadose approach involves taking supplements at doses far above nutritional needs in hopes of producing a specific medical benefit. this technique essentially uses nutrients as natural drugs. the individual supplement articles in this encyclopedia explain what is known about the potential risks and benefits of megadose therapy. this article addresses the second approach : taking nutrients at the level of nutritional needs. we discuss general issues regarding such \" nutritional insurance \" and indicate which nutrients you should consider taking on a daily basis. there is no doubt that it ' s important to get enough of all necessary nutrients. however, the process of determining proper daily intake levels for vitamins and minerals is far from an exact science and the recommendations issued by experts in various countries often disagree to a certain extent. in general, while it is fairly easy to determine the minimum nutrient intakes that are necessary to avoid frank malnutrition, there ' s no straightforward way to determine optimum intake levels. furthermore, individual needs undoubtedly vary based on numerous factors, including age, genetics, lifestyle, other foods in the diet, and many additional environmental influences ; no schedule of official recommendations could possibly take all these factors into account, even if all the necessary data existed ( which it doesn ' t ). thus, all recommendations for daily nutrient intake must be regarded as approximate. the individual supplement articles in this encyclopedia summarize the current us recommendations. common nutritional deficiencies while few people are so deficient in these nutrients to show symptoms of outright malnutrition, subtle deficiencies may increase the risk of a number of diseases. for example, insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin d may increase your chances of developing osteoporosis, and inadequate folate and vitamin b 6 may speed the development of heart disease. thus, taking supplements to supply these important vitamins and minerals as a form of insurance may be a good idea. for standard dosage recommendations as well as safety issues, follow the links above to the full articles. women may develop iron deficiency, but men hardly ever do. even in women, iron supplements are not beneficial in the absence of true deficiency. we recommend avoiding iron supplements unless tests show that you really need them. the simplest way to support your nutrition is to take a general multivitamin and mineral supplement providing a broad range of nutrients at standard nutritional levels. however, there are a few caveats to keep in mind. - some supplements include very high doses of certain nutrients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5222621438091761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f348953f-1fd1-4631-87cc-f49baa40caa8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.385889"}
{"text": "way to support your nutrition is to take a general multivitamin and mineral supplement providing a broad range of nutrients at standard nutritional levels. however, there are a few caveats to keep in mind. - some supplements include very high doses of certain nutrients, such as antioxidants. as described above, when you take nutrients in this fashion, you are using them as drugs rather than nutrients ; you are no longer in the world of nutritional supplementation and have passed into the riskier world of megadose treatment. - we recommend that you use an iron - free multivitamin and mineral supplement unless you have been tested and found to be deficient in iron. - the minerals calcium and magnesium are very bulky, and few multivitamin / mineral supplements provide the daily requirement. these minerals generally must be taken in the form of additional pills. note : it isn ' t possible for your body to absorb a day ' s worth of calcium in a single dose. at least two doses are necessary. - finally, note that food may contain many nonessential substances, such as carotenoids and bioflavonoids, that nonetheless enhance health. for this reason, no nutrient supplement should be regarded as a substitute for a healthy and varied diet. taking individual supplements one problem with multivitamin / mineral supplements is that some nutrients may interfere with the absorption of others. for this reason, there may be advantages to taking supplements separately. ( the hassle factor is a strong disadvantage! ) in addition, this method allows one to avoid taking vitamins and minerals one doesn ' t need. if you do use this approach, keep in mind the following : - minerals come in many different chemical forms, technically called \" salts. \" for example, you can purchase calcium as calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium orotate, and in half a dozen or more other forms. in some cases, certain salts of minerals are known to be better absorbed than others. this is particularly the case with calcium, as described in the full article. - when you take zinc, you should balance it with copper. - there may be advantages to taking certain nutrients at levels a bit higher than the standard recommendations, but each nutrient presents its own issues. more is not necessarily better. see each individual nutrient article for details. natural vs. synthetic vitamins many people wonder whether \" natural \" vitamins are better than \" synthetic \" ones. this question, however, is a bit of a red herring. ultimately, no vitamin or mineral supplement is \" natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45713319737615854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f348953f-1fd1-4631-87cc-f49baa40caa8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.386928"}
{"text": "article for details. natural vs. synthetic vitamins many people wonder whether \" natural \" vitamins are better than \" synthetic \" ones. this question, however, is a bit of a red herring. ultimately, no vitamin or mineral supplement is \" natural. \" purified vitamins and minerals are refined, processed products analogous to white sugar or artificial fertilizer. it doesn ' t much matter whether they are extracted from foods or manufactured in a laboratory : the result is the same. for example, vitamin c made from rose hips is chemically identical to vitamin c synthesized from scratch. both are ascorbic acid. rose hips themselves, however, supply many nutrients along with vitamin c. if you truly wish to get your vitamins naturally, you might consider taking them as freeze - dried or condensed whole food supplements rather than as purified vitamins. this might offer a specific advantage over purified vitamins : as we noted above, fruits and vegetables may provide substances that are not actually essential but that promote better health. under certain conditions, the need for many nutrients may increase. these include illnesses such as diabetes, crohn ' s disease, hiv, and ulcerative colitis. furthermore, individuals who smoke cigarettes or overuse alcohol may need additional nutrients. follow the links to the individual articles for more information. medications may increase the need for certain nutrients ; if you look up your own medications in the drug interaction section of this encyclopedia, you will find what is known about these so - called nutrient depletions. other potential uses of multivitamins generally lack strong support. blood pressurefertility in womengeneral well - beingenhance sports performanceminor wounds, osteoarthritispregnancy - related nauseadecrease risk of numerous birth defectsmenopausal hot flashespremenstrual stress syndrome ( pms ) stressreduce risk of prostate cancerprevent cataracts standard multivitamin / multimineral tablets contain nutrients at levels believed to be safe for the majority of healthy people, as indicated by amounts at or below the recommended daily allowance. however, even these supplements could be harmful for people with certain diseases, such as kidney or liver disease, or for people taking certain medications, such as warfarin. there are other multivitamin / multimineral tablets that contain high levels of certain nutrients far above nutritional needs. these could conceivably present risks for healthy people, particularly if they are taken in combination with additional specific supplements. almost any mineral can be toxic if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48752038636121664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f348953f-1fd1-4631-87cc-f49baa40caa8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.387951"}
{"text": "a project to release genetically engineered mosquitoes in key west won ' t happen unless a federal or state regulatory agency will oversee it, the mosquito control officials and a private company have agreed. the florida keys mosquito control district has been struggling to find an agency to oversee the use of genetically altered mosquitoes to combat disease, in this case, dengue fever. the technology so far has only been used in agriculture in the united states. the district and the british - based oxitec company held a town hall meeting thursday night, and faced strong opposition and tough questions from keys residents about the genetically engineered mosquitoes. key west resident haig jacobs referred to them as \" robo - franken mosquitoes \" and asked oxitec representatives, \" when is this going to stop, and when is life sacred? \" oxitec alters male mosquitoes to be \" sterile, \" so when they are released and mate with a female mosquito in the wild, her offspring will die in the larval stage, according to www. oxitec. com. federal officials from the centers for disease control and prevention, department of agriculture, fish & wildlife service, environmental protection agency, food and drug administration and other agencies all say they do not have jurisdiction. jacobs also asked about natural ways of controlling mosquitoes, possibly by introducing more dragonflies or other predators. others raised concerns about mutations and a potential impact on the ecosystem and food chain. some people questioned oxitec ' s success with releasing genetically altered mosquitoes for the sole purposes of eradicating the aedes aegypti mosquito, which carriers dengue fever. they asked for peer - reviewed science rating oxitec ' s success with past releases and research on whether it would be successful here. still others questioned investing in the technology as there has not been a case of dengue fever in the keys since 2010. the district and oxitec had planned to introduce the mosquitoes in old town key west later this year. it ' s not cheap to rear and release genetically modified mosquitoes ; it would cost the district $ 250, 000 a year. if successful, though, it would be less expensive than the district ' s current program to eradicate dengue fever, which is about $ 1 million to $ 1. 5 million a year, according to mosquito control executive director michael doyle. doyle also argued that using the genetically altered mosquitoes would also make the district less dependent on pesticides.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44021373681317977, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b11e48f9-0053-490a-89f9-90c508d1fa8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.390281"}
{"text": "pilates is a body conditioning routine that seeks to build flexibility, strength, endurance, and coordination without adding muscle bulk. for decades, it ' s been the exercise of choice for dancers and gymnasts ( and now hollywood actors ), but it was originally used to rehabilitate bedridden or immobile patients during world war i. what is pilates? pilates ( pronounced : puh - lah - teez ) improves mental and physical well - being, increases flexibility, and strengthens muscles through controlled movements done as mat exercises or with equipment to tone and strengthen the body. in addition, pilates increases circulation and helps to sculpt the body and strengthen the body ' s \" core \" or \" powerhouse \" ( torso ). people who do pilates regularly feel they have better posture, are less prone to injury, and experience better overall health. joseph h. pilates, the founder of the pilates exercise method, was born in germany. as a child he was frail, living with asthma in addition to other childhood conditions. to build his body and grow stronger, he took up several different sports, eventually becoming an accomplished athlete. as a nurse in great britain during world war i, he designed exercise methods and equipment for immobilized patients and soldiers. in addition to his equipment, pilates developed a series of mat exercises that focus on the torso. he based these on various exercise methods from around the world, among them the mind - body formats of yoga and chinese martial arts. joseph pilates believed that our physical and mental health are intertwined. he designed his exercise program around principles that support this philosophy, including concentration, precision, control, breathing, and flowing movements. there are two ways to exercise in pilates : today, most people focus on the mat exercises, which require only a floor mat and training. these exercises are designed so that your body uses its own weight as resistance. the other method uses a variety of machines to tone and strengthen the body, again using the principle of resistance. the great thing about pilates is that just about everyone \u2014 from couch potatoes to fitness buffs \u2014 can do it. because pilates has gained lots of attention recently, lots of classes are available. many fitness centers and ymcas offer pilates classes, mostly in mat work. some pilates instructors also offer private classes that can be purchased class by class or in blocks of classes ; these may combine mat work with machine work. if your health club makes pilates machines available to members, make sure there '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5072810793419597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8ad22ca-fc38-4b31-ae27-1331ba9310de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.394576"}
{"text": "in mat work. some pilates instructors also offer private classes that can be purchased class by class or in blocks of classes ; these may combine mat work with machine work. if your health club makes pilates machines available to members, make sure there ' s a qualified pilates instructor on duty to teach and supervise you during the exercises. the fact that pilates is hot and classes are springing up everywhere does have a downside, though : inadequate instruction. as with any form of exercise, it is possible to injure yourself if you have a health condition or don ' t know exactly how to do the moves. some gyms send their personal trainers to weekend - long courses and then claim they ' re qualified to teach pilates ( they ' re not! ), and this can lead to injury. so look for an instructor who is certified by a group that has a rigorous training program. these instructors have completed several hundred hours of training just in pilates and know the different ways to modify the exercises so new students don ' t get hurt. the pilates mat program follows a set sequence, with exercises following on from one another in a natural progression, just as joseph pilates designed them. beginners start with basic exercises and build up to include additional exercises and more advanced positioning. keep these tips in mind so that you can get the most out of your pilates workout. stay focused. pilates is designed to combine your breathing rhythm with your body movements. qualified instructors teach ways to keep your breathing working in conjunction with the exercises. you will also be taught to concentrate on your muscles and what you are doing. the goal of pilates is to unite your mind and body, which relieves stress and anxiety. be comfortable. wear comfortable clothes ( as you would for yoga \u2014 shorts or tights and a t - shirt or tank top are good choices ), and keep in mind that pilates is usually done without shoes. if you start feeling uncomfortable, strained, or experience pain, you should stop. let it flow. when you perform your exercises, avoid quick, jerky movements. every movement should be slow, but still strong and flexible. joseph pilates worked with dancers and designed his movements to flow like a dance. don ' t leave out the heart. the nice thing about pilates is you don ' t have to break a sweat if you don ' t want to \u2014 but you can also work the exercises quickly ( bearing in mind fluidity, of course! ) to get your heart rate going. or, because pi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42521360861486157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8ad22ca-fc38-4b31-ae27-1331ba9310de>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.395552"}
{"text": "the doorbell rings. busy in the kitchen fixing dinner, nancy ' s dad calls out, \" answer the door, nancy! my hands are full! \" nancy opens the front door, and suddenly a bunch of people she hasn ' t seen in 3 years pour into the house. aunt rita hands nancy a wrapped package and says, \" well, look at you! how you ' ve grown. and you ' ve got such beautiful red, curly hair! it runs in the family, you know. you look just like my grandmother! \" uncle michael adds, \" and she ' s going to be tall, like her father. only 9 years old, and she looks like a basketball player already! \" nancy makes a dash to the kitchen, wondering, \" huh? aunt rita ' s grandmother? runs in the family? basketball? what are they talking about? \" genes ( say : jeenz ), that ' s what they ' re talking about. genes are the things that play an important role in determining physical traits \u2014 how we look \u2014 and lots of other stuff about us. they carry information that helps make you who you are : curly or straight hair, long or short legs, even how you might smile or laugh, are all passed through generations of your family in genes. keep reading to learn more about genes and how they work. what is a gene? each cell in the human body contains about 25, 000 to 35, 000 genes, which carry information that go toward determining your traits ( say : trates ). traits are characteristics you inherit from your parents ; this means your parents pass some of their characteristics on to you through genes. for example, if both of your parents have green eyes, you might inherit the trait of green eyes from them. or if your mom has freckles, you might inherit that trait and wind up with a freckled face. and genes aren ' t just in humans \u2014 all animals and plants have genes, too. genes hang out all lined up on thread - like things called chromosomes ( say : kro - moh - somes ). chromosomes come in pairs, and there are hundreds, sometimes thousands, of genes in one chromosome. the chromosomes and genes are made of dna, which is short for deoxyribonucleic ( say : dee - ox - see - ri - bo - nyoo - clay - ik ) acid. chromosomes are found inside cells, the very small units that make up all living things. a cell is so tiny that you can only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5471620463290839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65891b8e-a2cd-4ae1-b353-d98a2024e53e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.401714"}
{"text": "red hair gene on to nancy. if her father has two genes for red hair, that could explain her red hair. nancy ended up with two genes for red hair, one from each of her parents. you can see genes at work if you think about all the breeds of dogs there are. they all have the genes that make them dogs instead of cats, fish, or people. but those same genes that make a dog a dog also make different dog traits. so some breeds are small and others are big. some have long fur and others have short fur. dalmatians have genes for white fur and black spots, and toy poodles have genes that make them small with curly fur. you get the idea! when there are problems with genes scientists are very busy studying genes. what do the proteins that each gene makes actually do in the body? what illnesses are caused by genes that don ' t work right? researchers think genes that have changed in some way, also known as altered ( or mutated ) genes, may be partly to blame for lung problems, cancer, and many other illnesses. take the gene that helps the body make hemoglobin ( say : hee - muh - glow - bin ), for example. hemoglobin is an important protein that is needed for red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. if parents pass on altered hemoglobin genes to their child, the child may only be able to make a type of hemoglobin that doesn ' t work properly. this can cause a condition known as anemia ( say : uh - nee - mee - uh ), a condition in which a person has fewer healthy red blood cells. anemias that are inherited can sometimes be serious enough to require long - term medical care. sickle cell anemia is one kind of anemia that is passed on through genes from parents to children. cystic fibrosis ( say : sis - tick fi - bro - sus ), or cf, is another illness that some kids inherit. parents with the cf gene can pass it on to their kids. people who have cf often have trouble breathing because their bodies make a lot of mucus ( say : myoo - kus ) \u2014 the slimy stuff that comes out of your nose when you blow \u2014 that gets stuck in the lungs. they will need treatment throughout their lives to keep their lungs as healthy as possible. what is gene therapy? gene therapy uses the technology of genetic engineering to cure or treat a disease caused by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299173170967091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65891b8e-a2cd-4ae1-b353-d98a2024e53e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.404032"}
{"text": "a student has sent me five questions on the issue of man - made climate change. as they may be seen as typical, i answer them here on the klimazwiebel. this may be useful \u2013 for the student, who will be able to read the comments of the readers of the blog, \u2013 for the bloggers to better understand the issues and concerns among lay people, \u2013 for me, who will have a critical assessment of my response to the student. the idea with this post is that the student will read it plus the comments - so that the different contributions should not represent too much piecework. therefore, commenters, deal just with the questions raised, and try to make only one statement so that the material, which eventually gathers, is compact! 1. human activities contribute to global warming \u2013 yes, the major human influence on global warming is through the emission of so - called greenhouse gases ( ghgs ), in particular carbon dioxide, which accumulate in the atmosphere und remain there for several decades. the air temperature ( near earth surface ) has risen since pre - industrial times ( ca. 1850 ) by about 0. 7 oc ; this warming can not be explained by internal climate variability alone, but can only be understood as a result of contributing external factors, among them elevated ghg levels in the atmosphere. it is thought that most of the warming, in particular the strong warming since about 1970, can be explained only by the increased concentration of ghgs. 2. there are no practical solutions available to stop the current warming ( man - made or not ). \u2013 in the climate system there is some \" inertia \" : developments \" persist \" for a while, so that any efforts to reduce the ghg - related warming ( either the ongoing multi - decadal increase of temperature, or the level of temperature ) will need at least two, three or even more decades of years to take effect. thus a short term \" stopping of the warming \" or an \" ending of the elevated temperatures and a return to preindustrial conditions \" is not conceivable. \u2013 one issue, related to your question, is that of \" geoengineering \", in particular man - made modifications of the geophysical properties of the earth surface or of the atmosphere, which would change the \" radiative balance \" ( e. g., reflecting substances in the lower stratosphere ). research to this end is underway, but at this time, the public opposition to such efforts is massive,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5331668636888641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04633b37-129a-40a8-8c24-5550abba0cbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.410176"}
{"text": "the atmosphere, which would change the \" radiative balance \" ( e. g., reflecting substances in the lower stratosphere ). research to this end is underway, but at this time, the public opposition to such efforts is massive, it seems. \u2013 if the current climate protection policy would have been successful in initiating a policy, which would really limit the change of global mean temperature to 2oc ( relative to pre - industrial conditions ; of which 0. 7oc have already taken place ), then a significant stress on societies and eco - systems would emerge, which would need broad efforts to manage the adaptation of societies and ecosystems to these changed conditions. 3. when a critical level of the temperature is passed, the warming of earth can not longer be stopped. \u2013 you are referring to the \" runaway effect \", which is thought to have taken place of venus, where temperature are very high now. i know little about this issue, but i would believe that in principle there may be such a critical level, but our climate models describe all futures with elevated ghg levels without such a runaway effect. 4. earth has no mechanisms to counteract the current warming. \u2013 again, this depends on the time horizon you are looking at. when dealing with horizons of, say 100 years, there is none ; the effect of ghgs on the radiative balance is simply too strong. however, most ( not all ) of the additional ghgs in the atmosphere will disappear in the long run ( of many hundreds of years ) by sedimentation in the deep ocean and other mechanisms, so that on the long term earth will return to its variations enforced by the configuration of its orbit relative to the sun. 5. the warming dramatically affects ecosystems, humans and their activities. \u2013 this depends on the intensity and the rate of warming. the warming, we have seen so far, had little effect ( even if interested parties try to relate all kind of extremes, e. g., katrina to the warming ). the slower the warming, the easier the autonomous adaptation will be. \u2013 locally there can be dramatic effects : if, for instance, a glacier is melting in the alps, the ecosystem in that region will change ; the water supply will change ; tourism will be affected. rising sea level will in general have various adverse effects ; increasing the risk of inundation ; forcing more efforts in coastal defence ; problem with groundwater and salinity, coastal erosion. on the other hand, humans have always been ingenious when confronted with new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5386331803734582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04633b37-129a-40a8-8c24-5550abba0cbf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.411370"}
{"text": "pub. date : 2007 | online pub. date : september 15, 2007 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412952651 | print isbn : 9781412924702 | online isbn : 9781412952651 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia measures of association / correlation coefficient ronald s. landis in many situations, researchers are interested in evaluating the relationship between variables of interest. such associations are important for testing theories and hypotheses in which changes in one variable are tied to changes in another. in other words, is an increase in one variable associated with a systematic increase or decrease in the other? the most frequently reported measure of association within industrial and organizational psychology is the correlation coefficient ( r ). correlation is a standardized index of the extent to which two sets of scores vary together. as an index, correlation can vary between \u22121. 00 ( i. e., a perfect negative relationship ) and + 1. 00 ( i. e., a perfect positive relationship ). correlations near zero indicate the absence of a linear relationship between the variables of interest. squaring the correlation ( i. e., r 2 ) provides an indication of the percentage of variance in one variable that can be explained by the other variable....", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5941876583465542, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ede654d4-7000-42bd-ad09-86b99e4ee5a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.412640"}
{"text": "( question - how does this compare to the distribution for frankish coins? ), but certainly suggesting that there was direct contact between the byzanitine empire and the british successor state in cornwall, based around tintagel. of course byzantium does not mean istanbul. the sixth century byzantine empire had successfully reconquered north africa and the grain ships sailed from egypt and carthage to feed the population of constantinople. and paralleling the coin distribution, north african pottery is more common in west of england than east - pointing to trade route via north africa for supply of items such as wine and olives. and again the finds are focused around cornwall and tintagel. but why would anyone bother to sail to tintagel from carthage to trade with a gang of smelly celts who spoke bad latin and claimed to be roman. certainly not out of altruism. but the smelly celts had one thing that was in short supply elsewhere - tin - needed for making bronze. and in much the same way that minoan and phonecian traders before them found it worthwhile to risk the long sea journey to trade for tin so must it have been for the byzanitines, trading luxuries for tin ingots. and there are modern parallels to this scenario. during the second world war the danish colony in greenland was cut off from denmark, but managed to keep going and pay for the necessary imports by having something to trade, in the greenland case cryolite that they could sell to the us and then use to pay for imports. now this is all circumstantial. but someone with links to the byzantine empire was trading with tintagel, where people did also make grave markers with inscriptions in bad latin. and the journey must have been worth their while - the more interesting question is what other forms of contacts were there and did they include any degree of cultural exchange. sunday, 31 august 2008 byzantine links with post roman britain... the simple view of the post roman history of britain is that the army left sometime before 410, and in 410 the cities and communities of britain were told to fend for themselves. this they failed to do and collapsed under the weight of hordes of land hungry anglo saxon migrants. what of course this view does not show is the fact that there must have been an ongoing conflict for at least two centuries as the the anglo saxon communities pressed westward and the romano british retreated, yet were capable of mustering the effort to build fortifications such as wansdyke. we ak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4615024592166652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ce1a1e2-d003-45d5-9835-1d2b338b79a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.418715"}
{"text": "is the fact that there must have been an ongoing conflict for at least two centuries as the the anglo saxon communities pressed westward and the romano british retreated, yet were capable of mustering the effort to build fortifications such as wansdyke. we akso know, both from literary sources, such as gildas and nennius that there were kingdoms in the west of britian, perhaps based originally on old roman local government divisions which themselves were based, loosley, on pre - roman tribal boundaries. and that these stateles contained towns, certainly with eveidence that there was a roman style town functioning at wroxeter till sometime after 500. there are arguments as to how romanized roman britain was and to what extent romanization was only skin deep - he construction of towns in roman britain mainly because ' had to have them ' and how majority of popultion in west and north continued to live in tribal villages, areas that were less romanized than the south and east. interestingly, there ' s a similar example from morocco. most of tingatania was abandoned by rome in the face of the vandal advance in the 400 ' s but volubilis remained occupied until being abandoned after an earthquake and then re - occupied with a smaller walled settlement on the edge of the town next to some fresh water springs, the town aqueduct being one of the casualties of the earthquake. these people were not romans, even though some of them were buried with gravestones with latin inscriptions, and whose deaths were still dated from the founding of the province. nor were they arabs, their arrival had to wait until the coming of islam. most likely they were berbers, whos great grandparents may have had a patina of romanization but whose descendants were not, but who treated latin as the ' official ' language for business. and if anyone should doubt that rome had an influence on the berber ' s simply look to theberber calendar, the names of the months and the celebration of yennayer 1 as new year ' s day on 14 january, neatly paralleling the orthodox julian calendar. so one can say that it is quite probable that there were functioning post roman statelets in the west of britain. like bereber volubilis, they were probably roman in name only, even if their elites gave themselves titles such as ' protector ' which drived from late roman official titles, and the towns were only large native vilages perhaps with a few roman style buildings built of wood, not stone. now there statelets cannot have existed in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4195077266012408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ce1a1e2-d003-45d5-9835-1d2b338b79a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.419937"}
{"text": "the very first coffee maker coffee makers are common kitchen appliances we use to brew coffee minus the trouble of boiling water separately. many diverse styles of coffee makers use a lot of various brewing standards. the usual units use coffee grounds which are placed typically in a paper filter in a funnel which is then placed over a coffee pot made of either glass or ceramic. for many centuries, producing a cup of coffee was a deceivingly trouble - free procedure. during the 19th and 20th centuries, it was regarded as sufficient to put in ground coffee to boiling water, leave it over the heat until the aroma ' s right and transfer the concoction into a cup. the earliest modern process of coffee making is also known as drip brewing. it is more than a century old and its blueprint changed only slightly. the biggin which started off in france in the 1800s has two levels. it has a pot holding coffee in the compartment above where water was poured to empty into the compartment which is the coffee pot underneath. during the same period, a french creator built the pumping percolator. it is a device in which boiling water in a base chamber pushes itself up a pipe and then drips or percolates all the way through the ground coffee back in the base chamber. the first ever espresso machine was made in france in 1882. the instant coffee was invented by japanese american chemist satori kato of chicago in the 1900s. english chemist g. c. washington created the first bulk - produced instant coffee in 1906. he was residing in guatemala at the time he made the observation about dried coffee on his carafe. after experimenting, he then developed the red e coffee which is the name of the brand for his instant coffee. the coffee filter paper was patented on june 20, 1908. before the end of the same year, mellitta and hugo bentz put up the melitta bentz company. the following year, they sold more than a thousand coffee filters in germany. also, in 1937, the company patented the filter and in 1962, vacuum packing. in the year 1938, freeze - dried coffee ( nescafe ) was introduced. then ernest illy developed the first automatic espresso machine in 1933. later in 1946, the modern coffee maker was invented by an italian named achilles gaggia. he created a high pressure machine using a spring - powered lever structure. even though some coffee makers tended to be standardized in unit forms, some still showed an extensive selection of design variation at the start of the 20th century. above all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4489179436133185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07b006ab-3723-4c08-9a6e-0e64e97ef559>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.423042"}
{"text": "most active stories krwg. org - the region ' s home page wed july 11, 2012 did the great recession bring back the 1930s? originally published on wed july 11, 2012 12 : 00 pm the long economic downturn that began in late 2007 came to be known at the great recession \u2013 - the worst period since the great depression of the 1930s. even though both events were momentous enough to earn the word \" great \" as a modifier, they really are not comparable, according to recent research by economist mark vaughan, a fellow at the weidenbaum center on the economy at washington university in st. louis. \" it ' s now clear the great recession was the worst downturn of our lifetime \u2014 the worst since the great depression, \" vaughan said. \" but in terms of human suffering, it pales in magnitude \" with the 1930s. the great depression was painful in ways we can scarcely imagine now because we have grown so accustomed to having a government - funded safety net, he said. for example, the unemployment rate hit a peak of 10 percent in october 2009, but congress provided those laid - off workers with extended unemployment benefits. as a result, jobless americans were able to collect up to 99 weeks of government checks to help ride out tough times. in contrast, the jobless rate shot to 25 percent in the great depression and stayed in the double digits for a decade. when the job market first collapsed in 1930, workers could not rely upon unemployment insurance, food stamps, social security or other forms of government help, vaughan noted. after 1933, \" the new deal started to introduce safety - net programs, but they weren ' t there in the early 1930s and they weren ' t on the same scale as today, \" he said. so why do so many people today feel the great recession was miserable enough to be in the same ballpark as the great depression? in november 2008, for example, time magazine ' s cover inserted barack obama ' s face into a famous photo of depression - era president franklin d. roosevelt. vaughan says people may feel the great recession was so bad because the recovery has been so slow paced. today, the unemployment rate remains high at 8. 2 percent, economic growth is weak around 2 percent, foreclosures are still going forward, and both consumers and business owners remain very worried about looming problems, such as a financial crisis tied to european debt troubles. vaughan says this has been the most painful economic period americans under 80 can remember. for those who lost both jobs and homes \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43185492327618386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d4130be-9d49-462c-8c92-3be37279e66e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.427028"}
{"text": ", and both consumers and business owners remain very worried about looming problems, such as a financial crisis tied to european debt troubles. vaughan says this has been the most painful economic period americans under 80 can remember. for those who lost both jobs and homes \u2014 all while carrying heavy consumer and student debt \u2014 this has indeed felt like a depression, which actually has no official definition. but generally, economists say a depression is an event that lasts at least two years and involves a sustained decline of about 10 percent of gross domestic product. vaughan has compiled lots of statistics to measure the magnitude of the two great downturns of the past century. he did find some interesting parallels between the great depression and the great recession. here are some similarities : both were preceded by good economic times. - 1921 - 29 : annual real economic growth was 4. 4 percent - 1982 - 2007 : annual real economic growth was 3. 2 percent both were preceded by the movement of banks into new business lines. - 1920s : banks ramped up real estate lending / investment banking - 1990s - 2000s : banks ramped up real estate lending / securitization of mortgages both were preceded by innovations in consumer finance. - 1920s : installment consumer credit ( e. g., monthly payments for autos ) - 2000s : banks ramped up real estate lending / securitization of mortgages both were preceded by asset bubbles. - 1920s : florida real estate boom and the stock market - 1990s - 2000s : residential real estate and the tech - stock boom both followed an era in which the federal reserve was highly regarded. but the differences are huge because the great depression was much worse. the chart below makes the comparisons. - great depression : 43 months ( august 1929 to march 1933 ) - great recession : 18 months ( december 2007 to june 2009 ) - drop in industrial production : - great depression : 51. 7 percent - great recession : 14. 9 percent - rise in unemployment : - great depression : 19. 3 percentage points - great recession : 5. 7 percentage points - change in consumer prices : - great depression : down 27. 2 percent - great recession : up 1. 5 percent - number of bank failures : - great depression : 9, 000 - great recession : 443 - drop in the dow jones industrial average : - great depression : 89. 2 percent - great recession : 53. 8 percent - source : mark vaughan \u2013 weidenbaum center fellow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4768938550408125, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d4130be-9d49-462c-8c92-3be37279e66e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.428041"}
{"text": "study : 1 in 5 us residents do not have access to the internet, smartphones breaking through social classes people of my generation had the chance to experience what i like to call the big tech bang. this made - up term refers to the beginning of the communications era. i remember the days when even house phones were a luxury. we used to play games outdoors ( not video games ), and actually knew every kid in the neighborhood. things have changed since then. we no longer need to go to the library, and anyone and anything is reachable with the press of a few buttons. most of the younger generations can no longer see a world without internet. this is a thought that mostly hits me in situations like one i had last week, when i accepted a facebook friend request from a 6 - year old neighbor. he just finished learning how to read and write. and he now knows how to use a computer as much as i did when i was about 13. he also uses his parents smartphones seamlessly. but is the whole country ( or world ) adapting to such a lifestyle? according to a study held by pew internet, 22 % of americans do not have access to the internet. this is a rather surprising statistic. but according to the study, this percentage of the population is mostly made up of senior citizens, those that preferred to take the survey in spanish, adults with less than a high school education and those with incomes lower than $ 30, 000 a year. this does not mean that the world is not moving forward, though. the study has also found that most people are adopting the new form of communication. among other statistics, we can see that about 19 % of the us population has a tablet, and 87 % have a cellphone. it seems smartphones and tablets are changing the whole story. internet access is no longer exclusive to computers. and this seems to be breaking through social classes more successfully than marx ever dreamed of. the rise of mobile is changing the story. groups that have traditionally been on the other side of the digital divide in basic internet access are using wireless connections to go online. among smartphone owners, young adults, minorities, those with no college experience, and those with lower household income levels are more likely than other groups to say that their phone is their main source of internet access. even beyond smartphones, both african americans and english - speaking latinos are as likely as whites to own any sort of mobile phone, and are more likely to use their phones for a wider range of activities. those that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47368145551340834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b85399-ef3f-49e0-adb0-bf2a7fcb7ca2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.431297"}
{"text": "in the past : in the future : because of new inventions we \u2019 re also going to face a lot of ethical problems. according to wikipedia the definition of ethics is : ethics is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality, such as what the fundamental semantic, ontological, and epistemic nature of ethics or morality is ( meta - ethics ), how moral values should be determined ( normative ethics ), how a moral outcome can be achieved in specific situations ( applied ethics ), how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is ( moral psychology ), and what moral values people actually abide by ( descriptive ethics ). in almost all ethical problems religion plays a big role because many religious people think mankind can \u2019 t decide upon some cases and that it \u2019 s god \u2019 s will. nowadays we \u2019 re already having a lot of ethical problems, i \u2019 m going to explain a problem which is dealt with now : embryo selection. embryo selection means that an embryo is screened to find genes with genetic diseases. in some cases only the healthy embryo is putted back into the mother. the problem is that some people don \u2019 t think we are allowed to say which embryo can grow further and which embryo can \u2019 t. also religion plays a big role in this case because in many religions people think it is god who gives the life to someone and human as you and me aren \u2019 t allowed to decide which embryo can life. another common ethical problem are the genetic modified organisms. solutions are hard to find for ethical problems because has to do with a human way of thinking, there will always be people in favour and against ethical problems. so a real solutions is impossible to find. | this website includes information about how we think the world will be in fifty years. we discuss the early developments, and some technical developments which are nowadays going on. at last, we ' ll show you how we think the world will be in fifty years, based on the developments that are now going on. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5411760977950733, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bc06d9e-86cf-43ec-a462-ab438b034d10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.434760"}
{"text": "display lists tutorial display lists are about performance. it is a simple way of enhancing your opengl application making it run faster. in order to follow this tutorial you should know the basics of glut and opengl. if there is anything that is not quite clear please let me know and i ' ll try to improve it. your feedback is important. i hope you enjoy this tutorial. what is a dl at a first glance a display list can be seen just as a function in a computer program. you define it once and can use it as many times as you want. a display list stores a group of opengl commands so that they can be used repeatedly just by calling the display list. consider for instance that you ' re modeling a car. you can define a wheel in a display list and then call it four times with the appropriate translations. however a display list does something more, when you create a display list the opengl commands within are \" precompiled \" and, if possible, stored in the graphics card memory. therefore, in general the execution of a display list is faster than the execution of the commands contained in it. the commands included in a display list can be optimized by the driver, namely some geometric transformations can be pre computed. furthermore the display lists are stored in the graphics card memory. how much faster depends on your hardware and driver. some graphics cards are designed to take full advantage of display lists, whereas others may show no significant gain in performance. in order to wet your appetite here are the frames per second achieved in a simple application with roughly 36. 000 polygons, no texturing or lighting, running on a piii at 450 mhz and a geforce with 32mb ddr. with display lists : 153 fps without : 55 fps please note that the fps values should only be used for reference within the tutorial. many factors affect the performance of an application and there was no effort at all to optimize this particular appliction. there are huge differences in hardware architectures and even software installations. nevertheless the performance difference is very important because the only difference between the two versions is the inclusion of display lists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4681966599468488, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb0d3e9f-2e8a-4c34-88ac-24e1ce8e7677>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.438380"}
{"text": "the coyote point museum for environmental education was founded in 1954, and welcomes more than 80, 000 visitors every year with a variety of hands - on programs, science exhibits, wildlife encounters, gardens and more. these are some of the museum ' s ongoing exhibits : - invertebrate corner. get up close to a tarantula, black widow spider, or an array of beatles at the museum ' s new exhibit. for more information visit the coyote point museum website. - tinkering! every invention, from a sewing needle to a solar cell, came about as the result of tinkering and experimentation. the museum ' s newest exhibit highlights tinkering in the process of innovation. - every day except for sunday, at 11 : 00 a. m. the museum hosts a talk called \" animals in action \". visitors will get to meet the animal keepers as they discuss a different animal every day and answer questions about animal behavior. - every day at 12 : 00 p. m. the museum hosts a river otter feeding. the river otters frolic and play during their daily feeding which can be observed from both above ground and through the underwater observation window. - every day at 1pm the museum hosts a bobcat feeding. watch the playful young bobcats chow down during their afternoon feeding. - coyote point museum hosts a paws and claws wildlife show on saturdays and sundays at 1 : 30 p. m. and 2 : 30 p. m. be entertained and learn more about wildlife. on sunday, the museum opens at noon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4506959230007126, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f6df6ca-85d0-4ca1-8302-8a9a36c07cc0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.439918"}
{"text": "f o x j e t the foxjet 600 was unveiled in 1977, and did not proceed beyond the manufacturing of several marketing mockups and a few parts. the concept itself was very good, but the program failed for lack of \" reality check \" tools available to tony fox. the aircraft startup environment is unforgiving when the unique challenges are not properly identified. lack of financing or - as a foxjet assets sales document implies - lack of powerplant availability, were more a result of these shortcomings rather than a cause. many thanks to those who were involved directly or indirectly in this program and have provided me with unique material. donald bordlemay, president of aeronca, tony fox and sam williams sign a production deal on the foxjet. bill lear and tony fox discuss corporate aircraft of the future. foxjet project background ( verbatim from an assets sales document ) the foxjet project was begun in the late 1970 ' s with the objective of : 1 ) lowering the fuel cost for a corporate jet to about 9 cents a mile vs 48 cents a mile for similar aircraft ( when jet fuel was about $. 50 a gallon ) ; 2 ) permit a corporate jet to be used at nearly 9, 000 airports ( even sod runways ), instead of only about 900 for larger aircraft ; and 3 ) sell for $ 500, 000 - $ 700, 000, or about one - half the cost of the competitors at that time. aeronca inc. of middletown, ohio had contracted to build the foxjet under faa part 23, a single pilot, 5 passenger plane, designed to have two engines, and a cruising speed of about 400 mph, and a range of 1400 - 2200 statute miles. the engine to be used was the williams research wr44 - 800 fanjet - - only 16 inches in diameter and 36 inches long, and which weighed about 240 pounds. the original design of the foxjet was powered by the wr19 - 3. mr. fox spent about $ 3, 000, 000 during the five years he was developing the program. he had a staff of 19 aviation engineering specialists, mechanics and metal fabricators developing engineering data, calculations, and following the faa programs. they built wing, fuselage and tail jigs and four full size mock - ups. various promotional materials, movies and literature were also created. about 50 - 60 % of the engineering was completed, including all information on drop test on the landing gear, wing stress loads, fuselage pressurization, windshield test projections, seating arrangements and electrical harness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508653874750295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb844123-6e45-427b-9fae-0773a0fca8c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.450268"}
{"text": "promotional materials, movies and literature were also created. about 50 - 60 % of the engineering was completed, including all information on drop test on the landing gear, wing stress loads, fuselage pressurization, windshield test projections, seating arrangements and electrical harness layouts. aeronca had started cutting metal. many advance orders and deposits totalling nealry $ 1, 000, 000 ( which were later returned ) were received by the end of 1982. the person who wanted the very first one was non other than bill lear - - who had also put down a deposit - - the designer and builder of the famous learjet, who consulted with mr. fox on the project. however, when the us air force began using a similar sized williams research turbofan jet for the air launched cruise missile, the us government decided not to give clearance to any non - military use. at that point, all development was stopped, and mr. fox went back to building commercial waste compactors, which has been his main product line since 1972. when a comparable high bypass fanjet engine became again available, mr fox did not have the time of financial resources to supervise the completion of the foxjet project. here is an excerpt from the foxjet business plan regarding the air taxi operation : foxjet f600 ( from an old copy of jane ' s, but edited with more information ). the prototype of this lightweight twin - turbofan transport was expected to fly in 1980 but never did. firm orders for 73 aircraft, backed by deposits, were in hand in mid - 1978, and foxjet international envisaged eventual manufacture of 44 foxjet f600s per month. engine development was then expected to uprate the present turbofan to 5. 35 kn ( 1, 200 lb st, with a subsequent refanned version rated at 6. 24 kn ( 1, 400 lb st ). note : thrust mentionned above is total thrust for both engines. type : four / six - seat twin - turbofan transport. wings : cantilever low - wing monoplane. naca 65 series laminar flow section. moderate leading - edge sweepback ; straight trailing edge. all - metal fail - safe structure, primarily of light alloy. electrically operated modified fowler type single - slotted light alloy trailing - edge flaps. manually operated ailerons. hydraulically operated spoilers, forward of flaps, serve also as airbrakes. trim tab in port aileron. electrical anti - icing of each wing leading edge at root, optional pneumatic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45696931314447986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb844123-6e45-427b-9fae-0773a0fca8c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.451744"}
{"text": "flaps. manually operated ailerons. hydraulically operated spoilers, forward of flaps, serve also as airbrakes. trim tab in port aileron. electrical anti - icing of each wing leading edge at root, optional pneumatic de - icing boots for remainder of leading edges. the foxjet wing had been designed for the foxjet by branson aircraft corporation. known as the foxjet super - flow wing, this could be modified easily to supercritical form when required by future power increase, and was claimed to improve stability and low - speed control. performance was generally improved by these changes. fuselage : semi - monocoque light alloy fail - safe structure of circular cross - section. light alloy honeycomb pressure bulkheads and baggage deck. tail - unit : cantilever multi - spar light alloy structure with swept vertical and horizontal surfaces. variable - incidence tailplane mounted approximately midway up fin. manually operated control surfaces, with tab in rudder, leading edges fitted with de - icing system. landing gear : hydraulicaily - retractable tricycle type, manufactured by wiebel tool company, with twin wheels on each unit. main units retract inward, nose unit aft. manually operated emergency hydraulic system. oleo - pneumatic shock absorbers. main wheels have low - pressure tires size 5. 00 - 5. hydraulically steerable nosewheel unit, with water - chine tire size 11 x 4. 00 - 5. hydraulic disc brakes on main wheels. power plant : two 3. 78 kn ( 850 lb st ) williams research wr44 - 800 turbofan engines, pod - mounted one each side of rear fuselage. integral wing fuel tanks, total capacity 825 liters ( 218 us gallons ). engine inlet anti - icing system. accommodation : pilot and three to five passengers, in pairs, dual controls optional. four standard seats have fore and aft, vertical, and recline adjustment. seat belts for all seats ; pilot ' s also has shoulder harness. two - piece door ( upward - hinged portion, and downward - hinged portion with integral steps ) on portside forward of wing. emergency exit on starboard side accommodation air - conditioned and pressurized. birdproof wind screen with pneumatic system for rain removal, defogging and defrosting. equipment access door on port side of nose. baggage hold aft of cabin. systems : pressurization system with max differential of 0. 59 bars ( 8. 5 lb / sq in ), providing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4784971345780712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb844123-6e45-427b-9fae-0773a0fca8c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.452863"}
{"text": "removal, defogging and defrosting. equipment access door on port side of nose. baggage hold aft of cabin. systems : pressurization system with max differential of 0. 59 bars ( 8. 5 lb / sq in ), providing a cabin altitude of 2. 440 m ( 8, 000 ft ) to 12, 500m ( 41, 000 ft ). electrical system. hydraulic system, with hydraulic backup. pneumatic system. oxygen system. avionics and equipment : standard avionics include dual nav / com, autopilot / flight director, adf, dme and transponder. weather radar optional. standard equipment includes full blind - flying instrumentation, sun visors, interior lighting, navigation lights, dual landing lights, taxi light, and three strobe lights. optional equipment includes electrically powered one - man towing system, stowed on board. | span | | 28 ft 6 in | | 8. 69 m | | length | | 31 ft 2 in | | 9. 50 m | | height | | 10ft 6 in | | 3. 2 m | | fuselage diameter | | 4ft 7in | | 1. 40 m | | tailplane span | | 13ft 4in | | 4. 06 m | | cabin length | | 12ft 0 in | | 3. 66 m | | wing area | | 125 sqft | | 11. 61 m2 | | max. take - off weight | | 4550 lb | | 2064 kg | | empty weight | | 2408 lb | | 1092 kg | | fuel weight | | 1418 lb | | 652 kg | | max. wing loading | | 36. 4 lb / sq ft | | 177. 8 kg / m2 | | total take - off thrust | | 850 lb | | 3. 78 kn | | thrust loading | | 2. 68 lb / lb | | 273 kg / kn | | max. cruise speed sl ( fl360 ) | | 356 kts | | 659 km / h | | best cruise speed ( fl360 ) | | 286 kts | | 529 km / h | | stall speed ( power off, flaps down ) ( vsc ) | | 74 kts | | 137 km / h | | take - off ( isa, sl ) | | ground roll | | 1600 ft | | 488 m | | obstacle clearance 15m / 50ft | | 2700 ft | | 823 m | | landing ( isa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5095553260143075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb844123-6e45-427b-9fae-0773a0fca8c1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.453672"}
{"text": "numerous aquifers located under sahara by mohand ouali for magharebia in algiers \u2013 07 / 02 / 06 studies show that the sahara aquifer basin is one of the largest in the world. it stretches across territory belonging to algeria, tunisia and libya and is made up of two main deposits, the terminal complex and the continental intercalary. the two aquifer systems contain enough water to satisfy the needs of algeria for 120 centuries at the current rate of consumption. the groundwater deposits are already being tapped to satisfy the needs of agriculture, the oil industry and the general population. the most spectacular exploitation has been undertaken by the libyans, who have built their famous artificial river pumping water from beneath the sahara before sending it through pipelines to the land being irrigated. as part of its land management policy, algeria expects to develop the saharan regions. the scarceness of the water supply is hampering its objectives, so it is now turning its attention to more intensive exploitation of the major dormant water resources lying hidden beneath the desert sands. \u201c algeria has planned two projects \u201d to this end,. the first consists of sending water from the groundwater deposits under the in salah region over a distance of 750km to tamanrasset, situated further south. nearly 50 billion dinars have been released to finance the work. another project consists of sending saharan underground water to the northern steppe regions to supply urban centres along with the new towns to be built there. experts are counselling caution in exploiting these resources, which will prove non - renewable if the pace of extraction is too fast. another potential problem is pollution risks. a maghrebian charter was adopted in 1992 calling on maghreb union member states to work to protect the environment and to encourage sustainable development. as part of this, a sahel and sahara observatory has identified extraction areas and vulnerable areas. a co - operation mechanism allowing common management has also been put in place. algeria, libya and tunisia, enjoy good co - operation leading to rational and non - confrontational management of this precious shared resource. subscribe to our newsletter and get magharebia ' s latest articles delivered to your inbox.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42194682336122125, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99f7d0c0-e821-4410-bbe5-df8f7433d897>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.456035"}
{"text": "coping with trauma and disaster dealing with the stress of war these tips from the american psychological association for teachers of children and teens can be used by anyone to learn how to deal with the daily stress of media coverage of the war and worry for family and friends in the military. this is an excellent resource for everyone - not just teachers ; we recommend you review it if you are feeling stressed. dealing with the stress of trauma and disaster it is impossible to isolate ourselves from the trauma and disaster that occurred in new york and washington d. c., in september 2001 and that continues to occur around the world today. while each of us may react differently to the unfolding events we see on tv and hear on radio, none of us are immune from the magnitude of the destruction and devastation that has occurred and continues to occur. it affects us personally, as families, communities and as a nation. the following information is designed to provide basic information concerning normal reactions to disaster and some ways to cope with the emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physical aspects of trauma. reactions can run the gamut of emotions and include fear, anger and even shutting off emotions and denying the reality of the event. as emphasized in the material, talking and being with others is a very important aspect of dealing effectively with such an event. the following material is collected from different sources. these sources include the american red cross, crisis intervention institute and the american psychological association. we hope this information is helpful to you. all of us are touched and changed by the tremendous devastation and loss that occurred september 11, 2001 and continues to occur as this nation continues to confront worldwide terrorism. hopefully the events of life will provide us with continued opportunities to be in his service to others. if you have questions or would like to talk with a counselor at the oc health center, please call us at ( 405 ) 425 - 5250. sheldon adkins, m. ed., lpc., director university counseling services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4121466109907898, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33929cc6-93de-4185-b815-3987306017c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.458264"}
{"text": "| the urban populace is often cautioned about the vegetables they eat, especially green leafy vegetables, as they are increasingly grown with untreated sewage water. with mounting water scarcity, farmers in the peripheries of urban areas are known to increasingly use sewage or wastewater to grow vegetables, food crops and fodder. the concern raised with this kind of irrigation is that it constitutes a large part of the untreated sewage discharged from the urban centres. such usage triggers contamination risks of health and environment. while doing an exploration of wastewater use in irrigation in gujarat, we came across several local bodies ( urban local bodies and panchayats ) selling wastewater for irrigation. amongst them villages of kutch are noteworthy as they not only treat the water but also sell it to farmers. the charges for these waters are much higher than the charges of canal irrigation water in water abundant areas of the state. this indicates that the wastewater collection, treatment and reuse from the resource recovery perspective are well understood by the communities as well as the authorities in water - scarce kutch. the urban local bodies ( municipal corporations and municipalities ) are responsible for treating the sewage and increasingly are not able to comply with discharge standards. a number of reasons are cited for this, like lack of qualified staff, poor maintenance, overloading of facilities, irregular power supply, and apathy. however, lack of funding for o & m appears to be a significant impediment. in such a scenario these villages may be potential replicable models that may work in cities too. we also came across several cities in whose peripheries wastewater was being used for irrigation extensively. however most often it was untreated with the risks of negative environment and health impacts. untreated sewage is mentioned as the single most important contributor to surface and groundwater pollution in the state. the report of the comptroller and auditor general of india for gujarat ( year ending march 2011 ) mentions, \" out of 167 ulbs, 158 ( 93 per cent ) ulbs have no facility for treatment of sewage. these ulbs discharge untreated sewage in the lakes ( 9 ulbs ), ground water ( 18 ulbs ), open land ( 46 ulbs ), rivers ( 40 ulbs ), natural drains ( 26 ulbs ) and sea creek ( 9 ulbs ). just 8 ulbs diverted sewage water for irrigation, while for the rest 5 ulbs, the position is un - ascertainable. \" we found that the municipal corporations of rajkot, gandhinagar,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4676786287176514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21a56f11-6a19-4263-beee-047b8c114dd2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.462030"}
{"text": "sea creek ( 9 ulbs ). just 8 ulbs diverted sewage water for irrigation, while for the rest 5 ulbs, the position is un - ascertainable. \" we found that the municipal corporations of rajkot, gandhinagar, ahmedabad and bhavnagar have generated revenues out of wastewater at different points in time with varied costs. they have recognized use of wastewater for irrigation by authorizing the lift irrigation societies lifting the wastewater. specifically, we have learnt that the class ' a ' municipalities of nadiad and patan ; class ' b ' municipalities of palitana and visnagar ; class ' c ' municipality of balasinor and class ' d ' municipality oad are selling their wastewater for irrigation. however, it was found that the wastewater being used is not of the desired quality required for irrigation. this is based on the observation that the sewage treatment plants ( stps ) are most often aggregators of sewage, parts of which are treated, passed through the treatment plant and parts are bypassed into the disposal area. the sewage collection networks also are inadequate so only a small portion goes for treatment. the rest flows into nallahs and drains eventually reaching the designated disposal areas. municipal authorities have the responsibility of public health and environment of the cities they represent. in the current scenario of the use of untreated wastewater for irrigation with the municipal authorities ' recognition poses questions for their accountability towards safety of the citizens towards environment and health risks. the answer may not lie in banning the use of wastewater for irrigation but by monitoring the minimum standards required for its use for irrigation and ensuring it. the villages of kutch offer a way where it is highly valued by the farmers and safe for the consumers of the produce too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.440849619008457, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21a56f11-6a19-4263-beee-047b8c114dd2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.462855"}
{"text": "ask yourself the following questions, answering each one always, often, sometimes, or never. - do you think about food constantly, so that you feel controlled and defined by it? - do you eat large amounts of food in a short period of time, feeling you can \u2019 t stop? - do you think you are overweight, but others tell you that you are too thin? - is your weight / shape the most important factor in how you feel about yourself? - if you eat one cookie, do you condemn yourself, conclude the day is ruined, and then eat the whole box? - do you keep a running calorie count in your head all day? - do you eat ( or not eat ) without knowing whether you are hungry or full? - are you convinced if you gain one pound you \u2019 ll continue gaining indefinitely? - do you avoid social events because you are afraid to deal with the food there? - do you find it difficult or impossible to eat in front of other people? - do you make yourself vomit after eating, or use laxatives or diuretics, believing they will control your weight? - do you severely restrict your food intake, in part to lose weight, but in part to feel in control or in some way special? if you answered \u201c often \u201d or \u201c always \u201d to questions 11 or 12 or to any three of the other questions, it would make sense to talk with a professional. - developed by margaret mckenna, md, harvard university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46853905251449185, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a826065-1c83-4a70-8e64-30e6cb9d1a02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.465939"}
{"text": "this file contains translations from the anglo - saxon of the following works : ' ' genesis a ' ', ' ' genesis b ' ', ' ' exodus ' ', ' ' daniel ' ', and ' ' christ and satan ' '. all are works found in the manuscript of anglo - saxon verse known as ' ' junius 11. ' ' these works were originally written in anglo - saxon, sometime between the 7th and 10th centuries a. d. although sometimes ascribed to the poet caedmon ( fl. late 7th century ), it is generally thought that these poems do not represent the work of one single poet. e accursed spirits reached their place of exile within hell ' s prison - walls. ( ll. 92 - 102 ) then our lord took counsel in the thoughts of his heart how he might people, with a better host, the great creation, the native seats and gleaming mansions, high in heaven, wherefrom these boastful foes had got them forth. therefore with mighty power holy god ordained, beneath the arching heavens, that earth and sky and the far - bounded sea should be established, earth - creatures in the stead of those rebellious foes whom he had cast from heaven. ( ll. 103 - 119 ) as yet was nought save shadows of darkness ; the spacious earth lay hidden, deep and dim, alien to god, unpeopled and unused. thereon the steadfast king looked down and beheld it, a place empty of joy. he saw dim chaos hanging in eternal night, obscure beneath the heavens, desolate and dark, until this world was fashioned by the word of the king of glory. here first with mighty power the everlasting lord, the helm of all created things, almighty king, mad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4519702926347582, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f63b3325-22f8-4d30-b30e-b17824343fc0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.468798"}
{"text": "physical education plays a critical role in educating the whole student. like other academic courses of study, physical education is based upon rigorous national standards that define what students should know and be able to do as a result of participation. physical education is unique to the school curriculum as it is the only program that provides students with opportunities to learn motor skills, develop fitness, and gain understanding about the importance of physical activity. students will be provided an individualized, developmentally appropriate, and personally challenging instructional program that will advance the knowledge, confidence, skills, and motivation needed to engage in a lifelong, healthy, active lifestyle. with the increase in obesity nationwide, the benefits gained from physical activity include : disease prevention, decreased morbidity and premature mortality, and increased mental health and self - esteem. the benefits of physical education can also affect academic learning. regular aerobic exercise produces an increased number of capillaries servicing the brain which allows for a greater exchange of nutrients and waste products. this optimizes oxygen and glucose delivery to the brain which can help improve brain performance. additionally, physical education incorporates concepts of math, reading / english language arts, and science into the physical education realm. technology is also being integrated into the curriculum through the use of heart rate monitors, pedometers, and computer - based fitness stations. the ultimate goal of physical education will always be participation in health - enhancing physical activity for a lifetime. national standards for physical education the maryland physical education content standards were designed to be consistent with the naspe national standards for physical education. the maryland physical education content standards expand upon the naspe standards and require students to use these skills and knowledge in active, in - depth learning experiences that focus on problem solving, decision making, and investigating authentic movement problems. because of this, the maryland physical education content standards look different from the naspe standards, but they include the basic knowledge and skills advocated by both national and maryland state experts. the national standards for physical education include : standard 1 : demonstrates competency in motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. standard 2 : demonstrates understanding of movement concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics as they apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. standard 3 : participates regularly in physical activity. standard 4 : achieves and maintains a health - enhancing level of physical fitness. standard 5 : exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others in physical activity settings. standard 6 : values physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self - expression, and / or social interaction. maryland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5155387759147838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e2f9e11-1c44-4ff2-b42e-32a67e4c5704>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.474207"}
{"text": "- enhancing level of physical fitness. standard 5 : exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others in physical activity settings. standard 6 : values physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self - expression, and / or social interaction. maryland state content standards description of the standards the physical education content standards reflect scientific principles of exercise physiology, biomechanics, social - psychology, and motor learning essential to the development of a physically educated person. these principles are consistent with those in other academic areas, facilitating cross - curricular connections among physical education and science, mathematics, language arts, social studies, art, music, and health. for example, the scientific principles of exercise physiology emphasized in standard 4, such as those that regulate muscular, skeletal, and nervous system functions and responses to physical activity, can be linked directly to content standards in the life sciences. students can use the biomechanical principles in standard 2 to examine the generation and application of forces consistent with those in the physical sciences, while analyses of physiological and biomechanical principles and applications can be described mathematically, enhancing students \u2019 understanding of the relevance and relationships between these bodies of knowledge. teachers are encouraged to design tasks that focus on the application of theses principles to students \u2019 life events in active, enjoyable settings. this contributes to understanding and retention of concepts. the social / psychological principles explained in standard 6 contribute to students ' understanding of themselves and others through the development of positive intra - personal and social skills within a diverse community of learners. the motor learning principles in standard 3 explain the processes involved in learning physical skills. this knowledge enhances students ' understanding of themselves as growing, learning individuals, reinforcing the importance of education and schooling in their lives. standard 1 and 5, skillfulness and physical activity, emphasize applications of the scientific principles, and concepts in the previous four standards within concept - rich movement tasks and activities. through these two standards, students develop a rich and meaningful understanding of movement - related concepts and are encouraged to design and adapt scientifically sound physical and skill improvement plans. standards development process the maryland state board of education ( msde ), through the state superintendent of schools, formed a physical education content standards workgroup comprised of local school system supervisors, msde staff, and representatives from maryland colleges and universities. the committee met over two years to develop the maryland content standards using the national standards for physical education developed by the national association of sport and physical education ( naspe ). the state curriculum for physical education is the document that provides grade specific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5437629742744833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e2f9e11-1c44-4ff2-b42e-32a67e4c5704>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.475452"}
{"text": "capitalizing on a growing body of evidence that comics can encourage reluctant readers to read more and talented students to gain in knowledge and creativity, the maryland state department of education has partnered with diamond comic book distributors and elicited the help of members of local school systems, higher education, adult and corrections education, and libraries. the goal is to develop a maryland plan and instructional strategies that support the use of graphic literature in elementary, secondary, adult, and corrections education. this initiative which is sponsored by state superintendent nancy grasmick and the president of diamond comics, steve geppi. the maryland comic book initiative the maryland state department of education ( msde ) partnered with diamond comic book distributors, the nation ' s largest comic book distributor, to create a maryland comic book initiative called comics in the classroom. the purpose of the initiative is to introduce and encourage the use of award - winning and other credible graphic novels and comic book materials in classroom instruction. these materials are not to be a replacement of traditional texts and instruction, but rather an additional means to enhance reading instruction by motivating students to read more and better. the innovative programs developed for phase 1 of the program include lessons and suggested materials for elementary grades first through fourth. these lessons are based on maryland ' s voluntary state curriculum. specialized instructional lessons designed with disney publishing worldwide were piloted in maryland and evaluated by the university of maryland baltimore county. these lessons and other parts of the program have received widespread national and international attention. the disney / msde comics in the classroom toolkit - background information in 2004, msde brought together a panel of distinguished teachers, principals, and comic book experts to brainstorm ideas related to the use of comics in maryland classrooms. the idea was enthusiastically embraced and teacher team members and the msde scoped out an instructional program for maryland. the msde then began contract work with disney publishing worldwide to create an instructional toolkit featuring disney characters that could be used by teachers to motivate students and expand their reading skills. the program which was developed is referred to as the comics in the classroom toolkit. it is geared to third and perhaps fourth grade students and features ten lessons complete with lesson - by - lesson guidelines, reading, vocabulary, and writing exercises, along with comic book creation exercises and other handouts for students. toolkit reading materials feature classic disney characters such as mickey mouse and donald duck. a set of 30 comic books is included in each classroom kit. sample lessons can be found the following url : bookshelf. diamondcomics. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47180721905371703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56476614-d555-4fce-8dee-792f6ec3ba80>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.479128"}
{"text": "students. toolkit reading materials feature classic disney characters such as mickey mouse and donald duck. a set of 30 comic books is included in each classroom kit. sample lessons can be found the following url : bookshelf. diamondcomics. com. follow the link for md comic book initiative. recently, eight maryland elementary schools piloted this program at the third grade and we learned that the students loved reading graphic stories and gained important reading, writing, and thinking skills. the disney materials were vetted by a state committee and evaluated by the education department at the university of maryland baltimore county ( umbc ). the results of the evaluation were very positive. project continuation in 2008 in a new phase of the initiative starting spring 2008, approximately 200 maryland third grade classrooms will work with msde in providing additional feedback on the toolkit lessons. in addition, the maryland comic book initiative will continue to work with diamond and numerous publishers to offer guidance and ideas for instructional programs utilizing graphic novels and comics for students of all ages. steve geppi, darla strouse, dr. nancy grasmick, john snyder of diamond, and jonathan yaged of disney publishing worldwide. may 3, 2007 comics in the classroom video, may 3, 2007 fourth graders from george lisby elementary at hillsdale in harford county visit the geppi entertainment museum downtown by camden yards, as schools superintendent nancy grasmick launches the \" comics in the classroom \" initiative.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4502047507706629, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56476614-d555-4fce-8dee-792f6ec3ba80>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.479742"}
{"text": "flashing and drainage flashing is a crucial component in modern masonry walls. whereas solid, multi - wythe masonry walls mostly constructed before the 1900s manage water infiltration through absorption and evaporation, modern masonry walls must accommodate moisture penetration by providing a collection and drainage system. this system consists of flashing and weeps. flashing also serves to prevent water penetration at interfaces with other building systems, such as windows and other penetrations. cavity wall design recognizes that water penetration through masonry is inevitable, and it provides the necessary means to manage moisture. flashing location, material selection, detailing and proper installation are all significantly important to ensure that water does not penetrate to the interior areas of buildings. | flashing seams or laps that are not properly sealed can lead to water leakage. locating flashing is a fairly straightforward task, provided water flow and the limitations of the building wall components are well understood. masonry walls are porous, often including paths for water penetration, such as cracks and poorly bonded mortar joints ; even if properly installed, window perimeter and coping stone sealant degrades over time. also, through - wall penetrations at pipes, conduit, vents and air conditioning sleeves obviously breach the skin of a building. each of these locations provides the opportunity for water penetration. once moisture has penetrated through the exterior veneer of the masonry wall, it will begin flowing down the interior face of the veneer. where the vertical flow of water is interrupted by a horizontal surface, water has the potential to penetrate to the interior areas of a building. such interruptions typically occur at wall bases, shelf angles, lintels, slab edges, through - wall penetrations and windowsills. these are the primary locations where flashing is necessary to manage water. flashing also is used at other locations to prevent moisture penetration, more so than managing water after penetration. this is typically the case at coping stones on parapet walls and at the head and jambs of windows. it should be noted that most model building codes, including the 2000, 2003 and 2006 versions of the international building code ( ibc ), require installation of flashing at various areas of masonry walls. the specific locations where flashing is required in each version of the ibc have changed slightly over the years ; however, the intent remains the same. | failure to properly install flashing at wall corners and intersections can lead to water leakage, and possibly mold. flashing materials must be resistant to punctures during construction, they must be corrosion resistant, they must not absorb moisture, and they should be fairly easy to install", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.489854919747958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4885549-32a5-478a-85d8-886c3ce1b677>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.489962"}
{"text": "install flashing at wall corners and intersections can lead to water leakage, and possibly mold. flashing materials must be resistant to punctures during construction, they must be corrosion resistant, they must not absorb moisture, and they should be fairly easy to install. more importantly, all flashing materials should be able to provide their intended waterproofing function. flashing material often is selected based on cost and suitability, but service life also should be considered. failure of the flashing prior to the end of the useful life of a building will require expensive repairs ; therefore, only highly durable materials should be used in masonry construction. the most durable flashing materials are sheet metals typically copper and stainless steel. these materials are resistant to punctures, corrosion and water absorption. however, installation is somewhat more difficult than for flexible materials, since they require shop or field bending prior to installation. another factor is the sealing of laps and joints, which normally is accomplished by soldering the sheet metal sections together. sheet metals also tend to be the most expensive flashing materials. one of the most common materials used for flashing is rubberized asphalt. it typically comes in variable width sheets and is self - adhesive. the sheets are manufactured through careful blending of rubberizing agents with asphalt ( typically sbs or sebs ). the rubberized asphalt then is laminated with a backing material, usually high - density polyethylene. these products are usually 40 mils thick, are flexible, easy to install, non - corrosive, and will not absorb water. they are a somewhat less durable than sheet metal since they are more susceptible to punctures. however, since this type of flashing often is fully adhered to the substrate, a puncture will not necessarily result in a leak. nonetheless, punctures should not be tolerated in any kind of flashing installation. laps and joints in rubberized asphalt flashing materials are sealed through the self - adhesive properties of the material. thin approximately 20 mils thick or less polyethylene sheeting ( plastic ) also is being used as flashing. however, this is not a durable material. in such thicknesses, polyethylene has nearly no puncture resistance and will degrade over short periods of time. additionally, sealing joints and laps in thin polyethylene or other types of plastic sheets is difficult. there are many other types of through - wall flashing products such as laminated copper sheets. before specifying any flashing materials, they should be evaluated for their durability and installation practicality. flashing accessories such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4708957939239368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4885549-32a5-478a-85d8-886c3ce1b677>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.490913"}
{"text": "other types of plastic sheets is difficult. there are many other types of through - wall flashing products such as laminated copper sheets. before specifying any flashing materials, they should be evaluated for their durability and installation practicality. flashing accessories such as termination bars, drip edges, solder, primers, adhesives and sealants must also be durable and compatible with flashing and other wall materials. metal components must be non - corrosive and sealants must remain soft and flexible. no material should adversely affect any other material within the wall system. | end dams are often formed using a combination of flexible flashing with a sheet metal backup to ensure proper geometry of the flashing is maintained during construction. although quality mason contractors should fully understand the purpose of flashing and installation requirements, flashing systems should be thoroughly detailed on the construction drawings. these details should provide direction to the contractor in forming end dams and corners, installing termination bars and drip edges, sealing seams, providing expansion joints, and installing proper flashing support. detailing flashing to collect and divert water from the interior cavity wall surfaces to the exterior should consider the following : - end dams must be used at the ends of each length of non - continuous flashing to force water to the exterior of the masonry cavity walls. the most common location for end dams is at the ends of window lintels and windowsills. without them, water will flow along and off of the end of the lintel into the wall cavity ( path of least resistance ). however, since the window lintel spans the full width of the wall cavity, water can spill into the cavity at or near the interior walls, exposing them to potential water penetration. - proper detailing at corners is necessary to ensure moisture does not penetrate through the flashing system. details for corners must indicate locations for seams and laps. corner details may include the use of preformed sheet metal, even if rubberized asphalt flashing is used. - flashing must extend through the full thickness of the wall and terminate beyond the face of the wall with a drip edge. terminating flashing within the exterior wythe of masonry could allow water to travel back beneath the flashing, into the cavity, and possibly back to the interior wythe of the wall system. use of self - adhesive rubberized asphalt flashing should include separate, stainless steel drip edges adhered directly to lintels and shelf angles, beneath the self - adhesive flashing. this is because rubberized asphalts will degrade with uv exposure. therefore, when used with a stainless steel drip edge,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49512773004646055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4885549-32a5-478a-85d8-886c3ce1b677>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.491848"}
{"text": "separate, stainless steel drip edges adhered directly to lintels and shelf angles, beneath the self - adhesive flashing. this is because rubberized asphalts will degrade with uv exposure. therefore, when used with a stainless steel drip edge, the rubberized asphalt does not need to extend beyond the face of the exterior wall. - the interior vertical leg of flashing should extend up a minimum of eight inches. the top edge of the flashing must be terminated properly. the two most common termination methods are embedment in a bed joint of the masonry backup or with a termination bar. termination bars should be fairly stiff to provide a uniform clamping force between the fasteners and resist bending during installation. a \" [ \" shape often is best for this purpose. termination bars should also be corrosion resistant. - details of seams should include a minimum lap length of four inches. although metal flashing often is soldered at the seams, sometimes it is better to adhere the lapped areas with flexible sealant. this will accommodate thermal expansion and contraction where soldered seams will not. - flexible flashing must be fully supported across the full width of the wall cavity below. at shelf angles and lintels this is always the case. however, flexible flashing placed at floor lines without shelf angles will form a trough over the width of the cavity if supplemental support is not provided. this trough will retain water and can cause large leaks where there are any small imperfections in the flashing seams. water will then flow through the seams, into the cavity space below and possibly down the face of the interior wythe, exposing interior areas of a building to water penetration. supplemental support typically is provided through installation of a sheet metal angle attached to the masonry backup wythe and spanning across the full width of the cavity. - penetrations through flashing materials, such as at coping stone anchors, must be detailed to ensure the penetration is watertight. most often, this is accomplished with a flexible sealant or mastic. - weeps must be placed in the mortar joint immediately above the flashing at a maximum of 24 inches on center. in general, the larger the weeps, the better. cell vents installed in head joints, typically the same size as a head joint, will quickly remove more water than cotton rope or small plastic tube weeps. flashing details are often best presented in isometric views. in particular, details at corners and end dams are difficult to show clearly in traditional, two - dimensional details. although not specifically the topic of this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46126969831949566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4885549-32a5-478a-85d8-886c3ce1b677>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.492864"}
{"text": "cotton rope or small plastic tube weeps. flashing details are often best presented in isometric views. in particular, details at corners and end dams are difficult to show clearly in traditional, two - dimensional details. although not specifically the topic of this article, it is important to note that flashing cannot serve its intended purpose if the wall cavity is too narrow and not kept clean during construction. for cavity walls to function as intended, they must be designed with a minimum inch - inch wide cavity. this dimension is considered the minimum width necessary, as recommended by the brick industry association, to prevent the cavity from being bridged by mortar or other materials and to allow water to cross over to the interior wythe. narrower cavities are far more difficult to keep clear during construction. however, it should be noted that mortar bridging can still occur with a wider cavity if the masons do not exercise care to keep the cavity clear during construction. in addition, be aware that a weather - resistive barrier ( wrb ) is required by all three versions of the ibc. a wrb also can serve as a vapor retarder and / or an air barrier depending on its properties. design and installation of flashing for masonry cavity walls will require close coordination between wrb installers and flashing installation crews as these two components will serve as parts of the moisture management system within the wall assembly. proper placement of the air barrier, wrb or a vapor retarder within the wall assembly deserves a long discussion, worthy of its own article. the final step to achieving a fully functioning flashing system is ensuring good workmanship during installation. properly designed and detailed, flashing systems with carefully specified materials still will be subject to poor performance or failure if good workmanship is not provided during installation. the key considerations during installation include the following : - materials must be supplied and installed as specified by the design professional. use of poor - quality materials cannot be allowed. - all seams, joints and corners must be lapped and sealed thoroughly. - full support for flexible flashing must be installed. - when using self - adhesive flashing, all surfaces to which the flashing will be adhered must be cleaned and primed. during cold weather, heat guns may be required to ensure proper adhesion. - flashing installation should be sequenced to avoid damage until it is fully protected within the wall cavity. flashing often is installed in the bed joints of cmu backup materials and left hanging for several months until the exterior brick is installed. this practice leaves the flashing highly susceptible to damage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5341864885013365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4885549-32a5-478a-85d8-886c3ce1b677>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.494087"}
{"text": "the answer appears to be yes, that we can construct such numbers at present. the techniques that have been used recently have their roots around 1985 when elliptic curves were first applied to cryptography and factorization and when personal computers with ram by the megabyte became common. i would like to thank charles for reminding me that a product of exactly two primes is called a semiprime. chris k. caldwell, a professor at the university of tennessee at martin whose current research interest is prime number theory, writes that \" small examples of proven, unfactored, semiprimes can be easily constructed. \" what is easy for him is not so easy for me, but it might not be too hard if i would re - read my copy of bressoud ' s factorization and primality testing. proven, unfactored semiprimes are called \" interesting semiprimes \" by don reble, a software consultant who took up the problem from ( at least his interpretation of ) remarks by ed pegg, jr. there are at least two examples online, a 1084 - digit interesting semiprime constructed by don reble and a 5061 - digit interesting semiprime constructed by david broadhurst, a theoretical high energy physicist. reble ' s interesting semiprime is in a text file that presents some parameters for a proof and the proof itself. it relies on properties of elliptic curves and is therefore currently over my head. part of reble ' s proof is that his semiprime survives a check that it is not a base - two strong probable prime. broadhurst ' s interesting semiprime is in a text file that can be input to pari. he has written there the relatively elementary conditions and the parameters that he used in order to prove that his number is a semiprime, basing his work on reble ' s. he provides the location of a certificate that one of his parameters was proven prime using the free - of - cost, closed - source program primo by marcel martin. primo is an implementation of elliptic curve primality proving. for suggesting the problem, broadhurst thanked reble and phil carmody, a linux kernel developer and researcher in high - performance numerical computing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5626277372418078, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e092c1a-3b18-4556-b79e-25340009ab5d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.496372"}
{"text": "date : jan 2, 2013 7 : 10 pm author : jerry p. becker subject : a long winter ' s nap from connect [ college of education + human development ], university of minnesota, volume 7, no. 1, pp. 18 - 19. winter 2013. see a long winter ' s nap less than 20 years ago, discoveries about teen sleep began changing school start times in minnesota. now it ' s a national movement. by gayla marty one morning in 1996, kyla wahlstrom [ see http : / / www. cehd. umn. edu / carei / people / kwahlstrom. html ] got a call from a local superintendent. his school board had just decided to change the high school start time from 7 : 15 to 8 : 30 the next fall, only months away. emerging research on profound differences in teen sleep patterns was so strong that the board believed a later start time could help their students. the superintendent called wahlstrom because she directs the u ' s center for applied research and educational improvement ( carei ), which examines new things happening in schools. [ see wahlstrom admits she was skeptical. but edina went through with the plan and the results astounded everyone. a year later, all seven high schools in minneapolis followed suit. carei was asked to investigate and report the findings. now, 15 years later, as author of the school start time study, wahlstrom is called upon by school districts across the country that are considering the change. here are wahlstrom ' s answers to some common questions. how is teen sleep different than sleep for anybody else? sleepiness is caused by melatonin ' s release in the body, which is regulated by the central nervous system. medical research shows that teenagers - different from young children and adults - have a distinct sleeping and waking cycle. almost all teens in the world, not just in our country, tend to fall asleep biologically about 10 : 45 p. m., and their bodies and brains want to stay in the sleep mode until about 8 in the morning. the shift in sleep timing happens at puberty, around age 13, and lasts until about age 19. that ' s still more than nine hours of sleep a teen needs every night. younger children need 10 to 12 hours of sleep, and they can easily fall asleep at a regular bedtime that is very early. of course the body is also regulated by sunlight, so kids are naturally more ready to stay up in the summer when the sun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4793008213306965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9639fc4-7d3d-492d-a026-46e9e68c351c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.503446"}
{"text": "children need 10 to 12 hours of sleep, and they can easily fall asleep at a regular bedtime that is very early. of course the body is also regulated by sunlight, so kids are naturally more ready to stay up in the summer when the sun is still up, too. then as adults, we go back to our genetically determined sleep patterns and need less sleep - usually around 8 hours. about 22 percent of us are larks and wake up naturally very early in the morning, around 5 to 6 a. m., and about 27 percent of us are owls, who naturally don ' t feel sleepy until 1 or 2 a. m. and don ' t function well until around 10 a. m. the rest of us are somewhere in the middle. what difference does it make to change school start times? in the initial findings in both edina and minneapolis the teachers said, \" this is a different bunch of kids now with the later start. they are awake and ready for learning. \" and the principals said, \" we have a different school here! \" there were fewer disruptions in the lunchroom, and passing times in the hallways were more subdued. school counselors said the students were self - referring less for peer relationship problems. when we interviewed parents - and we interviewed and surveyed hundreds of parents - they said their kids were easier to live with. of course, it makes sense - no matter how young or old we are, we ' re less crabby when we get enough sleep! in october 2013, the twin cities will host a major national conference on teen sleep - the intersection between medicine, education, and policy - cosponsored by carei and the u ' s academic health center. child psychologists, pediatricians, school personnel, and policymakers are just some of those expected to attend. watch for conference information on the carei website. after five years, minneapolis found a statistically significant improvement in the graduation rate. kids stopped missing the bus and missing as much class time. in 2010, a study in virginia showed a connection between later start times and a drop in car accidents by teens on their way to school in the morning. so there are tremendous positive outcomes by pushing back start times for high schools by at least an hour. how many schools have changed? we stopped counting when more than 250 schools across the country had made the change. in minnesota, it appears that many school districts have shifted to at least 8 a. m., and more are considering an 8 : 30 start. it ' s happening", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42980065369107523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9639fc4-7d3d-492d-a026-46e9e68c351c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.504372"}
{"text": "we stopped counting when more than 250 schools across the country had made the change. in minnesota, it appears that many school districts have shifted to at least 8 a. m., and more are considering an 8 : 30 start. it ' s happening everywhere - i ' ve heard from every state in the union. just today i had a call from a national newspaper to check some facts for an article they ' re running about the local issues that districts have in making such a change. are there costs and problems? it can be very difficult for schools historically starting at 7 : 15 or 7 : 20 to make that shift. but minneapolis did it, with 52, 000 enrolled students at the time they made the move, at no cost. what we ' ve seen is that it requires two things - a lot of careful planning, and for people to believe the facts. by now the medical link between teen sleep and school performance is strong. making the change creates an imbalance in the community for about a year. you know : when are buses on the road? when are babysitters available? in school districts where they use the same set of buses for all grade levels, like minneapolis, it means the elementary students are now waiting for the bus on those winter mornings in the dark. it ' s a real concern. some neighbors take turns waiting with the kids in the morning. on the other hand, those little ones may not be going home in the dark at the end of the day anymore. what can parents do to help teens get enough sleep? it ' s about routines - the human body really likes routines. the body has to slow down to get ready to fall asleep. even as adults we know we can ' t come home from a party and jump in bed! so parents can establish routines for their kids to slow down before bed. there ' s also brand - new research about the effect of light that comes off all of our devices - cell phones and computers and tv : it ' s very disruptive to the brain because the brain thinks it ' s daylight. it ' s a different wavelength than regular light bulbs. so a half hour before bedtime, depending on your kids ' ages, you can say shut everything off except a lamp. they can have a quiet game or story - parents can read to younger ones, or kids can read themselves something calming in bed. and we can tell them why! sleep is important for learning. how does sleep affect learning? the function of sleep is to \" prune \" our memories of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46015015085889965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9639fc4-7d3d-492d-a026-46e9e68c351c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.505285"}
{"text": "parents can read to younger ones, or kids can read themselves something calming in bed. and we can tell them why! sleep is important for learning. how does sleep affect learning? the function of sleep is to \" prune \" our memories of the stimuli that have bombarded us all day and to consolidate what ' s important. if you don ' t have that pruning and consolidation, you wake up all scattered and disorganized. this is true for human learning at any age - information is consolidated in your brain during sleep, especially rem sleep. a good night ' s sleep is all about learning. sidebar - up next : in october 2013, the twin cities will host a major national conference on teen sleep - the intersection between medicine, education, and policy - cosponsored by carei and the u ' s academic health center. child psychologists, pediatricians, school personnel, and policymakers are just some of those expected to attend. watch for conference information on the carei website. learn more about carei, the direct research link between cehd and minnesota schools prek - 16, and school start - time research. [ see sidebar photo : kyla wahlstrom jerry p. becker dept. of curriculum & instruction southern illinois university 625 wham drive mail code 4610 carbondale, il 62901 - 4610 phone : ( 618 ) 453 - 4241 [ o ] ( 618 ) 457 - 8903 [ h ] fax : ( 618 ) 453 - 4244", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4878765541162594, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9639fc4-7d3d-492d-a026-46e9e68c351c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.505930"}
{"text": "as the temperature rises, so do your opportunities to commune with nature. do not let poison ivy ruin your plans! one beautiful summer day, joanna recruited her two young children to help her work in the backyard. after working in the vegetable garden, she and her kids turned their attention to the patch of weeds growing at the back of the yard and along one side of the house. the next morning, johanna awoke to find a slightly uncomfortable rash erupting on her arms and lower legs. so did her daughters. over the course of the day, their rashes grew progressively worse. by monday morning the three were scratching furiously. by mid - afternoon, they were in the doctor ' s office. the diagnosis? poison ivy. poison ivy, as well as poison oak and poison sumac, grows almost anywhere \u2014 deep in the woods, at the local park, or in your yard. the culprit behind the extremely uncomfortable allergic skin rash of poison ivy, oak, and sumac is urushiol ( pronounced \" you - roo - shee - ol \" ), an oily substance found in every part of the plant except the pollen. upon contact with the skin, urushiol is almost immediately absorbed. if not removed quickly \u2014 within about 10 minutes \u2014 an allergic reaction ( in most people ) begins with redness and swelling followed by extreme itchiness, and then by blisters ( filled with a yellowish fluid ) that can break open, causing crusting and scaling. the full - blown rash usually develops within 12 - 72 hours, but people who have never been exposed to poison ivy may not see a full - blown rash for 7 - 10 days. although the itching and swelling can be treated and controlled, there is no cure per se for the rash itself, which usually takes 1 - 3 weeks to run its course. \" catching \" the rash most people do not develop a rash upon first exposure, but rather after repeated exposures. in addition, sensitivity to urushiol often decreases with age, so children tend to be much more susceptible to urushiol - caused rashes than adults. despite what you may have heard, you cannot \" catch \" the rash from someone who has it, nor can you \" spread \" the rash from one part of your body to another by scratching. you must have direct contact with urushiol yourself. however, you can come into contact with urushiol in a number of ways : - touching the sap \u2014 contact with the sap of a poison ivy, oak, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43819145396426107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832ddb09-ee10-481e-87dc-3848e6861e45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.512826"}
{"text": "to another by scratching. you must have direct contact with urushiol yourself. however, you can come into contact with urushiol in a number of ways : - touching the sap \u2014 contact with the sap of a poison ivy, oak, or sumac plant exposes you to urushiol. and since urushiol remains active for months, this includes coming into contact with dead plants. - carriers of the poison \u2014 anything that comes into contact with the oily urushiol will be a conduit, including skin, clothing, backpacks, tools, and carpeting. it is even possible to become infected by handling firewood that has lingering traces of poison ivy, oak, or sumac. - furry friends \u2014 pets are an especially good conduit for urushiol. while their fur protects them from getting the rash, the urushiol readily sticks to their fur, and then spreads to anything that touches it, including you! - air transport \u2014 when poison ivy, oak, or sumac is burned, airborne urushiol particles can come in contact with the skin and cause a rash. if inhaled, these particles can cause a rash in the lungs, a very serious condition. accordingly, you should never try to remove or dispose of these poisonous plants by burning them. treatment at home it takes about 10 minutes for urushiol to be fully absorbed into the skin. so if you know you have come in contact with it, the best treatment is to wash the contaminated skin in cold water as soon as possible. once the rash has developed, there are a number of treatments that will lessen its severity, including : - cold or lukewarm showers - baths mixed with oatmeal compounds - anti - itch creams and lotions - topical corticosteroids if you cover the rash or blisters after applying cream or lotion, do so with a gauze pad, and cover them very loosely since contact with the air helps heal the rash. avoid scratching the rash and do not break open the blisters caused by the rash. though the liquid within the blisters will not spread the rash, bacteria on the fingers and under the fingernails can cause the rash and / or blisters to become infected. wash anything you wore ( including your shoes ) during the time you came in contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac. use hot, sudsy water. also wash anything else that might have come in contact ( eg, garden tools, sports equipment, etc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4237471148849189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832ddb09-ee10-481e-87dc-3848e6861e45>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.516011"}
{"text": "( including your shoes ) during the time you came in contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac. use hot, sudsy water. also wash anything else that might have come in contact ( eg, garden tools, sports equipment, etc. ). you can use rubbing alcohol or a mix of water and bleach. when to see a doctor although poison ivy, oak, and sumac usually can be treated without medical attention, see a doctor if : - the rash covers a large part of your body - you have large blisters - you cannot sleep - the rash becomes severe - the itch cannot be controlled - the rash affects the eyes or mouth ( especially if either area begins to swell shut or if previous bouts with poison ivy, oak, or sumac have been extremely severe ) in such cases, your physician or dermatologist will generally prescribe prescription - strength cortisone creams, or in extremely severe cases, oral steroids, to control itching and swelling. in addition, since airborne urushiol particles pose an extreme health danger, seek immediate medical attention if you think you or your child has inhaled such particles, even if symptoms have not yet occurred. the best way to avoid getting a poison ivy, oak, or sumac rash is to avoid contact with urushiol. - cover up skin \u2014 when walking or working in areas where these poisonous plants may lurk, wear long - sleeved shirts and pants and tuck your pant bottoms into your socks. next, become familiar with what these plants look like, and avoid them. since they can grow in somewhat different configurations, the old adage of \" leaves of three, beware of me \" tends to be of only limited help. you can find pictures of poison ivy, oak, and sumac on the american academy of dermatology website. - clean up \u2014 if any of your clothing, tools, furniture, or carpeting comes in contact with urushiol, wash them thoroughly, being careful not to transfer the urushiol to your skin. do the same with a pet that has been exposed to urushiol. - hire help \u2014 it is best to hire a professional to remove poisonous plants from around your house or garden. however, if you decide to do it yourself, be sure to pull the entire plant ( including the roots ) and wear clothing protecting as much of your skin as possible. never burn the plants. - skin care \u2014 you can apply a skin care product that prevents skin from absorbing urushiol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3972420911828839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832ddb09-ee10-481e-87dc-3848e6861e45>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.517161"}
{"text": "detection of protandry and protogyny from infructescences | sycamore index page | | invasive woody plants | | as described in the sex expression section sycamore trees may be protandrous when their inflorescences start with a sequence of male flowers followed by a sequence of female flowers, or protogynous when the reverse sequence occurs. protogynous individuals will produce inflorescences of mode b and very rarely a few of mode g. protandrous individuals are far more variable as they have inflorescences of mode c, d, or e, or a mixture of these. male flowering trees are described as protandrous because in some years some or even all their inflorescences have female flowers. similarly protandrous individuals will exhibit large annual variation in the proportion of inflorescences of mode c, d and / or e. the existence of female flowering individuals has been reported. there is no evidence that trees will change their modes of sex expression with age. in sycamore certain characters such as fruit production, fruit dry weight, percentage of fertilized fruits and the number of carpels per fruit, may vary between morphs ( see fruit set ). in order to explain such variation it is then essential to know the sexual morph of the trees studied. because sexing the flowers of trees in spring is rather time consuming and / or impractical on tall specimens, a method using the morphological characters of the infructescence was developed. reliability of method the method for the identification of the sex expression of the inflorescences using infructescences was developed in 1983, and was tested with 95 % success when comparing the flowering data of 240 trees obtained in spring and the determination of the sex expression using infructescences in the autumn. the test was repeated in 1984 with 100 % success. using fruiting material only, one can differentiate between protandrous and protogynous individuals and also between infructescences of mode b and mode g of the latter group using the characters listed in table 1 and as shown diagrammatically in fig. 1. in mode g the structure and position of the fruits of the first part of the stalk is similar to the normal protogynous infructescence ( mode b ), but it is longer and it bears a few small parthenocarpic fruits at its end ( fig. 1c ). it is however impossible to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5065431109979155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7a8d506-f3eb-48a2-8315-51fb1a7dfd94>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.520990"}
{"text": "stalk is similar to the normal protogynous infructescence ( mode b ), but it is longer and it bears a few small parthenocarpic fruits at its end ( fig. 1c ). it is however impossible to distinguish between infructescences from mode c and d. the very few male flowering individuals ( mode e ; less than 1 % in ireland ) will not be recognised with this method and only the shoot morphology will provide indications of their existence. in these, soon after flowering, the inflorescences will fall and the two growing terminal buds will be closely appressed ( fig. 1g ). on the other hand in other modes of flowering, female flowers, even if unfertilized, will produce fruits, because of a high parthenocarpic tendency in maples. such infructescences will remain on the trees most of the summer leading to two well separated terminal buds ( fig. 1h ). it should be noted that some small flowering side shoots may not produce any buds. only practice allows one to determine the sex expression of the individual with accuracy from infructescence material, and whilst the majority of the individuals examined fit easily into one or other of the two morphs, nevertheless some trees have features which do not always fit entirely the description given in table 1 and fig. 1. for instance, some infructescences of mode b do have a terminal fruit, but this is never the case for protandrous modes of flowering. the size of fruits and infructescences, and the number of fruits per infructescence given in table 1 are applicable to sycamores encountered in most of the british isles and the alps. however in areas with a very favourable climate ( e. g. some parts of lowland switzerland ) measurements of fruit and infructescence size and the number of fruits per infructescence may be higher, and therefore the values listed in table 1 may be misleading. table 1. morphological data from infructescences differentiating between protandrous and protogynous individuals, and also between mode b and mode g of the latter group. | copyright \u00a9 2000 pierre binggeli. all rights reserved. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49362222678877243, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7a8d506-f3eb-48a2-8315-51fb1a7dfd94>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.521798"}
{"text": "3, 950, 000 first language speakers ( 1980 ), out of 6, 500, 000 in the ethnic group in turkey ( 1993 johnstone ) ; 938, 000 in syria ( 1993 ) ; 480, 000 in germany, 51, 000 in armenia ( 1979 ), 25, 000 in kazakhstan ; 14, 000 in kyrghyzstan ( 1993 ), 2, 933 in turkmenistan, 20, 000 in azerbaijan ( 1989 census ), 33, 000 in georgia ( 1993 ) ; 4, 000 in jordan ; 173, 000 in lebanon ; 200, 000 in iran ; 22, 000 in belgium ; 40, 000 in netherlands ; 3, 000 in norway ; 10, 000 in sweden ; 53, 000 in switzerland ; 6, 000 in united kingdom ; 7, 000, 000 to 8, 000, 000 in all countries ( 1987 estimate ) ; 12, 000, 000 to 15, 000, 000 total ethnic kurds including kurdi speakers. the majority are in the provinces of hakkari, siirt, mardin, agri, diyarbakir, bitlis, bingol, van, adiyaman, and mus. also many in urfa, elazig, kars, tunceli, malatya, erzurum, kahraman maras, sivas, ankara, and other provinces. also in iraq, bahrain, kuwait, france, austria, usa. indo - european, indo - iranian, iranian, western, northwestern, kurdish. dialects : guwii, hakkari, jezire ( botan, bohtani, buhtani ), urfi, bayazidi, surchi, qochani, birjandi, alburz, sanjari, judikani. differences in speaking among dialects, but all use the same written form. distinct from kurdi ( southern kurdish ). ethnic names also include doudjik, kizibakh. not many are very bilingual in turkish. roman script is used in turkey ; arabic script in syria, iraq, and iran ; cyrillic script in former ussr. armenian script is not used now. 28 % literacy rate. language of wider communication. mountain slope. traditionally pastoralists, now agriculturalists. muslim ( sunni and alevi ), some yezidi, secular.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4416884516264858, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d6a3ee2-0469-4e23-b3d1-c1936b792df1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.523739"}
{"text": "is a known type i and type iii allergen that can sometimes cause infections in the human skin, nails, and eyes. a common saprobe frequently isolated from soil, plant surfaces, seeds, grains, fruits and other food, human skin and nails. common indoors in humid areas such as bathrooms, kitchens, poorly maintained hvac systems and window frames. allergies to aureobasidium are common, but infections are rarely reported. common outdoor, soil - dwelling fungus. when found indoors, ita ' s a marker for moisture accumulation. when a patient talks about a \u201c black molda \u201d growing on shower curtains, tile grout, windowsills and fabrics, expect to find aureo and cladosporium sp. found in soil, forest soils, fresh water, aerial portion of plants, fruit, marine estuary sediments, wood. allergen, type i allergies ( hay fever, asthma ). type iii hypersensitivity pneumonitis : \u201c humidifier fever \u201d, \u201c sauna taker ' s lung \u201d. growth indoors is widespread where moisture accumulates - especially bathrooms and kitchens - on shower curtains, tile grout, windowsills, textiles, liquid waste materials. potential toxic production is not known. rare reports of : isolates from skin lesions, keratitis, spleen abscess in a lymphoma patient, blood isolate from a leukemic patient. ( are - ee - oh - buh - syd ' - ee - um ) - contaminant / opportunistic pathogen, found worldwide in soil, food, and wood, rarely associated with human disease but reported to be allergenic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4912167926513967, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6674fcae-da02-4696-a056-07c75a6b0a7d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.525289"}
{"text": "when i was a kid my parents took my sister and i to autoworld in flint, michigan. it was supposed to be an amusement park dedicated to educating the world on the importance and innovation of the auto industry. one of the first things visitors saw upon entering the complex was a robot that welcomed you to the \u201c wonderful world of automated assembly, \u201d which was transforming the way we built cars in america. i vividly remember my dad leaning down to whisper in my ear, \u201c yeah, and i wonder how the guys that \u2019 s putting out of work feel about it? \u201d in this hyper - connected technology age it \u2019 s hard to imagine a time when people were afraid of robots, but they were. we were. maybe not afraid like we \u2019 re afraid of nuclear armageddon, but there was certainly anxiety there and uncertainty in regard to who would be in control if and when the robots got as smart as their human masters. that \u2019 s the theme of this short film created for the bell system by jim henson in 1963 and unearthed by the at & t archives. while lacking in subtlety ( spoiler alert : the robots need us! ), it \u2019 s an early look at henson \u2019 s ability to humanize objects and inject them with personality. it \u2019 s also a fascinating look at how the early tension between man and machine played into our cultural psyche. now please excuse me as i tweet this from my iphone \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49024736971646543, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ac20d20-b64b-4c23-baf1-888e2bd4cb53>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.526777"}
{"text": "fighting the gypsy mothby bob kelleher, minnesota public radio officials are planning their attack on an expected gypsy moth infestation in northeast minnesota. last year, researchers trapped more moths in cook county than they ' ve ever trapped in the entire state. with treatment, they think they can keep the forest pests at bay for at least a couple more years. duluth, minn. \u2014 gypsy moths have been slowly advancing on minnesota for more than a century, since arriving from europe on america ' s east coast. when in caterpillar form, the bugs are voracious eaters - - stripping trees of their leaves, and making a mess with their droppings. some trees can die. over time, repeated moth attacks can change the mix of trees in a forest. minnesota ' s department of agriculture traps relatively small numbers of the moths every year. but the number of moths they found last year near lake superior ' s north shore is ominous. the department trapped more than 1, 000 in cook county alone - - that ' s more than had ever been found in the entire state. the moths already infest parts of wisconsin and michigan ' s upper peninsula. geir friisoe with the minnesota department of agriculture says that may be where they ' re coming from. \" there is one theory that it ' s the result of blow, which means that it ' s actually blowing, from wisconsin, across the lake, \" says friisoe. \" the other theory is that they are hitchhiking in on campers, belongings, or firewood coming from infested areas. and then a third theory is possibly coming in from the north, from canada. \" to the untrained eye, a forest eaten bare by gypsy moths looks a lot like one hit by forest tent caterpillars - - a native pest that springs up every few years. but friisoe says there are important differences. \" gypsy moth is kind of like a mean, big brother of forest tent caterpillar, \" friisoe says. \" it ' s a much larger caterpillar. it can eat as much as a square foot of foliage a day. and, unlike forest tent, it will also attack conifers, so even white pine would be at risk from gypsy moth. \" no one knows how a forest might respond to both pests, if they ' re hitting the same trees year after year. but a big tree die - off could hurt tourism and increase the fuel available for wildfires.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42475259106165053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa2710ad-bbdb-482f-90a3-795bd451df62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.533159"}
{"text": "risk from gypsy moth. \" no one knows how a forest might respond to both pests, if they ' re hitting the same trees year after year. but a big tree die - off could hurt tourism and increase the fuel available for wildfires. gypsy moths are fond of aspen and paper birch - - both common along the north shore, and both important to the region ' s pulp and paper industry. if established, the bugs can put those species at risk, and drive up costs for loggers, sawmills and paper companies. \" there is an economic cost, and that ' s why we want to keep this out of minnesota as long as humanly possible, \" friisoe says. \" you can still move things, but it just simply becomes more cumbersome and more costly for business. \" infested counties are subject to quarantine. tim o ' hara, with minnesota forest industries and the minnesota timber producers, says quarantine makes it more difficult to move timber. \" logs that would be transported would have to go through an inspection, and be certified as clean by the department of ag, \" says o ' hara. \" and once they ' re eventually shipped to the mill, at the landing yards there, those companies would have to keep that wood separate, would have to keep the bark separate, and dispose of the bark in a proper fashion. \" there ' s little experience so far with the gypsy moths in a pine - based boreal forest, like that inland from the north shore. steve katovich with the u. s. department of agriculture says the bugs might not thrive through the region ' s cold winters. and, he says, cook county has little of the gypsy moth ' s favorite food. \" this is an insect that really focuses most of its activity on oak - dominated forests, \" katovich says. \" the north shore doesn ' t have a lot of oak. however, it does have a lot of aspen and it has a lot paper birch. and those are two species that gypsy moth will feed on heavily and do well in. \" the real risk, katovich says, isn ' t so much to the north shore, but to oak dominated forests further inland, north of the twin cities to brainerd and grand rapids. there ' s enough aspen and birch along the north shore to give the moths a chance to get established. \" once it does that, especially with all the visitation we get in the summertime there, it ' s much more likely to get on somebody", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3922786929560919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa2710ad-bbdb-482f-90a3-795bd451df62>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.534536"}
{"text": "there ' s enough aspen and birch along the north shore to give the moths a chance to get established. \" once it does that, especially with all the visitation we get in the summertime there, it ' s much more likely to get on somebody ' s campers, in somebody ' s firewood, on somebody ' s boat, and then be moved down into other parts of minnesota, \" katovich says. \" so we ' re very concerned about the potential for rapid spread out of the north shore area to other parts of minnesota. \" officials plan to attack the gypsy moth this summer. several of the cook county outbreaks are targeted for treatment with a chemical pheromone. geir friisoe of the state agriculture department says the chemical is completely harmless, even to the moths. but it can keep male moths from finding females. \" it ' s a chemical that is imbedded on a little tiny piece of plastic, about the size of confetti, \" friisoe says. \" and during the summer that little piece of plastic emits the chemical, or the pheromone, and what that does is it overloads the male gypsy moth ability to detect females, or to navigate. \" but there is a downside to pheromone treatment. friisoe says it also makes it difficult to gauge how successful the treatment has been. \" the pheromone that ' s contained in these flakes is the same compound that ' s used in our traps, \" says friisoe. \" and, because of that, it blinds us, so we can ' t use our traps for at least a year and a half, and possibly two years. and that is one of the disadvantages. \" even if the treatment knocks back the number of moths, experts only consider it a holding action. the gypsy moth ' s progress has been slow but relentless. eventually, friisoe says, gypsy moths will infest minnesota. \" we think with these treatments that we ' re applying, that we can delay quarantining of minnesota counties - probably be about five to 10 years out, is our estimate, \" friisoe says. open houses and public meetings are scheduled this week to explain this summer ' s treatment plans for four of the moth outbreaks in cook county. the first is in grand marais tuesday, followed by meetings in hovland and schroeder wednesday and thursday. pheromone application is expected in late july", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38211836450941294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa2710ad-bbdb-482f-90a3-795bd451df62>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.535688"}
{"text": "kypriaki dhimokratia ( greek ) k\u0131br\u0131s cumhuriyeti ( turkish ) coat of arms | anthem : ymnos pros tin eleutherian 1 | | nicosia ( pop. 200, 686 ) 4 ) 35\u00b008 \u2032 n 33\u00b028 \u2032 e | | greek and turkish tassos papadopoulos 2 | from the uk 16 august 1960 16 august 1960 3 9, 250 4 km\u00b2 ( 161st ) 780, 133 5 ( 155th ) $ 16, 745 ( n / a ) $ 20, 669 ( n / a ) | 1. \" ymnos pros tin eleutherian \" is also used as the national anthem of greece. 2. the north has a separate president of the trnc 3. not recognised by turkey, which instead recognises trnc. trnc is only recognised by turkey 4. of which 5, 895 kma\u00b2 is in the south and 3, 355 kma\u00b2 in the north 5. number does not include 323, 657 inhabitants in the north 6. number does not include any trnc inhabitants 7. + 90 - 392 ( a turkish access number ) is used in the north the republic of cyprus ( greek : \u03ba\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, kypros ; turkish : k\u0131br\u0131s ) is an island nation in the eastern mediterranean sea, 113 kilometres ( 70 miles ) south of turkey and around 120 km west of the syrian coast. name and position the name cyprus comes from the greek word \" \u03ba\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 ( kypros ) \" meaning \" land of cypress trees \". the word for the metal \" copper \" in the english language ( and many other languages ) stems from the latin phrase aes cyprium, \" metal of cyprus \", later shortened to cuprum, \" copper \". large deposits of copper are found on the island. cyprus is geographically in western asia ( or the near east ), though politically and culturally it is considered as being in europe. historically, cyprus has always been a bridgehead between europe and asia, with interchanging periods of levantine, anatolian, turkish and greek influences. cyprus gained independence from the united kingdom in 1960, with the uk, greece and turkey retaining limited rights to intervene in internal affairs. the republic of cyprus is the internationally recognised government of the island, and it controls the southern two - thirds of the island. almost all foreign governments and the united nations recognise the sovereignty of the republic of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4618832335912835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f637b8-0ba1-4420-8806-58532ab60c96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.552158"}
{"text": "turkey retaining limited rights to intervene in internal affairs. the republic of cyprus is the internationally recognised government of the island, and it controls the southern two - thirds of the island. almost all foreign governments and the united nations recognise the sovereignty of the republic of cyprus over the whole island of cyprus. turkish cypriots, together with turkey, do not accept the republic ' s rule over the whole island and call it the \" greek authority of southern cyprus \". they control the northern third of the island, following a military invasion by turkey in 1974. this happened following a coup sponsored by the military regime of greece, see : the 1974 crisis between greece and turkey. the turkish cypriot area proclaimed its independence in 1975, and the self - styled turkish republic of northern cyprus was established in 1983. this state was recognised only by turkey. the organization of the islamic conference granted it observer member status under the name of \" turkish cypriot state \". the other power with territory on cyprus is the united kingdom. under the independence agreement, the uk retained title to two areas on the southern coast of the island, around akrotiri and dhekelia, known collectively as the uk sovereign base areas. they are used as military bases. map of cyprus showing political divisions and districts un buffer zone on cyprus negotiations have been ongoing for years to reunite the island, but have not as yet seen substantial success. a united nations plan, announced on 31 march 2004 following talks in switzerland, was put to both sides in separate referenda on 24 april 2004. on the referendum, the proposed reunification was favoured by the turkish cypriots by a majority of 2 to 1, but was overwhelmingly rejected by the greek cypriots by a 3 to 1 margin. as a result, while officially the whole of cyprus entered the european union on 1 may 2004, the de facto eu border runs along the green line, dividing the country between the greek and turkish cypriot parts. eu law is currently not applied in the turkish controlled north. the union has promised to send aid in the form of money and work towards lifting the trade sanctions imposed by the european court, but they have ruled out diplomatic recognition of northern cyprus. to date, the self declared turkish republic of northern cyprus, recognized by turkey and to a degree by azerbaijan, has yet not received aid or seen an easing of trade sanctions. the international community, to this day, does not recognise the 30 year old turkish republic of northern cyprus ( trnc ). main article : history of cyprus there are but scanty traces of the stone age, but the bronze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.443519725952213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f637b8-0ba1-4420-8806-58532ab60c96>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.553604"}
{"text": "easing of trade sanctions. the international community, to this day, does not recognise the 30 year old turkish republic of northern cyprus ( trnc ). main article : history of cyprus there are but scanty traces of the stone age, but the bronze age is characterized by a well - developed and clearly marked civilization. the people early learned to work the rich copper mines of the island. the mycen\u00e6an civilization of the west seems to have reached the island around 1600 b. c. the greek and ph\u0153nician settlements belong to the iron age. the island was invaded by thothmes iii of egypt about 1500 b. c., and was forced to pay tribute. around 1200 b. c. we observe the massive arrival of the mycenaean greeks as permanent settlers to cyprus, a process that started and lasted for more than a century. this migration is remembered in many sagas rehearsing how some of the greek heroes that participated in the trojan war came to settle in cyprus. the newcomers brought with them their language, their advanced technology and introduced a new outlook for visual arts. thus from 1220 b. c. cyprus has remained predominantly greek in culture, language and population despite various influences resulting from successive conquests. in ancient times cyprus supplied the rest of the greeks with timber for their fleets. in the sixth century b. c., amasis of egypt conquered cyprus, which soon fell under the rule of the persians when cambyses conquered egypt. in the persian empire, cyprus formed part of the fifth satrapy and in addition to tribute it had to supply the persians with ships and crews. in their new fate the greeks of cyprus had as companions the greeks of ionia ( west coast of asia minor - now turkey ) with whom they forged closer ties. when the ionian greeks revolted against persia ( 499 bc ) the cypriots except for amathus, joined in at the instigation of onesilos, brother of the king of salamis, whom he dethroned for not wanting to fight for independence. the persians reacted quickly sending a considerable force against onesilos. they won despite ionian help. after the persian defeat, the greeks mounted various expeditions against cyprus in order to liberate it from the persian yoke, but all their efforts bore only temporary results. alexander the great ( 356 - 323 b. c. ) finally liberated the island from the persians. later, the greek rulers of egypt controlled it, then rome annexed it in 58 - 57 bc. no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41106832533316817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f637b8-0ba1-4420-8806-58532ab60c96>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.555846"}
{"text": "but all their efforts bore only temporary results. alexander the great ( 356 - 323 b. c. ) finally liberated the island from the persians. later, the greek rulers of egypt controlled it, then rome annexed it in 58 - 57 bc. no doubt the most important event that occurred in roman cyprus is the visit by apostles paul and barnabas having with them st mark who came to the island at the outset of their first missionary journey in 45 ad. after their arrival at salamis they proceeded to paphos where they converted the roman governor sergius paulus to christianity. in this way cyprus became the first country in the world to be governed by a christian ruler. cyprus became part of the byzantine empire after the partitioning of the roman empire in 395 and remained so for almost nine centuries. the arabs pillaged the island in 646. in 654 the second arab invasion took place that devastated the island again. cyprus was finally liberated by byzantine emperor nicephorus phokas in 965. in 1191 king richard i of england captured the island on his way to the holy land. guy of lusignan took possession of the island in 1192. the republic of venice took control in 1489, after which the ottomans took control in 1570. cyprus was placed under british control on june 4, 1878 as a result of the cyprus convention. famagusta harbor was completed in june, 1906. cyprus was ceded to united kingdom in 1913. it gained independent status in 1960. main article : geography of cyprus the central plain ( mesaoria ) with the kyrenia / girne and pentadactylos / besparmak mountains to the north and the troodos mountain range to the south and west. there are also scattered but significant plains along the southern coast. the climate is temperate, mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, variably rainy winters. list of cities in cyprus, greek and turkish names modis satellite image of cyprus [ source ] after independence cyprus became a founding member of the non - aligned movement despite all three guarantor powers ( greece, turkey and the uk ) being nato members. cyprus left the non - aligned movement in 2004 to join the eu. following the independence of cyprus from the uk, the greek cypriots held three referendums on the issue of whether they wanted to be annexed by greece. on all three occasions there was a nine to one vote in favour of annexation but greece has agreed not to merge with cyrpus under the terms of the independence treaty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.35155631352092814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f637b8-0ba1-4420-8806-58532ab60c96>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.556960"}
{"text": "held three referendums on the issue of whether they wanted to be annexed by greece. on all three occasions there was a nine to one vote in favour of annexation but greece has agreed not to merge with cyrpus under the terms of the independence treaty and greek prime minister kostantinos karamanlis did not seek to do so in reponse to the referendum results. the 1960 cypriot constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as a complex system of checks and balances, including a weighted power - sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the turkish cypriots. the executive, for example, was headed by a greek cypriot president, archbishop makarios, and a turkish cypriot vice president, kukuk, elected by their respective communities for 5 - year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. the house of representatives was elected on the basis of separate voters ' rolls. since 1964, following clashes between the two communities the turkish seats in the house have been vacant after their unilateral withdrawal from the government and the greek cypriot communal chamber was abolished. the responsibilities of the chamber were transferred to the newfounded ministry of education. in 1967 a military junta took over the greek government and enosis went out of favour - even the most fervent greece - lovers didn ' t want union with such a repressive regime. on 15 july 1974 the greek military junta organised a coup which overthrew makarios and replaced him with a puppet leader. turkey responded by invading cyprus. instead of claiming its authority as one of the three international guarantor powers of the republic cyprus and reinstating the status quo before the coup, turkey took the northern third of the island forcing 180, 000 greek cypriots to flee their homes and 55, 000 turkish cypriots to move from the south to the north. subseqently the turkish cypriots established their own institutions with a popularly elected president and a prime minister responsible to the national assembly exercising joint executive powers. in 1983, the turkish cypriots declared an independent \" turkish republic of northern cyprus \" ( trnc, ) contrary to numerous un sc resolutions calling such an act as illegal and a by - product of a foreign and illegal ( turkish ) intervention. in 1985, they adopted a constitution and held elections \u2013 an arrangement recognised only by turkey. since 1974, cyprus has been divided de facto into the greek - cypriot controlled southern two - thirds of the island and the turkish - cypriot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44318154387062725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f637b8-0ba1-4420-8806-58532ab60c96>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.558312"}
{"text": "( turkish ) intervention. in 1985, they adopted a constitution and held elections \u2013 an arrangement recognised only by turkey. since 1974, cyprus has been divided de facto into the greek - cypriot controlled southern two - thirds of the island and the turkish - cypriot northern one - third. the government of the republic of cyprus has continued as the internationally recognised authority ; in practice, its power extends only to the greek cypriot - controlled areas. - turkish republic of northern cyprus - foreign relations of cyprus - list of political parties in cyprus - military of cyprus main article : economy of cyprus economic affairs in cyprus are dominated by the division of the country into the southern ( greek ) area controlled by the cyprus government and the northern turkish cypriot - administered area. the greek cypriot economy is prosperous but highly susceptible to external shocks. erratic growth rates in the 1990s reflect the economy ' s vulnerability to swings in tourist arrivals, caused by political instability on the island and fluctuations in economic conditions in western europe. economic policy in the south in the years leading up to 2005 focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the european union. as in the turkish sector, water shortage is a growing problem, and several desalination plants are planned. the turkish cypriot economy has about one - fifth the population and one - third the per capita gdp of the south. because it is recognised only by turkey, it has had much difficulty arranging foreign financing, and foreign firms have hesitated to invest there. the economy remains heavily dependent on agriculture and government service, which together employ about half of the work force. moreover, the small, vulnerable economy has suffered because the turkish lira is legal tender. to compensate for the economy ' s weakness, turkey provides direct and indirect aid to tourism, education, industry, etc. main article : demographics of cyprus greek and turkish cypriots share many customs but maintain their ethnicity based on religion, language, and close ties with their respective motherlands. greek language is predominantly spoken in the south, turkish language in the north. this delineation of languages is true only in the present period, due to the post - 1974 division of the island, which involved an expulsion of greek cypriots from the north and the analoguous move of turkish cypriots from the south. historically however, greek ( its cypriot dialect ) was spoken by nearly 82 % of the population, which was evenly distributed along the entire area of cyprus, north and south. similarly, turkish speakers were evenly distributed. english is widely understood. cyprus has a well - developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4252814167556813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f637b8-0ba1-4420-8806-58532ab60c96>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.559388"}
{"text": "% of the population, which was evenly distributed along the entire area of cyprus, north and south. similarly, turkish speakers were evenly distributed. english is widely understood. cyprus has a well - developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education with the option of attending either catholic or traditional orthodox private schools. the majority of cypriots receive their higher education at greek, british, turkish or us universities, while there are also sizeable emigrant communities in the united kingdom and australia. private colleges and state - supported universities have been developed by both the turkish and greek communities. the cypriot system follows the greek system in the south and the turkish system in the north. a large number of students ( after a levels ) study abroad, mainly in english speaking countries such as the us, uk, and australia, but also in other european destinations such as france and germany. with the opening of eastern europe the students also have the opportunity to go to universities in romania, hungary etc. - university of cyprus - technical university of cyprus - cyprus college ( taught in english ) situated in nicosia - intercollege ( taught in english ) situated in nicosia and larnaca - the frederick institute ( taught in english ) situated in nicosia and limassol - philips college ( taught in english / greek ) situated in nicosia - americanos college ( taught in english / greek ) situated in nicosia also on the turkish side : - eastern mediterranean university ( taught in english ) in famagusta - girne american university ( taught in english ) in kyrenia - near east university ( taught in english ) in nicosia - international cyprus university ( taught in english ) in nicosia - european university of lefke ( taught in english ) in lefka - middle east technical university northern cyprus campus ( taught in english ) in kalkanli - hitchens, christopher ( 1997 ). hostage to history : cyprus from the ottomans to kissinger. verso. isbn 1 - 85984 - 189 - 9. - brewin, christopher ( 2000 ). european union and cyprus. eothen press. isbn 0 - 906719 - 24 - 0. - dods, clement ( ed. ) ( 1999 ). cyprus : the need for new perspectives. the eothen press. isbn 0 - 906719 - 23 - 2. - gibbons, harry scott ( 1997 ). the genocide files. charles bravos publishers. isbn 0 - 9514464 - 2 - 8. - hannay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42518510848428925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f637b8-0ba1-4420-8806-58532ab60c96>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.560481"}
{"text": "eothen press. isbn 0 - 906719 - 23 - 2. - gibbons, harry scott ( 1997 ). the genocide files. charles bravos publishers. isbn 0 - 9514464 - 2 - 8. - hannay, david ( 2005 ). cyprus : the search for a solution. i. b. tauris. isbn 1 - 85043 - 665 - 7. - ker - lindsay, james ( 2005 ). eu accession and un peacemaking in cyprus. palgrave macmillan. isbn 1 - 4039 - 9690 - 3. - mirbagheri, farid ( 1989 ). cyprus and international peacemaking. hurst. isbn 1 - 85065 - 354 - 2. - nicolet, claude ( 2001 ). united states policy towards cyprus, 1954 - 1974. bibliopolis. isbn 3 - 933925 - 20 - 7. - oberling, pierre ( 1982 ). the road to bellapais. columbia university press. isbn 0 - 88033 - 000 - 7. - o ' malley, brendan and ian craig ( 1999 ). the cyprus conspiracy. i. b. tauris. isbn 1 - 86064 - 737 - 5. - palley, claire ( 2005 ). an international relations debacle : the un secretary - general ' s mission of good offices in cyprus, 1999 - 2004. hart publishing. isbn 1 - 84113 - 578 - x. - papadakis, yiannis ( 2005 ). echoes from the dead zone : across the cyprus divide. i. b. tauris. isbn 1 - 85043 - 428 - x. - plumer, aytug ( 2003 id = isbn 975 - 6912 - 18 - 9 ). cyprus, 1963 - 64 : the fateful years. cyrep ( lefkosa ). - richmond, oliver ( 1998 ). mediating in cyprus. frank cass. isbn 0 - 7146 - 4431 - 5. - richmond, oliver and james ker - lindsay ( eds. ) ( 2001 ). the work of the un in cyprus : promoting peace and development. palgrave macmillan. isbn 0 - 333 - 91271 - 3. - tocci, nathalie ( 2004 ). eu accession dynamics and conflict resolution : catalysing peace or consolidating partition in cyprus?. ashgate. isbn 0 - 7546 - 4310 - 7. - anastasiou, harry ( 2006 ). broken olive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47542833724599315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f637b8-0ba1-4420-8806-58532ab60c96>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.561444"}
{"text": "jason was the son of king aeson, whose throne was usurped by his brother. to savejason, he sent him for fostering to another king. he was to return when he was old enough to be able to retrieve a special sword and sandals from under a heavy rock. when he did return to claim his inheritance from his uncle,, the uncle agreed to hand over the kingdom, but only if he could successfully retrieve a golden fleece that was guarded by a fire - breathing dragon in colchis ( modern georgia, at the eastern end of the black sea ). jason accepted the challenge. he built a large boat called the argo, and collected a crew of about 50, among whom theseus is sometimes mentioned, as are some of the greek heroes of the trojan war including nestor. after many adventures, the argonauts arrived at colchis. one of the en route adventures is particularly interesting, as we shall discuss later. in the dardanelles, there were two floating islands called the blue rocks, which clashed together when a ship tried to pass between them. jason was advised to send a dove between them. when they clashed together, catching the dove ' s tail feathers, jason steered the argo through on the rebound, just making it between the two islands before they crashed together again. when they reached colchis, jason asked the king for the golden fleece. the king did not refuse, but imposed some conditions. jason had to yoke a pair of fire - breathing bulls with brass feet, and use them to plough a field which he would then sow with dragon ' s teeth. everyone knew that these teeth would immediately grow into warriors that would turn on whoever seeded them. so there was a dual challenge, a triple one if one includes the guardian dragon. jason had attracted the attention of medea, the daughter of king aeetes of colchis. she helped him by magic, having made him promise to marry her and take her to greece. with the help of her magic, he was able to tame the bulls and plough the field. when the dragon ' s teeth grew into hostile warriors, he threw a magic stone among them, so that they turned against each other and fought until they were all dead. then medea fed the dragon a sleeping potion so that jason could retrieve the fleece. when the argonauts fled from colchis, medea took along her young brother, but murdered him to slow the pursuit by throwing his body parts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3866160769063349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fc4d0f-907b-4133-b846-5a8771ef710b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.590889"}
{"text": "then medea fed the dragon a sleeping potion so that jason could retrieve the fleece. when the argonauts fled from colchis, medea took along her young brother, but murdered him to slow the pursuit by throwing his body parts into the sea for her father to find. this evil deed caused the gods to send the argonauts on a geographically confusing trip around italy and various other places. one of the adventures happened off crete, where they were prevented from landing by talos, a robot created by hephaestus - - the god of fire and the forge. talos went around the island and threw enormous rocks at approaching ships, but medea was able magically to kill him, allowing the argonauts to disembark for the night. but after setting sail the next day, they were enveloped by a thick cloud. appollo heard jason ' s prayer and sent a flash of lightning, which revealed a small island on which they could beach the ship, after which the argonauts were allowed to sail home to iolkos. they called the island anafi ( meaning revelation ). anafi is about 20 kilometers east of thera. much of this legend is explicable if we assume the usual transformations of natural phenomena into the acts of gods or other magical figures. there is a problem, however, in the crew of the ship. if theseus was an athenian leader around the time of the theran explosion. he could not have crewed along with a young nestor, who fought in the trojan war perhaps 400 years later. several elements of the story seem to be linked with the theran explosion, so it seems natural to link the tale to that time, rather than to the tempting later time of a generation or so before the trojan war. perhaps the legend is a conflation of stories from different time, as other legends of classical greece seem to be, including the iliad and the odyssey. | minoan and byblos trading areas. the red star indicates the location of thera. mycenae is approximately at the top - left corner of this map. | before the theran explosion of 1650 bc, most of the trade in the aegean and the eastern mediterranean was dominated by the two great trading powers of byblos and minoan crete. but their area of dominance extended only to the southern coast of anatolia and the southern aegean. in the northern aegean and the black sea, recent evidence suggests that there was mycenean trade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39387184845326084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fc4d0f-907b-4133-b846-5a8771ef710b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.597047"}
{"text": "great trading powers of byblos and minoan crete. but their area of dominance extended only to the southern coast of anatolia and the southern aegean. in the northern aegean and the black sea, recent evidence suggests that there was mycenean trade ( toronto star, 28 july 2001 ). mycenean sea trade, however, developed largely after the abrupt end of the minoan empire. i do not know whether there is evidence of minoan trade to the black sea while the minoans were active the nature of the legend suggests that the trip to colchis was something special, not one expedition among many to that area.. here is a map of the black sea and the eastern mediterranean. the trading distance from even northern greeece to colchis at the east end of the black sea is considerably longer than from even byblos to athens. it would have taken well practied seamen to plan and execute such a voyage. could the myceneans before 1650 bc have done it? other seafaring nations certainly could, so perhaps they could as well. the argo is described as being a particularly large ship, with a crew of 50. by minoan standards, this was not a large ship. the so - called \" marine festival \" fresco from akrotiri shows several ships with 50 and 60 oars, which look as if they were going from thera to knossos. the argo may have been unusually big for a mycenean ship, the myceneans not being great sea traders in the minoan - dominated area, but at 50 oars, it was a match for the smaller of the big minoan ships. but it was a long voyage, longer than any of the normal minoan trading routes, and perhaps it was a voyage to get gold from a region not normally visited by mycenean ships, and known to them only by runour. | the relation of thera, crete, and anafi. anafi would not have been a good place to be during the ashfall, which went largely east to northeast from thera. | if we suggest that this legend has some basis in fact, part of that fact must be the theran explosion. the description of huge rocks being thrown at the ship when it was near crete, followed the next day by a thick cloud, in which a lightning flash allowed them to see the island of anafi, is too precise to correspond to any other event in aegean history. that is exactly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38670294114326115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fc4d0f-907b-4133-b846-5a8771ef710b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.602094"}
{"text": "thrown at the ship when it was near crete, followed the next day by a thick cloud, in which a lightning flash allowed them to see the island of anafi, is too precise to correspond to any other event in aegean history. that is exactly what mariners near thera might have seen, though if they had done so, it is unlikely that they would have landed in crete after the end of the rock shower and the very next day have been in the ash cloud at anafi without having been swamped by the tsunami while the ship was beached. what is more likely is that the volcano erupted with a rock shower that ceased some time before the final cataclysm, and that the argonauts had been at sea for a couple of days when the lightning - filled ash cloud filled the air, at the same time as the tsunami passed on its way to devastate the cretan palaces. a ship at sea is hardly affected by a even a very large tsunami, which only builds its height as it approaches shallow water, although one would guess that it would not have been very pleasant to be on a ship near the edge of the kilometer deep hole in the sea when the caldera collapsed! the floating islands also suggest a volcanic explosion, though it does not seem reasonable that pumice from thera would be floating in the mouth of the dardanelles, so far to the north. also, that adventure is said to have occurred near the start of the voyage, whereas the near encounter with the theran explosion occurred at the end of the trip. there is, however, a possible explanation that does not require much forcing. archaeological evidence suggests that there was a series of eruptions of the theran volcano before the final explosion, over a period of several years, and that these were sufficiently violent to cause most of the population to leave permanently before their island actually disappeared. at least one of these precursor eruptions involved a substantial ashfall, and such an explosion may well have created pumice islands that could have impeded shipping. such islands would be unlikely to have been in the dardanelles, but they could have drifted into the path of shipping between mycenean ports and the dardanelles. this seems to me to be a natural phenomenon that is reasonably likely to have happened, as well as being reasonably likely to have been incorporated into the legend - - if we take the legend to be derived from any real events. volcanos may be relevant to the colchis part of the story, as well. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44871687129614235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fc4d0f-907b-4133-b846-5a8771ef710b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.604596"}
{"text": "have happened, as well as being reasonably likely to have been incorporated into the legend - - if we take the legend to be derived from any real events. volcanos may be relevant to the colchis part of the story, as well. the translation of a fire - spewing volcano into a fire - breathing animal is very common as a story - telling device. if the \" golden fleece \" was indeed a representation of the way gold was panned from the rivers in northern anatolia and colchis, the area has many volcanoes, some of which may have been active at the time. it could have been dangerous to go too high up the slopes, tempting the \" sleeping dragon \" to wake. jason ' s harnessing of the fire - breathing bulls could be a representation of his having been able to acquire gold between eruptions. there is nowhere near as much circumstantial detail in the jason legend pointing to specific times and places as there is for some of the other legends. there are, however, elements in the story that are clearly factual, notably the accurate description of the state of affairs around the exploding theran volcano. the legend suggests that there were some days of volcanism in which large rocks were ejected to considerable heights and distances, followed by some days of calm before the final cataclysmic explosion. this is a normal sequence for an exploding volcano. the fact that they landed on anafi in the middle of the ash cloud also jibes with the basically easterly drift of the cloud from thera. the clashing floating islands also suggest a factual basis for the story, becaues such islands are most unusual, but do occur after a volcano explodes in the sea. if the legend has two probably factual elements, should we give credence to the other components of the story? it may well be that some other elements are factual, but that the story, like so many others based on oral tradition over a thousand year span, is formed of an amalgam of several disparate events. the sailors who were close to the exploding thera might not be the ones that made the trip to colchis for the golden fleece. if theseus was on the boat, and was the theseus who \" slew the minotaur \" then nestor who fought in the trojan war could not have been there. could we guess that theseus was on the ship that was perilously close to thera, but that nestor was on a voyage with jason to colchis about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46449009596770946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fc4d0f-907b-4133-b846-5a8771ef710b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.607111"}
{"text": "##ur \" then nestor who fought in the trojan war could not have been there. could we guess that theseus was on the ship that was perilously close to thera, but that nestor was on a voyage with jason to colchis about 400 years later? whether the legend deals with one voyage or many confabulated by the storytellers is immaterial. we can treat the events in colchis the same in either case. if the \" golden fleece \" represented the method of getting gold from the rivers, then it might represent not an actual fleece, but gold that the argonauts were able to drag using fleeces from the rivers near one or more active volcanos that were streaming lava both before and after their extraction of the gold. the sowing of the dragon ' s teeth cannot be literal, but if the \" dragon \" was a volcano from which jason \" ploughed \" gold, the hostile warriors might well represent local bandits or even official troops who attempted to take the gold for themselves, but who quarrelled among themselves, allowing the argonauts to escape wiht the loot. i do not have an explanation for the medea part of the story, including her muder of her brother so that she could scatter his body parts on the sea to delay her father ' s pursuit. back to the legends home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4501581151837591, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fc4d0f-907b-4133-b846-5a8771ef710b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.607683"}
{"text": "my 6 year old is having the hardest time getting those letters right! does anyone have some good ideas to help with this?? by electraspyseptember 26, 2011 at 5 : 05 pm i was dyslexic & a specialist created a little story about each commonly reversed letter. i was 6 & still remembered them! i made these little poster helpers for my kids. when we write the lower case \" b \" we must 1st remember to swat the mad bee with a stick, line down then circle b around, see how the stick hits that bee in the butt? lol when we write the lower case \" d \", we must remember our dog comes 1st & he is carrying his favorite stick. \" p \" was about drawing the long hair of the princess 1st. hope this helps!! by aneelamay 28, 2012 at 5 : 36 pm my 5 year old son mixes them up sometimes as well... i just try to correct it and carry on by ncstressmay 29, 2012 at 1 : 38 pm take a look at www. readingkey. com for kindergarten they have a little chart that the kids can practice with and a fun slap game. it has helped my 8 yo son immensely! november 28, 2012 at 1 : 31 am my son did the same thing. he was having that same challenge. i ' m currently doing a spelling program that uses sound cards and tiles to spell. it starts out with the sound of the letter first but make sure he says it correctly. then go with tiles. he spells out words with the first few lettters he knows that maybe start out with the sound / b /. when he spells it out have him ( you could use pennies ) segment the word so sound out each letter. you could concentrate on the / b / sound the first day then the second day do the / d / sound and the third day do the / p / sound. on the 4th and 5th day you could bring it together by doing it all what he has learned the first 3 days. then have him write the word out with those particular letters he ' s been having a challenge with. i hope that helps. by tinastribenovember 28, 2012 at 9 : 28 am it is normal. if it never changes then its something to look into but at his age it happens. just review the steps of the letters with him. like when you are writing a b what comes first the line or the half circle, and with a d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4624243263214266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38c8628e-e4cc-48b4-9c26-1060a457097b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.619318"}
{"text": "2012 - 2013 service learning courses hispanic literature in translation \u2014 \" defiant acts : spanish and latin american theatre \" isabel de sena this course will explore the full spectrum of theatre from the early modern period in spain and colonial spanish america to contemporary theatre on both sides of the atlantic, including u. s. latino playwrights. we will read across periods to identify preoccupations and generic characteristics as theatre evolves and moves between the street and the salon, the college yard and the court, enclosed theatres and theatre for the enclosed. in the process we will address a wide swath of ideas, on gender, class, freedom and totalitarianism, the boundaries of identity. students will be introduced to some basic concepts and figures ranging from lope de vega \u2019 s brilliant articulation of \u201c comedia \u201d to augusto boal \u2019 s concept of an engaged theatre, and investigate the work of fomma ( fortaleza de la mujer maya ) and similar contemporary collectives. and we will read plays as plays, as literature and as texts intended for performance on a stage. at the same time students will have the opportunity to explore creative practices, through engagement with different community organizations : schools, retirement homes, local theatre organizations, etc. students are encouraged to apply concepts learned in class to their internships, and to bring their ideas and reflections on their weekly practices for discussion in class. each other week one hour will be devoted to discussing their work in the community. no spanish required, but students who are sufficiently fluent in the language may opt to work in a community where spanish is the primary language of communication. no expertise in theatre required though theatre students are very welcome. open to any interested student. fall & spring first year studies umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu [ isizulu : a person is only a person through other persons ] how do the contexts in which we live influence our development? and how do these contexts influence the questions we ask about development, and the ways in which we interpret our observations? how do local, national and international policies impact the contexts in which children live? should we play a role in changing some of these contexts? what are the complications of doing this? in this course, we will discuss these and other key questions about child and adolescent development in varying cultural contexts, with a specific focus on the united states and sub - saharan africa. as we do so, we will discuss factors contributing to both opportunities and inequalities within and between these contexts. in particular, we will discuss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4752028400971823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4932f7a4-ad95-4a3c-aceb-f7b7ec9a24f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.634312"}
{"text": "development in varying cultural contexts, with a specific focus on the united states and sub - saharan africa. as we do so, we will discuss factors contributing to both opportunities and inequalities within and between these contexts. in particular, we will discuss how physical and psychosocial environments differ for poor and non - poor children and their families in rural upstate new york, urban yonkers, and rural and urban malawi, zimbabwe, south africa, kenya and tanzania. we will also discuss individual and environmental protective factors that buffer some children from the adverse effects of poverty, as well as the impacts of public policy on poor children and their families. topics will include health and educational disparities ; environmental inequalities linked to race, class, ethnicity, gender, language and nationality ; environmental chaos ; children \u2019 s play and access to green space ; cumulative risk and its relationship to chronic stress ; and the hiv / aids pandemic and the growing orphan problem in sub - saharan africa. readings will be drawn from both classic and contemporary research in psychology, human development, anthropology, sociology, and public health ; memoirs and other first - hand accounts ; and classic and contemporary african literature and film. this course will also serve as an introduction to the methodologies of community based and participatory action research within the context of a service - learning course. as a class, we will collaborate with local high school students in developing, implementing and evaluating effective community based work in partnership with organizations in urban yonkers and rural tanzania. as part of this work, all students will spend an afternoon a week working in a local after - school program. in addition, we will have monthly seminars with local high school students during our regular class time. environment, race and the psychology of place this service learning course will focus on the experience of humans living within physical, social and psychological spaces. we will use a constructivist, multidisciplinary, multilevel lens to examine the interrelationship between humans and the natural and built environment, to explore the impact of racial / ethnic group membership on person / environment interactions, and to provide for a critical analysis of social dynamics in the environmental movement. the community partnership / service learning component is an important part of this class - we will work with local agencies to promote adaptive person - environment interactions within our community. children \u2019 s health in a multicultural context this course offers, within a cultural context, an overview of theoretical and research issues in the psychological study of health and illness in children. we will examine theoretical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5252918571778167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4932f7a4-ad95-4a3c-aceb-f7b7ec9a24f6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.676957"}
{"text": "as with prototype trains, gauge is the measure of the distance between the rails. standard gauge has two different meanings with model trains : 1. on prototype railroads in most of the world, the majority of tracks are laid in a common, or \" standard \" gauge. this gauge of 4 feet 8. 5 inches began evolving as the standard as early as the 1840s. by sharing a common gauge, connecting railroad companies can interchange, or exchange cars. most model train scales are also built to confirm to a common gauge that at least approximates standard gauge. most o scale trains are built to an even 5 foot gauge. g gauge trains share a common gauge but are actually sized differently to make that gauge appear either standard or narrow. trains running on tracks wider or more narrow than 56. 5 \" are said to be broad or narrow gauge respectively. narrow gauge trains are far more common. these too are modeled in almost every scale. for model trains, a narrow gauge is indicated by the letter \" n \" after the scale, followed by a number which indicates the gauge. \" on3 \" would be 3 ' narrow gauge in o scale for example. 2. with model trains, standard gauge can also refer to a size of model trains produced by joshua lionel cowen ( lionel ) from 1906 to 1939. these trains were slightly larger than the o scale trains which superseded them with an actual track gauge of 2 1 / 8 \". lionel began producing o scale trains, with a gauge of 1 1 / 4 \", in 1915. today, these original standard gauge trains are highly collectible and can bring big money in good condition. reproductions have also been made by several companies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5718581803188969, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f105b85-7010-411e-a670-f3f4ca6ec155>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.713346"}
{"text": "the summer is upon us and it is typically the time when we are most active with outdoor activities. but studies still show that less than 25 % of the population exercise on a regular basis. according to the u. s. public health service, many of us still have misconceptions about exercising. here are some of the most common myths followed by the real facts : myth 1 - \u201c exercising will tire me out. \u201d the fact is that regular exercise will give you more energy. myth 2 - \u201c exercising will cause me to have a heart attack. \u201d the fact is that regular exercising will strengthen your heart muscle. myth 3 - \u201c exercising will raise my blood pressure and make me lose my breath. \u201d the fact is that exercise has been shown time and again to lower blood pressure and actually strengthen your lungs so that they operate more efficiently. myth 4 - \u201c exercise will make my back pain worse and aggravate my arthritis. \u201d the fact is that exercise will improve your strength, posture, and range of motion in joints. it will also help to relieve stress that may cause back pain. myth 5 - \u201c i \u2019 m too old to start exercising. \u201d the fact is that you are never too old to do some form of exercise. we have geriatric patients who perform simple chair stretches and arm exercises every day - so if they can do it, so can you. myth 6 - \u201c i don \u2019 t have time to exercise. \u201d this is by far the most common excuse for not exercising, but the fact is that exercise can be done anywhere - in the car, on your coffee break, even while you \u2019 re waiting for your kids to get off the bus. exercising for 5 - 10 minutes a day is better than doing nothing at all! you may be wondering why you should start exercising now, especially when you have been relatively inactive for most of your life. the reasons are endless - like helping you to be more flexible, developing more muscle so that movements won \u2019 t require as much effort, and helping to build endurance so you won \u2019 t tire as easily. it is important however, to start exercising gradually, especially if you have never exercised on a regular basis before. all exercise routines should include a stretching session, as well as a strengthening and aerobic session, followed by a cool down period. make sure to call our office or speak to your doctor before starting any routine in order to get the help you need to exercise safely and effectively. so don \u2019 t let another summer pass you by - get out there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45032008602470097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b2adf14-c830-4c78-a0e0-0cf110e1b3cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.734490"}
{"text": "harmful algal blooms, once considered mainly a problem in salt water, have been appearing with increasing severity in the madison lakes, and a team of university of wisconsin - madison researchers has geared up to understand the when, where and why of these dangerous \" blooms. \" no longer just a smelly, unsightly nuisance, the masses of blue - green algae can also exude toxins that attack the liver or nervous system. one day, it may be possible to issue \" algae forecasts \" modeled on predictions of severe storms, says katherina mcmahon, a professor of civil engineering and bacteriology on campus. eventually, she says, the results of research at uw - madison could lead to a forecast : \" given the conditions today, we estimate an 85 percent chance of toxic blue - green algae tomorrow. \" toxic blue - green algae are also becoming more problematic in many inland waters, including the great lakes. currently, health authorities monitor several beaches on the madison lakes and issue warnings when they detect the characteristic blue - green color. but algae are constantly changing, mcmahon says : under favorable conditions, their population can explode. soon, however, tiny animals called zooplankton \" graze down \" the algae, and the population plunges. \" once you recognize that not all blue - green algae produce toxins - and even the toxic ones don ' ' t produce toxin all the time - and you have a recipe for confusion, \" mcmahon says. to make a good forecast, \" you need to understand how these blooms originate and develop. \" research questions abound. what, exactly, constitutes a \" bloom? \" which strains of blue - green algae - technically called cyanobacteria - are toxic, and under what conditions do they produce toxins? various cyanobacteria have lived in the madison lakes for at least a century, and probably thousands of years. \" they are naturally present in lakes that get a lot of nutrients, \" says mcmahon, \" and are not an invasive species. but we think an increase in phosphorus from the agricultural and urban landscapes is contributing to more severe blooms. \" at uw - madison, experts in satellite remote sensing, bacteriology and limnology - the study of lakes - are engaged in a multi - pronged effort, in collaboration with city, county and state authorities. richard lathrop, of the center for limnology, is testing whether floating screens attached to booms like those now catching oil in the gulf of mexico can trap algal scum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4969806864470003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c85bdeac-30b6-4656-9e41-889d8aa4901c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.753169"}
{"text": "february 06, 2012 examining the insect ' s seven centimeter long fossil wings under microscope, researchers were able to see how the prehistoric male katydid employed stridulation, i. e. rubbing body parts together, to produce a song to attract a female. given the insect ' s morphology, biomechanical experts were then able to decipher that the insect sang at a low pitch of 6. 4 khz with each note lasting about 16 milliseconds, producing a single, decisive note. [ to listen to sound click here ] \" this discovery indicates that pure tone communication was already exploited by animals in the middle jurassic, some 165 million years ago. for archaboilus, as for living [ katydid ] species, singing constitutes a key component of mate attraction, \" explains daniel robert, biomechanical expert at bristol ' s school of biological sciences, in a press release. \" singing loud and clear advertises the presence, location and quality of the singer, a message that females choose to respond to \u2014 or not. \" this is the first insect fossil to betray the secrets of its mating calls, and researchers say its likely the most ancient music ever heard. the katydid ' s song was adapted to travel long - distance in a sparse environment of conifers and giant ferns. however, by singing the katydid would have also attracted unwanted attention : hungry predators. \" today, all species of katydids that use musical calls are nocturnal so musical calls in the jurassic were also most likely an adaptation to nocturnal life. being nocturnal, archaboilus musicus probably escaped from diurnal predators like archaeopterix, but it cannot be ruled out that jurassic insectivorous mammals like morganucodon and dryolestes also listened to the calls of archaboilus and preyed on them, \" explains fernando montealegre - zapata, also a biomechanical expert. how species adapt is often informed by such difficult choices : archaboilus musicus ' s loud musical tone allowed mates to hear it far - and - wide perhaps giving it an edge in breeding, however the trade - off may have meant higher chance of being eaten. the katydid family that archaboilus musicus belongs to first arose in the late triassic before vanishing entirely prior to the early cretaceous, however its propensity for song would survive to modern katydids. citation. gu, j. j., montealegre - z, f., robert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4535045258412978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc0a8e26-9ce4-4826-a51c-0cccceaf82e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.758124"}
{"text": "to first arose in the late triassic before vanishing entirely prior to the early cretaceous, however its propensity for song would survive to modern katydids. citation. gu, j. j., montealegre - z, f., robert, d., engel, m. s., qiao, g. x. and ren, d. wing stridulation in a jurassic katydid ( insecta, orthoptera ) produced low - pitched musical calls to attract females. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 111837210 scientists discover giant species of crocodile ; luckily it is extinct ( 09 / 15 / 2011 ) researchers excavating a coal mine in colombia have discovered a previously unknown species of prehistoric crocodile. the beast is described in the september 15 issue of the journal palaeontology. king of dinosaurs was a hunter, not a scavenger ( 01 / 26 / 2011 ) ecologists say they have used a computer model to put to rest a nearly century - old debate. did tyrannosaurus rex, one of the world ' s most well - known dinosaurs, hunt down its prey like a lion on the plains, or, instead, did it scavenge meals from other hunters like a vulture? according to scientists with the zoological society of london ( zsl ) the tyrannosaurus had only one choice in order to survive : hunt. picture : scientists identify first known single - fingered dinosaur ( 01 / 25 / 2011 ) paleontologists working in china have discovered a first for dinosaurs : a species with only one finger. named linhenykus monodactylus, the extinct species stood only about two feet high and weighed about as much as a large parrot. although small, the new dinosaur was a member of the carnivorous therapod dinosaurs, which include the infamous tyrannosaurus rex. the find was announced in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4095633412304571, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc0a8e26-9ce4-4826-a51c-0cccceaf82e2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.758862"}
{"text": "biodiversity does not reduce transmission of disease from animals to humans, stanford researchers find new analysis pokes holes in widely accepted theory that connects biodiversity abundance with a reduced disease risk for humans. more than three quarters of new, emerging or re - emerging human diseases are caused by pathogens from animals, according to the world health organization. but a widely accepted theory of risk reduction for these pathogens \u2013 one of the most important ideas in disease ecology \u2013 is likely wrong, according to a new study co - authored by stanford woods institute for the environment senior fellow james holland jones and former woods - affiliated ecologist dan salkeld. the dilution effect theorizes that disease risk for humans decreases as the variety of species in an area increases. for example, it postulates that a tick has a higher chance of infecting a human with lyme disease if the tick has previously had few animal host options beyond white - footed mice, which are carriers of lyme disease - causing bacteria. if many other animal hosts had been available to the tick, the tick ' s likelihood of being infected and spreading that infection to a human host would go down, according to the theory. if true, the dilution effect would mean that conservation and public health agendas could be united in a common purpose : to protect biodiversity and guard against disease risk. \" however, its importance to the field or the beauty of the idea do not guarantee that it is actually scientifically correct, \" jones said. in the first study to formally assess the dilution effect, jones, salkeld and california department of public health researcher kerry padgett tested the hypothesis through a meta - analysis of studies that evaluate links between host biodiversity and disease risk for disease agents that infect humans. the analysis, published in the journal ecology letters, allowed the researchers to pool estimates from studies and test for any bias against publishing studies with \" negative results \" that contradict the dilution effect. the analysis found \" very weak support, at best \" for the dilution effect. instead, the researchers found that the links between biodiversity and disease prevalence are variable and dependent on the disease system, local ecology and probably human social context. the role of individual host species and their interactions with other hosts, vectors and pathogens are more influential in determining local disease risk, the analysis found. \" lyme disease biology in the northeast is obviously going to differ in its ecology from lyme disease in california, \" salkeld said. \" in the northeast, they have longer winters and abundant tick hosts. in california", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49421988830374397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f375c657-f09d-4fc0-a0d4-40ee620c8212>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.911412"}
{"text": ", the analysis found. \" lyme disease biology in the northeast is obviously going to differ in its ecology from lyme disease in california, \" salkeld said. \" in the northeast, they have longer winters and abundant tick hosts. in california, we have milder weather and lots of western fence lizards ( a favored tick host ) that harbor ticks but do not transmit the lyme disease bacterium. \" so, these lizards should be considered unique in any study of disease risk within their habitat. or, as salked put it, \" all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others. \" broadly advocating for the preservation of biodiversity and natural ecosystems to reduce disease risk is \" an oversimplification of disease ecology and epidemiology, \" the study ' s authors write, adding that more effective control of \" zoonotic diseases \" ( those transmitted from animals to humans ) may require more detailed understanding of how pathogens are transmitted. specifically, jones, salkeld and padgett recommend that researchers focus more on how disease risk relates to species characteristics and ecological mechanisms. they also urge scientists to report data on both prevalence and density of infection in host animals, and to better establish specific causal links between measures of disease risk ( such as infection rates in host animals ) and rates of infection in local human populations. for their meta - analysis, the researchers were able to find only 13 published studies and three unpublished data sets examining relationships between biodiversity and animal - to - human disease risk. this kind of investigation is \" still in its infancy, \" the authors note. \" given the limited data available, conclusions regarding the biodiversity - disease relationship should be regarded with caution. \" still, jones said, \" i am very confident in saying that real progress in this field will come from understanding ecological mechanisms. we need to turn to elucidating these rather than wasting time arguing that simple species richness will always save the day for zoonotic disease risk. \" rob jordan is the communications writer for the stanford woods institute for the environment. james holland jones, stanford woods institute for the environment : cell ( 650 ) 799 - 7178, office ( 650 ) 723 - 4824, firstname. lastname @ example. org rob jordan, communications writer, stanford woods institute for the environment : ( 650 ) 721 - 1881 ( office ), ( 415 ) 760 - 8058 ( mobile ), email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45898912275019554, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f375c657-f09d-4fc0-a0d4-40ee620c8212>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.913940"}
{"text": "download video ( 25 mb ) kids should think twice before picking on early maturing girls or late maturing boys in their class. a new study links violent conduct in schools to some students \u2019 timing in puberty. according to university of florida researchers, children who go through puberty at different times then most of their peers, can react more violently to stressful events. previous studies have already shown that those early or late maturing kids often have more emotional issues than their peers, but they can also react more aggressively to peer pressure and stress in general. julia graber / uf psychology researcher : \u201c the early maturing girls who also had high rates of peer stress were the ones who were more aggressive ; both in terms of indirect methods like spreading rumors about other children, or things like that, and also threats and physical aggression, as well as late maturing boys. so those off - time boys who were sort of slow to get started on puberty when they experience peer stress they really, really didn \u2019 t deal with it well. \u201d experts say parents with kids who get picked on, should help their sons and daughters learn better ways of dealing with these experiences, rather then getting worked up or aggressive and acting out just like their own kids. julia graber / uf psychology researcher : \u201c simple emotion kind of regulation activities, learning how to take a deep breath and calm down and think about the situation a little bit more clearly are often really helpful. if there seems to be a persistent problem certainly working with local schools is very important to find out what teachers and principals are doing within your school to deal with problems where kids may be harassed. \u201d uf psychologists say often time kids are not having more stress, it \u2019 s the way they respond that is more aggressive. early maturing girls often have poor coping skills, while late maturing boys build extra defense mechanisms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44025625182658845, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ea32d1f-76c6-40cc-9764-7b3cf959fd49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.927223"}
{"text": "varanasi, india \u2014 a couple years ago, one of india \u2019 s leading industrial houses announced a revolutionary new household filter that would for the first time bring affordable, safe drinking water to millions of homes. the tata swach combines the inexpensive carbon of burnt rice husks with silver nano - particles to kill and remove deadly microbes including cholera, e coli, and the rotavirus. the swach doesn \u2019 t need electricity or running water. unlike some filters sold in the united states, the swatch \u2019 s filter bulb cuts off the flow of water when it \u2019 s exhausted, meaning it \u2019 s impossible to drink unclean water that \u2019 s passed through a spent filter. ( there \u2019 s no risk in drinking unfiltered water in new york or denver, but it \u2019 s a different story in india, where waterborne diseases kill as many as half a million children each year. ) and it \u2019 s hugely affordable : the unit costs less than $ 20 and monthly filter replacements are just $ 7. more than a million of these filters have been sold, and it \u2019 s not hard to imagine the public health benefits that will follow. more indian companies are jumping into the low - cost filter business, which could push prices even lower. this indian success story, however, can also be seen as a thin bit of cover for the country \u2019 s scandalously poor public services. in the west, there is often a suspicion of municipal water. in my hometown of new york city, families spend good money to filter water that \u2019 s already been rigorously tested. even worse, they pay for bottled water that often comes from the same city mains as the local tap water. indians don \u2019 t have that luxury. they need to filter or boil their water because the stuff their government sends them is often dangerous. this was driven home last month when, during a seven - day boat journey down the ganges, i passed a sewage pipe pouring waste into the river just upstream of a pumping station that in turn sent the dirty water right back into people \u2019 s homes. with no one else looking out for their health, individual households take on the burden and financial cost of one of the basic jobs of government. william nanda bissell, in his 2010 bestseller making india work, describes the economic activity generated by these gaps in governance as \u201c forced consumption. \u201d the money tata and other companies earn from innovations like the swach is money that indian families could have saved or spent on education, housing, health care, or culture and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45346919490639814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba11da17-c423-4592-b613-ae64a7eacd10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.940002"}
{"text": "describes the economic activity generated by these gaps in governance as \u201c forced consumption. \u201d the money tata and other companies earn from innovations like the swach is money that indian families could have saved or spent on education, housing, health care, or culture and entertainment. the massive investment required to deliver clean water to indian households is still less than the total amount being spent by hundreds of millions of families to do the job at home \u2013 - and of the work and school hours and health expenses lost to waterborne diseases. according to a new report by the delhi - based center for science and the environment, india \u2019 s cities are drowning in their own waste due to poor planning and administration. \u201c every city was the same old story, \u201d souparno banerjee, lead researcher on the 71 - city, 3\u00bd - year effort, told the wall street journal. \u201c it had devastated its surface water, it was depleting its ground water and it had no plan for managing its water or wastewater. \u201d speaking with the journal, the center \u2019 s director, sunita narain, asks some disturbing questions : \u201c is it a reflection of the caste system of indian society, where removing waste was someone else \u2019 s business? the business was untouchable. certainly it was unspeakable. or is it a reflection of the current governance systems, where water and waste are government business and, within that, it is the sole business of a lowly water and sanitation bureaucracy? \u201d \u201c or is it simply a reflection of indian society \u2019 s extreme arrogance \u2014 our belief we can fix it all as and when we get rich? \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4417234621505454, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba11da17-c423-4592-b613-ae64a7eacd10>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.940694"}
{"text": "the researchers can route quantum bits, or entangled particles of light, at very high speeds along a shared network of fiber - optic cable without losing the entanglement information embedded in the quantum bits. the switch could be used toward achieving two goals of the information technology world : a quantum internet, where encrypted information would be completely secure, and networking superfast quantum computers. the device would enable a common transport mechanism, such as the ubiquitous fiber - optic infrastructure, to be shared among many users of quantum information. such a system could route a quantum bit, such as a photon, to its final destination just like an e - mail is routed across the internet today. this is a follow up of this article about ultrafast 10 - 200 picosecond switching of quantum photonic entanglement the bits we all know through standard, or classical, communications only exist in one of two states, either \u201c 1 \u201d or \u201c 0. \u201d all classical information is encoded using these ones and zeros. what makes a quantum bit, or qubit, so attractive is it can be both one and zero simultaneously as well as being one or zero. additionally, two or more qubits at different locations can be entangled - - a mysterious connection that is not possible with ordinary bits. researchers need to build an infrastructure that can transport this \u201c superposition and entanglement \u201d ( being one and zero simultaneously ) for quantum communications and computing to succeed. the qubit kumar works with is the photon, a particle of light. a photonic quantum network will require switches that don \u2019 t disturb the physical characteristics ( superposition and entanglement properties ) of the photons being transmitted, kumar says. he and his team built an all - optical, fiber - based switch that does just that while operating at very high speeds. to demonstrate their switch, the researchers first produced pairs of entangled photons using another device developed by kumar, called an entangled photon source. \u201c entangled \u201d means that some physical characteristic ( such as polarization as used in 3 - d tv ) of each pair of photons emitted by this device are inextricably linked. if one photon assumes one state, its mate assumes a corresponding state ; this holds even if the two photons are hundreds of kilometers apart. the researchers used pairs of polarization - entangled photons emitted into standard telecom - grade fiber. one photon of the pair was transmitted through the all - optical switch. using single - photon detectors, the researchers found that the quantum state of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.7258827662877729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa330233-be1d-4b06-878d-d89fcd009e1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.946384"}
{"text": "apart. the researchers used pairs of polarization - entangled photons emitted into standard telecom - grade fiber. one photon of the pair was transmitted through the all - optical switch. using single - photon detectors, the researchers found that the quantum state of the pair of photons was not disturbed ; the encoded entanglement information was intact. \u201c quantum communication can achieve things that are not possible with classical communication, \u201d said kumar, director of northwestern \u2019 s center for photonic communication and computing. \u201c this switch opens new doors for many applications, including distributed quantum processing where nodes of small - scale quantum processors are connected via quantum communication links. \u201d mit technology review - a quantum communcations switch prem kumar, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at northwestern university, has developed a quantum routing switch that can shuttle entangled photons along various paths while keeping the quantum information intact. the device could be particularly useful for quantum computing, says james franson, professor of physics at the university of maryland, baltimore county. \" to build a quantum computer using photons, we need the ability to switch [ entangled ] photons, \" says franson. a quantum switch could also someday allow entangled photons from different quantum computers to be shared over long distances \u2014 like cloud computing, but with quantum information. kumar says the switch will also make ultra - secure quantum networks a reality. today ' s information is typically secured using what ' s called public key encryption, which relies on the practical impossibility of performing certain mathematical tasks, like factoring extremely large numbers. quantum networks would offer an even more secure alternative to public key encryption. using entangled photons to communicate ensures security because any attempt to intercept a message would disturb the particles ' quantum state. to build the new quantum switch, the researchers used commercial fiber - optic cable and other standard optical components, says kumar. \" my goal is to do things in the quantum information space that are very compatible with existing fiber infrastructures, \" he says. the first step is to prepare the photons. entangled photons have properties, such as polarization, that are fundamentally linked. if two photons are entangled, then the measured polarization of one reveals the corresponding state of the other. the researchers used a technique in which they mixed together multiple wavelengths of light within a standard fiber to create entangled photon pairs. the next step is to send one photon down the optical fiber to the switch, which changes the photon ' s course. the researchers ' switch is made of only optical components", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.717288698142037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa330233-be1d-4b06-878d-d89fcd009e1b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.950080"}
{"text": "to be or not to be is a question that has been asked many times before. we were curious what happens if we visualize this passage of shakespeare \u2019 s classics as a text network ( using the polysingularity method ) and then read the text through the network. what are the other possibilities contained within the passage? here is the text network visualization ( click to enlarge ) : shakespeare ' s hamlet text network visualization here \u2019 s the original text : to be, or not to be : that is the question : whether \u2019 tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them? to die : to sleep ; no more ; and by a sleep to say we end the heart - ache and the thousand natural shocks that flesh is heir to, \u2019 tis a consummation devoutly to be wish \u2019 d. to die, to sleep ; to sleep : perchance to dream : ay, there \u2019 s the rub ; for in that sleep of death what dreams may come when we have shuffled off this mortal coil, must give us pause : there \u2019 s the respect that makes calamity of so long life ; for who would bear the whips and scorns of time, the oppressor \u2019 s wrong, the proud man \u2019 s contumely, the pangs of despised love, the law \u2019 s delay, the insolence of office and the spurns that patient merit of the unworthy takes, when he himself might his quietus make with a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear, to grunt and sweat under a weary life, but that the dread of something after death, the undiscover \u2019 d country from whose bourn no traveller returns, puzzles the will and makes us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of? thus conscience does make cowards of us all ; and thus the native hue of resolution is sicklied o \u2019 er with the pale cast of thought, and enterprises of great pith and moment with this regard their currents turn awry, and lose the name of action. \u2013 soft you now! the fair ophelia! nymph, in thy orisons be all my sins remember \u2019 d. during our reading we tried to follow the nodes in a more or less random way to ensure that the resulting trajectory would only be subject to the possibilities exercised within the text \u2019 s network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5964714728151177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf24e12-8d14-4d96-9bab-5fa0ca4cc239>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.954960"}
{"text": ", in thy orisons be all my sins remember \u2019 d. during our reading we tried to follow the nodes in a more or less random way to ensure that the resulting trajectory would only be subject to the possibilities exercised within the text \u2019 s network structure, not influenced by our own idea of how the words are semantically linked. the result was as following : make coward native resolution. sickly pale thinks the enterprise of the moment. regard the awry current. turn, regard, turn moment. awry soft fear horizon. be sleep death dread and life to bear. scorn time whip time oppressor proud of wrong man contumely the pang and love despise the law delay insolence, spurn the patient unworthy merit takes the quiet. make life dread death sleep death dread life make coward native resolution hue native coward make life dread death sleep be remember the sins to be devoutly consummation flesh heir flesh shock a thousand heartache thousand shocks flesh and thousand shock and flesh and consummation devoutly sleep oppose the trouble arm the fortune the arrow sling the fortune arrow the outrageous sling suffers nobler mind suffer mind nobler mind to suffer sling the fortune the arm and trouble oppose the sleep death, dread life, make life bear time oppressor wrong and proud we leave it up to you to judge our efforts in re - reading shakespeare \u2019 s poetry \u2013 it would be actually interesting to hear what you think about it and whether you find it somewhat related to the original text. a brief visual analysis of the resulting network image for the text above shows that structurally it \u2019 s not too far away from the original passage. the most central concepts are similar and structurally they are connected to the similar clusters of meaning circulation. however, some concepts within these clusters. are much more emphasized than in the original text : especially the ones on the periphery, such as \u201c orizon \u201d, \u201c sickly \u201d, \u201c fortune \u201d, \u201c flesh \u201d, and \u201c patient \u201d. hamlet read randomly through a text network brief data analysis also shows that the quantitive parameters of the resulting graph are similar, the only difference is that we used a smaller vocabulary during the reading and that resulted in shorter diameter and average path length ( as less words are needed to connect one morpheme to another ). however, the average degree and modularity are somewhat similar and both graph have very similar degree distribution charts and overall graph structure. nodes : 65 vs 107 in the original edges : 157 vs 209 av degree : 4. 8 vs 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5554006221530114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf24e12-8d14-4d96-9bab-5fa0ca4cc239>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.955963"}
{"text": "a short history of the use of lime as a building material beyond europe and north america carran, dorn ; hughes, john ; leslie, alick ; kennedy, craig. 2012 a short history of the use of lime as a building material beyond europe and north america. journal of architectural heritage, 6 ( 2 ). 117 - 146. 10. 1080 / 15583058. 2010. 511694full text not available from this repository. ( request a copy ) the use of lime in building construction began at least 10, 000 years ago, with debated evidence of earlier uses. the focus of academic research to date has been on historical and archaeological use of lime in europe and the near east. this work is an attempt to provide a summary of the history of lime as a building material in china, india, africa, and central and south america, based on available literature resources. patterns of functional evolution suggest beginnings in small - scale, domestic surface coating evolving later to more widespread use linked to societal development in the regions considered. commonalities exist in material characteristics and usage between different societies, linked to technological progress rather than absolute chronology. | programmes : | | bgs programmes 2010 > geology and landscape ( scotland ) | | date made live : | | 17 may 2012 10 : 40 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46166315601588787, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaaadf21-32eb-4ff0-b81f-1593ca8f630d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.957348"}
{"text": "ivory ( french ivoire ; italian avorio ; latin ebur ), dentine, the tusks of the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, and other animals : a tough and elastic substance, of a creamy white, taking a high and lasting polish, largely employed in the arts since pre - historic times, and used extensively in making or adorning ecclesiastical objects by the primitive and medieval christians. in the museums of europe there are examples of pre - historic incised and carved ivories, and also many specimens of egyptian, assyrian, greek, and roman bas - reliefs, statues, diptychs, plaques, and caskets. the classical authors frequently allude to ivory, and the old testament terms with references to its employment, even using its attributes as poetic qualifications, in the same way as the church does today in the litany of loretto ( \" tower of ivory \" ). as soon as the christians were free to display the symbols of their faith and illustrate its history pictorially, they adopted the art then in vogue for this purpose, and among their first \u00e6sthetic expressions, carved ivory diptychs were the most important ; they followed closely the designs used in consular diptychs, excepting that symbolism and poetic imagery took the place of representations of mythological subjects. they consisted of two plates of ivory, hinged so as to fold together like a book ; the inside of each leaf was slightly counter - sunk, with a narrow raised margin, so as to hold the wax that received the writing, while the outside of the leaves was profusely adorned with carvings. they were used for various purposes, such as listing the names of the baptized, bishops, martyrs, saints, and benefactors, and of the living and the dead who were to be prayed for. that these diptychs suggested ivory plaques for book covers, reliquary doors and triptych shrines, is obvious ; hundreds of plaques are in existence, dating from the time of constantine to the sixteenth century, and many of them are exquisite works of art ; in the british museum there is one, six inches by four, divided into thirty panels, less than an inch square, and each compartment contains a scene from the life of the blessed virgin, all being beautiful examples of ivory sculpture. another use the early christians found for ivory was the making of cylindrical pyxes from a cross section of the elephant tusk ; upon the covers, they carved figures of our lord, st. peter, and st. paul,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5052050311028076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0b7ac3f-0ce0-4744-9f89-855f0507e72e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.961249"}
{"text": "of ivory sculpture. another use the early christians found for ivory was the making of cylindrical pyxes from a cross section of the elephant tusk ; upon the covers, they carved figures of our lord, st. peter, and st. paul, and on the side the apostles and biblical subjects. again, somewhat later, no doubt remembering that solomon made \" a great throne of ivory \" ( 1 kings 10 : 18 ), they overlaid their episcopal chairs with carved ivory tablets, as may be seen at ravenna in the chair of st. maximian, archbishop of that city ( 546 ). after the fifth century, possibly before, ivory crosiers were in use ; eighty or more of them are now in existence, including those said to have belonged to a number of the saints. at the same time liturgical combs of ivory were in use. a beautiful example, the comb of st. lupus ( 623 ), is in the treasury of st - etienne at lens. representations of the crucifixion in ivory upon various objects, are common, but not the crucifix. most of the crucifixes date from the seventeenth century, and of these there are many, but of the earlier ones, only five have survived the action of time and the fanaticism of the reformers. during the whole of the middle ages ivory was extensively used for paxes ( instrumenta pacis ), tabernacles, portable altars, caskets, holy - water buckets, statuettes, rosary - beads, seals, and the decoration of ecclesiastical furniture. apa citation. ( 1910 ). ivory. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 08257b. htm mla citation. \" ivory. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 8. new york : robert appleton company, 1910. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 08257b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by michael c. tinkler. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. october 1, 1910. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3998730973517688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0b7ac3f-0ce0-4744-9f89-855f0507e72e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.962162"}
{"text": "today novozymes, the world leader in bioinnovation, announced an exploratory research agreement with sea6 energy, an india - based company, to jointly develop a process for the production of biofuels from seaweed. the research alliance will use enzymes to convert seaweed - based carbohydrates to sugar, which can then be fermented to produce ethanol for fuel, fine chemicals, proteins for food, and fertilizers for plants. novozymes will research, develop, and manufacture enzymes for the conversion process, while sea6 energy contributes its offshore seaweed cultivation technology. seaweed is a natural complement to our efforts to convert other types of biomass to fuel ethanol, \u201d says per falholt, executive vice president and cso of novozymes. \u201c more than half of the dry mass in seaweed is sugar, and the potential is therefore significant. \u201d harvesting the ocean for sustainable biofuels and food proteins seaweed, technically known as macroalgae, is one of the world \u2019 s fastest growing plants. it does not require irrigation or fertilizers, or take up arable land. seaweed cultivation is an ancient practice traditionally carried out using long ropes and bamboo rafts. seaweed can be produced at many locations in the world, but the warm sea conditions, abundant sunlight, and the possibility for several harvest cycles through the year make the waters around india particularly suitable. sea6 energy has already developed ocean - farming structures that are robust and versatile compared to traditional methods of seaweed cultivation. these structures could be used to create large - scale seaweed farms in offshore locations. in addition, sea6 energy is also pioneering approaches to fermenting the sugars derived from seaweed to produce fuel in a manner that requires minimal use of fresh water resources. \u201c we are excited about our partnership with novozymes and look forward to developing an efficient enzymatic process to convert seaweed to sugar, \u201d says shrikumar suryanarayan, chairman of sea6 energy. \u201c combined with sea6 energy \u2019 s offshore seaweed cultivation expertise, these conversion technologies will offer a scalable and sustainable alternative to expensive and polluting fossil fuels, while providing employment to coastal communities and energy security for our country. \u201d sea6 energy is currently trialing its cultivation technology in partnership with a few fishing communities around the coastal areas of south india. novozymes \u2019 indian arm will work closely with sea6 energy to develop the conversion technology. about sea6 energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5198374661964926, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2e44b6-4deb-4686-9d26-f65ab030eaf4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.966800"}
{"text": "solar adaptive optics project smoothing out the wrinkles in our view of the sun solar scientists face the same challenge as night - time astronomers when observing from the ground : earth ' s atmosphere blurs the view. astronomers speak of being \" seeing limited, \" or restricted to what atmospheric turbulence allows. the turbulence acts as a flexible lens, constantly reshaping what we are studying, and putting many of the answers about solar activity just beyond our reach. sample images with ao off ( left ) and on ( center ). in the original, each frame covers an area 45x45 arc - sec and was taken at 550 nm wavelength ( 10 nm interference filter ) using the baja technology camera in april 2003. the relative size of earth and a 1 arc - sec square are superimposed in the last frame. bigger telescopes can see fainter objects but with no more detail than mid - size telescopes. the closeness and brightness of the sun make no difference : sunlight passes through the same atmosphere ( usually more disturbed because the sun heats the ground and air during the day ). solar observations from earth have the same limit of about 1 arc - second as nighttime astronomy ( 1 arc - second = about 1 / 1920th the apparent size of the sun or moon ; 1 / 1, 296, 000th of a circle ). an innovative solution, evolving since the 1990s, is to measure how much the air distorts the light and then adjust mirrors or lenses to cancel much of the problem. this is adaptive optics ( ao ), a sophisticated blend of computers and optics. for more than a decade night astronomers have used ao to let a larger number of telescopes operate closer to their difraction limit, the theoretical best set by the size of a telescope and how light forms images. applying ao to solar astronomy is a bigger challenge, though. where night astronomers have high - contrast pinpoints - - stars against a black sky - - to measure how the light is distorted, solar astronomers have large, low - contrast targets - - such as sunspots and granules - - comprising an infinite number of point sources. this has required a different approach. left : the mirror at center right doesn ' t look like an ironing board, but that ' s its basic role in a new high - order adaptive optics system that cancels most of the atmosphere ' s blurring. since the late 1990s the national solar observatory has been advancing the shack - hartmann technique. we divide the solar image into subapertures then deform a flexible mirror so each sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5634128745431537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7063bc01-3af8-4b61-841f-b1f64d12a3f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.970135"}
{"text": "1. teachers should teach both sides there are tens of thousands of different religious views concerning creation. it is simply impossible for all of these views to be presented. furthermore, none of the theories are based in science and therefore have no place in a science classroom. in a science class, students can debate where a creature branched off in the tree of life, but it is not right to argue a religious belief in a science class. the \u201c fairness \u201d argument is often used by groups attempting to inject their religious dogmas in to the scientific curricula. 2. evolution supports \u201c might makes right \u201d in the 19th and early 20th century, a philosophy called \u201c social darwinism \u201d sprung up from misguided attempts to apply biological evolution to society. this philosophy said that society should allow the weak to fail and die, and that not only is this an ideal situation, but a morally right one. this enabled prejudices to be rationalized and ideas such as the poor deserved their situation due to being less fit were very popular. this was a misappropriation of science. social darwinism has, thankfully, been repudiated. biological evolution has not. 3. evolution leads to immoral behavior all animal species have a set of behaviors that they share with other members of their species. slugs act like slugs, dogs act like dogs, and humans act like humans. it is preposterous to presume that a child will begin to behave like another creature when they discover that they are related to them. it is nonsensical to link evolution to immoral or inappropriate behavior. 4. most biologists have rejected darwinism scientists do not reject darwin \u2019 s theories, they have modified it over time as more knowledge has been discovered. darwin considered that evolution proceeds at a deliberate, slow pace \u2013 but in fact it has now been discovered that it can proceed at a rapid pace under some circumstances. there has not been, so far, a credible challenge to the basic principles of darwin \u2019 s theory. scientists have improved and expanded on darwin \u2019 s original theory of natural selection \u2013 it has not been rejected, it has been added to. 5. evolution is not science because it is not observable evolution is observable and testable. the confusion here is that people think science is limited to experiments in laboratories by white - coated technicians. in fact, a large amount of scientific information is gathered from the real world. astronomers can obviously not physically touch the objects they study ( for example stars and galaxies ), yet a great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49930611487244625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9cb41fc7-8b93-49af-9744-52b13c8a260e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.977459"}
{"text": "science is limited to experiments in laboratories by white - coated technicians. in fact, a large amount of scientific information is gathered from the real world. astronomers can obviously not physically touch the objects they study ( for example stars and galaxies ), yet a great deal of knowledge can be gained through multiple lines of study. this is true also of evolution. it is also true that there are many mechanisms of evolution that can be, and are studied through direct experimentation as with other sciences. 6. the theory is flawed science is an extremely competitive field \u2013 if any flaws were discovered in evolutionary theory they would be quickly corrected. all of the alleged flaws that creationists put forth have been investigated careful by scientists and they simply do not hold water. they are usually based on misunderstandings of the theory or misrepresentation of the evidence. 7. evolutionary theory is incomplete evolutionary science is a work in progress. science is constantly making new discoveries with regard to it and explanations are always adjusted if necessary. evolutionary theory is like all of the other sciences in this respect. science is always trying to improve our knowledge. at present, evolution is the only well - supported explanation for all of life \u2019 s diversity. 8. gaps in the fossil record disprove evolution actually, many transitional fossils do exist \u2013 for example, there are fossils of transitional organisms between modern birds and their dinosaur ancestors, as well as whales and their land mammal ancestors. there are many transitional forms that have not been preserved, but that is simply because some organisms do not fossilize well or exist in conditions that do not allow for the process of fossilization. science predicts that there will be gaps in the record for many evolutionary changes. this does not disprove the theory. 9. evolution is a theory in crisis there is no debate in science as to whether or not evolution occurred \u2013 there is, however, debate over how it happened. the minutiae of the process is vigorously debated which can cause anti - evolutionists to believe that the theory is in crisis. evolution is sound science and is treated as such by scientists worldwide. 10. evolution is \u2018 just \u2019 a theory scientifically speaking, a theory is a well substantiated idea that explains aspects of the natural world. unfortunately other definitions of theory ( such as a \u201c guess \u201d or a \u201c hunch \u201d ) cause a great deal of confusion in the non - scientific world when dealing with the sciences. they are, in fact, two very different concepts. 11. natural selection gives organisms what they \u2018 need. \u2019 natural selection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5269080454738175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9cb41fc7-8b93-49af-9744-52b13c8a260e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.978508"}
{"text": "or a \u201c hunch \u201d ) cause a great deal of confusion in the non - scientific world when dealing with the sciences. they are, in fact, two very different concepts. 11. natural selection gives organisms what they \u2018 need. \u2019 natural selection has no \u201c intelligence \u201d \u2013 it can not tell what a species needs. if a population has genetic variants that are more suited to their environment, they will reproduce more in the next generation and the population will evolve. if a genetic variant is not present, the population will most likely do \u2013 or it will survive with little evolutionary change. 12. natural selection involves organisms \u2018 trying \u2019 to adapt organisms do not \u201c try \u201d to adapt \u2013 it is natural selection that enables various members of a group to survive and reproduce. genetic adaptation is entirely outside of the power of the developing organism. 13. evolution means that life changed \u2018 by chance \u2019 in fact, natural selection is not random. many aquatic animals need speed to survive and reproduce \u2013 the creatures with that ability are more suited to their environment and are more likely to survive natural selection. in turn, they will produce more offspring with the same traits and the cycle continues. the idea that evolution occurs by chance does not take the entire picture in to account. 14. organisms are always getting better while it is a fact that natural selection weeds out unhealthy genes from the gene pool, there are many cases where an imperfect organism has survived. some examples of this are fungi, sharks, crayfish, and mosses \u2013 these have all remained essentially the same over a great period of time. these organisms are all sufficiently adapted to their environment to survive without improvement. other taxa have changed a lot, but not necessarily for the better. some creatures have had their environments changed and their adaptations may not be as well suited to their new situation. fitness is linked to their environment, not to progress. nina adds that \u201c fitness \u201d is not about physical fitness, but rather it means suitability to the environment and the ability to adapt to changes in the environment, which could include being able to take advantage of new food sources, resist disease or evade a new predator. or adapt to a change in climate \u2026 \u2026 15. evolution is a theory about the origin of life the theory of evolution primarily deals with the manner in which life has changed after its origin. while science is interested in the origins of life ( for example the composition of the primeval sludge from which life might have come ) but these are not issues covered in the area of evolution. what is known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5106387532917778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9cb41fc7-8b93-49af-9744-52b13c8a260e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.979552"}
{"text": "which life has changed after its origin. while science is interested in the origins of life ( for example the composition of the primeval sludge from which life might have come ) but these are not issues covered in the area of evolution. what is known is that regardless of the start, at some point life began to branch off. evolution is, therefore, dedicated to the study of those processes. article sourced from : i find it curious that american creationists set themselves against biologists instead of anthropologists. for anthropology demonstrates better than any other area of science that religion and the gods of said religion, are cultural products to create a group identity, enforce social norms and be a means of controlling your population. that every civilization that has risen and fallen in human history, has had their own gods / goddesses \u2013 and creation myths \u2013 that they worshiped demonstrates that humans create the gods and religion is the cultural mechanism to incorporate the gods into the society. religionists often forget that there are thousands of religions practiced around the world and they ignore these other religions to battle against atheists, who do not believe in any of them. but only difference between an atheist and a believer in any religion, is that one religion \u2013 most people are 99. 9 % atheist \u2013 if you are a christian, you are an atheist to all the other religions that are currently practiced or have been practiced or will be practiced. atheism isn \u2019 t a belief, it \u2019 s a rejection of the claims for deities and their dependent religion \u2013 so atheism has nothing to prove \u2013 this means that believers and non - believers are not in the same boat needing proof - paddles. only believers require proof \u2013 which they set the bar very low on for themselves, being wishful thinking and subjective feelings / experiences \u2013 but they only really need to provide evidence if they want to convince a non - believer \u2013 and so far, the only method that \u2019 s demonstrated a conversion rate is using a sword. and really, given the embarrassing number of religions that have been practiced through history and into the modern era \u2013 including and maybe especially religions that came to be in the modern era in addition to the various sects and splinter groups of the existing ones \u2013 religion shouldn \u2019 t pit itself against science \u2013 biology or anthropology \u2013 because the more that science explains and the deeper our understanding of ourselves, the fewer aspects of our lives \u2013 intellectual or emotional \u2013 religions belongs in or satisfies. after all, every religion started with one person having an idea and marketing it to followers, so what need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4826100879418445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9cb41fc7-8b93-49af-9744-52b13c8a260e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.980952"}
{"text": "this is a guest post by bianca of latino sexuality and of the latinegr @ s project. i \u2019 ll be cross - posting and blogging! read a bit more about me when we introduced the latinegr @ s project team. cross posted from my media justice column by bianca laureano you may want to bookmark this post for future reference. for many of you in school ( high school, college, a vocational school ) you are most likely going to be expected to write something. each semester i have students write at least two papers, which is something that we are encouraged to do in an effort to support and expect students to be able to express themselves through writing. with all of the advances in technology, many folks are writing online. when you write, citations are important. citations are not just for the reader, but they are also for you, the writer and the folks whose work you find useful. these citations are so important ; they shows you have done your research, are open to other perspectives, and can offer ways for the reader to go back and read those citations and make their own opinions. they are also important because naming the people whose thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and work makes them visible. often youth, working class people, folks with disabilities, who are trans * or people of color rarely get the attention, support, and simple naming of their work that other folks receive. our names are powerful and choosing not to name someone, or ignoring their name is a form of erasure. this happens too often, even within and among marginalized groups. as someone who requires a paper using media literacy skills and examining different forms of media, citations are one area where my students struggle. with the advancements of the internet, various websites, and social media networks where students find their information, they rarely know how to properly cite them in a paper. this article is for those of you who are trying to figure out how to cite these new forms of information collection! some of these may change ( such as citing facebook fan pages and the like ) as new forms of online communication and virtual spaces evolve. so this page will definitely be outdated one day. i tell my students i don \u2019 t care if they use mla, apa or chicago style, as long as they are consistent. an amazing resource online is the purdue online writing lab. i encourage you to visit the site and spend some time becoming familiar with what is shared and how it will impact your choice in citations. below are some examples on how to cite certain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4702438922345813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d67a07-fbdb-44ef-a7b3-c560a996ca35>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.991378"}
{"text": "are consistent. an amazing resource online is the purdue online writing lab. i encourage you to visit the site and spend some time becoming familiar with what is shared and how it will impact your choice in citations. below are some examples on how to cite certain forms of print, non - print, and web - based media. how to cite a film films need to be cited using the title ( in italics ), name of the director, studio / distributor, release date and if necessary a list of the cast / performers. a great place to find information about a film or television show is the internet movie database. let \u2019 s use the film pariah as an example in mla format : pariah. dir. dee rees. performers adepero oduye, kim wayans and aasha davis. focus features. 2011. film. ( you can use the same format for mla citations of a vhs or dvd just change the \u201c film \u201d part to the format that the film is in ). here \u2019 s how to cite in a paper : there are not many films that center the experiences of young black lesbian women living in brooklyn in major theaters and the few that do exist rarely are limited release ( i. e. pariah, 2011 ). how to cite a tv episode for television series you have to know the name of the episode ( this is where imdb is useful too ), title of the show / series, network, original air date, and city and state of the studio or distributor. depending on the format you may also need to list the writer and director. here \u2019 s an example using the tv series pretty little liars ( which my students seem to enjoy watching ). king, i. marlene ( writer ), shepard, sara ( writer ) & friedlander, liz ( director ). 2010. the jenna thing [ pretty little liars ]. abc family. j. bank ( producer ) & l. cochran - nielan ( producer ). burbank, ca : warner horizon television. here \u2019 s how to cite this in a paper : in this episode, the clothing of the cast caught my attention and this is where we are introduced to the different styles of each character and how it connects to their personality ( pretty little liars, 2010 ). how to cite a song citing a song is often done first by the name of the artist or performers. included in the citation is the name of artist / performer, title of album ( italicized ), name of the song ( in quotes if used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4777813417282921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d67a07-fbdb-44ef-a7b3-c560a996ca35>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.992359"}
{"text": "to cite a song citing a song is often done first by the name of the artist or performers. included in the citation is the name of artist / performer, title of album ( italicized ), name of the song ( in quotes if used ), date of publication, recording manufactures information ( i. e. record label ), and the format ( i. e. cd, mp3, digital file, etc. ). let \u2019 s use big freedia \u2019 s hits album, where she has self - distributed her own album. here \u2019 s mla examples below : big freedia. big freedia hitz vol. 1, 1999 - 2010. big freedia, 2010. mp3. another example of a group i \u2019 ve written about who are on a major label and focusing on a specific song includes : dead prez. \u201c mind sex. \u201d let \u2019 s get free. loud records, 2000. cd. when you cite this in the paper you do so like this : when dead prez talk about getting to know one another before engaging in sexual activity, they are sending a message that supports abstinence ( 2000 ). how to cite a website ( wikipedia is always popular! ) i encourage you to ask your instructor first before citing wikipedia. some folks are not in favor of using wikipedia as a source because as a collective form of documentation, some information can change or not be factual. there are often citations at the bottom of the wikipedia page and if you can go to the original source you should use those first as citations. wikipedia has also offered a useful guide to citing their site. let \u2019 s use the wikipedia entry for advocates for youth in apa format. the same format that you use to cite a book or printed publication is what you use for online sites. the additional information needed is the year and date of publishing ( or just the date of publication ), and full web address and date retrieved ( make sure you put the location, i. e. wikipedia, in italics ). here \u2019 s an example : advocates for youth. in wikipedia. retrieved may 2, 2012, from http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / advocates _ for _ youth to cite in the paper and text, a simple form is often ok ; however sometimes when you paraphrase or quote from a particular paragraph on the site you \u2019 ll need the title of the heading ( i. e. \u201c programs \u201d ) or the number of the paragraph you are citing ( \u201c programs \u201d para. 2 ). wikipedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4435810015887715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d67a07-fbdb-44ef-a7b3-c560a996ca35>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.993358"}
{"text": "you paraphrase or quote from a particular paragraph on the site you \u2019 ll need the title of the heading ( i. e. \u201c programs \u201d ) or the number of the paragraph you are citing ( \u201c programs \u201d para. 2 ). wikipedia offers a more in - depth discussion of citing specific paragraphs and headings at their site. for a more general in - text citation do the following : advocates for youth is based in washington, dc and have us and international programs ( \u201c advocates for youth, \u201d 2012 ). how to cite a tweet let \u2019 s use this amplify tweet as an example. what you need for all forms of citations include : the original tweet, name on / of the account, date the tweet was sent, and the link to the tweet. below is an example in apa format : advocates for youth. ( 2012, may 12 ). tell the obama administration : stop endorsing homophobic and sexist program in our schools ow. ly / af8l2. [ twitter post ]. retrieved from : https : / / twitter. com / #! / amplifytweets / status / 197793985740288000 when you want to use this as a reference in your paper you will cite it as name on / of the account followed by the date. here \u2019 s an example : advocates for youth has been vocal about challenging the obama administrations endorsements programs in the us schools that they state are homophobic and sexist ( advocates for youth, 2012 ). how to cite an personal interview or email for a personal interview or email communication you \u2019 ll need the specific date ( including day, month and year ), the person \u2019 s name and the format. here \u2019 s an example if you received an email from me telling you how excited i am to share the link to this post with you and you wish to cite it in mla format : laureano, bianca. personal email. 2 may 2012. to cite this in text you would do so in the following way : my first opportunity to hear about a post featuring ways to properly cite virtual spaces and forms of media was when i received a email from the author ( laureano, 2012 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44869823973456296, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d67a07-fbdb-44ef-a7b3-c560a996ca35>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.994230"}
{"text": "\u00ab previous | next \u00bb how are mental disorders diagnosed and treated? this session explores the two main categories of psychological treatment \u2013 behavioral therapies and medical ( drug ) therapies. for ocd, depression and adhd, we ' ll look at the current scientific understanding of these disorders and compare methods of treatment. keywords : psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, diagnosis, medication, psychopharmacology, cbt, depression, ocd, adhd, add, ritalin image : \" self - portrait with bandaged ear, \" vincent van gogh ( 1889 ). read the following before watching the lecture video. - [ sacks ] chapter 11, \" cupid ' s disease \" ( pp. 102 - 107 ) - finish the chapter you started for the previous session : - [ k & r ] chapter 12, \" treatment : healing actions, healing words \" - [ stangor ] finish chapter 12, \" defining psychological disorders, \" and chapter 13, \" treating psychological disorders. \" view full video view by chapter in this discussion, we ' ll talk about psychological disorders, or psychopathology. it ' s a really interesting question : what kinds of behavior exceed the normal range of behavior for human beings? which behaviors are truly pathological, as opposed to simply uncommon or exceptional? \u2026 read more \u00bb \" extra credit \" writing assignment : is it ethical to use cognition - enhancing drugs? these optional resources are provided for students that wish to explore this topic more fully. course optinal resources. | | the world of abnormal psychology. annenberg learner, 1992. | | 13 1 - hour videos on various psychopathology topics | | nimh. gov. \" adhd : signs, symptoms, research. \" sept. 10, 2010. youtube. accessed march 9, 2012. http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = igcl79jv0lc | | video about adhd by the u. s. national institute of mental health. | | study materials for ch. 15, \" psychological disorders : healing actions, healing words. \" in kosslyn & rosenberg, psychology in context, 3 / e ( pearson, 2007 ) | | practice test questions, flashcards, and media for this related textbook \u00ab previous | next \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5019348393661083, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81d8a60e-c4ee-42fc-84dd-00b919905029>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:38.999485"}
{"text": "- wasse r ( 1 ) ( remove ) - influence of natural organic matter on the mobility of arsenic in aquatic systems, soils and sediments ( 2008 ) - the element as is today recognized as one of the most dangerous inorganic contaminants and threats for the world \u2019 s water resources. arsenic is ubiquitious in the earth crust and humans are especially affected through as polluted drinking water supplies. the occurrence of high as groundwater concentrations is often caused by geogenic processes of as release from the solid phase and accumulation in the water phase. many contaminated aquifers are also characterized by high concentrations of natural organic matter ( nom ). previous studies showed that nom presence may affect as mobility, but we are lacking evidence about the reactions pathways and about the importance as - dom interactions in the environment. we therefore focussed on studying reactions between nom and as, including redox reactions, complexation, colloid formation and sorption competition in laboratory experiments. moreover we also studied as behaviour in columns experiments and wetland soils rich in organic matter. arsenic mobility strongly depends on its redox state. dissolved organic matter was previously found to be redox active but its redox properties are only poorly understood. in laboratory experiments we therefore elucidated the electron transfer characteristics of different dom samples. the results showed the high potential of humic substances to chemically reduce different fe ( iii ) complexes and oxidize h2s and metallic zn. reactions occurred over short periods of time with reaction rates in the range from 0. 03 to 27 h - 1. under otherwise identical conditions rising doc concentrations caused higher total electron transfer. this supports the assumption that functional groups of dom, such as quinones, were indeed the redox active moieties involved in the redox reactions. the calculated electron transfer capacities ( etc ) ranged from 0. 07 to 6. 2 mequiv ( g c ) - 1. the wide range of observed reaction rates and etc values could be related to the different redox potential of the inorganic reactants used. this suggests that dom molecules contain redox active moieties with different redox potential and that they possibly represent a redox ladder with the capacity to buffer electrons over a wide range of redox conditions. humic substances also influenced the as redox speciation as dissolved h3aso4 was - either chemically or microbially - reduced to h3aso3 in dom solution. no oxidation of as ( iii ) to as ( v ) was found in these experiments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5299828848913963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28564792-5c4b-4461-9d04-0545b7844a06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.005750"}
{"text": "as redox speciation as dissolved h3aso4 was - either chemically or microbially - reduced to h3aso3 in dom solution. no oxidation of as ( iii ) to as ( v ) was found in these experiments. the presence of organic matter thus changes the redox speciation of as as well as that of other environmentally relevant elements like fe or s. this possibly also contributes to a higher mobility of as due to the presence of reduced as and fe species. the formation of complexes on mineral surfaces is one of the most important immobilization processes for as in soils or sediments. dom strongly interfered with this as sequestration mechanism due to aqueous and surface complexation reactions. humic substances were found to prevent the precipitation and sedimentation of iron oxide minerals and promote the formation of dom and fe containing colloids at aqueous molar fe / c ratios of up to 0. 1. this impeded the co - precipitation and sedimentation of as with fe mineral structures and increased the amount of mobile as. arsenic and fe content were correlated in the different particle size classes was, suggesting as binding to fe e. g. in cation bridging complexes or dom stabilized fe oxide colloids. dom sorption on synthetic goethite and natural soil and sediment samples also caused a release of as from these solid phases due to sorption competition for mineral binding sites. especially the weakly adsorbed fraction of as in the natural samples was affected by this process. both the formation of aqueous complexes or colloids and the sorption competition in the presence of dom lead to higher as concentration in the water phase and demonstrate the potential of humic substances to increase as mobility. in the studied laboratory columns as redox transformation and complexation by dom could not be identified. instead as mobilization was dominated by microbial processes in these experiments. at dom input concentrations between 5 and 100 mg l - 1 the release of as occurred mainly due to the reductive dissolution of the fe oxide sorbent phase during microbial respiration. the occurrence of sulfate reduction and the precipitation of sulfide minerals at the highest dom concentrations did not represent a substantial immobilization mechanism. the studied wetland soils represent natural sinks for geogenic as. fe oxides were the main as sorbents, which is surprising as both soils were temporarily water saturated and likely under reducing conditions. moreover, the high porewater doc concentrations and the high organic carbon content in the solid phase apparently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5071676771916709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28564792-5c4b-4461-9d04-0545b7844a06>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.007055"}
{"text": "##genic as. fe oxides were the main as sorbents, which is surprising as both soils were temporarily water saturated and likely under reducing conditions. moreover, the high porewater doc concentrations and the high organic carbon content in the solid phase apparently did not interfere with as sorption on the iron phases in these soils. chemical extractions also showed that smaller as fractions were associated with solid phase organic matter pool and with a not identified residual pool, likely sulfide minerals. however, as most as was bound to fe oxides its fate was strongly affected by changing redox conditions. fast as immobilization sorption occurred under dry conditions when fe was oxidized and precipitated, while short - term mobilization of as and fe in their reduced form was observed upon rewetting. these soils therefore are as sinks as long as oxic conditions are maintained but may turn into as sources when reducing conditions prevail for longer periods of time. organic molecules influence the redox state and the complexation of as and are able to shift as partitioning in favour of the solute phase. our results showed that especially the association of as with aqueous complexes and colloids has a strong potential to reduce as retention and increase as mobility. this has to be considered in future studies of as behaviour in aquifers, surface waters, soils or sediments rich in organic substances. peatland soils were found to represent sinks for geogenic as, showing that the presence of organic matter not necessarily prevents as immobilization. it also depends on the biogeochemical conditions whether an organic matter rich system will accumulate or release as.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47201343793185574, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28564792-5c4b-4461-9d04-0545b7844a06>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.007868"}
{"text": "john smyth ( c. 1570 - 1612 ) is an important figure in baptist history, mainly because of his commitment to religious liberty, a believer \u2019 s church, and \u201c baptism \u201d of believers. he was not, however, the founder of baptists ( wikipedia is wrong. ). his baptism was not technically baptism as it was done by affusion ( pouring ) and he did this to himself ( se - baptism ). the seventeenth - century english baptists did not acknowledge smyth as their founder or initiator of the practice of baptism. in his work on baptism published in 1691, hercules collins directly refuted the claim that the english baptists had received their baptism from john smyth. this refutation was made in response to the paedo - baptist thomas wall who had claimed in his book baptism anatomized that the current \u201c english anabaptists \u201d had \u201c successively received \u201d their baptism from smyth who had baptized himself. in believers - baptism from heaven, collins asserted that the baptist community of which he was a part had not, in fact, had their baptism passed down to them from smyth. in refuting this charge, he referenced then living sources who knew better. in so doing, he charged wall with falsehood in his derogatory accusation regarding the origin of baptists. how many leaves hast thou spent in thy book, in asserting and maintaining a lie, and to cast filth upon the holy ways of the lord? could not the ordinance of christ, which was lost in the apostacy, be revived, ( as the feast of tabernacles was, tho lost a great while ) unless in such a filthy way as you falsly assert, viz. that the english baptists received their baptism from mr. john smith? it is absolutely untrue, it being well known, by some yet alive, how false this assertion is ; and if j. w. will but give a meeting to any of us, and bring whom he pleaseth with him, we shall sufficiently shew the falsity of what is affirmed by him in this matter, and in many other things he hath unchristianly asserted. those \u201c yet alive \u201d would certainly have included william kiffin ( 1616 - 1701 ) and possibly hanserd knollys ( b. 1599 ), who did not die until september of 1691, the same year in which these words were published. thomas wall, baptism anatomized ( london : g. croom, 1691 ), 106 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4572849281666836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1a782d1-c575-47d8-a4ff-02fdd030ea31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.013492"}
{"text": "through june of 2012, renewable energy was right behind natural gas in terms of the most new energy generating capacity being installed in the united states, with wind making up most of the renewables push. and now business insider has flagged the numbers for the remainder of the year. last week, they reported that wind ultimately pulled ahead of natural gas to become the leading installer of new capacity in 2012, at 10, 689 total megawatts. those numbers came from the federal energy regulatory commission \u2019 s report on the trends and highlights in u. s. energy for the past year. according to ferc \u2019 s update, natural gas installed 8, 746 megawatts of new capacity, coal installed 4, 510 new megawatts, and solar came in fourth with 1, 476 new megawatts. here \u2019 s the relevant table from the report, conveniently highlighted by business insider : one thing to note here is the issue of capacity factor : that \u2019 s how much power an installation actually produces as a percentage of its theoretical capacity. ( which is what \u2019 s listed in the table. ) natural gas plants do quite well in this regard : their median performance tends to come out to at least 80 percent, and they max out at 93 percent, according to the national renewable energy laboratory \u2019 s cost database. unfortunately, wind power doesn \u2019 t perform as well, due to the intermittency of, well, wind. its median tends to be around 40 percent offshore. onshore it \u2019 s been at 30 percent, though arguably onshore performance is pulling alongside offshore. and both max out at 50 to 54 percent. so even though wind beat out natural gas for new capacity in 2012, the new natural gas installation will almost certainly wind up generating more total electricity. the good news for wind is that it \u2019 s still a relatively young technology, with lots of room to improve. the energy it does deliver is produced much more efficiently in comparison to natural gas \u2014 the former loses less than one percent of its energy as waste heat, while the latter can lose as much as 54 percent. natural gas production in the u. s. may be on track to plateau, leading to predictions of rising prices, which will give wind power a further economic opening. and, of course, there \u2019 s the fact that, while cleaner than coal, natural gas remains a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions both through leaks and combustion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4717397316497709, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d22a97a6-7b86-4240-9605-29a7350d9477>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.018763"}
{"text": "here ' s another chance to play geographical detective! this natural - color image from the multi - angle imaging spectroradiometer ( misr ) represents an area of about 372 kilometers x 425 kilometers, and was captured by the instrument ' s vertical - viewing ( nadir ) camera in december, 2000. only some of the following 9 statements about the region shown are true. use any reference materials you like to mark each statement true or false : 1. of the two large smoke plumes rising from fires near image center, one is burning within 10 kilometers of a major gas pipeline. 2. the blue, green, and silver - colored lakes and lagoons, and the white salt - encrusted lakes and marshes that appear throughout the image area, are usually drier during winter and wetter in the summer. 3. agriculture in this region is devoted primarily to vegetable and fruit production. 4. there are fewer trees and forests in the region today than there were 500 years ago. 5. the fresh waters that feed the silver - colored lakes in the upper - right corner of the image are described as an aid to digestion in a 19th century novel by a french science fiction author. 6. the silver - colored area along the right - hand edge at image center is situated along the boundary of a city that was originally named for its white beaches. 7. in the same year in which this image was acquired, a water contamination event occurred and residents of the aforementioned city were warned not to drink from the municipal water supply. 8. the dark blue lake apparent at left - hand edge of image center is named for its sweet waters and supports year - round commercial and sport fishing. 9. the waters of the river that ends in a large alluvial fan ( situated near the right - hand edge below image center ), are saltier than the waters of the river below it, which continues to flow beyond the right - hand image edge. e - mail your answers, name ( initials are acceptable if you prefer ), and your hometown by the quiz deadline of tuesday, february 17, 2004, to email @ example. com answers will be published on the misr quiz page. the names and home towns of respondents who answer all questions correctly by the deadline will also be published in the order responses were received. the first 3 people on this list who are not affiliated with nasa, jpl, or misr and who have not previously won a prize will be sent a print of the image. a new \" where on earth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5135496269499251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8cbc50d0-60f7-4e3d-ad09-69b954462aee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.021812"}
{"text": "scientists have produced the most extensive map of arctic sea - ice thickness yet using just two months ' worth of data from the european space agency ' s ice mission, cryosat - 2. data from the satellite has also helped them create an updated map of ocean circulation in the arctic, and a topographical relief map of antarctica. all three maps demonstrate that cryosat - 2 is working well and, in some cases, is exceeding expectations. ' this is the first time we ' ve been able to measure sea - ice thickness over almost the entire arctic ice pack, ' says dr seymour laxon, director of the centre for polar observation and modelling ( cpom ) at university college london, a member of the research team. the map shows clear agreement with data gathered from aircraft during a recent arctic campaign, showing that cryosat - 2 can accurately measure changes in ice thickness. ' ' we can ' t yet say anything about changes for that you need a longer dataset, ' he adds. the sea - ice thickness map is based on data from january and february 2011 and shows thicker, rough, multi - year ice which has survived last summer ' s melt north of canada and greenland, stretching to the north pole and slightly beyond. elsewhere in the arctic the map reveals thinner, first year ice, and corresponds well with maps produced by other researchers. ' other european space agency satellites, like envisat and ers - 1 have let us build a map of sea - ice thickness up to 81. 5 degrees north. but cryosat - 2 goes right up to 88 degrees north, which means we ' ve got more coverage up to the north pole, ' says dr katharine giles, also from cpom. cryosat - 2 is designed to take precise measurements of changes in the thickness of ice in the arctic and antarctica, helping scientists understand how melting polar ice could affect ocean circulation patterns, sea - level rise and the global climate. the satellite measures the thickness of polar ice using an instrument called an altimeter, which fires pulses of microwave energy at the ice and records how long they take to return. researchers at cpom calculate the thickness of the ice by comparing how long it takes for the echoes to return from the top of ice floes and from the water in cracks in the ice, called leads. the aim is to measure the freeboard the part of the ice that sits above the waterline. the satellite can also tell scientists how winds affect the arctic ocean by measuring differences in the height of the sea surface exposed between ice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46639954917824883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9594179c-de64-49cb-88b5-5d7e5c95636f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.026886"}
{"text": "ice, called leads. the aim is to measure the freeboard the part of the ice that sits above the waterline. the satellite can also tell scientists how winds affect the arctic ocean by measuring differences in the height of the sea surface exposed between ice floes. echoes returning from leads have a much sharper signature than echoes from the ice. it ' s this data that has let the cpom researchers to produce a map of ocean circulation in the arctic using cryosat - 2 data. they created a similar map in december 2010. but most of the data for that map came from another esa satellite called envisat. the cpom team used cryosat - 2 data to plug a huge hole over the north pole left by envisat. cryosat - 2 can also measure the height of the ice around the edges of greenland and antarctica, which is important for understanding changes in ice thickness. to test how well it does this, the researchers switched the satellite to a different measurement mode as it passed over a prominent chain of mountains under the sea around hawaii. the mountains in the hawaiian - emperor seamount chain are so enormous they change how gravity acts on the ocean above them, creating slopes and troughs at the surface. ' we were astonished to find we could measure tiny changes in the ocean surface caused by the seamounts lying deep under water, ' says dr natalia galin, also from cpom. the satellite is in a polar orbit around 700 kilometres above the earth. it ' s expected to be in operation for three years, ' but has enough fuel onboard to keep going for up to seven years, ' says professor duncan wingham from cpom, who conceived the idea for cryosat - 2 more than ten years ago. cryosat - 2 was launched onboard a dnepr rocket a converted intercontinental ballistic missile from the baikonur cosmodrome in kazakhstan on 8 april 2010. wingham presented the team ' s results at the paris air and space show today. explore further : the tropical upper atmosphere ' fingerprint ' of global warming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5497220476308505, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9594179c-de64-49cb-88b5-5d7e5c95636f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.027797"}
{"text": "( physorg. com ) - - harvard and brigham and women \u2019 s hospital researchers have devised a method that may allow clinicians to use higher doses of a powerful chemotherapy drug that has been limited because it is toxic not only to tumors but to patients ' kidneys. the research, conducted in laboratory animals, marries chemistry and nanotechnology to deliver toxic platinum atoms to tumors while almost entirely blocking the platinum from accumulating in the kidney, according to shiladitya sengupta, a harvard assistant professor of medicine and health sciences and technology whose laboratory for nanomedicine at harvard - affiliated brigham and women \u2019 s hospital conducted the work. sengupta has focused his research for three years on cisplatin, a powerful anti - cancer drug used in first - line chemotherapy. sengupta said the drug, discovered about 40 years ago, has many positive aspects. it is relatively inexpensive and effective against many cancers. its toxicity, however, limits its use. \u201c even if you can see amazing results as an anti - tumor therapy, you can \u2019 t give more, \u201d sengupta said. despite several attempts, cisplatin hasn \u2019 t been improved upon, sengupta said. two similar drugs that also incorporate platinum are on the market, but while they are less toxic to the kidney, they are also less active against tumors. though the chemistry involved is complex, the key to cisplatin \u2019 s effectiveness \u2014 and its toxicity \u2014 lies in how easily it releases platinum, both at the tumor site and, undesirably, in the kidneys. manufacturers of the two alternative drugs have reduced those drugs \u2019 toxicity by making them hold onto their platinum more tightly. sengupta \u2019 s work took a different track, however. understanding that particles greater than five nanometers in size would not be absorbed by the kidney, he set out to engineer a super - sized cisplatin. understanding the chemical properties of the cisplatin molecule and the laws that govern molecular folding, his team designed a polymer that would bind to cisplatin, much as a thread runs through a bead \u2019 s central hole. by stringing together enough cisplatin, the whole molecule wrapped itself into a ball, 100 nanometers in size, too large to enter the kidney. it took a couple of tries to get the molecular design right, sengupta said. though the initial design proved nontoxic to kidneys, it wasn \u2019 t as effective as the original cisplatin. sengupta and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5168412991793903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e58bf1a-a04f-43f6-91ff-a89d4e8d8330>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.033985"}
{"text": "kidney. it took a couple of tries to get the molecular design right, sengupta said. though the initial design proved nontoxic to kidneys, it wasn \u2019 t as effective as the original cisplatin. sengupta and colleagues tweaked the chemical formula so the molecule didn \u2019 t hold quite so tightly to the platinum atoms. studies conducted by basar bilgicer, assistant professor at the university of notre dame, showed that the molecule accumulated in tumor tissue, whose leaky blood vessels allowed it to pass out of the capillaries that feed the tumor. the molecule is too large to pass into other tissues, such as the kidney, lungs, liver, and spleen. once lodged in the tumor, the higher acidity there caused the molecule to fall apart, dumping its toxic load on the cancerous tissue. \u201c it showed absolutely minimal toxicity to the kidney, \u201d sengupta said. the new compound has been found to be effective against lung and breast cancers. instructor in pathology daniela dinulescu at brigham and women \u2019 s hospital also demonstrated that the nano - compound outperformed cisplatin in a transgenic ovarian cancer model that mimics the disease in humans. the research, which received funding from the national institutes of health and the defense department \u2019 s breast cancer research program, has not been tried in humans, and would require potentially lengthy testing before being ready for patient care. described in last week \u2019 s proceedings of the national academy of sciences, the project also included researchers at the university of notre dame, the harvard - mit division of health sciences and technology, the dana - farber cancer institute, the national chemical laboratory in pune, india, and the translational health science and technology institute in new delhi. explore further : single - cell transfection tool enables added control for biological studies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4929888156900305, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e58bf1a-a04f-43f6-91ff-a89d4e8d8330>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.034812"}
{"text": "major section : history example : : pe fn ; sketches the command that introduced fn and ; prints in full the event within it that created fn. see logical - name. pe takes one argument, a logical name, and prints in full the event corresponding to the name. pe also sketches the command responsible for that event if the command is different from the event itself. see pc for a description of the format used to display a command. to remind you that the event is inferior to the command, i. e., you can only undo the entire command, not just the event, the event is indented slightly from the command and a slash ( meant to suggest a tree branch ) if the given logical name corresponds to more than one event, then will print the above information for every such event. here is an example. of such behavior. acl2! > : pe nth - 4270 ( encapsulate nil... ) \\ > v ( verify - termination nth ) additional events for the logical name nth : pv - 4949 ( defun nth ( n l ) \" documentation available via : doc \" ( declare ( xargs : guard ( and ( integerp n ) ( > = n 0 ) ( true - listp l ) ) ) ) ( if ( endp l ) nil ( if ( zp n ) ( car l ) ( nth ( - n 1 ) ( cdr l ) ) ) ) ) acl2! >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5218964515432083, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc6923c6-3f17-4acb-84f4-38c1724a11bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.036436"}
{"text": "multiplies x by 2 ^ y. this is equivalent to shifting the binary representation of x to the left by y bits. bitwise logical operations on numbers. these forms compute the bitwise and, inclusive or, exclusive or, and equivalence ( a. k. a. exclusive nor ), respectively. these macros expand into calls of binary functions such as binary - logand, binary - logior, etc. the guards of these functions require that all inputs be integers. when passed one argument, these functions return the argument unchanged. when passed no arguments, logand and logeqv return - 1, while logior and logxor return 0. | > ( logand 1 ) | | > ( logand 10 6 ) | | > ( logior 10 5 ) | | > ( logxor 15 9 ) | | > ( logeqv 5 6 ) | | > ( logior \" 5 \" ) | computes the bitwise logical nand of the two given numbers. | > ( lognand 10 6 ) | computes the bitwise logical nor of x and y. | > ( lognor 10 6 ) | computes the bitwise logical not of the given number. | > ( lognot 5 ) | returns the ith bit in the two \u2019 s complement binary representation of j. returns the number of \" on \" bits in the binary representation of x. computes the bitwise logical inclusive or of y with the bitwise logical not of x. | > ( logorc1 10 6 ) | computes the bitwise logical inclusive or of x with the bitwise logical not of y. | > ( logorc2 10 6 ) | returns true if and only if x and y share a \u2019 1 \u2019 bit somewhere in their binary representation ( i. e. ( logand x y ) is not zero ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5821206226265025, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4154bb8-237d-4eee-a66a-8c4247735f56>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.038000"}
{"text": "this phenomena has been explained by the zetas and is thoroughly documented on this blog. while the \" official \" cause of such massive fish kills is often attributed to hypoxia ( lack of oxygen ), what is conveniently excluded in these opaque explanations is that high concentrations of dissolved methane essentially expels oxygen, thus rendering water and air uninhabitable for the fish and birds encountering it. \" dead fish and birds falling from the sky are being reported worldwide, suddenly. this is not a local affair, obviously. dead birds have been reported in sweden and n america, and dead fish in n america, brazil, and new zealand. methane is known to cause bird dead, and as methane rises when released during earth shifting, will float upward through the flocks of birds above. but can this be the cause of dead fish? if birds are more sensitive than humans to methane release, fish are likewise sensitive to changes in the water, as anyone with an aquarium will attest. those schools of fish caught in rising methane bubbles during sifting of rock layers beneath them will inevitably be affected. fish cannot, for instance, hold their breath until the emergency passes! nor do birds have such a mechanism. \" zetatalk click on map below for interactive version : yellow = 2011, blue = 2012, red = 2013 some of the evidence : youtube video up to jan 30, 2011 5000 + black birds 500 + black birds 100, 000 drum fish tens of thousands - fish thousands of fish thousands of fish dozens of fish in just 50 feet 50 - 100 birds - jackdaws 100 tons of fish hundreds of snapper 10 tons of fish hundreds of fish thousands of fish hundreds of fish hundreds of fish scores of fish hundreds of fish 150 tons of red tilapias thousands of fish scores of dead fish hundreds of starfish, jellyfish main source : http : / / maps. google. com / maps / ms? ie = ut... bca25af104a22b dead fish in 36 lakes in connecticut! mass fish die - off in michigan! heaps of dead fish at bay state ponds! dozens of dead fish found in madison pond! red sand lake fish die - off! melting lakes reveal hundreds of dead fish! hundreds of dead fish in meadows river dead birds fall from the sky in kansas! tens of thousands of dead fish in india! lake maardu without fish! massive fish mor in the lipetsk region! 100 tonnes of dead fish in ukraine! penguins losing their feathers to unknown illness! dead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47880074407672113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b7427b8-34a2-4e75-b0da-eca0f34b3001>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.043301"}
{"text": "fall from the sky in kansas! tens of thousands of dead fish in india! lake maardu without fish! massive fish mor in the lipetsk region! 100 tonnes of dead fish in ukraine! penguins losing their feathers to unknown illness! dead turtles found on australian beach! animal death list 4th june 2011 - 800 tons of fish dead in a lake near the taal volcano in the philippines. 13th may 2011 - dozens of sharks washing up dead in california. 13th may 2011 - thousands of fish wash up dead on shores of lake erie in ohio. 6th may 2011 - record number of wildlife die - offs in the rockies during the winter. 1st may 2011 - two giant whales wash ashore and die on waiinu beach in new zealand. 22nd april 2011 - leopard sharks dying in san francisco bay. 20th april 2011 - 6 tons of dead sardines found in ventura harbour in southern california. 20th april 2011 - hundreds of dead abalone and a marlin wash up dead on melkbos beach near cape town. 18th april 2011 - hundreds of dead fish found in ventura harbour in southern california. 29th march 2011 - over 1300 ducks die in houston minnesota. 28th march 2011 - sei whale washes up dead on beach in virginia. 26th march 2011 - hundreds of fish dead in gulf shores. 8th march 2011 - millions of dead fish in king harbor marina in california. 3rd march 2011 - 80 baby dolphins now dead in gulf region. 25th february 2011 - avian flu - hundreds of chickens die suddenly in north sumatra indonesia. 23rd february 2011 - 28 baby dolphins wash up dead in alabama and mississippi. 21st february 2011 - big freeze kills hundreds of thousands of fish along coast in texas. 21st february 2011 - bird flu? 16 swans die over 6 weeks in stratford - upon - avon, uk. 20th february 2011 - over 100 whales dead in mason bay, new zealand. 20th february 2011 - 120 cows found dead in banting, malaysia. 19th february 2011 - many blackbirds found dead in ukraine. 16th february 2011 - 5 million dead fish in mara river, kenya. 16th february 2011 - thousands of fish and several dozen ducks dead in ontario, canada. 16th february 2011 - mass fish death in black sea region in turkey. 11th february 2011 - 20, 000 bees died suddenly in a biodiversity exhibit in ontario, canada. 11th february 2011 - hundreds of dead birds found in lake charles, louisiana. 9th february 2011 - thousands of dead fish wash ashore in florida. 8th february 2011 - hundreds of sparrows fall dead in rotorua, new zealand. 5th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4319875043132857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b7427b8-34a2-4e75-b0da-eca0f34b3001>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.044312"}
{"text": "ontario, canada. 11th february 2011 - hundreds of dead birds found in lake charles, louisiana. 9th february 2011 - thousands of dead fish wash ashore in florida. 8th february 2011 - hundreds of sparrows fall dead in rotorua, new zealand. 5th february 2011 - 14 whales die after being beached in new zealand. 4th february 2011 - thousands of various fish float dead in amazon river and in florida. 2nd february 2011 - hundreds of pigeons dying in geneva, switzerland. 31st january 2011 - hundreds of thousands of horse mussell shells wash up dead on beaches in waiheke island, new zealand. 27th january 2011 - 200 pelicans wash up dead on topsail beach in north carolina. 27th january 2011 - 2000 fish dead in bogota, columbia. 23rd january 2011 - hundreds of dead fish in dublin, ireland. 22nd january 2011 - thousands of dead herring wash ashore in vancouver island, canada. 21st january 2011 - thousands of fish dead in detroit river, michigan. 20th january 2011 - 55 dead buffalo in cayuga county, new york. 18th january 2011 - thousands of octopus was up in vila nova de gaia, portugal. 17th january 2011 - 10, 000 buffalos and cows died in vietnam. 17th january 2011 - hundreds of dead seals washing up on shore in labrador, canada. 15th january 2011 - 200 dead cows found in portage county, wisconsin. 14th january 2011 - massive fish death in baku, azerbaijan. 14th january 2011 - 300 blackbirds found dead on highway i - 65 south of athens in alabama. 7th january 2011 - 8, 000 turtle doves reign down dead in faenza, italy. 6th january 2011 - hundreds of dead grackles, sparrows & pigeons were found dead in upshur county, texas. 5th january 2011 - hundreds of dead snapper with no eyes washed up on coromandel beaches in new zealand. 5th january 2011 - 40, 000 + crabs wash up dead in kent, england. 4th january 2011 - 100 tons of sardines, croaker & catfish wash up dead on the parana region shores in brazil. 4th january 2011 - 3, 000 + dead blackbirds found in louisville, kentucky. 4th january 2011 - 500 dead red - winged blackbirds & starlings in louisiana. 4th january 2011 - thousands of dead fish consisting of mullet, ladyfish, catfish & snook in volusia county, florida. 3rd january 2011 - 2, 000, 000 ( 2 million ) dead fish consisting of menhayden, spots & croakers wash up in chesapeake bay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3996277182522773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b7427b8-34a2-4e75-b0da-eca0f34b3001>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.045354"}
{"text": "wpa rule 3. eight ball the rules of play from world pool - billiard association ( effective 1 / 1 / 08 ) eight ball is played with fifteen numbered object balls and the cue ball. the shooter \u2019 s group of seven balls ( one through seven or nine through fifteen ) must all be off the table before he attempts to pocket the eight ball to win. shots are called. 3. 1 determining first break the player winning the lag has the option to determine who has to execute the first break shot. ( see 1. 2 lagging to determine order of play. ) the standard format is alternate break ( see regulation 15, subsequent break shots. ) 3. 2 eight ball rack the fifteen object balls are racked as tightly as possible in a triangle, with the apex ball on the foot spot and the eight ball as the first ball that is directly below the apex ball. one from each group of seven will be on the two lower corners of the triangle. the other balls are placed in the triangle without purposeful or intentional pattern. 3. 3 break shot the following rules apply to the break shot : ( a ) the cue ball begins in hand behind the head string. ( b ) no ball is called, and the cue ball is not required to hit any particular object ball first. ( c ) if the breaker pockets a ball and does not foul, he continues at the table, and the table remains open. ( see 3. 4 open table / choosing groups. ) ( d ) if no object ball is pocketed, at least four object balls must be driven to one or more rails, or the shot results in an illegal break, and the incoming player has the option of ( 1 ) accepting the table in position, or ( e ) pocketing the eight ball on a legal break shot is not a foul. if the eight ball is pocketed, the ( 2 ) re - racking and breaking, or ( 3 ) re - racking and allowing the offending player to break again. breaker has the option of ( 1 ) re - spotting the eight ball and accepting the balls in position, or ( f ) if the breaker pockets the eight ball and scratches ( see definition 8. 6 scratch ), the opponent has the option of ( 1 ) re - spotting the eight ball and shooting with cue ball in hand behind the head string ; ( g ) if any object ball is driven off the table on a break shot, it is a foul ; such balls remain out of play ( except the eight ball which is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4827351373023554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74799340-7b7e-460d-8af1-0e753cca398f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.051289"}
{"text": "the eight ball and shooting with cue ball in hand behind the head string ; ( g ) if any object ball is driven off the table on a break shot, it is a foul ; such balls remain out of play ( except the eight ball which is re - spotted ) ; and the incoming player has the option of ( 1 ) accepting the table in position, or ( h ) if the breaker fouls in any manner not listed above, the following player has the option of ( 2 ) taking cue ball in hand behind the head string. ( 1 ) accepting the balls in position, or 3. 4 open table / choosing groups ( 2 ) taking cue ball in hand behind the head string. before groups are determined, the table is said to be \u201c open, \u201d and before each shot, the shooter must call his intended ball. if the shooter legally pockets his called ball, the corresponding group becomes his, and his opponent is assigned the other group. if he fails to legally pocket his called ball, the table remains open and play passes to the other player. when the table is \u201c open \u201d, any object ball may be struck first except the eight ball. 3. 5 continuing play the shooter remains at the table as long as he continues to legally pocket called balls, or he wins the rack by pocketing the eight ball. 3. 6 shots required to be called on each shot except the break, shots must be called as explained in 1. 6 standard call shot. the eight ball may be called only after the shot on which the shooter \u2019 s group has been cleared from the table. the shooter may call \u201c safety \u201d in which case play passes to the opponent at the end of the shot and any object ball pocketed on the safety remains pocketed. ( see 8. 17 safety 3. 7 spotting balls if the eight ball is pocketed or driven off the table on the break, it will be spotted or the balls will be re - racked. ( see 3. 3 break shot and 1. 4 spotting balls. ) no other object ball is ever 3. 8 losing the rack the shooter loses if he ( a ) fouls when pocketing the eight ball ; ( b ) pockets the eight ball before his group is cleared ; ( c ) pockets the eight ball in an uncalled pocket ; or ( d ) drives the eight ball off the table. these do not apply to the break shot. ( see 3. 3 break shot. ) 3. 9 standard fouls if the shooter commits a foul, play passes to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5003367912985568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74799340-7b7e-460d-8af1-0e753cca398f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.052232"}
{"text": "##called pocket ; or ( d ) drives the eight ball off the table. these do not apply to the break shot. ( see 3. 3 break shot. ) 3. 9 standard fouls if the shooter commits a foul, play passes to his opponent. the cue ball is in hand, and the incoming player may place it anywhere on the playing surface. ( see 1. 5 cue ball in hand. ) the following are standard fouls at eight ball : 6. 1 cue ball scratch or off the table 6. 2 wrong ball first ; the first ball contacted by the cue ball on each shot must belong to the shooter \u2019 s group, except when the table is open. ( see 3. 4 open table / choosing groups. ) 6. 3 no rail after contact 6. 4 no foot on floor 6. 5 ball driven off the table ( see 3. 7 spotting balls. ) 6. 6 touched ball 6. 7 double hit / frozen balls 6. 8 push shot 6. 9 balls still moving 6. 10 bad cue ball placement 6. 11 bad play from behind the head string 6. 12 cue stick on the table 6. 13 playing out of turn 6. 15 slow play 3. 10 serious fouls the fouls listed under 3. 8 losing the rack are penalized by the loss of the current rack. for 6. 16 unsportsmanlike conduct, the referee will choose a penalty appropriate given the nature of the offense. if a stalemate occurs ( see 1. 12 stalemate ), the original breaker of the rack will break again. index : world pool & billiard rules of play world pool & billiard rules of play : 01. general rules world pool & billiard rules of play : 02. nine ball world pool & billiard rules of play : 03. eight ball world pool & billiard rules of play : 04. 14. 1 continuous pool world pool & billiard rules of play : 05. black ball world pool & billiard rules of play : 06. fouls world pool & billiard rules of play : 07. rules for wheelchair competition world pool & billiard rules of play : 08. definitions used in the rules world pool & billiard rules of play : 09. ten ball world pool & billiard tournament regulations world pool & billiard tournament table & equipment specifications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46702488870756664, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74799340-7b7e-460d-8af1-0e753cca398f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.053112"}
{"text": "chris hayess comments on his msnbc program regarding heroism provided another opportunity for the hard right to engage in its favorite pastime. over memorial day weekend, hayes paid tribute to the bravery and the sacrifices of the men and women who serve our country, but then had the temerity to wonder whether the word hero wasnt often deployed in a way to prevent debate as to the morality or efficacy of the war effort itself. as several commentators have pointed out, hayes raised these questions in a thoughtful and exploratory way, went out of his way to commend the efforts of our soldiers, and invited critical responses. since no good deed goes unpunished, hayess reflective questions were greeted with a barrage of distortions and ad hominem attacks. the intensity and palpable distortions in the attack on hayes lend plausibility to his concerns about the repressive uses of current heroism discourse. they also suggest just how fragile so much of the hard right is. its refusal to countenance even the most open and respectful dialogue speaks volumes. these comments are typical of right wing efforts to use such controversies as an opportunity to question the patriotism and morality of those who oppose the occupation of afghanistan and iraq. they are also part of an effort to rewrite history, as in reiteration of the long discredited notion that anti - vietnam war groups spat on returning vets. more broadly, the organized right seeks to police the use of terms such as heroism and patriotism over which it seems to assume it has monopoly control. heroism is a politically laden concept, and like all central political concepts is subject to debate. conor friedersdorf points out at theatlantic. com : for starters, there isnt even broad agreement about what the word hero means. merriam webster says a hero is a ) a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability ; b ) an illustrious warrior ; c ) a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities d ) one who shows great courage. in the us context, definition a is hardly applicable, though religious inspiration does sometimes slip into many discussions of heroism. c and d are often cited, but one key distinction lies with regard to the question of courage on behalf of what. in the eyes of the major media, hero is confined to those who sacrifice on behalf of the governments national security agenda. that requires not only sacrifice and willingness to die in such ventures as our current occupations but also an unquestioning commitment to these goals. thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.514872410914775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03721985-ceca-47e1-82c3-b7ace270d915>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.057522"}
{"text": "of the major media, hero is confined to those who sacrifice on behalf of the governments national security agenda. that requires not only sacrifice and willingness to die in such ventures as our current occupations but also an unquestioning commitment to these goals. thus arizona cardinal safety pat tillman was regularly cited as a hero until such time as it became clear that he had died at the hands of friendly fire and his family made clear that he had become increasingly disillusioned about the us war effort. heroism discourse serves economic objectives as well. memorial day, veterans day, july fourth are all occasions when we are besieged with public service ads during sporting events on behalf of the military. they protect our freedoms. we are told that these are the real heroes, the real superstars, yet we are never informed just what those freedoms are. it seems clear that the freedoms that really matter to those who make the ads and control the airwaves are those that lie in the center of the neo liberal project. corporations have the right to monopoly profits either at home or abroad. thus the past college basketball season opened with a game on the deck of an aircraft carrier, one of those instruments to deploy us power around the world. but what happens to those who seek to exercise a vital freedom, that of speech? julian assange is treated as dangerous criminals merely for publishing not stealing classified information, much of which is treated in a loose manner by the government agencies charged with its maintenance. he faces threats and risks at least as dire as those encountered by most us service men and women. finally, many of the protesters today, from those opposed to the xl pipeline to the occupy wall street movements are doing more to advance our political freedoms than most us citizens. and given the brutal police response they have faced, they are clearly in as much danger or more danger than most tv viewers recognize. i recently had occasion to talk with a college classmate, a unitarian minister active in social causes. he had recently returned from a pipeline demonstration in d. c. he pointed out that handcuffs are hardly benign, especially when police tighten them to inflict pain. he had ended in an emergency room with a $ 1, 200 bill. my friends story reminded and challenged me with a tale, perhaps apocryphal, from the life of henry david thoreau. thoreau had been jailed for refusal to pay a racially discriminatory poll tax. ralph waldo emerson visited him in jail and posed the question what are you doing in there, to which thoreau responded why arent you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626333457829388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03721985-ceca-47e1-82c3-b7ace270d915>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.058511"}
{"text": "the world \u2019 s first authorized test in people of a treatment derived from human embryonic stem cells has been cleared to begin by the food and drug administration. the trial will test cells developed by geron corporation and the university of california, irvine in patients with new spinal cord injuries. the f. d. a. had initially cleared the clinical trial in january 2009, in what was viewed at the time as a research milestone. but before the study could begin, the agency then put a so - called hold on the trial after cysts were discovered in some mice injected with the cells. geron had to do another mouse study and develop better ways to check the purity of its cells. on friday, the company announced in a press release that the f. d. a. had lifted the hold. geron shares rose in morning trading. embryonic stem cells can turn into any type of cell in the body. scientists envision one day making replacements for injured or diseased tissues to treat a wide variety of illnesses. clarification : but the cells have been controversial because their creation has required the destruction of human embryos, although some scientists claim they now avoid that. geron, which is based in menlo park, calif., helped finance the isolation of the first human embryonic stem cells at the university of wisconsin in the late 1990s, so it holds certain patent rights on use of the cells. geron turns embryonic stem cells into precursors of neural support cells called oligodendrocytes, which would be injected into the spinal cord at the site of the injury. the hope is that the injected cells will repair the insulation, known as myelin, around nerve cells, restoring the ability of some of the nerves to carry signals. the first trial, a so - called phase 1 study, will have a small number of patients and is aimed mainly at testing the safety of the therapy. years of further testing will be required before the therapy would be proven and ready for widespread use, assuming it works. some experts have worried that this particularly therapy has not been adequately proven in animals and could spur a backlash against the embryonic stem cell field should it fail in the trial or cause harm to patients. \u201c we really want the best trial to be done for this first trial, and this might not be it, \u2019 \u2019 dr. john a. kessler, chairman of neurology and director of the stem cell institute at northwestern university said at the time the f. d. a. first cleared the trial. still, dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4621129354100805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bba8729-8391-4e35-b98e-d2f29ef514d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.061333"}
{"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | behavioural genetics is the field of biology that studies the role of genetics in animal ( including human ) behaviour. the field is an overlap of genetics, ethology and psychology. classically, behavioural geneticists have studied the inheritance of behavioural traits. in 1869, francis galton published the first empirical work in human behavioural genetics, hereditary genius. here, galton intended to demonstrate that \" a man ' s natural abilities are derived by inheritance, under exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world. \" like most seminal work, he overstated his conclusions. his was a family study on the inheritance of giftedness and talent. galton was aware that resemblance among familial relatives can be a function of both shared genes and shared environments. contemporary behavioural genetics studies special populations \u2014 in human research, twins and adoptees and in animal research, specially bred strains and lines \u2014 to separate genetic from environmental effects. the initial impetus behind behavioural genetic research was to demonstrate that there were indeed genetic influences on behaviour. in psychology, this phase lasted for the first half of the 20th century largely because of the overwhelming influence of behaviourism in the field. later behavioural genetic research focused on quantitative methods, and today there is a large emphasis on applying techniques from molecular genetics to analyse individual genes that influence behaviour. contemporary behavioural geneticsedit recent trends in behaviour genetics has indicated an additional focus toward researching the inheritance of human characteristics typically studied in developmental psychology. for instance, a major focus in developmental psychology has been to characterize the influence of parenting styles on children. however, in most studies, genes are a confounding variable. because children share 50 % of their genes with each parent, any observed effects of parenting styles could be effects of having many of the same genes as a parent ( e. g. harsh aggressive parenting styles have been found to correlate with similar aggressive child characteristics : is it the parenting or the genes? ). thus, behaviour genetics research is currently undertaking to distinguish the effects of the family environment from the effects of genes. this branch of behaviour genetics research is becoming more closely associated with mainstream developmental psychology and the sub - field of developmental psychopathology as it shifts its focus to the heritability of such factors as emotional self - control, attachment, social functioning, aggressiveness, etc. several academic bodies exist to support behaviour genetic research, including the international behavioural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5167969687759639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e7ca05a-db14-4245-9dd9-e65d533f56d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.067633"}
{"text": "field of developmental psychopathology as it shifts its focus to the heritability of such factors as emotional self - control, attachment, social functioning, aggressiveness, etc. several academic bodies exist to support behaviour genetic research, including the international behavioural and neural genetics society, behavior genetics association, the international society for psychiatric genetics, and the international society for twin studies. behavior genetic work features prominently in several more general societies, for instance the international behavioral neuroscience society. methods of human behavioural geneticsedit human behavioural geneticists use several designs to answer questions about the nature and mechanisms of genetic influences on behavior. all of these designs are unified by being based around human relationships which disentangle genetic and environmental relatedness. so, for instance, some researchers study adopted twins : the adoption study. in this case the adoption disentangles the genetic relatedness of the twins ( either 50 % or 100 % ) from their family environments. likewise the classic twin study contrasts the differences between identical twins and fraternal twins within a family compared to differences observed between families. this core design can be extended : the so - called \" extended twin study \" which adds additional family members, increasing power and allowing new genetic and environmental relationships to be studied. excellent examples of this model are the virginia 20, 000 and the qimr twin studies. also possible are the \" children of twins \" design ( holding maternal genetic contributions equal across children with paternal genetics and family environments ; and the \" virtual twins \" design - unrelated children adopted into a family who are very close or identical in age to biological children or other adopted children in the family. the classical twin study has been severely criticized and is used less and less frequently nowadays. - biopsychosocial approach - introduction to genetics - genetics course - genetics : genetic disorders - genetic dominance - genetic recessiveness - genetics : personality - genetics : psychological problems - genetics and mental health - genetic counselling - nature nurture - population genetics references & bibliographyedit - carey, g. ( 2003 ) human genetics for the social sciences. thousand oaks, ca : sage publications. - carson, r. a. and rothstein, m. a. ( 1999 ) behavioral genetics : the clash of culture and biology. - defries, j. c., mcguffin, p., mcclearn, g. e., plomin, r. ( 2000 ) behavioral genetics 4th ed. w h freeman & co. - plomin, r ( 2000 ) ( ed ) behavioral genetics 4th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5096596683013062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e7ca05a-db14-4245-9dd9-e65d533f56d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.068621"}
{"text": "##guffin, p., mcclearn, g. e., plomin, r. ( 2000 ) behavioral genetics 4th ed. w h freeman & co. - plomin, r ( 2000 ) ( ed ) behavioral genetics 4th edn. - plomin, r defries, j. c. craig, i and mcguffin, p eds., ( 2002 ) behavioral genetics in the postgenomic era. - scott, j. p. and fuller, j. l. ( 1965 ) genetics and the social behavior of the dog. university of chicago press. - weiner, j. ( 1999 ) time, love, memory : a great biologist and his quest for the origins of behavior. knopf - segal, n., & macdonald, k. b. ( 1998 ). behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology : a unified perspective on personality research. human biology, 70, 157 - 182. full text robert plomin, j. c. defries, gerald e. mcclearn, and peter mcguffin ( 2000 ). behavioral genetics : a primer. w. h. freeman & co ltd isbn 0716751593 criticism of behavioural genetic methods and theories edit - joseph, j. ( 2004 ). the gene illusion : genetic research in psychiatry and psychology under the microscope. new york : algora. ( 2003 united kingdom edition by pccs books ) - joseph, j. ( 2006 ). the missing gene : psychiatry, heredity, and the fruitless search for genes. new york : algora. | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5265623710259346, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e7ca05a-db14-4245-9dd9-e65d533f56d5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.069257"}
{"text": "when the word went forth : \" o earth! swallow up thy water and o sky! withhold ( thy rain )! \" and the water abated and the matter was ended. the ark rested on mount judi and the word went forth : \" away with those who do wrong! \" 11 : 44the bible and the qur ' an both relate the eponymous story of noah ' s ark. in the qur ' an ' s version, however, the ark comes to rest not on mount ararat, but on mount judi. the qur ' anic version is also silent on the \" unnecessary details \", such as the dimensions of the ark, unlike the bible which states that the ark is 300 cubits long and 50 cubits wide. why should the author of the qur ' an have specified these differences? perhaps this might explain. this picture shows what appears to be the imprint, or the fossilised remains, of a giant boat near the foot of what has been identified as mount judi, mentioned the qur ' an as the ark ' s final resting place. surely this is proof, say muslims, that the qur ' an is the word of god and that the bible has been corrupted, just as we ' ve been saying all these centuries... except that it ' s not. what you ' re looking at is indeed a boat - like structure and can indeed be found near the foot of mount judi. and it must doubtless have seemed like an awe - inspiring confirmation of the biblical stories of a giant boat to those desert dwellers who came across it 1, 400 years ago. ( there was the slight problem of it being in the wrong place and and the wrong dimensions [ 50 % too wide ] but it was no doubt the remains of an ancient ship ) but the unusual rock formations at the now infamous durupinar site in the tendurek mountains are just that - unusual rock formations. ( for those wishing to investigate the veracity of the muslim miracle - seekers claims and read the conclusions of the numerous scientific studies carried out on this site since the 1960s i refer you to my earlier post ) and, at the risk of being accused of recycling old material, i quote from another previous post : how likely is it that such an unusual rock formation - in the very distinct and unusual shape of a boat - should happen to be on the very same mountain that it is claimed in the qur \u2019 an that the ark came to rest? either one perseveres with the supernatural / divine hypothesis and claims, fa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4654945271671933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2c8dc84-bc9c-4aaf-bb0e-7d92847dc0a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.073874"}
{"text": "very distinct and unusual shape of a boat - should happen to be on the very same mountain that it is claimed in the qur \u2019 an that the ark came to rest? either one perseveres with the supernatural / divine hypothesis and claims, faute de mieux, that god shaped the rocks in such a way ( perhaps as another of those tests? ), or one must look for another, more rational explanation. and the only explanation that i can think of is that the writer of the qur \u2019 an knew of the \u201c remains of the ark \u201d on mnt judi and decided to make reference to them in his revelation - leaving out the dimensions as they were obviously not correct. it is perhaps relevant to quote a part of the conclusion from the collins ( department of geological science, california state university ) article : \" finally, [ it has been ] suggested that, although the structure is not noah ' s ark, it may very well be the site which the ancients regarded as the ship of the deluge and may have played a role in the flood story. as a geologist, i find this to be a interesting speculation. \" journal of geosciences education, v. 44, 1996, p. 439 - 444. if we replace \" the ancients \" with \" mohammed \" we are left with an unpalatable, ( for muslims ) but not unreasonable, supposition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4880188727615993, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2c8dc84-bc9c-4aaf-bb0e-7d92847dc0a1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.074395"}
{"text": "there are three parts to this post. first i want to explain the four ways we speak of causes. second i want to relate these four ways to the causes that are the subject of modern science. third, we will see how it is possible for god to act in ways to which modern science modern science cannot even relate, let alone comprehend. first : there are four ways that we speak of causes or explanations. the goal of science ( in both the broad and narrow senses ) is to explain, and to explain is to discover causes. aristotle observed that four general categories of cause are present in all changes of our everyday experience. this will be clearer with an example. to explain the existence of a lamp, we need to know - what is it made of? \u2014 brass ( material cause ) - what or who made it? \u2014 the lamp maker ( efficient cause ) - what is it? \u2014 a lamp ( formal cause ) - what is it for? \u2014 to illuminate the room ( final cause \u2013 purpose, end, goal ) the material, efficient, formal, and final causes are just a more systematic way to use ordinary language, the possible exception being the formal cause, which may seem so obvious as to be pointless. but it is important to clarify : the formal cause is not just the shape of the thing, but something much more radical : it is what the thing is. in common experience, lamps come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, but yet they all possess a commonality we \u2019 ll call \u201c lampness \u201d that we all know and recognize but could never capture in a drawing. as aristotle says, humans and their human productions are a subset of natural things, so it makes sense to ask analogous questions about nature. in nature, the four causes are more difficult to distinguish. we find that the agent that makes a natural thing is the thing itself. the tomato plant as a whole itself gathers the elements ( solar energy, water, and carbon dioxide ) and assembles them into itself. likewise the purpose of a natural thing is the thing itself, for example, the purpose of the reddening of a tomato is the redness itself. ( this coincidence of the formal and final causes fits nicely with the theology of genesis, where god declares his creation, \u201c good, \u201d that is, fulfilling its purpose simply by existing. ) higher in the hierarchy of being, we find increasingly articulate manifestations of teleology or purpose. purpose in human action is the most obvious, because it is external to the agent,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5844468873240438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:927aa69b-b9d7-4b7f-beb5-66dca94acffc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.080948"}
{"text": "\u201d that is, fulfilling its purpose simply by existing. ) higher in the hierarchy of being, we find increasingly articulate manifestations of teleology or purpose. purpose in human action is the most obvious, because it is external to the agent, e. g., a man saves money to buy a house. it \u2019 s also not too hard to see that other living things also act for ends. the roots of a tomato plant take up water and magnesium from the soil in order for photosynthesis to take place in the leaves. what almost everyone misses is that purpose extends even deeper. in the most basic sense, the very regularities of nature manifest purpose. that confetti is always attracted to the static electric charge on a balloon shows the order and purpose of nature. teleology or purpose is not limited to the immediate action of intelligence, but has deep roots that penetrate all creation. now that you ( hopefully ) understand aristotle ' s four causes, we will turn to understanding how modern science deals with but a very limited part of this schema. michael j. dodds ' s explanation is without peer : the noton of \" action \" can be ascribed not only to efficient cause, but also to formal and final causes. in aquinas ' understanding, to act means \" to make something to be in act. \" this can happen in a number of ways. when the artist shapes the clay into a ball, we can say that the artist ( the efficient cause ) makes the clay round. but we can also say the form of \" roundness \" makes the clay actually round. for all the artist ' s efforts, the clay will remain only potentially round until it possess that form or shape. we can also say that the final cause or end \" acts \" on the agent or \" moves \" the agent to act. if the artist works in order to make money, money ( as a good to be attained ) somehow induces the artist to work. the action of an efficient cause may sometimes, but not always, be described in terms of quantitative force. the action of an artist on a block of clay, for instance, can be described in terms of how many pounds of pressure per square inch is exerted on it. the efficient causality of the teacher in directing the activity of the artist, however, cannot be so described. formal and final causality can never be described as quantitative force. the formal cause acts on the clay to make it actually round, but it does not act as a quantitative force.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5336894530395322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:927aa69b-b9d7-4b7f-beb5-66dca94acffc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.082837"}
{"text": "directing the activity of the artist, however, cannot be so described. formal and final causality can never be described as quantitative force. the formal cause acts on the clay to make it actually round, but it does not act as a quantitative force. the clay is not actually round until is possesses the form or shape of \" roundness, \" and that form in some way makes it actually found. but it does not make it round by exerting any sort of force on it. it acts according to the mode of formal causality by causing something ( in this case the clay sphere ) to be actual. its action is quite different from that of efficient causality, especially from that brand of efficient causality known as \" force. \" the final cause acts on the agent to influence or induce her to act. if the artist works \" to make money, \" making money is in some way the cause of her action. but we cannot describe this influence in terms of quantitative force. the final cause acts, but it acts according to the mode of final causality, as an end or good that induces the efficient cause to act. the mode of causality proper to the final cause cannot itself be reduced to efficient causality, much less to the mode of efficient causality we call \" force. \" of the four causes in the philosophy of aristotle and aquinas, only the efficient cause remains in newtonian science. the formal and final causes disappear since they can neither be quantified nor empirically observed. matter is not viewed as a \" cause \" or anything so unmeasurable as a principle of \" possibility. \" instead, it is viewed as the fundamental actuality or \" stuff \" of the universe ( the atoms or ultimate particles ). only the efficient cause remains since it alone can be empirically observed, quantitatively represented, and experimentally manipulated. we have seen causes completely beyond the ken of modern science, so now we can turn to explanations of how god acts in such ways. one type of formal cause is the exemplary cause. in terms of the sculpture analogy, the exemplary cause is the idea of the formed sculpture in the mind of the artist. similarly, the exemplary cause of the universe is the form of creation in the mind of its creator. in the context of christian theology, the mind of god is the logos, the word1 of god, which st. john identifies with jesus. this is clearly what st. john intends in the prologue of his gospel, \" in the beginning was the word...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6139730938040602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:927aa69b-b9d7-4b7f-beb5-66dca94acffc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.083966"}
{"text": "christian theology, the mind of god is the logos, the word1 of god, which st. john identifies with jesus. this is clearly what st. john intends in the prologue of his gospel, \" in the beginning was the word..., \" which parallels the beginning of genesis ( \" in the beginning god created the heavens and the earth.... and god said \" ). god ' s speech or word, not only made the universe, but also made it intelligible. 2 beside exemplary causality, there are other ways invisible to modern science that god is a cause. god acts as an efficient, though non - physical, cause. as st. augustine says, god created time along with the universe. science can only measure ( and treat ) movable things, that is, things that exist in time, so we know that god must act as an efficient cause that cannot be measured by modern science. additionally, he is the ultimate final cause ( \" the omega \" of revelation ) for which everything acts, the ultimate good that all creation seeks. there is no need for special scientific methods to see the signs of god \u2019 s rational power, as the world manifests it to all, as st. paul says in romans 1 : 20. it strikes me that today ' s christians shouldn ' t fall into the trap of letting the secular world dictate the terms of discussion. instead of letting god be boxed into the enlightenment ' s one - dimensional notion of causation, modern christians should reclaim their ancient patrimony in which god ( through jesus christ ) is the atemporal cause of all that is temporal, the reason by which anything is intelligible, by which everything is, and for which it exists. 1. jaroslav pelikan lists several other meanings of the greek logos : mind, power, deed, reason, structure, purpose ( 58 ). the ideas of creatures within the logos are the logoi. see the book cited below for a great exposition of the history of notions of the cosmic christ. 2. cf. col 1 : 15 - 19 ; john paul ii, tertio millennio adveniente, 3 : \" eternally begotten and eternally loved by the father, as god from god and light from light, he is the principle and archetype of everything created by god in time. \" mortimer j. adler, \" the four causes, \" ( chapter 6 ) aristotle for everybody. michael j. dodds, \" science,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5116182742465198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:927aa69b-b9d7-4b7f-beb5-66dca94acffc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.084859"}
{"text": "- the rock river times - http : / / rockrivertimes. com - pet talk : precautionary travel tips for pet owners posted by jim hagerty on may 18, 2011 @ 12 : 00 am in online exclusives | no comments from college of veterinary medicine, texas a & m university most summer days are filled with outdoor activities and times spent on vacation. as the summer months start to approach, it is necessary to understand the types of diseases that may affect your pets when they travel. so, if you \u2019 re the outdoor type and you like to take your pet with you, your pet may be bringing home more than memories as you venture through fields and streams. when traveling, there are some diseases your pet may encounter, says dr. leon russell, professor at the texas a & m college of veterinary medicine & biomedical sciences. if there is a possibility of contact with mosquitoes, ticks or stagnant water during your travels, russell says to take certain precautions. if dogs and cats come into contact with mosquitoes, they could be subjected to heartworm disease. \u201c heartworm disease poses a threat to pets across the united states because no state is entirely heartworm - free, \u201d russell explains. \u201c in areas where heartworm disease is highly endemic in dogs, up to 20 percent of the cats may also have the disease. \u201d heartworm preventive medicine is available, but pets should be tested before they receive it. possible contact with wild animals could expose your pet to rabies. \u201c effective vaccination of dogs and cats to prevent rabies is available, and should always be kept current, \u201d says russell. rabies is transmitted by a bite from an infected animal, and the center for disease control ( cdc ) states that more than 90 percent of all animal cases reported annually to the cdc now occur in wildlife. water activities are fun, but certain waters may be infested with bacteria that could cause harm to your pet. according to russell, mud, muddy water and stagnant water are prime sources for exposure to leptospira. this bacterial organism can enter the body through cuts, mucous membranes, eyes or by ingesting contaminated water. russell encourages a yearly vaccination with the appropriate strain of leptospirosis vaccine to reduce your pet \u2019 s chance of contracting this disease. giardiasis is another disease that is caused by a waterborne parasite found in untreated water such as creeks and ponds. it also occurs in mountainous areas where water supplies have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.463932181997705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24dbcab9-8a14-4930-8678-0c72fc01a831>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.092503"}
{"text": "vaccine to reduce your pet \u2019 s chance of contracting this disease. giardiasis is another disease that is caused by a waterborne parasite found in untreated water such as creeks and ponds. it also occurs in mountainous areas where water supplies have become contaminated by infected animal feces. \u201c chlorination of surface water will not prevent this disease, \u201d cautions russell. \u201c presently, there are drugs to treat giardiasis, but none to prevent this intestinal disease. \u201d borreliosis, or lyme disease, is an infection caused by a bacteria that is spread by the bite of an infected tick, and the disease is endemic in some areas of the united states, explains russell. symptoms include fever, rash, listlessness, muscle stiffness, lack of appetite, and in severe cases, arthritic - type joint pain. \u201c the best method of prevention is to avoid tick - infested woods, brush and tall grass, \u201d russell believes. \u201c highly effective tick control products such as sprays, collars and spot - on treatments are available through your veterinarian. \u201d annual vaccination of your dog against the lyme disease is recommended if you live in or plan to visit endemic lyme disease areas in the united states. check with your veterinarian about the need for the vaccination of your pets. russell suggests that once you return home, your pet should visit the veterinarian for examination to make sure no internal or external parasites were picked up while traveling. \u201c an examination is important, because worms can hide and they may not be detected until they cause a clinical disease, \u201d russell adds. \u201c ticks can be too small to be easily seen by the untrained eye. they must be eliminated before they transmit diseases such as lyme disease, tularemia and rocky mountain spotted fever. \u201c also, avoid environments with ticks and mosquitoes ( dawn and dusk ), and allow your pet to swim only in clear, flowing water such as rivers or lakes, \u201d notes russell. \u201c be sure to bypass ponds or tanks. \u201d time spent traveling with loved ones is important, but it is even more important to take the necessary precautions during vacation to avoid any pitfalls when you return home. pet talk is a service of the college of veterinary medicine & biomedical sciences, texas a & m university. stories can be viewed on the web at http : / / tamunews. tamu. edu. suggestions for future topics may be directed to email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4314254473989604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24dbcab9-8a14-4930-8678-0c72fc01a831>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.094443"}
{"text": "the college of veterinary medicine & biomedical sciences, texas a & m university. stories can be viewed on the web at http : / / tamunews. tamu. edu. suggestions for future topics may be directed to email @ example. com. from the may 18 - 24, 2011 issue article printed from the rock river times : http : / / rockrivertimes. com url to article : http : / / rockrivertimes. com / 2011 / 05 / 18 / pet - talk - precautionary - travel - tips - for - pet - owners / urls in this post : firstname. lastname @ example. org : mailto : email @ example. com image : http : / / delicious. com / post? url = http % 3a % 2f % 2frockrivertimes. com % 2f2011 % 2f05 % 2f18 % 2fpet - talk - precautionary - travel - tips - for - pet - owners % 2f & title = pet + talk % 3a + precautionary + travel + tips + for + pet + owners image : http : / / digg. com / submit? url = http % 3a % 2f % 2frockrivertimes. com % 2f2011 % 2f05 % 2f18 % 2fpet - talk - precautionary - travel - tips - for - pet - owners % 2f & title = pet + talk % 3a + precautionary + travel + tips + for + pet + owners & bodytext = from + college + of + veterinary + medicine % 2c + texas + a % 26amp % 3bm + university % 0d % 0a % 0d % 0amost + summer + days + are + filled + with + outdoor + activities + and + times + spent + on + vacation. + as + the + summer + months + start + to + approach % 2c + it + is + necessary + to + understand + the + types + of + diseases + that + may + affect + your + pets + when + they + travel. + so % 2c + if + you % e2 % 80 % 99re + the + outdoor + type + and + y image : http : / / www. facebook. com / sharer. php? u = http % 3a % 2f % 2frockrivertimes. com % 2f2011 % 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5049367774883741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24dbcab9-8a14-4930-8678-0c72fc01a831>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.095279"}
{"text": "the + outdoor + type + and + y image : http : / / www. facebook. com / sharer. php? u = http % 3a % 2f % 2frockrivertimes. com % 2f2011 % 2f05 % 2f18 % 2fpet - talk - precautionary - travel - tips - for - pet - owners % 2f & t = pet + talk % 3a + precautionary + travel + tips + for + pet + owners image : http : / / www. reddit. com / submit? url = http % 3a % 2f % 2frockrivertimes. com % 2f2011 % 2f05 % 2f18 % 2fpet - talk - precautionary - travel - tips - for - pet - owners % 2f & title = pet + talk % 3a + precautionary + travel + tips + for + pet + owners image : http : / / www. stumbleupon. com / submit? url = http % 3a % 2f % 2frockrivertimes. com % 2f2011 % 2f05 % 2f18 % 2fpet - talk - precautionary - travel - tips - for - pet - owners % 2f & title = pet + talk % 3a + precautionary + travel + tips + for + pet + owners image : http : / / twitter. com / home /? status = http % 3a % 2f % 2frockrivertimes. com % 2f2011 % 2f05 % 2f18 % 2fpet - talk - precautionary - travel - tips - for - pet - owners % 2f image : http : / / rockrivertimes. com / 2011 / 05 / 18 / pet - talk - precautionary - travel - tips - for - pet - owners / feed copyright \u00a9 2009 the rock river times. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45012850665159415, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24dbcab9-8a14-4930-8678-0c72fc01a831>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.095886"}
{"text": "garden cities of to - morrow by ebenezer howard among the many ' utopian ' proposals of the 19th century, this particular short text stands out. howard was a 19th century british reformer and city planner. he was influenced by bellamy ' s looking backwards. he saw new, planned towns as a necessary counterbalance to the squalid, dickensian 19th century london. these towns would balance urban and rural occupations, and include a whole range of amenities which we have come to take for granted : libraries, museums, schools, wide avenues, and a mix of commercial and residential zones. howard strove to keep a balance between the community and individual needs, and to operate within the framework of capitalism, rather than rejecting or attempting to replace it. this book was originally published in 1898 as to - morrow, and reissued in 1902 as garden cities of to - morrow. the first garden city, built under the aegis of howard, letchworth, was founded in 1903 ( howard was one of the first residents ). later he founded a second garden city, welwyn, 1919. both, now london suburbs, are still very much in existence and proved successful over time, with its residents, in particular, in better health than the general population. howard ' s proposal had a great influence on urban planning in the 20th century, particularly post - wwii. the american urban planning critic, lewis mumford, was one of howard ' s proponents. in the history of planned societies, ebenezer howard stands out as one of the successes, even though he is little - known other than to architects and urban planners. production notes : since the original book is hard to obtain, i used the 1967 mit press edition, omitting all new material. the pagination of this etext reflects the mit edition. a couple of start - of - chapter quotes are identified in the mit edition as belonging to the first edition. these are printed in green in this etext.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49084108807594873, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a921a274-f4b3-445c-9693-6f5e8959ecfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.098736"}
{"text": "how much do you know about our constitution? if you \u2019 re like most australians your answer would probably be, \u201c not much \u201d! we all know there is something called \u201c the constitution \u201d and we know that the constitution has been a good thing, yet we know very little about what \u2019 s in it, or how it works in practice. the constitution is in fact the keystone of our parliamentary and legal system. it protects our democracy and our liberties. from time to time, assorted prominent people suggest that australia \u2019 s constitution is \u201c badly in need of reform \u201d and that we should now embark on a large scale process of \u201c constitutional review \u201d. these comments have set alarm bells ringing in the minds of many australians who regard such attempts to \u201c reform \u201d our constitution with great reserve, if not suspicion. written constitutions exist in many countries and have been established for very good reasons \u2013 maintaining law and order and protecting citizens from abuses of power and authority \u2013 including, particularly, abuses by governments. it is difficult for many australians who, if native born, have never experienced serious domestic turbulence, or civil wars, or openly oppressive government regimes, to appreciate fully the benefits of such civil quietness. nevertheless most of us would agree that we should always be alert against any attempt to undermine the liberties we currently enjoy. with these thoughts in mind the samuel griffith society was formed in 1992, and the fact that hundreds of australians have since joined the society indicates the general concern to uphold a constitution which has served us so well for so long. sir samuel griffith was, from 1903 until 1919, the first chief justice of the high court of australia. it is widely accepted that he was primarily responsible for writing the first constitutional draft of 1891. this document became the basis for our constitution, under which the six australian self - governing colonies came together to form a federation. the proper roles of federal and state governments under the constitution are of continuing and vital importance. the samuel griffith society \u2019 s prime role is to ensure that proposals to change the australian constitution will be subjected to the most intense scrutiny. constitutional change may well be desirable from time to time, but it should only occur after exhaustive, community - wide debate, leading up to consideration by the australian people under the referendum provisions of s. 128 of the constitution. the society now appeals to all australians to join in upholding their constitution \u2013 not only because it has served us well in the past, but also to ensure it continues to serve well future generations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4322617558240286, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c67d0da8-2a36-4713-a15e-3a731bc28e73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.101714"}
{"text": "analyzing the dynamic hydrologic conditions of the sandhills is critical for water and range management, sustainability of the sandhills ecosystem as well as for dune stability. there are complex models available to quantify both surface and subsurface hydrological processes. however, we present in this study an application of a relatively simple model to arrive at best estimates of the water balance components. using the thornthwaite - mather ( tm ) model, water balance components were estimated for 4 automated weather data network ( awdn ) weather monitoring stations. estimated averages of the water balance components suggested that mean annual precipitation of these four sites was only about 420 mm but water loss through plant evapotranspiration ( et ) was 861 mm, with pet of about 1214 mm. our investigation shows that there was surplus of water between december and march and a deficit occurs at the start of the growing season in may and extends through senescence in september - october. this study also suggests that the high plains aquifer possibly met the plant water requirement during this deficit period as well as during the soil water extraction period, from may through september. sridhar, venkataramana and hubbard, k. g.. ( 2010 ). \" estimation of the water balance using observed soil water in the nebraska sandhills \". journal of hydrologic engineering, 15 ( 1 ), 70 - 78. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1061 / ( asce ) he. 1943 - 5584. 0000157", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.487522921478749, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09620dee-398a-45d6-8956-597902aea460>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.103320"}
{"text": "while our direct knowledge of black holes in the universe is limited to what we can observe from thousands or millions of light years away, a team of chinese physicists has proposed a simple way to design an artificial electromagnetic ( em ) black hole in the laboratory. in the journal of applied physics, huanyang chen at soochow university and colleagues have presented a design of an artificial em black hole designed using five types of composite isotropic materials, layered so that their transverse magnetic modes capture em waves to which the object is subjected. the artificial em black hole does not let em waves escape, analogous to a black hole trapping light. in this case, the trapped em waves are in the microwave region of the spectrum. the so - called metamaterials used in the experiment are artificially engineered materials designed to have unusual properties not seen in nature. metamaterials have also been used in studies of invisibility cloaking and negative - refraction superlenses. the group suggests the same method might be adaptable to higher frequencies, even those of visible light. ' development of artificial black holes would enable us to measure how incident light is absorbed when passing through them, ' says chen. ' they can also be applied to harvesting light in a solar - cell system. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5922671181648251, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12fb261f-aaf8-4c03-a222-ea1748e2b5e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.105589"}
{"text": "a small room in xulta\u00ban indicates that the mayan calendar goes well beyond 2012. in 2008, william saturno, who works at the archaeology department at boston university, us, began a systematic archaeological investigation in the maya ruins of xulta\u00ban, northeastern guatemala. xulta\u00ban was first reported in 1915, and it is considered the largest unexcavated maya city. it was until 2010 that a mural painting was found in a structured designated as 10k - 2. \u201c max chamberlain, one of my undergraduate students found remnants of paint in a looters \u2019 excavation during his lunch hour while doing survey and mapping in the residential areas of xulta\u00ban. it was most definitely not a temple. it is a room in what seems a residential context, \u201d says saturno. the archaeologist believes the room might have been used by scribes or calendar priests, the official record keepers of the community who were tightly connected to the kings. according to david stuart, schele professor of mesoamerican art and writing at the university of texas, who deciphered the glyphs, the walls can be compared to a whiteboard in an office where people write possible solutions to problems yet to be resolved. this is the first time that archaeologists find a maya house containing artwork on its walls. the paintings depict men in black uniforms as well as calendrical cycles such as the 260 - day ceremonial calendar, the 365 - day solar calendar, the 584 - day cycle of the planet venus and the 780 - day cycle of mars. \u201c there are tiny glyphs all over the wall, bars and dots presenting columns of numbers. it \u2019 s the kind of thing that only appears in one place \u2014 the dresden codex, which the maya wrote many centuries later. we \u2019 ve never seen anything like it, \u201d says stuart. the small room ( roughly 2 x 2 metres ) was built in the 9th century. its paintings, astronomical tablets created by the local scribe, try to seek harmony between the sky events and sacred rituals. \u201c xulta\u00ban numbers may have been devised to create schemes for synchronising predictable events connected with the movements of mars, venus, the moon and possibly mercury. why these four particular numbers were used, which range in duration from 935 to 6703 years, is uncertain, \u201d wrote the researchers in a paper published in the may issue of the journal science \u2014 their research was supported by the national geographic society. the dresden codex, a manuscript consisting of 39 sheets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43752037935391136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79e5661e-326c-4adf-a827-1d18f4b7f05e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.109524"}
{"text": "in duration from 935 to 6703 years, is uncertain, \u201d wrote the researchers in a paper published in the may issue of the journal science \u2014 their research was supported by the national geographic society. the dresden codex, a manuscript consisting of 39 sheets inscribed on both sides that contains astronomical calculations, is perhaps the most - well known maya calendar, but it ends after 13 baktuns ( a baktun is a 144, 000 - day cycle ). the codex has caused a lot of speculation about the end of the world, but there is no sign that the mayan calendar ends in december 2012. the numbers painted in xulta\u00ban, which predate the codices by some 500 years, reach well beyond 2012. \u201c it \u2019 s like the odometer of a car, with the maya calendar rolling from the 120, 000 to 130, 000, \u201d said co - author anthony aveni, professor of astronomy and anthropology at colgate university. \u201c the car gets a step closer to the junkyard as the numbers turn over ; the maya just start over. \u201d the 2012 end - of - the - world prediction has caused much controversy. \u201c one number on the wall relates a period of more than 6, 700 years, of that is counting forward from the date of the painting then, yes [ this paintings contain information well beyond 2012 ]. the year 2012 doesn \u2019 t figure into ancient maya thought in any way. this is a pop culture phenomenon, not one that would be recognised by the maya, \u201d says the archaeologist. archaeologist sylvanus morley ( 1833 - 1948 ) mapped xulta\u00ban, whose name means \u201c rock, \u2019 in the 1920s, and thousands of structures still remain uncounted. \u201c it \u2019 s weird that the xulta\u00ban finds exist at all \u201d \u00a6 such writings and artwork on walls don \u2019 t preserve well in the maya lowlands, especially in a house buried only a meter below the surface, \u201d says saturno. there are many other structures at xulta\u00ban, and the mayanists hope to further explore the structures in the future. xulta\u00ban is not as big as tical, but 99 per cent of its buildings, according to stuart, are yet to be excavated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4772611521369907, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79e5661e-326c-4adf-a827-1d18f4b7f05e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.111387"}
{"text": "slides ( ppt, pdf ) many of the greatest advances in imaging technology ( motion pictures, electron microscopes, mri, etc. ) enabled us to capture and see the world in ways that were not previously possible. it ' s reasonable to expect that imaging breakthroughs of the future will continue to bend the limits of what we can and cannot see and produce new types of ( previously ) impossible images. impossible images have exciting applications in the field of computer vision. for example, analysis could be vastly simplified if there were no occlusions, i. e., if it were possible to see all sides of an object or scene in a single image. similarly, cameras that remove complex illumination effects such as shadows and interreflections could dramatically enhance the performance of existing algorithms. this talk will explore the creation of such images and their implications for computer vision and graphics. steve seitz is an associate professor in the department of computer science and engineering at the university of washington. he received his b. a. in computer science and mathematics at the university of california, berkeley in 1991 and his ph. d. in computer sciences at the university of wisconsin, madison in 1997. following his doctoral work, he spent one year visiting the vision technology group at microsoft research, and subsequently two years as an assistant professor in the robotics institute at carnegie mellon university. he joined the faculty at the university of washington in july 2000. he was twice awarded the david marr prize for the best paper at the international conference of computer vision, and has received an nsf career award, an onr young investigator award, and an alfred p. sloan fellowship. professor seitz is interested in problems in computer vision and computer graphics. his current research focuses on capturing the structure, appearance, and behavior of the real world from digital imagery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5911313536962874, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1d27f2-22a5-4b22-af84-e80740ccb4b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.113422"}
{"text": "when i recently priced out a new pc, i opted for one that had as a standard feature error correction code ( ecc ) memory - - a type of system memory that supports advanced error correction. i was concerned that without ecc, i ' d be more prone to memory errors and was willing to pay a little extra for the insurance policy. there ' s no question ecc memory comes at a premium. not only is the memory itself more expensive, but the technology required to support it must be built into the motherboard of the computer that uses it ( which, in turn, raises the price of the system again ). to understand what ecc is really for, you have to delve into the history of commodity pc memory. history of error correction in memory when the desktop pc first appeared, memory was not only an expensive commodity, but it was also far more prone to errors than it is today. the traditional stopgap for memory errors was a technique called parity, where each byte of memory had an additional ninth bit associated with it as an error - checking measure. if the parity check failed, the system would be stopped to prevent data corruption. however, there were four problems to this approach : the only way to deal with a memory error was to shut down the whole system. this often meant lost work, even if you saved often ( simply because the process of saving was that much slower! ). parity didn ' t protect against there being an error in two bits of a given byte. while the chances of this happening are statistically very low, it was still seen as a defect in the design - - especially if the amount of information processed by computers as a whole was exploding geometrically each year, thereby increasing the odds of memory errors in general. parity memory was slightly more expensive than regular memory, and as the pc market became more competitive, parity was one of the first features to be dropped entirely from lower - end pcs. the quality of memory components increased dramatically over time, drastically reducing the need for aggressive error - checking. because of these issues, parity memory gradually faded from common use. today it ' s scarcely even offered. error correction code resembles auto insurance another technology eventually arose as a replacement for parity : error correction code. ecc has several advantages over parity. for one, it can detect and repair single - bit errors and do so without having to stop the whole system. multiple - bit errors will still return a parity error, but the odds of this happening are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5059215715886962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db8ab624-2b0f-43f3-9016-d2342ca15550>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.120375"}
{"text": "kernel and its essential services being loaded. this is partly why, when some people tried to upgrade from windows 98 to xp on the same hardware, xp bluescreened when 98 hadn ' t. xp was that much more scrupulous about memory quality and wasn ' t going to allow itself to run if there was a risk of data corruption. vista adds another element to this mix - - address space layout randomization - - which guarantees that parts of memory that previously might not have been used in an older version of windows now are. since memory ' s as good as it is these days, who is ecc really for? \" if your job is data, then ecc is for you, \" says sanor. the more rigorous the need for data precision, i. e., cad, engineering, math and finances, the more useful ecc will be ( and the easier it will be to justify the cost ). the bottom line : most servers should have error correcting code memory, as should high - end workstations. but it ' s hard to cost - justify adding ecc memory to a commodity desktop pc. what matters more in a desktop pc is that the motherboard, power supply and other elements are well - engineered. about the author : serdar yegulalp is editor of windows insight ( formerly the windows power users newsletter ), a blog site devoted to hints, tips, tricks and news for users and administrators of windows nt, windows 2000, windows xp, windows server 2003 and vista. he has more than 12 years of windows experience under his belt and contributes regularly to searchwincomputing. com and searchsqlserver. com. this was first published in april 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4683030777138547, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db8ab624-2b0f-43f3-9016-d2342ca15550>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.122224"}
{"text": "visualization of model output visualization of output from mathematical or statistical models is one of the best ways to introduce introductory geoscience students to the results and behavior of sophisticated models. example of good sites include : - climate impact of quadrupling atmospheric co2 : an overview of gfdl climate model results ( more info ) - ccm3 t170 cloud and precipitation simulation ( more info ) a beautiful simulation of global atmospheric circulation. - global fluid dynamics laboratory ( gdfl ) gallery ( more info ) of climate model simulations, storms, stratospheric circulation, etc. - nasa giss global change data access has links to model output like this. - mantle convection movies on - line at caltech ( more info ) includes a discussion of assumptions and science behind simulation. - animations of plate tectonics and more ( more info ) from tanya atwater at ucsb. these are conceptual visualizations showing the evolution of plate boundaries and plate movements - geophysical and geologic java applets, movies, animations, articles, tutorials, class notes, etc ( more info ) has several links to mantle convection movies, plate tectonics, and other interesting links. - florida state university weather pages ( more info ) with qt movies of forecast model output and other interesting information. - pacific northwest mesoscale model ( mm5 ) weather forecasts ( more info ) this is an incredible site with an enormous amounts of imagery related to pacific northwest weather forecast model output. - northamerican plots of temp, pressure, winds, dew point, etc. great site with model output ( more info ) - noaa / pmel / tao el nino distributed numerical simulations - commonwealth bureau of meteorology : forecast enso conditions ( more info ) - geomagnetic and solar activity forecast service ( more info )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5288366488656684, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5694ec2-9670-47cc-950c-4f0d29d36030>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.125466"}
{"text": "once the preserve of science fiction, increasingly sophisticated robotic devices are vying for a place side by side with humans in the real world. at italy ' s sant ' anna university, a bionic arm commanded by the human brain or a limb extension that allows rescuers to lift rubble after earthquakes are just some of the futuristic innovations in the pipeline. \" the idea is to get robots out of factories where they have shown their worth and to transform them into household machines which can live together with humans, \" says professor paolo dario, director of the college ' s bio - robotics department. the university in the historic town of pisa in tuscany is a veritable factory of ideas. researchers here are working on projects ranging from a robot that can come to your door to collect your recycling to tomatoes that slow the effects of ageing and plants that survive underwater to help flood - prone regions of the world. \" you can innovate here. whoever has a project gets help, ideas are not blocked. we are investing in individuals, \" the rector of sant ' anna, maria chiara carrozza, a professor of bio - robotics said in an interview. the dustcart looks like the famous r2 - d2 from star wars with its laser scanner and location sensors. the idea is that it can work through phone bookings to come to your street at a fixed time to collect your waste. \" we tested it for two months with 15 families living in one of the towns near here. everything worked well but there are still some problems to sort out, \" said pericle salvini, a member of the team behind the project. \" first of all it is slow for security reasons and it sometimes blocks the traffic. also it cannot legally be on the road since there is no type of insurance for this type of robot in case of an accident, \" he said. professor dario also heads up a project entitled \" the robot companions for citizens \" which is one of six contestants for a european union prize of one billion euros ( $ 1. 2 billion ) in funding spread out over a decade. marco controzzi, who is working on a bionic arm, says it will operate by using electrodes attached to the skin or implanted in your head. \" it will move only according to your intentions, \" he said, adding that powering it would be easy as it can run on just two mobile phone batteries. the exoskeleton or \" body extender \", a prototype costing a million euros, meanwhile, is a kind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47765858149050755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae26899d-d690-48df-ad4c-d5d2bab3e461>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.129933"}
{"text": "two years ago, i wrote a post over at feministe calling out google doodles \u2013 described by google as \u201c changes that are made to the google logo to celebrate holidays, anniversaries and the lives of famous artists, pioneers and scientists \u201d \u2013 for pretending women haven \u2019 t existed for most of history. at the time, i counted only 8 women out of the 109 birthdays that had been celebrated in the program \u2019 s history. this has irked me every time i \u2019 ve seen a doodle honoring a dude since i wrote that post but i stopped blogging, got a full time job, and never went back to count again. until this morning, when i saw that today \u2019 s doodle is honoring howard carter, the british archaeologist credited with discovering egyptian king tutankhamen \u2019 s tomb and accused, by some, of stealing artifacts from his famous find. i wondered, \u2018 how is google doing on representing women \u2019 s history in 2012? \u2019 the answer is sad and disappointing, if not surprising. of 48 global google doodles honoring birthdays in 2012, 5 have honored women. that \u2019 s 10 percent. [ citation ] really, google? women are more than 50 % of the world but you insist, in the way that you mark historical achievement, that only 10 % of notable historical humans are female? with all the serious challenges women face, why is this important? what i wrote back in 2010 still stands : because we \u2019 ve lived with the myth that men created the world and everything good in it for long enough. as long as men get to designate who and what in history is important, young women will continue to learn that all their sex has contributed throughout all of history is their wombs. if we can \u2019 t see ourselves as the inventors, artists, revolutionaries and creators that came before, how the hell are we supposed to fashion ourselves into the modern versions? schools certainly aren \u2019 t doing a very good job in this department and since it processes over a billion searches a day, google plays an increasingly important role in how and what young people learn. the company recently posted a job opening for a doodler in mountain view. google, like many of its tech counterparts, would do well to realize that more female voices in the room are proven to be better for business. in this case, a woman who was willing to teach them about half a world of history could do a whole world of good.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45860290698468675, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b5a8497-258b-4a97-bb9b-97b0896792fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.135990"}
{"text": "fight the heat with deep impact ' s edible comet 15 jul 2003 ( source : jet propulsion laboratory ) newsletter for the deep impact mission welcome to the nearly 7, 000 of you who have told us you want to know more about the deep impact mission. we are currently in phase c / d. during this 34 - month period, the twin spacecraft - the projectile impactor and the observing flyby spacecraft, and their science instruments are being built and the software that will drive them is being designed and tested. all factors will work together to make this the first mission to look deep beneath the surface of a comet. for more about the mission, visit the deep impact web site at http : / / deepimpact. jpl. nasa. gov or http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu. mission update with principal investigator dr. mike a ' hearn for the latest on the deep impact mission, take a look at the pi ' s update. dr. mike a ' hearn writes to tell us about the current status of the mission, the construction of both spacecraft and our science team ' s most recent research. update page : http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / mission / update. html send your name to a comet! if you haven ' t joined the over 200, 000 people who have registered to have their name put on the side of the impactor that will make a huge crater in comet tempel 1, check out http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / sendyourname / sign up before it ' s too late. don ' t miss the boat - uh, or the impactor. what a blast! the science team continues to develop tools for visualizing and analyzing the impact. jim richardson, a graduate student working with prof. jay melosh, has developed a useful tool that will allow us to vary the orientation of a simulated impact until we can reproduce our observations. ultimately, these simulations will be used to understand the physical processes that occur in the cometary nucleus based on theories of hypervelocity impacts into solid bodies. we have posted two of these simulations on the web page for your viewing. the animations show the field of view of the two cameras. hey kids - cool off with an edible comet! looking for a way to cool down on those hot summer afternoons? make a comet model and eat it! this is an activity the whole family can do together. make an ice cream comet and add", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5015387896847183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bd8da8a-fb20-425f-98f7-cd482a09a857>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.146456"}
{"text": ". hey kids - cool off with an edible comet! looking for a way to cool down on those hot summer afternoons? make a comet model and eat it! this is an activity the whole family can do together. make an ice cream comet and add your own \" cometary candy debris. \" science never tasted so good! did you know? cool fact! did you know that the deep impact spacecraft won ' t be the only \" observer \" during our encounter with comet tempel 1 on july 4th, 2005? while the flyby spacecraft and impactor do their job, an international group of professional and amateur astronomers will watch the \" cometary fireworks \" from earth. what are they doing to gear up for this incredible event? well, they ' ve been watching comet tempel 1 since the year 2000. to see some of their images visit our small telescope science program web site and take a look at http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / stsp /. questions from you : will the impact knock the comet off its path and send it somewhere else? no. you can think of the impactor hitting the comet in the same way as a pebble hitting the side of an 18 - wheeler. in both cases, there is a small effect in terms of adding energy to the target and subtracting it from the projectile, but again, in both cases, the impacts are not strong enough to knock the truck or the comet off their course. mission brain twister : the flyby spacecraft has a solar panel to take in the sun ' s energy and turn it into power for the spacecraft. the early concept for the solar panel was that it be one piece. during the design phase, the engineers decided they needed a larger panel to provide enough energy for the entire spacecraft. now the spacecraft has two panels that are hinged. why was the hinge necessary? important to our deep impact outreach team are our master educators ( solar system educator program ) and our ambassadors to the public ( solar system ambassadors ). these people are specially trained in the deep impact mission and its activities. if you are interested in having an ssep educator give a workshop in your area, or you think you might want an ambassador to speak at a public event, go to : http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / disczone / community. html contact those organizations directly, or contact us at : http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / feedback. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48947987382235014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bd8da8a-fb20-425f-98f7-cd482a09a857>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.147700"}
{"text": "http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / disczone / community. html contact those organizations directly, or contact us at : http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / feedback. html. calling all girl scouts! did you know that deep impact is part of a new nasa partnership with the girl scouts of the usa? leader trainers from across the country are excited about the deep impact activities to make ice cream comets and comet models out of recyclable materials. for a large event, you can even earn the nasa solar system patch for your scouts. ask your council to check into schedules for nasa trainings this year. or, you can go to our web site activities and try them yourself : http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / educ / index. html some scout leaders and troops are already planning to throw community star parties in their area the night of the deep impact encounter, july 4th, 2005. you could be one of them. talk to your local observatory, university or library about a community partnership with your troop or council and contact us to let us know your plans at : http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu / feedback. html. deep news features information about the mission, the deep impact web site and our products and special programs. the deep impact mission is a partnership among the university of maryland ( umd ), the california institute of technology ' s jet propulsion laboratory ( jpl ) and ball aerospace & technology corp. deep impact is a nasa discovery mission, eighth in a series of low - cost, highly focused space science investigations. deep impact offers an extensive outreach program in partnership with other comet and asteroid missions and institutions to benefit the public, educational and scientific communities. http : / / deepimpact. umd. edu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5134639711031852, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bd8da8a-fb20-425f-98f7-cd482a09a857>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.149486"}
{"text": "the making of arduino how five friends engineered a small circuit board that \u2019 s taking the diy world by storm the picturesque town of ivrea, which straddles the blue - green dora baltea river in northern italy, is famous for its underdog kings. in 1002, king arduin became the ruler of the country, only to be dethroned by king henry ii, of germany, two years later. today, the bar di re arduino, a pub on a cobblestoned street in town, honors his memory, and that \u2019 s where an unlikely new king was born. the bar is the watering hole of massimo banzi, the italian cofounder of the electronics project that he named arduino in honor of the place. arduino is a low - cost microcontroller board that lets even a novice do really amazing things. you can connect an arduino to all kinds of sensors, lights, motors, and other devices and use easy - to - learn software to program how your creation will behave. you can build an interactive display or a mobile robot and then share your design with the world by posting it on the net. released in 2005 as a modest tool for banzi \u2019 s students at the interaction design institute ivrea ( idii ), arduino has spawned an international do - it - yourself revolution in electronics. you can buy an arduino board for just about us $ 30 or build your own from scratch : all hardware schematics and source code are available for free under public licenses. as a result, arduino has become the most influential open - source hardware movement of its time. the little board is now the go - to gear for artists, hobbyists, students, and anyone with a gadgetry dream. more than 250 000 arduino boards have been sold around the world \u2014 and that doesn \u2019 t include the reams of clones. \" it made it possible for people do things they wouldn \u2019 t have done otherwise, \" says david a. mellis, who was a student at idii before pursuing graduate work at the mit media lab and is the lead software developer of arduino. there are arduino - based breathalyzers, led cubes, home - automation systems, twitter displays, and even dna analysis kits. there are arduino parties and arduino clubs. google has recently released an arduino - based development kit for its android smartphone. as dale dougherty, the editor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4774390024803972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f611cc9-85e5-4239-bf39-7577e97992ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.161458"}
{"text": "home - automation systems, twitter displays, and even dna analysis kits. there are arduino parties and arduino clubs. google has recently released an arduino - based development kit for its android smartphone. as dale dougherty, the editor and publisher of make magazine, the bible of diy builders, puts it, arduino has become \" the brains of maker projects. \" but arduino isn \u2019 t just an open - source project that aims to make technology more accessible. it \u2019 s also a start - up company run by banzi and a group of friends, and it \u2019 s facing a challenge that even their magic board can \u2019 t solve : how to survive success and grow. \" we need to make the next jump, \" banzi tells me, \" and become an established company. \" arduino rose out of another formidable challenge : how to teach students to create electronics, fast. it was 2002, and banzi, a bearded and avuncular software architect, had been brought on by idii as an associate professor to promote new ways of doing interactive design \u2014 a nascent field sometimes known as physical computing. but with a shrinking budget and limited class time, his options for tools were few. like many of his colleagues, banzi relied on the basic stamp, a microcontroller created by california company parallax that engineers had been using for about a decade. coded with the basic programming language, the stamp was like a tidy little circuit board, packing the essentials of a power supply, a microcontroller, memory, and input / output ports for attaching hardware. but the basic stamp had two problems, banzi discovered : it didn \u2019 t have enough computing power for some of the projects his students had in mind, and it was also a bit too expensive \u2014 a board plus basic parts could cost about us $ 100. he also needed something that could run on macintosh computers, which were ubiquitous among the idii designers. what if they could make a board that suited their needs themselves? banzi had a colleague from mit who had developed a designer - friendly programming language called processing. processing was rapidly gaining popularity because it allowed even inexperienced programmers to create complex \u2014 and beautiful \u2014 data visualizations. one of the reasons for its success was an extremely easy - to - use integrated development environment, or ide. banzi wondered if they could create similar software tools to code a microcontroller instead of graphics on a screen. a student in the program, hernando", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4719180284031729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f611cc9-85e5-4239-bf39-7577e97992ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.162522"}
{"text": "success was an extremely easy - to - use integrated development environment, or ide. banzi wondered if they could create similar software tools to code a microcontroller instead of graphics on a screen. a student in the program, hernando barragan, took the first steps in that direction. he developed a prototyping platform called wiring, which included both a user - friendly ide and a ready - to - use circuit board. it was a promising project that continues to this day, but banzi was already thinking bigger : he wanted to make a platform that was even simpler, cheaper, and easier to use. banzi and his collaborators were strong believers in open - source software. since the purpose was to create a quick and easily accessible platform, they felt they \u2019 d be better off opening up the project to as many people as possible rather than keeping it closed. another factor that contributed to that decision was that after operating for five years, idii was running out of funds and was going to close its doors. faculty members feared their projects would not survive or would be misappropriated. \" so we said, \u2018 forget it, \u2019 \" banzi recalls. \" \u2018 let \u2019 s make it open source. \u2019 \" the open - source model had long been used to fuel innovation for software, but not hardware. to make it work, they had to find an appropriate licensing solution that could apply to their board. after some investigation, they realized that if they simply looked at their project differently, they could use a license from creative commons, the nonprofit group whose agreements are normally used for cultural works such as music and writing. \" you could think of hardware as piece of culture you want to share with other people, \" banzi says. to make the board, the group had a specific, student - friendly price as their goal : $ 30. \" it had to be the equivalent of going out to dinner at a pizza place, \" banzi says. they also wanted to make it quirky, something that would stand out and be cool - looking to erudite geeks. if other boards were often green, they \u2019 d make theirs blue ; while some manufacturers economized on input and output pins, they \u2019 d add plenty to their board. as a final touch, they added a little map of italy on the back of the board. \" a lot of the design choices are weird for a real engineer, \" banzi says with a knowing laugh, \" but i \u2019 m not a real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47938787230423024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f611cc9-85e5-4239-bf39-7577e97992ec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.163850"}
{"text": "as a final touch, they added a little map of italy on the back of the board. \" a lot of the design choices are weird for a real engineer, \" banzi says with a knowing laugh, \" but i \u2019 m not a real engineer, so i did it in a silly way! \" for one of the \" real \" engineers on the team, gianluca martino, the unconventional, meatball - surgery approach to circuit board design was enlightening. martino describes it as a \" new way of thinking about electronics, \" he says, \" not in an engineering way, where you have to count electrodes, but a do - it - yourself approach. \" the product the team created consisted of cheap parts that could easily be found if users wanted to build their own boards, such as the atmega328 microcontroller. but a key decision was to ensure that it would be, essentially, plug - and - play : something someone could take out of a box, plug into a computer, and use immediately. boards such as the basic stamp required that diyers shell out for half a dozen other items that added to the total cost. but for theirs, a user could just pull out a usb cable from the board and connect it to a computer \u2014 mac or pc \u2014 to program the device. \" the philosophy behind arduino is that if you want to learn electronics, you should be able to learn as you go from day one, instead of starting by learning algebra, \" says another member of the team, telecommunications engineer david cuartielles. the team would soon put that philosophy to the test. they handed 300 blank printed circuit boards to the idii students with a simple directive : look up the assembly instructions online, build your own board, and use it for something. one of the first projects was a homemade alarm clock that hung from the ceiling by a cable. whenever you hit the snooze button, the clock would rise tauntingly higher into the air until you just had to get up. soon other people heard about the boards. and they wanted one. the first customer was a friend of banzi \u2019 s, who ordered one unit. the project was starting to take off, but one major thing was missing \u2014 a name for their invention. one night over drinks at the local pub, it came to them : arduino, just like the bar \u2014 and the king. word of arduino quickly spread online, with no marketing or advertising. early on,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4783221122630798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f611cc9-85e5-4239-bf39-7577e97992ec>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.165820"}
{"text": "name for their invention. one night over drinks at the local pub, it came to them : arduino, just like the bar \u2014 and the king. word of arduino quickly spread online, with no marketing or advertising. early on, it attracted the attention of tom igoe, a professor of physical computing at the interactive telecommunications program at new york university and today a member of the core arduino team. igoe had been teaching courses to nontechnical students using the basic stamp but was impressed by arduino \u2019 s features. \" they had the assumption that you didn \u2019 t know electronics and programming, that you didn \u2019 t want to configure an entire machine just so you could program a chip \u2014 you could just open up the board, press upload, and it works, \" he says. \" i was also impressed with the goal of a $ 30 price, which made it accessible. this was one of the key factors for me. \" in that regard, the success of arduino owes a lot to the prior existence of processing and wiring. those projects gave arduino one of its essential strengths : the user - friendly programming environment. before arduino, coding a microcontroller brought with it a difficult learning curve. with arduino, even those with no previous electronics experience gained access to a previously impenetrable hardware world. now, beginners don \u2019 t have to learn much before they can build a prototype that actually works. it \u2019 s a powerful movement at a time when some of the most popular gadgets out there work as \" black boxes \" that are closed and patent protected. for banzi, this is perhaps the most important impact of arduino : the democratization of engineering. \" fifty years ago, to write software you needed people in white aprons who knew everything about vacuum tubes. now, even my mom can program, \" banzi says. \" we \u2019 ve enabled a lot of people to create products themselves. \" not all engineers love arduino. the more persnickety ones bemoan the product for dumbing down product creation and flooding the hobbyist market with lackluster goods. mellis, however, doesn \u2019 t see the innovation as devaluing the role of the engineer at all. \" by providing a platform that lets the artist or designer get a little way in there, it makes it easier for them to work with engineers and say, \u2019 this is what i want to do, \u2019 \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5064521203797375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f611cc9-85e5-4239-bf39-7577e97992ec>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.166975"}
{"text": "the role of the engineer at all. \" by providing a platform that lets the artist or designer get a little way in there, it makes it easier for them to work with engineers and say, \u2019 this is what i want to do, \u2019 \" he says. \" i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s replacing the engineer ; it \u2019 s just facilitating that collaboration. \" to fuel greater adoption of arduino, the team is exploring how to integrate it more deeply into the education system, from grade schools to colleges. several universities, including carnegie mellon and stanford, already use arduino. mellis has been studying how students and laypeople take to electronics in a series of workshops at the mit media lab. mellis invites 8 to 10 people to the lab, where they \u2019 re given a task to complete over the course of a day. the projects have included building ipod speakers, fm radios, and a computer mouse using some of the same components that arduino uses. but spreading the arduino gospel is only part of the challenge. the team must also keep up with demand for the boards. in fact, the arduino platform doesn \u2019 t consist of one type of board anymore \u2014 there \u2019 s now an entire family of boards. in addition to the original design, called the arduino uno, the new models include a more powerful board called the arduino mega, a compact board called the arduino nano, a waterproof board called the lilypad arduino, and a recently released, net - enabled board called the arduino ethernet. arduino has also created its own cottage industry for diy electronics. there are more than 200 distributors of arduino products around the world, from large companies such as sparkfun electronics, in boulder, colo., to mom - and - pop operations serving local needs. banzi recently heard from a man in portugal who quit his job at the phone company to sell arduino products from his home. arduino team member gianluca martino, who oversees production and distribution, says they \u2019 re working overtime to reach emerging markets such as china, india, and south america. at this point, he says, about 80 percent of the arduino audience is split between the united states and europe, with the rest scattered around the world. because the team can \u2019 t afford to stock hundreds of thousands of boards, they instead produce anywhere from 100 to 3000 per day at a manufacturing facility near ivrea. the team created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4549352502207121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f611cc9-85e5-4239-bf39-7577e97992ec>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.168080"}
{"text": "the united states and europe, with the rest scattered around the world. because the team can \u2019 t afford to stock hundreds of thousands of boards, they instead produce anywhere from 100 to 3000 per day at a manufacturing facility near ivrea. the team created a custom system for testing the pins on each board, which for the uno includes 14 digital i / o pins, 6 analog input pins, and another 6 pins for the power supply \u2014 a big quality - assurance challenge when you \u2019 re handling thousands of units a day. the arduino board is inexpensive enough for the team to promise to replace any board that doesn \u2019 t work. martino says the failure rate is below 1 percent. the arduino team is now earning enough to support two of its members as full - time employees and is making plans to bring even more circuit board power to the people. in september, at the maker faire, a convention in new york city sponsored by make magazine, the team launched its first board with a 32 - bit processor \u2014 an arm chip \u2014 up from the 8 - bit one of the past. this will serve the demand for powering more robust peripherals. the makerbot thing - o - matic, for example, is a 3 - d printer kit built on arduino, but it would benefit from a faster processor to achieve more complicated tasks. arduino got another boost this year when google released an arduino - based developer board for its android system. google \u2019 s android adk, or accessory development kit, is a platform that lets an android phone interact with motors, sensors, and other devices. you can build an android app that uses the phone \u2019 s camera, motion sensors, touch screen, and internet connectivity to control a display or robot, for example. enthusiasts say that the added android capability opens up the possibilities for arduino projects even more. the team is cautious, however, about overcomplicating arduino. \" the challenge is finding a way to accommodate all the different things that people want to do with the platform, \" mellis says, \" without making it too complex for someone just getting started. \" in the meantime, they \u2019 re enjoying their unlikely fame. fans travel from far away just to have a drink at the pub in ivrea where the phenomenon got its name. \" people go to the bar and say, \u2019 we \u2019 re here because of the arduino board, \u2019 \" banzi says. there \u2019 s just one problem, he adds with a laugh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4470407958503302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f611cc9-85e5-4239-bf39-7577e97992ec>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.169102"}
{"text": "our shoes neckerchief is designed with colorful renderings of shoes in the museumis costume institute collection. featuring an array of styled pumps and heels, our neckerchief is fit to satisfy the true shoes enthusiast. from earliest times, footwear has served as a reflection of current fashion trends and designersi visions. the more than two thousand shoes in the metropolitan museumis costume institute are cherished both as artifacts of social history and as inspirations for future styles. they allow a fascinating glimpse into the lives and times of those who made and wore them. balancing function and fantasy, the great designers of the twentieth century created some of the most beautiful shoes ever made, often adapting styles from the past with a contemporary sensibility. silk twill. imported. 22 ' ' x 22 ' '. - silk twill - 22 ' ' x 22 ' ' art historythe metropolitan museumis costume institute houses over 5, 000 examples of shoes throughout history and across cultures. the collection includes shoes dating back to the fourteenth century, in which materials used to make them included thick woven cloth, wool felt, and various grades of leather. shoes became more functional and affordable to the middle class as more technology and industrialization advanced around the late eighteenth century. it was not until the twentieth century that designers took creative reign on shoes, experimenting with materials, styles, and construction. shoes by designers and manufacturers such as roger vivier, salvatore ferragamo, vivienne westwood, herbert levine, manolo blahnik, and charles jourdan can be found in the costume institute collection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47322334590853443, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92221e44-3fb7-46cd-85a9-3b7145af7315>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.170817"}
{"text": "there ' s one brewing in the midwest, another raging in the southeast and a third building in the southwest. they ' re regional, inter - state conflicts over distribution of dwindling groundwater resources. in the southeast, the army corps of engineers is under simultaneous attack by lawsuits from georgia, florida and alabama, each state accusing the corps of unfairly giving too much of their shared water resource to the others. it ' s a situation that could well worsen quickly as sea level rise begins to impact freshwater reserves including the everglades. in the southwest, it ' s the colorado river under pressure from several states and which, by treaty, is supposed to be shared with mexico. it is in the drought - stricken midwest, america ' s heartland, that the newest battles are occurring. the water wars are raging again in america ' s heartland, where drought - stricken states are pleading for the increasingly scarce water of the missouri river \u2014 to drink from their faucets, irrigate their crops and float the barges that carry billions of dollars of agricultural products to market. from montana to west virginia, officials on both sides have written president barack obama urging him to intervene \u2014 or not \u2014 in a long - running dispute over whether water from the missouri ' s upstream reservoirs should be released into the mississippi river to ease low water levels that have imperiled commercial traffic. the quarrel pits boaters, fishermen and tourism interests against communities downstream and companies that rely on the mississippi to do business. in oklahoma, they ' re reporting the drought has leveled off. it usually does by the time river beds look like this : and, in case you thought of drought as a seasonal scourge, think again. reuters is the latest to report that the drought that hammered america ' s midwest this summer is expanding threatening to devastate the winter wheat crop. even the region ' s deer population is being hard hit by drought - related disease. and in texas, severe drought is expected again this year and there ' s already not enough to meet the needs of residents and farmers. there is drought now extending from the carolinas to california, essentially coast to coast, from the gulf to the mississippi and missouri river headwaters. this year that drought extended into canada. how many years of this do you think we can handle before something gives?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38761442192762763, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a39f60fb-7fd5-47ef-a501-0c39f9ecbc2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.174491"}
{"text": "allium family stinks so good bulbous, smelly, yet oh so good is one description of the allium genus, or onions. these popular rhizomes can be either perennial or biennial. the onion is native to the northern hemisphere, ethiopia, south africa and mexico. various species of onion have been cultivated since the earliest times and are universally important as vegetables, flavorings and medicinal plants. the smell that we associate with the onion is caused by sulfur compounds. these same compounds are what make the onion family good for our circulatory and digestive system. garlic, a member of this group, is the most pungent and highest in therapeutic value. it is also one of the most ancient herbs, recorded in babylonian times and placed in the tomb of tutankhamun around 52 bc. look for rich, well - drained soil in full sun to grow your choice of allium. a few varieties will tolerate more water or more shade. farmers suggest planting onions, garlic and chives as companions to deter pests, weeds and diseases. you can try your hand at propagating by seed sown in spring or by bulbils planted in autumn or spring. look for \u201c sets \u201d ( small bulbs ) at your local garden center for planting in your own container or garden. there are lots of options in this rich, flavorful category called allium. the allium ursinum is a carpeting perennial with a pervasive garlic smell and elliptic leaves. its rounded clusters of white, star - like flowers can be seen above the foliage in late spring and early summer. leaves are used to taste in salads, sandwiches, omelets and sauces. allium tuberosum ( chinese chives, garlic chives ) have flat, solid long leaves. sweetly scented white flowers appear in late summer. chopped leaves and flower buds are added to salads, soft cheeses and stir - fries. try your hand at growing an allium. joette is an avid gardener and prides herself on staying up - to - date on the latest gardening activities and tips. to share your gardening news, e - mail joreger [ at ] msn [ dot ] com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4201458983716731, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4016772-5337-475a-b49c-17d55d04fb73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.176632"}
{"text": "blended learning | viewpoint 5 skills for blended - learning teachers in the seventh installment of their monthly column, blended learning experts michael b. horn and heather staker outline the five skills that will increasingly be important for many teachers in the future. - by michael horn, heather staker as more schools adopt blended - learning models, the role of the teacher is shifting. as a result, teachers need different skills to be successful. although it is hard to generalize across the landscape of blended learning because of the rapid pace of innovation in the models, the differences between the models, and the continued changes in technology, there are five common skills that teachers will likely need to be successful in a blended - learning environment. 1 ) comfort with ' chaos ' one of the biggest shifts in a blended - learning environment is often that students will be engaged in different activities and working on different concepts and skills. teachers must learn to be comfortable facilitating learning in this environment and creating a culture that sets high academic expectations and encourages students to own their learning. a teacher shouldn ' t be alarmed at seeing students conferring with peers while she is working in small groups or one - on - one with other students. if teachers invest in creating a strong culture up front with clear norms and expectations, blended learning will amplify that culture. if there is a negative culture in place, however, blended learning is likely to amplify that as well. 2 ) student - learning data analysis and decision making many groups make a big deal out of teachers using more data to drive better instruction for students, but it ' s tough to do in the traditional classroom. teachers only receive real data on how students are doing every few weeks, and they don ' t have a lot of time to do anything with it. as the charter school growth fund ' s alex hernandez writes, the shift to online learning will produce a \" fire hose of real - time student data. \" responding to individual student data in real time - - or even on a daily basis, as happens in many blended - learning models today - - is a significant and important shift for teachers to master. not every teacher will become a data automaton of course, but what will help teachers is that increasingly they won ' t have to be the ones actively collecting every piece of data ; instead they will be able to spend more time analyzing and figuring out what to do about it, coupled of course with their own \" data \" that they collect on students from their intuition and observations. 3 ) targeted learning opportunities historically, teachers have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41326729289862385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c285998e-b7e2-4319-b3cc-18229288efba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.183039"}
{"text": "; instead they will be able to spend more time analyzing and figuring out what to do about it, coupled of course with their own \" data \" that they collect on students from their intuition and observations. 3 ) targeted learning opportunities historically, teachers have been forced to deliver a relatively unified, monolithic educational experience. teachers will now need new skills to learn how to support students who are learning different things, at different paces, through different approaches. they will need to be able to facilitate different learning opportunities for students - - such as one - on - one tutoring, small - group instruction, project - based learning, and lectures. given that leading small - group interventions will be a major part of this, becoming masterful at that skill rather than lesson planning for an entire class is a good starting point. teachers increasingly won ' t have to be all things to all people and will have opportunities to specialize. as blended - learning models mature, there will be opportunities for team teaching and differentiated roles for teachers. some may be content experts, others learning coaches or facilitators, and still others might be non - academic teachers who look much more like caseworkers. not every teacher may have to be a pro at data analysis, for example. as public impact has written, increasingly many elementary school teachers, for example, may need to learn to be specialists in particular subjects. for example, one teacher may be an expert in math and science, another in language arts and social studies, and paraprofessionals can support students with social and behavioral skills and watch students during lunch and recess. 5 ) technological prowess because technology is becoming simpler to use and more ubiquitous in our daily lives, teachers won ' t actually need as much as people may think in the way of technology skills to teach in a blended - learning environment. still, they will likely need a few basic skills. as the international association for k - 12 online learning ' s ( inacol ) national standards for quality online teaching documents, teachers will need to be able to communicate via a variety of mediums, explore, identify, and use a variety of online tools to meet student needs, and be able to do basic troubleshooting - - such as helping students reset passwords, download plug - ins, and so forth. for many teachers, being able to teach effectively offline as well as online will be critical. michael horn is co - founder of innosight institute, a nonprofit think tank focused on education and innovation. heather staker is a senior education research fellow at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4488467527718166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c285998e-b7e2-4319-b3cc-18229288efba>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.184084"}
{"text": "new underground lake is found in wonder cave of the ozarks springfield leader january 27, 1921 page 1 and 10. \"... pool of undetermined size discovered by explorer in marvel cave, stone county by harold nelson \" the natural wonders of marvel cave, located in stone county, 50 miles south of springfield, have gained further interest through the discovery of another underground lake of considerable extent. the lake connects with lake genevieve [ note : see page 157 in caves of missouri for map ], formerly considered the end of the waterway in the great cave. \" the lake was discovered last week by pete alexander, owner of a drug store at branson. a partial exploration of the lake has been made and alexander is building a special collapsible boat to continue the exploration. a small passageway near the entrance of the cave makes it impossible to take a larger boat into the cave. r. h. condie, springfield boy scout executive, dr. g. d. callaway, director of the greene county health association, t. stanley skinner, dean of the drury college school of music, e. s. shipp and a representative of the the leader visited the cave yesterday to explore the new found lake, but due to the lack of equipment were unable to get to the shores of the lake. joins lake genevieve \" the lake is beyond lake genevieve, which connects with no name river, a stream which was discovered many years ago. seven years ago a group of men from chicago and a st. louis newspaperman carried two air tanks through the passages of the cave leading to no name river and improvised a float on which one of the party floated down the river several hundred feet. he discovered lake genevieve, a lake a few hundred feet in width and in length. \" that lake genevieve was the end of no name river was the belief of the men who explored the cave. last week alexander on the same float went 750 feet down the river, across lake genevieve and in the new lake. [ two or three lines missing. ] \u2026 entrance to the river or there is danger of becoming lost in the underground waterway. psize not determined \" alexander said after his trip to the lake that he was unable to determine the size of the lake or the height of the ceiling over it. he was equipped with only a small carbide light. \" the springfield men who visited the cave yesterday in an effort to view the new found lake were unable to reach its shores, although one of the number went down the river for some distance. \" exploration work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3910054335663916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5b2044e-e1bd-4426-9f76-d69eb09a3d92>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.190113"}
{"text": "with only a small carbide light. \" the springfield men who visited the cave yesterday in an effort to view the new found lake were unable to reach its shores, although one of the number went down the river for some distance. \" exploration work difficult. \" it is with great difficulty that the river is reached from the outside. the distance is slightly more than 1, 000 feet from the chamber at the entrance of the cave. the first passage encountered on the trip to the river is known as the rock crawl. the passage is just large enough for a man to crawl through. the floor of the passage is rough and irregular and is made up of large rocks. it is [ 300? ] feet in length. water is encountered on the floor of the crawl. \" at the end of rock crawl are two chambers probably a hundred feet in height and as much in length, while they vary in width from 25 to 50 feet. these chambers are known as the epsom salts chambers on account of the outcroppings of the salts on the walls. \" at the end of the chambers another crawl, the dry [ dust? ] crawl 200 feet in length is encountered. unlike the first crawl this one is filled with a dry dust and bats, hundreds of them. this crawl ends in a chamber called pandemonium on account of the irregular shapes of the rocks in it. it is 60 feet high. \" descend rope to river. \" at one end of this chamber is found a ledge at the foot of which is the river. it is necessary to be lowered over this ledge to the river \u2019 s edge, 40 feet below. only a slender person could visit the river as the crevasse in the ledge in which the visitor must be lowered is only a foot wide in places and extremely hard to squeeze through. for travel on the river a float has been constructed. it is made of two air tanks held together with ropes and boards. the passenger lies down on the float and with a light fastened to his hat, paddles his way with his hands. a sudden turn to the side with the body would mean falling off the float and a bath in the cold water of the river. \" cave is wonder place. \" marvel cave, probably the most wonderful cave in the world, was purchased 31 years ago by w. h. lynch at that time connected with the diplomatic corps of the canadian government. he visited the place every year until seven years ago, when he and his daughter, miss mariam, went there to live. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5129424407131377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5b2044e-e1bd-4426-9f76-d69eb09a3d92>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.192178"}
{"text": "purchased 31 years ago by w. h. lynch at that time connected with the diplomatic corps of the canadian government. he visited the place every year until seven years ago, when he and his daughter, miss mariam, went there to live. they reside in a quaint old log cabin a quarter of a mile from the entrance to the cave. he owns not only the cave but 800 acres of timber land around it. although now nearly 80 years of age mr. lynch seldom misses a daily visit to the cave. \" entrance to the cave is gained by descending stairs 150 feet in length. here the visitor alights on a pile of debris, millions of tons, which has fallen onto the floor of the great chamber. this chamber is between 165 to 185 feet in height [ missing lines ] the chamber, without removing the debris, could easily accommodated the ten - story landers building and still there would be room left. \" monster stalagmite in cave. \" in the chamber, among other features, is a stalagmite, 100 feet in diameter. it is called liberty bell on account of its bell shape. the size of this stalagmite raises some question as to the largest one in the country. recently newspaper articles stated that a stalagmite 30 feet in diameter in a cave at ha ha tonka was the largest one in the country. there are two rooms within the liberty bell in which the stalagmite at ha ha tonka would rest with room to spare. \" residents of branson are now making efforts to interest members of the legislature in the cave and surrounding country as a state park. they point out that no official visit has ever been made in the cave by a state official although at several times they have been within a few miles of it. \" in a letter from kevin s. lotter, senior manager, attractions & guest services at silver dollar city, \" the article makes reference to the area of the cave we now call the lakes passage. originally called no - name river, the body of water explored in this area of the cave consists of two connected underground lakes. the smaller lake genevieve is connected to the larger lake miriam. \" find this article at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4668294861920254, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5b2044e-e1bd-4426-9f76-d69eb09a3d92>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.193089"}
{"text": "continuing the space scenery series \u2026 nebulae are clouds of dust and gas in space ( the word \u2018 nebula \u2019 comes the latin for \u2018 cloud \u2019 ). they usually have stars forming within them, which gives them the aesthetically pleasing quality of being lit from the inside. visible in the southern sky, the great carina nebula ( also known as ngc 3372 ) is over 300 light - years wide. it is one of the milky way \u2019 s largest star forming regions. it is 7500 light years away and yet still easily visible to the naked eye. i \u2019 ll start with a fantastic widefield view. click for the 3300 \u00d7 2236 version : this image is one of the most detailed images ever captured of the carina nebula. it shows prominent dark molecular clouds \u2013 these clouds so thick ( relatively ) that they have become opaque. in reality they are less dense than, say, earth \u2019 s atmosphere. click for the 4000 \u00d7 1937 version : here is a view from earth \u2013 from the european southern observatory in chile. click for the 4000 \u00d7 3966 version : stellar winds from new stars burn away accumulations of dark dust creating a \u201c sculpted landscape \u201d. click for the 2825 \u00d7 1090 version : last, but not least, here is my favourite image. a new star ( not visible ) is slowly eroding the 1 light year wide pillar of gas and dust from inside. like many other new stars in this region, it is ejecting energetic beams of particles. the pillars will be completely destroyed to reveal a new open cluster of stars. the red stars are also newly formed but have already been freed from their clouds. click for the 2083 \u00d7 1918 version : follow @ kashfarooq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5466934520003309, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7afcd68c-5717-4ab8-9415-0be007c333a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.195115"}
{"text": "i ride my bike to work. it seems so pure. we ' re constantly urged to \" go green \" - - use less energy, shrink our carbon footprint, save the earth. how? we should drive less, use ethanol, recycle plastic and buy things with the government ' s energy star label. but what if much of going green is just bunk? al gore ' s group, repower america, claims we can replace all our dirty energy with clean, carbon - free renewables. gore says we can do it within 10 years. \" it ' s simply not possible, \" says robert bryce, author of \" power hungry : the myths of ' green ' energy. \" \" nine out of 10 units of power that we consume are produced by hydrocarbons - - coal, oil and natural gas. any transition away from those sources is going to be a decades - long, maybe even a century - long process.... the world consumes 200 million barrels of oil equivalent in hydrocarbons per day. we would have to find the energy equivalent of 23 saudi arabias. \" bryce used to be a left - liberal, but then : \" i educated myself about math and physics. i ' m a liberal who was mugged by the laws of thermodynamics. \" bryce mocked the \" green \" value of my riding my bike to work : \" let ' s assume you saved a gallon of oil in your commute ( a generous assumption! ). global daily energy consumption is 9. 5 billion gallons of oil equivalent.... so by biking to work, you save the equivalent of one drop in 10 gasoline tanker trucks. put another way, it ' s one pinch of salt in a 100 - pound bag of potato chips. \" how about wind power? \" wind does not replace oil. this is one of the great fallacies, and it ' s one that the wind energy business continues to promote, \" bryce said. the problem is that windmills cannot provide a constant source of electricity. wind turbines only achieve 10 percent to 20 percent of their maximum capacity because sometimes the wind doesn ' t blow. \" that means you have to keep conventional power plants up and running. you have to ramp them up to replace the power that disappears from wind turbines and ramp them down when power reappears. \" yet the media rave about denmark, which gets some power from wind. new york times columnist thomas friedman says, \" if only we could be as energy smart as denmark. \" \" friedman doesn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5109849111979086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b122cfb3-fcec-4a10-a11b-fa6c9ad8c59d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.198532"}
{"text": "ladies and gentlemen, for this post, i will look at how the younger dryas ( yd ) the most - well researched of the late glacial abrupt climate shifts, supposedly cut - off the thermohaline circulation ( thc ) causing an abrupt cooling event. the thc, also known as the atlantic meridional overturning circulation ( amoc ), is the method by which the ocean regulates global energy budgets by transporting heat and water across the globe and through the water column. by transporting heat from the equator polewards, together atmospheric circulation, heat is transported to mid - and high - latitude areas. the thc is driven by ocean currents which travel as a factor of sea - water density, affected by temperature and salinity. cold, saline water at high latitudes is transported to low latitudes via the oceans ' deep currents, warmer water is then transported from low - latitudes to replace this deficit. water from the northern atlantic sinks and flows to the southern hemisphere and eventually to the conveyors circulating the antarctic continent. here more cold, saline water joins and is transported to the indian ocean before interactions with the pacific basin. in areas of upwelling, especially in the pacific, cold deep water rises to the surface and is heated and evaporated leaving saltier water behind. such water flows north to join up with the gulf stream which travels from the gulf of mexico along the north american eastern seaboard and eventually towards nw europe. the evaporated heat from this maintains the relatively mild british climate for its latitude. evaporation, sea - ice formation and cooling within this process leaves very cool, saline water behind which sinks to the deep to re - start the process. since the thc relies on the sinking of cold, saline water in the polar regions, if a large volume of freshwater was dumped into the system, the water would become too light to sink. in this case, no warmer water would replace the regular sinking cold water and so the heat transfer to the polar regions would cease from the thc causing a rapid return to glaciation. please see figure 1 for a visual representation of the earth ' s ocean currents. | figure 1 : thermohaline circulation ( source : 1. tsc ) | interposed between the start of the holocene and the allerod / bolling warming stages, the yd cooled the earth from c. 12, 800 cal yr bp before coming to an abrupt stop c. 11, 500 cal yr bp. as temperatures rose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5260303952152665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab04609b-7d4a-4d4d-bc00-b355d6c0b3c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.205004"}
{"text": "of the holocene and the allerod / bolling warming stages, the yd cooled the earth from c. 12, 800 cal yr bp before coming to an abrupt stop c. 11, 500 cal yr bp. as temperatures rose through the allerod and bolling warm stages, the laurentide ice sheet over north america retreated creating the largest north american lake by volume, lake agassiz. in these warm stages, the lake periodically released water to the north ( arctic ocean ), south ( gulf of mexico ) and east ( north atlantic ocean ) as shown by figure 2. | figure 2 : suggested overflow routes from lake aggasiz causing the younger dryas ( 2. broecker, 2006 ). note : the axes show latitude ( y ) and longitude ( x ) | however, it is widely believed that a large outburst of freshwater from aggasiz into the north atlantic caused the yd. this disrupted the thc plunging the northern hemisphere, and especially europe into a period of cooling once more. the evidence for such large outbursts affecting the thc and causing the yd is well summarised by teller et al. ( 2002 ). teller et al suggest that freshwater inputs to the thc as low as a 0. 1 sv flux ( where 1 sverdrup = 1 x 106 m3s - 1 ) may interrupt the formation of north atlantic deep water ( nadw ) which drives the cool, saline water in the deep thc of the north atlantic. data from lake agassiz outbursts suggest that a 0. 3 sv flood flux of 9500km3, the second largest recorded outburst, occurred 12. 9 ka cal yr bp in line with the beginning of the younger dryas. its route was through the great - lakes to the east and the st. lawrence river flowing nw into the north atlantic. if this flux was seen over a period of 1 year, it would be at least 6 times higher than the regular flow into the st. lawrence from agassiz. other authors have proposed different reasons for the inception of the yds which will be explored next time. following this, i will look at evidence for the yd ' s abrupt termination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794713080578102, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab04609b-7d4a-4d4d-bc00-b355d6c0b3c6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.205807"}
{"text": "the comprehensive nuclear - test - ban treaty organization ( ctbto ) and the office of... at the seventh plenary meeting, it was decided to merge the previous task group 1 ( international and administrative boundaries ) and task group 2 ( core geo - database ), highly related and complementary at different levels and scales, into one single task group named \" core geo - database \". the objectives of this task group are : to identify and prepare a global framework core data layers for the un systems ; to provide the international community with a working platform for the collection, management, analysis, visualization and sharing of sub - national data down to the 2nd sub - national level. this task groups is principally looking at the following set of fundamental layers : - international and administrative boundaries - human health : boundaries and facilities - human population : centers and distribution - infrastructure : roads, railways, airports, harbors, and navigation - bathymetry, topography and digital elevation model - hydrology : drainage, water bodies, watersheds the task group is looking at the issues that would insure that the different projects and initiatives taking place within the un, in relation to these layers, are converging towards the creation of an homogeneous and seamless un core geo - database. two specific projects are also directly attached to this task group : the international boundaries project ( focal point : ayako kagawa ). this project offers a 1 : 1 and 1 : 15 million - scale dataset, which reflects the cartography practice of the un cartographic section for the representation of international boundaries. due to the sensitivity linked to international boundaries, this layer is only accessible to the un community from boundaries. ungiwg. org. the second administrative level boundaries project ( salb ) ( focal point : firstname. lastname @ example. org, unsd and uncs ). this project launched in 2001 provides, for the un member states, the following information and data validated by the national mapping agencies of the respective countries : - the contact information of these national mapping agencies ; - the historic changes observed since 1990 at the 1st sub national level and since 2000 at the 2nd sub national level as well as well as maps ; - 2nd administrative level digital maps ( esri format ) for each period of representativity observed since january 2000. this project has also lead to the development of a specific coding scheme that allows the management of sub national data through time and space. more details about this project, the coding scheme, as well as the data already available can be downloaded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5182655057646514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:644ae62d-2391-4cd9-beb6-8b1a6f2e4720>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.209692"}
{"text": "interest area : land use the bay area is one of the most expensive and challenging housing markets in the country. on average, local households spend 48 % of their income on housing, compared to 29 % for the country as a whole, and just 12 % can afford the median priced home. a quarter of bay area renters meet hud \u2019 s definition of severely housing burdened, dedicating more than 50 percent of their income to housing. anticipated growth will place even more pressure on the region \u2019 s housing market. the association of bay area governments ( abag ) projects an additional 1. 9 million people and 1. 6 million jobs by 2035. meanwhile, new funding for transit approved by bay area voters will add 100 new stations, many in already built - up areas, to the region \u2019 s existing 300 rapid transit stations and transit corridors. although the planned new transit facilities will help to accommodate much of the population growth, they also present a challenge. researchers generally agree that new transit investment will bring higher property values to the surrounding area ( except in the immediate vicinity of the transit station ). this could spur a process of gentrification, which will be beneficial to some \u2013 but not to those who cannot bear rent increases and are forced to leave the neighborhood. this report was prepared for abag as part of its development without displacement project funded by an environmental justice grant from caltrans. what : a public meeting to learn about and comment on options for setting a \" target \" or goal for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from cars and light trucks for the san francisco bay area. who : the metropolitan transportation commission ( mtc ) and the association of bay area governments ( abag ) are hosting the workshop in conjunction with the california air resources board ( carb ), the bay area air quality management district and the san francisco bay conservation and development commission. donald shoup, ucla department of urban planning professor and author of the high cost of free parking, will speak february 24 about the critical reasons cities need to change their parking policies. in the high cost of free parking, donald shoup argues that parking policies distort transportation choices, debase urban design, damage the economy, and degrade the environment. he also proposes reforms designed to undo the damage caused by a century of bad planning for parking. some cities have already begun to adopt these reforms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4859197708523823, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e403c31-fc6a-4ed7-9027-d34e4d2bcf37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.212149"}
{"text": "( cnn ) - - this week super fans from around the world are gathering in new york to celebrate the 159th birthday of the legendary consulting detective sherlock holmes. never mind that holmes is a fictional character. to this day, in books, tv and movies, sir arthur conan doyle ' s creation remains just as popular as he was when he debuted in the late 19th century. much of holmes ' appeal has always been his amazing mind - - how he is able to solve a seemingly insurmountable mystery through simple observation and deep thought. wouldn ' t we all like to borrow from his bag of mental tricks? just imagine the possibilities if you put holmes ' brain power to use in the workplace, the classroom or social situations. that ' s the premise of maria konnikova ' s fascinating new book, \" mastermind : how to think like sherlock holmes. \" konnikova, a columnist for scientific american and a doctoral student in psychology, explores the latest science to dissect the inner workings of the iconic detective ' s mind. in turn, konnikova uses holmes as an example of how anyone can learn to think more clearly, improve his or her memory and generally increase everyday mental power. cnn recently spoke to konnikova about the book and the benefits of learning to think like holmes. the following is an edited transcript : cnn : how did you become a fan of sherlock holmes? konnikova : i was introduced to sherlock holmes by my dad when i was young. we had a tradition every sunday night, he would read to us. different stories, different books. \" the count of monte cristo, \" \" the three musketeers, \" things kids would really enjoy. one sunday we started the sherlock holmes stories, and it was just a completely eye - opening experience. i remember sitting there riveted. it really stuck with me as i grew older. i realized how powerful they were from a literary standpoint. conan doyle was such a phenomenal writer. i don ' t think people appreciate just how good the work really is. he ' s masterful with voice, with conversation, with pacing, with description. he has it all down. i was also struck by how incredibly accurate his psychological observations were. sherlock holmes became this figure who predated modern psychology, neuroscience and our understanding of how the mind works by more than a century. combing through the stories, i thought it would be a fascinating way of looking at the mind by using this fictional character. cnn : can you briefly explain holmes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4753659107243088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6edb511-faef-47c2-858c-7d97e3b8c3d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.218426"}
{"text": "modern psychology, neuroscience and our understanding of how the mind works by more than a century. combing through the stories, i thought it would be a fascinating way of looking at the mind by using this fictional character. cnn : can you briefly explain holmes ' thought process? konnikova : holmes is really a mindful detective, someone who knows the true value of observation, which means being mindful and in the present moment, really taking in your surroundings, really taking in everything. that type of approach permeates all of his thinking. he ' s not just aware of his environment ; he ' s aware of himself ; he ' s aware of the contents of his own mind. he has a powerful knowledge of how he thinks, what mistakes he is likely to make. holmes puts it best when he says it ' s the difference between seeing and observing. cnn : what is the \" brain attic \" holmes talks about? konnikova : it ' s his analogy for how we store and process information. how is it that we take the world around us and we form it into the permanent memories that we will then use as the basis of future decisions, future thinking, of future knowledge. the reason he uses an attic is twofold. first, an attic is finite. you can ' t just keep stuffing things up there and expect it not to give. that ' s true of the mind as well. the human mind is more expandable than an attic, but there is this finite capacity for working knowledge. which is holmes ' second point, and why the analogy works so well. it doesn ' t just matter what you put up there ; it matters how you do it. so if you think about it like an attic in an old house, if there are just boxes everywhere filled with junk and none of them are labeled, you ' re not going to be able to find anything. what holmes tells you is be careful, label everything, make sure everything is organized and accessible. that way, not only will you know where to find it, but you will remember it better. we really only know what we can remember at any given moment. it doesn ' t matter if you memorized the information, and it ' s in your attic somewhere. if you can ' t access it when you need it, you might as well not know it at all. cnn : are there everyday benefits of learning to think like holmes? konnikova : absolutely, this type of approach can make you healthier, happier and sharper. cnn :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5825015817795818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6edb511-faef-47c2-858c-7d97e3b8c3d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.219377"}
{"text": "you need it, you might as well not know it at all. cnn : are there everyday benefits of learning to think like holmes? konnikova : absolutely, this type of approach can make you healthier, happier and sharper. cnn : where would you start? konnikova : the first thing to do - - and this is difficult in our modern environment - - but realize that multitasking is not your friend. when you multitask, you cannot think like sherlock holmes. that ' s just anathema to his mindful approach. if we take chunks out of the day where we focus, where we allow ourselves to just do one thing and nothing else, you ' ll find your mind becomes better at doing that one thing and better at managing multiple inputs, filtering out distractions and creating a cleaner slate for you to work. when you ' re cognitively busy, you ' re not thinking as clearly. if you ' re someone with a busy schedule who has to multitask all the time, even if you just practice this quiet mindfulness a few minutes a day, just let your mind focus on the present moment, it can make a huge difference in the clarity of your thinking. ( learn more about the book and read an excerpt on konnikova ' s website. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5146264593419853, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6edb511-faef-47c2-858c-7d97e3b8c3d7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.219878"}
{"text": "charley : almost everything. for a start, we don \u2019 t really have one. when you ask a biologist, \u201c are viruses alive? \u201d, half of them will say yes, and half will say no. we don \u2019 t want a terrestrial - life - only definition. we want one that could apply elsewhere in the universe. this is important because nasa is trying to build an instrument to detect life elsewhere. so we can \u2019 t just head off and look for the molecules of life as we know it? charley : imagine if some historian wanted to know about the origin of france. most french people now have passports. so imagine the historian went out on an archaeological dig to look for french passports. that would be ridiculous. france as a nation has evolved over time, and only in the modern version do you get passports. same for life. you could say all life today has dna, but in the past, who knows? many biologists define life as anything that undergoes darwinian evolution. charley : we pretend that makes sense, but if you look it makes no sense at all. what is the unit of darwinian evolution? is it the gene? is it the cell? is it a multicellular organism? is a city evolving? how about gaia? is that a life form? so how would you define life? charley : to the extent that the question makes sense, as a \u201c far - from - equilibrium dissipative system \u201d. what do you mean by that? charley : a system that feeds on the free energy associated with the gradients in the environment. for example, a hurricane is a dissipative structure because it feeds on the free energy of air pressure, humidity and thermal gradients. hurricanes dissipate the free energy \u2013 they undo the gradients and bring the environment closer to equilibrium. that \u2019 s what life is. we take chemical energy and undo it \u2013 move it closer to equilibrium. why would you want to draw the line there? charley : if you \u2019 re going to draw a line anywhere between life and non - life, it makes sense to draw it on physical criteria. if you \u2019 re going to be black and white, let \u2019 s use the physicists \u2019 black and white. but you really should give up the black and white and go to a spectrum. by your definition, a hurricane and a star are both alive. are you really saying that? charley : if you want to chain me to a black and white view, then yes, i am. the distinction between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6008850797341574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc1b7bc8-45b8-48bf-bcb5-a8d6f00fefa9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.222853"}
{"text": "a federal medical panel recently recommended that all pregnant women receive the tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccine during every pregnancy and that at - risk infants receive four doses of a newly approved meningococcal vaccine. the federal advisory committee for immunization practices voted 14 - 0 for the new tdap recommendation and 13 - 1 for the meningococcal vaccine recommendation. each vote had one abstention. acip \u2019 s recommendations are usually accepted by the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention, according to cidrap news. \u201c by getting tdap during pregnancy, maternal pertussis antibodies transfer to the newborn, likely providing protection against pertussis in early life, before the baby starts getting dtap [ the children ' s version of tdap ] vaccines, \u201d the cdc said, cidrap news reports. \u201c tdap will also protect the mother at time of delivery, making her less likely to transmit pertussis to her infant. \u201d acip also said that if women are not administered the tdap during pregnancy, they should receive it immediately after giving birth, before leaving the hospital if possible. the committee approved meningococcal vaccine, called the hibmency vaccine, is intended for use against haemophilus influenzae type b and neisseria meningitidis serogroups c and y. it was approved for use infants at increased risk for the disease. the cdc said those at increased risk include \u201c infants with recognized persistent complement pathway deficiencies and infants who have anatomic or functional asplenia including sickle cell disease. \u201d \u201c the majority of infant cases are caused by a type of the bacteria that are not prevented by meningococcal vaccines, \u201d the cdc said, cidrap news reports.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41933565187402605, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:deb6b85a-be14-4731-8301-37aafb724c49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.224586"}
{"text": "children, teens and entertainment media : the view from the classroom october, 2012. read the new york times story on the national survey of teachers we directed for common sense media, about how teachers view the impact of entertainment media on students \u2019 academic skills and social development. download the full report or visit common sense media \u2019 s research library for more of their work. digital literacy and citizenship : the teacher \u2019 s perspective this survey snapshot for common sense media surveys teachers regarding how they assess their students \u2019 digital skills. download survey > social media, social life : how teens view their digital lives june 26, 2012 : read the new study we directed and wrote for common sense media, about how teens think social media impacts their social and emotional well - being. download report > download infographic > october 2011 : having an accurate understanding of the role of media in children \u2019 s lives is essential for all of those concerned about promoting healthy child development : parents, educators, pediatricians, public health advocates, and policymakers, to name just a few. the purpose of this study is to provide publicly accessible, reliable data about media use among children ages 0 to 8, to help inform the efforts of all of those who are working to improve children \u2019 s lives. read more > children, media, and race : media use among white, black, hispanic, and asian american children june 2011, northwestern university study this report documents differences in the role of media in the lives of white, black, hispanic, and asian children in the united states : which types of media they use, how much time they spend in various media activities, which media platforms and devices they own, and what the media environment is like in their households. the data presented here are the result of new analyses of two data sets, breaking out the findings by race and ethnicity : the 2010 kaiser family foundation generation m2 survey of media use among 8 - to18 - year - olds, and the foundation \u2019 s 2006 survey about media use among children age six and under ( the media family ). read more > conference on children, media and race for northwestern june 8, 2011, washington, d. c. how should we interpret, explain and understand the differences in media use by children of different races and ethnicities? what are the broad implications for young people and society? these were the questions that northwestern university \u2019 s center on media and human development wanted to address at its annual lambert family communications conference. vjr consulting brought together a lively and eclectic group of experts ranging from federal communications commission member mignon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47408026660431335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f202d814-ae12-4010-9b8b-98f80f441330>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.230020"}
{"text": "and society? these were the questions that northwestern university \u2019 s center on media and human development wanted to address at its annual lambert family communications conference. vjr consulting brought together a lively and eclectic group of experts ranging from federal communications commission member mignon clyburn to the head of mtv \u2019 s latino network mtvtr3s and the deputy director of the national telecommunications and information administration. click here to see the agenda for the conference. protecting our kids \u2019 privacy in a digital world : a common sense policy brief december 2010, common sense media most kids today live their lives online, immersed in a mobile and digital landscape. this brave new world has revolutionized childhood. kids and teens now create and consume enormous amounts of online and mobile content. their access to people and information presents both possibilities and problems. while the internet is a platform for innovation and economic growth and brings rich resources for entertainment and learning, the very nature of digital interaction creates deep concerns about kids \u2019 privacy. today, our kids are growing up in public. whatever they text or post can be searched, copied, pasted, distributed, collected, and viewed by vast invisible audiences. parents rightly fear that their children \u2019 s activities and personal information are being tracked and traced. read more > vicky rideout speaks with 360 kid \u2019 s scott traylor about the release of new research on media use among children ages 0 - 8. watch video >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5251716143951124, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f202d814-ae12-4010-9b8b-98f80f441330>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.230669"}
{"text": "i don \u2019 t recall hearing many references to the works of philo as a source for the gospel of mark. maybe there are good reasons for this that i have yet to learn. philo was a jewish philosopher who lived in alexandria, egypt, in the early part of the first century. he would have been in his late 40 \u2032 s when jesus was supposedly 30 years old. last month i posted what looks to me like an instance where the author of the gospel of mark drew on a particular image and thought that we also find in philo. who said this? was about a parable or riddle of jesus in mark : nothing outside a man can make him \u2018 unclean \u2019 by going into him. rather, it is what comes out of a man that makes him \u2018 unclean. \u2018 ( mark 7 : 15 ) in that post \u2014 and it was further elaborated with contributions from others in the comments, if i recall \u2014 i noted the same idea expressed as its converse in similar imagery : as plato says, mortal things find their entrance, and immortal things their exit. for into the mouth do enter meat and drink, perishable food of a perishable body ; but from out of it proceed words \u2014 the immortal laws of an immortal soul, by means of which a rational life is regulated. ( philo, on the creation, 119 ) there is another saying of jesus in the gospel of mark that also comes to mind when reading the same work of philo, on the creation ( or opus mundi ). the sabbath was made for man, not man for the sabbath. ( mark 2 : 27 ) the jesus seminar voted that this is something very like what jesus probably said. maurice casey ( aramaic sources of mark \u2019 s gospel ) discussed it at length to argue that \u201c the cultural context \u201d should inform readers that jesus implied that his use of \u201c man \u201d or \u201c mankind \u201d here was nonetheless applicable to jews only. he quotes the 1947 cnt ( presumably the commentaire du nouveau testament? ) to confirm that jesus would not have meant to include non - jews in this sabbath saying : as a matter of historical fact the sabbath was not made for man in general. at the time when the saying was uttered the sabbath was a distinctive peculiarity of the jews : and our evidence goes to show that they regarded it as such and resented any non - jewish observance of it. ( t. w. manson, ` mark ii. 27f \u2019, cnt 11, 1947, 138 - 46, at 145,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4518600211774812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0767d71-68f8-4003-834c-f5cc2ad10cee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.237649"}
{"text": "evidence goes to show that they regarded it as such and resented any non - jewish observance of it. ( t. w. manson, ` mark ii. 27f \u2019, cnt 11, 1947, 138 - 46, at 145, followed by beare, ` sabbath \u2019, 132. ) he also cites the mekhilta shabbath i, exod. 31 : 12 - 17 : r. simeon ben menasya says : look! it says, ` and you shall keep the sabbath, for it is holy to you \u2019 ( exod. 31. 14 ). the sabbath is delivered to you and you are not delivered to the sabbath. that last sentence is famous for its similarity to the passage in the gospel of mark. some scholars ( e. g. casey, crossley and no doubt others ) use this late rabbinic passage as part of their efforts to set the scene for jesus \u2019 day. but this does not work. the jewish encyclopedia says r. simeon ben menasya was a contemporary of r. judah ha - nasi i, and wikipedia informs me that he lived and died around the late second century or early third century \u2014 assuming that this wikipedia article is about the same rabbi. so the mekhilta does not appear to trace the saying any earlier than a rabbi who lived in the late second or early third century. to use this passage to help reconstruct the ideas floating around in the time of jesus is a bit like taking a text from a chinese author in today \u2019 s singapore and attempting to use it to reconstruct a thought extant in imperial shanghai in 1800. it may be an accurate match, but we can \u2019 t bet on it without additional evidence. it is just as likely that the late rabbinic saying found its way into jewish thought via christian contacts. but philo wrote something in the first half of the first century, in egypt, that also suggests the same idea mark \u2019 s gospel attributes to jesus : xxx. ( 89 ) but after the whole world had been completed according to the perfect nature of the number six, the father hallowed the day following, the seventh, praising it, and calling it holy. for that day is the festival, not of one city or one country, but of all the earth ; a day which alone it is right to call the day of festival for all people, and the birthday of the world. ( on the creation ) now that to me is clear evidence that the 1947 cnt article quoted above is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4633121304529657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0767d71-68f8-4003-834c-f5cc2ad10cee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.238572"}
{"text": "all the earth ; a day which alone it is right to call the day of festival for all people, and the birthday of the world. ( on the creation ) now that to me is clear evidence that the 1947 cnt article quoted above is not the whole story when it says there is clear evidence \u201c that they ( the jews )... resented any non - jewish observance of it ( the sabbath ). \u201d philo here could hardly have resented it if gentiles celebrated the sabbath day. he suggests here that he would find gentile observance extremely praiseworthy. and here we have a jewish intellectual writing that the sabbath is a day that is given to all mankind. so one must ask how original is the verse in mark? but how likely is it that the author of mark might have known philo \u2019 s writings? if we knew who wrote the gospel we could answer that without much difficulty. irenaeus associates the gospel of mark with the gnostic teacher basilides \u2014 who happened to live in the same alexandria as philo a generation or two earlier. clement of alexandria wrote that basilides was a disciple of glaucias, \u201c the interpreter of peter \u201d, and that he wrote a gospel himself. it \u2019 s a long shot, but one is reminded of other early \u201c traditions \u201d that mark was composed from the memories of peter. all of this is speculative, and there are other speculations from equally thin slivers of evidence that mark was composed in rome. there are reasons also to locate its author in syria. in the meantime, i think we now have two passages \u2014 closely positioned \u2014 in one work of philo \u2019 s, on the creation, that strike me as having resonance in the gospel of mark.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46907747113478987, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0767d71-68f8-4003-834c-f5cc2ad10cee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.239424"}
{"text": "publication celebrating the exhibition at the wallace collection. in the middle of the fourteenth century, europe was devastated by an appalling epidemic which killed a third of its population. accused of having spread the disease, jewish communities faced terrible persecutions, which often led them to bury their most valuable goods. two of these hoards, discovered at colmar in 1863 and at erfurt in 1998, are discussed and illustrated in this splendid catalogue, published to accompany an exhibition at the wallace collection london. comprising a great variety of jewelry, gold - and silversmiths \u2019 work and coins, these two hoards constitute an exceptional source for the study of secular metalwork in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, very few examples of which have otherwise come down to us. they provide precious evidence of the economic activities and daily life of the medieval jewish communities, but also of their precarious position within christian europe. in erfurt over 1000 people were killed, the entire jewish population. some of the objects, because of their very personal character, are deeply poignant. edited by christine descatoire, with contributions by marian campbell, christopher cluse, michel dhenin, timothy husband, johann m. fritz, oliver meking, jorg r. muller, mario schlapke, karin sczech and maria sturzebecher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4526686361975426, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ded1af4-415e-4f48-983b-e76adc96db74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.240809"}
{"text": "even heard in modern synthesizer arrangements, the melody of the carol \" good king wenceslas \" brings the words and images of the story into my head : \" good king wenceslas looked out / on the feast of stephen / when the snow lay ' round about / deep and crisp and even. wenceslas was a real person : the duke of bohemia, a 10th - century christian prince in a land where many practiced a more ancient religion. in one version of his legend, wenceslas was murdered in a plot by his brother, who was under the sway of their so - called pagan mother. following his death, wenceslas became a saint and martyr revered especially for his kindness to the poor. meanwhile, the catchy tune to \" good king wenceslas \" was around when people celebrated spring, but the wenceslas legend hadn ' t yet met up with the melody. for centuries, it had been sung in latin as \" tempus adest floridum \" \u2014 a springtime song celebrating nature ' s powers of rebirth. it had verses in various languages, some of them adventurous in their descriptions of these celebrations. almost a thousand years after wenceslas lived, a 19th - century englishman by the name of john mason neale wrote the now - famous english lyric for the ancient melody. the history of this christmas carol is a rich accumulation of music, image and legend that speaks beyond any one religious tradition. its most basic message is summed up in its final lines : \" ye who now will bless the poor / shall yourselves find blessing. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4422386477379572, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e1057628-bc4a-48a2-9fda-7239ffea948c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.243131"}
{"text": "when we last checked in to the nansen sea ice graphs, it looked like they were heading towards the \u201c normal \u201d line in a hurry. ice area seems to still be on that trend, while extent seems to be leveling off it \u2019 s growth rate. area appears to be within about 200, 000 square kilometers of the 1979 - 2007 monthly average and still climbing. of course the fact that the 2007 data is included in the average line, means the average is a lower than usual target than one might expect. if we compare to ice area over at cryopshere today, they use a 1979 - 2000 mean, which is higher. still the rebound we are seeing is impressive. sea ice extent looks like this : these graphs will automatically update, so check back often. for those of you wondering, here is the difference between area and extent, as described in the nsidc faq \u2019 s page : what is the difference between sea ice area and extent? why does nsidc use extent measurements? area and extent are different measures and give scientists slightly different information. some organizations, including cryosphere today, report ice area ; nsidc primarily reports ice extent. extent is always a larger number than area, and there are pros and cons associated with each method. a simplified way to think of extent versus area is to imagine a slice of swiss cheese. extent would be a measure of the edges of the slice of cheese and all of the space inside it. area would be the measure of where there \u2019 s cheese only, not including the holes. that \u2019 s why if you compare extent and area in the same time period, extent is always bigger. a more precise explanation of extent versus area gets more complicated. extent defines a region as \u201c ice - covered \u201d or \u201c not ice - covered. \u201d for each satellite data cell, the cell is said to either have ice or to have no ice, based on a threshold. the most common threshold ( and the one nsidc uses ) is 15 percent, meaning that if the data cell has greater than 15 percent ice concentration, the cell is considered ice covered ; less than that and it is said to be ice free. example : let \u2019 s say you have three 25 kilometer ( km ) x 25 km ( 16 miles x 16 miles ) grid cells covered by 16 % ice, 2 % ice, and 90 % ice. two of the three cells would be considered \u201c ice covered, \u201d or 100 % ice. multiply the grid cell area by 100 % sea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48501919502509283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c47cbe87-f48d-48de-a45a-14b4061cd61b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.245747"}
{"text": "conditions were looking bleak at the beginning of may. only four months of above normal rainfall had occurred in the previous 28 months. the details can be found in a previous blog post ( here ). much of the state was in a drought and the situation was getting worse. two events happened to change the course of the drought. first, tropical depression beryl brought much needed rain to parts of the drought - stricken midlands. however, there were still areas that received little rain. this was soon followed by an upper - level pattern that brought copious amounts of rain to the southeast, especially along parts of the central gulf coast. it eventually made its way to south carolina bringing an abundance of rain. more than 8 inches of rain fell in just four weeks in the columbia area. the result has been flooding of some of the creeks in the area. | flooding of the rocky branch creek closed the intersection of main st. and whaley st. on monday, june 11. click on any of the images for a larger view. image credit : usgs. | there has been a significant improvement in the drought situation as depicted by the us drought monitor. about 75 % of south carolina was in the severe drought or worse as of may 1st. however, by june 12, only about 28 % of the state was in that category. this is a substantial improvement in the past 6 weeks. in fact a little over 16 % of the state is out of drought conditions. | a comparison of the drought by the u. s. drought monitor. the map on the left is for may 1, while the map on the right is for june 12. the table below compares the two time periods. image credit : usda. | week nothing d0 - d4 d1 - d4 d2 - d4 d3 - d4 d4 may 1, 2012 0. 02 99. 98 98. 93 75. 20 35. 19 2. 41 june 12, 2012 16. 47 83. 53 54. 60 27. 88 4. 46 0. 00 tropical depression beryl brought the first surge of rain to the southeastern half of south carolina. the counties of barnwell, bamberg, and orangeburg counties saw 4 to 7 inches of rain from beryl. much of the northwestern half of south carolina saw little rain from this system. in fact, beryl missed the core of the drought - stricken region, the area from macon to augusta, georgia. the past 365 days have been the driest on record at augusta by over 3 inches,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4138366379949408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55509c13-826c-4156-8328-e04de01e39a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.250623"}
{"text": "carolina saw little rain from this system. in fact, beryl missed the core of the drought - stricken region, the area from macon to augusta, georgia. the past 365 days have been the driest on record at augusta by over 3 inches, and georgia climate division 6 ( east - central ga ) had its driest 24 - months on record, nearly 26 inches below normal. | tropical depression beryl at 9 : 15 a. m. edt on may 29, 2012. image credit : noaa environmental visualization lab. | the next surge of moisture began moving out of the gulf of mexico late last week. an upper - level disturbance was slowly moving through the southeast. this brought two waves of rain through the midlands sunday and monday. the two day totals were generally between 1 to 2. 5 inches of rain. this put a damper on the ncaa super - regional baseball tournament being played in columbia. it brought much needed rain to augusta, georgia where 2 to 5. 4 inches of rain fell across the city. | the weather pattern at 500 mb shows a weak upper - level disturbance over the lower mississippi river valley at 00z on june 11, 2012. image credit : wsi. | the precipitation analysis from the advanced hydrologic prediction service shows that a large area of south carolina has seen much above normal rainfall over the past 30 days ( may 12 \u2013 june 12 ). parts of barnwell, orangeburg, and williamsburg counties have been as much as 8 inches above normal. | rainfall anomaly for the 30 - day period ending june 12. click on the image for a larger view. image credit : noaa \\ ahps. | why isn \u2019 t the drought completely over? it takes a long time to get into a drought and droughts are rarely over in a short time. however, if the weather pattern is changing then this could be good news for parts of the southeast. this is the wettest time of the year for the midlands. an average or above average summer rainfall should alleviate the drought by fall. keep in mind that el nino may be back by the fall and this would likely bring wet conditions for the winter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4272197157613529, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55509c13-826c-4156-8328-e04de01e39a2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.251524"}
{"text": "| interpretive panels look at lincoln and the issue of slavery through the political cartoons of the civil war era and particularly the 1860 presidential election. | the national traveling exhibition looking at lincoln : political cartoons from the civil war era will be on display at the west tennessee delta heritage center in brownsville, tenn., now through march 30. included in the exhibit is select editorial cartoons from the local felsenthal lincoln collection. the exhibit is free and opens to the public monday through saturday 9 a. m. \u2013 5 p. m., and sunday 1 - 5 p. m. a special program on abraham lincoln will be presented sunday, march 25, from 2 - 4 p. m. the program will include lincoln ' s second inaugural address delivered by ken jones, associate professor of biology at dyersburg state college. jones is widely known for his one - man portrayals of the sixteenth president. | ken jones, professor at dyersburg state, will present his portrayal of lincoln in a one - main show featuring lincoln ' s second inaugural address sunday, march 25, at 2 p. m.. | the exhibit, developed by the gilder lehrman institute of american history, new york, explores images, especially cartoons, as a way of investigating lincoln in the context of his times. these cartoons are vividly biting ; they invite us to put aside twenty - first century assumptions and look at events through the eyes of people living in the era. among the highlights are : a california printing of the emancipation proclamation signed by abraham lincoln and political cartoons relating to the election of 1860. the theme of the exhibition explores the civil war and issues of slavery from the standpoint of political cartoons. these cartoons appeared in newspapers and were sold individually. artists and citizens who created these images lived in a century in which racism was deeply ingrained in american life. as a companion, the exhibit also includes editorial cartoons from the felsenthal lincoln collection. these cartoons from the 1950s and 60s use lincoln as comparison for current events of the day. believed to be the largest individually owned collection of lincoln memorabilia in the southeast, the collection was donated to the citizens of haywood county by morton felsenthal upon his death in 1983. felsenthal spent his lifetime collecting books and memorabilia concerning lincoln. many of the original cartoons on display were signed by the artist and include personal notes to felsenthal. the west tennessee delta heritage center is a tourist information center and home to three regional museums located at exit 56 off of interstate 40 in brownsville", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43784217198947584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a75fb077-d6a4-40fb-b4a2-9ffac300c126>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.254097"}
{"text": "hyrkan state reservation is situatod in southest part of azerbaijan republic, on the coast of the caspian sea, in lankaran administrative district at 38\u00b0 30 ' 34 \" of northern latitude and 48\u00b0 45 ' 50 \" of eastern longitude. the reservation was established by the decree no. 272 of june 18, 1969 of the soviet of ministers. its territory is 2, 9 thousand hectares and is protected by the state. the flora of the reservation consist of 1900 species ; 162 of them are endemic, 95 of them are rare and 38 are being depletod and disappeared. there are widely spread valuable and unique trees in the tree stratum such as ironwood ( porrotia persica ), persimmon ( diospyrus lotus ), silk tree ( albir ~ ia julibrissin ), chestnut - leaved oak ( quercus castaneifolia ), hyrkan fig ( ficus hyrcana ), hyrkan zelkova ( zelkowa carpunifolia ) etc. there a unique fauna in the reservation as well. hyrkan state reservation is a unique natural territory in the worid with its fascinating nature, rich vegetation, hills covered by endemic and relic trees and shrubs, with suitable subtropical climate. being adjacent the caspian sea, close to main roads and rail roads, the reservation is of great importance from the point of view of tourism and establishment of the national park. there are suitable conditions for this purpose in the reservation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42728838648225764, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bbd01be-c0f0-4edb-994a-41b638096754>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.256476"}
{"text": "revision 1 as of 2005 - 11 - 07 20 : 34 : 54 converted to 1. 6 markup | no differences found! | whitespace handling in the xsl fo spec some thoughts about the concerns the fo spec must address the following three concerns : - what to do with linefeed characters in the input : consider as space or as a real linefeed? - what to do with xml white space characters other than linefeed in the input : preserve or collapse? these two concerns are governed by the properties linefeed - treatment and white - space - collapse. together these two items address the matter of pretty printing of xml documents ( in this case fo documents ). - what to do with white space and other eligible characters around line breaks? this concern is governed by the properties white - space - treatment and suppress - at - linebreak. xml itself has a prescription for dealing with white space in the input xml file : the parser must report whether white space occurs in element content or not, allowing applications to ignore it in element content ; in sax terms, white space in element content is ignorable white space. because fo does not have a dtd or schema, there is no element content, and all white space is passed on to the fo processor. fo does have its own equivalent of element content. when white space occurs in flow objects which do not take pcdata as children, it is ignored by the fo processor. white space in flow objects that take pcdata children, however, must be taken into account. its interpretation is governed by the first two items. pretty printing can also occur inside pcdata. editors commonly break long stretches of text into separate lines, substituting space characters with linefeed characters. they also commonly indent the lines to illustrate the nesting position of the element containing the pcdata, replacing single spaces with sequences of spaces and tab characters. the above two concerns also undo those pretty printing effects on the output of the fo processor. the first two items are concerned with input. therefore they can in principle be taken care of at the refinement stage. the third item is concerned with input characters whose representation depends on the layout, viz., which are suppressed when they occur before and / or after a line break. therefore it can only be taken care of when the line breaks are known, i. e. at the layout or area building stage. the formulation of this concern was flawed in version 1. 0 of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4464250958737192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d81e5a1b-9ec9-4ffa-900f-c56314afa56d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.260453"}
{"text": "before and / or after a line break. therefore it can only be taken care of when the line breaks are known, i. e. at the layout or area building stage. the formulation of this concern was flawed in version 1. 0 of the fo spec. instead of line breaks, it mentions line feed characters. this is clearly not what is needed. users expect white space to be suppressed around line breaks, and fo processors do this, even though the spec has no good prescription for this behaviour. version 1. 1 of the fo spec tries to correct this. but the result is a mixed behaviour of the property white - space - treatment. two of its values refer to input characters and can be taken care of at the refinement stage, the other three refer to suppression as a result of layout and must be taken care of at the layout or area building stage. remarks on white - space - collapse white - space - collapse is formulated in terms of flow objects, so that it only applies to direct siblings. this can give rise to undesirable effects. examples : - spaces before an fo : inline and spaces at the start of an fo : inline are not collapsed, perhaps contrary to the expectation of the user. - fo : marker elements may have spaces at their start and end, which may become adjacent to spaces before and after the fo : retrieve - marker that inserted the fo : marker content. these spaces are not collapsed, again perhaps contrary to the expectation of the user. the user would prefer to think in terms of collapsing of adjacent white space glyph areas. the comments of the xsl editors have made it clear, however, that white - space - collapse is strictly interpreted in terms of sibling flow objects. on the other hand, they do not make it clear why they place white - space - collapse handling at the area building stage. as a result the user must be careful not to add extra white space to inline content. remarks on white - space - treatment and white - space - collapse the values ignore and preserve of white - space - treatment would better be combined with white - space - collapse into a new property, called something like white - space - treatment, with three values ignore, collapse and preserve as follows : - white - space - treatment = \" ignore \" and white - space - collapse = \" true \" : ignore - white - space - treatment = \" ignore \" and white - space - collapse = \" false \" : ignore - white - space - treatment =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48642177787410046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d81e5a1b-9ec9-4ffa-900f-c56314afa56d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.261524"}
{"text": "the main usage of the tool is to add wikipedia - tags to openstreetmap and to make localisation of names with the help of interwikilinks, but parts of the tool can also be used for other jobs. the tool works in three steps, see below. take a look to example that works with streets in dresden ( germany ). - on the left side you have the wikipedia part generated by catscan in the background so it goes through a wikipedia category also with subcategories. so user can modify in the form project language, category and the depth of searching in category tree. an additional option on the left side is the question if the user wants to use wikipedia interwikilinks for names in different languages. - on the right side is the openstreetmap part which uses code of query - to - map projects. so the user can choose a bounding box ( bbox ), a key - value combination ( \u201c * \u201d for values possible ) and a types definition. the types \" points \", \" lines \", \" areas \" will make a request at toolserver database and downloads everything in this area, so it is relatively slow. the types \" node \", \" way \", \" relation \" will make a request at overpass api and download only the necessary pobjects so it ' s faster, especially for large objects. types = \" no \" that the script jumps directly to nominatim and is so much faster. the script will use this parameter to find in the next step matching osm objects where additionally the name - parameter is matching with the wikipedia article name founded on the left side. ( parts of the wikipedia article name in brackets will be ignored. ) as result the user get a table with 3 columns : - wikipedia - articles : is a link to wikipedia - article - interwikilinks : shows the user how many interwikilinks has this article, is interesting if this links are used to generate \u201c name : language \u201d - tags for osm. - openstreetmap : is a link osm - add - tags tool see below. this script is looking for matching objects with given parameters. mostly the parameters are generated by the index. php script ( see above but it ' s also possible to use the script for openstreetmap outside of wikipedia content. ) - key, value, types and bbox : ( see above ) to specify complex osm - objects. - name : to find at best exactly the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4830406083480065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2fe30ea1-ed0c-4d63-85fb-09b3a096b893>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.266608"}
{"text": "' s also possible to use the script for openstreetmap outside of wikipedia content. ) - key, value, types and bbox : ( see above ) to specify complex osm - objects. - name : to find at best exactly the right complex osm - object. if this parameter is \" * \" the user get a list of all objects and also objects without name. this example gives a list of all restaurants of a city and shows if there is a smoking - tag or not. some restaurants in this example have no name so they are on the end of the list as \" node... \". - without - tag : define a key that is missing on the object of search. useful to find e. g. restaurants without opening hours or so. ( coming soon... ) - addtags : different tags to add to specified objects. tags written as \u201c key = value \u201d, different tags are separated by \u201c | \u201d as result the user gets one single object or a list with objects. this list has links to josm / plugins / remotecontrol with addtags - parameter for josm in latest version must run. so it use a local server to control josm. behind the objects the user can see its size ( diagonal length in seconds of degree ) the script works with the toolserver database which is normally used for mapnik, so possibly it is not synchronous or has curious effects. the script finds the nodes, ways and relation numbers in the database and calculates small bounding boxes around each object. if the result is empty the script asks nominatim but the users need to be carefully with the results because there is no key - value proving and it gives only the first result back. for details see : josm / plugins / remotecontrol with the help of remote control josm downloads the area around the defined objects and selects them. in the following dialog box the user can modify selection and tags before applying the changes. it ' s helpful to use osm - tiles ( josm menue : imagery ) as overview in background. the idea is to use this wikipedia - tags later inside the wikipedia embedded map to highlighting the osm objects that match to the wikipedia article. so especially complex line and area objects ( streets, rivers, districts,... ) would be interesting for that. multilingual maps will profit the translations by interwikilinks, especially city - objects ( nodes ) should have priority.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4743899281637421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2fe30ea1-ed0c-4d63-85fb-09b3a096b893>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.267671"}
{"text": "by irene klotz cape canaveral, florida ( reuters ) - nasa on monday showed off the first high - resolution, color portrait images taken by the mars rover curiosity, detailing a mound of layered rock where scientists plan to focus their search for the chemical ingredients of life on the red planet. the stunning images reveal distinct tiers near the base of the 3 - mile - ( 5 - km - ) tall mountain that rises from the floor of the vast, ancient impact basin known as gale crater, where curiosity landed on august 6 to begin its two - year mission. scientists estimate it will be a year before the six - wheeled, nuclear - powered rover, about the size of a small car, physically reaches the layers of interest at the foot of the mountain, 6. 2 miles away from the landing site. from earlier orbital imagery, the layers appear to contain clays and other hydrated minerals that form in the presence of water. while previous missions to mars have uncovered strong evidence for vast amounts of water flowing over its surface in the past, curiosity was dispatched to hunt for organic materials and other chemistry considered necessary for microbial life to evolve. the $ 2. 5 billion curiosity project, nasa ' s first astrobiology mission since the 1970s - era viking probes to mars, is the first to bring all the tools of a state - of - the - art geochemistry laboratory to the surface of a distant planet. but the latest images from curiosity, taken at a distance from its primary target of exploration, already have given scientists a new view of the formation ' s structure. the layers above where scientists expect to find hydrated minerals show sharp tilts, offering a strong hint of dramatic changes in gale crater, located in the planet ' s southern hemisphere near its equator. slanted layers exposed mount sharp, the name given to the towering formation at the center of the crater, is believed to be the remains of sediment that once completely filled the 96 - mile - ( 154 - km - ) wide basin. \" this is a spectacular feature that we ' re seeing very early, \" project scientist john grotzinger, with the california institute of technology, told reporters on monday. \" we can sense that there is a big change on mount sharp. \" the higher layers are steeply slanted relative to the layers of underlying rock, the reverse of similar features found in earth ' s grand canyon. \" the layers are tilted in the grand canyon due to plate tectonics, so it ' s typical to see older layers be more def", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46122990907145384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ba81d91-6603-438c-97a2-11f027df325d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.271301"}
{"text": "##ed relative to the layers of underlying rock, the reverse of similar features found in earth ' s grand canyon. \" the layers are tilted in the grand canyon due to plate tectonics, so it ' s typical to see older layers be more deformed and more rotated than the ones above them, \" grotzinger said. \" in this case, you have flat - line layers on mars overlaid by tilted layers. the science team, of course, is deliberating over what this means. \" he added : \" this thing just kind of jumped out at us as being something very different from what we ever expected. \" absent plate tectonics, the most likely explanation for the angled layers has to do with the physical manner in which they were built up, such as being deposited by wind or by water. \" on earth, there ' s a whole host of mechanisms that can generate inclined strata, \" grotzinger said. \" probably we ' re going to have to drive up there to see what those strata are made of. \" also monday, nasa said it used the rover to broadcast a message of congratulations to the curiosity team from nasa chief charles bolden, a demonstration of the high bandwidth available through a pair of u. s. science satellites orbiting mars. \" this is the first time that we ' ve had a human voice transmitted back from another planet \" beyond the moon, said chad edwards, chief telecommunications engineer for nasa ' s mars missions at the jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california. \" we aren ' t quite yet at the point where we actually have a human present on the surface of mars... it is a small step, \" edwards said. ( editing by steve gorman and philip barbara ) ( the photo previously attached to this story was incorrectly identified as mars ' mount sharp )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4895969466290503, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ba81d91-6603-438c-97a2-11f027df325d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.272048"}
{"text": "now, it is often thought that pte john parr of the 4th btn. middlesex regiment was the first british battle casualty of the war. not true. although he is obviously an early casualty ( killed on the 21st august 1914 ) he was not the first british casualty. in the early morning of august 6th 1914, with the war being only 32 hours old, hms amphion hit a german mine in the north sea. casualties on that day included 278171 leading stoker andrew collins, ss / 4209 able seaman albert cowley, ch / 18478 f bates ( royal marine light infantry ), and k / 16433 stoker 1st class fred coker the following account of the sinking of hms amphion is taken from naval staffs monographs. vol 10. at 2300 on august 4th 1914, england declared war on germany. in anticipation of war the konigin luise, a former hamburg \u2013 holland holiday ferry, had been converted to an auxiliary minelayer by the germans. on the night of 4th august she left her home port of emden and steamed south through the north sea to lay mines off the thames estuary. the ship resembled the steamers of the great eastern railway that plied from harwick to the hook of holland, and so she was painted in their colors of black, buff, and yellow to disguise herself. meanwhile, at the port of harwick 80 miles north of london, hms amphion ( capt. cecil h. fox ) and the destroyers of the 3rd flotilla were preparing to sail. they departed in the early hours of the morning and by daylight on the 5th august they were well out into the north sea sweeping towards the heligoland bight. a few hours after leaving port a destroyer on the screen spoke to a fishing vessel who had seen an unknown vessel \u201c throwing things over the side \u201d about 20 miles north of the outer gabbard. at 1025 amphion sighted the unknown steamer and sent the destroyers lance and landrail to investigate. the steamer was the konigin luise which made off at 20 knots, altering course, before disappearing into a rain squall where she began laying mines. at 1030, lance signalled she was engaging the enemy and is credited with firing the first shot of world war 1. they were soon joined by amphion ( which had won the fleetgunnery prize for 1914 ) and the german came under very accurate fire. the konigin luise was only lightly armed with two 3. 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3654894166635896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb4a493f-56d3-4491-8fa1-3056b235ca8a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.276712"}
{"text": "shot of world war 1. they were soon joined by amphion ( which had won the fleetgunnery prize for 1914 ) and the german came under very accurate fire. the konigin luise was only lightly armed with two 3. 7cm mgs and some smaller weapons and offered little resistance. commander biermann brought her onto a south - easterly course hoping to regain neutral waters and draw the british ships into her minefield. however, after receiving numerous hits, the order was given to sink the ship to avoid any further loss of life. at 1222, on fire amidships and with smoke and steam pouring from her funnels, the konigin luise rolled over to port and sank at 55. 5n 2. 32e. 46 of the 100 crew were rescued. during the action the amphion gun crews from the disengaged side crossed over to watch the firing and showed their appreciation of good salvoes by cheering and applauding. after the action capt. fox mustered all hands and reprimanded the men for leaving their posts. he reminded them that they were at war and no matter what the other fellow was doing, each man was to go on with his duty and stick to it. the ship \u2019 s company rather enjoyed the lecture and saw the sense in it. the british destroyers now sighted another ship of the same shape and color of the konigin luise. she was flying a huge german flag and the destroyers began their attack. amphion recognized her as the st. petersburg which was carrying the german ambassador back to germany from england. amphion signaled the destroyers to cease fire but in the excitement of the moment they ignored the signal and pressed home the attack. capt. fox then put the amphion between the destroyers and the st petersburg to deliberately foul the range. at 2100 amphion and the destroyers set course to return to harwick. unfortunately, due to reported problems with mines and submarines, the allocated course ran very close to where the konigin luise had laid her mines. at 0645 on august 6th 1914 hms amphion struck a mine which exploded just beside the forebridge and broke the ship \u2019 s back. the explosion practically destroyed the bridge and smoke and flames poured from the slits in the conning tower. except for one man, all the fo \u2019 csle gun crews were killed and the bridge occupants badly burnt. as the hands were at breakfast, many were killed or suffocated in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4350860757944044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb4a493f-56d3-4491-8fa1-3056b235ca8a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.277727"}
{"text": "poured from the slits in the conning tower. except for one man, all the fo \u2019 csle gun crews were killed and the bridge occupants badly burnt. as the hands were at breakfast, many were killed or suffocated in the forward messdecks. this included 19 of 21 german survivors. capt. fox stopped engines and proceeded aft to take charge. the ship was well down at the bows and attempts to extinguish the raging fires in the forward part of the ship failed. abandon ship was ordered. as most of amphion \u2019 s boats were destroyed, the destroyers sent their boats to rescue the crew. there was no confusion or panic. the men fell in on deck. within twenty minutes of the first explosion all the survivors were safely on board the destroyers. among the survivors was midshipman e. f fegan who would later win a vc as captain of the jervis bay when it was sunk in ww2. unfortunately, although amphions \u2019 s engines were stopped, she still had way on and she continued turning in a circle. at 0703, just as the last boatload of survivors were taken off, she again struck the same row of mines. her magazine detonated in a huge cloud of pale yellow smoke and the fore part of the ship completely disintegrated showering the attending destroyers with debris. there were several casualties, one 4 - inch shell falling on board the destroyer lark, killing two of amphion \u2019 s men and a german prisoner. amphion then suddenly slid astern and sank at 0705 at 52. 11n 02. 36e. one officer and 150 men were lost.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3684697414266022, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb4a493f-56d3-4491-8fa1-3056b235ca8a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.278410"}
{"text": "about the annamites ecoregion annamites - covering over 23 million hectares this area encompasses an incredibly broad, diverse and special range of habitats, animals and plants, accounting for a remarkably rich biodiversity. includes the da lat range the term annamite mountains normally refers to the blocks of mountains lying between lao p. d. r and vietnam, only. however, as the entire mountain range south of the da lat plateau is ecologically similar to the annamite mountains, it has been included in the ecoregion ( maps ). reaching over 2500 m the greater annamites ecoregion straddles the laos - vietnam border for over 1100 km, includes small parts of cambodia, covers over 23 million hectares and rises to over 2500 m at its highest point. also known as... although the term annamite is used here, the mountain range is more commonly known as truong son in viet nam, and as sai phou louang in laos. many species found no - where else many species are exclusive to the ecoregion. indeed, one of the greatest concentrations of endemic species in a continental setting are found here, including the beautiful and threatened douc langur ( pygathrix nemaeus ). other species include the asian tiger and elephant, and the javan rhinoceros. more than 30 ethnic groups live in the annamites, each with their distinctive and traditional music, language, dress and customs. the natural resources of the greater annamites are vital to all of the people. - size : 23 million ha - protected : 3 million ha - habitat : tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests - geographic location : indochina : laos, vietnam and a small part of cambodia - endangered species : 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4097194213967559, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c873c91-76f4-4c36-98f3-1617aa1ffa29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.280097"}
{"text": "subjunctive vs. indicative \u2013 present ( noun, adjective and adverbial clauses ) this course presents spanish grammar and vocabulary. if this is too basic then please try intermediate spanish or advanced spanish if your goal is to speak spanish today then you should go to conversational spanish. prepositions - por vs. para the spanish prepositions por and para tend to be difficult for students, because they can, but don ' t always, mean \" for \". comparacion entre por y para irregular spanish verbs irregular verbs tend to be difficult for students, because they do not follow the rules. verbos irregulares the spanish verb tener the spanish verb tener is used to indicate possession and for a multitude of other uses, such as expressing hunger, thirst, fear, luck, and much, much more! verbo tener y usos - le verbe avoir spanish reflexive verbs reflexive pronouns and verbs are used much more in spanish than in english. this section will teach you how they work. idiomatic expressions using vez in spanish, there are a number of idiomatic expressions that employ \" vez \". don ' t leave home without knowing these! spanish negative words also referred to as negation. these are negative words, expressions and constructions used in spanish. learning interrogative pronouns is easy. the difficulty lies in determining when to use which one. the verb gustar the verb gustar is used to express likes and dislikes. it is formed in a unique manner. the preterite ( simple past ) is a past action tense. we use the preterite to answer the question \" what happened? \". imperfect - regular verbs do you ever have problem figuring out wether to use preterite or imperfect? this section will help you to know which to use? imperfect - irregular verbs yep, spanish imperfect also has irregular verbs! we use the future simple to talk about future actions. expressing future plans with the verb \" ir \" it is often useful to discuss the future by using the present form of ir, ( to go ) the preposition a, and the infinitive form of the desired verb. usually, this translates in english as \" going to. \" spanish adverbs provide additional information about manner, quantity, frequency, time, or place. adverbs explain when, how, where, how often, or to what degree something is done. spanish relative pronouns the words that, which, and who are not just used in questions. when they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4676309449619745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39f928d8-93e7-45c8-ae37-4dbaec889f5f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.286629"}
{"text": ", frequency, time, or place. adverbs explain when, how, where, how often, or to what degree something is done. spanish relative pronouns the words that, which, and who are not just used in questions. when they are used in statements they are called relative pronouns. comparative and superlative adjectives the correct use of the comparative and superlative forms is key when learning how to express your opinion or make comparative judgments. spanish gerunds and the progressive tenses the gerund ( gerundio ) is a special, invariable form of the verb which always ends in ( ndo ). it is mistaeknly referred to as the \u201c present participle \u201d. the progressive tenses express an action viewed as being in progress. do not use the progressive for other purposes, such as for expressing a future action. do not overuse the progressive tenses, since they are used far less frequently in spanish than in english. do not use them unless you are portraying an action as truly being in progress. spanish past participle spanish past participles typically end in - ado or - ido. the word \" worked \" is a past - tense verb in the sentence \" i worked \" but a past participle in \" i have worked. \" spanish present perfect tense the present perfect may be used to indicate an action or state as having occurred, and having been completed, prior to the present time. spanish past perfect tense the past perfect tense express an action, state or event that was already completed before the start of another past action, state or event. spanish passive voice the passive voice in spanish is most frequently used in the preterit, although it can occur in any tense, both in the indicative and in the subjunctive. spanish future perfect tense this tense views an action or state as having occurred, and been completed, at some time in the future. it is used in spanish in the same way it is used in english. spanish direct object a direct object is the noun or pronoun that the verb acts directly on. spanish indirect object an indirect object is the person affected by the action but not acted directly upon. direct object pronouns direct object pronouns receive the action of the verb. indirect object pronouns indirect object pronouns present a way in spanish to answer the question : to or for whom or what? double object pronouns a spanish sentence can have both a direct and an indirect object pronoun. these \" double object pronouns \" cannot be separated, and the indirect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5353956108355538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39f928d8-93e7-45c8-ae37-4dbaec889f5f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.287841"}
{"text": "pronouns present a way in spanish to answer the question : to or for whom or what? double object pronouns a spanish sentence can have both a direct and an indirect object pronoun. these \" double object pronouns \" cannot be separated, and the indirect pronoun always precedes the direct pronoun. a conjunction is a word that creates a relation among words, phrases, clauses or sentences. conjunctions have no meaning by themselves. spanish present subjunctive the present subjunctive refers to things which may, or may not, happen. irregular verbs - pensar the spanish verb pensar is irregular in the present subjunctive irregular verbs - entender the spanish verb entender is irregular in the present subjunctive irregular verbs - sentir the spanish verb sentir is irregular in the present subjunctive irregular verbs - acordar the spanish verb acordar is irregular in the present subjunctive irregular verbs - mover the spanish verb mover is irregular in the present subjunctive irregular verbs - dormir the spanish verb dormir is irregular in the present subjunctive irregular verbs - pedir the spanish verb pedir is irregular in the present subjunctive the imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood is used to express the same subjective attitudes as the present subjunctive, but in the past. spanish conditional tense the conditional tense works hand in hand with the imperfect subjunctive to create situations that can be characterized by \u201c if this, then that. \u201d spanish conditional perfect conditional perfect is formed with the verb \" haber \" in various tenses + the past participle. present perfect of the subjunctive mood the present perfect subjunctive, also known as the past or perfect subjunctive, is used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect. pluperfect of the subjunctive mood the past perfect tense express an action, state or event that was already completed before the start of another past action. spanish imperative mood the imperative mood is used to give orders or commands. imperative mood only has one tense, the present tense. spanish language exercises links to all of the exercises listed above.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5417664337755718, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39f928d8-93e7-45c8-ae37-4dbaec889f5f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.288712"}
{"text": "if there is one thing we know, it is juicers. i think we sometimes even have dreams about juicers. if our fancy internet tools aren ' t helping you decide, give us a buzz at 877 - 695 - 8423 and we can help. nutrition and taste it ' s well known that a diet rich in fruits in vegetables is best for our health. juicers can help retain vital enzymes in raw vegetables and fruits that are sometimes damaged by heat or cooking. for people who can ' t tolerate raw fruits and vegetables ( or simply don ' t like them ), juicing is a way to still receive the goodness from both. juicer basics \u2014 construction and use a manual citrus juicer ( also known as a citrus reamer ) is used for squeezing juice from soft citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, grapefruits and limes. people often invest in citrus juicers to enjoy the taste and benefits of fresh - squeezed juice each morning. manual juicers are straightforward and simple to use. centering the fruit halves cut - side down over the juicer, simply press the fruit down and turn the fruit back and forth to extract juice, discarding the rind and excess pulp. today you can also find electric models. a juice extractor separates juice from the pulp of most fruits, herbs, leafy greens, and vegetables. the pulp can be thrown out, but is useful for composting. it can also be used as a base ingredient in muffins and breads. juicers fall into three main categories : - centrifugal juicers use blades and a sieve to separate juice from pulp, and spins at a high speed to completely extract the juice - masticating juicers \" chew \" fruit to a pulp to create juice - triturating juicers have twin gears to crush fruit, then press it. - masticating and triturating juicers are recommended for juicing wheatgrass. single auger masticating juicers crush fruits and vegetables against a static screen, allowing juice to flow through the screen while pulp is expelled through a different chamber. the lower speed of single auger machines minimizes oxidation, maintaining beneficial enzymes. twin gear triturating machines offer the best juice yield. twin gear juicers crush juice out of fruit and vegetable fibers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4395979673156571, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5179456-f57e-4d4e-a947-8cb2b67e435d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.291103"}
{"text": "top four tips for camps - establish good hygiene policies : mrsa transmission from person to person can be prevented by instituting simple measures including hand - washing policies, policies against sharing personal items ( such as razors and towels ), and the covering of infections. - ensure that your health center has established policies to avoid the spread of disease : eighty - six percent of all invasive mrsa infections are health - care center associated. insist that your health center establishes stringent polices to avoid transmission. see below for resources. - train your non - health care staff to detect situations that might lead to transmission of disease : counselor and program staff can be enforcing hand - washing and personal hygiene policies ; and keeping on the look - out for campers with open wounds and infections. - partner with your local health department : should an outbreak occur, it is important that you partner with your local public health officials to strategize about next steps and keep everyone safe from further spread of infection. what is mrsa? most methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( mrsa ) infections are skin infections. mrsa is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics called beta - lactams. these antibiotics include methicillin and other more common antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin. causes of mrsa infection mrsa infections, as with all staph, are usually spread by having contact with someone ' s skin infection or personal items they have used, like towels, bandages, or razors that touched their infected skin. national population - based estimates of invasive mrsa infections are 94, 360 invasive mrsa infections annually in the us ; with associated 18, 650 deaths each year. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recommends the following prevention techniques : - frequent hand washing with soap and water, or alcohol - based hand rubs, is critical to the prevention of spread of disease. - maintain a clean environment. establish cleaning procedures for frequently touched surfaces. - do not share personal items. the sharing of personal items such as towels, razors, and clothing can lead to the spread of disease. - use mouth, nose, eye, and hand protection in your health center. since 86 % of mrsa infections are spread in health - care settings, this is expecially important. most mrsa infections are skin infections that appear as pustules or boils which often are red, swollen, painful, or have pus or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4785648861279765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09e4e872-cb1a-4f34-95b4-c06e89dd96f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.294062"}
{"text": "planes of motion it \u2019 s a bird \u2026 it \u2019 s a plane \u2026 it ' s planes of motion! planes of motion can be a challenging concept to grasp. the human body is divided into three primary planes - transverse plane, frontal plane, and the sagittal plane. sagittal plane : divides body into right and left sides frontal plane : divides body into anterior and posterior sides ( front / back ) transverse plane : divides body into superior and inferior parts ( top and bottom ) all motion occurs around one of these three planes of motion. generally they occur as follows : sagittal plane : flexion / extension frontal plane : abduction / adduction transverse plane : internal rotation / external rotation pages 109 and 110 in the ace essentials of exercise science for fitness professionals manual lists all the fundamental movements in each plane. below is a great website to help with your understanding of movement in different planes. understanding planes of motion another suggestion is if you are viewing the link above and you get to the diagrams of the people \u2026 find a doorway that spans two rooms ( doorway leading into your bedroom for example ). when reviewing the sagittal plane of motion, stand with your nose against the doorframe so one foot is in the hallway and one foot is in the bedroom. this divides your body into right and left sides down the middle ( just like the sagittal plane does ). when reviewing the frontal plane, stand with your back against the wall ( and pretend it divides you into half - front half / back half ). this might be an easier way to visualize the different planes. planes of motion can be difficult to grasp initially, but with some patience and \u2018 hands on \u2019 practice, you might find the information starting to make sense. remember, if you have any questions, please contact an education consultant at 1 - 888 - 825 - 3636 x782", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5481374159434671, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24282984-8496-4fce-9828-8cb16f593327>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.296006"}
{"text": "several new raspberry varieties were set out in commercial fields in 2007 and 2008. here we report on observations made by the growers and our summer students in 2009 - 2011. we will continue to make notes on these varieties in 2012. two summer red raspberry varieties were planted in 2008 in three locations in southwestern ontario. this variety was developed in new zealand and is of interest because it is resistant to raspberry bushy dwarf virus. the raspberry variety moutere does not have acceptable flavour for most ontario markets. it is very productive and has a nice large, oblong berry. it had good winter hardiness in essex county in 2009 and 2010. the berries are red to dark red, with a weak neck. glen ample was early, large and firm, however the flavour was mild and further testing of this variety is needed. it was not overly productive but large berry size made it appealing. the fruit is round, red, without much shine, neck strength is good and skin strength is good. the drupelets are very large, making the fruit seem solid, and \" meaty \". it suffers from more cane dieback than moutere. although this variety is of interest it will not be commercially available in ontario until 2014. glen ample variety several new primocane fruiting raspberry varieties have been released with potential for ontario. five of these varieties were planted at two sites in 2007 : one in eastern ontario and one in niagara region. however, few show improved earliness, fruit brightness, quality or colour over the current standard autumn britten. the most promising varieties of those tested are polka and joan j, especially for high tunnel production. autumn britten is sometimes less vigourous than the other selections in this trial, however it produces the earliest primocane crop. fruit size and quality of autumn britten are good, but the fruit is dark after harvest. although early, fruit of jaclyn was difficult to harvest. it is a long, conical bright red berry. the fruit is irregular in shape. jaclyn was the next earliest to autumn britten in this trial. leaf rust was prevalent on jaclyn. fruit is well formed and firm with tight drupelets. polka is interesting for its excellent fruit quality and good yields. fruit colour is bright red tending to dark red, and size is large at first, but mostly average. polka is very susceptible to fire blight, a serious bacterial disease. fruit colour is dark red, however other aspects of fruit quality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4157862138910251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f14a3386-6e93-4ee8-98d5-8e8c59ae4890>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.299901"}
{"text": "good yields. fruit colour is bright red tending to dark red, and size is large at first, but mostly average. polka is very susceptible to fire blight, a serious bacterial disease. fruit colour is dark red, however other aspects of fruit quality are very good. the fruit has excellent neck strength and skin strength, and is large in size. the canes are nearly spineless. it is a productive variety with fruit quality and earliness that make it promising. drawbacks include the darker colour and susceptibility to fire blight. caroline is known for its excellent flavour and yields, however it is generally too late for field production in most of ontario. caroline is a very vigorous variety, with high yields but it is later than autumn britten being ready for harvest only a week earlier than heritage. caroline and himbo top were the latest selections in this trial. foliage is bright green. leaf rust was prevalent on caroline. himbo top is too late for field production in most of ontario but should be evaluated further for high tunnel production. it is a very vigourous variety. caroline and himbo top were the latest selections in this trial. thanks to the ontario berry growers association who supported this and other variety test plots with funding from the farm innovation program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4422184229470942, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f14a3386-6e93-4ee8-98d5-8e8c59ae4890>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.300394"}
{"text": "fast - growing fish may never wind up on your plate washington, d. c. ( ap ) \u2014 salmon that \u2019 s been genetically modified to grow twice as fast as normal could soon show up on your dinner plate. that is, if the company that makes the fish can stay afloat. after weathering concerns about everything from the safety of humans eating the salmon to their impact on the environment, aquabounty was poised to become the world \u2019 s first company to sell fish whose dna has been altered to speed up growth. the food and drug administration in 2010 concluded that aquabounty \u2019 s salmon was as safe to eat as the traditional variety. the agency also said that there \u2019 s little chance that the salmon could escape and breed with wild fish, which could disrupt the fragile relationships between plants and animals in nature. but more than two years later the fda has not approved the fish, and aquabounty is running out of money. the fda said it \u2019 s still working on the final piece of its review, a report on the potential environmental impact of the salmon that must be published for comment before an approval can be issued. that means a final decision could be months, even years away. while the delay could mean that the faster - growing salmon will never wind up on american dinner tables, there \u2019 s more at stake than seafood. aquabounty is the only u. s. company publicly seeking approval for a genetically modified animal that \u2019 s raised to be eaten by humans. and scientists worry that its experience with the fda \u2019 s lengthy review process could discourage other u. s. companies from investing in animal biotechnology, or the science of manipulating animal dna to produce a desirable trait. that would put the u. s. at a disadvantage at a time when china, india and other foreign governments are pouring millions of dollars each year into the potentially lucrative field that could help reduce food costs and improve food safety. already, biotech scientists are changing their plans to avoid getting stuck in fda - related regulatory limbo. researchers at the university of california, davis have transferred an experimental herd of genetically engineered goats that produce protein - enriched milk to brazil, due to concerns about delays at the fda. and after investors raised concerns about the slow pace of the fda \u2019 s aquabounty review, canadian researchers in april pulled their fda application for a biotech pig that would produce environmentally friendly waste. \u201c the story of aquabounty is disappointing because everyone was hoping the company would be a clear signal that genetic modification in animals is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43158902591520154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52712c9e-8f88-4368-8c51-431f7ad48bba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.307147"}
{"text": "atlantic salmon because they are the most widely consumed salmon in the u. s. and are farmed throughout the world : in 2010, the u. s. imported more than 200, 000 tons of atlantic salmon, worth over $ 1. 5 billion, from countries like norway, canada and chile. using gene - manipulating technology, aquabounty adds a growth hormone to the atlantic salmon from another type of salmon called the chinook. the process, company executives say, causes its salmon to reach maturity in about two years, compared with three to four years for a conventional salmon. aquabounty executives say if their fish are approved for commercial sale, there are several safeguards designed to prevent the fish from escaping and breeding with wild salmon. the salmon are bred as sterile females. they also are confined to pools where the potential for escape would be low : the inland pens are isolated from natural bodies of water. and the company says that these pens would be affordable thanks to the fast - growing nature of aquabounty \u2019 s fish, which allows farmers to raise more salmon in less time. overall, the company estimates that it would cost 30 percent less to grow its fish than traditional salmon. but getting the fish to market hasn \u2019 t been easy. the company began discussions with the fda in 1993. but the agency did not yet have a formal system for reviewing genetically modified food animals. so aquabounty spent the next decade conducting more than two dozen studies on everything from the molecular structure of the salmon \u2019 s dna to the potential allergic reactions in humans who would eat it. by the time the fda completed its roadmap for reviewing genetically modified animals in 2009, aquabounty was the first company to submit its data. after reviewing the company \u2019 s data, the fda said in a public hearing in september of 2010 that aquabounty \u2019 s salmon is \u201c as safe as food from conventional atlantic salmon. \u201d the fda also said the fish \u201c are not expected to have a significant impact \u201d on the environment. but as the company has inched toward fda approval it has faced increasing pushback from natural food advocates, environmentalists and politicians from salmon - producing states. in fact, following the fda \u2019 s positive review of the fish, the house of representatives passed a budget that included language barring the fda from spending funds to approve a genetically engineered salmon. \u201c frankenfish is uncertain and unnecessary, \u201d said rep. don young of alaska, who authored the language. the senate did not adopt the measure. despite such opposition,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41391989497618653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52712c9e-8f88-4368-8c51-431f7ad48bba>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.309352"}
{"text": "language barring the fda from spending funds to approve a genetically engineered salmon. \u201c frankenfish is uncertain and unnecessary, \u201d said rep. don young of alaska, who authored the language. the senate did not adopt the measure. despite such opposition, environmental groups such as the food and water watch say that fda approval seems inevitable. \u201c we think there is a clear bias toward approving genetically modified animals within the fda, \u201d said patty lovera, assistant director of food & water watch, a nonprofit that promotes environmentally friendly fishing and farming practices. \u201c this thing is trapped in a regulatory process that is predisposed toward approving it. \u201d but the delay could cause aquabounty to go bankrupt before its salmon reaches supermarkets. aquabounty, which started in 1991 focusing on proteins used to preserve human cells, changed direction after acquiring the rights to gene - manipulation technology from researchers at the university of toronto and memorial university of newfoundland. initial financing came from boston - area investors and biotech - focused venture capital funds, but the company has burned through more than $ 67 million since it started. according to its mid - year financial report, aquabounty had less than $ 1. 5 million in cash and stock. and it has no other products besides genetically modified salmon in development. in february, the cash - strapped company agreed to sell its research and development arm to its largest single shareholder, kakha bendukidze, a former republic of georgia finance minister turned investor, in return for his help raising $ 2 million in cash to stay afloat. aquabounty \u2019 s ceo stotish fretted that bendukidze, who controlled nearly 48 percent of aquabounty \u2019 s public stock, would move the company overseas. but in october bendukidze \u2019 s investment fund sold its shares to intrexon, a biotech firm headquartered in germantown, md. stotish views the sale as a positive development, but he still worries that the u. s. government is unwilling to approve the technology at the heart of his company \u2019 s work. \u201c this is about more than aquabounty and more than salmon, \u201d stotish says. \u201c and shame on us if we allow this to slip away because of partisan bickering and people who oppose new technology. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39699158945409463, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52712c9e-8f88-4368-8c51-431f7ad48bba>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.310312"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia billboard is a weekly american magazine devoted to the music industry. it maintains several internationally recognized music charts that track the most popular songs or albums in various categories on a weekly basis. its most famous chart, the \" hot 100 \" survey, ranks the top 100 songs regardless of genre and is frequently used as the standard measure for ranking songs in the united states. the \" billboard 200 \" survey is the corresponding chart for album sales. when founded in 1894, billboard magazine was originally concerned with carnival entertainment, but music coverage grew to the point that its earlier subjects were spun off into a separate journal in the 1950s. on january 4, 1936 billboard magazine published its first music hit parade and on july 20, 1940 the first music popularity chart was calculated. since 1958 the hot 100 has been published, combining single sales and radio airplay. radio countdown programs for many years, the weekly syndicated radio program \" american top 40, \" hosted by casey kasem ( 1970 to august 1988 and the middle of 1998 to 2004 ) and shadoe stevens ( august 1988 to feb. 1994 ), played the top 40 songs on that billboard chart in reverse order ; in 2004, kasem was replaced with american idol host ryan seacrest. billboard magazine covers every aspect of the entertainment business, from dvds to video cassette sales to internet music downloads. it features news stories and opinion articles. for the most part, billboard is intended for music professionals, such as record label executives and djs. it is generally not intended for the general public, though it can occasionally be found at bookstores. but despite their extensive coverage of the entertainment business, they are best known for their charts. methodology of its charts currently, billboard uses a system called nielsen soundscan to track sales of singles as well as different genres of albums. essentially, it ' s a system that registers sales when the album or single is purchased at the cash register of soundscan - enabled stores. billboard also uses a system called broadcast data systems or bds, which they own as a subsidiary, to track radio airplay. essentially, each song has something like a fingerprint. when it is played on a radio station that is contracted to use bds, a detection is made. these detections are added it up every week among all radio stations to determine airplay points. each of billboard ' s many charts use this basic formula. what separates the charts is what stations or stores each chart uses. each genre ' s department at billboard is headed up by chart managers, who makes these determinations. sometimes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5023117003502671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:163bc590-c163-44d1-9957-655b54781074>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.320631"}
{"text": "airplay points. each of billboard ' s many charts use this basic formula. what separates the charts is what stations or stores each chart uses. each genre ' s department at billboard is headed up by chart managers, who makes these determinations. sometimes, what ' s ok on one chart is not ok on another chart. the most famous example of this was the song \" into the groove \" by madonna. it was initially only available as a 12 inch single. at the time, this was not acceptable to the managers of the hot 100 chart. so even though the song got extensive airplay, it was not allowed to chart on the hot 100. however, the r and b singles chart did not have this restriction, so \" into the groove \" actually charted on the r and b singles chart. for many years, a song had to be commercially available as a single to be considered for any of billboard ' s charts. at the time, instead of using soundscan or bds, billboard obtained its data from manual reports filled out by radio stations and stores. in 1990, the country singles chart was the first chart to use soundscan and bbs. they were followed by the hot 100 and the r and b chart in 1991. today, all of billboard ' s charts use this technology. before september 1995, singles were allowed to chart in the week they first went on sale based on airplay points alone. the policy was changed in september 1995 to only allow a single to debut after a full week of sales on combined sales and airplay points. this allowed several tracks to debut at # 1. in december 1998, the policy was further modified to allow tracks to chart on the basis of airplay alone without a commercial release. a variety of charts currently, billboard has many, many different charts with the hot 100 and billboard 200 just being the most famous. billboard also has charts for the following music styles : country, bluegrass, jazz, classical, r and b, rap, electronic, latin, christian music and even for ringtones for cell phones. it also features a modern rock tracks chart and a mainstream rock tracks chart. the size of these charts varies from 10 positions up to 75. - list of number 1 hits ( usa ) by year - list of most frequently mentioned brands in the billboard top 20 - joel whitburn - publisher of numerous books compiling billboard chart data the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45525594485734866, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:163bc590-c163-44d1-9957-655b54781074>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.321702"}
{"text": "arthralgia - pain in the joint. arthritis - inflammation of the joint. arthrogram - x - ray of a joint. arthroscopy - the use of an intra - articular camera inserted into the joint through a small incision to show the inside of a joint ; the procedure allows the physician to also assess, repair, or reconstruct various tissues both within and around joints. bone scan - a nuclear imaging method to evaluate any degenerative and / or arthritic changes in the joints ; to detect bone diseases and tumors ; to determine the cause of bone pain or inflammation. bursas - fluid - filled sacs between bones and ligaments, or other adjacent structures. bursitis - inflammation of the bursas. cartilage - a connective tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. cast - a cast holds a broken bone in place as it heals, prevents or decreases muscle contractures, or provides immobilization, especially after surgery. casts immobilize the joint above and the joint below the area that is to be kept straight and without motion. for example, a child with a forearm fracture will have a long arm cast to immobilize the wrist and elbow joints. clubfoot - also known as talipes equinovarus, clubfoot is a foot deformity that is detected at birth. it affects the bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels and can affect one or both feet. the foot is usually short and broad in appearance and the heel points downward while the front half of the foot, or forefoot, turns inward. the heel cord ( achilles tendon ) is tight. the heel can appear narrow and the muscles in the calf are smaller compared to a normal lower leg. computed tomography scan ( also called ct or cat scan. ) - a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x - rays and computer technology to produce cross - sectional images ( often called slices ), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. a ct scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. ct scans are more detailed than general x - rays. congenital - present at birth. contusion - bruise. developmental dysplasia of the hip ( ddh ) - a condition of the hip joint that is congenital ( present at birth ). the hip joint is created as a ball - and - socket joint. in ddh, the hip socket may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5416442780043341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0fcbbdc-caa5-48ff-b69f-ffdc88607525>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.327884"}
{"text": "developmental dysplasia of the hip ( ddh ) - a condition of the hip joint that is congenital ( present at birth ). the hip joint is created as a ball - and - socket joint. in ddh, the hip socket may be shallow, letting the \" ball \" of the long leg bone, also known as the femoral head, slip in and out of the socket. the \" ball \" may move partially or completely out of the hip socket. dislocation - a dislocation occurs when extreme force is put on a ligament causing the two bone ends to separate. dislocations can also affect a joint, the point where two or more bones come together. the joint is created as a \" ball - and - socket \" joint. a dislocated joint causes the head of the bone ( ball ) to partially or completely come out of the socket. electromyogram ( emg ) - a test that measures the electrical activity of a muscle or a group of muscles. an emg can detect abnormal electrical muscle activity due to diseases and neuromuscular conditions. femur - thighbone. fractures - a partial or complete break in the bone. joint - where the ends of two or more bones meet. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis ( jra ) - a form of arthritis in children ages 16 or younger that causes inflammation and stiffness of the joints. kyphosis - a forward curvature of the back bones ( vertebrae ) in the upper back area, giving the child a \" humpback \" appearance. legg - calve - perthes disease - a temporary condition in children in which the head, or \" ball, \" of the thigh bone, referred to as the femoral head, loses its blood supply. as a result, the \" ball \" of the thigh bone collapses. the body will absorb the dead tissue and replace the dead bone cells with new bone cells. the new bone cells will eventually reshape the \" ball \" of the thigh bone. this condition causes the hip joint to become painful and stiff for a period of time. ligaments - a white, shiny, flexible band of fibrous tissue that binds joints together and connects various bones and cartilage. lordosis - a curvature of the back bones ( vertebrae ) in the lower back area, giving the child a \" swayback \" appearance. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5680369112609793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0fcbbdc-caa5-48ff-b69f-ffdc88607525>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.328783"}
{"text": "bones ( vertebrae ) in the lower back area, giving the child a \" swayback \" appearance. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. metatarsus adductus ( also called metatarsus varus. ) - a common, congenital ( present at birth ) foot deformity that causes the front half of the foot, or forefoot, to turn inward. muscular dystrophy ( md ) - is a broad term that describes a genetic ( inherited ) disorder of the muscles. md causes the muscles in the body to become very weak. the muscles break down and are replaced with fatty deposits over time. the most common form of md is called duchenne muscular dystrophy ( dmd ). musculoskeletal system - the complex system that include : bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. nursemaid ' s elbow - a condition common in children younger than 4 years of age in which the radius ( one of the bones of the forearm ) slips out of place from its attachment to the elbow joint. orthopaedic surgeon ( also called an orthopaedist. ) - a physician who diagnoses, treats, manages the rehabilitation process, and provides prevention protocols for patients who suffer from injury or disease in any of the components of the musculoskeletal system. orthopaedic surgery ( also called orthopaedics. ) - the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention of injuries and diseases of the body ' s musculoskeletal system. osgood - schlatter disease - an overuse condition or injury of the knee that causes pain and swelling below the knee area. osteogenesis imperfecta ( also called oi or brittle - bone disease. ) - a genetic ( inherited ) disorder characterized by bones that break easily. there may not be a particular cause for the broken bones. osteomyelitis - an infection in the bone. overuse conditions - injuries due to minor trauma involving soft tissue injuries - injuries that affect the bone, muscles, ligaments, and / or tendons. patella - the knee - cap. rheumatologist - a physician who specializes in the treatment of arthritis and other rheumatic diseases that may affect joints, muscles, bones, skin, and other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5547095214240453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0fcbbdc-caa5-48ff-b69f-ffdc88607525>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.329648"}
{"text": "##s, and / or tendons. patella - the knee - cap. rheumatologist - a physician who specializes in the treatment of arthritis and other rheumatic diseases that may affect joints, muscles, bones, skin, and other tissues. r. i. c. e. - rest, ice, compression, and elevation. scoliosis - a lateral, or sideways curvature and rotation of the back bones ( vertebrae ), giving the appearance that the person is leaning to one side. septic ( infectious ) arthritis - an infection in the joint fluid and tissues. slipped capital femoral epiphysis ( scfe ) - a condition in children in which the head, or \" ball, \" of the thigh bone, referred to as the femoral head, slips off the neck of the thigh bone. an analogy commonly used to describe this condition is that is can be like a scoop of ice cream slipping off the top of a cone. this condition causes the hip joint to become painful and stiff. soft tissue - the ligaments, tendons, and muscles in the musculoskeletal system. sprain - a partial or complete tear of a ligament. strain - a partial or complete tear of a muscle or tendon. stress fracture - a bone injury caused by overuse. synovial fluid - a clear, sticky fluid that is released by the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant for joints and tendons. synovial membrane - a tissue that lines and seals the joint. tendons - the tough cords of tissue that connect muscles to bones. tibia - the shin bone. tibial torsion - an inward twist of the shin bones, the bones that are located between the knee and the ankle. tibial torsion causes the child ' s feet to turn inward, or have what is also known as a \" pigeon - toed \" appearance. it is typically seen among toddlers. x - ray - a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. click here to view the online resources of orthopaedics | pocket doc mobile app | | maps and locations ( mobile ) | | programs & services | | for health professionals | | for patients & families | | find a doctor |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5550689340238175, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0fcbbdc-caa5-48ff-b69f-ffdc88607525>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.330536"}
{"text": "in child composers and their works : a historical survey, barry cooper examines over 100 composers born before 1900 who wrote substantial musical works before age 16. the book provides a general overview of the subject, examining the ways and identifying possible reasons these works have been marginalized in the general literature. the book also contains an annotated checklist of over 100 notable child composers, presenting a valuable and handy reference of these creators and their early works. the annotated checklist presents a chronological listing of child composers born before 1900 and features a descriptive list of what they wrote, often including analytical commentary and offering occasional music examples for illustration. the list also includes a select catalog of works, suggestions for further reading, and recordings when available. complete with a bibliography and an index of composers, this resource is invaluable to scholars and historians. a lofty undertaking? certainly. but one that must happen if we are to move beyond the barriers that brooks has so ably shown exist in understanding the value of music by one such undersung group - children. and by hearing - and patiently working to understand - the voices of the voiceless we will experience the truth richness of the human life cycle, from beginning to end. wosu public media weblog barry cooper is a prominent scholar and prolific writer about beethoven and other musical subjects. here he explores a relatively untouched and somewhat marginalized area : music written by children younger than 16... includres bibliography and composer index. the beethoven journal this work is an essential purchase for all larger public and academic librarians. american reference books annual cooper reveals that study of this subject can illuminate broader issues of interest to those involved in the study of children more generally. recommended. choice this volume is an attempt to fill an enormous void in historical musicology studies : the works of child composers. the author in his introduction is quite detailed and precise about what he feels this \" virgin field \" is. he is not talking about music written by adults for children, or children ' s music concerned with pedagogy in the classroom. the purpose of this book is to provide preliminary research for more extensive studies of musical compositions written by children in the past. international association of music libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5012293515233436, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce9ec042-9997-445e-b8a8-29735a0180b1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.334852"}
{"text": "one of the largest federally mandated programs ever is coming down the pike and it will impact every aspect of u. s. steelmaking. it ' s expected to become the law of the land soon after a new president moves into the oval office. when the law is signed, as most expect it will be in early 2009, u. s. manufacturers will have to cap their emissions, probably at 2009 levels. at that point, depending on the bill ' s language, they will either be sold or given emissions \" credits. \" the credits will be bought and sold among emitters, and as the price of carbon rises so too will the incentive to accumulate more credits. it will be in the economic interest of manufacturers, therefore, to reduce their emissions and thereby save the planet from the catastrophic impacts of global warming. while the idea of cap and trade is simple \u2014 the system ' s goal is to reduce carbon emissions, the leading contributor to global warming \u2014 drafting the bill, not to mention its implementation, could be a nightmare. europe, the first to implement a cap - and - trade program, made significant mistakes right out of the gate. it gave away too many credits for free, and the price of a ton of carbon has suffered as a result. the u. s. congress would rather get it right the first time, and its main legislative vehicle, the lieberman - warner bill, is expected to come up for vote in the senate in june. despite their best efforts to stop it, steel producers have mostly accepted the idea that there will be a mandatory cap - and - trade program. steel industry lobbyists are now focusing on how to get the best possible deal and are spending a lot of money to try to steer the legislation in their favor. but a battle may be brewing between the two major groups of producers, according to sources. because of their blast furnaces, integrated steel companies like pittsburgh - based u. s. steel corp. and arcelormittal sa, luxembourg, produce more emissions than mini - mills with electric - arc furnaces. the growth of recycling and the widespread deployment of electric - arc furnace technology in the united states since the early 1980s are major reasons for the declining carbon footprint of the u. s. steel industry, jim slattery, a trade attorney, told congress in march. american steelmakers emit an average of only a little over 1. 2 tons of greenhouse gases per ton of steel produced, according to the american iron and steel institute ( aisi ). mini - mills produce about 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4101678340021392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4827da6-5727-4bc5-8d5b-30a6b391b345>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.340550"}
{"text": ", told congress in march. american steelmakers emit an average of only a little over 1. 2 tons of greenhouse gases per ton of steel produced, according to the american iron and steel institute ( aisi ). mini - mills produce about 0. 6 ton while the integrateds produce about 1. 7 tons. on average, steel producers around the world emit more than 1. 7 tons of greenhouse gases, directly and indirectly, for every ton of steel produced. china, the world ' s largest steel producer, emits maybe three times that amount, although sources say data on chinese emissions is incomplete. today, the production of steel accounts for less than 2 percent of total u. s. greenhouse gas emissions. according to the u. s. environmental protection agency, the steel industry directly emitted 86. 2 million tonnes of co2 in 1990. in 2005, those emissions totaled 46. 2 million tonnes, a reduction of nearly 50 percent even though steel production in 2005 was more than 7 percent higher than in 1990. as it currently stands, the cost impact of the lieberman - warner bill would be about three times greater on integrated mills, where emitting carbon is a necessary part of the process of making steel. \" we are condemned to create co2 no matter how much anyone tells us to stop it, \" one integrated producer said. the integrated producers want the bill to acknowledge that inevitability, and one steel industry lobbyist said they are making progress getting so called \" process emissions \" exemptions included in the bill. cap and trade also encourages manufacturers to increase their energy efficiency, but that ' s something integrated producers say they have already \" maxed out \" on. but that doesn ' t mean the bill lets mini - mills off the hook. electric - arc furnaces suck up a great deal of electricity, more than half of which comes from burning coal. cap and trade likely would raise the price of traditional energy sources like coal in order to promote increased use of renewable and clean energy technologies. to help offset this, the mini - mills want a recycling credit put into the bill. at closed - door meetings of the american iron and steel institute ( aisi ) in washington, the mini - mills and integrateds are discussing ways for the cap - and - trade pain to be evenly distributed so that the balance of u. s. production remains at its current level of 60 percent mini - mill and 40 percent integrated. but the mini - mills also see an opportunity to get a leg up on their integrated competitors, and one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.470697180169277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4827da6-5727-4bc5-8d5b-30a6b391b345>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.342018"}
{"text": "be evenly distributed so that the balance of u. s. production remains at its current level of 60 percent mini - mill and 40 percent integrated. but the mini - mills also see an opportunity to get a leg up on their integrated competitors, and one source said the temptation for them to let that happen is great. still, the mini - mills realize they need the integrateds \u2014 after all, if the integrateds went out of business completely the minis would eventually face a serious scrap shortage. publicly, however, the mini - mills say they are in arm - and - arm with the integrateds. \" i think the bill hurts all sides of our industry because energy costs are going to skyrocket, \" patrick j. mcfadden, director of governmental affairs at charlotte, n. c. - based nucor corp., said. \" as an industry, we have already reduced our emissions significantly. \" thomas danjczek, president of the steel manufacturers association, agrees. \" it ' s not winners and losers, it ' s just losers and bigger losers, \" he said. duke energy corp., charlotte, n. c., one of the country ' s largest generators of electricity, predicts that a cap - and - trade program could cause electricity prices in the duke service area to rise by 53 percent by 2012. the aisi, meanwhile, is funding research on an ironmaking process called hydrogen flash smelting, which doesn ' t use carbon as a fuel and therefore produces no carbon dioxide emissions. that technology is still in the research phase, however. the integrateds have at least one advantage over the minis some of them already operate under the european cap - and - trade system. \" u. s. steel ' s european operations ( in slovakia ) are currently regulated under the eu ( emissions trading system ), \" scott salmon, director of government affairs at u. s. steel, said. another concern that cuts across the production chasm is how to keep u. s. - produced steel globally competitive since most of the rest of the world doesn ' t have a cap - and - trade system. one answer is to tax imports at a level that reflects what they would have cost to produce under u. s. laws. that ' s a problematic solution, however, and would certainly invite challenges at the world trade organization. still, without some border - adjustable component, producers fear production would move overseas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4072740734648085, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4827da6-5727-4bc5-8d5b-30a6b391b345>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.343231"}
{"text": "african americans have limited access to mental and behavioral health care of the nearly 34 million people who identify themselves as african american, 22 % of which live in poverty. these individuals are at particular risk for mental health illness due to an overrepresentation in homeless populations, people who are incarcerated, children in foster care and child welfare systems, and victims of serious violent crime. [ surgeon general \u2019 s report : mental health, cultural, race, ethnicity, 2001 ] african americans are at - risk for mental and behavioral health problems 40 % of youth in the criminal justice system and 45 % of children in foster care are african american. [ surgeon general \u2019 s report : mental health, cultural, race, ethnicity, 2001 ] psychologists can work to eliminate or reduce behaviors prevalent in foster care children, such as aggression, fighting, negativism, and isolation. [ apa, monitor on psychology 2005 ] over 25 % of african american youth exposed to violence have proven to be at high risk for post traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ). [ surgeon general \u2019 s report : mental health, cultural, race, ethnicity, 2001 ] psychologists can teach community intervention methods, such as dialogue and coalition building, as well as interpersonal communication, negotiation, mediation, and community organizing. for traumatic stress, psychologists can encourage youth to contemplate the psychosocial impact of violence, loss, and suffering as well as crisis response skills. [ apa, monitor on psychology 2001 ] african americans are nearly twice as likely as non - hispanic whites to be diagnosed with schizophrenia. [ mental health services research, 2000. ] psychologists have become an integral part in programs that help treat schizophrenic patients, allowing them to live normal, independent lives by teaching them to handle the symptoms and effects of schizophrenia, such as voices or delusions. [ apa, monitor on psychology 2000 ] african americans are twice as likely to have diabetes as whites, substantially more likely to die of stroke and around 10 % more likely to have some form of heart disease. [ hhs fact sheet minority health disparities at a glance, 2005 ]. psychologists play an essential role in helping people modify their behavior to prevent and recover from chronic illnesses like these. they have developed treatment and prevention programs for some of america \u2019 s most serious behaviorally - based health problems. poverty and social structures barriers to psychological services studies show african americans are just as much at risk for mental illness as their white counterparts, yet receive substantially less treatment. analysis of u. s. census bureau data shows that in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40240350718381823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b83b42-af3d-400b-a54f-91ad2af2f738>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.348794"}
{"text": "on psychology. american psychological association. vol. 31, no. 2, february 2000. \" mental health : cultural, race, ethnicity. \" surgeon general \u2019 s report. us department of health and human services, office of the surgeon general, samhsa. 2001. o \u2019 conner, elieen m. \" from classroom to conflict resloution. \" monitor on psychology. american psychological association. vol. 32, no. 8, september, 2001. \" president \u2019 s new freedom commission on mental health. \" www. mentalhealthcomission. gov 2003. psychiatric disorders greatly underdiagnosed in hospital emergency departments, study finds. apa press release. public affairs office, february 2005. ronzio, cynthia r. phd ; guagliardo, mark f. phd ; persaud, navita mph, ches. \" disparity in location of urban mental service providers. \" american journal of orthopsychiatry. american psychological association. vol. 76, january 2006, p 37 - 43. snowden, lonnie r. \" barriers to effective mental health services for african americans. \" mental health services research, vol. 3, no. 4, december 2001. staff. \" a call for data collection to eliminate health disparities. \" apa monitor on psychology. vol. 37, no. 4, april 2006.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47200367013891326, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b83b42-af3d-400b-a54f-91ad2af2f738>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.350361"}
{"text": "the carpathian english walnut grows in acidic, alkaline, drought tolerant, loamy, moist, sandy, well drained, clay soils. a popular tree for its dual role of food and shade provider. the flavorful walnuts are easy to shell and a favorite for eating fresh and baking. it is a fast growing, stately tree with strong, sturdy branches that form a spreading crown for dense shade. this cultivar is well adapted for cold climates. can be planted as a nut - bearing landscape tree. nuts are thin - shelled, easy to open. tree ' s crown is rounded, spreading and open. prefers deep, dry, light loamy soils. avoid wet or poor subsoil. grows 40 ' to 60 ', 40 ' - 60 ' spread. ( partially self - fertile, plant multiple trees to ensure pollination ) ( zones 5 - 9 ) the thin shell of the carpathian walnut makes the kernel more available to wildlife that the harder shelled native black walnut. the word walnut is a derivative of the \" gaul nut. \" gaul, the former name for france, was one of the places to which this persian tree spread at the end of the ice age. pinnately compound, alternate, 5 - 9 leaflets, 2 \" - 5 \" long, medium to dark green. a round, fleshy green husk in clusters of 3 - 9 encloses a hard, thin 1 1 / 2 \" - 2 \" shell with a rich, flavorful kernel. at maturity the husk opens and releases the walnut which falls to the ground. harvest in late september to mid - october.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40390825408179193, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb61f782-c69e-4a7b-a9c1-78feca4e3e9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.352024"}
{"text": "overview of content related to ' rss ' this page provides an overview of 1 article related to ' rss '. note that filters may be applied to display a sub - set of articles in this category ( see faqs on filtering for usage tips ). select this link to remove all filters. rss ( most commonly expanded as really simple syndication ) is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works - such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video - in a standardized format. an rss document ( which is called a \" feed \", \" web feed \", or \" channel \" ) includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. web feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. they benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favored websites or to aggregate feeds from many sites into one place. rss feeds can be read using software called an \" rss reader \", \" feed reader \", or \" aggregator \", which can be web - based, desktop - based, or mobile - device - based. a standardized xml file format allows the information to be published once and viewed by many different programs. ( excerpt from wikipedia article : rss ) see our ' rss ' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. for visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our ' rss ' usage charts. ariadne contributors most frequently referring to ' rss ' :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5116197747279931, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99188cda-0195-40d2-87de-dc1ce3446e79>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.353863"}
{"text": "arabian babbler ( turdoides squamiceps ) | also known as : | | arabian brown | | french : | | craterope ecaille arabe | | size | | length : c. 28 cm ( 2 ) | | weight | | 65 - 85 g ( 2 ) | the arabian babbler is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ). a superbly camouflaged dark brown bird, from a distance the arabian babbler ( turdoides squamiceps ) appears rather plain, but upon closer inspection the fluffy plumage is in fact quite attractive. the feathers covering the head have dark centres with white edges, giving an appealing mottled effect. the dark centres of the feathers on the underparts become lighter and the white turns a tan colour. the arabian babbler has short, curved wings, an elongated tail that balances the bird as it weaves through dense or thorny vegetation, and a long, thin, slightly downward - pointing bill ( 2 ). the arabian babbler is found from yemen, oman and the united arab emirates in the southern arabian peninsula into saudi arabia, jordan, israel and egypt ( 3 ). the arabian babbler is found in a variety of different habitats, ranging from arable land and plantations, to grassland, saltmarshes, shrubland and true desert, up to altitudes of 2, 800 metres ( 3 ). in the negev desert of israel, the arabian babbler uses acacia bushes for cover and nest sites ( 2 ) ( 4 ). remaining close to cover, the arabian babbler feeds mainly on insects, but during the winter when insects are scarce, it feeds largely on fruit, as well as small lizards and snakes ( 2 ) ( 5 ). the arabian babbler reproductive cycle is the most studied of the babbler species ( 6 ). generally, two to three eggs are laid in an open - cup nest in a small tree ( 6 ), but in areas of reproductive conflict, multiple females will lay eggs in a single nest ( 2 ). the eggs are then incubated for some 14 or 15 days. fledglings continue to receive food from adults up to two months after fledging ( 6 ). babblers are cooperative breeders, meaning small, compact family groups cooperate to defend a territory and raise offspring. by defending an area with family members and helping to raise siblings, juvenile babblers build strong bonds within the group, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4049118047293449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dbb7c4c-1d6b-4e0f-a1c9-22cd0e5651ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.360132"}
{"text": "6 ). babblers are cooperative breeders, meaning small, compact family groups cooperate to defend a territory and raise offspring. by defending an area with family members and helping to raise siblings, juvenile babblers build strong bonds within the group, which may help gain territories in later years, when they in turn breed ( 2 ) ( 4 ). with a population that is thought to be increasing, there appear to be no major threats to the arabian babbler. however, there are some local scale threats, including the unsustainable pumping of groundwater, which causes widespread tree mortality, resulting in uninhabitable areas ( 6 ). furthermore, it is considered the most common resident bird in the negev desert in israel ( 2 ). there are currently no known conservation plans targeting the arabian babbler, although it is found within a number of protected areas ( 1 ). for more information about conservation in the emirates the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi : for more information on the arabian babbler and other bird species, see : authenticated ( 21 / 01 / 2011 ) by dr a ridley, research fellow, macquarie university, - incubate : to keep eggs warm so that development is possible. - territory : an area occupied and defended by an animal, a pair of animals or a colony. iucn red list ( september, 2010 ) - zahavi, a. ( 1990 ) arabian babblers : the quest for social status in a cooperative breeder. in : stacey, p. b. and koenig, w. d. ( eds. ) cooperative breeding in birds : long - term studies of ecology and behaviour. cambridge university press, cambridge. birdlife international - arabian babbler ( september, 2010 ) - perrins, c. ( 2009 ) the encyclopedia of birds. oxford university press, oxford. - dean, w. r. j. ( 2004 ) nomadic desert birds. springer - verlag. germany. - ridley, a. ( january, 2011 ) pers. comm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4508167657586525, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dbb7c4c-1d6b-4e0f-a1c9-22cd0e5651ee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.360970"}
{"text": "la palma giant lizard ( gallotia auaritae ) | size | | snout - vent length : up to 44 cm ( 2 ) | the la palma giant lizard is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ). the la palma giant lizard ( gallotia auaritae ) belongs to the genus gallotia, a distinctive group of lizards which occurs only on the canary islands ( 3 ). although thought to be extinct, a possible sighting of this species in 2007 suggests that a remnant population of the la palma giant lizard might still exist ( 1 ). from the structure of its skeleton, the la palma giant lizard is known to be a large, robust lizard with well developed, muscular legs ( 2 ). male giant lizards are generally larger than females, with larger, sturdier heads ( 4 ). although recent sighting of this species may be unconfirmed ( 5 ), it is described as being dark - brown in colour ( 2 ). the la palma giant lizard is endemic to the island of la palma, in the canary islands. its historic range is believed to extend from sea level, up to elevations of 800 metres ( 1 ). while there is little information on the habitat preference of the la palma giant lizard, it is believed to have previously inhabited the littoral zone throughout la palma ( 1 ). it is thought to be absent from areas of pine and laurel ( 2 ). an extremely rare and possibly extinct species, there is very little information on the biology of the la palma giant lizard. the structure of its teeth suggests that this species is mainly herbivorous, and therefore feeds primarily on plant matter ( 2 ) ( 4 ). as with other members of the genus gallotia, the la palma giant lizard is thought to be a slow - growing reptile ( 2 ). the la palma giant lizard is believed to be an egg laying species ( 1 ). the decline in the la palma giant lizard population is believed to be mainly due to the arrival of humans to the canary islands ( 1 ) ( 2 ). as well as using this species as a source of food, humans also introduced other predators of the la palma giant lizard, including cats and dogs ( 1 ) ( 2 ). loss of habitat due to land being converted for agriculture and competition with domestic stock have further threatened the survival of the la palma giant lizard ( 1 ) ( 2 ). the la palma giant lizard is believed to be potentially extinct, with a sighting of this species in 2007 remaining unconfirmed (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3685032781152775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:445cabde-f7d6-4835-8338-322a0da14416>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.368811"}
{"text": "for agriculture and competition with domestic stock have further threatened the survival of the la palma giant lizard ( 1 ) ( 2 ). the la palma giant lizard is believed to be potentially extinct, with a sighting of this species in 2007 remaining unconfirmed ( 5 ) ( 6 ). if this species does still survive, the remaining population is likely to be extremely small, totalling less than 50 mature individuals. it is not known if this species occurs in any protected areas ( 1 ). all giant lizards in the canary islands were believed to be extinct until the rediscovery of a number of species in the 20th century ( 4 ). urgent research is needed to establish whether a population of the la palma giant lizard still exists, in which case recommended conservation measures include the establishing of strictly protected areas and preventing any future collection of this species for non - conservation purposes ( 1 ). find out more on the conservation of the wildlife of the mediterranean basin : iucn - the status and distribution of reptiles and amphibians of the mediterranean basin : this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : - endemic : a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. - genus : a category used in taxonomy, which is below \u2018 family \u2019 and above \u2018 species \u2019. a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. the genus forms the first part of a \u2018 binomial \u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name. - herbivorous : having a diet that comprises only vegetable matter. - littoral zone : the shallow marine zone where light reaches the substrate ; this zone is subject to submersion and exposure by tides. iucn red list ( october, 2011 ) mateo, j. a. ( 2009 ) lagarto gigante de la palma - gallotia auaritae. in : enciclopedia virtual de los vertebrados espanoles. carrascal, l. m. and salvador, a. ( eds. ) museo nacional de ciencias naturales, madrid. available at : - arnold, e. n. ( 2002 ) a field guide to the reptiles and amphibians of britain and europe. harpercollins publishers ltd., london. afonso, o. m. and mateo, j. a. ( 2003 ) los lagartos gigantes canarios : conservacion creativa de poblacion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4328238360268307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:445cabde-f7d6-4835-8338-322a0da14416>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.369815"}
{"text": "tuesday 21 may zenker \u2019 s fruit bat ( scotonycteris zenkeri ) what \u2019 s the world \u2019 s favourite species? find out here. zenker \u2019 s fruit bat fact file - find out more - print factsheet zenker \u2019 s fruit bat description the little - known zenker ' s fruit bat ( scotonycteris zenkerii ) is distinguished by its distinctive facial markings consisting of a white spot above the nose, and two additional spots above the eyes ( 3 ). the fur on the body ranges from light to dark brown with a paler underside ( 3 ). zenker ' s fruit bat has large forward - facing eyes, which give it great depth perception, as well as good daytime and nocturnal vision ( 3 ). as this bat does not echolocate, it has simple and relatively small external ears ( 3 ). these features are typical of fruit bats, as are the claws that are found on the hind feet which are used predominantly for hanging upside down and climbing ( 3 ). top zenker \u2019 s fruit bat biology thought to be a solitary species, zenker \u2019 s fruit bat roosts singly in a tree and has a small home range ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ). zenker \u2019 s fruit bat is, as the name implies, mainly frugivorous ( 5 ) ( 6 ), consuming small fruits and spitting out the pulp and seeds. due to this feeding behaviour, fruit bats are important seed dispersers in the forests they inhabit ( 3 ). like other fruit bats, it is likely that zenker \u2019 s fruit bat is most active at dawn and dusk, although it may occasionally move around its tree roost during the day to maintain its internal body temperature ( 3 ). most fruit bats have two breeding seasons a year ( 3 ), but females typically only conceive in one of the seasons. births are generally synchronised to correspond with the period of greatest food availability ( 3 ). fruit bats usually give birth to one young at a time after a four to six month gestation period ( 3 ). fruit bats have several natural predators, which include birds of prey, large reptiles and some carnivorous mammals ( 4 ). however, although predators may influence feeding and roosting behaviour, they are seldom a serious threat to fruit bat populations ( 4 ). top zenker \u2019 s fruit bat range zenker ' s fruit bat occurs in western and central africa ( 4 ). its unconnected range, thought to comprise of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4335818052614408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e501bbb0-6b2d-4f8c-918c-d68a149cbd7d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.377120"}
{"text": "forum \u2014 saving the bay : it \u2019 s one of the things ars does best some locals measure water quality in the chesapeake bay using the \u201c sneaker index. \u201d in the 1950s, maryland resident bernie fowler waded into the patuxent river to his shoulders and could see his white sneakers on the riverbed. but in 1988, when fowler, who by then was a state senator, ventured back into the patuxent, he could not see his nice white sneakers once he waded beyond 10 inches of water. it was better in 2009, when he could see his sneakers in 25. 5 inches of water \u2014 but it \u2019 s still not good enough. agricultural research service scientists haven \u2019 t been watching over the chesapeake bay quite as long as fowler has, but they are committed to restoring water quality in the bay. this is where bald eagles patrol the marshes, american oystercatchers pace the beaches and tidal flats, bottlenose dolphins cruise offshore waters, and crabs with bright blue claws swim sideways through the shallows. and the famed eastern oysters that cluster in massive aquatic reefs double as water - treatment plants \u2014 an individual bivalve can filter sediments, algae, and pollutants from as much as 50 gallons of water every day. but the oysters can \u2019 t keep up with current challenges. in 2006, about 16. 6 million people lived in the bay watershed ( see map of watershed in \u201c there \u2019 s more than one way to save the bay \u201d in this issue ), where the demand for surface - and ground - water supplies continues to grow. at the same time, water sources are contaminated by sewage, sediment, fertilizer runoff from suburban lawns, and expired medications that are poured down drains throughout the six states in the chesapeake bay watershed. agriculture is another major factor in the bay \u2019 s health. poultry production on the eastern shore is an economic mainstay, but nutrient - rich runoff from poultry litter flows into the creeks and drainage ditches that feed the bay. the runoff prompts growth of algae and other plants, and when the vegetation dies, its decomposition robs those waters of oxygen essential to other aquatic life. sediment and excess fertilizer from crop fields can also eventually migrate into waterways that feed into the bay. none of this is news. over the years, a range of state, federal, local, and nonprofit groups have put their best efforts toward stemming water pollution and restoring bay habitats. there \u2019 s been some progress, but not enough. so what happens now? and how will ars", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4634668439068008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18841342-4144-4b39-afed-b8e4a463630d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.387188"}
{"text": "over the years, a range of state, federal, local, and nonprofit groups have put their best efforts toward stemming water pollution and restoring bay habitats. there \u2019 s been some progress, but not enough. so what happens now? and how will ars be involved? on may 12, 2009, president barack obama signed executive order no. 13508 for the chesapeake bay protection and restoration, which directed federal agencies to increase their cooperation and collaboration in a concerted effort to clean up the bay. ars scientists will carry out the president \u2019 s mandate by strengthening their current research and continuing to forge new collaborative efforts with other federal agencies. these partnerships will allow ars to more fully address the environmental issues presented by the bay \u2019 s complex landscape \u2014 a mix of crop fields, pastures, forests, wetlands, and urban and suburban areas. for instance, since 2004, ars scientists in beltsville, maryland, have been leading the conservation effects assessment project \u2019 s watershed assessment study of maryland \u2019 s choptank river watershed ( see \u201c ars chesapeake bay research intensifies \u201d in this issue ). their long list of county, state, federal, university, and local partners reflects just how vital these studies are to understanding the watershed processes that affect water quality in the bay. ars scientist greg mccarty and usda forest service ecologist megan lang are using remote sensing to map forested wetlands in the chesapeake bay watershed ( see \u201c forested wetlands in the chesapeake bay watershed \u201d in this issue ). they \u2019 ve increased the accuracy of wetland maps by around 30 percent and developed techniques to track temporal variations in wetland flooding and soil moisture. mccarty is also working with u. s. geological survey physical scientist dean hively to use remote sensing to monitor the effectiveness of winter cover crops in sequestering nitrogen, which will support maryland \u2019 s cover crop cost - share programs ( see \u201c chesapeake bay cleanup revs up! \u201d in this issue ). ars scientists laura mcconnell and cathleen hapeman are partnering with the u. s. environmental protection agency to examine atmospheric, agricultural, and urban sources of bay pollutants. a few hours up the road, ars scientists at the pasture systems and watershed management research unit in university park, pennsylvania, are making their own contributions to cleaning up the chesapeake bay watershed. researchers peter kleinman, ray bryant, john schmidt, tony buda, curt dell, and clinton church have teamed up with regional partners on a range of water - quality projects that start in new york and end up on a former chicken farm on maryland \u2019 s eastern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48328583813653275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18841342-4144-4b39-afed-b8e4a463630d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.388325"}
{"text": "biological science laboratory technician the overall goal of my laboratory is to provide molecular tools and integrated phylogenies needed for timely identification and treatment of nematode outbreaks in alfalfa, harvested forages and associated rotation crops, weeds, and grasses. this project includes fundamental research needed to fill gaps in knowledge regarding the diversity of nematodes and their relationship with beneficial or harmful endophytes in the rhizosphere. - development of novel methodologies for identifying and classifying plant - parasitic nematodes, including pcr, diagnostic assays and phylogenies based upon ribosomal, mitochondrial, or new protein coding genes ( such as hsp90 ). - discovery and characterization of novel molecular targets from nematodes or host plants that may be manipulated by transgenic methods for the purpose of bioengineering nematode - resistant cultivars. novel molecular markers and assays that provide rapid, accurate, and reliable identifications of nematode species and pathotypes will aid regulatory agencies and other nematologists in making scientifically - based management and quarantine decisions. these identification tools will facilitate the continued export of billions of dollars of agricultural products while preventing the introduction or spread of dangerous pathogens. identification and characterization of genes involved in essential nematode life processes will uncover novel targets for nematode control. likewise, the identification of host plant genes expressed in response to nematode infection will reveal additional targets or markers that may be used to increase host resistance to nematodes. second - stage juvenile of the northern root - knot nematode, a pest of alfalfa free nematology resource! dr. skantar has contributed a new section to \" introduction to nematodes, \" a multimedia resource for nematology instruction. dr. skantar ' s section describes molecular diagnostics methods for identification of nematodes. the slideshow can be downloaded for free from the following web sites :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5221794130402762, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e11120f-7ab3-4060-96f9-c3d3f8ae3500>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.390411"}
{"text": "- special reports traditionally, hearing aids, pacemakers, defibrillators, cochlear implants, neurostimulators and other medical devices depend on lithium - ion batteries. however, batteries add extra weight. batteries also raise numerous safety and reliability concerns. in addition, they pose a big challenge to medical engineers as they attempt to design and package increasingly smaller devices. medtronic inc., one of the largest medical device manufacturers in the world, recently found out the hard way why batteries can cause headaches. patients encountered \u201c reduced battery performance \u201d with its implantable drug infusion pumps. several years ago, medtronic \u2019 s implantable cardioverter - defibrillators suffered from premature battery depletion. energy harvesting technology promises to eliminate the need for bulky batteries and the risk of battery - related defects. engineers are attempting to capture unused power generated by everyday human activity, such as walking or breathing. \u201c energy harvesting is becoming an increasingly viable source of power for a variety of devices, especially where the environmental and economic costs of maintaining batteries is untenable, \u201d says bob gohn vice president of pike research. \u201c consumer products such as laptops and mobile phones are already being powered by energy harvesting technology. \u201d gohn believes medical device will be the next market to capitalize on the benefits of energy harvesting. \u201c in many of these applications, maintaining batteries is a major logistical and cost issue, \u201d gohn points out. \u201c viable energy harvesting technology exists today and developers are fast becoming familiar with how to implement it into ever more - innovative devices. \u201d several recent efforts focusing on energy harvesting promise to address these issues by eliminating the need for batteries in implantable medical devices. most r & d activity has focused on pacemakers. for instance, engineers at the university of michigan recently designed a device that harvests energy from the reverberation of heartbeats through the chest and converts it to electricity to run a pacemaker or an implanted defibrillator. it sends electrical signals to the heart to keep it beating in a healthy rhythm. \u201c the idea is to use ambient vibrations that are typically wasted and convert them to electrical energy, \u201d says daniel inman, chairman of the department of aerospace engineering. \u201c if you put your hand on top of your heart, you can feel these vibrations all over your torso. \u201d inman and his colleagues originally designed the energy harvester for use in light unmanned airplanes, where it could generate power from wing vibrations. they engineered the ceramic layer to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5277998122197467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87a53d74-c8b7-4f3c-9c00-bca010e3b17a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.394334"}
{"text": "top of your heart, you can feel these vibrations all over your torso. \u201d inman and his colleagues originally designed the energy harvester for use in light unmanned airplanes, where it could generate power from wing vibrations. they engineered the ceramic layer to a shape that can harvest vibrations across a broad range of frequencies. they also incorporated magnets, whose additional force field can drastically boost the electric signal that results from the vibrations. the new device could generate 10 microwatts of power, which is about eight times the amount a pacemaker needs to operate. \u201c it always generates more energy than the pacemaker requires, and it performs at heart rates from seven to 700 beats per minute, \u201d says inman. \u201c that \u2019 s well below and above the normal range. by taking the place of the batteries that power them today, the new energy harvester could save patients from repeated surgeries. \u201c currently operations must be scheduled about every seven to 10 years to replace the battery, \u201d inman points out. \u201c if our system works, it will negate the need for such operations. \u201d the researchers haven ' t built a prototype yet, but they ' ve made detailed blueprints and run simulations demonstrating that the concept would work. according to inman, a hundredth - of - an - inch thin slice of a piezoelectric ceramic material would catch heartbeat vibrations and briefly expand in response. \u201c piezoelectric materials can convert mechanical stress ( which causes them to expand ) into an electric voltage, \u201d he explains. the device is not close to commercialization because \u201c we have to go through animal tests, human certification and solve manufacturing issues yet, \u201d notes inman. however, he expects to see energy harvesting applied to other types of medical devices, wherever electrical power is needed inside the body to run monitoring devices. some devices, such as an internal defibrillator, would be more challenging, because it takes a large charge. \u201c but, we are thinking about it, \u201d adds inman.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.528785841244696, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87a53d74-c8b7-4f3c-9c00-bca010e3b17a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.395169"}
{"text": "red team leader commander kevin kregel, and colleagues janet kavandi and gerhard thiele initiated extension of the radar mast at 5 : 27 p. m. cst. after 17 minutes, all 87 cube - shaped bays of the carbon fiber - reinforced plastic, stainless steel, alpha titanium, and invar structure were deployed by 5 : 44 p. m. total length of the mast was 60. 95 meters, or just under 200 feet. the crew also maneuvered the shuttle into the proper attitude, or orientation, for mapping. this orientation points the shuttle payload bay - and its inboard and outboard radar antennas - at the earth. endeavour ' s tail is leading the way as the shuttle orbits about 150 statute miles above the surface. the red team then began a series of jet thruster firings to test the ability of dampers to absorb the force of planned maneuvering jet firings and keep the inboard and outboard antennas properly aligned. this alignment is crucial for scientists who will need to combine the radar images received by the two sets of antennas. the shuttle radar topography mission will record radar data in both c - band and x - band radar wavelengths. this data eventually will be processed into 3 - d maps of the earth that are 30 times more exact than those currently available. these maps will be important to scientists in many disciplines, ranging from ecology to geology to hydrology, as well as a number of military and commercial applications. as the red team performed the checkout procedures, blue team members dom gorie, janice voss and mamoru mohri set up the shuttle ' s network of portable computers and began an abbreviated six - hour sleep period at 3 : 44 p. m. they ' ll be awakened at 9 : 44 p. m. to begin radar mapping operations late tonight. endeavour is orbiting the earth in an orbit inclined 57 degrees to either side of the equator for the radar mapping of a majority of the earth ' s surface. the shuttle completes one orbit every 90 minutes at an altitude of about 150 statute miles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5024613408772695, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5478096-f974-402a-b3a8-ff37b6ac2e5f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.397163"}
{"text": "by frank r. zindler the probing mind, october, 1987 in the words of harvard biologist - paleontologist stephen jay gould, \" creation science is an oxymoron. \" an oxymoron ( lit., \" a wise fool \" ) is a contradiction in terms. just as it is impossible for a fool to be wise, so too is it impossible for creationism to be science. anyone concerned about the meanings of words must concur with professor gould in his judgment. because any intelligible use of the term creation must imply the existence of a creator, and because the creator of all of nature must be, quite literally, super - natural, we see that the fundamental force operating in \" creation science \" is a super - natural force - which is a polite term for magic. science, however, involves the study of natural forces only, and ceases to be science when it attempts to explain phenomena by means of super - natural forces. it should not be surprising, therefore, that creationists do almost nothing at all that even imitates scientific research. almost all their \" research \" is done in libraries, not laboratories, and all their \" evidence \" for creation is really nothing more than intentionally or unintentionally garbled evidence against evolution - as if they could prove the genesis mythology by disproving darwin! as a matter of fact, most creationists are so devoid of any understanding of logic that it is not at all rare to hear one claim, \" if i can disprove darwin ' s theory of natural selection, the only thing left is the biblical theory. \" at least three things are wrong with this statement : ( 1 ) it confuses the question, \" has evolution occurred? \" with the question, \" what is the mechanism of evolutionary change? \" darwin ' s theory concerning how evolution takes place is but one of several attempts to account in natural terms for evolutionary change ( descent with modification ). disproof of darwin ' s theory, which identifies natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionary change would still leave other naturalistic ( i. e., scientific ) theories, such as the theory of genetic drift. it would also leave certain almost - scientific explanations, such as theistic evolution, which accepts the fact of evolutionary change but posits divine acts of alteration as its motive force. of course, even if one could show that all available explanations for how evolutionary change occurs were incorrect, the evidences showing that evolution has occurred would remain. ( 2 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5966012710301587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba26004-966b-4a89-a1bd-4fb01cf39b83>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.413433"}
{"text": "of evolutionary change but posits divine acts of alteration as its motive force. of course, even if one could show that all available explanations for how evolutionary change occurs were incorrect, the evidences showing that evolution has occurred would remain. ( 2 ) it falsely presumes that the genesis creation myths ( there are two! ) are the only existing supernatural accounts of origins, and ignores the contradictions between these two accounts. of course, every primitive culture in the world has produced its own account of human origins, and creationists are obliged, after they \" disprove \" naturalistic, evolutionary theories, to show that their own mythology is true. they must produce evidence that green plants existed before the sun was \" created, \" and that all life and all of nature came into existence in six days. they should show the superiority of their myth to the native american story about old man coyote and the chinese myth of the cosmic egg. if they wish us to accept the notion that any type of supernatural account is to be taken seriously, they must be willing to show how the jewish \" theory \" is superior to the egyptian \" theory \" that the world began with masturbatory activity on the part of the sun god. indeed, once they abandon the canons of proof standard in the natural sciences and allow the possibility of supernatural shenanigans, it would seem that they are obligated to show that all other mythologies known are false. however the logicians may come down on this question, the fact remains that the creation myths recorded in the first and second chapters of genesis are but two of a myriad of such myths, and creationists must find evidence to support one or the other of the mutually exclusive biblical accounts. the burden of proof now rests with the creationists. ( 3 ) it misuses the term theory. creationists either use the term pejoratively ( \" evolution is only a theory \" ), or they misapply the term to creationism. in scientific usage, a theory is the highest form of scientific understanding. a theory is an explanatory hypothesis which has passed test after test, and is still the best available explanation of the facts in question. in the case of creationism, however, those components of the apology which can be tested ( e. g., the idea that the earth is only six thousand years old and was covered by a shell of water in the year 2, 348 b. c. e. ) have been tested and found to be demonstrably false - showing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5554225063610914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba26004-966b-4a89-a1bd-4fb01cf39b83>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.415752"}
{"text": ". g., the idea that the earth is only six thousand years old and was covered by a shell of water in the year 2, 348 b. c. e. ) have been tested and found to be demonstrably false - showing that creationism is not a viable theory, because viable theories have to pass tests. on the other hand, those components of creationism which involve certain types of magical events ( e. g., the divine creation of a young universe with all of its components bearing the false imprint of great age ) make the claims of creationism untestable - making creationism not a theory at all, because theories must be testable! we have pointed out that creationists confuse the question \" has evolution occurred? \" with the question \" what is the cause of evolution? \" the scientific answer to the first question is, of course, \" yes, \" and the answer to the second question ( at least in part ) is \" natural selection. \" what logic and evidence leads scientists - and atheists - to these answers? the logic of evolution the conclusion that evolution has occurred is drawn from two simple observations : observation 1 : living things come only from living things. spontaneous generation is not possible when living things are already in existence. observation 2 : fossil remains show that living things in the remote past were very different from living things today. conclusion : life has changed through time ( evolved ). a dramatic proof of the thesis that life has changed through time is seen in the fossil record of the vertebrates, animals having a segmented backbone. at the beginning of the cambrian period ( 570 - 500 million years ago ), there were no vertebrates at all. later in the cambrian, problematic forms appeared which seem to have been related to the vertebrates, but showed distant affinities with the echinoderms as well. ( echinoderms today are represented by starfish, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, etc. ; embryologically they appear to compose the phylum most closely related to the chordata, the phylum to which vertebrates belong. ) toward the end of the cambrian period, the first vertebrates appeared : the ostracoderms, jawless fishes possessed of a bony armor plate and having flattened bodies apparently adapted to a bottom - feeding way of life. according to the fossil record, vertebrates went without jaws for many millions of years. finally, at the beginning of the devonian period ( 395 - 345 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.532914980813805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba26004-966b-4a89-a1bd-4fb01cf39b83>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.416918"}
{"text": "armor plate and having flattened bodies apparently adapted to a bottom - feeding way of life. according to the fossil record, vertebrates went without jaws for many millions of years. finally, at the beginning of the devonian period ( 395 - 345 million years ago ), the first fish with jaws entered their remains into the record in the rocks. at the very end of the devonian or the beginning of the carboniferous period ( 345 - 280 million years ago ), the first primitive amphibians arose. these fish - like animals differed from their air - breathing fish ancestors mostly in their elaboration of the bony structure of the paired appendages - converting fins into hands and feet - and in reinforcement of the structures attaching the paired appendages to the spinal column. the first reptiles did not appear until the last half of the carboniferous period. to give the lie to creationist claims that there are no connecting - link fossils to join the vertebrate classes, the permian period ( 280 - 225 million years ago ) saw the appearance of an entire order of animals, the mammal - like reptiles ( therapsida ), which can be seen to change with time from typical, primitive reptiles, into primitive mammals. it was not until late in the triassic period ( 225 - 190 million years ago ) that the therapsid - mammal transmutation was complete. contrary to the first chapter of genesis, which claims that the first mammals appeared on the earth a mere twenty - four hours after the first fish, the first mammals did not appear on earth until more than 300 million years of fish evolution had transpired! birds, which, according to both creation myths in genesis, were created on the same day as fish, do not enter the fossil record until the jurassic period ( 190 - 136 million years ago ). representing an ultimate variation on the dinosaur theme, birds trace their descent from reptiles quite different from those ancestral to the mammals. contrary to the claims of some creationists, evolutionists do not claim that reptiles evolved into birds, and birds evolved into mammals! even though the first mammals appeared in the triassic period, forms for which the english language has names would not appear until the late cretaceous ( 136 - 65 million years ago ), when opossum - like forms appeared, the eocene epoch ( 60 - 40 million years ago ), when primitive whales originated, and the oligocene epoch ( 40 - 25 million years ago ), when apes, monkeys, and primitive grazing mammals appeared. the record in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4608334613206491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba26004-966b-4a89-a1bd-4fb01cf39b83>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.417998"}
{"text": "appeared, the eocene epoch ( 60 - 40 million years ago ), when primitive whales originated, and the oligocene epoch ( 40 - 25 million years ago ), when apes, monkeys, and primitive grazing mammals appeared. the record in the rocks, thus, is evidence either for fishes evolving into birds and mammals, or it is evidence of thousands of successive \" special creations \" - magical replacements of successive faunas by slightly different ones. curiously, the latter interpretation is as unbiblical as it is unscientific. if either of the biblical myths were true, all types of vertebrates - living types of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes - would be found along with bacteria and trilobites at the very beginning of the fossil record and would be extractable from all rock layers of later ages. but of course, nothing could be farther from reality. the infamous \" gaps in the fossil record, \" adduced by creationists as evidence against evolution, are actually a devastating refutation of the idea that all forms of life were miraculously zapped onto the earth at the same time! the logic of natural selection since creationists in their attacks of evolution in general, and of natural selection in particular, usually obfuscate the scientific principles involved and generally substitute a straw man which is easier to ridicule, it is important that we state clearly just what it is that science has to say on the topic of how new species come to be. the modern ( \" synthetic \" ) theory of natural selection consists of a tightly interwoven fabric of observations and logical conclusions drawn from them. in a nutshell, the structure of the theory is the following : observation 1 : all living things tend to reproduce in geometric progression, so that if all offspring survived, the entire earth would be overrun by them. observation 2 : in fact, however, the earth is not so overrun. the populations of various species remain approximately constant in size from century to century, due to the finite resources of the environment. conclusion a : there must be a competition for the available resources of the environment, a \" struggle for existence. \" observation 3 : heritable variations ( mutations ) are observed to occur spontaneously, from time to time, in populations of all species. observation 4 : in a given environment, some of these variations are helpful in the struggle for existence, and others are harmful or neutral. conclusion b : a natural selection of individuals will result. those with helpful mutations will survive and expand in numbers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314341644926779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba26004-966b-4a89-a1bd-4fb01cf39b83>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.419020"}
{"text": ". observation 4 : in a given environment, some of these variations are helpful in the struggle for existence, and others are harmful or neutral. conclusion b : a natural selection of individuals will result. those with helpful mutations will survive and expand in numbers, and those with harmful mutations will tend to perish and be reduced in numbers. observation 5 : the source of inheritable changes is either ( 1 ) change in the sequence of chemical \" bases \" in the dna molecules making up an organism ' s genes, ( 2 ) rearrangement of genes on chromosomes, or ( 3 ) multiplication or deletion of genes or chromosomes. observation 6 : physically and chemically speaking, there is no limit to the amount of base changing possible in dna or the amount of gene rearrangement which can take place. conclusion c : there will be no limit to the amount of variation possible in any given species. given enough time, and changing environmental conditions, mutation will add to mutation, and any species will gradually change into one or more new species. as mutations cause greater and greater cumulative change, and as sexual recombination assembles novel hereditary ensembles, species will turn into new genera, genera into new families, etc. with the exception of the observations concerning changes in dna and chromosomes as the source of evolutionary variation, the theory above was discovered by charles darwin in the middle of the last century. darwin came to his theory grudgingly - he had originally been a creationist himself. but the facts of nature which he uncovered in his trip around the world on h. m. s. beagle forced him to give up the genesis mythology in favor of evolutionary science, and made him formulate the theory of natural selection. it is not often remembered that darwin was not the only person to discover the principle of natural selection. at the same time that darwin was formulating his theory, alfred russell wallace - completely independent of darwin, and half a world away - was forced by his study of the plants and animals of the malay archipelago to conclude that evolution had occurred, and that natural selection was the motive force! the lesson to be learned from this is that the facts of nature compel unbiased minds to conclude that evolution has occurred, and that natural selection is at least a part of the cause of evolutionary change. ( population size and genetic isolation of populations are also important factors affecting the degree to which evolutionary change will occur. ) as we examine the bizarre details of the genesis creation myth, however, we must ask : is it conceivable that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5796637296984405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba26004-966b-4a89-a1bd-4fb01cf39b83>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.420129"}
{"text": "change. ( population size and genetic isolation of populations are also important factors affecting the degree to which evolutionary change will occur. ) as we examine the bizarre details of the genesis creation myth, however, we must ask : is it conceivable that any person not already aware of the first genesis myth could go out into the world of nature and conclude that green plants came into existence before the sun? that birds existed before reptiles? without knowledge of the second genesis myth, who would come up with the idea that man is older than both plants and animals, but that woman did not come into existence until the last animal species had appeared? without being brainwashed by the noah ' s ark tale, what geologist would conclude that the whole planet was covered by a shell of water 4, 334 years ago? what independent observer would conclude that the kiwi, which can neither swim nor fly, came to new zealand from mt. ararat in turkey, but couldn ' t make it to greece or australia? could anyone conclude that there was once a \" firmament \" in the sky - - with windows in it, and water above it? of course not. but we can be quite sure that even if the creationist legions of darkness should succeed in eradicating all knowledge of darwin ' s theory, honest men and women of the future studying the facts of nature would discover it anew. this is because evolutionary science is science, and is true in the sense that it is testable and accords with the facts of nature. the creationist dogmas, however, are not science and - to the extent that they are testable - are contradicted by the testimony of nature. while it is nothing less than scandalous that creationist beliefs have survived into the twentieth century, we must also express our embarrassment at the fact that there are many people who, despite the fact that they are relatively well schooled in evolutionary science, believe in something known as theistic evolution. this is the view that evolution has, in fact, occurred, but it has been directed by a supernatural power. the long road from jawless fishes, to fishes with jaws, to amphibians, to reptiles, to mammal - like reptiles, to mammals, to adolf hitler or the ayatollah khomeini was, they must avow, all the unfolding of a divinely guided plan. theists must accept the plagues produced by evolution as part of their god ' s plan. not only can such a view be a bar to progress, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5579801099611137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba26004-966b-4a89-a1bd-4fb01cf39b83>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.421049"}
{"text": "was, they must avow, all the unfolding of a divinely guided plan. theists must accept the plagues produced by evolution as part of their god ' s plan. not only can such a view be a bar to progress, it can be a direct road to madness of the type exemplified by the case of simon \" stylites, \" the quintessential \" saint \" who lived atop a pillar until he developed maggoty, purulent wounds in his flesh. when a maggot got pushed out of one of the pullulating wounds in his body, he put it back into the wound and preached it a sermon. god had given the \" worm \" his flesh to eat, he admonished, and the creature should not be ungrateful! the best thing that can be said about the theistic evolution idea is that it is not contradicted by the facts of nature. but of course, it could not be contradicted by any facts, if all the facts of nature are precisely what a god has ordained. alas for the theistic evolutionists, this places the \" theory \" outside the realm of science, since scientific statements must be testable. the idea of theistic evolution suffers from still another serious defect : it violates ockham ' s razor. this is the principle in logic that basic assumptions should not be multiplied beyond necessity. if natural forces alone are adequate to account for the course of evolution, why posit additional supernatural forces? such forces are superfluous. it is simpler to stick with the observable, measurable forces of nature. the idea of theistic evolution is associated, it would appear, with an emotional immaturity that makes men and women unable to accept the fact that they are probably alone in the universe, that they must find meaning and fulfillment among the comrades - both human and nonhuman - with whom they share the planet. mature personalities can accept the world for what it is : uncreated and unconscious. constrained only by the limits of the laws of nature, the mature mind may do all in its power \" to grasp this sorry scheme of things entire, \" and then \" remold it nearer to the heart ' s desire \". atheists know that cancer and tapeworms are not parts of a divine plan. atheists are completely free to do something about such plagues - and they are doing it! according to bishop ussher ' s chronology, often printed in the margins of king james bibles, this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102793721461449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba26004-966b-4a89-a1bd-4fb01cf39b83>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.421925"}
{"text": "task uvsector will flag a sector of visibility data with a given u - v position angle ( or hour angle ). while you can give the position angle of the sector to be flagged directly ( via the angle parameter ), it is more convenient to indicate the position angle indirectly via the stripe direction in an image. how do you specify a stripe direction? you do this by specifying a long, thin region in a image. normally you will generate the region by using cgcurs ( see section 17. 3 for more information on cgcurs ). with cgcurs, you display a greyscale of the image, and then use a cursor to selection a long, thin, region containing the crest of a single stripe. the selected region is then written into a text file, cgcurs. region. while this may be a rather odd way to define a direction, it allows uvsector to use the interactive facilities of cgcurs. typical inputs to use cgcurs are | in = vela. icln | | input image ( probably cleaned ). | | range = | | set the range to highlight the stripes. | | device = / xs | | pgplot device - xwindows here. | | options = region | | define a region of interest. | the width of the sector that uvsector flags is given as an angle ( in degrees ) via the width parameter. remember that 1 degree is equivalent to 4 minutes of observing time, so do not set it to any value larger than you need. normally you would set this to a few degrees, based on your confidence in the accuracy of the stripe direction. the default is 5 degrees. as uvsector flags a sector, if your input visibility data - set contains multiple configurations, data within that sector for all configurations will be flagged by default. generally this is not what you are likely to want. if you know which configuration contains the bad data, you can use the select keyword to ensure just that configuration is affected. selecting by time is probably the easiest. the breadth of a stripe also contains useful information - a glitch in just the short baselines will cause a broad stripe, whereas a glitch in just the long baselines will cause a narrow stripe separation. a glitch in just one baseline will give a two dimensional sinusoid. given the separation between stripes, you could make an approximate calculation of the corresponding u - v radius of the bad data. for a stripe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5152957794298528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9de28eaa-91a1-4716-9678-559dd0ecbf56>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.425978"}
{"text": "turning her back on her privileged life in victorian england, gertrude bell ( 1868 - 1926 ), fired by her innate curiosity, journeyed the world and became fascinated with all things arab. traveling the length and breadth of the arab region, armed with a love for its language and its people, she not only produced several enormously popular books based on her experiences but became instrumental to the british foreign office. when world war i erupted, and the british needed the loyalty of the arab leaders, it was gertrude bell ' s work and connections that helped provide the brain for t. e. lawrence ' s military brawn. after the war she participated in both the paris and cairo conferences, played a major role in creating the modern middle east, and was generally considered the most powerful woman in the british empire. in this incident - packed biography, janet wallach reveals a woman whose achievements and independent spirit were especially remarkable for her times, and who brought the same passion and intensity to her explorations as she did to her rich romantic life. too long eclipsed by lawrence ' s fame, gertrude bell emerges in this first major biography as a woman whose accomplishments rank as crucial to world history ( especially in light of the continuing geopolitical importance of the middle east ) and whose life was a grand adventure. \u00a91996 janet wallach ( p ) 2012 random house audio details of the arab world in the early 20th century and the extraordinary personality of gertrude bell one cannot compare apples and oranges. each biography is therefore different because of the different personalties and situarions the narrator did an excellent job, especially with all the arab names that would have been impossible and there was so much information one had to pause to digest each bit the author took too long to describe bell ' s character and personalikty and i preferred the last third with all the facts and details report inappropriate content", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4683797070103708, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce6349fe-c5a0-459d-8a72-0d8a652e368e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.428009"}
{"text": "people who walk a lot have lower risk of diabetes walking may help prevent diabetes ( ezra shaw, getty images ) new york ( reuters health ) - among people with low physical activity and a high risk of diabetes, those who walk more throughout the day are less likely to actually get the blood sugar disorder, according to new research. the study, published in the journal diabetes care, is part of a growing body of evidence that for people who get very little exercise, \" even small amounts of activity will provide a really good return on their investment, \" said catrine tudor - locke, who studies walking and health at pennington biomedical research center in baton rouge, louisiana, and was not involved in the research. daily walking recommendations typically point to a minimum of 10, 000 steps per day. tudor - locke said a good rule of thumb is that 2, 000 steps equals about one mile. earlier studies, based on questionnaires, have shown that walking more is tied to a lower risk of diabetes. but few studies have used precise measures of how many steps people take each day, said amanda fretts, the lead author of the new report and a researcher at the university of washington in seattle. to get a better sense of walking ' s potential benefits, fretts and her colleagues asked more than 1, 800 people to wear a pedometer on their hip for a week to tally the number of steps they typically took each day. all of them came from native american communities in arizona, oklahoma and north and south dakota that are known to have low physical activity levels and high rates of diabetes. about a quarter of the group were considered to have very low activity, taking fewer than 3, 500 steps a day, while half took fewer than 7, 800 steps per day. at the beginning of the study, none of the participants had diabetes. but after five years of follow - up, 243 people had developed the condition. about 17 percent of the people in the lowest activity group developed diabetes, compared to 12 percent of the people who took more than 3, 500 steps a day. after taking into account people ' s age, whether they smoked and other diabetes risk factors, fretts ' s team determined that people who walked the most were 29 percent less likely to develop diabetes than those who walked the least. \" our finding wasn ' t surprising given that other studies have shown that even light activity is associated with a lower risk of diabetes, \" fretts wrote in an email to reuters health. the findings don ' t prove that walking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41072939556143173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:835c8678-d037-4cbb-8f14-09143cb42849>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.433998"}
{"text": "walked the least. \" our finding wasn ' t surprising given that other studies have shown that even light activity is associated with a lower risk of diabetes, \" fretts wrote in an email to reuters health. the findings don ' t prove that walking more is responsible for the lower risk of diabetes, but fretts offered some possible explanations for how walking might help. \" increased physical activity may prevent weight gain and promote weight loss, a major determinant of diabetes risk, \" she told reuters health. indeed, when fretts took into account how large people were, based on a measure called body mass index ( bmi ), she found that extra walking didn ' t provide any benefits to reducing people ' s diabetes risk. \" bmi is one of the plausible biological mechanisms by which physical activity ( or walking ) may lower diabetes risk - that is, walking may promote weight loss - and weight loss is a major factor related to diabetes risk, \" fretts said. physical activity also has effects on inflammation, glucose and other molecules in the body that could help lower diabetes risk, said fretts. tudor - locke added that the potential benefits of moderate levels of walking are \" only for those who are really inactive to begin with \" and don ' t mean others should decrease their activity levels. source : http : / / bit. ly / lr2pkb diabetes care, online june 20, 2012. ( this story corrects attribution in last paragraph )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.441850131582669, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:835c8678-d037-4cbb-8f14-09143cb42849>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.434635"}
{"text": "filter design can affect the smoking experience and even the taste of cigarettes how are the components of a cigarette put together in manufacturing and how can design vary the taste and smoke yield? the cellulose acetate tow in a filter is a web of fibres made from wood pulp. in manufacturing, the filter material arrives as a single long band of over 10, 000 fibres pressed into large 750 kg bales. in a filter maker, this band of compact fibres is mechanically stretched to open the fibres up, sprayed with a plasticizer to bind them together, wrapped with thin paper, cut, and fed into a cigarette - making machine. varying the taste and smoke yield once the taste has been determined, other design features can vary the strength of the taste, and can reduce the yields of various smoke components, as measured by a standardised machine method. filter design : the design of the filter can be varied, for example by making perforations, by changing its length or its density ( by using more fibres ), by the fineness of the fibres and by the type of material used. all these filter variations can affect the amount of filtration, and thus the taste, smoking experience and smoke yields as measured by a standardised machine method. charcoal is sometimes combined with the standard cellulose acetate, as its adsorption properties can reduce some of the gas components in smoke. it is usually used in a filter with two sections : a plain white cellulose acetate section at the mouth end and a section that has been sprinkled with charcoal. because charcoal is mainly elemental carbon, these are sometimes called carbon filters. making small perforations in the filter is called filter ventilation, to reduce a cigarette \u2019 s yield and sensory strength. these dilute the smoke with air, leading to less smoke being produced in each puff. filter ventilation is important in reducing smoke gases that are not trapped in the filter. paper : the paper around the tobacco rod and around the filtration zone can be adjusted. the porosity of the paper ( the amount of air that can pass through it ) will affect the yield, strength and taste of the cigarette. the more air that can pass through the paper, the more the smoke constituents passing through the cigarette are diluted, to make a lower yield, lighter tasting product. expanded tobacco : another design feature to vary the taste, strength and delivery of smoke constituents is the use of expanded tobacco lamina, known as dry ice expanded tobacco ( diet ). this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4755743626326401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd77be0a-4188-4917-8643-ec70710cb045>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.438574"}
{"text": "as we grow older and our bodies and lifestyles change, our nutritional needs change, as well. we need about 20 percent fewer calories at age 80 than at age 30. about two - thirds of this decrease can be blamed on a more sedentary lifestyle that often comes with getting older, and the rest on a lower metabolic rate. although healthy older adults who eat a balanced diet don ' t need a dietary supplement, several aspects of aging may increase the likelihood of a deficiency in key vitamins and minerals, according to the national institute on aging. these include having a reduced sense of taste and smell ; spending more time indoors ; difficulty chewing ; following a restricted diet because of a health condition ; eating alone ; experiencing loss of appetite ; and taking medications that may prevent absorption of vitamins and minerals. older adults also are at higher risk for dehydration because they may not notice when they are thirsty. as we age, our bodies do not process and absorb certain important nutrients, such as vitamin b12 and vitamin d, as well as they used to. in addition, many people don ' t get adequate amounts of calcium. here ' s why each of these nutrients is vital for good health : vitamin b12 may help reduce the risk for heart disease and stroke, and helps protect against memory problems, dementia and balance and walking problems. getting enough of this vitamin usually isn ' t a problem if your diet includes animal products. in older adults, however, vitamin b12 can be more difficult to absorb because of too little stomach acid. the stomach acid separates the vitamin b12 from the protein that contains it, allowing the body to make use of the vitamin. antacids and h2 blockers also can affect how well this vitamin is absorbed. according to the american heart association ( aha ), research is underway to determine how much folic acid, b6, and / or b12 is required to lower homocysteine levels. elevated homocysteine levels have been linked to heart disease. at this time, however, the aha does not recommend using folic acid or vitamin b supplements to prevent heart disease or stroke. vitamin d helps the body process calcium and keeps bones strong. because we get vitamin d from the action of sunlight on the skin, people who don ' t get outdoors much, or always wear sunscreen, may need a vitamin d supplement. this also affects people who live north of the 45th parallel. vitamin d is added to many foods, such as cereals and some dairy products. calcium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44751169522076956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d69aa360-a70b-414d-993b-a9d08f6959a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.442979"}
{"text": "don ' t get outdoors much, or always wear sunscreen, may need a vitamin d supplement. this also affects people who live north of the 45th parallel. vitamin d is added to many foods, such as cereals and some dairy products. calcium helps keep bones, muscles, and nerves healthy. osteoporosis, which causes bones to thin and increases the risk for fractures, is a serious concern for women. women of all ages may find it challenging to get enough calcium through food alone. men are also susceptible to osteoporosis, especially if they take certain medications ( like prednisone ) for a long time. when choosing a calcium supplement, read the label to make sure it contains enough elemental calcium, which is the amount that the body absorbs from the supplement. vitamins a, c, and e, as well as beta carotene and lycopene, are antioxidants from food that may help slow the aging process and help fight cancer and heart disease. vitamins c and e from food are associated with lower risk of heart disease and certain cancers. supplements don ' t provide the same protection against heart disease and cancer as food. here are the dris for older adults from the food and nutrition board of the institute of medicine. these are the recommended intake levels for each age group. vitamin a, 900 micrograms vitamin c, 90 milligrams ( mg ) vitamin d, 15 micrograms vitamin e, 15 mg vitamin b6, 1. 5 mg vitamin b12, 2. 4 micrograms folate, 400 micrograms iron, 8 mg calcium, 1, 000 mg niacin, 14 mg vitamin a, 700 micrograms vitamin c, 75 mg calcium, 1, 200 mg vitamin c, 90 mg vitamin d, 20 micrograms vitamin b6, 1. 7 mg niacin, 16 mg it ' s important to note that some vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins a, d, e, and b6, and iron, can be harmful in excess or for people with particular diseases or conditions. research has found that up to 10 percent of older adults unnecessarily get 10 times the rda ( recommended daily amount ) of certain vitamins. talk with your health care provider to help assess how dietary and exercise habits have affected your overall nutritional needs as you get older. together, you can determine whether taking multivitamin and mineral supplements is warranted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4370838217305738, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d69aa360-a70b-414d-993b-a9d08f6959a2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.443819"}
{"text": "music played6 items the aye aye is probably madagascar ' s strangest - looking lemur \u2013 it emerges only at night, and taps branches with its elongated middle finger, looking for insects to eat. wildlife finder : more clips from the crazy world of the aye - aye written by ian gray ( producer ) wildlife finder : watch ring - tailed lemurs in action ring - tailed lemurs are creatures of the warm southern lowlands of madagascar, so we were intrigued to hear rumours about several troops living at high altitude in the decidedly lemur unfriendly andringitra mountains. treeless and windswept, these bare granite peaks rise to nearly three thousand metres above the surrounding plains and experience the most extreme climate on the island, with night - time temperatures often dropping below zero. trying to film them was an opportunity too good to turn down. but it ' s a major undertaking working in these mountains ; we had to be entirely self - sufficient, trekking for miles to a remote camp on the plateau supported by a posse of porters. to add to the difficulties, the lemurs have never been studied so we were dependent on our local guides to scout for these elusive creatures. after several days fruitless searching, the scouts reported hearing lemur calls in one of the high boulder fields over three hours trek from our advanced base camp. for days we left before dawn in freezing temperatures to hike up to the location, then spent each following day being roasted by a ferocious sun as we searched in vain for any sign. finally one morning as i headed off to answer a call of nature, i scrambled over a ravine and there they were ; a troop of five ring - tailed lemurs happily feeding on the tough, drought - resistant cacti and aloe that grow here. i radioed back to cameraman john brown who crept up to my hiding place. we were lucky enough to spend several hours in their company as they foraged across this barren moonscape before we finally lost them in a maze of boulders and gullies. over the next days we returned to the same spot but never saw them again. but happily that one glorious day had allowed us a unique glimpse into the life of these tough little animals. david attenborough ' s madagascar fifty years ago, sir david went to madagascar to film early wildlife tv series zoo quest. with several return visits over the intervening years, the country and its wildlife has continued to capture his imagination. watch the best of david attenborough ' s madagascar films written by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39616467621128004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b20c29d-d930-4769-8e93-c6eee0013d26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.451067"}
{"text": ", sir david went to madagascar to film early wildlife tv series zoo quest. with several return visits over the intervening years, the country and its wildlife has continued to capture his imagination. watch the best of david attenborough ' s madagascar films written by ian gray ( producer ) filming trips can go wrong for all kinds of reasons ; broken gear, uncooperative animals, misleading information \u2026 but one we hadn \u2019 t really anticipated was being thwarted by a cyclone. cameraman john brown and i had spent two days trekking into the andringitra mountains to film the orchid meadows that flourish beneath the 2658 - metre high pic d \u2019 imarivolanitra, one of the highest peaks on the island. as our rag - tag column of porters, guides and cooks clambered over the last escarpment, we were confronted by an amazing sight - kilometre after kilometre of upland prairie, covered in thousand upon thousand of orchids - whites, pinks, oranges and purples, spread like fallen confetti as far as the eye could see. after all the difficulties of just getting here, it felt like nothing could stop us now. little did we know that tropical cyclone hubert had other plans for us. that night, i was woken by the staccato rhythm of rain hammering down on my tent. by morning, the wind was pummelling the tent so powerfully it was like being on the inside of a punch - bag. reluctantly, i dragged myself out of my sleeping bag to be confronted by a scene of utter devastation. this tropical grassland now looked like a scottish moor. the wind was screaming across the plateau, driving the rain in horizontal waves before it and flattening everything in its path. our tents were being shredded, there was gear strewn about the place, sitting in puddles, hanging in trees or being whisked off towards the horizon. but worse than that, the swathes of delicate orchids we had come all this way to film had been completely obliterated. we took refuge in the cattle byre that doubled as our kitchen, but half the hut ' s thatched roof had already blown away, leaving 30 people and our remaining gear squeezed into this ever - diminishing sanctuary. yet despite the chaos, the cold and the discomfort, someone was playing a guitar, accompanying some much - needed community singing and mugs of the local ' rocket - fuel ' rum to keep out the cold. with nothing left to film, there seemed little point in prolonging everyone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40081299858494296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b20c29d-d930-4769-8e93-c6eee0013d26>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.452480"}
{"text": "and the discomfort, someone was playing a guitar, accompanying some much - needed community singing and mugs of the local ' rocket - fuel ' rum to keep out the cold. with nothing left to film, there seemed little point in prolonging everyone ' s agony. we had other sequences to film down on the coast, so we packed up what was left of the camp and headed back down the mountain, our tails firmly between our legs. cyclone hubert 1 : bbc madagascar team 0. tadpoles for tea article written by ian gray ( producer ) of all the things one can imagine wasps eating, tadpoles are perhaps not the first thing that springs to mind. but while researching for the madagascar series, this is exactly the story we stumbled upon. obviously wasps can ' t hunt underwater, but these particular insects hunt tadpoles that have hatched from frog spawn left on the leaves of stream - side plants. under normal circumstances, the tadpoles mature over several days then wriggle free from their jelly and drop into the water beneath. these aerial nurseries spare the tadpoles the attention of predatory fish, but leaves them open to attack from other hunters such as wasps. so, as the frog breeding season reached its climax, cameraman barrie britton was dispatched to a small pond deep in the rainforests of andasibe to try and get to the bottom of this remarkable story. we were sceptical about his chances, since this phenomenon had only been seen once before. on arrival, he found several plants around the pond already laden with the right kind of frog spawn \u2013 great globular masses containing hundreds of eggs and wriggling tadpoles - but not a single predatory wasp in sight. while barrie kept vigil at the pond through the daily torrential downpours, teams of spawn - hunters were enlisted from the local villages to search the forest for any sign of wasp action. finally word came back of a distant pond where something interesting might be happening. as barrie emerged from the forest, he found his ' spotter ' pointing excitedly at a nearby palm. on its leaves were several clumps of eggs and amazingly not one but two large wasps playing havoc with the tadpoles. landing on the leaf, they repeatedly chewed their way through the jelly to reach the wriggling tadpoles within. often their entire head and upper body would disappear as they struggled to snatch their helpless prey. then they would chew up their prey and fly off to feed it to their own larvae in a nearby nest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4317222770998532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b20c29d-d930-4769-8e93-c6eee0013d26>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.453514"}
{"text": "focus areas of statewide significance what are beginning with habitat focus areas? beginning with habitat ( bwh ) focus areas are natural areas of statewide ecological significance that contain unusually rich concentrations of at - risk species and habitats. these areas, identified by biologists from the maine natural areas program ( mnap ), maine department of inland fisheries and wildlife ( mdifw ), maine department of marine resources ( dmr ), u. s. fish and wildlife service ( usfws ), the nature conservancy ( tnc ), maine audubon, and maine coast heritage trust ( mcht ), support rare plants, animals, and natural communities, high quality common natural communities ; significant wildlife habitats ; and their intersections with large blocks of undeveloped habitat. bwh focus area boundaries are drawn based on the species and natural communities that occur within them and the supporting landscape conditions that contribute to the long - term viability of the species, habitats, and community types. one or more of the following must be present before an area is considered a candidate focus area ( in most cases, two or more are present ) : - globally rare plant or animal - 3 or more healthy populations of a rare plant species - any healthy population of a rare animal species - rare natural community - excellent example of a common natural community - good example of a common natural community and one or more high value wildlife habitats - large undeveloped block and at least one of the following : a good example of a common natural community or high value wildlife habitat or two or more healthy populations of a rare plant species to date, collaborative efforts by state, federal, and conservation organization biologists have resulted in the designation of 140 focus areas ( link to map ) of statewide ecological significance. for a list of beginning with habitat focus areas and to find fact sheets about each area, visit the focus area description website. why designate focus areas? it is hoped that the mapping of a bwh focus area will help to build regional awareness, and draw attention to the exceptional natural landscape conditions that result in a convergence of multiple resource occurrences. the resulting appreciation of these truly special places can then provide momentum to municipalities, land trusts, and regional initiatives focused on strategic approaches to conservation. are other areas insignificant? areas that rise to the level of statewide ecological significance may not occur within the jurisdiction of every land trust or within the boundaries of every town. strategic conservation planning is important at all levels and can be pursued to identify areas of local or regional significance as well. although the frame of reference of b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46843897832543374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a2b2d95-bead-4487-a09b-73ae1bfa3aa5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.457112"}
{"text": "ecological significance may not occur within the jurisdiction of every land trust or within the boundaries of every town. strategic conservation planning is important at all levels and can be pursued to identify areas of local or regional significance as well. although the frame of reference of bwh efforts has been a comprehensive analysis of maine ' s organized territories, the criteria used in designating focus areas can be easily adapted to the local or regional perspective. bwh maps such as map 2 ( high value plant and animal habitats ) and map 3 ( undeveloped habitat blocks ) offer a good starting point to identify unique locations rich in significant habitat feature convergence that can then be designated as local focus areas that serve as a starting point for developing your town ' s or land trusts conservation blueprint. strategies for local action : - incorporate focus areas into long - term plans for conservation. towns and land trusts can work together on comprehensive and open space plans and capitalize on opportunities where goals coincide - identify property owners whose lands host significant natural features and investigate conservation options ranging from voluntary actions to fee purchase - become familiar with the rare plants, animals, and habitats and learn better how to manage them for long - term preservation - educate landowners and the general public about significant natural areas and create support for local conservation initiatives - cooperate with neighboring landowners and jurisdictions - incorporate focus areas in grant applications - work with state agencies to garner support for projects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4909098706958185, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a2b2d95-bead-4487-a09b-73ae1bfa3aa5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.457776"}
{"text": "hepatitis b \u2014 the \" hidden \" std anne and joe, both lawyers in their late 30s, have been dating seriously for six months. after having mild flu - like symptoms for a month, anne was diagnosed with hepatitis b. joe immediately went to be tested, and to his surprise discovered that he is a chronic carrier of hepatitis b ( hbv ). although anne most likely contracted the virus from joe, he ' s not sure how he got it. however, he vaguely remembers that one of his previous girlfriends had symptoms similar to anne ' s for a few months. anne has a 90 % chance of recovering fully from hbv within several months. if she doesn ' t recover, like joe, she will go on to develop chronic hepatitis b. anne would then have to cope with a lifelong illness that may cause liver damage. chronic hepatitis also puts people at high risk for liver failure and liver cancer. because joe is already a chronic carrier, all of his future sexual partners should get vaccinated for hbv before having sex and should at least practice safe sex. what is hepatitis b? hepatitis b is a common, yet serious, disease characterized by inflammation of the liver. it is caused by the highly infectious hepatitis b virus, and often contracted through unprotected sexual contact. hence, hbv is considered a sexually transmitted disease ( std ). although there are other types of hepatitis, these are not as easily transmitted via sexual contact. most people who contract hbv recover within six months. however, a small percentage of them cannot clear the virus from their body and develop chronic hepatitis b. they may experience ongoing liver damage that can lead to cirrhosis ( scarring of the liver ), liver failure, or liver cancer. more than 200, 000 americans get hbv every year, and more than one million people in the us are chronic carriers. chronic hepatitis b consists of two possible states : chronic carrier or chronic active. carriers do not have active disease, but hbv can reactivate at any time. patients with chronic active form of the virus have continuing liver inflammation. those with either chronic carrier or chronic active hepatitis are contagious to others and are at risk for cirrhosis and liver cancer. patients with chronic active are at much higher risk for cirrhosis and liver cancer than are chronic carriers, but long - term carriers of hepatitis b are also at increased risk for these diseases. the good news is that hbv is preventable. how is hepatitis b spread?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4692730069971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6dfea561-27e9-471e-b7ec-14f215a01e8a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.463447"}
{"text": "much higher risk for cirrhosis and liver cancer than are chronic carriers, but long - term carriers of hepatitis b are also at increased risk for these diseases. the good news is that hbv is preventable. how is hepatitis b spread? hepatitis b is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions, most often via unprotected sex. it can also be transmitted through blood from cuts or open sores and by sharp objects contaminated with infected blood ( such as hypodermic needles, ear or body piercing, tattooing, razors, or toothbrushes ). mothers can pass it on to their newborns at birth or soon after. hbv is 100 times more contagious than the hiv virus that causes aids. what are the symptoms of hepatitis b? hepatitis b is often referred to as a \" silent infection \" because many people have no symptoms at all. often, these people don ' t realize they are ill ; in fact, most babies and children who get hbv don ' t seem sick at all. many adults don ' t develop symptoms at first, but about 50 % experience some symptoms after an incubation period of 40 to 140 days. whether or not they have symptoms, a person with hbv can pass the virus onto other people. this explains why 30 % - 40 % of people with hbv, like joe, are not sure how they got it. when symptoms are present, they may vary from mild and flu - like to severe. common symptoms include appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and joint or muscle aches. some people also have dark urine, light stools, or jaundice. how is hepatitis b diagnosed and treated? the only way to know whether you have hbv is to have a blood test that detects the hbv antigen or antibody in your blood. there are no specific treatments for acute hbv, other than treating the individual symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. about 90 % of adults clear the virus from their system within six months and then become immune to it. the other 10 % become chronic carriers. there is no cure for chronic hbv. if you are chronically infected you may or may not have symptoms. either way, the virus is in your blood, which means that it can be transmitted to others while steadily attacking your liver. currently, there are four medications which have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4362179592875137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6dfea561-27e9-471e-b7ec-14f215a01e8a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.467141"}
{"text": "bemidji - the governor ' s task force prevention of school bullying met with bemidji students, parents and educators wednesday evening kicking off a series of sessions to help redefine the state ' s anti - bullying statute. \" the governor has organized a task force of citizens from around the state to make recommendations to the governor and to the legislature in regards that might be put forth that would direct all the school districts in the state as to how they should address bullying, \" said nancy riestenberg, school climate specialist at the department of education. riestenberg joined members of the task force to speak with students from bemidji high school and students from schoolcraft to discuss their concerns about bullying and ways in which they think it could be prevented. students like thomas caddy and tia siddens, 9th graders at bemidji high school, bullying is present at the school and it is seen both physically and verbally. \" words hurt more than fists in a lot of situations because if the physical wound isn ' t there it could still leave a mark on the mind, \" siddens said. the students said the most common targets of bullying in school are people of different race, sexual orientation or people with a mental disability. \" people who don ' t have a lot of friends are targeted more because if you don ' t always have those friends there to help speak up, \" schoolcraft student katie fgevje said. \" with less friends you are more vulnerable in my eyes because you don ' t have that person to kind of help you get through it. \" when asked what the students would recommend the task force do to help the bullying problem in schools, a lot of students said there needs to be an effort to teach students from a young age why bullying is wrong, but also to teach the staff how to resolve and prevent bully situations. \" we have some programs that address bullying and i am happy we have them but i don ' t think they are exactly effective because if the person is doing it they are not going to be listening to the reasons why they are not supposed to be doing it, \" thomas caddy said. riestenberg said this was the first of many student sessions she and the task force will conduct but she said she was impressed by how engaging the students were. \" they confirmed for me what i teach in my job as the school climate specialist at the department of education and gave insight to the task force about what students face and what they need, \" riestenberg said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4115461917486678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96cc40b8-7871-436d-9364-13d3cb186f33>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.472880"}
{"text": "impressed by how engaging the students were. \" they confirmed for me what i teach in my job as the school climate specialist at the department of education and gave insight to the task force about what students face and what they need, \" riestenberg said. following the parent session, the task force went to the middle school to meet with parents and educators to see what their concerns and recommendations were. the common concern among the parents was the issue of cyber bullying in addition to racial and sexual orientation bullying. the parents agreed that the school and the parents need to make sure students know their resources on who they can talk to when being bullied. \" we need to be held accountable for our own actions and we not only need to listen to our kids but we need to show them that we are trying to do something, \" marty cobenais, a parent in attendance said. \" if we don ' t make an effort to do something our kids are not going to come talk to us when they have a problem. \" bemidji school superintendent james hess said the bullying issue is one that does need to be addressed not only at the school level but also the community level. \" i think about bullying and i think about the school ' s role in bullying and i don ' t think the school is the place to lay all of the blame, \" hess said. \" i know that if you walk into any classroom in the district you won ' t find any teachers teaching bullying. i think we need to be a part of the search for a solution to bullying but i don ' t think we are the stopping place, we are the starting place. we need to look at the greater community to find solutions that are going to be the lasting solutions. \" the task force will be meeting with schools across the state and will pass along recommendations to the legislature by august.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38999548162180125, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96cc40b8-7871-436d-9364-13d3cb186f33>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.473805"}
{"text": "roominate gives a modern twist to a typical girl ' s dollhouse. along with building individual rooms, girls can also change the wiring and rig different rooms with working light switches, buzzers, or even fans. the project began with three women majoring in engineering, math, and science who saw that there is a gap in girls ' toys that inspire engineering and electronics. the women, being in a field dominated by men, wanted to offer toys that promoted a different kind of play for young girls. with the help of kickstarter, they created roominate to hopefully inspire girls to get out of their prepackaged pink barbie boxes and get down and dirty with electronics and building. they succeeded their goal of $ 25, 000 and accumulated over $ 85, 000 to fund the project. for those lucky enough who got to snag a kit will have two wooden walls, a floor, various building pieces to construct furniture, one complete circuit, and assorted decorations. technology is ever changing and is becoming more integrated in our daily lives. it ' s refreshing to see that toys are reflecting the expansive world of electronics to not only boys, but girls as well. creativity and exposure to different ideas shouldn \u2019 t be limited by our sex, and roominate makes room for young female engineers to learn and grow without feeling alienated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5028987840041156, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0246c505-6243-49c3-b438-88595b66a3d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.477042"}
{"text": "bidmc ' s division of transplant immunology has international reputations for excellence and innovation. the center attracts students, fellows and post - doctoral individuals from around the world. terry b. strom, md, co - chief laurence turka, md, co - chief xian c. li, md, phd wenda gao, md, phd the challenge : organ rejection transplant patients and physicians face a significant challenge : organ rejection. our bodies ' immune systems are naturally designed to do battle with \" foreign invaders. \" under normal circumstances, this system is highly effective, protecting us from viruses, bacteria and other infections. however, our immune systems are not as successful at differentiating between dangerous foreign bodies ( for instance, bacterial infections ) and beneficial intruders ( such as a new kidney, liver or pancreas ). for organ transplant patients, the normally protective immune response can threaten the longevity and function of the transplanted organ. currently, organ transplant patients must take immunosuppressive or anti - rejection medication to prevent the immune system from fighting against the new, transplanted organ. however, over the long - term, these drugs pose a number of risks, and side effects that are particularly devastating to children. the mission : prevent rejection, improve function scientists in the division of transplant immunology are working to : - develop new methods to prevent rejection - develop new methods to diagnose rejection before injury to the transplant - improve the function of organs after transplantation - reduce the number of medications patients must take to prevent rejection, including reducing steroid use - minimize the side effects of therapy - create immune tolerance to the transplant to totally eliminate the need for use of immunosuppressive medications the center ' s basic or bench research is directed toward a broader understanding about transplant science and immunology ( the body ' s ability to accept or reject foreign tissue ), and how medicines can protect and maximize donor organ function and endurance. we are leaders in one ) developing new approaches to overcome organ rejection without the use of highly toxic immunosuppressive drugs, and two ) diagnosing early rejection and enabling application of medication before the transplant is damaged. principal areas of investigation the interests of the research group include immune tolerance and t - cell biology, cytoprotection ( the role of protective genes in transplantation ), molecular diagnostics, and bioinformatics, as well as a number of subspecialties within these key areas. immune tolerance and t - cell biology immune tolerance refers to the ability of the immune system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5054689180895751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:617b7b22-fd62-46a2-8aaf-fdf131403d44>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.488617"}
{"text": "of protective genes in transplantation ), molecular diagnostics, and bioinformatics, as well as a number of subspecialties within these key areas. immune tolerance and t - cell biology immune tolerance refers to the ability of the immune system to accept or tolerate new organs without taking life - long medications. by creating tolerance, researchers hope to ensure long - term transplant function without life - long drug therapy ( which carries a number of risks ). scientists investigate the t - lymphocyte cells, or t cells, which are among the body ' s key infection - fighting cells. normally t cells circulate through the blood in a resting or naive state. when they encounter a foreign invader ( such as a virus or bacteria ) or foreign tissue ( a transplanted organ ), they receive a chemical signal to attack and destroy the \" intruder. \" researchers are working to understand this signal - how is it triggered, how can it be disarmed, and how can the t cell be disabled against ( or help protect ) the donor transplant ( to maximize organ function ), while remaining vigilant and ready to destroy truly harmful microbes and other infectious agents that enter the body. bidmc scientists are leading the way in refining immunosuppressive protocols, or treatment guidelines, to target t cells. they are learning how to train t cells to protect, rather than attack, transplanted organs. they are studying a new combination of immunosuppressive drugs, some of which have been developed in the division of transplant immunology, called \" power mix. \" administered for a very short time after transplant, this power mix has been shown to prevent islet cell rejection in monkeys. islet cells are the insulin producing cells in the pancreas that are deficient in people who have diabetes. short - term power mix therapy has proven useful in permanently restoring normal blood sugar level and tolerance to islet cells in a mouse model of juvenile diabetes. in a parallel study this same team has determined that a short course of treatment with alpha1 anti - trypsin, a human protein that is normally produced in response to inflammation, is also curative in this model of juvenile diabetes. these studies are paving the way for clinical trials in the near future for patients with diabetes. the power mix also has exciting potential for other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. another area of t - cell investigation involves a better use of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5459433436457937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:617b7b22-fd62-46a2-8aaf-fdf131403d44>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.489864"}
{"text": ". the power mix also has exciting potential for other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. another area of t - cell investigation involves a better use of anti - lymphocyte antibodies, to reduce the number of aggressive t cells in the immune system, in combination with donor bone marrow cells. patients undergoing a kidney transplant, for example, would receive anti - lymphocyte antibodies to knock out the aggressive t - cells, in combination with the kidney donor ' s bone marrow. this approach has shown great promise in improving organ tolerance. cyto or \" cell \" protection is another significant research area and has to do with protecting the graft, or donor organ, from damage. scientists examine a process called apoptosis, or programmed cell death. every cell in our body comes equipped with a unique life - cycle program. cells survive and thrive until they are no longer useful and then they automatically die. scientists are looking for the switch : what turns on the death program, and how do cells disappear without notice? with cancer, this orderly process goes haywire, allowing cancer cells to grow unchecked into tumors. in transplanted organs, researchers look to turn off the death program and turn on the survival signal, to keep the organ vital, functioning and less vulnerable to injury. researchers also study gene therapy to help protect and fortify the cells in the transplanted organ. genes, located within the nucleus of each cell, contain our unique hereditary information, a personal blueprint, which is passed from cell to cell. the division of transplant immunology has succeeded in identifying protective genes that have proved useful in fortifying the transplanted organ, helping to prevent chronic rejection and increasing graft survival. experiments have also shown that carbon monoxide can prevent the delay in kidney function that sometimes occurs after transplantation. this delay is attributed, in part, to how the organ must be preserved once it is removed from the donor. molecular diagnostics examines how proteins and genes interact within a cell, and captures this information as a \" molecular signature. \" researchers study these gene and protein patterns for early warning signs that predict the likelihood of organ rejection or tolerance. the goal is to disarm the t - cell attackers before the body ' s immune system can mount a defense and destroy the transplanted organ, thereby short - circuiting the rejection process before it even begins. to check gene expression, we perform real - time quantitative pcr assay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5398751551575931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:617b7b22-fd62-46a2-8aaf-fdf131403d44>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.491008"}
{"text": "t - cell attackers before the body ' s immune system can mount a defense and destroy the transplanted organ, thereby short - circuiting the rejection process before it even begins. to check gene expression, we perform real - time quantitative pcr assay ( qrt - pcr ) using standard curve method. we custom design the primers and probes ( p & p ) for our qrt - pcr assays. we extract rna from the biopsies, peripheral blood, and urine specimens. for quality control, rna quantity and purity is tested by nanodrop spectrophotometer. rna integrity is examined by bio - analyzer. 1ug / 100ul of the quality control passed total rna is used to synthesize cdna. we developed pre - amplification technique that increases the sensitivity and allows measuring over 20 targets by qrt - pcr using samples as small as 30 ng of total rna. for miniscule specimens such as core - biopsies and urine pellets, where rna is limited, pre - amplification technique is extremely useful. the pre - amplified cdna is used to perform qrt - pcr. standard curve method of qrt - pcr is performed using 18s rrna amplicon as standard. the following performance characteristics are used as quality control measures for the qrt - pcr assay : ( 1 ) the slope of the standard curve must be between - 3. 320 to - 3. 500, and the correlation co - efficient must be greater than 0. 990 ( fig ) ; ( 2 ) the highest copy number in the standard curve ( 2. 5 million copies ) is adjusted to be 18 threshold cycles ( ct ) and the minimum copy number ( 25 copies ) is at 35ct ; ( 3 ) the differences between replicate ct must be less than 0. 5 ct ; and ( 4 ) the ct of endogenous controls should always be statistically invariant. the results are shown in normalized copies per 1\u03bcg of total rna / 100\u03bcl. the samples that do not have atleast 50 million copies of 18s rrna are considered to have failed the quality test. researchers use bioinformatics, which incorporates chemistry, statistics, and computer science among other techniques, to address biological challenges from the molecular perspective. at bidmc, researchers are studying the genome, the complete set of genes that make up our hereditary information and account for how we develop, look and behave. armed with this information about donors and recipients, doctors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5441068449914758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:617b7b22-fd62-46a2-8aaf-fdf131403d44>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.492010"}
{"text": "unlike his predecessors john campbell and john elliot, was hostile to catholicism. ewer \u2019 s request in 1790 to construct a chapel at ferryland was rejected summarily, with milbanke using the occasion to threaten the restriction of church activities. the situation remained perilous until the arrival the next year of chief judge john reeves, who was able to assure o \u2019 donel that the catholic church in newfoundland would not be harassed by the local authorities. the danger of persecution removed, ewer was free to attend to the needs of a large parish. in 1791 o \u2019 donel sought an irish - speaking priest for the trepassey \u2013 st mary \u2019 s section, but without success, and ferryland continued to include \u201c near 2, 500 people... in ten different harbours in the space of about seventy miles. \u201d by 1796 ewer had completed an elegant chapel and house at ferryland, built largely at his own expense. at bay bulls he had much success in bringing anglicans to roman catholicism. in fact, so strongly catholic did the entire district become that in 1796 the anglican clergyman, samuel cole ( with whom ewer was on good terms ), had to leave ferryland for lack of support. in 1806 ewer exchanged parishes with father ambrose fitzpatrick, moving from ferryland to harbour grace ( where he had temporarily served in 1800 ). there, too, ewer showed himself to be an enterprising pastor. he is regarded as the founder, in 1814, of the harbour grace benevolent irish society, a charitable association. in his time chapels were built throughout the parish \u2013 at bay de verde, port de grave, carbonear, harbour main, northern bay, cupids, and brigus. the assistance of able curates from 1817 onwards, notably nicholas devereux from 1819 to 1830 and dennis makin from 1822 to 1832, meant that better service could be provided. liberally supported, in the 1820s ewer spent over \u00a35, 000 in erecting at harbour grace a new house and a magnificent wooden church, probably then the colony \u2019 s largest building. no religious strife disturbed the area ; indeed lewis amadeus anspach, the church of england rector, once wrote that \u201c no part of the world could possibly enjoy a greater degree of peace and tranquility. \u201d in 1796 o \u2019 donel had become newfoundland \u2019 s first bishop and vicar apostolic. ewer, previously vice prefect, thereupon became vicar general, an appointment he held until his death. he thus administered the vicariate ( usually from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4073767501488292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01e28dad-e59c-4648-bd7b-758ad5607763>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.501702"}
{"text": ". \u201d in 1796 o \u2019 donel had become newfoundland \u2019 s first bishop and vicar apostolic. ewer, previously vice prefect, thereupon became vicar general, an appointment he held until his death. he thus administered the vicariate ( usually from st john \u2019 s ) during several prolonged absences of the bishops, notably in 179697, 1811 \u2013 12, 1815 \u2013 16, and 1823 \u2013 24. in this role ewer handled the final negotiations with government in 1811 for a cemetery in st john \u2019 s, the first grant of public land to the catholic church in newfoundland. similarly, in 1823 \u2013 24 he shouldered much of the responsibility for organizing opposition to proposed marriage legislation [ see thomas scallan ]. ewer actively supported various educational projects. in 1812 he was a leading proponent of a non - denominational sunday school in st john \u2019 s for poor children. he personally founded a school at harbour grace in 1814 and for 12 years supported it from his own pocket. in 1826 he had this school put on a more permanent footing as st patrick \u2019 s free school, wherein there was to be \u201c no distinction of clime, country or creed, \u201d with clergy of all denominations invited to care for their own charges. ewer \u2019 s great dream was to see a local seminary for the training of priests, to him an essential need if newfoundland was to have a sufficient and stable clergy. he initiated such a project in 1817 but had to abandon it, probably because of the poverty of the times. ( his will, however, provided a major bequest for the education of priests for newfoundland. ) by 1830 ewer \u2019 s health was faltering, and three years later he died after a short, though painful, illness. his 44 years in newfoundland had witnessed roman catholicism \u2019 s growth from the religion of a barely tolerated minority to that of a powerful and well - organized majority. ewer was an intelligent, effective, and dedicated church leader, who made his own substantial contribution to this progress, all the while retaining universal respect. an obituary spoke of his greatest quality as \u201c the boundless benevolence of a truly catholic spirit. \u201d it was an apt summation. aaq, 210 a, i : 8 ; 30 cn, i. arch. of the archdiocese of dublin, troy papers, i \u2013 iii. arch. of the archdiocese of st john \u2019 s, fleming papers ; o \u2019 donel papers ; scallan papers. archivio della propaganda fide ( rome ), scritture rifer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35327384059675127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01e28dad-e59c-4648-bd7b-758ad5607763>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.502815"}
{"text": "of dublin, troy papers, i \u2013 iii. arch. of the archdiocese of st john \u2019 s, fleming papers ; o \u2019 donel papers ; scallan papers. archivio della propaganda fide ( rome ), scritture riferite nei congressi, america antille, 2 ( 1761 \u2013 89 ) \u2013 3 ( 1790 \u2013 1819 ). cathedral of the immaculate conception ( harbour grace, nfld. ), reg. of baptisms. pro, adm 80 / 121 ; co 194 / 46, 194 / 49, 194 / 67, 194 / 78. uspg, c / can / nfl., 1 \u2013 3 ; x 145. m. a. fleming, relazione della missione cattolica in terranuova nell \u2019 america settentrionale... ( rome, 1837 ). patrick morris, remarks on the state of society, religion, morals, and education at newfoundland... ( london, 1827 ). newfoundlander ( st john \u2019 s ), 28 oct. 1829, 14 feb. 1833. newfoundland indicator ( st john \u2019 s ), 17 feb., 18 may 1844. newfoundland mercantile journal, 4 april 1822, 3 nov. 1825, 6 july 1826. public ledger, 8 feb., 1 march 1833. centenary volume, benevolent irish society of st. john \u2019 s, newfoundland, 1806 \u2013 1906 ( cork, [ republic of ire., 1906? ] ). george conroy, \u201c the first bishop of newfoundland, \u201d in his occasional sermons, addresses, and essays ( dublin, 1884 ), 315 \u2013 27. m. f. howley, ecclesiastical history of newfoundland ( boston, 1888 ; repr. belleville, ont., 1979 ). \u201c the old graveyards of st. john \u2019 s, \u201d the book of newfoundland, ed. j. r. smallwood ( 6v., st john \u2019 s, 1937 \u2013 75 ), 5 : 108 \u2013 10. philip o \u2019 connell, \u201c dr. james louis o \u2019 donnell ( 1737 \u2013 1811 ), first bishop of newfoundland, \u201d irish ecclesiastical record ( dublin ), 103 ( 1965 ) : 308 \u2013 24. europe, europe - - republic of ireland, north america, north america - - canada, north america - - canada - - newfoundland and labrador, north america - - canada - - newfoundland and labrador - - newfoundland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3898381587436336, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01e28dad-e59c-4648-bd7b-758ad5607763>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.503808"}
{"text": "best known for mother teresa was the founder of the order of the missionaries of charity, a roman catholic congregation of women dedicated to helping the poor. after receiving a message from god, mother teresa gave her life to the poor. a man who changed the course of the future of india with his ideas of non violence and political and religious peace was unfortunately shot in his prime. mahatma gandhi was known for leading india in their independence from the british. learn about his fight for freedom through nonviolent actions. discover some of mahatma gandhi ' s most famous quotes. think you know about biography? answer questions and see how you rank against other players. play now as was the custom for loreto nuns, she took on the title of \" mother \" upon making her final vows and thus became known as mother teresa. mother teresa continued to teach at saint mary ' s, and in 1944 she became the school ' s principal. through her kindness, generosity and unfailing commitment to her students ' education, she sought to lead them to a life of devotion to christ. \" give me the strength to be ever the light of their lives, so that i may lead them at last to you, \" she wrote in prayer. however, on september 10, 1946, mother teresa experienced a second calling that would forever transform her life. she was riding a train from calcutta to the himalayan foothills for a retreat when christ spoke to her and told her to abandon teaching to work in the slums of calcutta aiding the city ' s poorest and sickest people. \" i want indian nuns, missionaries of charity, who would be my fire of love amongst the poor, the sick, the dying and the little children, \" she heard christ say to her on the train that day. \" you are i know the most incapable person - - weak and sinful but just because you are that - - i want to use you for my glory. wilt thou refuse? \" since mother teresa had taken a vow of obedience, she could not leave her convent without official permission. after nearly a year and a half of lobbying, in january 1948 she finally received approval from the local archbishop ferdinand perier to pursue this new calling. that august, wearing the blue and white sari that she would always wear in public for the rest of her life, she left the loreto convent and wandered out into the city. after six months of basic medical training, she voyaged for the first time into calcutta ' s slums with no more specific goal than to aid \" the unwanted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41056713498043385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:651934b0-e571-4350-8868-c5033f01dbba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.507838"}
{"text": "rest of her life, she left the loreto convent and wandered out into the city. after six months of basic medical training, she voyaged for the first time into calcutta ' s slums with no more specific goal than to aid \" the unwanted, the unloved, the uncared for. \" mother teresa quickly translated this somewhat vague calling into concrete actions to help the city ' s poor. she began an open - air school and established a home for the dying destitute in a dilapidated building she convinced the city government to donate to her cause. in october 1950, she won canonical recognition for a new congregation, the missionaries of charity, which she founded with only 12 members - - most of them former teachers or pupils from st. mary ' s school. as the ranks of her congregation swelled and donations poured in from around india and across the globe, the scope of mother teresa ' s charitable activities expanded exponentially. over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, she established a leper colony, an orphanage, a nursing home, a family clinic and a string of mobile health clinics. in february 1965, pope john paul vi bestowed the decree of praise upon the missionaries of charity, which prompted mother teresa to begin expanding internationally. by the time of her death in 1997, the missionaries of charity numbered over 4, 000 - - in addition to thousands more lay volunteers - - with 610 foundations in 123 countries on all seven continents. profile name : mother teresa profile occupation : sign in with facebook to see how you and your friends are connected to famous icons. your friends ' connections included in these groups when swedish industrialist alfred nobel died in 1896, he left his fortune to create an annual series of prizes for the individuals who confer \" the greatest benefit on mankind. \" the most prestigious of the awards is the nobel peace prize. historians believe alfred nobel wanted to award people who work for peace to compensate for his own role in inventing dynamite. since its establishment, the prize has gone to many courageous individuals who have fought for peace and human rights around the world. nobel peace prize winners 44 people in this group famous virgoans 564 people in this group famous nuns 9 people in this group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41067212927128544, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:651934b0-e571-4350-8868-c5033f01dbba>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.508820"}
{"text": "evaluating the relationship between physical activity, diet, weight, and the neighborhood environment for adolescents many teenagers have unhealthy eating habits and do not get enough physical activity. this study will examine whether the neighborhood in which a teenager lives affects his / her quality of life, physical activity levels, and eating habits. obesity is an increasingly important health problem in the united states, particularly among adolescents. previous studies among adults have shown that people who live in neighborhoods with good \" walkability \" and recreational environments have increased physical activity levels, and some studies have suggested that there is a relationship between the neighborhood food environment and eating patterns. while these concepts have been studied in adults, more research is needed on the effect of the neighborhood environment on adolescents. in this study, adolescents who live in select neighborhoods in seattle - king county, wa and baltimore - washington, dc will be enrolled. forty - eight neighborhoods in these areas will be studied, with researchers taking into account the neighborhoods ' walkability levels ( e. g., combination of street connectivity, residential density, land use mix, retail floor area ratio ) and median income levels. study researchers will examine and create formulas to measure walkability, pedestrian infrastructure, public recreation space, and nutrition environment quality. researchers will also examine crime and weather patterns ; psychosocial variables ; parent support ; and perceived neighborhood, school, and home environments. overall, this study will evaluate the ability of a research model to explain the variation in physical activity levels, sedentary behavior, dietary patterns, and weight among adolescents, with an emphasis on neighborhood environment. there will be no study visits for this study : participation will take place entirely through the mail, phone, or internet. participants will include adolescents between the ages of 12 and 16 years old and their parents, all of whom live in the identified study neighborhoods. at the time of study entry, adolescents will complete a questionnaire on neighborhood and safety issues, diet, physical activity habits and places where activity occurs, grades, school policies and parental rules that affect physical activity and eating, and the support they get from people regarding healthy eating and physical activity. one parent of each adolescent will also complete a neighborhood information questionnaire. adolescents will measure their height, weight, and waist circumference and send the measurements to study staff along with the questionnaire. next, a 4 - week period, study staff will call adolescents on three random days and collect information on their diet in the previous 24 hours. during this period, adolescents will wear an activity meter and a gps monitor for 7 consecutive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49515651219181234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac3104be-bc5b-472d-9013-57be2261f9d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.513984"}
{"text": "the questionnaire. next, a 4 - week period, study staff will call adolescents on three random days and collect information on their diet in the previous 24 hours. during this period, adolescents will wear an activity meter and a gps monitor for 7 consecutive days and will mail the devices to study staff for analysis. observational model : ecologic or community, time perspective : prospective san diego state university foundation national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) results ( where available ) - source : http : / / clinicaltrials. gov / show / nct00608036 - information obtained from clinicaltrials. gov on july 15, 2010 medical and biotech [ mesh ] definitions a condition of having excess fat in the abdomen. abdominal obesity is typically defined as waist circumferences of 40 inches or more in men and 35 inches or more in women. abdominal obesity raises the risk of developing disorders, such as diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome x. the condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life - threatening disorders. in the body mass index, morbid obesity is defined as having a bmi greater than 40. 0 kg / m2. agents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and chemical regulation. beta - adrenergic agents and serotoninergic drugs have been experimentally used in patients with non - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( niddm ) to treat obesity. a status with body weight that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess fats in the body. the standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. in the body mass index, a bmi greater than 30. 0 kg / m2 is considered obese, and a bmi greater than 40. 0 kg / m2 is considered morbidly obese ( morbid obesity ). the discipline concerned with weight reduction in patients with obesity. the purpose of this project is to establish a center of excellence in research on obesity that will focus on severe obesity. the prevalence of severe obesity ( i. e., class 2 and 3 obesity ;... the objective of this study is to test and evaluate the effectiveness of a parent - only treatment for childhood obesity. this study provides state - of - the - art treatment for childhood obesit... the purpose of this study is to design and demonstrate the feasibility of implementing moderate and intensive environmental obesity prevention programs at major worksites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5216388672129685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac3104be-bc5b-472d-9013-57be2261f9d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.516090"}
{"text": "- only treatment for childhood obesity. this study provides state - of - the - art treatment for childhood obesit... the purpose of this study is to design and demonstrate the feasibility of implementing moderate and intensive environmental obesity prevention programs at major worksites. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a culturally - appropriate childhood obesity intervention with hispanic families. the program aims at preventing childhood obesity b... the purpose of this study is to explore the pathogenesis and genetic susceptibility of obese subjects, providing a convincing argument for further treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrom... obesity is one of the main health problems in the world with high societal and individual costs. to tackle the obesity epidemic, we need to collaborate across scientific boarders to fundamentally broa... objective : to explore the relationship between severity of obesity at age 7 and age 15, age at onset of obesity, and parental body mass index ( bmi ) in obese children and adolescents. design : longitudinal... obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the united states, and obesity - related illnesses have become a leading preventable cause of death. childhood obesity is also growing in frequency, and the i... the interactions between obesity and infectious diseases have recently received increasing recognition as emerging data have indicated an association between obesity and poor outcome in pandemic h1n1...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46938180431702037, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac3104be-bc5b-472d-9013-57be2261f9d3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.516952"}
{"text": "the acoustic search in the field aru mounted on a tree ( left ) with its battery ( right ). photo by chris tessaglia - hymes to search for acoustic evidence for ivory - billed woodpeckers in arkansas and other states within the historical range, we record ambient sounds using autonomous recording units ( arus ). arus are programmable, battery - operated digital audio recorders developed by the cornell lab of ornithology \u2019 s bioacoustics research program. each aru contains a microprocessor, 12 - bit analog - to - digital converter, an omnidirectional microphone, preamplifier and signal conditioning circuitry, and a hard disk for storing audio data. these components are packaged in a cylindrical pvc housing, and attached to tree trunks two to three meters above the ground or water surface. arus are typically deployed for periods of two to four weeks. aru in arkansas. photo by chris tessaglia - hymes arus are programmed to record for two four - hour periods each day, the first beginning 30 to 45 minutes before sunrise, the second ending 30 to 45 minutes after sunset. the range at which an aru could detect sounds of an ivory - billed woodpecker is unknown, because there are no data available on the volume of kent calls or double knocks. we estimate, however, that these signals would be detectable by arus up to distances of approximately 200 meters. we select recording sites based on habitat quality, locations of previous ivory - billed woodpecker sighting reports, and presence of possible ivory - bill roost / nest cavities and feeding signs. reviewing and analyzing the sounds since the start of large - scale acoustic search efforts in 2004, our protocols for reviewing and evaluating aru recordings have evolved in order to provide more consistent and informative evaluations of ivory - bill - like sounds. our current protocol is summarized here. to find sounds similar to those of ivory - billed woodpeckers in the aru recordings, we use a multi - step process : 1. automated screening by computer : the digital recordings are scanned by software that detects sounds similar to known vocalizations of ivory - billed woodpeckers ( from the 1935 allen - kellogg recording ), and to double - knocks from other campephilus woodpeckers. 2. initial human screening : an acoustic analyst reviews all of the computer \u2019 s detections. most of the sounds flagged by the computer are easily discarded at this stage as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47931142106373836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77b0bbf8-c845-462a-bae9-2a7692b39098>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.521453"}
{"text": "to double - knocks from other campephilus woodpeckers. 2. initial human screening : an acoustic analyst reviews all of the computer \u2019 s detections. most of the sounds flagged by the computer are easily discarded at this stage as not being similar enough to ivory - bill sounds to warrant further attention. the computer flags many \u201c false alarm \u201d events because we adjust the software to be very sensitive, reducing the chance that a real ivory - bill call might be missed. sounds that pass this stage are forwarded to the next stage of review. 3. expert panel review : a panel of three or more experts ( outside of the acoustic analysis team ) reviews all of the sounds that pass stage two. the expert panel categorizes each sound as \u201c implausible \u201d or \u201c plausible. \u201d \u201c plausible \u201d events are further categorized depending on whether a potential alternate source is identified, and if that alternate source is positively identified elsewhere on the deployment. sounds categorized as \u201c implausible \u201d are either positively identified as an alternate source, or are deemed to be too different than an ivory - bill. plausible categories are : - p1 : plausible ivory - billed woodpecker, no likely alternative known - p2 : plausible ivory - billed woodpecker, alternate possibility identified but not present in recording - p3 : plausible ivory - billed woodpecker, alternate possibility identified and present - p4 : insufficient signal for full analysis \u201c plausible \u201d sounds are scored on various criteria, receiving a point for each positive response to one of several questions. a higher score indicates a greater likelihood that the sound originated from an ivory - billed woodpecker. scoring criteria for vocalizations : 1. is the harmonic interval between 580 and 780 hz? 2. is harmonic emphasis appropriate? 3. is the event part of a biologically appropriate series? 4. is there a temporal context or co - occurrence with other events of interest on the same day? 5. is there a clear temporal context or co - occurrence with other events of interest across days? scoring criteria for double - knocks : 1. is the inter - knock interval between 60 and 120 milliseconds? 2. is sound resonant and woody? 3. is there an absence of confounding woodpeckers? 4. is the event part of a biologically appropriate series? 5. is there a clear temporal context or co - occurrence with other events of interest on the same day? 6. is there a clear temporal context or co - occurrence with other events of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5029899284528652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77b0bbf8-c845-462a-bae9-2a7692b39098>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.522591"}
{"text": "a blooming success discover why your plants are not flowering. by melinda myers, contributing editor \" my lilacs didn ' t bloom this year. i pruned them, fertilized and did everything right. can you help? \" this is just one of the many blooming mysteries i am asked to solve each year. unfortunately, there is no single, easy solution. the cause for non - blooming plants can be anything from improper care and unsuitable growing conditions to the weather. so before you give up on your garden, let ' s unravel the mystery behind why some of our favorite plants fail to bloom. it might be an easier fix than you think. timing is everything i ' ll start with lilacs ( pictured at right ), since they are one of the most common non - bloomers. like forsythia, bridal wreath, spirea and other spring flowering shrubs, lilacs set their flower buds in late summer. so if you prune these plants after the buds are set - from summer through the next bloom time \u2014 it will eliminate the spring flowers. if you do need to prune, you should do so right after the plant has flowered. if pruning is not the problem for your shrubs, then take a look at the winter weather conditions. many plants like forsythia ( below right ) or oriental wisterias fail to bloom after a cold winter. while we can ' t control the weather, we can select plants with flower buds that are more likely to survive winter. there are many to choose from. the university of minnesota landscape arboretum has introduced many cold - hardy plants, including meadowlark forsythia and minnesota snowflake mockorange. if you live in zones 4 to 5 and are looking for wisteria, try the kentucky cultivar ( wisteria macrostachya ). unlike its oriental cousins, this wisteria has shorter, 12 - inch blooms that appear with the leaves. it ' s not as impressive as a japanese wisteria in bloom, but it ' s certainly better than no blooms at all. southern gardeners have the opposite problem with weather. plants in warmer zones may not have blooms due to a lack of cold. certain plants like lilacs and spring - flowering bulbs need a cold period to set flowers. if this affects you, look for varieties that set blooms in your region, or buy precooled bulbs and flowering plants suited to your mild climate. late - spring cold snaps can interfere with some flowering plants. though they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4155842635463717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1700d16c-e5b6-42b1-858c-f0c57a8af285>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.526772"}
{"text": "to set flowers. if this affects you, look for varieties that set blooms in your region, or buy precooled bulbs and flowering plants suited to your mild climate. late - spring cold snaps can interfere with some flowering plants. though they are cold hardy when dormant, the flower buds are subject to frost damage as the protective bud scales separate, exposing the tender petals. some early - spring blossoms are damaged by the cold, while others never expand beyond the swollen bud stage. older and wiser another reason a plant might lack blossoms is from a lack of maturity. flowering is part of the reproductive process in plants, and they need to reach maturity to reproduce. for annuals, this happens in the first year. for biennials and most perennials, flowers emerge in the second year. and for trees and shrubs, it could be years. most nut trees don ' t blossom and produce fruit until they are 15 years old or more. standard apple trees are usually 6 or 7 years old before they begin to flower. landscape plants like wisteria and trumpet vine may take as many as 7 years to reach a flowering stage. in these cases, all you can do is be patient. excess fertilization can also interfere with flowering. for example, trumpet vines love nitrogen and will steal it from any source their roots can reach. this overindulgence leads to large plants that are covered with leaves but lack blooms. avoid high - nitrogen fertilizer near these plants. and if that doesn ' t work, try giving your trumpet vine a little root pruning. don ' t overdo it \u2014 that can cause your plant to die \u2014 but a little can help encourage flowering. a lack of other nutrients, such as phosphorous, can also result in a lack of blooms. this nutrient encourages root growth, flowering and fruiting. but don ' t reach for the fertilizer until you get your soil tested. many soils are already high in phosphorous, and adding more can be harmful to the plant and the environment as well. sunlight can also interfere with flowering, so make sure your plants have proper growing conditions. check the label or ask your local extension service to match the right plant to your growing conditions. next time you need to solve a blooming mystery, take a few clues from your growing environment and gardening practices. you might be surprised to find that the answer is likely within your reach!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4094998878613254, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1700d16c-e5b6-42b1-858c-f0c57a8af285>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.527689"}
{"text": "trading standards - product safety trading standards is responsible for enforcing the laws relating to the safety of goods we buy in the shops. we conduct surveys on particular product categories throughout the year. we also respond to complaints brought to us by members of the public. we may arrange for products to be tested in a laboratory to see if they comply with safety standards. if they don ' t, we can bring this to the attention of the manufacturer and may even bring a prosecution in serious cases. where we find unsafe goods on sale officers have the power to seize them and remove them from sale. advice is given to local producers and importers on safety matters. examples of common safety problems are : - sharp edges or points on toys - toys with small detachable parts which could choke - badly designed or constructed electrical items - toys with toxic metals such as lead in the paint if you have a problem, which you believe could be a safety issue, it is important to bring it to our attention. you can do this by letter, telephone, fax, or e - mail. it will be helpful, but not essential, to retain any packaging, instructions, receipt and other relevant information. if you have any queries, or would like to make a complaint you can contact the citizens advice consumer helpline on 08454 04 05 06 or visit www. adviceguide. org. uk if you are buying toys as presents for children, the royal society for the prevention of accidents has some useful advice. - only buy toys from recognised outlets and take extra care buying from car boots or jumble sales. - look out for the ce symbol and the british toy and hobby association ' lion mark ' and details of who made the toy and where. - check the age range and make sure it is suitable for the reipient. take extra care with toys for children under three years, who are most at risk of choking. - watch out for young children playing with older children ' s toys. - look at the toy and check for loose hair, small parts, sharp edges and points. - make sure that garden swings and slides are robust and secure and are not a strangulation hazard. - check toys regularly for wear and tear and repair or dispose of them when necessary. - keep area where children play tidy and hazard free. - follow the instrucutions and warnings provided with toys. - supervise young children at play. for more information on age restricted products visit underage sales. copyright : copyright restricted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46715094199047474, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2e81b60-3dec-43b6-8380-6fe0ef167ec5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.530406"}
{"text": "sources of timing error can be many and varied. they can be constant, variable or even transient. there is little doubt that timing errors are present in virtually all computer - based studies to some degree. only studies that have been calibrated using an oscilloscope and signal generator are likely to be near error free. when the same paradigm is run on different hardware ( which includes presentation and response device ), there will be a difference in the timing error. such differences can make replication difficult and can in some cases lead to conditional bias that can affect statistical significance. even if you make use of a commercial experiment generator, you should self - validate your own timing as a matter of course. in our opinion, the only tool to allow you to do this quickly and easily is the black box toolkit. to illustrate the point three examples of timing error are given below. example 1 : how choice of mouse may effect response timing in psychological studies using a digital oscilloscope and signal generator, we tested a range of computer mice ( across various interfaces ), a typical keyboard and commercial response box from pst. each device was tested independently of the pc. we found a huge variation in timing characteristics. for example, there was some 60 milliseconds difference between the best and worst performing mouse - simply this is the timing error that would be added to each response time if you used this mouse. in addition its timing was highly variable. we then ran a simple e - prime paradigm that enabled us to make use of each response device in turn. it was found that the prediction made using the signal generator and oscilloscope held for e - prime. simply response timings were slowed by the timing characteristics of the particular device. the graph below show the timing error in e - prime responses when tested using a rig similar to the bbtk. the upper track is the worst mouse. note the absolute difference and the variability. the middle track is a standard keyboard. the consistent 10ms track is the best performing mouse. the fastest device is the pst deluxe response box for e - prime. the key thing to take away is hardware variation can add a significant effect to experimental results regardless of how good the script of paradigm is! for a full report see : plant, r. r., hammond, n. v. and whitehouse t. ( 2003 ), how choice of mouse may effect response timing in psychological studies, behavior research methods, instruments and computers 35 ( 2 ), 276 - 284. example 2 : cross mod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49344932177516043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73397646-e14a-4f1a-b7e7-570e12cb40e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.537545"}
{"text": "., hammond, n. v. and whitehouse t. ( 2003 ), how choice of mouse may effect response timing in psychological studies, behavior research methods, instruments and computers 35 ( 2 ), 276 - 284. example 2 : cross modal priming using psyscope on a mac with an external cmu button box we examined an active researcher ' s cross - modal priming study in - situ using kit similar to the bbtk. their paradigm ran on a mac using psyscope together with a cmu button box for timing and response measurement. in this study a human participant ' s task to press a left or right button when responding to either a left or right star or left or right tone. stars to tone were either : concurrent ( 0ms lag ), 50ms lag or 100ms lag. tones did not have to appear on all trials. we assessed presentation onset and duration accuracy, synchrony between tones and visual stimuli, tone duration and the accuracy of response registration. we also examined whether using the cmu box for timing made any difference over the internal timers. when bench marking this paradigm we used three fibre optics stuck to the screen of the mac. two high performance microphones and one switch closure line to simulate a response. we programmed dscar to simulate a response after 300ms after detecting a star. 300ms was about average human performance under that paradigm. we found the the actual presentation of the stars was very accurate in terms of duration. audio duration was slightly longer than desired at around 215ms rather than 200ms. the synchronization error between the tone and star was reasonably good at + 6ms. however when we looked at the trials where audio was involved there was a consistent + 20ms added to the response time measured by psyscope as compared with trials with no audio. this was a significant systematic conditional bias. in this case the experimenter had the opportunity to correct the response timing post - hoc for trials involving audio as the error was consistent. however before we checked the paradigm this was unknown and adding a significant conditional bias which was effecting the results obtained. example 3 : using tft screens and data projectors versus crts using a digital oscilloscope and simple visual presentation paradigm written in e - prime we evaluated the contribution made to display timing by use of different display devices. we tested a range of tfts, a data projector and a standard 19 \" crt running at 100hz ( 10ms screen redraw )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5571902316255348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73397646-e14a-4f1a-b7e7-570e12cb40e9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.538653"}
{"text": "- prime we evaluated the contribution made to display timing by use of different display devices. we tested a range of tfts, a data projector and a standard 19 \" crt running at 100hz ( 10ms screen redraw ). the e - prime paradigm simply wrote an lpt port out signal for 100ms ( upper track ), then displayed a bitmap for 100ms and then a black screen for 100ms. we calibrated the paradigm so that the image was displayed for exactly 100ms on the crt. then we proceeded to swap through a range of tft screens with various interface types ( dvi or analog d - sub ). finally we tested a sanyo data projector. typically we found that all tfts were slower to begin to display the image by around 40 + ms and that they were slower to stop displaying the image. we also noted that images typically were displayed for 20 - 30ms longer than they should have been. below we can see a trace for a typical tft : - a : time from port out signal to start of display - b : warm - up time for display - c : cool down time for for display - d : total display time note : b + c should equal the panels response time in milliseconds. more crucially we found that the warm - up time for the projector was very slow at around 100ms and that again display time was longer than desired. this suggests that if display accuracy and synchronicity is crucial to your paradigm then you should either use a crt or check the timing. for example with the black box toolkit you could use a data projector if you started the visual presentation some 100ms earlier than a sound stimulus and made the display time some 40ms shorter. then the display would be exactly 100ms and it would be synchronised with the audio presentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49512370841371317, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73397646-e14a-4f1a-b7e7-570e12cb40e9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.539508"}
{"text": "bible meditation : \u201c jehoram was thirty - two years old when he became king and reigned for eight years in jerusalem. there were no tears shed when he died - it was good riddance! 2 chronicles 21 : 20 ( the message bible ) devotional thought : this text focuses on a king of judah whose life meant so little to the people around him that no one mourned him when he died. the primary focus is on king jehoram of judah who was, by all definitions, a vicious man who killed his brothers when he became king. he was extremely cruel, insensitive, ruthless and murderous. he cared little for others and only about perpetuating himself. he is described as a king who walked in the way of the house of ahab, that idolatrous bloody house ; for he had the daughter of ahab as a wife. after jehoram became king he was attacked by many of the nation \u2019 s surrounding him and because of a lack of coalitions and friendships in the community of nations, was regularly invaded and he lost much of possessions and territories. the resources of the nation were depleted frequently and the people quickly grew to dislike him. 2 chronicles 21 : 6 gives jehoram this short and tragic epitaph, \" he did evil in the sight of the lord. \" his reign was so evil, self - serving and narcissistic that the prophet elijah sent him a letter just before his assent to heaven in a chariot, denouncing him prophesying that god would punish him with a disease that would kill him. the prophesy was fulfilled and king jehoram died. no one missed him when he died. the text declared that he \" departed without being desired \" ( kjv ). he was not even given a respectable king ' s burial. action point : how important are you to the life of your family? your church? your community? our importance is measured in relationship to the service that we render to others ; if we are disconnected, live for ourselves and care little about the welfare of those around us, then our existence is of little importance to anyone. if we cease to connect only a few would notice ; some would exclaim, \" is he still around ; i thought she had moved out of town. \" i \u2019 m reminded of story of a man who had a conversation with his friend and said that his oldest brother had died. his friend expressed surprise and apologized because he had not heard. the man said, \" don ' t be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3961749511969989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d66a3910-6495-4b28-9658-6544b0e195c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.543564"}
{"text": "of town. \" i \u2019 m reminded of story of a man who had a conversation with his friend and said that his oldest brother had died. his friend expressed surprise and apologized because he had not heard. the man said, \" don ' t be sorry. we didn ' t announce to anybody, nobody came to his funeral, nobody cared about him because he didn ' t care about anybody. \" it ' s unsettling, but it is true ; there are some who care little about others and others care less about them. there are some who are missed when they are absent, but not fondly missed. the student in the class that disrupts it every day is missed when he ' s absent, but not fondly missed. the heckler in the crowd that follows a speaker from one appearance to another, is missed when he ' s absent, but not fondly missed. the church hell raiser who raises hell about everything is missed when he or she is absent from a business meeting, but not fondly missed. gossips, backbiters and haters are missed when they are not around, but not fondly missed. we are important to our families and extended community when our relationship renders a noticeable benefit that is recognized and acknowledged. that ' s the key to being fondly missed : relate to others in such a way that your presence is deemed beneficial and necessary. it ' s the kind of service that elicits the words, \" we sure do miss her \" or \" what are we going to do without him? \" what if god didn ' t show up for us one day this week? what would we do? would he be missed? would we miss his protection? would we miss his blessing? would we missed the inspiration we get from him? what ' s the flip side? do we praise god enough for him to miss us? do we give enough for him to notice if we don ' t? do we serve others in his name in a way that would noticeable if we stopped? our objective should be to live lives that matter to god, our families and the community around us. the crossing guard who smiles every morning and cheers the children, will be missed. the teacher who inspires children to learn more, will be missed. the church member who renders service in one ministry or another, will be missed. what we do for god and others does not have to be big, but it must be enough to matter to someone, to register on the goodwill meter. as christians, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46507641824513324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d66a3910-6495-4b28-9658-6544b0e195c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.544520"}
{"text": "\u201c no one blames you, my son, \u201d said the admiral, more touched than he had been for a long time. \u201c be not so full of sorrow for what cannot be helped. the wild people are friendly, the land is kind, and when we have sailed back to spain with our news there will be no difficulty in returning with as many ships as we may need. nay, i will not leave thee here, pedro. i think that now i could not do without thee. \u201d the name of columbus took various forms according to the country in which he lived. in his native genoa it would be cristofero colombo. in portugal, where he dwelt for many years, it would be cristobal colombo, and in spanish christoval or cristobal colon. in latin, which was the common language of all learned men until comparatively recent times, the name took the form christopherus columbus, which has become in modern english christopher columbus. in each story the discoverer is spoken of as he would have been spoken of by the characters in that particular story. in this thy world, o blessed i live but for thy will, to serve thy cause and drive thy foes before thy banner still. in rich and stately palaces i have my board and bed, but thou didst tread the wilderness unsheltered and unfed. my gallant squadrons ride the undiscover \u2019 d sea, but thou hadst but a fishing - boat on windy galilee. in valiant hosts my men - at - arms eager to battle go, but thou hadst not a single blade to fend thee from the foe. great store of pearls and my bold seafarers bring, but thou hadst not a little coin to pay for thy lodging. the trust that thou hast placed o may i not betray, nor fail to save thy people from the fires of judgment day! be strong and stern, o heart, stay not, o woman \u2019 s hand, till by this cross i bear for thee i have made clean thy land! the man who could not die \u201c nombre de san martin! who is that up there like a cat? \u201d \u201c un gato! cucarucha en palo! \u201d \u201c if alonso de ojeda hears of your calling him a cockroach on a mast, he will grind your ribs to a paste with a cudgel ( os moliesen las costillas a puros palos )! \u201d observed a pale, sharp - faced lad in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41096698741017557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee31e4cc-087e-4132-9249-1d5017885f96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.549587"}
{"text": "mid - book test ( up to part one, stopping the world : chapter 11, the mood of a warrior ) | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this test consists of 5 multiple choice, 5 short answer, and 10 short essay questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. don juan tells castaneda not to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in fear, though castaneda is very afraid as he travels to make himself accessible to power. 2. the place of power is not a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, so there are no bones buried there as castaneda guesses might be. a ) ritual space 3. what does don juan give to castaneda when he begins to drink his water, saying it will quench his thirst? 4. when don juan and castaneda go to a certain place... this section contains 910 words | ( approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45255039191698937, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41904cfa-f668-44a1-a2a9-e004760d15e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.550783"}
{"text": "shijiarticle free pass shiji, ( chinese : \u201c historical records \u201d ) wade - giles romanization shih - chi, early history of china written about 85 bce by sima qian. a two - volume english translation, records of the grand historian of china, was published in 1961. a masterpiece that took 18 years to produce, the shiji deals with major events and personalities of about 2, 000 years ( down to the author \u2019 s time ), comprising 130 chapters and totaling more than 520, 000 words. the shiji not only was the first general history of its kind attempted in china, but it also set a pattern in organization for dynastic histories of subsequent ages. an artist as well as a historian, sima qian succeeded in making events and personalities of the past into living realities for his readers ; his biographies subsequently became models for authors of both fiction and history. sima qian organized the events of the past into a new five - part plan. the \u201c basic annals \u201d gives a dated chronological outline centred on events at the court considered to have been the paramount power at the time. the succeeding section consists of chronological tables that elucidate the history of the various independent feudal kingdoms and enable the reader to see at a glance what was happening in each of the states at any given time. the detailed accounts of each state are given in chapters titled \u201c the hereditary houses. \u201d a number of monographs deal with various crucial aspects of government. the work ends with a collection of \u201c biographies \u201d of famous individuals selected as exemplars of various types of conduct and also discusses the affairs of the various foreign peoples, whose existence was becoming increasingly important during the reign of the emperor wudi. what made you want to look up \" shiji \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45013840566598695, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:332acc4c-2bfc-4f74-865b-6b22e3c91557>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.552643"}
{"text": "antanas smetonaarticle free pass antanas smetona, ( born aug. 10, 1874, ukmerge district, lithuania, russian empire \u2014 died jan. 9, 1944, cleveland ), lithuanian statesman and journalist who in 1919 became the first president of lithuania and later returned to power as an authoritarian head of state for the last 13 years of his country \u2019 s independence. after the russian revolution of 1905 broke out, smetona, who had recently graduated from law school ( 1902 ), became editor of the first lithuanian daily newspaper, vilniaus zinios, and of the democratic party \u2019 s organ, lietuvos ukininkas ; he was also elected to the presidium of the vilnius diet, which proclaimed lithuanian autonomy within the russian empire ( 1905 ). although the intensity of political activity declined after the revolution was suppressed, smetona continued his journalistic career, editing the journal viltis ( 1907 \u2013 13 ) and founding vairas ( 1913 ), which later became the organ of the nationalist party. during the german military occupation of the country in world war i, smetona was unanimously elected president ( in september 1917 ) of the lietuvos taryba, or council of lithuania, and, after the taryba proclaimed lithuania \u2019 s independence ( 1918 ), he served as provisional president of the republic ( april 1919 \u2013 june 1920 ). in 1921 he served as chairman of the lithuanian delegation at riga for the settlement of the latvian \u2013 lithuanian boundary dispute. after the military coup d \u2019 etat of dec. 16 \u2013 17, 1926, organized by a right - wing nationalist group and backed by the christian democrats, smetona was again elected president of the lithuanian republic. he was reelected in 1931 and in 1938. on june 15, 1940, when lithuania was occupied by soviet forces, he fled to germany and thence, in march 1941, to the united states. what made you want to look up \" antanas smetona \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3692492773423637, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:555a1dc6-4b31-41d3-860d-a508729776ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.555903"}
{"text": "ricin : control measures overview for clinicians on this page : protecting emergency / first responders - always use standard precautions. - responders should be trained and attired in appropriate personal protective equipment ( ppe ) before entering the incident site ( hot zone ). - if rescuers have not been trained in use of appropriate ppe, call for assistance in accordance with local emergency operational guides. - sources include local hazmat teams, the closest metropolitan strike system ( mmrs ), and the u. s. soldier and biological chemical command ( sbccom ) - edgewood research development and engineering center. - incident commander assigns personal protective equipment ( ppe ) levels based on a hazard assessment and site conditions, including the mechanism of dispersal and whether or not dispersal is continuing. - incident site ( hot zone ) ppe may include : - chemical protective clothing - niosh - approved pressure - demand, self - contained breathing apparatus ( scba cbrn, if available ) is recommended in response to non - routine emergency situations - in other situations, two types of full facepiece, tight - fitting masks may be used : 1 ) powered air purifying respirator ( papr ) with hepa filters ; or 2 ) air purifying respirator ( apr ) with p100 filters - for guidance on selection criteria, see : interim recommendations for the selection and use of protective clothing and respirators against biological agents - eyes should be protected when possible ( full face - piece respirator provides eye protection ) - support zone ( post - decontamination ) - use standard precautions. - ppe disposal : - decontaminate any reusable ppe by thoroughly rinsing with soap and water, soaking in a 0. 1 % sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 minutes, and then rinsing with water and allowing to air dry - dispose single - use ppe hazardous waste. - identify person ( s ) assigned to coordinate communication ( e. g., with medical examiner, investigators, law enforcement ). - identify person ( s ) assigned to managing fatalities ( e. g., to set up temporary morgue, provide security, provide victims \u2019 identities, protect victims \u2019 personal effects, and maintain and protect records ). - heighten awareness of and be suspicious for injuries and exposures beyond a release of ricin ( e. g., another biological or chemical agent, blast injury, and trauma ). - if a ricin release is suspected or known : - determine if evacuation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4444075595798331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:552733a0-65d4-4e20-a456-b05269e1f2ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.566147"}
{"text": "awareness of and be suspicious for injuries and exposures beyond a release of ricin ( e. g., another biological or chemical agent, blast injury, and trauma ). - if a ricin release is suspected or known : - determine if evacuation or \u201c shelter in place \u201d inside a building to avoid further exposure is necessary. - sort victims by urgency, need for stabilization, need for decontamination, number of victims, and healthcare resources. - base triage on walking feasibility, respiratory status, and additional injuries. - category ( priority ) for triage of casualties : - immediate ( priority 1 ) unconscious, talking but not walking, or moderate to severe effects in two or more body organ systems ; seizing, post - ictal, severe respiratory distress, apneic, recent cardiac arrest. - delayed ( priority 2 ) : recovering from agent exposure / improving respiration. - minimal ( priority 3 ) : walking and talking. - expectant ( priority 4 ) : unconscious ; cardiac / respiratory arrest of long duration. - direct ambulatory victim ( s ) from incident site / hot zone to decontamination zone. - shift to doing the most good for the most people when resources are exceeded. - evaluate and support airway, breathing, and circulation. - when assisted ventilation is required, use bag - valve - mask device with canister or air filter, if available. - apply direct pressure to stop bleeding, if present. - remove from incident site / hot zone as quickly as possible. - persons suspected to be contaminated with ricin should receive gross decontamination to the extent possible at the site of release, prior to transport to the hospital, unless medical condition of a victim dictates immediate transport to the hospital. - remove, bag, seal, and dispose of clothes, and wash body. - see healthcare facility management, decontamination / infection control, decontamination. - emergency response personnel, local or state health department representative ( s ) arrange for disposal of clothing. - when responding to victims at agent release site, depending upon timing, duration, and circumstances of exposure ( e. g., suspected / known release, release of another chemical agent or a biological agent, etc ) and availability of resources ( e. g., medical personnel, antidote ) : - identify potentially exposed and evaluate each for evidence of exposure and for ricin poisoning symptoms. - transport exposed persons to a temporary field location, or to a healthcare facility. - notify exposed persons who are not transported to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44059548271513904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:552733a0-65d4-4e20-a456-b05269e1f2ae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.567232"}
{"text": "personnel, antidote ) : - identify potentially exposed and evaluate each for evidence of exposure and for ricin poisoning symptoms. - transport exposed persons to a temporary field location, or to a healthcare facility. - notify exposed persons who are not transported to a healthcare facility of ricin poisoning symptoms, and to seek immediate medical attention if symptoms develop. record names, addresses, and telephone numbers. - be prepared for victim ( s ) who may present to an emergency department without prior warning - direct the emergency department ventilation exhaust away from the hospital \u2019 s main ventilation system to limit distant spread of any airborne biological agent chemical agent contaminant through off - gassing vapor from victims who present to and enter the emergency department. - comply with healthcare facility \u2019 s emergency response plan. - prepare for mass casualties by establishing patient triage, registration, decontamination, treatment, transportation, and stabilization zones / areas for hospital admission ( s ). - perform hazard vulnerability analysis to determine if hospital can manage the anticipated number of victims. - determine if lockdown ( shelter - in - place ) is necessary, and secure area to control access and contain contamination. - prepare for public health surge capacity and cooperate with other healthcare facilities, local, state, and federal authorities when : - it is determined that healthcare facility cannot manage anticipated number of victims. - services expand beyond normal from large scale event. - sort victims by urgency, need for stabilization, need for decontamination ( e. g., simultaneous release of multiple agents ), number of patients, and healthcare resources. - treat, or hold for observation, previously decontaminated patients. - shift to doing the most good for the most people when resources exceeded. - decontaminate persons whose skin or clothing was suspected or known to be exposed to ricin. - if it has not been done at incident site, decontaminate exposed person prior to entry into the healthcare facility, outside the main emergency department ( decontamination area ). - for the comfort of the victim and to improve cooperation, attention should be given to explaining the procedure to the victim, and providing privacy, security of personal belongings, and water at a comfortable temperature, if possible. - remove clothing, as quickly as possible, - any clothing that has to be pulled over the head should be cut off the body instead. - remove jewelry and watches. - double bag and seal contaminated clothing and all personal belongings in plastic bags : - wear gloves, use plastic bag turned inside out, or use tongs or similar objects to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4439058548662732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:552733a0-65d4-4e20-a456-b05269e1f2ae>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.568388"}
{"text": "the head should be cut off the body instead. - remove jewelry and watches. - double bag and seal contaminated clothing and all personal belongings in plastic bags : - wear gloves, use plastic bag turned inside out, or use tongs or similar objects to avoid touching contaminated areas of clothing. - place clothing inside one plastic bag, then seal the bag. - place the sealed bag inside another plastic bag and seal it. - label bag as contaminated and secure it in a safe location until it can be safely disposed. - avoid touching any contaminated areas if assisting an exposed person remove clothing. - prevent droplets from contacting broken skin or mucosal membranes when decontaminating someone or cleaning up body fluids that may contain ricin toxin. airborne dispersal of ricin during decontamination is an unlikely hazard. - rapidly wash off any obvious contamination with soap and copious amounts of water. - shower entire body, including head and hair, with large amounts of liquid soap and warm water, this is the most effective and preferred method for removing remaining hazardous substances from skin. - irrigate exposed eyes with plain water for 10 to 15 minutes : - remove contact lenses if contact lenses are present and are easily removable without additional trauma to eyes. - do not put contact lenses back in eyes, even if they are not disposable contact lenses. - wash eyeglasses with soap and water. - eyeglasses may be put back on after they have been washed. isolation and exposure prevention - use standard precautions. - prior to decontamination, healthcare workers caring for chemically contaminated patients should : - put on full chemical resistant suit with gloves, surgical mask, and eye / face protection such as face shield and goggles. - if a person \u2019 s skin or clothes have been contaminated with ricin, and the victim has not already undergone decontamination, decontaminate the ricin - exposed victim ( s ) before entry into healthcare facility. - during and after decontamination tasks, healthcare personnel should refrain from any hand - to - mouth activities. - after completing decontamination tasks, healthcare personnel should : - carefully remove all ppe, place in sealed plastic bag ( s ) for either decontamination or disposal - perform hand hygiene and shower. - when caring for ricin - exposed victims who do not require decontamination or victim \u2019 s post - decontamination, healthcare workers should follow standard precautions and perform hand hygiene. - standard laboratory precautions should be observed and precautions taken to avoid aero", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46606828199797834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:552733a0-65d4-4e20-a456-b05269e1f2ae>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.569488"}
{"text": "caring for ricin - exposed victims who do not require decontamination or victim \u2019 s post - decontamination, healthcare workers should follow standard precautions and perform hand hygiene. - standard laboratory precautions should be observed and precautions taken to avoid aerosolization and exposure of laboratory personnel ( see ricin : diagnosis and laboratory guidance for clinician ). - aerosol - generating sawing associated with surgery should be avoided. - use standard precautions when handling bodies of ricin - exposed patients who have died. aerosol - generating procedures ( e. g., bone - sawing associated with post - mortem examinations ) should be avoided. - healthcare personnel or laboratory workers sustaining exposure via sharps injury, cuts, or abrasions should immediately wash the exposed site with a soap and water. - potentially exposed healthcare personnel should be advised to remove all ppe carefully, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, refrain from any hand - to - mouth activities, and shower. - when exposure to eyes occurs, flush eyes with copious amounts of water or eye wash solution for at least 15 minutes. - follow standard facility policy regarding workplace exposure. - environmental surfaces or equipment, such as in a transport vehicle ( e. g., ambulance ) can be cleaned with soap and water, then disinfected in a 0. 1 % sodium hypochlorite solution or cleaned and disinfected with an epa - registered hospital disinfectant following conventional protocols. - in the healthcare facility, disinfect environmental surfaces with epa - registered hospital disinfectant following conventional healthcare facility policies and procedures. - in case of a spill of materials potentially contaminated with ricin, immediately cover spill with absorbent materials, then disinfect the area with an epa - registered hospital disinfectant or epa - registered chlorine bleach solution following healthcare / laboratory facility policies and procedures. infection control professionals should : - maintain heightened awareness for evidence of ricin - exposed patients and collaborate with clinicians and laboratory to ensure immediate notification of local and state public health department officials when nerve agent poisoning is suspected - ensure that telephone numbers for notification of appropriate healthcare facility and public health agencies are current and distributed to the appropriate healthcare facility departments and personnel - communicate with the laboratories that receive specimens for testing. - page last reviewed february 29, 2008 - page last updated april 17, 2006 get email updates to receive email updates about this page, enter your email address : - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 tty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4147987565018138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:552733a0-65d4-4e20-a456-b05269e1f2ae>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.570659"}
{"text": "lessons from the x - men cas class blends film, physics an out - of - control cruise ship slams into a busy pier. as wood splinters and screaming bystanders flee, andrew cohen, a college of arts and sciences professor of physics, assesses the mayhem. \u201c yeah, yeah, we \u2019 re all running. ok, we \u2019 re doing a lot of damage, \u201d he says, as if he \u2019 s seen it all before. actually, he has, several dozen times, and all in the name of science. this particular maritime disaster is a scene from speed 2 : cruise control, one of the action flicks that features prominently in cinema physica, an introductory physics course for nonscience majors. every week, cohen \u2019 s students watch movies such as unbreakable, the sixth sense, and armageddon, and use class discussions and labs to examine the basic physics driving the high - octane scenes. \u201c the subtitle of this course should be bruce willis saves the world, \u201d cohen tells students with a laugh. the purpose of analyzing all the explosions and heroics, he explains, is to give humanities majors a truer sense of what science is \u2014 a quest for discovery rather than memorized formulas and definitive answers. \u201c when you do an experiment, you don \u2019 t know what the answer is going to be, \u201d he says. \u201c and because we don \u2019 t know whether the movies actually obey the laws of physics, they are our experiments. they are our laboratories. \u201d cohen uses the abyss to discuss fluids and pressure, for instance, and x - men to talk about electricity and magnetism. last fall, after the class watched the matrix scene where morpheus tells neo that the machines behind the matrix want to turn humans into nine - volt batteries, cohen talked about the physics of batteries and whether humans would really be nine - volt \u2014 or much larger \u2014 batteries, leaving aside the movie \u2019 s more existential questions. \u201c we didn \u2019 t much go into the idea of whether we are all just pixels in a digital universe, \u201d says adrian coyne ( cas \u2019 11 ). after watching the speed 2 clip where the ship plows ashore and passengers are ejected through the windows, cohen asks the class to calculate the ship \u2019 s deceleration as it comes to a stop exactly one ship \u2019 s length from where it first hit the pier. when one student suggests using an equation, cohen pounces. \u201c don \u2019 t say equation, \u201d he says. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.500714943378954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55a4a6a0-246b-4da8-bdcb-66c3229629ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.575009"}
{"text": "\u2019 s deceleration as it comes to a stop exactly one ship \u2019 s length from where it first hit the pier. when one student suggests using an equation, cohen pounces. \u201c don \u2019 t say equation, \u201d he says. \u201c i never want to hear the word equation in this class. i hate equations. \u201d he encourages students not to get hung up on exact answers when estimates will do. in cohen \u2019 s class, a few percentage points of error don \u2019 t matter ; what matters is learning a quantitative technique called \u201c dimensional analysis. \u201d the technique, simply put, requires converting the basic dimensions and units of information that you have about a scenario \u2014 a cruise ship \u2019 s change in velocity, say, and the distance it traveled \u2014 into an answer that \u2019 s described with different dimensions and units \u2014 such as the ship \u2019 s deceleration, which is measured as change in velocity over time squared. the class doesn \u2019 t know how long it took the ship to come to rest after hitting the pier. but the ship \u2019 s speedometer gives them the initial velocity, and some internet searching reveals the ship \u2019 s length in meters. armed with just that information, the class uses dimensional analysis to find the cruise ship \u2019 s deceleration \u2014 only about 0. 1 meter per second squared. \u201c anybody getting ejected out of that windshield? \u201d cohen asks with a smirk. \u201c that \u2019 s a gentle breeze. no one would be spilling their drinks. \u201d while the movies often play fast and loose with the laws of physics, cohen isn \u2019 t out to poke holes in hollywood blockbusters. after all, it doesn \u2019 t take a physics professor to laugh away a plan to destroy an earth - bound, texas - sized asteroid by planting a nuclear bomb inside of it. and besides, says cohen, a bona fide movie buff, technical accuracy isn \u2019 t what makes movies fun. but a little physics can help. olga cuevas - gomez ( cas \u2019 10 ), who took the course last fall, says that x - men is one of her family \u2019 s favorite movies. \u201c now, every time we watch it, there \u2019 s a new physics concept that i try to explain to them, \u201d says cuevas - gomez. \u201c they never get it, but they pretend they care. \u201d 2 comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5323850779372786, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55a4a6a0-246b-4da8-bdcb-66c3229629ee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.575970"}
{"text": "campus : csu long beach - - october 11, 2002 csu campuses share $ 170, 000 national science foundation the fluid evolution of the earth \u2019 s crust and origins of valuable deposits are just a few of the areas that geological sciences faculty members at the california state university, long beach and fullerton campuses will be able to study with a new mass spectrometer funded by a $ 170, 000 grant from the national science foundation ( nsf ). samples of materials such as rocks, minerals or water are placed into the gas - source isotope - ratio mass spectrometer, which will be located at a new laboratory at csulb, said gregory j. holk, grant team leader. other faculty members on the team are james c. sample and richard j. behl, as well as diane clemens - knott of cal state fullerton. scientists can learn a great deal about an area \u2019 s geological history by examining the chemical signatures of tested materials. \u201c my area of expertise is stable isotope geochemistry and the type of research i do involves understanding the role of aqueous fluids in the evolution of the earth \u2019 s crust, \u201d explained holk. \u201c one aspect of these studies is the investigation of the movement of water through faults and its effect on their behavior, so there are some implications with regard to the earthquake process \u2014 how earthquakes happen and what sorts of conditions are necessary for an earthquake to happen. \u201d he also studies where such water comes from in the first place \u2014 from underground or percolating from above. the new mass spectrometer will enable him to examine not only ground water but also water encased in rocks and minerals. \u201c much of my research deals with mapping hydrothermal systems associated with ore deposits, \u201d holk added. \u201c the mining companies have to drill a lot of holes to look for the ore and drilling costs are about $ 50, 000 per hole. this stable isotope technique removes one step from that guessing game in that a stable isotope survey of an area that has high potential for mineralization can delineate the areas of highest potential. the cost of such a survey is about the same as one drill hole. \u201d furthermore, reducing the amount of drilling has environmental holk and clemens - knott of fullerton were doctoral classmates at cal tech and she will play an integral role in the new lab. \u201c she has gas extraction facilities at fullerton. these facilities supplement those recently built at csulb. before a sample is ready for mass spectrometry, rigorous chemical separation work is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4938786030652945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ea6754b-2f54-4648-be6a-b84427db4010>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.579884"}
{"text": "and she will play an integral role in the new lab. \u201c she has gas extraction facilities at fullerton. these facilities supplement those recently built at csulb. before a sample is ready for mass spectrometry, rigorous chemical separation work is done in the laboratory, \u201d said holk. \u201c dr. clemens - knott will be bringing her samples over here for analysis. she \u2019 s done a lot of work with ground water in orange county. she works primarily on magmatic systems, how magmas and fluids interact with each other. \u201d \u201c we would like to open up the instrument for collaboration with faculty from other csu universities, \u201d said holk. csulb has or is acquiring a variety of research instruments, including a new nsf - funded scanning electron microscope. \u201c if we pool our resources together, we have the potential on a university scale to have instrumentation comparable to the big research universities. our goal is to coordinate our efforts to have a center for analysis that scientists can utilize, \u201d furthermore, much of the equipment may be available for use by undergraduate as well as graduate science students. the nsf recognizes csulb as a significant provider of hands - on research opportunities for undergraduate students and rates long beach one of the top master \u2019 s level universities whose students go on to earn doctoral degrees in science and engineering.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45591795326313006, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ea6754b-2f54-4648-be6a-b84427db4010>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.580486"}
{"text": "march 06, 2012 | myrna anderson many college students have the same experience of learning science : \u201c lecture, lecture, lecture, \u201d said calvin biology professor dave koetje, \u201c which, it turns out, was not the best way to learn. \u201d students who do succeed in a lecture - style learning environment often do the actual work of learning outside the classroom, explained calvin chemistry professor herb fynewever : \u201c some of our best students can come in and listen to a lecture and, even if they don \u2019 t understand it all, they can write it out like a transcript, and they can go back to the dorm and look at the notes, look at the textbook and talk to their peers. \u201d those students who can \u2019 t follow a lecture and figure it out later often give up on science. \u201c people would get weeded out, \u201d koetje said. \u201c that \u2019 s not desirable. \u201d koetje and fynewever \u2014 with biology professors amy wilstermann and randy van dragt and mathematics professor randy pruim \u2014 are hoping to take the learning that happens in dorm rooms ( and apartments ) back to the classroom. their project is called \u201c leveraging laboratory activities to achieve educational reform, \u201d and it \u2019 s funded by a three - year, $ 199, 990 grant from the national science foundation \u2019 s transforming undergraduate education in science program. the team will focus on improving labs in two biology courses : bio224 ( \" cellular and genetic systems \" ) and bio225 ( \" ecological and evolutionary systems \" ). \u201c the new model will be short, multiple - week, miniature investigations, \u201d koetje said. \u201c in the process students will be learning research competencies that are essential for addressing complex scientific questions. \u201d the mini - labs are modeled on those in calvin \u2019 s first - year science research class funded by a howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) grant : \u201c we \u2019 ll start out with a research question. students will be reading research articles and designing experiments to answer that question, \u201d koetje said. \u201c they will be analyzing the data \u2014 applying statistical analyses. then they \u2019 ll be sharing their results. \u201d faculty involved in the project will visit and critique the labs from the perspectives of their various disciplines. the improved labs will give a broader range of students access to a science research experience, he said. ( currently, around 100 students in the science division assist faculty as researchers, many of them during the summer. ) \u201c if we want to get our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49772250638744864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d4ae514-2c15-46f6-a7a6-c51a0a8e7ac3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.585419"}
{"text": "the improved labs will give a broader range of students access to a science research experience, he said. ( currently, around 100 students in the science division assist faculty as researchers, many of them during the summer. ) \u201c if we want to get our students into the best research institutions, we have to give them these research opportunities, \u201d said fynewever. the nsf - funded project will also focus on improving communication among the sciences. currently, scholars in different scientific disciplines speak in different jargons, and often, scientists have different definitions for the same term. one example, said fynewever, is \u201c equilibrium, \u201d which in biology can refer to the sense of balance felt in the inner ear or to a relatively stable state in a biological system and in chemistry the term pertains to how reactants go forth to products and products come back until balance is achieved. \u201c that \u2019 s where chemists and biologists don \u2019 t speak the same language, \u201d said fynewever : \u201c chemists are talking about reactions in a vessel where you achieve equilibrium, but biologists are talking about equilibrium in organisms \u2014 where equilibrium is never achieved in the chemistry sense of the word. \u201d koetje agreed : \u201c you can \u2019 t simply apply a biological definition to solve a chemical problem and vice versa without understanding the nuances. \u201d the lack of a shared scientific language is especially troublesome when the scientific disciplines collaborate. fynewever framed the quandary in this way : \u201c what kind of language do you use when you talk in math about biology? \u201d the faculty attached to the project will work at developing a shared jargon among calvin \u2019 s scientific disciplines. ( another portion of the grant will be used for faculty development. ) the grant was designed as the next step in integrating the sciences at calvin \u2014 an effort that includes several nsf and hhmi - funded efforts : the integrated science research institute, the first - year student research class ( the \u201c phage \u201d class ), the integrated science research experimental laboratory. the faculty involved in this latest nsf project are excited about the opportunity to improve the teaching of science. \u201c we have three years to revitalize college teaching, \u201d fynewever joked. | people, area of study | | people, area of study, campus life | | people, area of study, campus life | nasa - funded student fellowships renewed speech pathology masters program graduates its first class chem demos turn 25 | people, area of study | | people, area of study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5976719227503529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d4ae514-2c15-46f6-a7a6-c51a0a8e7ac3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.586657"}
{"text": "scientists find evidence of ancient lake on mars layered rocks on the floor of mclaughlin crater on mars show sedimentary rocks that contain spectroscopic evidence for minerals formed through interaction with water. photo : reuters / nasa a spacecraft orbiting mars has provided evidence of an ancient crater lake fed by groundwater, adding further support to theories that the red planet may once have hosted life, says nasa. spectrometer data from nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter shows traces of carbonate and clay minerals usually formed in the presence of water at the bottom of the 2. 2 - kilometre - deep mclaughlin crater. \" these new observations suggest the formation of the carbonates and clay in a groundwater - fed lake within the closed basin of the crater, \" nasa said of the findings, which were published in the online edition of nature geoscience. the spot selected for curiosity ' s first drilling site. photo : ap / nasa \" some researchers propose the crater interior catching the water, \" the space agency said, adding that \" the underground zone contributing the water could have been wet environments and potential habitats. \" the crater lacks large inflow channels, so the lake was likely fed by groundwater, scientists said. the latest observations \" provide the best evidence for carbonate forming within a lake environment instead of being washed into a crater from outside, \" said joseph michalski, lead author of the paper. the 92 - kilometre - wide crater sits at the low end of a regional slope several hundreds of kilometres long and, as on earth, groundwater - fed lakes would be expected to occur at low elevations. nasa ' s mars rover curiosity has been exploring the planet ' s surface since its dramatic landing on august 6, collecting rock samples and beaming back rare images in anticipation of an eventual manned mission. mars reconnaissance orbiter scientist rich zurek, of nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, said the latest findings indicate \" a more complex mars than previously appreciated, with at least some areas more likely to reveal signs of ancient life than others. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47468554047555556, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f9a692e-7e2f-4aae-aa56-460e5fa84af7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.590250"}
{"text": "how the universe is erasing evidence of its beginnings and moving faster toward its end in 1917, on the third floor of an apartment building in the wilmersdorf borough of wartime berlin, an ailing tenant named albert einstein sat focused on a lofty subject : the universe. in february of that year, he published a paper that effectively launched the modern field of cosmology. in it, he suggested that the fabric of space and time contains an innate tension, an energy that seethes beneath the surface of every inch of the universe. this \u201c cosmological constant \u201d was the force that held gravity in check and kept the universe from collapsing on itself, he said. in other words, the universe was in a holding pattern. a dozen years later, however, the astronomer edwin hubble discovered that the universe was not standing still, as einstein had suggested. hubble found that the universe was instead expanding \u2014 forever moving outward \u2014 and didn \u2019 t need anything to keep itself from collapsing. hubble \u2019 s discovery led einstein to repudiate his own claim of a cosmological constant and to write the incident off as the \u201c worst blunder \u201d of his career. in the years that followed, einstein \u2019 s concept of a cosmological constant faded but never disappeared. researchers continued to ask : if the universe is simply being carried out by its own momentum, does that necessarily mean that nothing, no tension is filling the vacuum of the universe? it turns out einstein \u2019 s conclusions might have been less farfetched than he thought. cosmologists continued to research this theory, and what they discovered is shedding light on the future of the universe \u2014 while simultaneously erasing traces of its past. a new constant is discovered in 1995, physicists lawrence krauss, ph. d., then at case western reserve university, and michael turner, ph. d., of fermilab in illinois, argued in the journal general relativity and gravitation that the universe does, in fact, have a cosmological constant. it is a force that not only propels the expansion of the universe, but does so at ever - faster speeds, constantly accelerating, they said. the scientists pieced together data, including x - ray telescope observations of faraway galaxies and hubble space telescope distance measurements to nearby ones. they concluded that something seems to be pushing the expansion of the universe ever faster. that force is dark energy, researchers say, and its existence means the universe will ultimately expand so far and so wide that the stars,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5575139337453765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71948182-97de-405f-ad9e-6111c2afa6e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.600952"}
{"text": "telescope distance measurements to nearby ones. they concluded that something seems to be pushing the expansion of the universe ever faster. that force is dark energy, researchers say, and its existence means the universe will ultimately expand so far and so wide that the stars, planets and galaxies as we know them will disappear from view. future astronomers will look skyward toward a barren universe that lacks any clues about its origins. \u201c there will be ever - diminishing evidence that there was a big bang, \u201d says glenn starkman, ph. d., a case western reserve physicist and director of the university \u2019 s origins initiative. that could mean the end of cosmology as we know it. \u201c cosmologists in general are trying to answer big questions, \u201d starkman says. \u201c most of the questions we \u2019 ve been trying to answer are about the past. but i think the big questions about the future are, in many ways, just as interesting. \u201d dark energy may indeed have a lot to say about the future, scientists are finding. in 1995, though, not everyone was on board with the concept of a new cosmological constant. \u201c the concept turned out to be right, and that was a very remarkable thing, \u201d says will kinney, ph. d., a physicist at the state university of new york at buffalo. at the time, kinney says, \u201c i don \u2019 t know that a lot of people took the cosmological constant seriously. \u201d that changed in 1998, when an international coalition of astronomers released a sheaf of data in both the astronomical journal and the astrophysical journal that they said proved the universe is expanding at an increasingly rapid rate. measuring the brightness of 102 exploding stars, or supernovae, in distant galaxies, the scientists found that these supernovae were often dimmer than expected. the findings fit a pattern that could only be explained by a universe whose expansion was accelerating over time. the cosmic self - pressure that the scientists observed \u2014 dark energy \u2014 has since been confirmed by independent observations, including careful measurements by high - tech instruments such as nasa \u2019 s wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe, which launched in 2001. shedding light on dark energy no one knows for certain what dark energy is or what generates it, but one thing is clear : it is pressuring space to expand. that makes dark energy stand apart from everything else in the universe because every other form of matter or energy gravitationally tugs on other matter. dark energy \u2019 s peculiar feature is that it seems to fill any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5355287930300078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71948182-97de-405f-ad9e-6111c2afa6e1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.602021"}
{"text": "clear : it is pressuring space to expand. that makes dark energy stand apart from everything else in the universe because every other form of matter or energy gravitationally tugs on other matter. dark energy \u2019 s peculiar feature is that it seems to fill any void or vacuum, including those created by the universe \u2019 s expansion. even a patch of empty space that had been eradicated of all known forms of matter and energy still contains dark energy, starkman says. \u201c so if you have twice as much vacuum as you had before, then you have twice as much of that energy, \u201d he says. \u201c that \u2019 s really peculiar. if you take a box and stretch it, you get something for free. that \u2019 s the property that accounts for the ability of the vacuum to expand at an accelerating rate. the more you expand it, the more of the [ dark energy ] you have, and the more that it pushes. \u201d if dark energy seems confusing, that \u2019 s because it is, starkman says. the greatest minds in physics are baffled. dark energy is one of the most perplexing unsolved mysteries in science today, and scientists \u2019 best guess for what lies at the heart of dark energy and the cosmological constant lies in quantum physics, starkman says. quantum theory predicts that empty space will wiggle with low - level vibrations, even when all the energy in that space is depleted. it says that the simplest kind of motion conceivable, subatomic particles moving back and forth like miniature springs, will be present even when no other energy is present and they will never not move. imagine a universe filled with simple quantum particles. now rob the universe of every ounce of energy it contains. what quantum theory says is that, powered by nothing whatsoever, the universe will still vibrate with what is sometimes called \u201c vacuum energy \u201d or \u201c zero - point energy. \u201d quantum vacuum energy is \u201c the simplest explanation for the origin of [ dark ] energy, \u201d starkman says. but the explanation remains murky. starkman holds out hope that in geneva, switzerland, the cern laboratory \u2019 s large hadron collider, the world \u2019 s most powerful particle accelerator, may uncover precious clues about dark energy. the accelerator, which began operating in september, will allow scientists to analyze high - energy beam collisions and possibly reveal a new world of unknown particles. the experiments could ultimately explain why those particles exist and behave as they do. they could reveal the origins of mass, shed light on dark matter,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6169893026766932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71948182-97de-405f-ad9e-6111c2afa6e1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.603247"}
{"text": ", will allow scientists to analyze high - energy beam collisions and possibly reveal a new world of unknown particles. the experiments could ultimately explain why those particles exist and behave as they do. they could reveal the origins of mass, shed light on dark matter, uncover hidden symmetries of the universe, and possibly find extra dimensions of space. in the meantime, the observed existence of dark energy \u2014 whatever its origins \u2014 is producing real consequences for the universe \u2019 s future. the universe \u2019 s beginning and end in 1999, starkman co - authored a paper with fellow case western reserve physicist tanmay vachaspati, ph. d., and mark trodden, ph. d., of syracuse university. the research, which appeared in astrophysical journal, linked cosmic acceleration to a decidedly bleak future. the universe had entered an extended period of rapid growth, they said, and, eventually, the objects in it would move away so rapidly from our world that they would fall away from view. the evidence came from observations of supernovae, they said, which measurements showed were not only moving away, but moving away at ever faster speeds. traditional big bang theory runs counter to this notion. it predicts that cosmic expansion will slow or even halt over time. think of a fireworks explosion : an initial blast, streamers shooting out from the core at great speed, then a gradual slowing until the lights of the fireworks collapse and fade. if the universe \u2019 s expansion continues to speed up, not slow down, then light from distant galaxies will fade for a different reason : it eventually will be unable to keep up. \u201c we realized that things were going to start disappearing, \u201d starkman says. \u201c the longer you wait, the less you \u2019 ll see. \u201d however, he adds, it will take scores of billions of years to lose sight of the universe \u2019 s landscape as we know it. today, the universe is just a teenager, a spry 14 billion years young. the cosmic end - state comes when the universe nears 100 billion years old. as that faraway birthday approaches, cosmic expansion will have created vast stretches of void between galaxies. today \u2019 s visible universe, with its hundreds of billions of galaxies stretchingfar into the great beyond, will have sunk below the earth \u2019 s horizon. our sun and solar system will be long gone, having fizzled somewhere near the 19 billion - year mark. if civilizations exist in other galaxies at such a late date, their conclusions about the universe will be incomplete. light from neighboring galaxies will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5861003333772506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71948182-97de-405f-ad9e-6111c2afa6e1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.604323"}
{"text": "horizon. our sun and solar system will be long gone, having fizzled somewhere near the 19 billion - year mark. if civilizations exist in other galaxies at such a late date, their conclusions about the universe will be incomplete. light from neighboring galaxies will be unable to reach them because the expansion of space will have quickened beyond the lowly photon \u2019 s ability to keep up. cosmology, particularly the study of the universe \u2019 s origins, will by then have reached an end. the science launched by einstein \u2019 s notion of a cosmological constant will be destroyed by that very same constant. but scientists are not only considering questions of the past ; they are also considering future prospects for life in the universe. in 1979, physicist freeman dyson, ph. d., of the institute for advanced study at princeton university published a paper in the journal reviews of modern physics that argued life could survive indefinitely in a universe that also expanded indefinitely. in dyson \u2019 s view, biology could ultimately win the battle with a hostile universe. of course, appearing 19 years before the discovery of accelerating cosmic expansion, dyson \u2019 s paper did not consider dark energy or a cosmological constant. in 2004, starkman co - wrote another paper with lawrence krauss that delivered the bad news : life is eventually doomed. einstein \u2019 s greatest blunder ultimately, after hundreds of billions of years, wrenches the universe apart. and with it goes the prospect for biology. \u201c the universe is going to have a long, slow end, \u201d starkman says. \u201c it will first begin with ignorance. and if we are right, it will end with death. \u201d kinney, of the university at buffalo, expands on that argument. in a paper written with physicist katherine freese, ph. d., of the university of michigan, kinney points out that no one knows for certain whether the cosmological constant is, in fact, constant. it could be that the acceleration of the universe \u2019 s expansion will change over time. in some scenarios, in which the amount of dark energy exponentially diminishes over time, they find that doom and gloom may not prevail. under such circumstances, the universe and biological processes in it could, theoretically at least, continue far into the future. the question is, how far into the future? \u201c we all agree that life can last longer if the cosmological constant isn \u2019 t constant, \u201d starkman says. \u201c what we \u2019 re arguing over here is how long. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5462688874352513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71948182-97de-405f-ad9e-6111c2afa6e1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.605432"}
{"text": "seniors and drugs dec. 10, 2005 a chemical produced at many nerve endings in the body, and receptors which bind acetylcholine are called cholinergic receptors. ( see cholinergic and anticholinergic ) anticholinergic drugs inhibit receptors for acetylcholine in the brain ( causing problems with memory and confusion ), and nerves in other parts of the body ( leading to problems with bowel, bladder function, heart rate, blood pressure, and problems with secretions such as dry mouth and reduced sweating ) ( see cholinergic ). reducing the activity of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with memory, controlling movement, and problem solving. many antipsychotic drugs have antidopaminergic properties. an alteration in the heart ' s rhythm. when secretions or foreign material such as food enter the trachea and lungs. an uncoordinated manner of walking. slow heart rate. acetylcholine is a chemical produced at many nerve endings in the body, and receptors which bind acetylcholine are called cholinergic receptors. cholinergic nerves regulate heart rate, blood pressure, digestive processes, bowel and bladder function, memory, alertness, eye pressure and muscle function. drugs that block these nerves ( see anticholinergic ) can alter these bodily functions. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, is typically characterized by shortness of breath, cough and difficulty exhaling. a chemical produced at some nerve connections in the brain. the extrapyramidal system of nerves, located in the brain, helps to coordinate many of the body ' s movements. a common side - effect of many antipsychotic and some antinausea drugs that block dopamine. these include problems with walking, tremor, rigidity, and abnormal muscle movements. refers to gastrointestinal. the gi tract is the collection of organs that take in and digest food, extract the nutrients and then excrete the waste. international normalized ratio value is a measure used to determine the clotting tendency of blood. relates to the force of muscular contractions. an inotropic heart drug affects the force of the heart ' s contractions. high blood pressure low blood pressure monoamine oxidase inhibitors are a class of antidepressant drugs another name for antipsychotic drugs that often act by blocking dopamine receptors in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5547945626649609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d52d7a5e-8153-41bb-b45d-c9b47e6e5ae8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.609506"}
{"text": "the force of the heart ' s contractions. high blood pressure low blood pressure monoamine oxidase inhibitors are a class of antidepressant drugs another name for antipsychotic drugs that often act by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. relating to an erect posture. orthostatic hypotension is low blood pressure caused by standing up. excessive urine secretion. a measure of conduction in the heart, from when the ventricles begin to contract, to when they are re - polarized. a chemical produced at many nerve endings in the brain. syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion refers to excessive release of a compound ( antidiuretic hormone ) from the pituitary gland that alters the body ' s salt / water balance, often leading to low sodium levels in the blood. typical symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache and malaise. it can lead to confusion or coma. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are a class of antidepressants and anti - anxiety drugs that act by increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain ' s nerve connections. a class of drugs that mimics stimulatation of the sympathetic nervous system. such drugs will increase heart rates, raise blood pressure and dilate pupils and airways. the sympathetic nervous system helps the body to react to stressful situations. fainting, a temporary loss of consciousness. torsades de pointes a potentially fatal heart rhythm characterized by rapid contraction of the ventricles. it can occur in patients with a long qt interval. ( see qt interval )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5707583261030691, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d52d7a5e-8153-41bb-b45d-c9b47e6e5ae8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.610112"}
{"text": "how does someone get listeriosis? you get listeriosis by eating food contaminated with listeria monocytogenes. babies can be born with listeriosis if their mothers eat contaminated food during pregnancy. however, healthy persons may consume contaminated foods without becoming ill. persons at risk can prevent listeriosis by avoiding certain high - risk foods and by handling and storing food properly. listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in soil and water. animals can carry the bacterium without appearing ill and can contaminate foods of animal origin, such as meats and dairy products. most human infections follow consumption of contaminated food. rare cases of nosocomial transmission have been reported. when listeria bacteria get into a food processing factory, they can live there for years, sometimes contaminating food products. the bacterium has been found in a variety of raw foods, such as uncooked meats and vegetables, as well as in foods that become contaminated after cooking or processing, such as soft cheeses, processed meats such as hot dogs and deli meat ( both products in factory - sealed packages and products sold at deli counters ), and smoked seafood. unpasteurized ( raw ) milk and cheeses and other foods made from unpasteurized milk are particularly likely to contain the bacterium. listeria is killed by pasteurization and cooking ; however, in some ready - to - eat foods, such as hot dogs and deli meats, contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging. unlike most bacteria, listeria can grow and multiply in some foods in the refrigerator.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.398840443093728, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ebdb140-7d41-4807-92ce-9a3b3c630b34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.612535"}
{"text": "| | home > resources for students > tips for college success | tips for college success class attendance really does correlate with your grade. go to class. communication is key - especially when dealing with roommates or professors. be on time to class. walking in late distracts both the professor and other students. don ' t be afraid to ask for help. college is not a contest. you don ' t have to compete with anyone else for your grade. learn at your own pace and don ' t feel inferior if you don ' t understand something the first time around. the bureaucracy of higher education is overwhelming. stay calm, ask questions, be sure you know the name of the person you are talking to. support systems are essential for survival. make friends. talk to everyone. expect to feel lonely, frightened, and isolated. but also remember - you are not the only person experiencing these emotions and it all gets better with time. read what you are given! read your mail! don ' t take policy advice from other students, check with offices on campus. join in all the activites you can. don ' t be intimidated by faculty and staff. your tuition dollars pay the salaries of university and college personnel. you are the customer ; they work for you ; so ask questions. your college catalog is your bible. you have to open it in order to reap the benefits of what is inside. get a copy of your school ' s code of ethics ( honor code ). a simple mistake could cost you your degree. maintain a positive attitude, be a good listener, stick to your own convictions, and strive past your dreams. go see your professors during their posted office hours. they have to sit there whether you show up or not so take advantage of the opportunity. talk to other students to find out the real scoop, which professors to avoid, etc. don ' t be afraid to ask other students and professors for copies of old exams. the questions may change but the style usually remains the same. make sure your professor knows your name. putting a face with a name will be a big help, especially if your grade is on the borderline. problems with faculty should be handled honestly and calmly. always try to remedy conflicts with faculty members first. if the problem remains unresolved, seek advice from your academic advisor, a student support services staff member, or your student handbook as to the next step. sleeping in class realize that every college and university has its own culture which includes language, traditions and taboos. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4357315793391856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7511dfd-9f3b-472d-82cd-5a801f75cf60>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.627444"}
{"text": "false, the statement is false 7 multiple choice questions : a ) multiple choice questions are essentially true - false questions arranged in groups i usually only one alternative is totally correct ii eliminate obvious false choices iii of the remainder pick the alternative that answers most fully all aspects of the question 1 planning your time in answering essay questions is more important than in objective type tests! 2 read through the entire examination first a ) get a feel for the questions you are expected to answer b ) if the exam allows you to choose from a number of questions, be sure to number your answers exactly to match the questions 3 follow directions carefully a ) pay attention to the key words in the question i. words such as \" list \", \" describe \", \" compare and contrast \" and \" outline \" require different types of answers b ) don ' t \" write around \" the question but answer it directly and concisely a ) after scanning the list of questions to be answered, choose the ones you know most about i. on scrap paper quickly prepare an outline of important ideas and facts to be included in your response b ) your opening statement summarizes what you are going to say c ) what follows should support your opening statement d ) your conclusion should show how your body text supported your opening statement 5. it is absolutely essential that your ideas can be read and understood : print if your cursive writing is very hard to read ; know and use correct grammar, punctuation, and spelling. start early and be persistent. 99 % of the time the money will not come to you. consider every possible source of educational funding and good money leads : 1. your school ' s financial aid office 2. the admissions office and recruiters 3. your academic college 4. your church 5. clubs and groups your parents belong to 6. local civic and special interest organizations 7. professionals already working in your major field 8. scholarship resource books 10. honor societies, sororities, fraternities, etc. fill out all forms completely and neatly. include all required documents. pay attention to paying deadlines. sometimes only a few days can cost you big dollars. respond quickly to all requests for additional information and documentation. stick with it! sometimes the process is slow and frustrating. but remember, each year thousands of dollars of financial aid funding is unused. be tenacious and those dollars could be yours. make an appointment to see a financial aid officer at your institution. discuss the difference between grants, scholarships, subsidized loans, unsubsidized loans, etc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4542630436235347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7511dfd-9f3b-472d-82cd-5a801f75cf60>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.629952"}
{"text": "aid funding is unused. be tenacious and those dollars could be yours. make an appointment to see a financial aid officer at your institution. discuss the difference between grants, scholarships, subsidized loans, unsubsidized loans, etc. find out what type of aid you are eligible for and what type of aid you can live with later ( paying back those loans? ). if you are awarded financial aid, be sure you know what guidelines you must maintain in order to keep your award ( ie., gpa, work status, etc. ) reduce writing anxiety. get a calendar or academic planner. follow these tips : 1 first write down the due date for the paper. 2 next, count backwards. how many days will you need to edit, re - write, revise, write, take notes, research, read, select, and narrow the topic? 3 now you know what day you will need to begin the paper 4 review and revise this process after each paper be sure to know exactly what your instructor expects. invest in a computer and learn to type your own papers. do not depend on other people to bail you out ; you will learn that everyone has their own paper to deal with. even paid typists can be unreliable. don ' t be afraid to express a unique opinion. the key is to document and support your ideas in an organized and cogent manner. when proofreading text, start at the end of your paper. read one sentence at a time and work your way to the beginning. why? your brain already knows what you have written. by reading from end to beginning, the pattern is broken and you will find more errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling. do not rely on spellcheck. remember \" principle \" and \" principal \" are both correct spellings. which word did you intend to use? other biggies are : \" to \" and \" too \", \" its \" and \" it ' s \". plagiarism means taking another person ' s words or ideas as your own. be careful to always cite your source whether you quote directly or paraphrase. remember, if it ' s not common knowledge or your original idea, you must cite the source. when writing the paper make / use index cards ( put the topic at the top of each card ), notes, bibliographies, summaries, reports and reviews as part of your preparation process to organize your materials prepare a written outline 1 don ' t make the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44145517781653437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7511dfd-9f3b-472d-82cd-5a801f75cf60>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.631810"}
{"text": "use index cards ( put the topic at the top of each card ), notes, bibliographies, summaries, reports and reviews as part of your preparation process to organize your materials prepare a written outline 1 don ' t make the mistake of trying to keep everything in your head 2 make your outline in the form of main headings or ideas with sub - headings fleshing out the flow of the paper. this will establish the paper ' s content and conclusion. write the paper. 1 use the outline as a guide and stick to it. 2 write in your own natural style 3 reread, rewrite, revise and edit until the paper says exactly what you want to say in the way you want to say it 4 use correct punctuation and grammar. do not wait until your first research paper / project to scope out the campus library. 1 many libraries offer tours for freshmen. 2 find out early what resources the library has and what deficiencies or limitations the library has as well 3 learn now to use its computers and card catalogs to find books by subject or author 4 practice using every machine in the library ( ie. microfiche, cd roms, etc. ) 5 us the reader ' s guide to periodical literature for magazine articles ; encyclopedias for general information on most known topics : almanac for facts, lists, charts and tables ; atlas for maps, etc. ask the librarian for instructions on using them and help in locating other specific reference sources for your paper. know in advance copier laws and procedures. talk to other students, especially those browsing shelves or studying in the same area as you are. you never know what kind of contact you could make or what kind of information you could gain. check out the local community libraries. they may house the one obscure article or book you need to earn that \" a \". academic advisement is critical! see your advisor on a regular basis to make sure you are on track with your academic program, courses, etc. pay attention to deadlines! if you miss one, it could cost you not just money but grades as well ( ex. drop / add, fee payment, course withdrawal ). if your school offers phone registration, use it. in person registration usually means long lines and high frustration levels. be sure to have university or college representatives sign every form dealing with course selection, dropping classes, etc. you may need to defend a course selection when you apply for graduation or you may need to prove you dropped a class. save every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42273857791176933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7511dfd-9f3b-472d-82cd-5a801f75cf60>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.633629"}
{"text": "frustration levels. be sure to have university or college representatives sign every form dealing with course selection, dropping classes, etc. you may need to defend a course selection when you apply for graduation or you may need to prove you dropped a class. save every grade report. computers have been known to lose grades, courses, credits, etc. periodically ask for an unofficial copy of your transcript. be sure your records match the registrar ' s. select classes based on your own academic capabilities. for example, if science is not your forte, don ' t take biology and chemistry in the same semester. be very careful registering for writing classes during shorter summer semesters. the same holds true for classes requiring large amounts of reading. read the course catalog carefully. as a rule, freshmen should not register for a senior or graduate level class ( usually 4000 + level ). typically, freshmen are the last students to register so plan an alternate schedule prior to registration. your first choice may be filled. learn to say no! saying no to partying, movies, etc. does not make you a terrible person. do not study for more than 2 hours at a time. your brain really does shut down and any studying you do after that point is just a waste of time. use travel time to study. pop a study or lecture tape into your car ' s cassette player ; put on those earphones if you ride the train or car pool. if you use a laundromat, listen to study tapes while your clothes spin and dry. try to study during daylight hours. natural light really is more conducive to learning. use two schedules. 1 create an hour by hour weekly schedule. using your class schedules as a guide, block out specific times each day for study and all other activities : rule of thumb one and a half hours of study for each hour of class 2 create a semester schedule showing midterms, finals, due dates, and other important events. weekly review both schedules and allow more study time as needed : a good schedule keeps you from wandering off course prioritize : daily list what you need to study, prioritize & set times for each item, and stick to it. use the 30 - 3 - 2 schedule 1 study for 30 minutes 2 take a 3 - minute break, let the break be a time to think about other things 3 upon returning, take an extra 2 minutes to mentally review what you have just read and do a quick preview of what is coming up next study! this may be a case of stating the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43896147341703534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7511dfd-9f3b-472d-82cd-5a801f75cf60>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.636493"}
{"text": ", let the break be a time to think about other things 3 upon returning, take an extra 2 minutes to mentally review what you have just read and do a quick preview of what is coming up next study! this may be a case of stating the obvious but your would be surprised how many students don ' t bother. studying with soothing music in the background ( contrary to popular opinion ) can enhance your concentration floral scented candles and mixed floral potpourri facilitate learning ( strange but true ). studying in a soft chair or on a cushy bed may not be the best strategy. 1 active learning may require walking around the room or sitting on the edge of the chair 2 wake up your body - wake up your mind study space : your regular study space should be as quiet and comfortable as possible and large enough to have easy access to everything you need for studying ( text and reference books, paper, pencils, etc. ) 1 libraries, study lounges, or private rooms are ideal. 2 get rid of clutter. clear the desk or table of all materials not related to the current project. tutoring is not a negative thing! get help early before the academic damage is irreversible. many schools offer free tutoring in a variety of subjects. study groups are great but in general studying alone is more effective memorize from general to specific. study the big picture, then learn the details. learning and memorization are like a funnel - the process is not very effective when the small end is at the top. cramming does not work! cramming for an exam only commits the information to your short - term memory four basic reasons why we forget pieces of information 1 don ' t use the information 2 confuse it with other information 3 decide the information does not match what you already believe 4 never really learned the information in the first place keys to remembering 1 be interested. pay attention. consciously choose to remember. establish a need to remember 2 visualize. picture in your mind what you wish to remember 3 relate. relate and form associations between the new ideas and information you wish to remember and information, ideas, persons, things, etc. that you already know 4. repeat. even though something is initially learned it will more likely be forgotten if not over learned. be sure to repeat information in your own words. seven is the magic number. repeat difficult information seven times a day for seven days. - or - create seven index cards with the word or fact written on them. tape the cards in places where you go frequently (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4732796577788918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7511dfd-9f3b-472d-82cd-5a801f75cf60>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.638147"}
{"text": "repeat information in your own words. seven is the magic number. repeat difficult information seven times a day for seven days. - or - create seven index cards with the word or fact written on them. tape the cards in places where you go frequently ( ie. mirror, fridge, etc. ) then forget about them. after two weeks you will subliminally absorb the information 1 highlight them in your textbooks and outlines 2 give extra attention to words or phrases in bold 3 make up acronyms or mnemonics to recall ( ie. please excuse my dear aunt sally = parentheses first, then exponents, then multiplication, division, addition and subtraction ) or ( na, i don ' t want no soda crackers = na = sodium ) clear, concise notes are more effective than copious notes. instead of using a spiral, use a loose - leaf notebook divided into class sections. make all notes on loose - leaf paper. in an upper corner title and date each sheet as you use it. rewrite and combine your old study and lecture notes into a new single set of notes or outline. use them as a replacement for your old notes in a loose - leaf binder this gives you complete control of and fast access to a crucial part of the learning process - your course notes - their organization, additions, replacements and rewrites thereof! 1 sit near the front of the class to avoid distractions 2 be a good listener. focus and concentrate on the main points of the lecture. get them down on paper. you ' ll put them into your own words later along with your study notes. pay attention to the instructor ' s clues as to what they consider important. 3 if there is something that you don ' t understand, ask! 4 immediately after a lecture, without looking at your notes try to recall on a separate paper as much as you can about what you have heard and learned. then review your actual lecture notes to confirm and / or supplement your memory 5 during your next study session quickly recall again on paper what you learned. then review and reorganize your lecture notes in your own words. 6 repeat the recall process several times over several days to commit the new information to memory. your listening skills, note taking and ability to manage your sessions, will be the prime determinant of your success in college! \u00a9 2010 columbia gorge community college. all rights reserved. website feedback ~ archive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49330537974592403, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7511dfd-9f3b-472d-82cd-5a801f75cf60>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.639175"}
{"text": "to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. chemeurope. com you can always see everything at a glance \u2013 and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium - iron oxide mineral which is iron - black or steel - gray. it is a crystalline iron titanium oxide ( fetio3 ). it crystallizes in the trigonal system, and it has the same crystal structure as corundum and hematite. ilmenite is often recognised in many altered igneous rocks ( which is most, to some extent ) by the production of the white pseudo - mineral leucoxene. often, ilmenites are rimed in leucoxene, which allows ilmenite to be distinguished from magnetite and other iron - titanium oxides. the example shown in the image at right is typical of leucoxene - rimed ilmenite. ilmenite is weakly magnetic, with its response to a hand magnet weak. ilmenite most often contains appreciable quantities of magnesium and manganese and the full chemical formula can be expressed as ( fe, mg, mn, ti ) o3. ilmenite forms a solid solultion with geikielite ( mgtio3 ) and pyrophanite ( mntio3 ) which are magnesian and manganiferous end - members of the solid solution series. although there appears evidence of the complete range of mineral chemistries in the ( fe, mg, mn, ti ) o3 system naturally occurring on earth, the vast bulk of ilmenites are restricted to close to the ideal fetio3 composition, with minor mole percentages of mn and mg. a key exception is in the ilmenites of kimberlites where the mineral usually contains major amounts of geikielite molecules, and in some highly differentiated felsic rocks ilmenites may contain significant amounts of pyrophanite molecules. at higher temperatures it has been demonstrated there is a complete solid solution between ilmenite and hematite. there is a miscibility gap at lower temperatures, resulting in a coexistence of these two minerals in rocks but no solid solution. this coexistence may result in exsolution lamellae in cooled ilmenites with more iron in the system than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5183939570470938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5340414a-ef91-497e-9e8b-376990d4bd00>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.645133"}
{"text": "world demand. indo - chinese demand is however rapidly growing and may eventually eclipse western consumption. world consumption rises approximately 5 % per annum to 8 % per annum, with demand growth most strongly centred in asian economies. world demand in 2004 was 335, 000 tonnes of tio2 units, representing about 2. 4 million tonnes of ilmenite. ilmenite is converted into titanium dioxide via the sulphate process. sulphate process plants must utilise low - vanadium ilmenite, as vanadium is a penalty element. titanium dioxide pigment can also be produced from higher titanium feedstocks such as rutile and leucoxene via a chloride acid process. raw ilmenite is refined by decreasing the iron content. carbon ( anthracite ) is used to convert some of the iron oxide in the ilmenite to metallic iron. the products of this process are molten iron ( pig iron ) and a slag rich in titanium. ilmenite sand is also used as a sandblasting agent in the cleaning of diecasting dies. australia was the world ' s largest producer and exporter of ilmenite ore in 2005 - 2006, with 1. 1 million tonnes, followed by south africa ( 952kt ), canada ( 809kt ), china ( ~ 400kt ) and norway ( 380kt ) 1. development of large mineral sands operations in senegal, cote d ' ivoire, madagascar and mozambique will see extensive supplies of ilmenite, rutile, zircon and leucoxene reach world markets in coming years. this is reflected in the table at right in parentheses. this additional supply of ilmenite and titanium feedstock, approximating 1. 5 million tonnes per annum, is in excess to world demand growth of 350kt per annum. the world ' s largest open cast ilmenite mine is the tellnes mine located in sokndal, norway and run by titania as ( owned by kronos worldwide inc. ), a hard rock ilmenite mine, which produces most of norway ' s 380, 000t of ilmenite production. in karhujupukka located in kolari, northern finland there is a magnetite - ilmenite ore at around 5 million tons. the ore contains about 6. 2 % titanium. the balla balla magnetitite - iron - titanium - vanadium ore deposit, in the pilbara of western australia, contains ~ 600 million tonnes of magnetite - ilmen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4378679198209946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5340414a-ef91-497e-9e8b-376990d4bd00>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.647394"}
{"text": ". the ore contains about 6. 2 % titanium. the balla balla magnetitite - iron - titanium - vanadium ore deposit, in the pilbara of western australia, contains ~ 600 million tonnes of magnetite - ilmenite cumulate ore horizon grading 58 % fe, 14 % tio2 and 0. 8 % v2o5, one of the richest magnetite - ilmenite ore bodies in australia. the ore deposit is scheduled to be mined in mid - 2009, to produce in excess of 480, 000t per annum of ilmenite product, by australian mining company aurox resources limited. major mineral sands operations include : richard bay, south africa ; coburn, wim 50, douglas, pooncarrie, murray basin, eneabba in australia, vv mineral in india. ilmenite has been found in moon rocks, and is typically highly enriched in magnesium similar to the kimberlitic association. in 2005 nasa used the hubble space telescope to locate potentially ilmenite - rich locations. this mineral could be essential to an eventual moon base, as ilmenite would provide a source of iron and titanium for the building of structures and essential oxygen extraction. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article \" ilmenite \". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4499700775208627, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5340414a-ef91-497e-9e8b-376990d4bd00>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.648385"}
{"text": "beavers have thick brown fur and a distinctive flattened, paddle - like tail that can be 9 - 10 inches long and 6 inches wide. ( ryan somma / flickr ) the beaver is a large, brown, semi - aquatic mammal with a distinctive flattened, paddle - like tail. it lives in lakes, streams and forested wetlands throughout the chesapeake bay watershed. thick, glossy brown fur large, scaly, flattened, paddle - like tail that can be 9 - 10 inches long and 6 inches wide large, chestnut brown front teeth rounded head and small, rounded ears head and body grow to 25 - 30 inches long usually weighs 30 - 60 pounds lives in forested wetlands and tree - lined streams, rivers, ponds and lakes semi - aquatic, meaning it spends time both on land and in the water builds lodges of sticks and mud on islands, river banks and shorelines. within their lodges, beavers live in colonies that include an adult male and female and their young. some beavers live in burrows within river banks to protect their lodges, beavers build dams across streams to flood the area and create deep, quiet ponds. these ponds also allow beavers to safely transport food and logs through the water. primarily nocturnal, but occasionally active in late afternoon found throughout the entire chesapeake bay watershed eats mostly tree bark and leaves red maples, willows, alders, shadbush and redosier dogwoods are some of its favorite foods has a specialized digestive tract that allows it to digest tree bark also eats bay grasses such as pondweeds and the roots and rhizomes of aquatic plants such as lilies and sedges stores branches and stems in its lodge to eat during winter adults have few predators owls, hawks and otters may prey upon young humans hunt beavers for their fur reproduction and life cycle : each colony has only one breeding female adult pairs are monogamous, keeping the same mate for life adults begin breeding between 2 - 3 years old beavers have one litter per year adults mate in january and february after four months, an average of 2 - 4 young ( called kits ) are born. at birth they are covered in thick fur, weigh about one pound and have open eyes. kits can swim within a week of birth and are weaned within 2 - 3 months when they are two years old, yearlings ( young born the previous spring ) are driven out or leave their lodge can live 11 years in the wild the largest rodent in north america teeth continue to grow throughout their lives regularly cuts down trees to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43075397067147614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38f1a5c1-1ca1-4613-8036-ba1c628a17a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.651366"}
{"text": "talking to your kids about sex can be daunting, no matter how close you are. but discussing issues like abstinence, sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ), and birth control can help lower teens ' risk of an unintended pregnancy or contracting an std. the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) supports sex education that includes information about both abstinence and birth control. research has shown that this information doesn ' t increase kids ' level of sexual activity, but actually promotes and increases the proper use of birth control methods among sexually active teens. how and when you discuss sex and birth control is up to you. providing the facts is vital, but it ' s also wise to tell your kids where you stand. remember, by approaching these issues like any other health topics, not as something dirty or embarrassing, you increase the odds that your kids will feel comfortable coming to you with any questions and problems. as awkward as it might feel, answer questions honestly. and if you don ' t know the answers, it ' s ok to say so, then find out and report back. if you have questions about how to talk with your son or daughter about sex, consider consulting your doctor. lots of parents find this tough to tackle, and a doctor may offer some helpful perspective. what is the birth control patch? the birth control patch is a thin, beige, 1\u00be - inch ( 4\u00bd - centimeter ) square patch that sticks to the skin. it releases hormones through the skin into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy. how does the patch work? the combination of the hormones progesterone and estrogen in the patch prevents ovulation ( the release of an egg from the ovaries during a girl ' s monthly cycle ). if an egg isn ' t released, a woman can ' t get pregnant because there ' s nothing for the male ' s sperm to fertilize. the hormones in the patch also thicken the cervical mucus ( the mucus produced by cells in the cervix ). the cervix is the part of the uterus that sits within the vagina and acts as the opening to the uterus. this makes it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus and reach any eggs that may have been released. the hormones in the patch can also sometimes affect the lining of the uterus so that if the egg is fertilized it will have a hard time attaching to the wall of the uterus. like other birth control methods that use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4656340908626626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4a9e190-a906-493b-a29f-83bac87889a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.659239"}
{"text": "been released. the hormones in the patch can also sometimes affect the lining of the uterus so that if the egg is fertilized it will have a hard time attaching to the wall of the uterus. like other birth control methods that use hormones, such as the birth control pill or ring, the birth control patch is used based on a young woman ' s monthly menstrual cycle. she puts on the patch on the first day of her menstrual cycle or the first sunday after her menstrual cycle begins. she will change the patch on her skin once a week for 3 weeks in a row. ( the patch should be applied to one of four areas : the abdomen, buttocks, upper arm, or upper torso \u2014 except for the breasts ). on the fourth week, no patch is worn, and the menstrual period should start during this time. it is important to use an additional form of contraception during the first 7 days on the patch to prevent pregnancy. a new patch should be applied on the same day every week to ensure that it keeps working effectively. for example, if the first patch is applied on a monday, patches should always be applied on a monday. when it ' s time to change the patch, the old one should be pulled off first, before applying a new patch. the new patch should be placed on a different area from the old patch ( but still on one of the four recommended areas listed above ) to avoid skin irritation. and any patch of skin that is red, irritated, or cut should be avoided. if a patch becomes loose and falls off or if a woman forgets to apply a new patch on the right day, she should consult the labeling information or a doctor about what to do. a backup method of birth control may be necessary for a while, such as condoms, or she might need to stop having sex for a while to protect against pregnancy. also, if a young woman stops using the patch for any reason, she will need to begin using another method of birth control, usually after 24 hours of removing the last patch. it ' s ok to participate in regular activities like swimming and exercise while wearing the patch. it can also get wet in the shower or in the bath. however, the patch should not be moved or removed until the week is over ( pulling the patch off to reposition or move it may cause it to lose some of its stickiness and it might fall off easily ). a girl wearing a patch shouldn ' t try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4396337105440039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4a9e190-a906-493b-a29f-83bac87889a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.660449"}
{"text": "patch should not be moved or removed until the week is over ( pulling the patch off to reposition or move it may cause it to lose some of its stickiness and it might fall off easily ). a girl wearing a patch shouldn ' t try to change its size by trimming it or try to attach it with tape. the patch should not be applied over makeup, creams, lotions, powder, or other skin products as these may prevent it from sticking well. ( skin products may also affect how hormones are absorbed by the skin. ) how well does the patch work? ongoing studies suggest the birth control patch is as effective as the birth control pill. that means that about 8 out of 100 couples will have an unintended pregnancy during the first year of use. of course, a woman ' s chance of getting pregnant depends on whether she uses the patch correctly. delaying or missing a weekly application or removing a patch too early reduces its effectiveness and increases the chance of pregnancy. for young women who weigh more than 198 pounds ( 90 kilograms ), the contraceptive patch may be less effective in preventing pregnancy. if a young woman has any health conditions or is taking any medications, that might interfere with the patch. how effective the patch is at preventing pregnancy also depends on whether the girl finds it convenient to use, and whether she remembers to wear it correctly all the time. protection against stds the birth control patch does not protect against stds. couples having sex must always use condoms along with the birth control patch to protect against stds. abstinence ( not having sex ) is the only method that always prevents pregnancy and stds. possible side effects the birth control patch is a safe and effective method of birth control. most young women who use the patch have no side effects. smoking cigarettes while using the patch can increase a girl ' s risk of certain side effects, which is why health professionals advise those who use the patch not to smoke. the side effects that some women have while using the patch are similar to those experienced with the birth control pill. these may include : - irregular menstrual bleeding - nausea, headaches, dizziness, and breast tenderness - mood changes - blood clots ( rare in women under 35 who do not smoke, but there may be a higher risk with the patch than with the pill ) other possible side effects seen in patch users include : - skin reactions at the site of application of the patch - problems with contact lens use, such as a change in vision or inability to wear the lenses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4537430862013918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4a9e190-a906-493b-a29f-83bac87889a8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.661458"}
{"text": "higher risk with the patch than with the pill ) other possible side effects seen in patch users include : - skin reactions at the site of application of the patch - problems with contact lens use, such as a change in vision or inability to wear the lenses - menstrual cramps many of these side effects are mild and tend to disappear after 2 or 3 months. who uses the patch? the birth control patch may be a good choice for sexually active young women who weigh less than 198 pounds ( 90 kilograms ) and find it difficult to remember to take a pill every day or who have difficulty swallowing pills. not all women can \u2014 or should \u2014 use the birth control patch. in some cases, medical or other conditions make the use of the patch less effective or more risky. for example, it is not recommended for women who have had blood clots, severe high blood pressure, certain types of cancers, certain types of migraine headaches, or diabetes with certain complications. it ' s recommended that girls who have had unexplained vaginal bleeding ( bleeding that is not during their periods ) or who suspect they may be pregnant should talk to their doctors, discontinue using the patch, and use another form of birth control in the meantime. girls who are interested in learning more about the possible health benefits and risks of different types of birth control, including the patch, should talk to a doctor or other health professional. where is the patch available? a doctor or a nurse practitioner must prescribe the patch. he or she will ask about a girl ' s health and family medical history, and may also do a complete physical exam, including a blood pressure measurement and a pelvic exam. if the patch is prescribed, the doctor or nurse will also provide instructions on how to use it. girls who use the patch may be asked to return within a few months for a blood pressure measurement and to ensure that there are no problems. after that, a doctor may recommend routine exams once or twice a year or as needed. how much does the patch cost? the patch usually costs between $ 15 - $ 50 a month, although health and family planning clinics ( such as planned parenthood ) might sell them for less. in addition, the birth control patch and doctor ' s visits are covered by many health insurance plans. reviewed by : larissa hirsch, md date reviewed : august 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4302905647690956, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4a9e190-a906-493b-a29f-83bac87889a8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.662566"}
{"text": "a noted archeologist says recent archeological findings in the three gorges area might prove the diversified origins of china ' s millenniums - old civilization. wang chuanping, deputy director of the chongqing municipal culture bureau, said that archeological evidence found during the past few years had added a clue to the widely debated theory that civilization emerged independently in the country ' s different areas. wang said part of china ' s civilization originated from the yangtze river valley, as evidenced by artifacts dating back to old and new stone age cultures discovered in the three gorges area. the highly developed ancient cultures spotted along the yangtze river rivaled those originating in central and north china ' s yellow river valley, which was long seen as the \" cradle of the chinese people. \" personalities in the chinese academic circle have long debated whether civilization arose in the yangtze river independently of the already widely acknowledged roots in the yellow river valley. few scientists agreed that there might have been another origin chinese civilization, which is long believed to have developed from \" zhongyuan \", a popular chinese term referred mainly to the yellow river valley in central and north china. but it has become increasingly apparent and clear that great prehistoric highly developed cultures developed along the yangtze river, especially in the three gorges area, as more and more artifacts have been unearthed in the area facing inundation. a complete map of how china ' s ancient civilization developed and flourished in the yangtze river valley can now be clearly seen, said archeological experts. experts said the three gorges area had long served as a bridge for cultural exchanges between china ' s east and west, south and north, proof of the multiple origin theory of china ' s civilization. last year china blocked the gigantic yangtze river at the three gorges, creating the world ' s biggest reservoir. however, the building of the three gorges dam sparked anxiety and worries among some renowned archeologists that a wealth of cultural relics providing evidence of prehistoric cultures would be submerged and lost forever. to salvage the centuries - old legacy of their ancestors, more than 7, 000 noted archeological experts, academics and technicians were summoned from across china to protect artifacts in the three gorges area. the dam ' s sluice gate was shut on june 1 to officially begin water filling. artifacts scattered around the vast reservoir area include prehistoric cultural relics dating back to the old stone age over 2 million years ago, cultural sites of successive ancient dynasties from the xia dynasty ( 21st century bc to 16th century bc ) to the qing dynasty ( 1644 - 1911 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4416572803532475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61bd97d5-89f4-45d1-9945-99d1cc8d692a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.667503"}
{"text": "teach yourself visually photoshop elements 7 linda wooldridge is a former senior editor at macworld. this is her seventh book in the visual series. table of contents introducing photoshop elements 7. understanding digital images. start photoshop elements. the editor workspace. the organizer workspace. switch between the editor and the organizer. anatomy of the photoshop elements toolbox. work with toolbox tools. work with palettes. set program preferences. chapter 2 : getting digital photos into photoshop elements. get photos for your projects. import photos from a digital camera or card reader. import photos from a scanner. import photos from a folder. watch a folder for new images. open a photo. create a blank image. save a photo. duplicate a photo. close a photo. chapter 3 : organizing your photos. introducing the organizer. open the organizer. create a catalog. view photos in the photo browser. work with albums. create a smart album. view photos by date. work with keyword tags. map a photo. view photo properties. add a caption. chapter 4 : image editing basic. work with image windows. magnify with the zoom tool. adjust the image view. change the image size. change the image print size. change the image resolution. change the image canvas size. undo changes to an image. revert an image. chapter 5 : selection techniques. select an area with a marquee. select an area with a lasso. select an area withthe magic wand. select an area with the quick selection tool. select an area with the selection brush. add to or subtract from a selection. save and load a selection. invert a selection. deselect a selection. chapter 6 : manipulating selections. move a selection. copy and paste a selection. delete a selection. rotate a selection. scale a selection. skew or distort a selection. feather the border of a selection. chapter 7 : layer basics. what are layers? create and add to a layer. hide a layer. move a layer. duplicate a layer. delete a layer. change the opacity of a layer. rename a layer. create a fill layer. create an adjustment layer. chapter 8 : retouching photos. retouch with guided edit. quick fix a photo. improve colors with the touch up palette. remove red eye. retouch with the clone stamp. correct a spot. remove dust and scratches. crop an image. crop with the cookie cutter tool. rotate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4968447987082836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e438453d-d53d-4fb9-9f31-95e4ad700dad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.673822"}
{"text": "with guided edit. quick fix a photo. improve colors with the touch up palette. remove red eye. retouch with the clone stamp. correct a spot. remove dust and scratches. crop an image. crop with the cookie cutter tool. rotate an image. straighten an image. sharpen an image. extract an object from a background. merge group shots. chapter 9 : enhancing contrast and exposure. enhance lighting with guided edit. adjust shadows and highlights. change brightness and contrast. lighten areas with the dodge tool darken areas with the burn tool. add a spotlight. using the blur and sharpen tools. chapter 10 : enhancing colors. enhance colors with guided edit. adjust skin color. adjust color with the sponge tool. correct color with color variations. replace a color. turn a color photo into black and white. add color to a black - and - white photo. adjust color using color curves. chapter 11 : painting and drawing on photos. set the foreground and background colors. add color with the brush tool. change brush styles. add color with the paint bucket tool. replace a color. adjust colors with the smart brush. draw a shape. draw a line. erase an area. apply a gradient. chapter 12 : applying filters. blur an image. distort an image. turn an image into a painting. turn an image into a sketch. add noise to an image. pixelate an image. emboss an image. apply multiple filters. chapter 13 : adding text elements. change the formatting of text. change the color of text. create warped text. create beveled text. add a shadow to text. chapter 14 : applying styles and effects. frame a photo with a drop shadow. add a drop shadow to a laye. create a vintage photo. add a fancy background. add an outline to a layer. add an outer glow to a layer. add a fancy covering to a layer. add a watermark. chapter 15 : presenting photos creatively. create a slide show. create a collage. create a greeting card. create a flipbook. create a photo panorama. chapter 16 : saving and sharing your work. save a jpeg for the web. save a gif for the web. save a png for the web. convert file types. e - mail images with photo mail. print a photo. print multiple photos. print a picture package. back up photos. sign up for online photo hosting. share a photo album online. back up and synchronize photos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47361808544331985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e438453d-d53d-4fb9-9f31-95e4ad700dad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.676042"}
{"text": "convert file types. e - mail images with photo mail. print a photo. print multiple photos. print a picture package. back up photos. sign up for online photo hosting. share a photo album online. back up and synchronize photos online. sign up now \u00bb it can be argued that what distinguishes midsize businesses most from large and small companies is not size, but attitude. while attitude alone cannot mitigate the challenges faced by midsize... \" suggesting that people ' s \" purpose is to get information to flow through the... \" why change management doesn \u2019 t work \" darn those pesky laws that get in the way of commercial exploitation... \" larry page wants to see your medical records \" instead of partitioning the device between corporate and personal data, another approach... \" dual - persona smartphones not a byod panacea \" well that ' s a nice back - handed compliment isn ' t it? so now, finally, my... \" after two - year hiatus, eff accepts bitcoin donations again \" actually, both mobile app developers and cios should be blamed for it.... \" cios struggle to deliver timely mobile business apps : survey - auscert 2013 : users, cats more likely hack culprits than cyber - espionage : trustwave - auscert 2013 : home - electronics gear \u2019 s upnp as insecure in australia as rest of world : metasploit - auscert 2013 : big data skills help beat the bad guys, says hp - growing mobile malware threat swirls ( mostly ) around android - in pictures : auscert 2013 day one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5080165869732743, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e438453d-d53d-4fb9-9f31-95e4ad700dad>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.676844"}
{"text": "discover who i am myers - briggs type indicator \u00b7 mbti overview understanding your personal preferences and motivations is important when choosing a major, a career, or a work environment. the myers - briggs type indicator ( mbti ) is the most widely used personality inventory in history for understanding personality differences. the mbti is a self - report questionnaire designed to make use of carl jung \u2019 s theory of psychological types understandable and useful in everyday life. taking the mbti inventory and receiving feedback will enhance understanding of yourself, your motivations, your natural strengths, your potential areas for growth, and also help you appreciate people who differ from you. the mbti also helps improve work and personal relationships, increase productivity, and identify leadership and interpersonal communication preferences. strong interest inventory \u00b7 sii overview the strong interest inventory ( sii ) is an instrument designed to help people increase their awareness of their general interests and to alert them of possible activities and work that match those interests. the sii measures your level of interest in occupational areas, activities, school subjects and work environments. the inventory then compares your interests with professionals ( only male or only female ) working in a wide variety of occupations that you may wish to explore further. while the results of the sii will not tell you what major or career to pursue, it can better help you understand how your interests relate to different occupations, work environments, and areas of study as well as provide a starting point for major and / or occupational exploration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5056350871852655, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e542c2c-6643-4a0f-92f8-fc73b62311fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.678636"}
{"text": "yesterday, new york city mayor michael bloomberg announced the city \u2019 s 10 - year waterfront vision and action agenda. new england cities should take note of this forward - thinking plan, which knits together a dizzying array of restoration activities to ensure that nyc \u2019 s rivers, harbors and 500 - mile waterfront remain world class amenities for its residents and visitors. the waterfront plan incorporates key elements of nyc \u2019 s green infrastructure plan, released last september. among other things, nyc plans to invest over $ 4 billion over the next 20 years in modernizing infrastructure to control pollution to the city \u2019 s waterways. recognizing it would need to invest huge sums to protect and enhance its critically valuable waterfront, the city did its homework. experts found that using green infrastructure approaches to reduce sewer overflows over the 20 years would result in cost savings of $ 1. 5 billion. nyc \u2019 s vision for restoring water quality now includes a mix of strategic investments in some \u201c grey \u201d or hard piped infrastructure \u2013 the sort cities have employed for the past century \u2013 along with a hefty proportion of green technologies. in addition, the plan includes $ 900 million in private investment. one inch at a time green stormwater management techniques, often referred to as \u201c low impact development, \u201d model nature \u2019 s way of handling runoff from paved areas during storms \u2013 the runoff is cleansed by soil and plants in vegetated areas, then evaporates or is filtered back into the ground. wetlands, green roofs and even specially designed rain gardens and street trees can serve this function. dumping polluted stormwater runoff into natural wetlands isn \u2019 t on its own an acceptable solution, so green infrastructure approaches add new vegetated areas where the treatment occurs. the status quo is that street runoff co - mingles with human wastewater in the sanitary sewer system, overwhelming the pipes and treatment plants. instead, the city plans to send street runoff into new green treatment areas designed to manage stormwater. nyc has set its sights on diverting runoff from the first inch of rainfall from 10 % of paved area. keeping this quantity of runoff out of the combined sewer system, experts predict, will have dramatic water quality benefits. everybody pays, everybody wins nyc \u2019 s waterfront vision is an impressive example of coordination across a tangle of city and state agencies, public and private entities. the city \u2019 s action plan to cut back sewer overflows relies on public and private entities to restore water quality over the next 20 years. the city will soon require new development to include state - of - the - art", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42892265312111255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da1c503b-874b-482e-b236-ea3dfde90269>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.684527"}
{"text": "brief summary : the current management guidelines recommended by acog rely on history as a screening method to determine pregnant women who are at risk for transmitting herpes to their newborn. history fails completely in identifying the women most at risk of transmitting herpes to their newborn - the seronegative woman who acquires a primary infection from her partner during pregnancy. despite recent advances, both pregnant women and newborns continue to be at risk of acquiring herpes infection. genital herpes infections are epidemic in the united states. in the early 1990 ' s, 25 % of women in the us were seropositive for the hsv - 2 antibody. these numbers are likely higher now. the incidence of neonatal herpes in the us cannot be accurately estimated since it is not a reportable disease. however, in some areas of the us, the incidence is 1 in 3, 200 live births which would translate to an incidence of approximately three infants a day in the us. in other areas of the us, the incidence is even higher, approaching 1 in 1, 500 liveborns. this protocol examines patient acceptance of hsv - 1 and hsv - 2 type specific serologic testing and assesses patient counseling tools. in addition, seroprevalence of hsv - 2 in pregnant patients will be collected and evaluated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42769949134984137, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ea0c214-06b3-4da6-9abb-1bca2a424ac8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.686725"}
{"text": "question : why are there holes in my pecans? answer : many people had problems last season when harvesting pecans and discovering white larvae inside instead of a pecan. the pecan weevil was a common pest problem late last season. by the time most people discovered the problem it was too late to control. the pecan weevil is a pest to start controlling in august and september to prevent discovering problems later this year. the pecan weevil causes two types of damage. the first type is when the adult weevils puncture the nuts in early august, causing the nuts to fall after two or three days. the adult pecan weevils are reddish - brown to gray beetles with long slender snouts and thin legs. larval feeding within the nut causes the second type of damage. the larva chews a circular hole through the shell, and, as nuts fall to the ground, it exits the nut, and burrows into the soil. larvae are creamy white, legless grubs with reddish brown heads. understanding the life cycle of the pecan weevil helps explain why the weevils cause two types of damage. the adult weevils emerge from the soil from august through september. the majority of weevils fly to the tree trunk or tree canopy while a small number walk. after the female adult weevils puncture the nut in early august, the eggs are laid inside the developing pecan. at maturity the larvae exit the nut and burrow into the soil. they remain in the soil until the following august where they pupate and emerge as adults. then the cycle begins again with the adult weevils puncturing the pecan nuts. now that we know how those white larvae get into the pecan, the next question is how to get rid of the pecan weevil. because the adult weevils are emerging from the ground during august in search of pecans to puncture, that is the time when you want to control them. you want to control the adult weevils as they are emerging from the ground because they cannot be reached once they are in the nut or while they \u2019 re in the soil. the weevil \u2019 s emergence from the soil is during a two - month period of august to september, so monitoring for when the adults emerge from the soil is important. also keep in mind that the weevils usually emerge from the soil after a rainfall. a dry or hard soil provides a physical barrier to the adult weevils, delaying their emergence from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4352416631055462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c490fc8-f98f-410c-bc12-a80d2077f5ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.690626"}
{"text": "for when the adults emerge from the soil is important. also keep in mind that the weevils usually emerge from the soil after a rainfall. a dry or hard soil provides a physical barrier to the adult weevils, delaying their emergence from the soil. several techniques can be used to monitor for when the adults emerge from the soil. a simple way to monitor is inspecting nuts that have dropped to the ground for puncture holes. there are many traps available for monitoring the pecan weevil varying in cost and in the amount of labor required to set up. a homeowner can avoid the cost of a trap by wrapping burlap around the pecan tree three to four feet above the soil and tying it in place at the bottom. the remaining burlap is overlapped and then tied at the top. this causes the weevils to walk over each flap thus delaying their trip up the tree and allowing time for grower observation. if you did choose this monitoring method, you want to set it up just before august and monitor it daily for weevils to indicate when to start spraying. as you monitor for the weevils you can go ahead and destroy the weevils you do find on the burlap to provide some control. one downfall to using this monitoring method is that you only know how many are walking up the tree and since most fly to the tree, you may not be getting an accurate idea of when the adult weevils are moving to the tree. if you decide to use insecticide to control the pecan weevil, applications should be made every 7 days from mid - august through mid - september using an insecticide that contains the active ingredient carbaryl. if you want to try to avoid using insecticides or want additional control along with the insecticide, a good control method is to gather and destroy weevil - infested nuts as they fall to prevent the larvae from entering in the ground and hanging around until next growing season. august through september is the time to be on the lookout for the pecan weevil. with an understanding of the pecan weevil \u2019 s life cycle and knowing when to watch for the weevils emerging from the ground you may prevent the disappointment of opening pecan shells during harvest just to find those white worms enjoying your pecans instead of you. reminder : a growing program this year is the \u201c sampson county friends of horticulture. \u201d this program offers monthly \u201c how to \u201d horticultural seminars. please call ( 910 ) 592 - 716", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3944873575066291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c490fc8-f98f-410c-bc12-a80d2077f5ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.691620"}
{"text": "two over easy can lead to smaller overweight and obese women who ate a breakfast of two eggs per day, five days a week or more for eight weeks, lost more weight than women who consumed a calorically equivalent bagel breakfast. researchers at found women who ate the two - egg breakfast : lost 65 percent more weight than those who ate the bagel breakfast. had 83 percent greater reductions in waist circumference. reported greater improvements in energy levels. eggs, it is believed, evoke feelings of greater satiety and, therefore, reduce short - term food intake. in the study, the bagel and egg breakfasts were equal in both calories and weight mass. food containing melatonin may help if you \u2019 re worried about aging, perhaps a little corn on the cob, followed by a bowl full of cherries, and topped off with a glass of red wine might be in order. why? because all of these foods contain melatonin, and recent studies indicate the substance may be the long sought - after \u201c fountain of youth. \u201d melatonin, a substance that neutralize oxidative damage and delays neurodegenerative processes, might have a hand in putting off old age, according to a in the study, five - month - old mice, which are the human age equivalent of 30 - year - olds, were used. this is the age where mice start to show signs of aging, due to an increase in free radicals ( oxygen and nitrogen ), which cause inflammation. this \u201c oxidative stress \u201d can cause cell membranes to become more fragile, making them easier to break and damage. the mice then received melatonin in small amounts. the melatonin not only neutralized the damages, but also delayed the negative effects of aging in the mice. researchers believe that daily intake of melatonin by humans beginning at the age of 30 could prevent, or at least delay, some of the negative consequences of aging, such as neurodegenerative disorders ( e. g. parkinson \u2019 s disease ) and other illnesses such as diabetes. more research is being done in the hope of developing a supplement containing enough melatonin to positively affect the aging process. in the meantime, melatonin can be found naturally in small amounts in certain fruits and vegetables like cherries, bananas and onions ; in cereals such as corn, oats and rice ; and in aromatic plants such as mint, lemon verbena, sage or thyme ; and last, but not least", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48814575778025815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8004487a-d06b-4a34-a3b6-48ebc2f208b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.703860"}
{"text": "small amounts in certain fruits and vegetables like cherries, bananas and onions ; in cereals such as corn, oats and rice ; and in aromatic plants such as mint, lemon verbena, sage or thyme ; and last, but not least, in red wine. secondhand smoke is dangerous \u2013 if you \u2019 re dining alfresco, you might want to see if there \u2019 s a no - smoking section, even though you \u2019 re stanford researchers have found that sitting a few feet downwind from a smoker when you are out - of - doors means that you are likely to be at least periodically exposed to substantial levels of contaminated air. neil klepeis, assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering and the lead author of the study, says, \u201c some folks have expressed the opinion that exposure to outdoor tobacco smoke is insignificant, because it dissipates quickly into the air. but our findings show that a person sitting or standing next to a smoker outdoors can breathe in wisps of smoke that are many times more concentrated than normal background air - pollution levels. \u201d researchers say they were surprised at some of the findings. wayne ott, professor of environmental engineering and co - author of the study says, \u201c if you \u2019 re at a sidewalk cafe, and you sit within 18 inches of a person who smokes two cigarettes over the course of an hour, your exposure to secondhand smoke could be the same as if you sat one hour inside a tavern with smokers. based on our findings, a child in close proximity to adult smokers at a backyard party also could receive substantial exposure to secondhand smoke. \u201d the researchers found that if people move about six feet away from an outdoor smoker, exposure levels drop the results of the study were published in the journal of the air and waste management association.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4936201956570468, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8004487a-d06b-4a34-a3b6-48ebc2f208b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.704627"}
{"text": "vision statement : to cultivate a collaborative effort to improve the quality and breadth of community - based obesity prevention. what is a community - based obesity prevention initiative? co - ops defines community - based obesity prevention initiatives as initiatives that seek to promote healthy eating and physical activity, in a way that would be expected to influence energy balance thus contributing to the prevention of obesity at the population level. the type of initiatives or programs that the co - ops collaboration focuses on are those that consider the socio - cultural and environmental determinants of obesity within a setting or population group, rather than those with a focus solely on individual behaviour change or weight loss ( treatment ). co - ops includes practitioners, funders and evaluators of programs which have obesity prevention as part of their objectives as well as healthy eating and physical activity programs which contribute to obesity prevention. the co - ops collaboration acknowledges that there are a range of different interventions throughout australia of varying size and scope, each with an important role in community - based obesity prevention. the co - ops collaboration aims to develop resources and support systems that account for these differences. knowledge translation and exchange the co - ops collaboration has employed a knowledge broker who is available to co - ops sites to assist with advice and support and facilitate the knowledge translation process. co - ops aims to harness the use of research and evidence to improve the planning, implementation and evaluation of community - based obesity prevention initiatives. co - ops endeavours to create a support system that will accelerate the use of knowledge, evidence and evaluation by those involved in community - based obesity prevention. we aim to effectively share information and evidence with participating sites through a wide variety of communications including : - publish and communicate widely ( including through scientific conferences, journals and the media ) on best practices approaches to community - based obesity prevention ; - provision of on - going support and advice services for new community - based projects ; - maintenance of an up to date evidence - based website, training tools and resources ; - provision of online facilitated forums ; - review of previous best practices to ensure currency and validity ; - development of evidence - based summaries of community - based projects ; and - maintenance of continuous knowledge sharing capabilities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5236807105218627, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ca9317a-d31e-4320-b654-715974add5c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.707029"}
{"text": "coking coal : these coals, when heated in the absence of air, form coherent beads, free from volatiles, with strong and porous mass, called coke. semi coking coal : - these have coking properties - mainly used in steel making and metallurgical industries - also used for hard coke manufacturing these coals, when heated in the absence of air, form coherent beads not strong enough to be directly fed into the blast furnace. such coals are blended with coking coal in adequate proportion to make coke. nlw coking coal : - these have comparatively less coking properties than coking coal - mainly used as blend - able coal in steel making, merchant coke manufacturing and other metallurgical industries this coal is not used in metallurgical industries. because of higher ash content, this coal is not acceptable for washing in washeries. this coal is used for power utilities and non - core sector consumers. non - coking coal : these are coals without coking properties. washed and beneficiated coal : - mainly used as thermal grade coal for power generation - also used for cement, fertilizer, glass, ceramic, paper, chemical and brick manufacturing, and for other heating purposes these coals have undergone the process of coal washing or coal beneficiation, resulting in value addition of coal due to reduction in ash percentage. - used in manufacturing of hard coke for steel making - beneficiated and washed non - coking coal is used mainly for power generation - beneficiated non - coking coal is used by cement, sponge iron and other industrial plants middlings are by - products of the three stage coal washing / beneficiation process, as a fraction of feed raw coal. - used for power generation - also used by domestic fuel plants, brick manufacturing units, cement plants, industrial plants, etc. rejects are the products of coal beneficiation process after separation of cleans and / or middlings, as a fraction of feed raw coal. cil coke / ltc coke : - used for fluidized bed combustion ( fbc ) boilers for power generation, road repairs, briquette ( domestic fuel ) making, land filling, etc. cil coke / ltc coke is a smokeless, environment friendly product of the dankuni coal complex, obtained through low temperature carbonisation. coal fines / coke fines : - used in furnaces and kilns of industrial units - also used as domestic fuel by halwais", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4884422809560023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2578e5c5-878e-4f55-83e1-568a9d0e29f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.711088"}
{"text": "a smokeless, environment friendly product of the dankuni coal complex, obtained through low temperature carbonisation. coal fines / coke fines : - used in furnaces and kilns of industrial units - also used as domestic fuel by halwais, hotels, etc. these are the screened fractions of feed raw coal and ltc coke / cil coke respectively, obtained from the dankuni coal complex and other coke oven plants. tar / heavy oil / light oil / soft pitch : - used in industrial furnaces as well as for domestic purposes these are products from dankuni coal complex using low temperature carbonisation of non - coking coal in vertical retorts. - used in furnaces and boilers of industrial plants as well as power houses, oil, dye, pharmaceutical industries, etc. | the table below sets forth the various gross calorific value ( gcv ) based bands of non coking coal produced by us | gcv bands | | exceeding 6700 and not exceeding 7000 | | exceeding 6400 and not exceeding 6700 | | exceeding 6100 and not exceeding 6400 | | exceeding 5800 and not exceeding 6100 | | exceeding 5500 and not exceeding 5800 | | exceeding 5200 and not exceeding 5500 | | exceeding 4900 and not exceeding 5200 | | exceeding 4600 and not exceeding 4900 | | exceeding 4300 and not exceeding 4600 | | exceeding 4000 and not exceeding 4300 | | exceeding 3700 and not exceeding 4000 | | exceeding 3400 and not exceeding 3700 | | exceeding 3100 and not exceeding 3400 | | exceeding 2800 and not exceeding 3100 | | exceeding 2500 and not exceeding 2800 | | exceeding 2200 and not exceeding 2500 | the table below sets forth the various grades of coking coal : | grade | | ash content | | steel grade i ( \" st i \" ) | | ash content < 15 % | | steel grade ii ( \" st ii \" ) | | 15 % < = ash content < 18 % | | washery grade i ( \" w i \" ) | | 18 % < = ash content < 21 % | | washery grade ii ( \" w ii \" ) | | 21 % < = ash content < 24 % | | washery grade iii ( \" w iii \" ) | | 24 % < = ash content < 28 % | | washery grade iv ( \" w iv \" ) | | 28 % < = ash content < 35 % | | the table below describes the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.488441820137251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2578e5c5-878e-4f55-83e1-568a9d0e29f5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.712040"}
{"text": "to develop an application with symphony, you need to first understand how the source files are organized. note that in this chapter, all path names are given unix - style. when you unpack the symphony source distribution, you will notice at the root level a number of files associated with the automatic configuration system, as well as a number of subdirectories, each of which corresponds to a library used by symphony for some specific functionality. the files associated with symphony itself are located in the symphony subdirectory. within the symphony subdirectory are a number of other subdirectories, including one called src containing the source files for symphony itself. also in the main symphony / subdirectory, there is a subdirectory called applications / ( see sections 184. 108. 40. 206 and 2. 2. 4 ) for instructions on building the applications ). the applications / subdirectory contains the source code for a number of sample applications developed with symphony, as well as function stubs for developing a custom application using symphony ' s callbacks. the subdirectory symphony / applications / user contains the files needed for implementing the callbacks and is a template for developing an application. in this directory and its subdirectories, which mirror the subdirectories of symphony itself, each file contains function stubs that can be filled in to create a new custom application. there is a separate subdirectory for each module - - master ( master / ), tree management ( treemanager / ), cut generation ( cutgen / ), cut management ( cutpool / ), and node processing ( lp / ). within each subdirectory, there is a file, initially called user / * / user _ *. c, where * is the name of the module. the primary thing that you, as the user, need to understand to build a custom application is how to fill in these stubs. that is what the second part of this chapter is about. before describing that, however, we will discuss how to build your application.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45838791857602523, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90e870ef-19d9-452a-a2f7-b5ca279f1c2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.714313"}
{"text": "in 1845, john lyon of harrisburg, iowa, patented what is believed to be the first elevating grader. in 1845, john lyon of harrisburg, iowa, patented what is believed to be the first elevating grader. dubbed the \u201c ditching plow, \u201d it was designed to excavate bank material and transfer it to a wagon moving alongside by means of a cross - frame conveyor. the concept has undergone a number of refinements and variations over the following 165 - plus years, including direct evolution of lyon \u2019 s towed machine, and conveyors of like design mounted on or traveling behind motor graders. the towed elevating grader was obsolete in the 1940s, and motor grader - mounted loaders fell out of use in the 1970s. the largest and most productive descendant of the ditching plow is the traveling belt loader. this concept originated in 1940 when the euclid road machinery co. introduced its first blade - veyor, or bv, belt loader as a means of most efficiently loading its bottom dump wagons. at 54 inches, the bv \u2019 s conveyor was wider than that of the largest elevating grader, and the bv wielded a large, horizontal cutting edge instead of a disc to break material from the bank. rather than being positioned perpendicular, or nearly so, to the machine \u2019 s direction of travel, the bv \u2019 s conveyor angled across the length of the machine, so as to discharge at the opposite corner from the cutting edge, thereby giving the material as straight a direction of travel as possible. although an elevating grader rode on wheels, the bv traveled on a crawler undercarriage ; like the elevating scraper, it was towed by a large crawler tractor. after six prototypes had been built, the bv program was suspended due to the demands of world war ii. when it entered formal production in 1948, the bv achieved a reasonable degree of success as a means of quickly and efficiently loading large volumes of earthy material. but the design had its flaws : the dead weight and the maintenance costs of the undercarriage ; the tendency of the belt to slip under load and its vulnerability to impacts from rocks in the bank ; and its tendency to hang up or clog due to sloughed material and the steepness of the belt. the bv was ultimately phased out in 1956. montana earthmoving contractor francis holland had used seven bvs and developed a much larger loader that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41684274772611274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f34ee6a-4b6e-4689-86ad-8c90f64a31a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.721999"}
{"text": "to hang up or clog due to sloughed material and the steepness of the belt. the bv was ultimately phased out in 1956. montana earthmoving contractor francis holland had used seven bvs and developed a much larger loader that travelled on two crawler tractors rather than its own crawlers. initial models had 72 - inch belts and vertical cutting edges, and were touted for their simple design, greater power, superior performance, and lower maintenance costs. all of the holland loader \u2019 s weight was on the powered crawlers of the transporting tractors, which allowed all of the tractive effort to be directed to the cutting edge while avoiding the clogs that had plagued the bv. holland patented his design in 1970 and 1971, and tested prototypes on his own jobs. in 1972 and 1973, three early production models joined a prototype at perris dam in southern california, where they loaded 110 - ton bottom dump trucks in 43 to 90 seconds, depending on the material. holland loader co. still produces holland loaders today, with belt widths to 96 inches. the historical construction equipment association ( hcea ) is a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving the history of the construction, dredging and surface mining equipment industries. with more than 4, 000 members in 25 countries, activities include operation of national construction equipment museum and archives in bowling green, ohio ; publication of a quarterly magazine, equipment echoes, from which this text is adapted ; and hosting an annual working exhibition of restored construction equipment. individual memberships are $ 30 within the united states and canada, and $ 40us elsewhere. we seek to develop relationships in the equipment manufacturing industry, and we offer a college scholarship for engineering students. information is available at www. hcea. net, 419. 352. 5616, or email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.443265714683854, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f34ee6a-4b6e-4689-86ad-8c90f64a31a0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.722813"}
{"text": "is lobster cholesterol content good or bad for health? does lobster have cholesterol? cholesterol is a fatty, wax - like substance found in all animals. even humans produce a significant amount of cholesterol as a product of metabolism. these substances are used for the repair of damaged cells. thus, all animal - based meat and products contain some amounts of cholesterol. lobster contains a relatively high amount of cholesterol. - high in nutrition. a single serving of cooked lobster, about 3 ounces, has no saturated fat, 1 gram of carbohydrate, 17 grams of protein, less than 1 gram of fat, and 85 calories. there \u2019 s no argument in saying that lobster is both healthy and nutritious. a serving of lobster packs a good punch of high - protein, lean meat. - cholesterol content. each serving of cooked lobster has about 60 mg of cholesterol. in a day, healthy individuals should consume a maximum of 300 mg, while those with high cholesterol levels should only have a maximum of 200 mg per day. a single serving of lobster in the diet completes at least 20 percent of the recommended daily count. is lobster cholesterol good or bad for health the cholesterol content present in servings of cooked lobster is recommended for healthy individuals. however, those who have high cholesterol levels, or have pre - existing cardiovascular diseases should consume the shellfish in moderation. - shellfish has the lowest caloric content among all forms of meat. lobster has less than half the caloric content of hamburger made of ground beef. it also has less than half of chicken \u2019 s cholesterol content, while prime ribs have three times more. - lobster becomes packed with bad cholesterol when accompanied by butter. each tablespoon of butter contains around 35 mg of cholesterol. instead of using butter or margarine, a squeeze of fresh lemon can improve any lobster dish. - a single serving of cooked lobster has the lowest cholesterol count and saturated fat levels among all types of shellfish. shrimp has a whopping 166 mg of cholesterol, while crab has around 80 mg. - the monounsaturated fats found in lobsters help raise the levels of both low - density lipoproteins ( bad cholesterol ) and high - density lipoproteins ( good cholesterol ). however, lobsters contain no trans - fats. - lobsters should only be grille", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4173056074515751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a13c1b2-2c3f-4863-9179-c3ec925e2207>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.727648"}
{"text": "old disease, new problems for texas cattle industry rounding up tb cattle have long been a symbol of texas, and they ' re still part of the landscape. according to the texas and southwestern cattle raisers association ( tscra ), texas farms and ranches are home to about 15 million head of cattle, more than any other state. a 2001 texas a & m university report says the cattle industry contributes more than $ 15 billion annually to the state ' s economy. recently, however, an old enemy of texas livestock has posed a new threat to the state ' s cattle industry. bovine tuberculosis ( tb ) is caused by infectious bacteria and can spread to all warm - blooded animals, including humans. efforts to eradicate it in the u. s. started in 1917, and according to the texas cooperative extension, those efforts reduced the disease ' s occurrence in the national cattle population from 5 percent in 1917 to just 0. 015 percent in 1990. but despite tb ' s rarity, it is still causing problems. in 2000, following five consecutive years with no confirmed cases of tb in 252 of the state ' s 254 counties, the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) recognized texas as tb - free, allowing the unrestricted transportation and sale of texas cattle to other states and countries. portions of el paso and hudspeth counties have recurring bovine - tb cases, so the usda restricts the transport and sale of cattle from those areas, which the texas animal health commission ( tahc ) refers to as the el paso movement restriction zone ( mrz ). texas once again has the disease on its doorstep, though. according to tahc, in july 2001, usda meat inspectors found tb in an animal at a texas slaughterhouse and traced the animal to a herd of 44 cattle in fayette county. the herd ' s owner destroyed the herd rather than conduct a time - consuming and expensive testing procedure. then, in december 2001, a dairy in west texas reported a possible tb case, which inspectors confirmed and traced to a 67 - head pecos county herd. half of that herd was infected, and the owner destroyed the animals. as a result of these incidents, in june 2002 the usda lowered texas ' tb - free status, officially known as accredited free, to modified accredited advanced. the change means texas breeding cattle - - those that have not been spayed or neutered - - must have a negative tb test within 60 days before they are transported across state lines and must carry official usd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4053056336744004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc6e8ab-ec6c-4b89-afe2-73840b91c5f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.736115"}
{"text": "accredited free, to modified accredited advanced. the change means texas breeding cattle - - those that have not been spayed or neutered - - must have a negative tb test within 60 days before they are transported across state lines and must carry official usda identification, such as a brand or an ear tag. until the june status change, these types of restrictions applied only to the mrz. tahc opposed the usda ruling, which states an accredited free state that has diagnosed tuberculosis in two or more herds within a 48 - month period must be reclassified as modified accredited advanced. tahc contends that the low number of infected herds specified in the ruling is unfair. given that texas has about 153, 000 herds, the chance of finding tb in two herds in the state is much greater than the chance of finding it in states with fewer cattle. in a july 2002 report to the usda ' s animal and plant health inspection service ( aphis ), tahc said two infected herds in texas reflects a much lower prevalence of the disease than in other states ; rhode island, for instance, has just 200 herds and could retain its accredited - free status if one herd were infected. the report says single cases of tb were found in north dakota, kansas and california between 1996 and 2000. all of those states - - with a combined herd count of about 71, 700 - - retained accredited - free status. tahc says other numbers also will hit hard in texas - - the cost of testing and the potential for lost income from slowed sales. usda projects losses of as much as $ 2. 8 billion by 2013 for texas producers. the immediate concern for texas breeding cattle producers is the testing requirement. \" it ' s going to be pretty burdensome, \" says matt brockman, tscra ' s executive director. \" the test alone is going to run probably four or five dollars per head. tack on the labor cost and it ' s going to multiply that cost three or four times per head. \" according to tahc, texas exports about 150, 000 breeding cattle each year, so testing costs will mount quickly. add to that the time necessary to conduct tests, and testing becomes a real burden. \" by the time you get the animals, run them through the chute, inject the tuberculin and then turn them out again for 72 hours, gather them again and run them through to check for swelling, it adds up in a hurry, \" brockman says. good news, not too soon though the june 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4503431983169059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc6e8ab-ec6c-4b89-afe2-73840b91c5f6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.737213"}
{"text": "inject the tuberculin and then turn them out again for 72 hours, gather them again and run them through to check for swelling, it adds up in a hurry, \" brockman says. good news, not too soon though the june 2002 restrictions did not specifically include feeder cattle - - cattle native to the state, raised for slaughter and not intended for breeding - - the usda loss projections included both breeder and feeder cattle, and feeder producers expressed concern about being included. texas producers export nearly 1. 5 million head of feeder cattle per year. in response to such concerns, in late november 2002, the usda and aphis announced they would take steps by january 2003 to officially exclude feeder cattle from the current texas restrictions until at least september 2003. the delay gives the usda more time to consider if texas feeder cattle pose a tb - transmission threat to cattle in other states. dr. dan baca, tahc ' s epidemiologist, says that risk is incredibly low, citing tahc statistics indicating that, at worst, the incidence of tb in texas feeder cattle is probably less than one in a million. baca says feeder cattle make up the bulk of the texas cattle export industry and restrictions on them account for a large part of the usda ' s projected losses. he says he wishes there were no restrictions placed on any texas cattle, but the delay and further study of feeder cattle is exactly what tahc and the industry were after. \" we probably got everything we asked for, \" he says. ross wilson, vice president of the texas cattle feeders association, which represents cattle - feeding interests in texas, new mexico and oklahoma, a $ 5 billion industry, says it ' s a step in the right direction. \" it ' s certainly a positive decision, and we feel it ' s the right decision because it reflects the low risk that native, texas cattle pose to out - of - state cattle, \" wilson says. \" we feel [ the risk ] is insignificant at best. \" the southern front another front of the ongoing tb - eradication war is along the border with mexico. according to baca, cattle have been legally imported from mexico since the 1950s, and imports from both mexico and canada help meet export contracts for all parties involved. such imports undoubtedly have been aided by the north american free trade agreement. but the number of mexican cattle imported into the u. s. has varied wildly in recent years due to economic and climatic factors. in 1995, extreme drought and economic instability in mexico led mexican producers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4380135927722451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc6e8ab-ec6c-4b89-afe2-73840b91c5f6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.738192"}
{"text": "have been aided by the north american free trade agreement. but the number of mexican cattle imported into the u. s. has varied wildly in recent years due to economic and climatic factors. in 1995, extreme drought and economic instability in mexico led mexican producers to sell off a record 1. 6 million head. this left available cattle numbers low in the following year, when mexican producers exported only slightly more than 450, 000 head to the u. s. in 2000, mexico exported more than 1. 2 million head to the u. s. in its july 7, 2002 report, tahc says the presence of bovine tb in mexican cattle has been well - documented for more than 20 years. aphis statistics for fiscal 2001 indicate that of 66 feeder cattle found with tb at u. s. slaughter facilities, 63 were of mexican origin. \" everyone in the industry that follows this readily recognizes the greatest risk comes from our neighbors to the south, \" tscra ' s brockman says. this recognition has led to strict usda regulations for mexican cattle coming into the u. s. as of april 2002, all imported mexican cattle must have a blue ear tag carrying the name of its state of origin along with a certificate with the same information. they are inspected for live ticks at the border and must have an \" m \" brand - - for mexico - - on the hip. mexican feeder cattle from the yucatan, a portion of coahuila that borders texas and certain areas of sonora, aguascalientes and jalisco also must have a negative tb - skin test. baca says battling tb is an important yet arduous task, because it can be a long investigative process as well as a delicate one calling for diplomacy. \" we expend considerable resources trying to find out how they became infected and search for other cows that have been sold out of that herd, \" baca says. \" we walk a fine line between protecting interests of the texas cattle industry and interfering with free trade between two countries. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3916750143843089, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc6e8ab-ec6c-4b89-afe2-73840b91c5f6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.739134"}
{"text": "vi lenin and the influence of kautsky in the first of three talks given at the cpgb \u2019 s communist university, historian lars t lih discussed the relationship between two great marxists. this is an edited version of his speech dealing with the period 1894 - 1914 picture the situation. it is vladimir ilych lenin \u2019 s 50th birthday in april 1920. the bolsheviks have been fighting the civil war and, although they are in a pretty desperate situation in the spring, they can see victory as pretty much assured, and they are celebrating the occasion with their great hero and great leader, lenin. he rather reluctantly comes out onto the stage and says that he would like to read out a rather long quotation by karl kautsky from a 1902 work, \u2018 slavs and revolution \u2019. lenin also inserted the same page - and - a - half - long quote into leftwing communism : an infantile disorder. he introduced it in this way : \u201c i \u2019 d like to say a few words about the present position of the bolshevik party, and was led to these thoughts by a passage from a certain writer written by him 18 years ago in 1902. this writer is karl kautsky, who we have at present had to break away from and fight in an exceptionally sharp form [ which is putting it rather politely ] ], but who earlier was one of the vozhdi, the leaders of the proletarian party in the fight against german opportunism, and with whom we once collaborated. there were no bolsheviks back then [ before the 1903 congress of the russian social democratic labour party ], but all future bolsheviks who collaborated with him valued him highly. \u201d so, on this great occasion, lenin tells the audience that the person they had been fighting and whom they had all been looking down upon really was a great guy. he read out the quotation which still thrilled him. that for me is significant. i wonder how shocked some of the people must have been. a couple of weeks later the second congress of the communist international met and lenin did the same thing. he referred again to the same long quote in leftwing communism and repeated his appreciation of kautsky : \u201c when he was a marxist, how well he wrote! \u201d i imagine a lot of the people in both audiences - those at his birthday and those present at the second congress - were surprised to hear anything like that. after all, following 1914 you could read tremendous polemics against kautsky, where lenin seemed unable to think of enough bad names for him. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46808982323597315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.761471"}
{"text": "those at his birthday and those present at the second congress - were surprised to hear anything like that. after all, following 1914 you could read tremendous polemics against kautsky, where lenin seemed unable to think of enough bad names for him. but it is clear that lenin still had a soft spot for him - in his heart and also in his thinking. people on the left have all grown up with the idea of the \u201c renegade kautsky \u201d - indeed, i gather many actually think \u201c renegade \u201d is his first name, as they have never heard him called anything else! and there is a long list of other things we have learnt about him - ie, that he was a passive and mechanical determinist, not very revolutionary, darwinist, and so on and so forth. we are told that in 1914 lenin managed to see through not only kautsky, the person ( which he clearly did ), but also what he stood for. then we are told that this led lenin to finally settle accounts with kautskyism root and branch, that there was a massive rethinking of marxism. kautsky was associated with the second international and so that was also bad. that is how the kautsky - lenin relationship is generally thought of. and, of course, there are people on the other side of the political spectrum who have the same idea of kautsky versus lenin - except that they like kautsky! well, lately there has been a sort of kautsky revival going on. mike macnair \u2019 s book revolutionary strategy is one example of it, and there are a lot of other articles i could cite. there is another huge book in the historical materialism series called witness to permanent revolution, which has several hundred pages of kautsky documents from the 1904 - 06 period, which i will quote from later on. i am proud to be part of this little revival and i think i can describe myself as probably the most extreme member of it, as i have probably gone further than anyone else in saying that lenin \u2019 s view on kautsky was highly positive, never changed and continued to play an important role in all points of his career, including in the last decade. my little epigram for the relationship is this : \u2018 after 1914 lenin hated kautsky because he loved kautsky \u2019 s books \u2019. this is what i am going to try and convey. one reason i am confident about what i am saying is that after publishing my book lenin rediscovered, the reviews by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48277931080166947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.762460"}
{"text": "1914 lenin hated kautsky because he loved kautsky \u2019 s books \u2019. this is what i am going to try and convey. one reason i am confident about what i am saying is that after publishing my book lenin rediscovered, the reviews by some people on the left were complimentary, but a couple of them highlighted what they thought was a weak point : that is, i saw the lenin - kautsky relationship as closer than it was - although lenin might have considered the relationship close before 1914, he did not realise the real issues involved, that he actually disagreed with kautsky ; but in 1914 the scales fell from his eyes. that was a valid criticism, as i did not talk in the book about the later period. so i thought i would do some research on this. i compiled a rather odd little database which i refer to as \u2018 kautsky as marxist \u2019. i went through lenin \u2019 s works and pulled out all the references i could find about kautsky \u2019 s writings up to 1909, when road to power came out. lenin considered this the cut - off point. kautsky might not have become a full traitor until 1914, but after 1909 he is not so good. the first surprise is that there is a lot of it. the second is the picture that arose from this, which was almost entirely positive and also had a wide range of issues and a lot of references to specific writings and so forth. i am still working out the whole picture and trying to get all the facts that came out of it. but i am going to make a modest claim here : i am not giving you lars lih \u2019 s view of the lenin - kautsky relationship, i am giving you lenin \u2019 s view of the lenin - kautsky relationship. he may be wrong, but this is what he thought. i have a summary here that i wrote out of that guide. it is my guide, but it is an attempt to paraphrase what lenin says about kautsky after 1914. this is the picture you would get of kautsky, if you were listening to lenin : \u201c karl kautsky was an outstanding marxist who is the most authoritative theoretician in the second international and teacher to a generation of marxists. his popularisation of das kapital back in the 1890s has canonical status. he was one of the first to refute opportunism in detail, although personally he somewhat hesitated before launching his attack, and he continued to fight energetically against it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49233233143791166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.763412"}
{"text": "he changed that much at all. \u2018 lenin, the social democrat \u2019 refers to his desire to initiate a social democratic party in russia. \u2018 lenin, the bolshevik \u2019 is so called as i regard bolshevism as a russian answer to a russian question of how to defeat the tsar. you can call this classic bolshevism, old bolshevism or whatever, but that is what people meant when the word was invented. \u2018 lenin, the communist \u2019 obviously refers to the lenin of 1917 and the socialist revolution. by using this framework, the point i wanted to make about the lenin - kautsky relationship is the following : kautsky \u2019 s influence is continuing, complex and central. it is complex because it has different facets that are more important at particular times - not just one or another issue. it is central because in the central concerns of each decade of lenin \u2019 s life you will find kautsky. in the first decade, kautsky was the authoritative spokesman of \u2018 erfurtianism \u2019 - the term i introduced in lenin rediscovered. it is my word, referring to the erfurt programme, for the image of the german party that inspired the russians in this decade. in addition, it refers to kautsky \u2019 s polemics against opportunism, such as his book against bernstein. it is true that at the start of the second decade - ie, when the bolsheviks and mensheviks split in 1904 - kautsky sided with the mensheviks. but this was just temporary. actually on the more substantive issues and for most of the time from 1906 on, kautsky was associated with the bolsheviks, and he more or less endorsed the bolshevik strategy. in fact both the mensheviks and the bolsheviks saw kautsky as a sort of honorary bolshevik. this seems to have been forgotten, but it does have to be said. i would like to go into more detail on three points : firstly the role of kautsky as a mentor - the historical fact of the role that kautsky played in the history of russian social democracy. secondly, kautsky as an expounder of the logic of the party and the russian underground ( which is mainly what my book is about ). and, thirdly, kautsky \u2019 s support for the explicitly bolshevik strategy of hegemony. kautsky as mentor the best account of this is given by lenin in state and revolution, which, as you know, is in many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47993655835886095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.766890"}
{"text": ". and, thirdly, kautsky \u2019 s support for the explicitly bolshevik strategy of hegemony. kautsky as mentor the best account of this is given by lenin in state and revolution, which, as you know, is in many ways a polemic against kautsky. but before he begins the polemic, lenin gives the following generous and accurate account of kautsky \u2019 s relationship to bolshevism and the russian movement ( i should say, by the way, that if you read state and revolution you will find a great deal of praise even in this highly polemical pamphlet ) : \u201c undoubtedly, an immeasurably larger number of kautsky \u2019 s works have been translated into russian than into any other language. it is not without justification that some german social democrats sometimes say jokingly that kautsky is read more in russia than in germany. ( we may say, in parentheses, that there is a deeper historical significance to this joke than those who made it first suspected. for the russian workers, having manifested in 1905 an unusually strong and unprecedented demand for the best works of the best social democratic literature in the world, and having been supplied with editions and translations of these works in quantities unheard of in other countries, thereby transplanted, so to speak, with an accelerated tempo, the immense experience of a neighbouring, more advanced country into the almost virgin soil of our proletarian movement ) \u201d. a somewhat similar comment can be found in leftwing communism. what lenin is saying is that kautsky was the main reference point of the russian movement and russian workers, and that this continued not only during the underground period, but almost throughout the 1920s - at least until 1929. for example, i have a long bolshevik reading list for study and propaganda circles in the underground. this one is from 1908. the first thing to be said is that it is an extremely impressive reading list - if i had read all this stuff, then i would know a lot more than i do! i counted 23 works by karl kautsky, who dominates the list. nobody else comes even close. there are only four articles by lenin - none of the famous books such as what is to be done? or two tactics. but this continues for a long time. the classic bolshevik textbook published in 1919, the abc of communism, also has reading lists, from which you get the same picture - kautsky is by far the leading author. of lenin \u2019 s pre - 1909 works, the only ones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49410708635750505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.768578"}
{"text": "time. the classic bolshevik textbook published in 1919, the abc of communism, also has reading lists, from which you get the same picture - kautsky is by far the leading author. of lenin \u2019 s pre - 1909 works, the only ones that are included are those on agrarian development. again, no trace of what is to be done? or two tactics. so workers and bolsheviks looking to educate and develop themselves are reading kautsky! that is an historical fact. kautsky himself had more interest in russia than any other non - russian writer ( ie, not rosa luxemburg, who was russian in the sense that she grew up in the russian empire ). he gives specific support to iskra and later to the bolsheviks, and he told german and european readers about the heroic struggles going on in russia and their immense significance. i would just like to quote from the article \u2018 slavs and revolution \u2019 from 1902, which was read out by lenin at his 50th birthday. you can see why he was so inspired by it. this is what kautsky said about the russian workers : \u201c we are entering a new epoch of revolutionary struggle in russia, a struggle that is developing on a much wider basis than a quarter of a century ago, but also one that in terms of the zeal of its fighters, in terms of the meanness and cruelty of the oppressors, and in terms of the heroism and devoted self - sacrifice of the revolutionaries is just as impressive as the russian struggle of earlier periods, and involves more than physics in pitting force against force. the revolutionising of minds advances alongside the revolution of fists. the now awakening strata of the people are being seized by a passionate thirst for knowledge and are attempting to clarify for themselves their historical tasks, so that they might attempt to solve the most complex political problems, rising above the small daily struggle to the great historical goals that it serves. \u201d he then goes on to argue that in marx \u2019 s day the slavs were often seen as the force of reaction against the revolution, but perhaps now we can rather see them as the spark that sets off western socialism, which is becoming rather philistine. kautsky wrote a lot about russia and it is always in this vein - ie, that in terms of their development the russian workers are far above and beyond the english workers, etc. the merger formula i now want to discuss the logic of the party in kautsky and lenin. i refer to this as the \u2018 merger formula \u2019 and it comes up a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5158900200322858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.769958"}
{"text": "development the russian workers are far above and beyond the english workers, etc. the merger formula i now want to discuss the logic of the party in kautsky and lenin. i refer to this as the \u2018 merger formula \u2019 and it comes up a lot in my book because it is essential to this first decade - you do not read it much after that because the issues have basically been resolved. the merger formula is this : social democracy is the merger of socialism and the worker movement. lenin quotes this in the early 1890s and writes that this is how kautsky sums up the essential message of the communist manifesto - i do not think you can find higher praise than that. he also thought that it summed up the logic of german social democracy - the spd. so the merger formula is the definition of \u2018 erfurtianism \u2019. it is seen as the prediction of the communist manifesto, which, according to lenin, is being confirmed before our eyes by the german spd. so we have kautsky formulating the link between the communist manifesto and the party. not only lenin thought this - a whole generation of marxists and activists of the 1890s did too. what was this party logic? first of all, it is both a vanguard and a mass party - those are not opposed, because first of all bringing what kautsky called the \u201c good news \u201d of socialism to the workers requires a vanguard who know about socialism, because the masses do not yet know about it. at the same time it requires a mass party, because you are trying to attract as many people as possible to this message and because the party is a large and open organisation that is going to argue for this message day and night. that is one aspect that results from this formula. the second is what i call \u2018 campaignism \u2019, which is the large array of jewels that the spd came up with for getting the message across. this was very innovative stuff back then. i do not think we can appreciate all the things that - although familiar to us - were pioneered by the spd : rallies, petition campaigns, a huge press, a large range of societies. these are all the things that the soviet system based itself on and which all groups on the left use to some extent. this is due to the idea of merging. the workers will protest, but, if socialism is the real and final answer, then the only way to get socialism is to merge the two : the workers \u2019 movement must adopt socialism as its goal. finally, the third implication of this is \u2018 political", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5162127673831665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.771145"}
{"text": "the workers will protest, but, if socialism is the real and final answer, then the only way to get socialism is to merge the two : the workers \u2019 movement must adopt socialism as its goal. finally, the third implication of this is \u2018 political freedom \u2019. that was the term used back then which is not used so much any more. it might be referred to today as \u2018 civil liberties \u2019 perhaps, but this was the term that referred to the freedom of the press, freedom of association, strikes - ie, a basic array of organisational freedoms that allow this kind of party to exist. particularly, of course, political freedom is needed in order to get the papers out, to hold rallies and to organise meetings in order to get the message across. most explicitly in his commentary on the erfurt programme, kautsky argues that anybody who does not want political freedom is an objective enemy of the proletariat - even if they are sincere in their desire to help the workers. back then of course, a lot of socialists were either dubious on the question of political freedom or even hostile towards it, because they saw it as a sort of bourgeois - liberal toy. the best news for political freedom as a cause in the 19th century was the fact that the logic of marxism meant arguing for political freedoms for the party. that is what the merger formula meant. let us now look at it from the point of view of what i call the \u2018 social democratic wannabes \u2019 in the 1890s - these young activists either in petersburg or in some isolated town in russia. in illegal literature they read about this great party which is both popular and revolutionary and is run by the workers themselves. what an inspiring party! but, they asked, what does it mean for us today? we cannot do anything like that at all because we will be hauled off for speaking out in public. so what could be done? first of all, they could adopt political freedom as their goal. this was not an obvious choice for revolutionaries in russia because first of all they had to go through a long period of internal development in order to understand the importance of political freedom. the assassination of the tsar in 1881, for example, was a step forward towards this understanding. whereas they previously rejected its significance, they now realised it was important. this brings me to the next problem - is it possible to have something like political freedom under absolutism? some people said that they were for political freedom, but that the only way to get it was the old terrorist way - ie, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4810299785242124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.772295"}
{"text": "this brings me to the next problem - is it possible to have something like political freedom under absolutism? some people said that they were for political freedom, but that the only way to get it was the old terrorist way - ie, to throw bombs and force the government to do what they wanted because it was simply not possible to use newspapers and rallies, etc. that made a lot of sense. others thought that the liberals would do it for them. there was, however, another view held by people who had read kautsky ( in this sense kautsky must be seen as the father, or godfather, of russian social democracy ). these people who had read kautsky turned to the german party and started experimenting to see whether it was possible to carry out agitation and campaigns amongst the workers without getting arrested. the russian word for this is konspiratsia, which does not mean \u2018 conspiracy \u2019 ( the word for that is zagovor ). konspiratsia has a specific meaning ( or at least it did back in those days ) of a set of operating rules which i call the fine art of not getting arrested. i did not use this phrase in lenin rediscovered, but i now refer to this as the \u2018 konspiratsia underground \u2019 - a new type of underground. not one where you sit in a small room and plot to throw a bomb which will overthrow the tsar, but an underground that manages to keep its members safe from arrest. they form a national party with local roots, trying to get the word out to the workers a la spd. what is to be done? is therefore not lenin saying, \u2018 here is my great idea of a party - go and do likewise \u2019. it was the summation and codification of what had been worked out by this underground. for that reason i would make the further argument that a lot, if not most, of what he is saying there became the common property of the underground - not just the bolsheviks. for example, the term and actuality of \u2018 professional revolutionary \u2019 were common to all parties - not at all a bolshevik trick. the mensheviks, the socialist revolutionaries and even the liberals ( to the extent that they were underground ) had professional revolutionaries. i therefore sum up lenin \u2019 s slogan for this period as : \u2018 let us build a party as much like the german party as possible under tsarist conditions. then we can overthrow the tsar and build a party which is even more like the german one. \u2019 kauts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5228367766768451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.774953"}
{"text": "lenin \u2019 s slogan for this period as : \u2018 let us build a party as much like the german party as possible under tsarist conditions. then we can overthrow the tsar and build a party which is even more like the german one. \u2019 kautsky and bolshevik strategy i now wish to discuss kautsky and the bolshevik strategy that developed and became clear after the 1905 revolution. let us put it like this. you have a goal : political freedom. you have an institution in the form of the underground. but what about strategy? what sort of reading of class forces do you have that will achieve this political freedom? the bolshevik strategy is one of hegemony. now the word \u2018 hegemony \u2019 is a very famous one for a variety of reasons. what it meant back then was that the peasants were not only a discontented or destructive force, but by this time they were genuinely radical democrats whose interest it was to have a democratic, anti - tsarist revolution - partly because they wanted the land, but for other reasons too. they also needed leadership, so they had to choose between the main classes. one of these was the liberal bourgeoisie, who were anti - tsarist for their own reasons, and the other was the proletariat. the bourgeois liberals were already becoming counterrevolutionary because they were afraid of revolution, and they could more or less put up with what they got in 1905. therefore the proletariat should aim to win, and has a very good chance of winning, class leadership over the peasants by promising them land and by being an uncompromising revolutionary force. the way i summarise it is that the bourgeois revolution is too important to be left to the bourgeoisie - in fact the bourgeoisie is not going to carry out the bourgeois revolution. what follows from this is that the proletariat has a duty to lead the revolution and the mass of the people as a whole - ie, in the first instance the peasantry. where did this hegemony strategy come from? one common view is that lenin invented it in 1905 when he realised that orthodox marxism was insufficient, because it says that the bourgeoisie will lead the bourgeois revolution. so this view bases itself on lenin repudiating german textbooks. but actually this is not so. after 1905 lenin wrote that the bolsheviks had always been in favour of the hegemony scenario and it was the mensheviks who were falling away from it. it is hard to locate just when the term \u2018 hegemony", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47660774886963875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.776592"}
{"text": "not so. after 1905 lenin wrote that the bolsheviks had always been in favour of the hegemony scenario and it was the mensheviks who were falling away from it. it is hard to locate just when the term \u2018 hegemony \u2019 came about, but he was arguing that the bolsheviks had always fought for it and that they still were. the idea goes back to plekhanov in the 1880s, when he said that the russian revolution can only succeed as a worker revolution. what he meant by revolution was a democratic and anti - tsarist revolution. from the very beginning, kautsky was again an influence, a conduit, for the hegemony strategy. the logic of it can be traced back to his writings in the 1890s, and it is based on three things. firstly, that the bourgeoisie is unreliable. marx and engels realised this as soon as the ink was dry on the communist manifesto in 1848. another thing kautsky says is that the bourgeoisie becomes weaker and feebler the further east we get, something which was picked up on by other writers. then the idea of social democracy as the leader of the people - das volk in german or narod in russian. this means that the social democrats were not merely leading the workers, but were also the consistent champions of the wide masses of the non - proletarians and could also count on their support - the peasants above all, but the urban petty bourgeoisie too. finally, there is what i sometimes call the kautsky hypothesis or theory. he says at one point that the social democrats are better defenders of democracy than the democrats, and what he means by that is that - in germany especially - the democrats are to the left of the liberals, but they are starting to compromise, so the force that was really fighting for democracy was the workers \u2019 party. i read an american writer from this period who drew a comparison between the us and germany. when something happened to the workers in the us then it would be ignored, but in germany the party would kick off a big fuss about it in the reichstag. this is the background to the hegemony strategy. when applied to russia, kautsky specifically endorsed it and might have even helped to formulate it. writing in february 1904, he says : \u201c more than anywhere else, the proletariat in russia today is the advocate of the vital interests of the whole nation - ie, the struggle against the government. that is to say, it is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4975412734655241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.777639"}
{"text": "writing in february 1904, he says : \u201c more than anywhere else, the proletariat in russia today is the advocate of the vital interests of the whole nation - ie, the struggle against the government. that is to say, it is the proletariat which is the defender of national interests that the other classes are letting down. and particularly the peasantry is a source of possible support. until the 1880s, russian absolutism found its support in the peasantry. this no longer exists. the russian peasant is ruined, starved and rebellious. \u201d by december 1905 kautsky had taken the argument further by comparing the russian revolution with the french revolution. he says that he expects \u201c the disappearance of today \u2019 s great landed estates throughout the whole russian kingdom and their transformation into peasant possessions. next to tsarism, it is the large landed estates that will pay the bill of the revolution. we do not know what the result will be in terms of the mode of production, but we will say that the peasants will fight tooth and nail against anybody trying to restore the old aristocratic landed regime - even by foreign intervention. \u201d this obviously says something not only about 1905, but also about 1917. then, in 1906, kautsky specifically endorsed bolshevik strategy - something that came out of a logic of kautsky \u2019 s particular way of looking at social democracy ( i will not say that this is something coming from social democracy in general - this is kautsky individually - but he and lenin were on the same wave length on this vital question ). to sum up, we have to understand that political freedom as a goal really was the central theme of lenin \u2019 s first two decades - why it was important and how to get it. political freedom also has a political logic - both in the ideal party that would be possible when political freedom was achieved and in the underground as a sort of ray of political freedom in the gloom of absolutism. finally the strategy for winning political freedom was to get the peasants on board and to win leadership and hegemony over the peasants away from the liberals. at each step we find kautsky is a central influence and active mentor and educator. if i were speaking merely as a russian historian i would have to say that kautsky was a very important figure in russian social democracy. he was a figure in russian history. the kautsky - lenin relationship is, for me, one of the most fascinating individual relationships in lenin \u2019 s life. it is full of a passion and emotion that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747001733073354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2814c0b-bdd1-49e7-8558-a8e357acad7a>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.778692"}
{"text": "1. mature female of mammals of which the male is called ` buck '. 4. a close friend who accompanies his buddies in their activities. 8. pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance. 12. an informal conversation. 16. a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event. 17. swift timid long - eared mammal larger than a rabbit having a divided upper lip and long hind legs. 18. ( babylonian ) god of storms and wind. 19. characterized by lightness and insubstantiality. 20. a constitutional monarchy in northern europe on the western side of the scandinavian peninsula. 22. ( usually preceded by ` in ' ) a detail or point. 24. the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable. 25. ( sumerian ) god of the air and king of the sumerian gods. 27. gull family. 29. the amount of cargo that can be held by a boat or ship or a freight car. 31. a bachelor ' s degree in science. 32. a radioactive element of the actinide series. 33. drought - resistant asiatic treelike shrub bearing pleasantly acid small red edible fruits commonly used in sherbets. 35. capital and largest city of iraq. 40. a public promotion of some product or service. 42. according to the old testament he was a pagan king of israel and husband of jezebel ( 9th century bc ). 43. slanting diagonally across the grain of a fabric. 45. a genus of mustelidae. 46. any of numerous local fertility and nature deities worshipped by ancient semitic peoples. 48. travel up, \" we ascended the mountain \". 52. a local computer network for communication between computers. 53. the executive agency that advises the president on the federal budget. 55. 10 hao equal 1 dong. 56. a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone ( usually held between the thumb and fingers ) that are made to click together ( as by spanish dancers ) in rhythm with the dance. 58. pleasantly occupied. 61. muslims collectively and their civilization. 64. club consisting of a heavy stick ( often bamboo ) bound with iron. 65. in a hasty and foolhardy manner. 66. united states industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil ( 1804 - 1886 ). 67. a cruel wicked and inhuman person. 68. a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep. 71. a state in midwest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5889061156231783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d90c48b-4180-4e67-9d57-4fe4046185c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.789879"}
{"text": ". 66. united states industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil ( 1804 - 1886 ). 67. a cruel wicked and inhuman person. 68. a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep. 71. a state in midwestern united states. 72. british writer of short stories ( 1870 - 1916 ). 74. a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group. 75. ( of a young animal ) abandoned by its mother and raised by hand. 77. singing jazz. 80. a highly unstable radioactive element ( the heaviest of the halogen series ). 83. a soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element. 84. a drug ( trade names calan and isoptin ) used as an oral or parenteral calcium blocker in cases of hypertension or congestive heart failure or angina or migraine. 86. of or concerning this or that. 89. a hindu prince or king in india. 92. 100 avos equal 1 pataca. 93. having the leading position or higher score in a contest. 95. the capital of western samoa. 97. a rapid escape ( as by criminals ). 98. united states sculptor and architect whose public works include the memorial to veterans of the vietnam war in washington ( born in 1959 ). 99. a kind of heavy jacket ( ` windcheater ' is a british term ). 100. a small wooded hollow. 101. being one more than two. 102. 10 grams. 103. typical geese. 104. someone who works ( or provides workers ) during a strike. 105. a flat wing - shaped process or winglike part of an organism. 106. being nine more than forty. 1. the brightest star in cygnus. 2. a university town in east central maine on the penobscot river north of bangor. 3. one of two flaps attached to a cap to keep the ears warm. 4. ( jewish cookery ) a loaf of white bread containing eggs and leavened with yeast. 5. grass mowed and cured for use as fodder. 6. an ancient city of sumer located on a former channel of the euphrates river. 7. the capital of the mexican state of yucatan. 8. kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern india and western burma. 9. an agency of the united nations affiliated with the world bank. 10. a town in southeastern new mexico on the pecos river near the mexican border. 11. tropical starchy tuberous root. 12. crust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5011081004193177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d90c48b-4180-4e67-9d57-4fe4046185c4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.791033"}
{"text": "northeastern india and western burma. 9. an agency of the united nations affiliated with the world bank. 10. a town in southeastern new mexico on the pecos river near the mexican border. 11. tropical starchy tuberous root. 12. crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium - carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions. 13. ( of persons ) highest in rank or authority or office. 14. type genus of the family arcidae. 15. a crude uncouth ill - bred person lacking culture or refinement. 21. despite anything to the contrary ( usually following a concession ). 23. half the width of an em. 26. the quarter of many north african cities in which the citadel is located. 28. a small piece of cloth. 30. leaf or strip from a leaf of the talipot palm used in india for writing paper. 34. the compass point that is one point east ( clockwise ) of due north. 36. a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms. 37. become wider. 38. air - breathing arthropods characterized by simple eyes and four pairs of legs. 39. small family of usually tropical butterflies. 41. any of various hard resins from trees of the family dipterocarpaceae and of the genus agathis. 44. relating to or existing in the mind or thoughts. 47. cruel or inhumane treatment. 49. the main city of ancient phoenicia. 50. ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side. 51. young of domestic cattle. 54. a city in central alabama on the alabama river. 57. a wheeled vehicle adapted to the rails of railroad. 59. a member of the indian people of northern california and southern oregon. 60. a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group. 62. a sweet filling made of prunes or apricots. 63. the food served and eaten at one time. 69. an uneasy state. 70. a christian bishop who translated the bible from greek into gothic ( 311 - 382 ). 73. unknown god. 76. a port city in southwestern turkey on the gulf of antalya. 78. type genus of the caviidae. 79. with a forward motion. 81. any of numerous trees of the family cupressaceae that resemble cedars. 82. beads threaded on a string. 85. plant with an elongated head of broad stalked leaves resembling celery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5376131262364708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d90c48b-4180-4e67-9d57-4fe4046185c4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.792126"}
{"text": "abstract of the uva presentation of the nsf - sponsored alert : unity in bad times : bringing together heterogeneous wireless sensor networks to work for a next - generation emergency response system on august 23, 2011 an earthquake struck the east coast of the u. s., centered near richmond, virginia with a magnitude rating of 5. 9. tremors were felt all throughout the mid - atlantic and northeast. on the previous day, colorado was hit with a 5. 3 magnitude earthquake, the state ' s biggest in decades. a series of minor earthquakes hit northern and southern california during the same period, but the biggest in this period was the one centered near richmond. though no injuries or damage was reported, several buildings were evacuated. had the earthquake been a serious one, the injury, loss of life, and property damage associated with it would have been enormous similar to the tragic loss during and after the massive earthquake and tsunami that shook japan in march 2011. its impact became an international issue because it was the cause of release of radiation from the fukushima daiichi nuclear power station. an initial review of the japanese response in four critical areas suggests important lessons for the whole world when evaluating national and international capacity to deal with catastrophes. these four critical areas are preparedness and response, communicating risk, international assistance, and critical infrastructure. the objective of our research is to design a real - time information system to improve emergency - response functions by bringing together information to respond to a terrorist attack, natural disaster or other small or large - scale emergency. we call this system alert : an architecture for the emergency retasking of wireless sensor networks. an example of such an emergency response function is a search - and - rescue operation performed by first responders. typically, wireless sensor networks ( wsns ) composed by a large number of nodes, with processing, sensing and radio communication capabilities, scattered throughout a certain geographical region, have been applied to many real - world problems. remote monitoring applications have sensed animal behavior and habitat, structural integrity of bridges, volcanic activity, and forest fire danger, to name only a few successes. these networks leveraged the relatively small form - factor of motes and their multi - hop wireless communication to provide dense sensing in difficult environments. in our system, the critical role of monitoring various parts of national infrastructure, from government buildings to power plants, to bridges, roads and tunnels is achieved through sensor network technology. the novel contribution of this research to the emergency response strategies is the seamless integration of various wsns by retas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5467119421515548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e55bf257-4d53-40a3-8711-68b0c9b56286>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.801210"}
{"text": "various parts of national infrastructure, from government buildings to power plants, to bridges, roads and tunnels is achieved through sensor network technology. the novel contribution of this research to the emergency response strategies is the seamless integration of various wsns by retasking them with explicit missions involving a dynamically changing situation. this means that under normal conditions the sensor networks monitor the specific attributes for which they were deployed ( e. g., air quality, temperature, pressure, noise levels ). this is where heterogeneous sensor networks come into existence. the deployment of heterogeneous sensor networks in the real world is inevitable due to their specific objectives, and increase in reliability without significantly increasing the cost. however, should an emergency occur, the sensors in the affected area must be retasked and integrated into an emergency response system. authorized personnel could task the sensor networks with explicit missions in support of mitigating the emergency at hand. there are no widely accepted design principles for retasking independently - deployed sensor networks and for integrating their capabilities. our work presents an important step towards adaptive and scalable computing architecture. preliminary results have shown that retasking sensor networks for emergency response is a promising new paradigm that can not only promote a wider adoption of sensor network systems in support of guarding our national infrastructure and public safety, but can also provide invaluable help with disaster management and search - and - rescue operations. our research will have a broad societal impact as sensor networks are expected to be integrated into the fabric of the society. large geographical areas will be provided with integrated sensor networks that can provide invaluable help with disaster management. our research can be readily extended in support of detecting trends and unanticipated events, the two key ingredients of an early - warning system. syed r rizvi graduated with a gold medal from birla engineering college, india in 1996 with a bs in electrical engineering. after his undergraduate studies, syed served on the faculty of three engineering universities in india for nearly four years. he joined odu computer science master ' s program in fall of 2000. it was the success of a final project in mobile computing course taught by stephan olariu in spring 2002 that sparked syed ' s interest in the field of wireless communications and mobile computing. it eventually led to an internationally acclaimed master ' s thesis on multimedia leo satellite networks. since then syed has published several book chapters, articles in archival journals and conference proceedings on a wide range of topics from embedded systems and vehicular ad - hoc networks to sensor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5648345752162314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e55bf257-4d53-40a3-8711-68b0c9b56286>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.802524"}
{"text": "led to an internationally acclaimed master ' s thesis on multimedia leo satellite networks. since then syed has published several book chapters, articles in archival journals and conference proceedings on a wide range of topics from embedded systems and vehicular ad - hoc networks to sensor networks and wireless multimedia. since 2002, syed has been working as a research scientist at analytical services & materials, inc., hampton, where he is developing advanced technologies, primarily for nasa langley research center. syed is the author of the textbook microcontroller programming : an introduction, published by crc press. syed is currently a phd student in computer science, focusing on emergency re - tasking of wireless sensor networks. he will be representing odu at the 7th annual virginia council of graduate schools ' ( vcgs ) graduate student research forum to be held at the university of virginia on february 16, 2012. his presentation is titled \" unity in bad times : bringing together heterogeneous wireless sensor networks to work for a next - generation emergency response system. \" the objective of the research is to design a real - time information system to improve emergency - response functions by bringing together information to respond to a terrorist attack, natural disaster or other small or large - scale emergency. the system is called alert : an architecture for the emergency retasking of wireless sensor networks. the novel contribution of this research to the emergency response strategies is the seamless integration of various wireless sensor networks by retasking them with explicit missions involving a dynamically changing situation. alert is an nsf - funded research project under the supervision of michele c. weigle and stephan olariu. for more information, please visit : http : / / www. cs. odu. edu / ~ inets - intelligent networking and systems ( inets ) research group in the department of computer science at old dominion university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5303379568198608, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e55bf257-4d53-40a3-8711-68b0c9b56286>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.803370"}
{"text": "csem partners with nano retina to restore sight to the blind neuchatel, 8 february 2011 - csem announced today that its scientists and engineers are collaborating with nano - retina to develop an implantable bionic chip, especially designed to return sight to those blinded by retinal degenerative diseases. there are currently about 10 million people worldwide aged 40 and older who are legally blind, most of them due to degenerative conditions like age - related macular degeneration ( amd ). according to the world health organization ( who ), amd is the third cause worldwide of visual impairment, accounting for 8. 7 % of such cases. to date, there is no preventive or curative treatment available for this condition. nano - retina inc, an israeli company with laboratories in herzliya, israel and dallas texas usa, is developing an ultra small, high resolution and easy to implant, artificial retina designed to restore sight. this bionic retina incorporates various nano - size components in one tiny, flat implant, approximating the size of a child ' s fingernail bed. nano - retina has entrusted csem - given its state - of - the - art competencies in the area of low power ic design and photosensors - with the development of an artificial retinal chip. the aim of this project is to develop a new generation of tiny retinal implants that compensate for the damaged retina, without having to resort to an operation, which would be traumatic for the patient : simple local anaesthesia, a small incision ( approx. 5 mm ) in the sclera, followed by \" gluing \" of the implant over the damaged retina. the implant procedure will last barely half - an - hour. the implant is designed to work harmoniously with the natural functionalities of the eye, such as pupil dilation and eyeball movement. restoring sight in a blind person is no longer something belonging to the realm of science fiction! how does it work? in a healthy eye, light travels through the eyeball into the retina. the retinal photoreceptors react to the light by converting it into an electrical signal which is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. the brain thereafter recreates the image that we see. when the nerve connections and the optic nerve are still functioning, the artificial retina will enable the relaying of the visual information to the brain in place of the damaged retinal photoreceptors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5657701109394495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55f69131-1e86-485c-85a3-9e4672e1e9c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.806423"}
{"text": "us addresses family planning congress and environmental agencies move to increase funding for international programs. world population the connection between overpopulation and environmental degradation is becoming a prominent factor in efforts to increase family planning around the world. this is happening at several levels : within international agencies like the united nations, among environmental groups now making it a top priority, and on capitol hill. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor the house committee on foreign affairs was scheduled yesterday to mark up its foreign aid bill, which includes funds for international family planning legislation. [ see related story ]. while man ' s impact on nature has long been felt locally, the worldwide effect of steady growth in population and development is becoming increasingly evident in light of deforestation, species loss, and global warming. for example, the clearing of forests for firewood in nepal caused erosion and siltation that in turn created small islands where rivers emptied into the sea. land - starved peasants in bangladesh ( where 110 million people live in an area the size of wisconsin ) crowded onto these islands, which put them in the direct path of cyclones. lester brown, president of the worldwatch institute says ` ` profoundly disturbing ' ' population trends mean the per capita availability of key resources will shrink ` ` at an unprecedented rate ' ' during the 1990s : grain land by 15 percent, irrigated land by 11 percent, forest land by 19 percent, and grazing land by 18 percent. world grain output per capita already has dropped 4 percent since the mid - 1980s. werner fornos, president of the population institute, points out that 70 percent of all families in the developing world depend on wood for fuel. many of the communities that rely on fuelwood as a primary energy source are overcutting forest land, according to the un food and agriculture organization. nancy wallace, director of the sierra club ' s international population program, points to the direct connection between deforestation, wood burning ( both linked to overpopulation ), and global warming. wood burning, for example, releases two of the four major ` ` greenhouse ' ' gases - carbon dioxide and methane - into the atmosphere. forests left growing, on the other hand, absorb carbon dioxide. ` ` the quality of human life is inseparable from the quality of the environment, ' ' nafis sardik, director of the un population fund, said in releasing the agency ' s 1990 report. ` ` and we cannot solve the environmental crisis without solving the population crisis. ' ' ` ` the current percent increases [ in population ] may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40583918648571204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b60104-ffa8-4a23-9bdd-dd7671c4fdb2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.812759"}
{"text": "the recent dry spell in guernsey county following weeks of mostly rainy weather has led to a new hatch of mosquitoes in the area, and as a result, the increased risk that one of the mosquitoes could carry the west nile virus. with all the rains and then the dry spell, there has been another hatching of mosquitoes, said randy shepard, administrator with the cambridge - guernsey county health department. it will continue to be like this until the first frost hits the area ( to kill the mosquitoes ). the health department announced tuesday that guernsey county has its first confirmed west nile virus case in a human, and the victim is a three - year - old boy. the boy is at home and he is doing fine, said shepard. due to the recently enacted health insurance portability and accountability act ( hipaa ), the health department cannot release the name or address of the boy. instead, shepard can only confirm the boy lives in the county. we just cant disclose the identity of the boy or the location where he resides, said shepard. according to the latest ohio department of health figures, there have been 22 human cases in ohio so far this year, 10 of which are west nile fever and the remainder are west nile encephalitis / meningitis. two people have died. the health department reports most people who are bitten by an infected mosquito will demonstrate no signs or symptoms. however, some will experience a mild infection with a slight fever, headache, body aches and sometimes a skin rash or swollen lymph gland. symptoms usually occur five to 15 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. a very small number of people will suffer from a severe infection that is marked by a rapid onset of high fever, a severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea or vomiting, confusion, muscle weakness or paralysis, seizures, coma, and rarely, death. while everyone exposed to a mosquito that carries the west nile virus is susceptible, people at greatest risk are those older than 50 and those who have a weakened immune system. to diagnose a west nile virus infection, a doctor will need to test either blood or cerebrospinal fluid from a spinal tap for antibodies to the virus. a second blood test is required two to three weeks later to confirm the diagnosis. there is no specific treatment for west nile virus infection. while many people will not know that they have been exposed, nearly all of those with symptoms will fully recover. however, in some severe cases, hospitalization may be needed. there is no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4191884567396059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec3a3058-99fa-43f8-b1a0-6178e1e09705>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.821973"}
{"text": "eco alert : coral sea marine sanctuary proposed - - world ' s largest at one - and - a - half times size of france the australian government has said it plans to establish the world ' s biggest marine protection zone to safeguard a huge swathe of the coral sea, one of the planet ' s great biodiversity hotspots. the proposed coral sea commonwealth marine reserve off the northeast coast of australia would cover about 990, 000 square kilometres ( 380, 000 square miles ) - - an area more than one - and - a - half times the size of france. a recent study found that the coral sea, which stretches from the great barrier reef to the waters of the solomon islands, vanuatu and new caledonia, was home to many unique and endangered species. under the plan, oil and gas exploration would be banned and new limits would be imposed on fishing. the environmental significance of the coral sea within australia ' s exclusive economic zone lies in its diverse array of coral reefs, sandy cays and deep - sea plains and canyons, burke said. \" there is no other part of australia ' s territory where so much comes together - - pristine oceans, magnificent coral, a military history which has helped define us and now a clear proposal for permanent protection, \" he added. the coral sea one of the last remaining places on the planet brimming with large predatory fish such as sharks and tuna. burke said the side of the reserve closest to australia ' s coast had taken into account recreational and charter fishing, and the proposed reserve was remote, with the nearest point 60 kilometres from the shore. environmental groups, which have pushed for the coral sea to be safeguarded, said the proposal was a good start but fell short of fully protecting the area ' s fragile coral reefs and spectacular marine life. \" we welcome the exclusion of oil and gas extraction and the ban on fishing gear that destroys seafloor habitats, \" said imogen zethoven of the pew environment group. \" however, protection levels need to be stronger, particularly in vulnerable areas, to ensure the coral sea ' s long - term protection. \" the government will hold a three - month consultation period before making a final decision. the daily galaxy via smh. com. au and 2011 afp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4059095751844005, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5eedfb8-0454-47f8-8508-388124288e90>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.824604"}
{"text": "some paleontologists are rewriting the history of the dinosaur. experts have concluded that the triceratops may have never existed, according to the montana state university news service and the chicago tribune. since the 1800 ' s, scientists have believed that the triceratops and the torosaurus were two separate dinosaurs, but now two researchers at montana state university have concluded that the triceratops and the torosaurus were actually one in the same - - at different stages of growth. both dinosaurs had a three - horned skull but while the triceratops had a smaller frill, the torosaurus had a larger frill with two large holes in it. msu paleontologists john scannella and jack horner noticed while considering more than 100 years of dinosaur research, that the remains of a young torosaurus had never been found. after participating in a 10 - year study led by horner, researchers concluded that the triceratops hadn ' t lived long enough to fully develop the frill that would identify them as a torosaurus. horner and scannella published their findings in the july edition of the journal of vertebrate paleontology. according to scannella, the confusion over triceratops and torosaurus was easy to understand, because juvenile dinosaurs looked very different, and their skulls changed radically as they matured. \" paleontologists are at a disadvantage because we can ' t go out into the field and observe a living triceratops grow up from a baby to an adult, \" scannella said. \" we have to put together the story based on fossils. in order to get the complete story, you need to have a large sample of fossils from many individuals representing different growth stages. \" recent studies by scientists have revealed extreme changes in the skulls of pachycephalosaurs, tyrannosaurs and other dinosaurs that died out about 65 million years ago in north america. scannella and horner examined more than 50 triceratops specimens for their study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4618183577979811, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3110a331-384d-4ec8-ad23-2a5e7f495ada>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.827190"}
{"text": "when it comes to planting populations for corn silage, there \u2019 s no \u201c one size fits all \u201d recommendation. in general, silage yield and fiber content tend to improve as plant populations increase, but recommendations vary based on geography, soil type and the specific hybrid being planted. \u201c proper plant spacing is critical for top yield and quality potential, \u201d says terry helms, customer agronomist for mycogen seeds. \u201c always consult with your trusted agronomic adviser to determine the ideal plant population for your specific situation. \u201d helms provides these tips to help determine proper plant populations : \u2022 generally, silage hybrids can be planted at populations 5 percent to 15 percent higher than grain corn hybrids, or approximately 2, 000 more plants per acre. \u2022 bmr hybrids that contain the bm3 gene do not need to be planted at extremely high populations ( 28, 000 to 30, 000 plants per acre is desired in most environments ). populations for these hybrids should not exceed 34, 000, even with high levels of management. \u2022 population requirements depend on productivity of both the hybrid and soil. highly productive soils can support higher plant populations. in lower productivity soils, growers may not see the benefit of increased plant populations. \u2022 heavier, finer soils with better water - holding capacity can support higher populations than lighter, coarser - textured soils. this situation holds true only in non - irrigated situations. higher levels of available moisture are necessary to realize the advantage of increased plant populations. \u2022 silage hybrids perform better when planted on highly fertile soils under an optimum fertility and management program. \u2022 as plant population increases, uniform plant spacing becomes more critical for plant development and yield potential. prepare your planter early and check it often during planting for proper seed depth and spacing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.429778049472477, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9bf5184-d09d-438e-8b93-906fa7ef48f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.829478"}
{"text": "a weekly look at the latest news you need to live a healthier life blocking enzyme could curb gum, other illnesses while helping prevent periodontal disease, a dental discovery might also be effective in inhibiting other chronic inflammatory diseases. the findings, published in the journal molecular medicine, demonstrate that when researchers blocked the pathway that signals an enzyme essential to influencing immune response, they prevented inflammation and bone loss. the enzyme, gsk3b, also is being studied by other scientists because of its propensity to promote inflammation in bacterial infections and its link to type 2 diabetes, cancer and alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the team from the university of louisiana school of dentistry will look next at whether the enzyme blocker has side effects and whether they should search for a different inhibitor. learn more : medicalnewstoday. com, search \u201c inflammation \u201d source : university of louisiana without alcohol, red wine is still beneficial drinking red wine might help lower blood pressure, but a new study from spain suggests that alcohol is not the reason. in a small, randomized clinical trial, 67 men ages 55 to 75 who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease were assigned daily drinks : four weeks drinking 1 ounce of gin, 10 ounces of red wine or 10 ounces of nonalcoholic red wine. all of the men tried the three programs in succession. when the men drank gin, they experienced no change in blood pressure. with red wine, there was a slight but statistically insignificant lowering. but with nonalcoholic red wine, they saw a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. published last week in circulation research, the study concludes that the blood - pressure - lowering effects of red wine are attributable not to its alcohol content, but to the chemicals called polyphenols that it contains, even in its nonalcoholic form. in fact, they suggested alcohol might limit the beneficial effect of the polyphenols. learn more : ajcn. nutrition. org, search \u201c polyphenols : antioxidants and beyond \u201d the new york times to get thinner, read those product labels those who read food labels when grocery shopping weigh less than those who don \u2019 t, according to a new study. an international group of researchers examined data from the centers for disease control and prevention \u2019 s yearly national health interview survey, which has been used for more than five decades to track progress toward national health objectives. the surveyors gathered 25, 640 observations on eating, shopping and health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4634196463636792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6dc63d4-cfa4-4424-9725-d5c39e9499fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.834372"}
{"text": "volatile excel functions | smart recalculation | | evaluation circumstances | | calculation process | | dependency trees | | controlling calculation | | \" calculate \" in status bar | | calculation methods | | calculating from vba | | volatile functions & actions | | user - defined functions | | repetitive calculation | | version timing comparison | a volatile function in a formula in a cell makes that cell be always recalculated at each recalculation even if it does not appear to have any changed precedents. fastexcel measures workbook volatility by comparing the time for a recalculation to the time for a full calculation, and allows you to measure worksheet volatility by comparing the sheet recalculate time with the sheet full calculate time. excel \u2019 s volatile functions. some of excel \u2019 s functions are obviously volatile : rand ( ), now ( ), today ( ) others are less obviously volatile : offset ( ), cell ( ), indirect ( ), info ( ) some are volatile in some versions of excel but not in others : index ( ) became non - volatile in excel 97. a number of functions that are documented by microsoft as volatile do not actually seem to be volatile when tested : index ( ), rows ( ), columns ( ), areas ( ) and cell ( \" filename \" ) is volatile although a mskbn article says its not. one particular syntax of sumif is volatile in excel 2002 and subsequent versions. this occurs when the size of the first range argument is not the same as the second ( sum _ range ) argument. for example = sumif ( a1 : a4, \" > 0 \", b1 ) is volatile whereas = sumif ( a1 : a4, \" > 0 \", b1 : b4 ) is not volatile. both of these formulae will reference cells b1 : b4. presumably this volatile behaviour was added to give correct results when b2 : b4 were changed. thanks to luke wisbey for letting me know about this behaviour. using a volatile function in a formula will flag the cell containing the formula as volatile, even if the volatile function never gets executed : = if ( 1 < 2, 99, now ( ) ) will always return 99 and the volatile now ( ) function will never be called, but the cell containing the if formula will be treated as volatile, ( thanks to stephen bullen for pointing this out ). you can download volatilefuncs. zip for a test workbook that you can use to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4907778141897128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:866ae154-f0de-47e3-a770-320d114182fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.842499"}
{"text": "function will never be called, but the cell containing the if formula will be treated as volatile, ( thanks to stephen bullen for pointing this out ). you can download volatilefuncs. zip for a test workbook that you can use to test if a function or formula is volatile. dependents of volatile functions. direct dependents of volatile functions are always indirect dependents of volatile functions are not if ( ), choose ( ), and ( ), or ( ) the if and choose functions only execute one of the available choices. this is called short - circuiting : if you create udfs one, two and three each of which contain a debug. print or msgbox statement so that you can see what is being executed then : the and and or functions always execute all the available choices : if the one ( ), two ( ) and three ( ) udfs return 1, 2 and 3 respectively then : volatile only at workbook open references to udfs where the udf itself is located in an xla or external workbook are flagged as dirty when the workbook containing the reference is opened : if calculation is automatic they will be recalculated at workbook open, if calculation is manual they will be recalculated at the next recalculation. using index as the second part of a range reference, for example a $ 2 : index ( a $ 2 : a $ 8, 7, ), will also cause the reference to be flagged as dirty when the workbook is opened. ( thanks to bill wood for spotting this ). because a cell has been flagged as dirty the workbook will also be flagged as unsaved so you may get an unexpected prompt to save the workbook when closing it. conditional formats are volatile. because conditional formats need to be evaluated at each calculation any formulae used in a conditional format is effectively volatile. actually conditional formats seem to be super - volatile : they are evaluated each time the cell that contains them is repainted on the screen, even in manual calculation mode, although vba functions used in conditional formats will not trigger breakpoints when executed by the repaint. volatile actions : actions that trigger calculation selecting any filtering criteria when using autofilter will flag all the formulae in the autofilter range as uncalculated, even if none of their precedents have changed and even if you select exactly the same filter criteria as before. this can cause autofilter calculation to be extremely slow. clicking row or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4646000855621991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:866ae154-f0de-47e3-a770-320d114182fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.843553"}
{"text": "from the american cancer society : \u2013 men with the heaviest and most prolonged exposures, such as railroad workers, heavy equipment operators, miners, and truck drivers, have been found to have higher lung cancer death rates than unexposed workers. although most studies have found a link between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer, some have not. secondhand smoke : at home \u2013 making your home smoke - free may be one of the most important things you can do for the health of your family. any family member can develop health problems related to shs. children \u2019 s growing bodies are especially sensitive to the poisons in shs. asthma, lung infections, and ear infections are more common in children who are around smokers. some of these problems can be serious and even life - threatening. think about it : we spend more time at home than anywhere else. a smoke - free home protects your family, your guests, and even your pets. multi - unit housing where smoking is allowed is a special concern and a subject of research. tobacco smoke can move through air ducts, wall and floor cracks, elevator shafts, and along crawl spaces to contaminate apartments on other floors, even those that are far from the smoke. shs smoke cannot be controlled with ventilation, air cleaning, or by separating smokers from non - smokers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4550314487320159, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fed7667-cc63-408f-afc0-0e8a75eee2ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.846115"}
{"text": "there ' s more than one way to become energy independent and go off the grid. in the first week of november, residents of a three - island pacific nation were slated to switch over to a system that produces electricity from solar power and biofuel derived from coconuts. tokelau, a place north of samoa administered as a region of new zealand, is expected to generate more than 100 percent of its electricity needs from sustainable sources. its 1, 411 citizens reside in the atafu, nukunonu, and fakaofo atolls, which cover more than 10 square kilometers combined. the government of tokelau decided in 2004 to increase energy efficiency and independence by focusing on renewable sources, in part to defray the high costs of importing diesel for generators. residents of tokelau will get all their electricity from solar power and coconut - derived biofuel. shown here is the solar energy installation on the atoll of nukunonu. the tokelau renewable energy project, funded by new zealand aid, consists of three separate electrical systems ( one for each island ), each with its own battery storage. each island ' s system is one of the world ' s largest off - grid solar systems, according to a blog post by powersmart, the new zealand company serving as the project ' s lead contractor. in the past few months, the project has installed 4, 032 photovoltaic panels and 1, 344 batteries on the three atolls. locally produced coconut - based biofuel will power generators that will handle overflow demand and recharge battery banks. the systems were designed to withstand high temperatures, salt - laden air, and the risks of flooding and cyclones. biofuels have been in the news a lot recently. in nearby vanuatu, purified coconut oil is being used to fuel automobiles and minubuses. a canadian jet recently became the first civilian plane to fly on 100 percent nonfood biofuel. transesterification can convert coconut oil into a biodiesel compatible with diesel engines, though this is an expensive process and requires materials not readily available in the pacific. during world war ii, coconut oil was used in the philippines as a substitute for diesel. though the european commission has called for even stricter limits on the use of food crops for producing transportation biofuels, a feasibility report for tokelau ' s solar / biofuel system called coconuts an underused local resource. the report concluded that this use of coconuts ( which are abundant on the islands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48244657482114295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cade8cf9-1c9e-4148-97ce-3a2fd86679e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.852937"}
{"text": "of food crops for producing transportation biofuels, a feasibility report for tokelau ' s solar / biofuel system called coconuts an underused local resource. the report concluded that this use of coconuts ( which are abundant on the islands ) would not hurt the environment, since the biodiesel would cover only 10 percent of the system ' s total energy needs. the renewable energy system ' s original specification called for the solar panels to supply 90 percent of the islands ' electricity. but a combination of sheer volume and engineering innovation means the system will provide 150 percent of the islands ' current electricity needs, according to powersmart. the headroom will allow the islanders to expand their use of electricity without using expensive diesel fuel. each island had been using about 200 gallons of diesel a day to generate electricity. this was not only expensive but also challenging, because of the environmental risks involved in unloading diesel drums on tropical islands. \" the pacific has a massive problem in importing its fossil fuel requirements, largely for power generation and transportation, \" anirudh singh, associate professor of physics at the university of the south pacific in fiji, said in an inter press service article on the new system. \" this is due to its isolated and scattered small populations. and replacing these fuels is the top priority as the import bills are exorbitant. \" the combined solar / biofuel system will go a long way toward fulfilling that goal, as well as decreasing environmental impacts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47556257189810447, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cade8cf9-1c9e-4148-97ce-3a2fd86679e6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.853600"}
{"text": "mes aynak, in afghanistan ' s logar province, boasts one of the largest undeveloped copper deposits in the world. but it is also home to vast archeological ruins, including 5th century buddhist monasteries and even older bronze age settlements. preservationists - - working furiously to excavate the nearby ruins before they are buried under mining rubble - - have urged restraint in developing the copper deposits. but those focused on afghanistan ' s economic development have urged the country to move full speed ahead, citing the dire need for the $ 1 trillion in revenue that the mine could bring to the impoverished country. is the potential for economic growth worth more than the loss of cultural heritage? professor brent e. huffman, a documentary filmmaker and assistant professor at the medill school of journalism at northwestern university who has been making a film at mes aynak, says there is little hope that much will be saved when the mining begins in earnest. here, we take a an inside look at the 2, 000 year - old buddhas, temples, and other relics that could soon be destroyed. it is tragic that these treasures of buddhist history will be lost forever. however, compared with the abject poverty faced by the population, perhaps industrial development is the more humane thing to do. here is more from the facebook page of the forthcoming film \" the buddhas of aynak \" [ https : / / www. facebook. com / buddhasofaynak / info ] : abdul qadeer temore has been tirelessly working at the excavation site in the windswept moonscape of aynak, afghanistan for nearly a year. he hasn \u2019 t received any pay for the past four months from the afghan government, but gets daily death threats from the taliban on his cell phone demanding cash for his life. abdul pledges he will keep digging until he is forced to quit. aynak, a desert region 20 minutes southwest of kabul, is an archaeological treasure trove of ancient buddhist artifacts dated at over 2, 500 years old. an ancient buddhist monastery complex, extensive wall frescos, devotional temples known as stupas, and more than 150 buddha statues comprise a discovery of immense global importance and one of the country ' s richest historical sites. but it is also a site with a violent and troubled history. it was here that al - qaeda planned the murderous destruction of 9 / 11, an event that became the catalyst for the u. s. invasion of afghanistan in 2001. at the same time, aynak is home to the largest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42506028944098845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10e6b30e-8cb4-4987-b141-00fcf3c29abb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.858105"}
{"text": "troubled history. it was here that al - qaeda planned the murderous destruction of 9 / 11, an event that became the catalyst for the u. s. invasion of afghanistan in 2001. at the same time, aynak is home to the largest undeveloped copper reserve in the world. directly beneath the buddhist site lie mineral deposits worth an estimated $ 100 billion. following two years of aggressive bidding, china metallurgical group corporation, a chinese government - backed mining company, beat out all international competitors and was awarded an exclusive contract in 2008 by the cash - strapped afghanistan government to exploit the site. the fate of the ancient buddhist artifacts hangs in the balance as the chinese begin planning their destructive open - pit style copper mine. under immense international pressure, the chinese company gave afghan and french archaeologists three years to excavate and move the artifacts before the copper mine gets underway. but with extremely limited resources, the dedicated archaeologists have made little progress. \u201c we have only discovered the tip of the iceberg, a mere 10 % of the site, \u201d says french specialist philippe marquis, who believes this could easily be a ten - year excavation project. efforts to save and preserve the site have been drastically scaled back to a project whose best hope is now merely to document what is known to exist at the site before the chinese begin construction, which they are planning to do in 2012. the remaining cultural relics, which are both too large and fragile to be moved or are still underground and thus, undiscovered, will all be destroyed. the buddhas of aynak will follow several main characters to tell this dramatic and multi - layered story : philippe marquis, a french archaeologist leading the effort to save the buddhist statues ; abdul qadeer temore, a leading afghan archeologist at the afghan national institute of archeology working to protect his cultural heritage in aynak ; liu wenming, a chinese manager working for china metallurgical group corporation in the compound at aynak ; and laura tedesco, an american archaeologist working for the kabul - based u. s. embassy, who is using a million dollars of u. s. military funding to attempt to save the buddhist ruins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45189078040042374, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10e6b30e-8cb4-4987-b141-00fcf3c29abb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.859072"}
{"text": "blick oil colors are made with quality ingredients, offering artists an oil paint with a buttery texture, strong pigmentation, and consistent performance. blick oil colors are an exceptional value. fe7 ( cn ) 18 ( h2o ) x or c6fen6h4n prussian blue is a semi - transparent, deep cyan - blue with a greenish undertone and a very high tinting strength unequaled by most pigments. it is similar to phthalo blue unless mixed with white, when it gives up intensity and becomes smoky. it can behave erratically and less reliably in oil and watercolor form depending on its manufacture. for permanent painting phthalo blue is considered a more reliable choice. prussian blue is lightfast and permanent in all techniques except for fresco. when mixed with zinc white in watercolor or tempera form, it fades upon exposure to light and completely regains its chromatic strength in the dark. modern manufacturing techniques have made this tendency less of an issue in recent years prussian blue is moderately toxic if ingested. it will emit toxic hydrogen cyanide gas if heated, exposed to ultraviolet radiation, or treated with acid. \" the first of the modern pigments, \" prussian blue is the first artificial pigment with a known history. it was discovered by accident in 1704 by the berlin color maker heinrich diesbach, who was trying to create a pigment with a red hue by mixing iron sulfate and potash. the potash diesbach purchased from a local laboratory had been contaminated by animal oil and blood during previous experimentation. the resulting mixture yielded a very pale red that changed to purple and then deep blue when he tried to concentrate it. since previous blue pigments came from lapis lazuli, an expensive stone, diesbach \u2019 s discovery was extremely important for artists of the time. berlin blue, bronze blue, iron blue, paris blue, paste blue. celestial blue, monthier blue and soluble blue are varieties of prussian blue. blue lake is a reduced or let - down variety of prussian blue. chinese blue, milori blue, and steel blue are the three highest grades of prussian blue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5009032873173176, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9ddc28b-be84-432e-b46e-83200af4592e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.861414"}
{"text": "the ancient parish of doon lay in the baronies of owenybeg, coonagh and kilnemanagh. baronies were the ancient division of territory in ireland before the norman invasion. each barony was ruled by a different clan, from which it usually derived its name. the barony of owney was divided into owneytire and owneybeg. owneytire comprised land around the present parish of newport, while owneybeg took in abington, cappamore and north doon. the name owney is reputed to derive from a daughter of eochlaidh, king of munster in the 3rd century a. d. this at first was part of the territory of eli o ' carroll and was later ruled by the o ' donegan clan. in the twelfth century turlough o ' brien, descendant of brian boru led a raid into this area, dislodged the o ' donegans and granted the lands of owney to the o ' maolrians ( o ' mulryans, who came from carlow ). these remained in possession of the lands until the cromwellion plantation. hence, the popularity of the name \" ryan \" in the area to the present day. south doon, castletown and pallasgreen were in the barony of coonagh. this land was ruled by the sept ui chuanach. in the old manuscripts doon is referred to as dunogonach or dun uichuanach, meaning fortification in the land of coonagh. the barony of kilnamanagh included what today is roughly the tipperary part of the parish of doon. townslands such as commanaline, foildarg, croghmorky and glengar were in kilnamanagh. the dominant family here being o ' dwyers, the most famous of whom was centuries later, an officer in sarsfield ' s army, who with the flight of the wild geese became commander in chief of the austrian army, a count of the austrian empire and defended belgrade against the turks. he was john o ' dwyer, who is much better remembered as \" scan o ' duibhir a ghleanna \" in the famous irish poem. it is suggested that this poem was written by that romantic figure eamon a ' chnoic, who also fought with sarsfield and was a relative of the o ' dwyers of kilnamanagh. the origin of the name doon, or in irish, dun blei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3746857891234312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4ef8688-04a9-4eb1-b640-7ec685f2f9b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.877370"}
{"text": "written by that romantic figure eamon a ' chnoic, who also fought with sarsfield and was a relative of the o ' dwyers of kilnamanagh. the origin of the name doon, or in irish, dun bleisce has for long been a subject of speculation. the first part dun means fortification and a glance at an ordnance survey map shows eight ring forts in the area. the early settlers needed to protect themselves against their enemies, both human and animal. they built dwellings enclosed in circular earthen mounds for protection called raths or as we call them today ring forts. the original ring fort from which the name doon came can be seen, behind the protestant church, just outside the village. the ' bleisce part is more difficult. i have come across three possible explanations. the first one is that the name comes from a little stream, fleisc which flows through the village. however, more colourful explanations are that bleisc was a swine herder for a local chieftain or the favourite, that bleisc was \" a woman of ill repute \", a harlot whose \" dun \" was a favourite haunt of the red - coats. however, it is unlikely that the latter has much basis in truth. just four miles to the west of doon, is the village of cappamore. unlike doon this village is of relatively recent origin. an cheapach mhor means the large tillage plot, which is evidence of the land use in the last century. today the land is almost totally under pasture. the village, in the townsland of touragh stands roughly half way between the old centre of tower hill and the once thriving village of bilboa. the village evolved in the early 1800 ' s. the land, owned by an absentee landlord was sublet to thirty three tennants, who formed the nucleus around which the village began to grow. samuel lewis in \" a history and topography of limerick city and county \" tells of the village, around 1840, as having 711 inhabitants and \" a spacious chapel in progress of erection \". a few miles further west is the village of abington. here on the banks of the mulkear stood a great cistercian abbey, one of the most important abbeys in munster : originally called abbey owney, it was founded in 1189 by theobald fitzwalter butler. he was a nephew of thomas a beckett, archbishop of canterbury, who was executed by henry ii. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4766541588556865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4ef8688-04a9-4eb1-b640-7ec685f2f9b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.879088"}
{"text": "horses in 1651. shortly after this the macbriens were transplanted to county clare. the parish church stood a short distance from the castle. it is described in o ' donovan ' s survey 1840 ' s as \" 40 feet in length and 20 feet high and 2 to 3 feet in thickness. the last gable contains a narrow window. the doorway is on the south side about 10 feet from the west gable. the building was never divided into nave and choir. the west end fell before 1840. a small graveyard surrounds the church \". also in the barony of coonagh is pallasgreen, the palace of griain, a sun goddess worshipped by the early celtic inhabitants. cist graves found at corelish show that the area was inhabited as early as the year 2, 000 b. c. much later we are told of the battle of sulchoi pass, near pallas in 960. mahon, son of cenneidigh and his young brother brian ( later to be renowned as brian boru ) led an irish force that defeated the danes. it is said that 2, 000 danes were put to the sword on this day. lenihan in his \" history of limerick \", however, links sulchoi with the present area of solohead, the scene of another famous incident in 1919. however, an event occurred in pallasgreen, millions of years earlier still. the basalt rock which is found near lynfield provides the evidence that a volcano errupted here long before the man first inhabited the area. and so we conclude our little trip around our comer of east limerick. recounting the deeds of the past makes us aware of our heritage, inspires our spirits and enriches our lives. and so it is good that so much of our history lives on today in books and in records and in the ruins of the past.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4259274720784194, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4ef8688-04a9-4eb1-b640-7ec685f2f9b2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.884674"}
{"text": "one method for verification of correctness is to compare algorithm implementations to stl sort for assurance of equivalent results, but that assumes stl sort is correct. to not rely on correctness of stl sort requires implementing a correctness test for sorting algorithms. correctness requires that array [ i ] \u2264 array [ i + 1 ] for all elements of the array, which is simple to check. of course, comparison to results from stl sort would be a useful redundant verification. these two tests were used for all implemented routines, including intel ' s ipp library routines. boundary cases of the input arrays of size 0 and 1 were also tested. the performance comparison setup was as follows : - visual studio 2008, optimization project setting is set to optimize neither speed or size, and inline any suitable function. - intel core 2 duo cpu e8400 at 3 ghz ( 64 kbytes l1 and 6 mbytes l2 cache ). - 14 - stage pipeline with 1, 333 mhz front - side bus. - 2 gb of system memory ( dual - channel 64 - bits per channel, 800 mhz ddr2 ). - motherboard is dq35joe. random numbers were generated by using the following method for each element in the array : / / each call to rand ( ) produces 15 - bit random number. unsigned long tmp = ( ( unsigned long ) rand ( ) ) < < 30 | ( ( unsigned long ) rand ( ) ) < < 15 | ( ( unsigned long ) rand ( ) ) ; the arrays were all checked for percentage of unique values, which were all above 95 % for arrays filled with 32 - bit unsigned values. the range of min and max were also checked for each array, which were between 0 and near the max value for 32 - bit unsigned numbers. performance was measured by always processing 100 million elements. when 10 element arrays were being measured, then 10 million of them were allocated. when 100 element arrays were being measured, then 1 million of them were allocated, and so on. a different random - number generator seed was used for each array, but the same seeds were used across all algorithms. time - stamp was taken before sorting the 10 million arrays and also after. the average value across all arrays is the value reported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5250307019947935, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65f4c07c-fb2f-4325-beb3-21abc9c0b1bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.888418"}
{"text": "for more information on the concurrency runtime framework, see concurrency runtime : the resource manager. visual c + + 2010 comes with new features and enhancements to simplify more native programming. the concurrency runtime ( crt ), for instance, is a framework that simplifies parallel programming and helps you write robust, scalable, and responsive parallel applications. the crt raises the level of abstraction so that you do not have to manage the infrastructure details that are related to concurrency. the concurrency runtime also enables you to specify scheduling policies that meet the quality of service demands of your applications. figure 1 presents the architecture of concurrency runtime framework. in this article, i discuss the task scheduler layer and examine how it works internally. to do so, i use cppdepend, an analysis tool that makes it easier for you to manage complex c \\ c + + ( native, mixed, and com ) code base. the task scheduler the task scheduler schedules and coordinates tasks at runtime. a task is a unit of work that performs a specific job. the task scheduler manages the details that are related to efficiently scheduling tasks on computers that have multiple computing resources. windows provides a preemptive kernel - mode scheduler - - a round - robin, priority - based mechanism that gives every task exclusive access to a computing resource for a given time period, then switches to another task. although this mechanism provides \" fairness \" ( every thread makes forward progress ), it comes at some cost of efficiency. for example, many compute - intensive algorithms do not require fairness. instead, it is important that related tasks finish in the least overall time. cooperative scheduling enables an application to more efficiently schedule work. cooperative scheduling is a mechanism that gives every task exclusive access to a computing resource until the task finishes or until the task yields its access to the resource. the user - mode cooperative scheduler enables application code to make its own scheduling decisions. because cooperative scheduling enables many scheduling decisions to be made by the application, it reduces much of the overhead that is associated with kernel - mode synchronization. the concurrency runtime ( crt ) uses cooperative scheduling together with the preemptive scheduler of the operating system to achieve maximum usage of processing resources. in this article, i examine the task scheduler design and lift its hood to see how it works internally. for information on the crt resource manager, see concurrency runtime : the resource manager. again, i use cppdepend to analyze the crt source code. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5400786296876794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8560120-dd89-457c-91b5-f91cc2a65d44>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.894130"}
{"text": "task scheduler design and lift its hood to see how it works internally. for information on the crt resource manager, see concurrency runtime : the resource manager. again, i use cppdepend to analyze the crt source code. the crt provides the interface scheduler to implement a specific scheduler adapted to application needs. let ' s examine classes that implement this interface : the crt provides two implementations of the scheduler - - umsthreadscheduler. as illustrated in the dependency graph in figure 2, the schedulerbase contains all common behavior of these two classes. is the scheduler flexible? a good indicator of flexibility is to search for all abstract classes used by the scheduler. as shown in the dependency graph in figure 3, the scheduler uses many abstract classes. it enforces low coupling, and makes the scheduler more flexible, so adapting it to other needs is easy. to explain the role of each abstract class used by the scheduler, i ' ll discuss its responsibilities. there are three major responsibilities assigned to the task scheduler : getting resources ( processors, cores, memory ). when the scheduler is created, it asks for resources from the runtime resource manager ( as explained in crt concurrency runtime : resource manager ). the scheduler communicate with resource manager using ischeduler interfaces. resources given by resource manager use scheduler policy to allocate resources to the scheduler. the policy as shown in figure 4 is assigned when the scheduler is created. the crt creates a default scheduler if no scheduler exists by invoking the getdefaultscheduler method, and a default policy is used. the task scheduler enables applications to use one or more scheduler instances to schedule work, and an application can invoke scheduler : : create to add another scheduler that uses a specific policy. concurrency : : policyelementkey enumeration defines the policy keys that are associated with the task scheduler. for more information on policy keys, see this article. the following collaborations between the scheduler and resource manager shows the role of each interface concerned by the allocation. ask for resource allocation : getting resources from resource manager :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4704364106616701, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8560120-dd89-457c-91b5-f91cc2a65d44>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.895087"}
{"text": "how big is a government? how many public employees are employed by it? how many different kinds of offices and branches does it have? the answer to these questions ranges from \u2018 too many \u2019 to \u2018 so many \u2019. if the government in question is like that of great britain or usa, then the answer would be \u2018 very, very many \u2019. the reason why the governments of these countries have great bureaucracies is not because they like employing so many people. rather, it is all about the services they provide. to get other people involved this is actually the reason why the government outsources some of its services to other private businesses. sometimes, it is easier, faster and cheaper for it to do this than hire more and more employees. the result of this is the high number of companies that offer and sell private reg plates. now, these companies are private ones, but all of these are required by their governments to pass accreditations on the public service they provide. people know that private reg plates are special plates. even so these plates are still a form of public service. the concept behind this is that the car owners no longer have to go to the government offices to apply for these plates themselves. by contacting one of these companies, the car owner gets to have everything he would ordinarily do to apply for private reg plates, done for him by the company \u2019 s representatives. and that is great, right? the other great thing about this is that these companies are also represented online. by going online, the car owners get to learn more about the companies before they pick the one to do the application for them. the companies \u2019 websites also provide the car owners with a simple tool. this tool is a mode by which the car owners can check the availability of their intended private reg plates \u2019 combinations. some websites also offer their clients another tool, which allows them to see through their screens how their special plates would look like. this is great as all license plates, once issued, can never be returned.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42779647638875573, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51b9b5bc-ab50-401a-8d5d-4b97d92ad6f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.897849"}
{"text": "how new urbanism makes traditional suburbs greener recent suburban green living designs are moving toward new urbanism, which incorporates mixed housing types, higher housing densities, walking paths, community parks, local shopping centers, and strong community associations for a more eco - friendly living experience. many newer suburbs also have improved their management of natural vegetation and water runoff. these new urbanism concepts help counter the environmental challenges of traditional suburbs : inefficient land use : green land is paved over to provide housing. during heavy rains and storms, the water runs off into storm sewers or floods low - lying areas ( often creating erosion as it does so ) because it can no longer seep naturally away into the earth as it once did. increased demand for gas and oil : many suburbs designed several decades ago feature few sidewalks and little in the way of local stores, practically forcing residents into vehicles for getting to work, recreation, and shopping, thus increasing energy - related vehicle costs and greenhouse gas emissions. urban design issues : migration to suburbs caused the \" donut \" effect in many cities, as downtowns become ghost towns at night when office workers head home to the suburbs. downtown areas became rundown and crime - ridden because of a lack of legitimate night - time users. increased pressure on utilities : the desire for large houses with all the amenities, such as large entertainment systems, air conditioning, swimming pools, and lots of fully furnished rooms, increases water and power consumption in suburban areas. new urbanism hopes to end these suburban problems of the past few decades and create beautiful, self - sufficient, green neighborhoods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42035296804749256, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:578209bb-1c82-4e23-a204-8af5208a83ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.901658"}
{"text": "a short history of bishop william van mildert william van mildert was the last of the prince bishops and a key figure in the foundation of the university of durham in 1832. the idea of prince bishops in durham dates back to the year 1071, a time shortly after norman conquest when william the conqueror needed to appoint a representative to hold secular and spiritual power over the whole of the north - east of england ( 1, 2 ). this position gave the southern king a powerful northern presence to defend against rebellion by the local saxon population or invasion from scottish armies. the area became known as the palatinate of durham and it was said at the time that the prince bishop was like a second king of england ( 1, 2 ). prince bishops not only had their own parliament with representatives which they could send to the king, but could raise armies, collect their own taxes, set up their own courts, mint their own coins and negotiate directly with the scottish kings ( 1, 2 ). by 1832 the concept of prince bishops seemed outdated and the great reform act saw the removal of the prince bishops powers, although the bishop of durham retained a seat in the house of lords which he still holds to this day ( 3 ). in fact, it was not until the early 1970s that the palatinate court system was merged into the english court structure ( 4 ). so who was william van mildert, how did he become prince bishop of durham and how was the university of durham founded? william van mildert was born in london on the 6th of november 1765 ( 5, 6 ). his father cornelius was a gin distiller ( 5, 7 ). the van mildert family were of dutch descent and there had long been a connection between the family and the church. william van mildert \u2019 s grandfather and great grandfather had been deacons of the dutch reform church at austin friars in london and his father was a devout anglican. van mildert began his education at st. saviours school, southwark, until the age of thirteen, when he persuaded his father to allow him to seek holy orders. van mildert attended merchant taylors \u2019 school, london, in around 1779 to begin preparations for oxford university where he studied at queens college, from 1784 ( 5, 7 ). van mildert graduated with a ba in november 1787 and was ordained deacon in oxfordshire whilst working towards his ma ( 5, 7 ). from here, van mildert was ordained a priest in december 1789, becoming curate of newchurch and bonnington, in kent. it was here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.399639261594796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f45ed763-874d-4ce0-9be4-0fd048716bc3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.907559"}
{"text": "ba in november 1787 and was ordained deacon in oxfordshire whilst working towards his ma ( 5, 7 ). from here, van mildert was ordained a priest in december 1789, becoming curate of newchurch and bonnington, in kent. it was here that van mildert met jane, his future wife, and they married in december 1795. the van mildert \u2019 s moved to northamptonshire and although they never had their own children they fostered two of jane \u2019 s nieces ( 5, 7 ). in july 1796 van mildert became chaplain to the grocers \u2019 company and rector of st mary - le - bow, cheapside, london. during this time van mildert lived outside the parish due its poor standard of accommodation, leading to his prosecution for non - residence in 1800. van mildert \u2019 s case was frequently presented in parliament as evidence that reform of current laws was necessary ( 5, 7 ). van mildert opposed many government reforms and became a member of the church campaign group the hackney phalanx ( 5, 7, 8 ). the phalanx was a group of clergy and laymen who published the british critic, a conservative review which was part of the british reaction against the french revolution ( 7, 8 ). van mildert was briefly the editor for the british critic in 1811 and co - edited the churchman ' s remembrancer between 1802 and 1808. he served as treasurer of the society for promoting christian knowledge between 1812 and 1815 and also helped to found the national society in 1811 and the church building society in 1818 ( 5, 7 ). van mildert published various texts throughout his life including a ten - volume edition of the works of the 18th century theologian daniel waterland ( 5, 7 ). van mildert \u2019 s boyle lectures of 1802 - 1805 on \u2018 an historical view of the rise and progress of infidelity, with a refutation of its principles and reasoning \u2019 s \u2019 ( 9 ) helped to strengthen his reputation as one of the foremost conservative theologians of the day and it has been said that he had an encyclopaedic knowledge of divinity ( 5, 7 ). van mildert became chaplain to the fourth duke of queensberry in 1807 and vicar of farningham in kent where renovations of an uninhabitable parsonage nearly bankrupted him in 1810. lord liverpool offered van mildert a professorship of divinity at oxford and a rectory in oxfordshire which he accepted ( 5, 7 ). at oxford, van mildert became a bachelor then a doctor of divinity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43360563437925304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f45ed763-874d-4ce0-9be4-0fd048716bc3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.908745"}
{"text": "parsonage nearly bankrupted him in 1810. lord liverpool offered van mildert a professorship of divinity at oxford and a rectory in oxfordshire which he accepted ( 5, 7 ). at oxford, van mildert became a bachelor then a doctor of divinity, and a canon of christ church. after a short period as bishop of llandaff ( now part of cardiff ) in 1819 and dean of st. paul \u2019 s in 1820, van mildert was offered and accepted the palatine bishopric of durham. ( 5, 7, 8 ) van mildert had strongly opposed parliamentary reform and he was even burned in effigy at the castle gates in november 1831 due to this opposition ( 7 ). van mildert ' s resistance to reform may be the reason why he was omitted from peels ecclesiastical commission in 1835 and was not recommended to be archbishop of canterbury ( 5, 7 ). he was, however greatly respected and played an important role in early 19th century theological thought as well as in lively political discussions. van mildert \u2019 s health throughout his life was never particularly good and he died on 21st february 1836 ( 5, 7 ). he was buried in a vault in front of the high altar at durham cathedral though he had expressed the wish to be buried at auckland castle, his official home. his wife survived him and died in harrogate in 1837 ( 5 ). van mildert and the foundation of durham university there had been calls for a university in durham reaching back as far as henry viii and oliver cromwell in the 1650s, although at that time oxford and cambridge universities had expressed concerns that a university at durham would damage their position ( 5, 7 ). in 1832 archdeacon charles thorp and van mildert persuaded the government and parliament to support the idea of a university at durham ( 10, 5, 7 ). on july 4th 1832 the \u201c act to enable the dean and chapter of durham to appropriate part of the property of their church to the establishment of a university in connection therewith, for the advancement of learning \u201d was passed ( 11, 12, 13, 14 ). the first students arrived in 1833, with the university receiving a royal charter and degree - awarding powers in 1837 ( 12, 13, 14 ). there is a substantial collection of material relating to bishop van mildert in the special collections section of durham university library. most of this material ( over 1300 papers ) was discovered in a pigeon loft in bradden house, northamptonshire in the early 1970s by arnold bradshaw, later principal of van mildert college. the papers were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42304926919024455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f45ed763-874d-4ce0-9be4-0fd048716bc3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.909776"}
{"text": "a college education can change the course of your life. this investment in your future has the power to open doors of opportunity to professional and personal fulfillment. but, for most students, those opportunities come with a cost : the burden of student debt. yes, the cost of tuition is rising and with it debt loads. but college enrollment is growing, too, and so is the income gap between those who have degrees and those who do not. numbers tell this story. tuition costs soar tuitions are rising like a lost balloon on a summer day. a four - year public university now costs on average $ 8, 000 per year, excluding room and board. that number jumps to $ 28, 000 per year for students attending four - year private institutions. debt - free students unusual sixty - six percent of 2011 graduates began their post - school life with student - loan debt, with the average loan amount totaling more than $ 26, 000. by comparison, in 1993, less than half of all students graduated with debt, and that debt averaged $ 14, 500. right now, combined student - loan debt stacks up to $ 914 billion in the united states, according to the federal reserve bank of new york. unlike other debts, student loans cannot be discharged in a bankruptcy. millions attend college more than 18 million people are attending college, and 10. 6 million of them are enrolled at four - year schools. however, 40 percent of students at four - year schools will not earn a degree within six years. whether a student graduates in four years, six years or not at all, student loans must be repaid. college is a smart move despite the debt, a college degree can be a wise financial investment. high school graduates can expect to earn about $ 1. 4 million in their lifetimes. add a bachelor \u2019 s degree, and lifetime earnings rise to $ 2. 4 million. want to earn more? obtain a professional degree and lifetime income soars to more than $ 4 million. medicine, law, pharmacy and public accounting are each professions of this kind that offer a strong earning potential. a new frontier higher education is evolving \u2013 and not all of it is getting more expensive. free moocs, or massive open online classes, aim to deliver an ivy league - quality education to anyone with access to a computer and the internet. in the last year, several start - ups have begun offering more than 200 free, online college classes. companies such as udacity, coursera and edx promise to reinvent how we educate ourselves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4192817434568728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6d80ba5-a5e7-4330-986d-e2cad1e88b45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.912739"}
{"text": "cars are getting better at telling you more about your driving, with heads - up displays showing your speed and direction, and gps units letting you know where there ' s construction or congestion. so what if your car started telling you more about other cars, too? hari balakrishnan, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the massachusetts institute of technology, is using 50 limos and taxis equipped with mobile sensors to send data back to a central computer and help predict road conditions with greater accuracy, letting drivers see how problems evolve in real - time and react accordingly. balakrishnan has plans to expand the project, and is considering how to use regular consumer technology \u2014 such as developing an app iphone users could download \u2014 to help feed his computer ( and drivers ) with more data. similarly, thomas little, a professor at boston university, is experimenting with how light can transmit data to other vehicles on the road. a brake light, for instance, could send a signal to the car behind it to cause it to brake hard, too, in the event of an emergency. road conditions, such as icy pavement or potholes, could also be picked up by the leading vehicle and sent along the chain of trailing cars. it ' ll be a while before we see tech like this affecting our driving in a major way, but more complex consumer technology and smart minds to use it means we don ' t have to wait for the auto industry to raise its standards before we can see technology improving how we drive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5190573815577394, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ceea5441-84d5-42d0-9014-cb91a19e9583>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.915921"}
{"text": "| dental care regularly examine your pet for signs of dental disease - bad breath, tartar, red, swollen, or painful gums, decreased appetite, difficulty eating, loose or missing teeth. if your pet has any of these signs it has periodontal disease. periodontal disease can start as early as 2 years of age. more than 85 percent of dogs and cats over four years of age have some form of periodontal disease, a progressive, painful inflammation and destruction of the normal tooth structure, leading to tooth loss. if periodontal disease is left unchecked, bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream and travel to major organs, starting infections there. damage to these organs caused by infection can shorten the lives of dogs and cats. factors that affect the incidence of periodontal disease include : o breed - smaller dogs tend to have more dental disease than larger dogs. cats can have resorptive enamel lesions exposing the root of the tooth. o extra or malpositioned teeth - retained baby teeth can force the permanent teeth into abnormal positions and cause a build up of tartar. brachycephalic breeds ie. pugs have malpositioned teeth causing crowding and a tartar trap. these teeth should be extracted to avoid problems later. o diet - soft food can predispose to an increase in accumulation of plaque. professional cleaning is the best way to remove tartar on the teeth, and hopefully reverse the effects on the gums. under anesthesia, the tartar is removed, teeth are polished, and fluoride applied and the teeth probed for pockets. a full mouth x - ray is performed to check for any unseen abnormalities under the gumline. problem teeth are x - rayed to develop a treatment plan. a root canal or periodontal surgery may be performed to save a tooth. any teeth that can not be saved are extracted. to help prevent dental tartar, start brushing your pet ' s teeth when your pet it is young or after a teeth cleaning. we recommend daily brushing. brushing will dramatically increase the interval between teeth cleaning appointments. tips to get your pet to accept tooth brushing : - start with a healthy, comfortable mouth. untreated problems can cause a painful mouth and a non - compliant patient. - choose a proper toothbrush. the toothbrush should have soft bristles which can reach under the gum line. use the right size toothbrush to fit the patient, large or small. each pet should have their own toothbrush to decrease cross contamination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40583924471124594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b062358-5792-4307-970d-a236d46d214d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.920971"}
{"text": "- choose a proper toothbrush. the toothbrush should have soft bristles which can reach under the gum line. use the right size toothbrush to fit the patient, large or small. each pet should have their own toothbrush to decrease cross contamination of bacteria from one pet to another. - use special pet toothpaste. cet toothpaste is flavored to increase acceptance and does not have detergent properties as human toothpaste which can cause gastrointestinal upset if swallowed. - brush your pet ' s teeth when the pet is relaxed. position the pet in a corner or on your lap so that it will be secure and more easily handled. put a small amount of toothpaste on your finger and allow the pet to taste it. carefully lift the lips up to expose the teeth. apply a small amount of toothpaste to the brush. place the brush bristles at a 45 degree angle to the gum line. move the brush gently in circular patterns over the teeth as well as back and forth. start by brushing a few teeth. as the brushing sessions continue, slowly include more teeth. build up to 30 seconds on each side. when you sense the pet is anxious, give reassurance by talking and trying again. expect progress, not perfection. reward immediately with a play period and praise after each cleaning session. take time. each pet is different - some will be trained in one week, while others will take a month. - use other home care products to reduce plaque production. these include tartar control dry diets such as hill ' s t / d, oravet plaque prevention, rawhides or chew toys. pets with periodontal disease may need antibiotics and disinfectant rinses or gels. most importantly, brush daily, have annual dental exams, and regularly have teeth cleaned professionally. plaque index ( pi # ) - pi 0 no observable plaque - pi 1 scattered plaque covering less than one third of the buccal tooth surface - pi 2 plaque covering between one and two thirds of the buccal tooth surface - pi 3 plaque covering greater than two thirds of the buccal tooth surface pi 1 pi 2 pi 3 calculus index ( ci # ) refers to the amount of calculus on a tooth. - ci 0 no observable calculus - ci 1 scattered calculus covering less than one third of the buccal tooth surface. - ci 2 calculus covering between one and two thirds of the buccal tooth surface with minimal subgingival deposition. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4549839447575379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b062358-5792-4307-970d-a236d46d214d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.921937"}
{"text": "security of cargo is a major concern of port authorities. thefts and smuggling of cargo, and stowaways, are occurrences that port authorities need to combat in order to ensure the quality of their services. the costs incurred by port users becausewhile a $ 7 billion dollar range seems rather large to me, even the small number is a big number. of these activities are very high, as shown by various recent analyses. for instance, in the united states, it is estimated that the annual cost of cargo theft and pilferage varies from us $ 3 to 10 billion a year. in a recent piece in seapower magazine by david w. munns here. mr. munns posits a scenario in which containers passing through pakistan have had their contents stolen by thieves who un - weld the seams of the metal containers, take the products from inside the container and then re - weld the seams, apparently without breaking the seals on the boxes. mr. munns notes that the department of homeland security has been seeking new ideas for container security and tis pushing a \" advanced container security device ( acsd ) \" system. one approach seems to be to change the standard metal shipping container to one made of strong composite material and embed sensors in the entire exterior which would provide detection capability of container stowaways, radiation and other information that may indicate problems. more information on the acsd program here, here, the dhs solicitation here, the l - 3 communications \" approach \" : the next generation of maritime cargo security from l - 3 is designed to foil any conceivable attempt to hide stowaways, threat substances, and other contraband in sealed cargo containers. more here : acsd will feature advanced state - of - the - art sensors that automatically detect live animals and people, as well as minute amounts of threat substances, that no other sealed cargo screening technology of its kind can reliably detect. the revolutionary acsd will continually screen the contents of sealed cargo containers for explosives and biological, chemical, and nuclear threat substances. acsd will track the entire sequence of a sealed cargo container \u2019 s journey, from the moment it arrives at the point of departure to release at its final destination. designed to automatically identify tampering at any point in the container \u2019 s passage, acsd will detect breaches wherever they occur : on the container \u2019 s sides, roof, or bottom. as part of the csi, dhs has also developed a technology research program called the advanced container", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5103215733497042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e85309e8-ccb4-4aaa-9ac4-54a07dc3d7a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.925515"}
{"text": "when starbucks raised its prices during the beginning of 2010, it lowered the price of a tall regular to $ 1. 70. but, if you wanted a splash of foam, a shot of espresso, or a touch of flavor, the addition could be expensive. for a triple grande soy vanilla latte, you would have paid a whopping $ 6. 25. their goal, i suspect was to attract coffee lovers who would spend a little and those who would spend a lot. for a basic cup of coffee, the price would be low. however, those who were willing and able to pay more would also be satisfied. in that way, starbucks could retain a dual clientele. npr \u2019 s planet money explains how groupon takes advantage of the same idea. people willing to expend the time and energy looking for coupons pay less. but businesses still can take advantage of the group who, ignoring the coupons, are willing to pay more. again, the business owner can benefit. she does not have to offer lower prices to everyone. the economic lesson starbucks and groupon are engaging in what economists call price discrimination. the perfect example is airlines. an airline knows, for example, that a business traveler might be willing and able to pay more than a vacationing student. their task is figuring out how to charge the businessperson more. the answer? give discounts to people who stay over a saturday night. the price discrimination is not explicit and yet, business fliers are charged a higher price. in economics textbooks, price discrimination is typically discussed in chapters on monopoly. a monopoly and a smaller firm with a unique good or service have pricing power that have enables them to target different customers with their prices and coupons. movie theaters discriminate by charging senior citizens less. do you think that colleges engage in price discrimination through financial aid?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4487795674485592, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9e1017f-853c-45cb-873c-5079cdad065c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.927766"}
{"text": "first living organisms help introduction to the first living organisms we will probably never know for sure exactly how life began \u2013 why? the first living things ( such as primitive bacteria ) left behind no fossil record. soft - bodied micro - organisms, such as the ancient bacteria, had no hard parts. hence, their remains were rarely preserved. fossil means \u201c to dig. \u201d thus, the fossil record consists of the remains of ancient living things that have been preserved and \u201c dug \u201d up. with no hard body parts preserved, then, the first living creatures essentially left no fossils to be \u201c dug \u201d up later! nevertheless, many ancient soft - bodied bacteria created stromatolites ( stroh - mat - uh - lights ) \u2013 \u201c layered rocks. \u201d even today, huge mounds of bacterial colonies live in shallow ocean water. fine particles of dirt, calcium, and other minerals in the seawater, collect as sediment upon the colonies. this sediment eventually arranges into thin \u201c layers \u201d ( stromas ) streaking through each bacterial mound. as the layers or stromas become calcified ( hardened with calcium sediment ), they turn into layered rocks. figure 3. 2 shows such a stromatolite. among the oldest - known fossils are narrow, filament ( \u201c thread \u201d ) - shaped bacteria, preserved within ancient stromatolite rock from western australia. they are about 3. 5 billion years old. the first living organisms : tiny green threads without any \u201c kernels \u201d in the living stromatolites found on present - day earth, the bacteria are usually bluish - green in color. this green color indicates that they engage in photosynthesis ( foh - toe - sin - theh - sis ). photosynthesis is the use of \u201c light \u201d ( photo ) to \u201c place ( things ) together \u201d ( synthesis ). specifically, photosynthesis is the process whereby certain types of organisms ( usually green ) use the energy in sunlight to make sugar molecules for themselves. thus, the first ancient bacteria probably looked like tiny bluish - green threads or filaments. further, each of these ancient, threadlike, green bacteria cells lacked a nucleus. in greek, the word part for \u201c nucleus \u201d or \u201c kernel \u201d is kary ( kair - ee ). consequently, these ancient threadlike bacteria are often called prokaryotes ( proh - kair - ee - oats ). the reason for this name is that, being extremely ancient, the prokaryo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5082762103488986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3225a1ea-56cb-4db0-8457-397e64aa05c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.934304"}
{"text": "( kair - ee ). consequently, these ancient threadlike bacteria are often called prokaryotes ( proh - kair - ee - oats ). the reason for this name is that, being extremely ancient, the prokaryotes probably appeared \u201c before \u201d ( pro - ) other types of more advanced cells having a \u201c nucleus \u201d ( kary ). cells with nuclei : in come the \u201c kernels \u201d for well over a billion - and - a - half years, it appears that the prokaryotes ( photosynthetic cells without nuclei ) were alone on this planet. all that time, however, these tiny green cells produced abundant amounts of oxygen ( o 2 ) molecules, since oxygen is one of the main by - products of photosynthesis. the prokaryotes accomplished the critical task of making earth \u2019 s atmosphere capable of sustaining aerobic ( air - oh - bik ) metabolism. this is the type of metabolism that \u201c pertains to \u201d ( - ic ) \u201c oxygen - or - air - using \u201d ( aer ) \u201c life \u201d ( ob ). the stage was thus set for the appearance of more complex cells, many of which had aerobic metabolisms dependent upon a ready supply of oxygen. about 2. 1 billion years ago, numerous eukaryotes ( yew - kair - ee - oats ) evolved from the prokaryotes. each eukaryote cell has a \u201c good \u201d ( eu - ) \u201c nucleus \u201d ( kary ) surrounded by its own membrane. in addition, the eukaryote cell contains numerous other organelles, each enclosed within its own individual membrane. besides the nucleus, another very important membrane - covered organelle is the mitochondrion ( my - toe - kahn - dree - un ). the mitochondrion carries out most of the aerobic ( oxygen - using ) metabolism within the eukaryote cell. figure 3. 3 provides a summary of the above information. it shows that there are two basic types of cells \u2013 prokaryotes ( cells without a nucleus ) and eukaryotes ( cells having a nucleus and other organelles surrounded by membranes ). further, we see that the major examples of prokaryotes now in existence are the bacteria. the cells of nearly all other organisms besides bacteria, in contrast, are eukaryotes. ( a detailed discussion of cell anatomy and physiology will be provided in chapter 5. ) add your own comment today on education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5214122254182691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3225a1ea-56cb-4db0-8457-397e64aa05c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.935440"}
{"text": "it ' s an old czech proverb - \" po bitve je kadzy generalem \" it means : after you have enough experience, you should pass it on. would that mean that everyone at least had enough guts to fight - so give themselves credit? probably after everyone is home they stretch the truth. they ' re a hero in their own mind. its like kind of everyone id incharge after a fight, everyone can make there own decisions? i think it means everyone wins and reaches the very top of the level. when talking or opinions are not being heard in hindsight everyone can see where thing went wrong, and has an opinion on it i don ' t know the quote, but it sounds like a close relative of \" on monday morning, everybody ' s an all - star quarterback \" ; \" hindsight is 20 / 20 \" : or or \" everybody \" s a critic \". after fighting, everyone gained experience ; everyone improved themselves. it means that after an event everybody can reflect on the outcome and analyse the specific decisions taken to achieve the end result. the implication in the use of the word ' general ' is that those doing the analysis will often suggest that had they been in charge they would have done things differently and therefore achieved a better result. the saying points up the irony of ' being wise after the event '. away from the immediacy of the ' battle ', in the safety of hindsight, we re - play the event saying what ' should ' have happened. it means the same thing as hindsight is 20 / 20. as i understand this, it means that during the \" battle \" only the \" general \" makes decisions and gives orders and is therefore responsible for the outcome. after the \" battle \" is over, is easy to say \" u should have done this instead of that \" and judge knowing what has already happened. something like : it is easy to talk, decide and judge after all is finished. \" on monday morning, everyone thinks he could be a quarterback. \" when the contest ( or battle ) is over, everyone thinks he could have done better than the leaders who were actually there. \" po bitve je kazdy generalem \"... ( after the battle, everyone is a general )... i guess you could compare it to : \" monday morning quarterback \"... basically meaning, once it ' s over, everyone has advice how things could have been done better. this article contents is post by this website user, eduq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5669895750835978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2840164a-cbe4-4de3-82f6-58004852e0d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.938161"}
{"text": "rules, rules, rules. everyone knows the key to success in school is to follow the rules. unfortunately, this belief persists in many of today ' s classrooms and schools. next time you are in a classroom, take a look at the posted rules. maybe they ' re rules such as, \" no talking while the teacher is talking. stay in your desk during work time. raise your hand if you need help. \" if so, i think these rules say a lot about the teacher, the work environment and the level of meaningful, engaging tasks. they imply that the teacher is the only one who holds the knowledge, that the teacher will give you great wisdom only if you will listen and only if the work you undertake will be solitary and designed to measure how well you listen. ( photo credit : mick62 ) why is it that some classrooms need these types of rules and some do not? for the teachers that do not post such rules, what is the difference? how can they manage without them? one answer to these questions is to take a look at the type of tasks the student is being asked to undertake, to analyze the planning and preparation the teacher has given to design tasks which result in high levels of student engagement. think of it this way. if a teacher designs tasks that engage the student in meaningful learning, will the student be wandering around the classroom off task, disrupting others, and doing any of the other million things teachers often complain about? but just what goes into meaningful learning and task design that results in high levels of student engagement? q & a about student engagement i would like to give credit to the amazing staff at erin woods school in calgary, ab who worked together yesterday to answer this question. when analyzing student engagement and tasks that result in high levels of student engagement, we were able to effectively answer this question : \" what are the attributes of tasks that result in meaningful learning and high ( er ) levels of student engagement? \" tasks resulting in higher levels of student engagement consist of these attributes : - meaningful or related to the student ' s life or interests - working together with peers - incorporates games - created by the student ( and therefore more authentic ) - resulting in a piece of work the student is proud of and wants to share - challenging - - but not so challenging it is unattainable - considers different learning styles - allows for student choice - can be extended by students tasks resulting in lower levels of student engagement consist of these attributes : - easy and quick to complete ( requires low levels of thinking ) -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4831824065793794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c3712dc-4936-4dd5-90a3-8e05fc9d4a4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.941102"}
{"text": "ohio state board removes language in standards questioning evolution in the second major blow in as many months to the forces seeking to subject evolution to greater skepticism and scrutiny in science classrooms, the ohio state board of education has voted to strip language from its academic standards that encourages students to \" critically analyze \" the established biological theory. the board decided in an 11 - 4 vote on feb. 14 to revise ohio ' s academic content standards to delete that wording, which was the subject of heated debate when it was added to the influential document in 2002. \" this was a win for science, a win for students, and a win for the state of ohio, \" said board member martha w. wise, who led the campaign to remove the language critical of evolution. | ( requires macromedia flash player. ) | as part of the same action, the board chose to do away with a state - approved lesson plan for teachers that critics said falsely suggested that mainstream scientists harbored doubts about the theory of evolution and promoted debates about aspects of evolution where no legitimate questions exist. the ohio vote comes less than two months after a federal judge in pennsylvania, john e. jones iii, issued a widely scrutinized ruling declaring that a concept that has gained popularity among evolution ' s critics \" intelligent design \" is religion, not science. intelligent design is the belief that an unnamed force has guided various aspects of life ' s development. judge jones ' sweeping, 139 - page ruling, issued dec. 20, concluded that the design concept does not hold up under scientific scrutiny, unlike the theory of evolution, which was backed by years of research in biology, chemistry, geology, and other fields. although that ruling only has legal standing in the federal district where it was issued, ms. wise said it had a \" major impact \" in shaping her thinking on the issue. the language that was in ohio ' s standards might have encouraged the teaching of intelligent design or creationism, the biblically based belief that god created all living things, she said. others were disappointed in the ohio board ' s action. in a statement, the seattle - based discovery institute, which supports the teaching of intelligent design, called the vote a \" gag order on science, a dogmatic approach to education that restricts students from learning about evolution. \" \u2018 critically analyze \u2019 language removed a republican and self - described creationist, ms. wise said that even though ohio ' s standards do not specifically promote intelligent design, she and fellow board members worried that the standards would not withstand legal scrutiny if challenged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4942100633955245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e059ade-01dc-4351-bef7-cfd9cccc8bdd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.946288"}
{"text": "\" \u2018 critically analyze \u2019 language removed a republican and self - described creationist, ms. wise said that even though ohio ' s standards do not specifically promote intelligent design, she and fellow board members worried that the standards would not withstand legal scrutiny if challenged in court. \" it could have cost the state of ohio millions of dollars, \" ms. wise said. ohio, like kansas, has been a major player in the ongoing furor over how to teach evolution in public school science classrooms. the critical analysis language used in its 307 - page standards document is often cited by those who call for injecting more skepticism into lessons about the theory, pioneered most famously by british naturalist charles darwin. the ohio board ' s action removes from the standards a statement about what its students should know. the statement says 10th graders should be able to \" describe how scientists continue to investigate and critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory. \" the state board ' s decision comes as controversies over how to teach about evolutionary theory continue to emerge in states and school districts across the country. some of evolution ' s strongest critics suggest that public school science teachers should be allowed to discuss what they see as alternatives to evolution, such as intelligent design, a belief rejected by the vast majority of scientists, who say it relies on nonscientific and religious principles. the scientific community has instead consistently backed the theory of evolution, which holds that humans and other living things have developed through natural selection and random mutation. standards content debate ohio ' s academic content standards for science were approved four years ago after a highly charged debate. board members considered but eventually decided not to include language introducing intelligent design. in fact, the language in the standards specifically states that it \" does not mandate the teaching or testing of intelligent design. \" in ohio, as in most states, academic standards form the basis for questions students face on mandatory state tests. last november, an education week analysis found that state standards vary greatly on how thoroughly they cover the topic of evolution, and in some cases, skip several core concepts. overall, ohio ' s standards scored well in education week ' s review, covering many evolutionary topics thoroughly and citing respected national scientific documentspublished by the american association for the advancement of science and the congressionally chartered national research councilas blueprints for that document. education week also found that statewide tests are equally uneven in how much they require students to know about evolution, with some asking no questions about the theory and others asking more than a dozen about it. ohio officials told education week last year that their state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5042210297087064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e059ade-01dc-4351-bef7-cfd9cccc8bdd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.947366"}
{"text": ". education week also found that statewide tests are equally uneven in how much they require students to know about evolution, with some asking no questions about the theory and others asking more than a dozen about it. ohio officials told education week last year that their state ' s 38 - question state high school science test, administered in spring 2005, included no questions that specifically mentioned evolution or referred to the topic generally. state officials explained that such an omission was not unusual, because items on the test are randomly drawn from a bank of questions based on the standards. j. c. benton, a spokesman for the ohio education department, said it is unclear whether any items on the spring 2006 version of the science test refer to the critical analysis of evolution that was deleted from the standards. if there are any such questions, he said, the state would inform the company that scores the tests not to count those items. science is one of five subjects that ohio students are required to pass to receive a high school diploma. - amargosa valley elementary school, amargosa valley, nv - chattahoochee hills charter school, multiple locations - round rock isd, round rock, tx - christ the king preparatory school, nj - chief of human resources - san francisco unified school district, san francisco, ca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47503940868830963, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e059ade-01dc-4351-bef7-cfd9cccc8bdd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.947911"}
{"text": "definition of preeclampsia preeclampsia : a condition in pregnancy characterized by abrupt hypertension ( a sharp rise in blood pressure ), albuminuria ( leakage of large amounts of the protein albumin into the urine ) and edema ( swelling ) of the hands, feet, and face. preeclampsia is the most common complication of pregnancy. it affects about 5 % of pregnancies. it occurs in the third trimester ( the last third ) of pregnancy. preeclampsia occurs most frequently in first pregnancies. it is more common in women who have diabetes or who are carrying twins. some women seem to have a strong tendency to develop the disease and suffer from preeclampsia with every pregnancy. preeclampsia is more common in daughters of women who have been affected ; in many cases the disease tends to run in families. preeclampsia can be a sign of serious problems. it may, for example, indicate that the placenta is detaching from the uterus. in some cases, untreated preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia, a life - threatening situation for both mother and fetus characterized by coma and seizures. treatment is by bed rest and sometimes medication. if that treatment is ineffective, the induction of labor and delivery or a c - section may have to be considered. preeclampsia always resolves a short time after the baby is born. preeclampsia is sometimes written pre - eclampsia. preeclampsia was referred to as toxemia or toxic pregnancy. source : medterms\u2122 medical dictionary last editorial review : 4 / 27 / 2011 5 : 27 : 15 pm medical dictionary definitions a - z search medical dictionary emedicinehealth top news parenting and pregnancy get tips for baby and you. pregnancy and parenting resources health solutions from our sponsors most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5390559632199683, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:054c6416-f372-4c41-bcac-aeb788266ea8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.952565"}
{"text": "china is the world ' s foremost coal producer and consumer, surpassing the united states by a factor of two on both scores and accounting for 40 percent of total world production. moreover, its coal consumption has been rising rapidly, at a rate of up to ten percent per year ( which translates to a doubling of demand every 7 years ). while china is a significant producer of oil and natural gas, coal dominates the nation ' s fossil - fuel reserve base. about 70 percent of china ' s total energy is derived from coal, and about 80 percent of its electricity. the country has recently become the world ' s foremost greenhouse gas emitter due to its growing, coal - fed energy appetite. this nation ' s coal - mining history is probably the world ' s longest, dating back up to two millennia \u2014 though modern mining methods were not introduced until the late 19th century by european, and later by japanese companies.... china ' s coal consumption in 2000 was 30 times its volume a half - century earlier, at the time of the establishment of the people ' s republic. and just since 2000, consumption has more than doubled.... in short, china has encouraged rapid export - led economic growth as a way of putting off dealing with its internal political and social problems. economic growth requires energy, and china ' s energy comes overwhelmingly from coal. the nation ' s short - term survival strategy thus centers on producing enormous quantities of coal today, and far more in the future. however, there are signs that china ' s domestic coal production growth may not be able to keep up with rising demand for much longer.... demand for coal in china is growing so quickly that even if the high reserves estimate from the chinese government of 186. 6 billion tons proves to be accurate ( as opposed to ewg ' s much lower estimate of 96 billion tons ), this may shift the date of peak production by only about 5 to 17 years \u2014 from the years 2015 - 2020 ( ewg ) to 2025 - 2032 ( tao and li ). this further calls into question the brg conclusion that \" there will be no bottleneck in [ china ' s ] coal supplies until 2100, \" as a delay of the peak to that extent \u2014 by more than 65 years beyond the tao and li forecast range \u2014 would require a conversion of resources to reserves on a truly monumental scale. such a conversion is impossible to justify by precedent, and so brg ' s conclusion can only be considered realistic if china ' s coal demand is assumed to level", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47746055850799657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecb39ba5-b14e-41e3-aaab-8d4ea2c95507>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.957852"}
{"text": "li forecast range \u2014 would require a conversion of resources to reserves on a truly monumental scale. such a conversion is impossible to justify by precedent, and so brg ' s conclusion can only be considered realistic if china ' s coal demand is assumed to level off soon and perhaps fall in coming decades \u2014 in which case a production peak will have occurred in effect. but such demand reduction is currently difficult to envision. china ' s economy has been, is, and will continue to be coal - powered \u2014 as long as sufficient supplies are available \u2014 since few options exist to substantially reduce its coal dependency.... china ' s furious pace of economic growth, which is often touted as a sign of success, may turn out to be a fatal liability. simply put, the nation appears to have no plan b. no fossil fuel other than coal will be able to provide sufficient energy to sustain current economic growth rates in the years ahead, and non - fossil sources will require unprecedented and perhaps unachievable levels of investment just to make up for declines in coal production \u2014 never mind providing enough to fuel continued annual energy growth of seven to ten percent per year. if and when china ceases to have enough new energy to support continued economic growth, there are likely to be unpleasant consequences for the nation ' s stability. if such consequences are to be averted, the country ' s leadership must find ways to rein in economic growth while reducing internal social and political tensions, meanwhile investing enormous sums in non - fossil energy sources. a serious attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions would entail an identical prescription. it is a tall order by any standard, but serious contemplation of the alternative \u2014 which, in the worst instance, could amount to social, economic, and environmental collapse \u2014 should be bracing enough to motivate heroic efforts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.505820328137254, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecb39ba5-b14e-41e3-aaab-8d4ea2c95507>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.958628"}
{"text": "achieving a sustainable food system with organic farming despite a slight decline between 2009 and 2010, since 1999 the global land area farmed organically has expanded more than threefold to 37 million hectares, according to new research conducted by the worldwatch institute for its vital signs online service ( www. worldwatch. org ). regions with the largest certified organic agricultural land in 2010 were oceania, including australia, new zealand, and pacific island nations ( 12. 1 million hectares ) ; europe ( 10 million hectares ) ; and latin america ( 8. 4 million hectares ), write report authors catherine ward and laura reynolds. organic farming is now established in international standards, and 84 countries had implemented organic regulations by 2010, up from 74 countries in 2009. definitions vary, but according to the international federation of organic agriculture movements, organic agriculture is a production system that relies on ecological processes, such as waste recycling, rather than the use of synthetic inputs, such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. \" although organic agriculture often produces lower yields on land that has recently been farmed conventionally, it can outperform conventional practices - especially in times of drought - when the land has been farmed organically for a longer time, \" said reynolds, a researcher with worldwatch ' s food and agriculture program. \" conventional agricultural practices often degrade the environment over both the long and short term through soil erosion, excessive water extraction, and biodiversity loss. \" organic farming has the potential to contribute to sustainable food security by improving nutrition intake and sustaining livelihoods in rural areas, while simultaneously reducing vulnerability to climate change and enhancing biodiversity. sustainable practices associated with organic farming are relatively labor intensive. organic agriculture uses up to 50 percent less fossil fuel energy than conventional farming, and common organic practices \u2014 including rotating crops, applying mulch to empty fields, and maintaining perennial shrubs and trees on farms \u2014 also stabilize soils and improve water retention, thus reducing vulnerability to harsh weather patterns. on average, organic farms have 30 percent higher biodiversity, including birds, insects, and plants, than conventional farms do. certifications for organic agriculture are increasingly concentrated in wealthier countries. from 2009 to 2010, europe increased its organic farmland by 9 percent to 10 million hectares, the largest growth in any region. the united states has lagged behind other countries in adopting sustainable farming methods. when national sales rather than production are considered, however, the u. s. organic industry is one of the fastest - growing industries in the nation, expanding by 9. 5 percent in 2011 to reach $ 31. 5 billion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4446912175671186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e63213a-20f6-458e-95ef-b941fb0170e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.962635"}
{"text": "stand up and be counted by now, every american should be aware that the u. s. government is conducting its decennial census, as mandated by the constitution. since this only happens every ten years, every approach to counting the number of people living in the u. s. is completely different, especially with the exponential growth in technology in the last few decades. the census bureau, housed in the department of commerce, is using a mix of both old and new methods to get the word out and to track responses. the effort began with an initial mailing to every household in america saying that your census would be arriving soon. then, the actual form arrived, which each american was supposed to fill out and send back. a third mailing was then sent a few weeks later, to make sure they didn \u2019 t miss anyone. printing these extra forms will cost taxpayers about $ 42 million, but officials say the additional mailings will ultimately save more than $ 500 million that would have been used to hire temporary census takers. according to the wall street journal, this undertaking constituted 542 million pieces of mail, all sent through the u. s. postal service. if all of the forms were stacked on top of each other, they would reach twenty - nine miles high \u2014 five times as tall as mount everest. census is also doing some cool things to track response rates across the country. the census site allows users to see how their individual states are doing in comparison to the rest of the country. at the time of this post, the upper midwest had a sizable lead on the rest of the country. though this massive effort is required to make sure the government gets an accurate count of everyone living in the united states, it is sobering to note that if everyone mailed back their forms as instructed, taxpayers could reduce the cost of taking the census by about $ 1. 5 billion. this is more than the entire small business innovation research ( sbir ) budget at the department of defense ( $ 1. 15 billion in fy2008 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40349108591540983, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d6d12e-fa09-4662-a697-6f5a7f2aca94>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.967125"}
{"text": "eight confirmed cases of a new tick - borne disease in the world published : 31. 10. 11 updated : 31. 10. 2011 14 : 19 : 45 the bacterium candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis was for the first time detected in the netherlands in 1999. the name was first given in 2004 since it is found in ticks and brown rats in japan and was verified as new bacteria by phylogenetic dna - analysis. the bacteria can only grow inside cells and seem to infect cells in the vessel walls. it belongs to anaplasmataceae family as well as two other tick bacteria : anaplasma and ehrlichia. the bacterium could not so far been \u0441ultured, so that its characterization is mainly based on molecular biological methods. totally in the world there are 8 cases of infection with neoehrlichia mikurensis known in humans, three of them were diagnosed in sweden. the very first case was reported in sweden in the sahlgrenska hospital in an elderly man who fell ill in summer 2009. since then cases were described in germany, switzerland and the czech republic. two more cases, swedish patients, were later diagnosed in gothenburg ( unpublished data ). only one of the reported patients has been described previously healthy without underlying diseases. other seven cases had an impaired immune system due to underlying serious diseases or immunosuppressive treatment, most of the cases had not spleen. the symptoms are often described as influenza like symptoms. patients had fever and some had muscle pain. four of the patients described had deep vein thrombosis. the diagnosis of candidates neoehrlichia mikurensis infection was based on pcr analysis of blood and subsequent sequencing of the amplified dna fragments. the risk of the bacteria to cause the disease in healthy individuals is probably very low. the natural reservoir of candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis is different rodent species and it is transmitted via tick bites. a study conducted in five locations in sweden in 2008 has shown that a bacterium was present in bank vole, field vole and small and large field mouse with an average prevalence of 9 %. although these results suggest that the bacteria are relatively common in swedish nature, there are no clinical reports which would suggest that this transmission is normal after a tick bite. the patients were symptoms free after the treatment with tetracyklin and candidatus neohrlichia mikurensis dna was not detected in patients after treatment was finished. it is worth noting that the diagnosis at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46171505936772733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e6ce863-479e-46b8-8f43-9c1731d0b42e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.969954"}
{"text": "\u201c science is life \u201d. this is the shortest definition that explains best that in some way or the other science plays a vital role in everyone \u2019 s life as it is everywhere. it widens and enhances our lives, deleting our misconceptions about the world in a systematic way. the actual purpose of science is to create helpful models of realism and understanding the universe in a better way. studying science is quite different from other subjects because it requires real understanding about the different concepts, theories and laws. science is just not all about collecting information and learning it my heart. the facts and figures that you gather can have many variations in future. therefore they should not be considered as fixed. now let \u2019 s have a look at some of the steps that will make science much simpler for you to study. a systematic way should be followed to study the science subjects. set a particular time every day to focus on the subject. the focus can be on many things like plants, animals, stars etc. choose one area and give your full concentration until you get aware of it completely. science also requires a lot of practice. when you observe different things, try to imagine more and keep your senses sharp. several questions are going to whirl round your mind so conduct as many experiments as you can. these experiments will help you in making your perceptions clear. good books are always a man \u2019 s best friend. if you a grab a nice book of science that is easy to understand, you \u2019 ll never need other guidelines. some books are written for general public that contain many exciting things. you should make the best use of these books and make an effort to communicate everything to your daily actions. while studying science \u2026 \u2026 you come across several definitions that you find difficult to remember. if you learn these definitions in melodies or tunes, you \u2019 ll enjoy a lot as the sentences will be in the form of rhythm. trust me, you \u2019 ll never forget this tempo throughout your life. apart from observing things and doing the practical work, when your greater attention is on the theory part where you need to raise questions and think, an area or surrounding free from any commotion will be most suitable. you can never study science in a place where there is noise and even if you make an attempt to study in such an environment, everything is going to fly above your head for sure. the facts and figures that you encounter during the study of science are important but not everything. you need to understand relations to understand science. the link and association between special factors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.584069079839872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8073feee-ea9f-4908-b59b-95a19f8d436b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.973807"}
{"text": "in such an environment, everything is going to fly above your head for sure. the facts and figures that you encounter during the study of science are important but not everything. you need to understand relations to understand science. the link and association between special factors should be properly recognized and valued. therefore when you attend lectures, stay attentive. whatever you study or acquire things, your knowledge gets enhanced more when you have a word with others. group discussions with your friends or family may prove to be beneficial because it is a sort of revision that you are doing. through discussions you also come to know about new things that boosts your knowledge further. when many ideas are presented and many suggestions are given, you can form a better opinion. tips for studying science preparing notes is always helpful for every subject and its better to plan notes yourself rather than grabbing from someone else. when you make notes, they are based on your observation and understanding and you can remember them well. also include diagrams and important points that have been taught to you by your teacher. after preparation, you can have a dialogue with your friends but do not rely on someone else \u2019 s notes. when you learn something and write it down, it gets saved in you mind. so your writing pace should me more so that you can memorize things well especially when it comes to studying science. lastly, do not give your self so many burdens. take out some to relax or meditate. healthy mind and healthy body can make your daily chores easy and fun.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5610223629569913, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8073feee-ea9f-4908-b59b-95a19f8d436b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.974501"}
{"text": "portsmouth, treaty of portsmouth, treaty of, 1905, treaty ending the russo - japanese war. it was signed at the portsmouth naval base, new hampshire, on sept. 5, 1905. negotiations leading up to the treaty began in the spring of 1905 when russia had suffered severe defeats and japan was in financial difficulties. therefore, both nations indicated a desire for peace. germany, the united states, and great britain were instrumental in forcing conciliation between the belligerents. however, the united states and britain exacted certain concessions from japan before smoothing the way for the treaty. president theodore roosevelt demanded that japan follow the open door policy in manchuria and return the region to chinese administration. in the taft - katsura agreement of july, 1905, roosevelt agreed to japanese dominance in korea in return for american freedom of action in the philippines. great britain had the anglo - japanese treaty extended to cover all of e asia and in return also gave japan a free hand in korea. under the terms of the portsmouth agreement, russia was compelled to recognize korea ' s independence and the \" paramount political, military, and economic interests \" of japan in korea. russia also agreed to place manchuria again under the sovereignty of china, and all foreign troops were to be removed. the railway lines in s manchuria, constructed by russia, were ceded to japan without payment. the disputed liaodong peninsula ( see liaoning ), containing the ports of dalian and port arthur ( see lushun, was turned over to japan, as was the southern part of the island of sakhalin. japan also obtained fishing rights in the waters adjacent to the russian far east. the treaty of portsmouth marked the temporary decline of russian power in east asia and the emergence of japan as the strongest power in the area. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on treaty of portsmouth from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : russian, soviet, and cis history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4557143712713623, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5dd4c79e-129f-49cc-b1f6-954ace5b54d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.976739"}
{"text": "april 9, 2009 creating more effective course handouts for most of us, handouts are a staple of instructional life, but as teresa sakraida and peter draus ( reference below ) point out, their \u201c development is often a trial - and - error process. \u201d ( p. 326 ) like so many other aspects of instruction, we take the construction of handouts for granted, their creation guided largely by intuition. the article referenced identifies a range of purposes and functions for handouts, including the ability to : - serve as advance organizers, previewing and preparing students for what \u2019 s to come. - introduce activities, describe the task, offer advice on process and identify outcomes. - expedite progress through material by providing students with drawings, graphs or other data that take excessive time to replicate by hand. - provide a break during a lecture, allowing students to read instead of listen. - serve as study guides, containing summaries and highlights of key points covered in class or in the text. - convey other messages, such as an instructor \u2019 s interest in the material, a humorous anecdote or good advice on successful study strategies. the design features of successful handouts are more than just a matter of advice \u2014 they have been studied and are recommended based on empirical analyses of features known to expedite the learning process. among the most important design features is the need to keep the handout simple, especially when it \u2019 s being used as a presentation aid. don \u2019 t include a lot of unnecessary detail ; keep the focus on a single topic. it is also important to consider the visual impact of the handout. in part this relates to its functionality. if students are to take notes on the actual handout, make sure that there \u2019 s enough space to do so. it \u2019 s easy to check this by looking at notes that students have previously written on the handout. visual impact also involves how information on the handout is configured. is white space being used to organize and highlight the information? lists are frequently easier to follow than points buried in a paragraph. technology makes it easy to manipulate many more design elements. font size and style can be changed. color can be incorporated. in fact, technology makes so much easily possible that the visual details can become distracting. rather than supporting the content, they can become more memorable than the content, or worse yet, they can detract from what \u2019 s most important. finally, do not underestimate the importance of using handouts that look professional. if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.451304374844606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9565393c-2e8d-4cd2-9fad-1df8f5b96351>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.984937"}
{"text": "rather than supporting the content, they can become more memorable than the content, or worse yet, they can detract from what \u2019 s most important. finally, do not underestimate the importance of using handouts that look professional. if the message conveyed to students is that spelling counts, then the teacher \u2019 s spelling ought to be exemplary. handouts should be carefully proofread. if material from other sources is used, it should be properly referenced. if material is secured by copyright, that too should be acknowledged. as information changes, content on the handout should be kept current through regular updates. none of this advice is new or unknown, but it behooves us all to sit down every once in a while and carefully consider the collection of handouts used in a course. better yet, have students pull out the ones they have tucked into their notebooks or list the ones they remember using online ; then give them the opportunity to provide some constructive feedback. it \u2019 s not that most handouts are bad ; it \u2019 s that most handouts could be made better. reference : sakraida, t. j., & draus, p. j. ( 2005 ). quality handout development and use. journal of nursing education, 44 ( 7 ), 326 \u2013 329. creating effective handouts, the teaching professor, oct. 2005. tags : course handouts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44195347669748725, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9565393c-2e8d-4cd2-9fad-1df8f5b96351>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:39.986072"}
{"text": "the paper distinguishes the radical shifts of forestry in its objectives and concepts as generations. four generations are recognized. they are forestry for conservation, forestry for economic development, forestry with people and forestry for people, respectively. the current generation is the fourth one. the results and experiences of the past three generations are briefly narrated. the first generation ' forestry for conservation ' led to the consolidation and appropriation of forests to state ownership. the alienation of rural people from forest access began. the second generation ' forestry for economic development ' emerged at states ' interest to generate income from forests. it had experimented with different silvicultural systems. this generation had ended with the loss of forest capital and biodiversity. ' forestry with people ' is the third generation. it had recognized the indispensability of the support of rural people for the restoration of degraded forests. social forestry project was implemented with the objectives of meeting the forest requirements of rural people. it advocated participation and joint venture in forestry. the people whose participation is sought for a joint venture are poverty prone. now, the concern of foresters extended beyond forests to poverty alleviation of people at the forest interface. ' forestry for people ' is the fourth generation. the characteristics of indian poverty in general and rural poverty in particular are spelt in order to show the dimension of the problem. the paper calls for radical transformation of socio - economics and integration of forestry in the rural life in order to establish a composite system in theory and practice. the systems approach as suggested therein is recommended as the way to alleviate the problem of rural poverty. forestry in india is more than 150 years old. during this long span of practice, forestry experienced radical changes and transformations with the changing socio - economic scenarios. at every changing scenario, forestry had to regenerate itself to suit the new paradigms that emerged along with the change. the planks on which forestry is placed and the focus, with which forestry is concerned mark the distinctions between generations. forests and villages are the two principal planks, and forests and people are the two principal focuses. together they recognize four generations ( table 1 ). table 1. four generations in indian forestry looking back at the changing situations from the inception of scientific forestry under the british, three generations have been born. to day forestry is at the doorstep of the fourth generation. there are three players who constitute the paradigm of forestry ; they are the state, forest department and people. the state functions as the stipulator of policies, forest department as provider of technology and the people as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5213800000937521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.002522"}
{"text": "at the doorstep of the fourth generation. there are three players who constitute the paradigm of forestry ; they are the state, forest department and people. the state functions as the stipulator of policies, forest department as provider of technology and the people as recipients of the benefits. in all the generations forests are at stake. therefore the survival of the forests depends on how well the players are prepared or qualified to play effectively. the impacts on forests from the past three generations are recalled in order to prepare us for safeguarding the interests of forests in the fourth generation. ' consolidation of forests ' was the first generation forestry. borrowed from british it began in the later half of the nineteenth century. it was pursued chiefly to consolidate the existing forests and then to appropriate them into the ownership of state. in the process, forests were protected from the access by rural people. in order to sustain the state ownership of the forests a system was set in motion. accordingly the forest department was established, and forest policies were enunciated with the enactment of forest statutes. the process was justified stating that the forests were to be conserved for safeguarding the environment. forestry of the first generation built up its expertise in consolidation and protection of forests from people. forests referred to in village revenue records were notified and brought under the state ownership through forest acts. reserved forests were delineated into sections and beats as protection units and placed under the responsibility of exclusive uniformed personnel of the state. forest laws enacted with punitive provisions dealt with those indulging in anti - forestry activities. the intention of the first generation, namely consolidation of forests and appropriation to the ownership of state, was virtually achieved. the extent consolidated as reserved forests in this manner at national level was about 22 percent. people at the forest interface were alienated from forest use for the first time in history. ' forests for economic development ' was the second generation forestry. it emerged at the instance of the states ' interest to generate new income for the government and to increase aggregate income of the country through supply of timber, fuelwood and other forms of wood and non - wood forest produce for the development of industry - based and allied business activities. forest department was geared up for this new generation. forests which were deemed in the first generation forestry as the protector of environment and hence a resource to be conserved were now treated as resources of material harvest. forest colleges and research institutions provided the technology for the harvest. the term scientific forestry was introduced. the knowledge on forestry was chiefly on harvest systems in different forest formations. this generation had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039448655811607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.003698"}
{"text": "a resource to be conserved were now treated as resources of material harvest. forest colleges and research institutions provided the technology for the harvest. the term scientific forestry was introduced. the knowledge on forestry was chiefly on harvest systems in different forest formations. this generation had experimented with different silvicultural systems for the sustenance of material production and development of forest produces. eventually two sets of activities emerged, harvest systems and plantation systems. both systems were of european origin but tested in indian forests. ' selection ' and ' clear - felling followed by plantation ' systems were adopted for harvest of timber and allied wood forms. ' clear - felling with coppice regeneration ' or ' clear - felling followed by plantation ' systems were adopted for harvest of fuelwood and small timber. while wet evergreen forests and in certain cases moist deciduous forests were subjected to selection system, dry deciduous, dry thorn and dry evergreen forests were subjected to ' clear - felling with coppice regeneration ' system. enormous quantities of timber, fuelwood, bamboo and many kinds of non - wood usufructs were harvested from forests. economic benefits accrued and it helped to increase the state ' s income and the aggregate income of the economy. concurrently new markets for these produces came into existence and new kinds of utilization of forest produces were invented. a new genre of forest contractors was born who mattered much in the making of forest policies, forestry technology and produce markets. the ' clear - felling systems with coppice regeneration ' was not suited to the forests where it was tested. cox ( 1920 ) had forewarned the danger of adopting the clear felling system of harvest stating that the system designed for the oak forests of europe was not suited to indian conditions. nevertheless the system was continued for a long period. as a result the forests underwent serious degradation, terms of forest structure, green cover, biodiversity, density and productivity. the system of ' economic plantations ' did not yield the expected economic benefits. it had met with success only partially. plantations raised with teak and eucalyptus species alone were available for harvest at their rotations and others were not. the primary cause of failure was the lack of organization to manage the newly created plantations. wherever new organizations in the form of corporations were constituted plantations yielded benefits to the economy. the earlier organization ( forest department ) that was meant for first generation forestry had least applied to the production forestry of the second generation. while economic benefits from forest plantations were not forthcoming for want of organization, wood harvest from natural forests had ended in forest degradation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49557814344509865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.004743"}
{"text": "the earlier organization ( forest department ) that was meant for first generation forestry had least applied to the production forestry of the second generation. while economic benefits from forest plantations were not forthcoming for want of organization, wood harvest from natural forests had ended in forest degradation due to inappropriate technology. the economic benefits that accrued from this generation did not flow to the interface people. benefits least trickled down to reach them. once again the interface people were alienated from forests and forest uses. the sum total of the end - results of the past two generations was that vast stretches of forests had become degraded. the estimated figure of degraded forests in tamil nadu state was about 7000 km2. it accounted for 41. 86 percent over the area of the allocated forest types and 30. 84 percent over the area of the forests of the state. forestry was now concerned with repairing the damage done to forests. the authority had initiated measures to restore the degraded forests. firstly, ban on felling of natural forests for harvest of materials was imposed as a state policy in 1975. the ban was contemplated under the assumption that forests were resilient, hence would revert back to their original composition and structure if given rest from disturbance. secondly, restoration was attempted on degraded forest areas through artificial regeneration under ' afforestation ' schemes. this too did not achieve its objectives. the alienated interface people had continued to remove from forest growth whatever that emerged, graze their white cattle and goats, set fires thereby giving no chance to the renewing ability of the forests. the newly created forest market during the second generation provided an enlarged demand for forest produces. when the second generation was called off, the institutions emerged under the generation should have become defunct but it did not happen. it not only continued to survive but became functionally more active. the impact was on forests. eventually the expected resurrection did not take place and forests deteriorated further. under the circumstances the realization came that restoration of forests was feasible only in association with the people. therefore restoration of forests was planned with the cooperation of people. forestry with the people was the third generation forestry. for the first time the process to reverse alienation of interface people was seriously contemplated, but the focus still remained on the forests. in accordance with this new concept many new but radically different strategies were devised to enlist people ' s cooperation and participation. the strategies were contemplated under the assumptions that people resorted to theft for want of wood and non - wood requirements. hence by providing forest resources close to villages the needs of the people could be met,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47310005217081663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.005780"}
{"text": "devised to enlist people ' s cooperation and participation. the strategies were contemplated under the assumptions that people resorted to theft for want of wood and non - wood requirements. hence by providing forest resources close to villages the needs of the people could be met, which in turn would desist people from going to forests. people who had resorted to smuggling of forest goods were unemployed poor, hence by providing employment and thereby a source of income, it would end forest theft. in accordance to these premises social forestry project was conceived and implemented. new organization within the parent forest department was brought in to implement this new generation of forestry. village wastelands in the category of village commons were utilized for raising wood lots. in tamil nadu state tank foreshores had accounted for an extent as large as 270 000 ha for raising karuvel ( acacia nilotica ) plantations. these plantations were subjected to ' clear - felling with coppice regeneration ' system with 10 - year felling cycles. the project was in operation for over 15 years commencing from 1981. the contribution of the project to the state was very significant in respect of wood production, revenue generation and employment opportunities. wood production in the form of fuelwood and small timber was in the order of 24. 75 million tonnes the revenue generated from corresponding harvest of plantations was about rs 1165 million. the revenue was shared equally between government and the panchayat, the democratically elected village body. free technology was provided to encourage tree cultivation in private holdings with commercial timber species. many new policies were stipulated in support of the project. the results were at great variance to the objectives. the materials particularly fuelwood and small timber were moved away from villages to cater to the demands elsewhere. the paradigm created in the second generation subverted the benefits of the social forestry to its advantage. in other words the recipients of materials produced and the revenue generated thereon were not the rural poor for whose sake the social forestry project was conceived but the urban non - poor. the portion of revenue placed at the hands of village body was not duly channelled to benefit the poor. the opportunities of employment that were provided by the project were temporary. in the implementation of social forestry project the government insisted on the policy of handing over the woodlots for the ultimate management by the panchayat. the policy did not spell out details of the management system. rules and regulations in the management of woodlots were not laid. eventually when the control of social forestry plantations was handed over to panchayats it was done without any proper definition of authority either to exclude", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4778579567628375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.007038"}
{"text": "did not spell out details of the management system. rules and regulations in the management of woodlots were not laid. eventually when the control of social forestry plantations was handed over to panchayats it was done without any proper definition of authority either to exclude out - group members or to regulate the behaviour of in - group members who had participated in the project. hence such handing over of authority invariably ended in failure. in pursuance of the policy, the newly created social forestry wing of the forest department gradually dissipated. under these circumstances the third generation forestry with people did not take off. close on the heels of the social forestry project, new schemes such as interface forestry and currently the tamil nadu afforestation project were launched. these new schemes addressed the interface people directly seeking cooperation and participation for the restoration of degraded forests of the state. the scope of ascertaining the cooperation and participation of interface people was widened with an offer of forests cooperation and participation for the welfare of rural people. in other words mutual cooperation and participation were contemplated for addressing the problems of the others. forest department is advocating joint ventures. the people whose participation is sought for a joint venture are poverty prone. now concern for forestry cannot go to forests alone and it has to extend to the people of the forest interface. the first priority concern of the rural people is poverty. this is a new arena, and foresters have neither the understanding nor the skills to manage problems of rural poverty. forestry for poverty alleviation there are two types of poverty, one that is inherited due to social distinctions and the other acquired from the development policies followed over the years. the former is concentrated in the rural areas and the latter in urban areas. forestry of the fourth generation places the forest resources at stake for alleviating rural poverty. it lays its hope on the assumptions that constitute the two elemental strategy of poverty alleviation. the first element of the strategy is generation employment. forestry by the nature of technology is labour intensive ( nearly 70 percent of investment goes towards labour ). it is equally intensive in both harvest systems and plantation systems. labour is employed in very large numbers and at many stages of operation of the system. establishment of 1 ha of plantation generates 200 - 250 man - days of labour per year. the second element of the stated strategy is to provide basic economic and social services. forestry of the fourth generation looks further ahead and adds a third element to the strategy. it is to augment the productive capacity of forests and lands at the forest interface. primarily the life style of rural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4780151715867327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.008137"}
{"text": "strategy is to provide basic economic and social services. forestry of the fourth generation looks further ahead and adds a third element to the strategy. it is to augment the productive capacity of forests and lands at the forest interface. primarily the life style of rural population is agricultural occupation. forests are the biological resources situated in the neighbourhood of rural settings. the material wealth of forests is accounted in the form of fodder, manure, timber, fuelwood, medicines and in times of scarcity food as well. these materials satisfied the household and occupational requirements of rural people. thereby, historically a cultural linkage has evolved between rural people and forests of the neighbourhood. rights for the forest produce from the neighbourhood forests have turned out to be a tradition. the tradition was extinguished during the first generation forestry. the rural people lost their viable source of materials required for their livelihood. the fourth generation forestry would reassert the mutual and holistic dependence between forests and people. in short it is the revival of the age - old healthy tradition. next, this fourth generation would generate employment by undertaking series of labour - intensive activities both in the forests and the interface villages. the activities include afforestation, water harvest and soil conservation works. the employment would facilitate money flow to the poor. the water harvest and soil conservation measures would augment the ground water resources at the interface villages. a syndrome effect is foreseen ; restoration of forests back to nature would ameliorate the climate for better life, the augmentation of water resources would lead to change in land - use pattern of the village for better utilization ; increased source of income to the otherwise marginal land holders ; agricultural sector would provide new employment opportunities etc, etc. ultimately an economic process would set in towards its logical end namely the removal of poverty from the rural scene. optimism in deed! rural social life is ridden with class conflicts. there is an ethics that prevails in rural society, which stipulates ' what class of people to what kind of employment '. it makes an ethnic divide among rural population, which is far more superior to any kind of structural change mooted towards poverty removal. no institution exists to redress the class conflicts and ethnic divide. panchayat is the only institution legally established but it is a political institution hence irrelevant for effecting socio - economic process in favor of development. rural economic life is in a land trap. people who once got into agriculture as an occupation could neither live in it nor could leave out of it. any kind of improvement in land use is of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4863823383536353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.009505"}
{"text": "effecting socio - economic process in favor of development. rural economic life is in a land trap. people who once got into agriculture as an occupation could neither live in it nor could leave out of it. any kind of improvement in land use is of little significance. benefits of increased production or productivity from improved land use or technology are appropriated by the prevailing market mechanism, which works to the benefit of urban rich. the same entrapment would hold good for the forest produces generated from forests, community lands or private holdings as well. the target people are not a motivated lot for freeing themselves from poverty. their enrollment to employment is not an occupation but a lifestyle. there is a cultural link to this attitude. the motivated lot if any, looks at urban life and migrates. the migrating section of the population is educated or professionally qualified and skilled. it seeks employment from manufacturing and service sector in the urban market. this is a drain on human resources from rural to urban areas, very akin to the drain from the country. the people who stay back in villages are those in land trap, less resourced folks and the unmotivated fatalists. the assumption that labour employment would alleviate people from poverty is not tenable because the kind of employment would only provide at best a day - to - day escape from poverty but not permanently. further it is a temporary phenomenon, not sustainable. under the prevailing rural characteristics placing forests at stakes for alleviating rural poverty could be a misplaced objective. it is like betting on the proven lame horse. the feasibility of freeing rural people from poverty trap probably lies in consolidating all resources of villages, which includes forests as well, into a composite. village with its composite resources has to be made into an estate and treated as multi - product enterprise. the economy of the village estate has to be deemed as the country but in microform. rural compatible and friendly technology, transfer of not only the technology but also human resource to village has to be institutionalized. migration of human resources from villages has to be monitored and such migrated human resources should be subjected to certain specified commitments to parent villages. the norms of production and pricing between manufacturing and primary sectors have to be universalized. budgetary exercises should address material production and distribution as well and the exercises should start from village estate to national level. the organization of forest department needs to be reconstituted with establishment of watershed - based village units at the base level, in place of sections and beats and the hierarchy built there upon. studies have shown that resurrection of forests is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5106811222153064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.010732"}
{"text": "estate to national level. the organization of forest department needs to be reconstituted with establishment of watershed - based village units at the base level, in place of sections and beats and the hierarchy built there upon. studies have shown that resurrection of forests is highly correlated to the intensity of monitoring composed to the technological input. therefore, in order to intensify the field monitoring, the system that prevailed during the first and second generation forestry should be made a mandatory function for all the cadres of the forest department. all cadres of forest department need to be transformed from police to sociological mindset. forest education and research institutes have to impart this transformation to the foresters ' genre. socio - economic and anthropological subjects may have to dominate the forestry curricula. forest policy shall explicitly stipulate the mutual rights and duties between forests and the people. similarly forest policy on utilization of forest - based produces has to be stipulated. the policies have to be incorporated under appropriate laws made specifically for the purpose. forestry of this paradigm is socially and economically interlinked with people. therefore it is politically relevant that forest portfolio is always placed under stewardship of the chief minister of the state or prime minister of the country as the case may be. poverty is now an integral part of rural economy. rural economy is in shambles because of the poverty entrapment. until the rural economy is freed from the trap, staking forest resources to poverty alleviation is a serious risk. we need a kind of forestry that is capital - safe and at the same time people - supportive. academy for management excellence. 1996. study on community wasteland plantations - tamil nadu. chennai, india. balasubramanian, k. 1996. tamil nadu social forestry project ( 1980 - 96 ) : experiences and learning. chennai, india, m. s. swaminathan research foundation. goi. 1997. state of forest report 1997. forest survey of india. dehradun, india. jha, r. 2000. growth, inequality and poverty in india - spatial and temporal characteristics. economic & political weekly, 11march 2000, pp. 921 - 928. krishnaswamy, v. s. 1957. hundred years of forestry. government of tamil nadu state, india. mundle, s. 1993. policies, paradigms and development debate at close of twentieth century. economic & political weekly, 4 sept 1993, pp. 1879 - 1882. rao, v. v. b. 1999. east asian economies : trends in poverty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4646139618550197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f11e80-d870-4a37-a20d-410b27476c88>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.011784"}
{"text": "this appendix provides examples and guidelines concerning safety issues prior to or during combat operations. it also provides some basic rules of safety. commanders or their representatives must ensure that safety is an ongoing process during wartime, as well as during peacetime training. each unit must refer to basic regulations and directives for additional information. commanders and leaders must be involved in the function of safety in their unit. the following are some administrative safety considerations. the commander must ensure that the safety annex of the unit tactical sop is current and covers all field training operations. the commander and or safety officer must be familiar with the safety portions of the sops. the commander ensures that adequate provisions for safe practices, procedures, and physical standards are incorporated into unit functions, activities, exercises, and combat operations. the unit safety officer must keep the commander informed of the unit safety status by reporting all accidents, injuries, and incidents, and recommending corrective actions. every training exercise or combat operation carries with it inherent risk. identifying, evaluating, and reducing risk are leader tasks. the following are methods for evaluating risk : how great the risk is. vehicle movements and convoys require leaders to think about safety. the following list is not comprehensive, but is meant to be a start for building a complete safety list for movements : patriot equipment represents a significant threat to safety if procedures are not properly adhered to. the following list, also not comprehensive, is a look at some things leaders must consider when operating patriot equipment :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4671921726797061, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbf53617-f43d-45b4-8da7-3c09edf4e2b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.013391"}
{"text": "housed in the palazzo della crocetta the archaeological museum is a landmark in any understanding of etruscan civilization and art. there is also a section devoted to ancient egypt, the second most important in italy following the museo egizio in turin. the museo archeologico developed out of the etruscan collections of the houses of medici and lorraine, originally held in the uffizi ; while the ancient egyptian section was established in the first half of thee 19th c. by leopoldo ii trough the acquisition of existing collections and through \u201c field expeditions \u201d. all of the collections were moved to the present location in 1880. a visit to the museum starts with the section dedicated to egyptian arts. the finds of the palaeolithic age : the prehistoric egypt that had to have started two million years ago. to this period belong the numerous utensils and instruments on display. objects of diverse dating and origins narrate the long history of the egyptian people and culture : domestic utensils, beauty instruments ( rooms i - v ). room xi holds various instruments relative to the ritual of mummification, the so - called canopic vessels : containers for the vital organs of the deceased and essential for the funeral trousseau. following are the artefacts relative to the protodynastic age : ancient, middle, and new reigns, until the age of copta ( 310 a. d. ). among the cult objects of this polytheist civilization, the museum exhibits some fragments of papyrus, the chapters of the book of the dead : a story of the formula and ritual for the survival of the deceased in the afterlife ( room vi ), an exceptional facet of this great people. the second section of the museum is dedicated to etruscan art : funerary sculpture and urns in terracotta ( iii - iv b. c. ). the mater matuta is the most important find in room ix : a funerary urn in the figure of a woman with a baby in her arms, symbolic of fertility and motherhood. the artefacts were found in chiusi, chianciano, and volterra and date between the fourth and seventh century b. c. the etruscan section holds a bronze collection rich with devotional objects, domestic utensils, and small bronzes of animals and human figures in the act of making offerings ( room xiv ). finally, there is a series of ancient bronze arms for attack ( daggers, helmets, knifes and lances ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42307726005763524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c66a4265-650d-4d0f-b2d5-c6495220f296>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.021207"}
{"text": ", domestic utensils, and small bronzes of animals and human figures in the act of making offerings ( room xiv ). finally, there is a series of ancient bronze arms for attack ( daggers, helmets, knifes and lances ) and shields for defence, providing protection for the heart ( vii b. c. ). the third section is dedicated to the attica ceramics : funerary amphorae, geometric cups and vases from the viii century b. c. one can see the particular vases, painted with the black - figure technique asserted to be from the vi century b. c. ( room i ) : life scenes and those of abduction, mythological images, athletic competitions and races between carts and horses decorate the production of the famous attic painter lydos ( 560 b. c. ). between 550 and 530 b. c. the attention of the attic ceramicists dwelt on few personages and dramatic scenes : the refinement culminates with the narration of the deeds of courageous heroes. the famous hidria, a vase for drawing water covered with scenes of women at the fountains, makes the exposition cases of room ii even more invaluable. a fourth section holds numerous roman bronzes : portraits, helmets, statues, and masks of noble and valorous heroes. very important are the two elogia arretina, dedicated to quinto fabio massimo and appio claudio cieco : two marble tablets that illustrate the name, career, and the military and political enterprise of the two. a visit to the archaeological museum is a trip, a leap through the times of peoples now gone and cultures extinct, but deeply imprinted in the memory of man. particular information is available to the visitor in each room. for any information : via della colonna 38 ( 055 235750 ). open mon 2 - 7pm, tue / thu 8. 30am - 7pm, wed / fri / sat / sun 8. 30am - 2pm. admission : 4 euro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43897149795008983, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c66a4265-650d-4d0f-b2d5-c6495220f296>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.023686"}
{"text": "in the midst of an early flu season, public health officials are urging unvaccinated people to get a flu shot, as the best step they can take to protect both themselves and their families. yet the centers for disease control and prevention also acknowledged friday that influenza vaccines, on average, are only about 62 % effective. in the past, the cdc had estimated that flu shots were 70 % to 90 % effective. \" there is a growing consensus among the public health communities that we need better influenza vaccines, \" says michael osterholm, director of the center for infectious disease research and policy. \" we ' re operating largely in the 1950s for our flu technology. osterholm last year published an influential analysis in the lancet showing that, according to very rigorous standards, evidence indicated that flu shots were less effective than commonly reported. for children and seniors over age 65, there was no rigorous data showing their efficacy at all. one subset of patients does get high protection from flu vaccines, osterholm found. the intranasal flu vaccine, sold as flumist, protects 83 % of children under 8. there ' s mixed evidence about how well flumist protects adults over 60, and a lack of evidence on its effect in people ages 8 to 59. in general, \" the flu vaccine is a good vaccine, but not a great vaccine, \" says william schaffner, a professor at vanderbilt university school of medicine. osterholm says he strongly believes people should get yearly flu vaccines, given their good safety record. and he says \" moderate \" protection is better than no protection at all. but drug companies have felt little pressure to make truly \" game - changing \" vaccines, osterholm says, because experts and the public have believed that current shots are adequate. \" the no. 1 deterrent to getting new flu vaccines is the perception that the current ones are good enough, \" says osterholm, also a professor at the university of minnesota school of public health. with relatively low efficacy, the flu shot today doesn ' t have much power to produce true \" herd immunity, \" osterholm says. herd immunity is achieved when enough people are immunized with an effective vaccine that the community ' s viral load drops, protecting even the unvaccinated. joseph bresee, chief of the cdc ' s epidemiology and prevention branch in its influenza division, said friday that \" there ' s lot of research going on toward improving vaccines, \" noting that \" the goal is to create a vaccine that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43177977820229885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e93ff8d5-27f5-470d-b0a1-38cd2ff99b17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.036741"}
{"text": "bresee, chief of the cdc ' s epidemiology and prevention branch in its influenza division, said friday that \" there ' s lot of research going on toward improving vaccines, \" noting that \" the goal is to create a vaccine that you don ' t have to give every year that works better. \" today, people need to be revaccinated every year against the flu. that ' s because the influenza virus is constantly changing. virologists try to predict which viruses will be in circulation in the coming season, hoping to get a good \" match \" between the viruses in the community and the viral strains used in the vaccine. a \" game - changing \" vaccine would be very different. such a vaccine would produce immunity by including parts of the influenza virus that don ' t change from year to year, and which are common among many strains of virus, osterholm says. these vaccines should also protect people for a decade or more, stimulating the immune system to recognize flu viruses that it hasn ' t encountered for a long time. in a 2011 interview with usa today, national institutes of health director francis collins said he was \" guardedly optimistic \" that a \" universal \" flu shot could be developed within about five years. one such game - changing vaccine is being tested in the usa in an early phase one trial - the smallest and most preliminary type of human study - schaffner says. \" it ' s clearly the holy grail, \" schaffner says. but the usa should be doing more to lead the way, osterholm says. most vaccines in development today make only minor improvements, osterholm says, relying on the same techniques used for decades. these vaccines produce immunity by using proteins found on a virus ' outer coating. of the more than 170 influenza vaccines in clinical trials around the world, all but 13 are made in the traditional way, osterholm says. none are supported by the u. s. government, he says. developing a next - generation flu vaccine could take 15 years and cost over $ 1 billion, osterholm estimates. schaffner notes that significant improvements are already being made. next year ' s flu shots should provide slightly broader protection. the flumist nasal spray will protect against four viral strains, instead of the current three. manufacturers of flu shots are also working to include four viral strains. also, the food and drug administration in november approved the first flu vaccine made in cell cultures, rather than chicken eggs. the vaccine, flucelvax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.454117107785205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e93ff8d5-27f5-470d-b0a1-38cd2ff99b17>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.037915"}
{"text": "instead of the current three. manufacturers of flu shots are also working to include four viral strains. also, the food and drug administration in november approved the first flu vaccine made in cell cultures, rather than chicken eggs. the vaccine, flucelvax, made by novartis, is approved only for adults. many european countries already use cell culture techniques, which allow companies to produce vaccine far more quickly, osterholm says. cell - culture technology allows vaccine makers to respond rapidly to \" urgent public health needs, such as a pandemic, within weeks, \" according to novartis. the usa ' s current system - a six - to nine - month process that relies on fertilized chicken eggs to grow viruses - is \" archaic, \" says robert glatter, an emergency medicine physician at lenox hill hospital in new york. yet while cell cultures will allow companies to manufacture vaccines much more quickly, it doesn ' t make the vaccine any more effective, osterholm says. and glatter says companies face significant obstacles in developing innovative flu vaccines. it ' s \" quite difficult for private companies to embark on such an endeavor, in light of the u. s. government ' s strict policies toward approving vaccines, \" which must undergo rigorous tests for safety, glatter says. drug companies may see little point in developing a universal vaccine, glatter says. \" if you get a mega - vaccine once every 10 years to prevent the flu, the flu vaccine market would essentially be down - regulated, with less financial market incentive. \" yet glatter says 2009 ' s h1n1 pandemic flu suggests that the human body is capable of producing extremely long - term immunity from influenza. senior citizens had relatively low rates of infection during that outbreak, likely because they were exposed to a similar virus during the 1930s and 1940s, he says. \" the goal is to make a vaccine that can confer such long - term immunity, \" glatter says. \" such a feat would be a real breakthrough. \" a broadly protective flu vaccine might save lives during a pandemic, because many people would already have been vaccinated, osterholm says. during the 2009 h1n1 pandemic, manufacturers required months to develop a matching flu shot. but a universal vaccine would have its greatest impact in the developing world, schaffner says. many poor countries can ' t afford yearly flu shots. far more people could be vaccinated if they only had to pay for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45965045456034853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e93ff8d5-27f5-470d-b0a1-38cd2ff99b17>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.039206"}
{"text": "bergen op zoom ' s location on the scheldt river was an important factor in this city ' s development into a wealthy trading city during the middle ages. traders from all over europe flocked to bergen op zoom twice a year for the easter and the cold markets. the brisk trade led to the building of het markiezenhof and the expansion of the sint gertrudiskerk church. in 1567, the city changed radically as a result of major military activities and siege. the defences that were built during this period survived the eighty years war with spain. the bergen city anthem ' merck toch hoe sterck ', loosely translated as ' see how strong we are ', harks back to these tumultuous times. the harbour was an important artery which brought troops and supplies into the city. in 1698, a radical modernisation of the defences, designed by the renowned dutch fortress builder menno van coehoorn, was started. as his building work was seen as impregnable, bergen op zoom was given the nickname ' la pucelle ', the virgin. at the end of the 19th century, most of the fortifications were destroyed during the expansion of the city. large industries arose around the harbour, but the inner city has retained its historical character. the historical buildings in the centre create a unique backdrop for the attractive shops, cafes and pleasant restaurants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4055043444491624, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a63d2391-5428-442e-98ac-0699f64b410c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.041205"}
{"text": "italian opera during much of the first half of the nineteenth century, opera was dominated by one man whose work continues to delight opera audiences today, gioacchino rossini. rossini, the creator of nearly forty operas in less than two decades, had an immense impact upon the development of opera. scholars often note that a vital component of his success was the tunefulness of his music and the effortlessness with which he composed. rossini was born to a family of musicians in pesaro, italy, on february 29, 1792. his father was a horn player and his mother was a singer. rossini learned to do both as a child, and studied music in bologna, italy, where the family lived when he was growing up. rossini \u2019 s first opera, la cambiale di matrimonio was produced in venice when he was 18. at this time, he had already received awards for shorter compositions. between 1810 and 1813, he wrote operas for bologna, rome, venice and milan, all of which were fairly well received. it was also during this period that he wrote the wildly popular tancredi, an arrangement of voltaire \u2019 s tragedy. for the next four years, he produced a string of brilliant comic operas, including il turco in italia, il barbiere di siviglia, la cenerentola and la gazza ladra, which were performed all across europe to great acclaim. in 1817, he moved to naples, where he shifted his focus to devote his time to serious opera, writing otello and semiramide during this time. at the age of 32, he moved again, this time to paris, where he took the post of director of the theatre - italien. there he composed four works for the paris opera, the last being guillaume tell. he retired at the age of 37, due to a variety of factors, including the death of his mother and his weakening health. he remained in paris until 1836, when he returned to italy as the director of the bologna conservatory, but was drawn back to paris in 1855. there he held court to just about every celebrated european composer and musician, including wagner. rossini died in paris in 1868, almost 39 years after composing his last opera. he was buried in paris in the famous pere lachaise cemetery, near chopin, cherubini and bellini, but in 1887 his body was disinterred and sent to florence, where he was re - buried for a crowd of over 6, 000. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3622439117011204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:137e7b84-6e12-40fa-b2d3-d379ed2b6b87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.044015"}
{"text": "frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short - bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order anura ( ancient greek an -, without + oura, tail ). the oldest fossil \" proto - frog \" appeared in the early triassic of madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the permian, 265 million years ago. frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is found in tropical rainforests. there are approximately 4, 800 recorded species, accounting for over 85 % of extant amphibian species. they are also one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders. the body plan of an adult frog is generally characterized by a stout body, protruding eyes, cleft tongue, limbs folded underneath and the absence of a tail. besides living in fresh water and on dry land, the adults of some species are adapted for living underground or in trees. the skin of the frog is glandular, with secretions ranging from distasteful to toxic. warty species of frog tend to be called toads. frog warts are elevations in the skin where glandular toxins tend to concentrate. the distinction between frogs and toads is based on informal naming conventions concentrating on the warts rather than taxonomy or evolutionary history ; some toads are more closely related to frogs than other toads. frogs ' skins vary in colour from well - camouflaged dappled brown, grey and green to vivid patterns of bright red or yellow and black to advertise toxicity and warn off predators.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4977158953124727, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0173c6f3-0187-43cd-827e-5e1386e9ba46>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.045620"}
{"text": "this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. source : shmoop university, inc. by revisiting many of their teacher resources, shmoop has worked to improve their impact in the classroom. mountain view, ca ( prweb ) january 14, 2013 think that there isn \u2019 t much new in the world of gatsby? wrong. check out shmoop \u2019 s edgy new suite of teacher - helper ( second cousin of hamburger helper ). shmoop produces a broad series of teaching guides designed to help teachers... teach \u2026 better. priced at $ 10. 66 ( as shmoop notes, the year england more or less ipoed ), shmoop \u2019 s materials open views on literature, which even well - seasoned teachers may have not considered. the affordable guides include \u2014 among other helpful hints \u2014 detailed activity ideas, essays on how to tackle the toughest aspects of each book, and potential essay and discussion questions. and here \u2019 s what \u2019 s new in the world of shmoop teacher guides : shmoop is a digital curriculum and test prep company that makes fun, rigorous learning and teaching materials. shmoop content is written by master teachers and ph. d. students from stanford, harvard, uc berkeley, and other top universities. shmoop learning guides, test prep, and teacher \u2019 s editions balance a teen - friendly, approachable style with academically rigorous materials to help students understand how subjects relate to their daily lives. shmoop offers more than 7, 000 titles across the web, iphone, android devices, ipad, kindle, nook, and sony reader. the company has been honored twice by the webby awards and was named \u201c best in tech \u201d for 2010 and 2011 by scholastic administrator. launched in 2008, shmoop is headquartered in a labradoodle - patrolled office in mountain view, california. # # # these teacher materials have become a hit on shmoop, and the company is rapidly producing more across a variety of topics like african american literature, drama, and female authors. bundle up and save. for the original version on prweb visit : http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / prweb2013 / 1 / prweb10317629. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48095354929062706, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14fb1671-caed-438c-897d-d3cec0bbfa95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.048946"}
{"text": "that brings us to exodus 27. so if you have your bibles look with me there. dour lord and our god teach us from your word this night of christ and of your worship. we ask it in jesusi name. amen. e i want to point you to three things. exodus 27 divides into three parts. verses 1 - 8 describe the altar of sacrifice. that altar of sacrifice was called different things. for instance, in the very first verse of the next chapter, itis called the altar of bronze, itis called the altar of burnt offering, itis also, in other places, called the outer altar. itis distinguished from, you remember, the altar of incense thatis inside the tent of meeting. this is the altar that you would have seen first when you came into the courtyard of the tent of meeting. so, the first 8 verses deal with that outer altar. then verses 9 - 19 deal with the courtyard itself. around the tabernacle, that was only the size of one quarter of our own sanctuary, was a much larger tent structure that ringed off the courtyard to provide a sacred space in which the animals would be brought for sacrifice, and which the worshipers would enter. they would not be allowed into the tent of meeting but they would be allowed into the courtyard, and itis described in verses 9 - 19. and then thereis that matter of the lighting of that lamp in front of the curtain which led into the holy of holies, and thatis described in verses 20 and 21. so those are the three parts of the chapter. i. the altar taught the old testament believer that communion required atonement / sacrifice. letis look at some lessons that we learned from each of them. first of all, in verses 1 - 8, the outer altar. the outer altar taught the old testament believer that communion required atonement. the outer altar taught the old testament believer that the only way into communion with god was through sacrifice. this outer altar was the very first thing that a worshipper would see when entering into the tabernacle courtyard. you noticed, by the way, that whereas in exodus 25 and 26 when making of the ark of the covenant is described, and the making of the various framework for the tent of meeting is described, - and what metals are used? gold. - by the time you get to outer courtyard, - what metals are used? bronze and silver. the closer you are to the symbolic presence of god, the finer the materials,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47255475299653127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a10662-b7c2-4d64-ac3f-6037967da1c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.056774"}
{"text": "of meeting is described, - and what metals are used? gold. - by the time you get to outer courtyard, - what metals are used? bronze and silver. the closer you are to the symbolic presence of god, the finer the materials, and in fact, even when we saw the coverings, you remember the fine linen is on the lower level. finally, you get up to porpoise skin leather at the top. and so the principle over and over is, the closer you are to the symbolic presence of god, the more precious the material, the more precious the metal. just a little word in passing. now the altar, weire told, had horns. these horns may have represented the sacrificial beasts that were offered on the altar, but we know from psalm 1 : 18 verse 27, they also served to bind the sacrificial beast to the altar. you remember when the psalmist speaks of binding the sacrifice with cords around the horns of the altar. they were also things which a supplicant could take hold of with his hands. when you fled to the tabernacle for mercy from your enemies and took hold of the horns of the altar, you were, as it were, dedicated to god, and therefore could not be touched by those who were pursuing you. we see these kinds of places of refuge even in medieval europe for instance. if you were being pursed by an enemy and you could flee into sacred ground and just get across into the courtyard of holyrood abby, you were considered safe. the same thing operated with regard to the sanctuary in the temple courtyard. now you noticed in verses 6 and 7 that this altar, just like everything else, every other piece of furniture in the tabernacle was moveable, it was portable, it had rings and poles to be carried, because, the whole of the sanctuary was moveable. it was a mobile church. god, in the wilderness, shows his marvelous condescension in that he is willing to wander with his people. and so the altar is portable and the poles remain in the altar even when itis stationary to remind the people of godis identification with them. the altar was made just as the lord commanded moses at sinai. if you look at verse 8 itis stressed again to do it just like god showed on the mountain. so whatis the message of the altar for us today? simply this ; the altar visibly drove home the point to every worshiper in israel for 1500 years that you could not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5113260457112168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a10662-b7c2-4d64-ac3f-6037967da1c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.057789"}
{"text": "itis stressed again to do it just like god showed on the mountain. so whatis the message of the altar for us today? simply this ; the altar visibly drove home the point to every worshiper in israel for 1500 years that you could not come into godis presence without sacrifice. what does the author of hebrews say? in hebrews 9 : 22, daccording to the law one might almost say that all things are cleansed with blood, and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness. e it is that point that the altar makes. when you come into the temple courtyard and you see the altar youire reminded, di canit fellowship with god without the shedding of blood, without the offering of sacrifice, because iim a sinner and he is holy. e and that principle, that there is no communion apart from atonement, is universal since the fall. but the beautiful thing that the altar points to is jesus himself, because the next thing that the author of hebrews says in hebrews 13 verse 10 is that jesus is our altar. we often think of jesus being our priest, and thatis true, but hebrews 13 : 10 says this, dwe have an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat. e the altar is jesus christ himself. by the way, thatis one reason that protestant churches donit have physical altars in the sanctuary. we have a communion table from which we take the lordis supper, but not an altar. why? not because we donit have an altar, but because we do have an altar, and that altar is jesus christ. thereis a very interesting story that occurred in london, england, a number of years ago. there was an irish republican army bombing in the fleet street area of london. and the wonderful church of dick locus, saint helens bishopgate, was badly damaged in that bombing. when they rebuilt the sanctuary after the bombing, they left out the old altar that had been built into that church of england sanctuary. and one of the local council members was incensed. he said, dhow could you have a church without an altar? e and they wrote back to him the words of hebrews 13 : 10, dwe have an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat. e jesus christ is our altar. and so the principle is, jesus is our altar. he is the one who provides the atonement that brings us in to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46338006296546197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a10662-b7c2-4d64-ac3f-6037967da1c3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.058838"}
{"text": "an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat. e jesus christ is our altar. and so the principle is, jesus is our altar. he is the one who provides the atonement that brings us in to the presence of god. ii. the courtyard demarcated sacred space to the worshipers but also separated classes of people. a second thing, look at verses 9 through 19. all temples and sanctuaries in the ancient world would have had a space demarcating the sacred from the profane, setting off the sacred space from profane space. and this itself reveals one of the key ideas of holiness in the old testament. the idea of separation, to be holy, was to be separate, to separate from the world. and the later temples in israelis history also had courtyards. solomonis temple had courtyards. herodis temple had courtyards. in fact, we know that herodis temple had four courtyards. there was a courtyard for the priests. there was a courtyard for jewish males. there was a courtyard for jewish females. and then there was a courtyard called the courtyard of the gentiles. and these courts were separated by dividing walls. and josephus tells that there was even a signed warning that if gentiles entered into any of the other courts they would face death. that metaphor is picked up by the apostle paul in ephesians chapter 2, verse 14. do you remember it? in ephesians 2 : 14 paul says, dhe himself, e jesus christ himself, dis our peace who made both groups in to one speaking of jews and gentiles, and broke down the barrier of the dividing wall. e now you see the imagery. in israel, in the courtyard, there was a dividing wall that kept the gentiles in one area and the jews in another. paul is saying that in jesus christ that barrier has been broken down. paul is saying that there is no longer any barrier between the jew and gentile who is in christ. the dividing wall metaphor points to jesus bringing an end to the ceremonial law and system. it was removed in christ. and so the barrier which it existed as a part of the old testament holiness code was abolished in christ so that all those who believe in him, both jew and gentile, are one. itis a beautiful picture of the way that jesus has brought reconciliation. and so the courtyard demarcated sacred space to the worshipers. but it also separated classes of people, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147842702408861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a10662-b7c2-4d64-ac3f-6037967da1c3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.059863"}
{"text": "believe in him, both jew and gentile, are one. itis a beautiful picture of the way that jesus has brought reconciliation. and so the courtyard demarcated sacred space to the worshipers. but it also separated classes of people, and jesus christ, in his redemptive work, brought together those who had been separated as they believed in him. iii. the ner tamid ( the perpetually burning lamp ) reminds of the divine presence. one last thing ; look at verses 20 and 21, the perpetually burning lamp, called the ner tamid. this perpetually burning lamp reminds us of the divine presence. think of it, friends, the people never, ever, would have seen within the veil into the holy of holies. once the tabernacle is constructed, once the tent is set up, nobody but one priest, once a year, sees inside the holy of holies. but outside that holy of holies, in front of the closed veil, in front of the closed curtains, sits a lamp. that lamp visibly reminds the people of the presence of god. the symbolism of this continually refueled lamp seems to point to the presence of the unseen god. and john picks up on this theme in revelation chapter 22, verse 5. do you remember what he says? heis commenting on the superiority of the new heavens, and the new earth, and the new jerusalem, which has been brought down by god, and this is what he says, dthere will no longer be any night and they will not have need of the light of a lamp, nor the light of the sun, because the lord god will illumine them and they will reign forever and forever. e in other words, john is saying they will experience the very presence of the glorious god. they will not need a lamp to represent him. they will not need a lamp to remind them of the divine presence. they will not need a lamp to lighten their eyes. they will experience the presence, the very presence of the glorious god. and so even the lamp, this light before the ark and the tabernacle, points to the glory to come. these are three things which we ourselves can benefit from as we study the tabernacle together. letis look to the lord in prayer. dheavenly father we thank you for your word. we ask that you would teach us by it, encourage us through it, build us up in it. in jesusi name. amen. e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5352207109310885, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a10662-b7c2-4d64-ac3f-6037967da1c3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.060783"}
{"text": "irish try to wriggle free of mother merkel ' s hair shirt of debt someone has pinched the heart of st. lawrence o \u2019 toole, and thereby hangs a typical irish tale filled with metaphors, parallels, and some pretty serious weirdness. who done it? the suspects are many and varied. could the heist from dublin \u2019 s christ church cathedral have been engineered by the infamous \u201c troika \u201d of the european commission, the european bank, and the international monetary fund? seems like a stretch, but consider the following : o \u2019 toole \u2014 patron saint of dublin \u2014 was, according to the catholic church, famous for practicing \u201c the greatest austerity. \u201d lawrence liked to wear a hair shirt underneath his episcopal gowns and spent 40 days in a cave each year. that is a point of view the troika can respect. they have overseen a massive austerity program in ireland that has strangled the economy, cut wages 22 percent, slashed education, health care, and public transport, raised taxes and fees, and driven the jobless rate up to 15percent \u2014 30 % if you are young. at this rate many irish will soon be living in caves, and while hair shirts may be uncomfortable, they are warm. there are other suspects as well. for instance, st. o \u2019 toole was friendly with the norman / english king henry ii, who conquered the island in 1171. the irish are not enamored of henry ii, indeed most of them did their level best to drive the bastard into the sea. not lawrence. he welcomed henry to dublin and, according to the church, \u201c paid him due deference. \u201d so \u201c deference \u201d establishes yet another suspect : the current fine gael / labor ruling coalition. fine gael leader and irish taoiseach ( prime minister ) edna kenny has already signed the new european treaty, but was forced to put it up for a public referendum at home ( no other eu county is being allowed to vote \u201c yea \u201d or \u201c nay \u201d ). kenny is pressing for a \u201c yes \u201d vote, and labor \u2019 s tanaiste eamon gilmore argues that a \u201c yes \u201d vote would be a \u201c vote for economic stability and a vote for economic recovery. \u201d the treaty will not only continue the austerity program, it will move decision - making to eu headquarters in brussels. this will mean that governments will be powerless when it comes to the economy. think \u201c model united nations \u201d and lots of earnest high school students. who will make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4297832820094573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99edc574-5b40-4d37-909b-568079d2f51d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.068974"}
{"text": "the austerity program, it will move decision - making to eu headquarters in brussels. this will mean that governments will be powerless when it comes to the economy. think \u201c model united nations \u201d and lots of earnest high school students. who will make these decisions? good question. well, it turns out that a committee of the german bundestag debated the irish austerity proposals before the dublin government even got a chance to look at them. how did that happen? again, good question, but no answer yet. maybe german chancellor andrea merkel lifted o \u2019 toole \u2019 s heart. she certainly has a motive : merkel is leading the \u201c austerity is good for you \u201d charge, a stance that has battered economies from spain to greece. in any case, the irish are already suspicious of the german chancellor. an anti - austerity demonstration outside the dail, ireland \u2019 s parliament, featured a poster calling government ministers \u201c angela \u2019 s asses. \u201d much of the economic crisis in europe \u2014 and virtually all of it in ireland \u2014 is due to the out - of - control speculation by german banks, along with the dutch, austrian, and french financial institutions. \u201c yet it is the working people of ireland and europe who are being asked to pay the price, \u201d argues des dalton of sinn fein. it appears that the germans have discovered that one does not need panzer divisions to conquer europe, just bankers and compliant governments. \u201c compliant \u201d however, has run into some difficulties in ireland, a place where \u201c difficulty \u201d is a very common noun. on mar. 2, sinn fein president jerry adams trekked out to castlebar in the west of ireland to resurrect the ghost of michael davitt, founder of the land league and leader of the 1878 land war ( there was an earlier one from 1761 to 1784, but more on that later ). adams told the mayo county crowd \u201c the irish people cannot afford this treaty. \u201d the castlebar symbolism was about as heavy as you can get. davitt, along with the great irish parliamentarian charles stewart parnell, launched the land war from that city, calling up the words of the great revolutionary, james fintan lalor : \u201c i hold and maintain that the entire soil of a country belongs by right to the entire people of that country. \u201d these days that is not a popular sentiment in most european capitals, where governments are shedding public ownership in everything from airlines to energy production. the irish government is trying to sell off several lucrative holdings, including ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43557700587221393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99edc574-5b40-4d37-909b-568079d2f51d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.070210"}
{"text": "the entire people of that country. \u201d these days that is not a popular sentiment in most european capitals, where governments are shedding public ownership in everything from airlines to energy production. the irish government is trying to sell off several lucrative holdings, including aer lingus, ireland \u2019 s natural gas company, and parts of its electricity supply board. the state \u2019 s forestry will be sold as well. \u201c it is the depth of treachery to sell billions of euros worth of state assets to pay bad gambling debts, \u201d socialist party member joe higgins said in the dail. the land wars were a reaction to efforts by the english to apply to ireland the enclosure acts, a policy that sold \u201c common land \u201d to private landowners and forced the rural population of england, scotland and wales into the hellishness of industrial manchester, birmingham, glasgow and liverpool. as laura nader and ugo mattei maintain in their book \u201c plunder : when the rule of law is illegal, \u201d what is currently happening in ireland ( and all over europe ) is a 21st century version of the enclosure acts. the last vestiges of public ownership are being systematically auctioned to the highest bidder, and the concept of \u201c the common good \u201d is fading like the ghost of providence. but not without a fight. while adams was resurrecting the spirit of michael davitt, demonstrators were besieging parliaments in greece, spain and romania. ireland rejected two previous european treaties, only to pass them in a second round of voting. however, under the new rules, it no longer has veto power. if 12 out of the 17 euro zone countries endorse \u2014 pretty much considered a slam - dunk \u2014 then the new treaty goes into effect. a number of commentators are saying that the 12 - country threshold makes the irish referendum irrelevant, but a \u201c no \u201d vote will be a blow to the euro currency, and it might eventually encourage similar \u201c no \u201d votes in other countries. in that sense, the irish tail could end up wagging the european dog. since irish stories always include parallels, there is certainly one to be made between the first land war and the current debt crisis. the 1761 effort by english landlords to apply the enclosure acts to ireland ignited resistance, first in limerick, then spreading to munster, connacht and leinster. crowds of irish tenants dressed in linen masks and coats \u2014 hence their generic name, the \u201d whiteboys \u201d \u2014 burned hayricks, knocked down enclosure walls, and hamstrung cattle. on occasion they pitched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4367008688173323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99edc574-5b40-4d37-909b-568079d2f51d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.071242"}
{"text": "to munster, connacht and leinster. crowds of irish tenants dressed in linen masks and coats \u2014 hence their generic name, the \u201d whiteboys \u201d \u2014 burned hayricks, knocked down enclosure walls, and hamstrung cattle. on occasion they pitched land agents into the local bog. the irish resistance to the enclosure acts was not unique, but a very odd thing happened in ireland : they won. a combination of population growth and war had driven up the price of food, so even the small - scale agriculture practiced by the irish was profitable. plus the rent capital skimmed off the irish peasantry was playing an important role in helping to capitalize the english industrial revolution. add to this the resistance, and the english decided that it was in their best interests to back off. the average irish tenant knew nothing about international finance or capital accumulation, but they got the idea that if you dug in your heels and went toe - to - toe with the buggers, you could beat them. it was a momentous experience, and a collective memory that would help fuel more than 150 years of rebellion. can the current irish resistance movement turn the tide against the austerity madness that has gripped the european continent? well, the left is on the rise ( in some places, so is the right ). sinn fein \u2019 s support in the most recent opinion polls shows a 25 percent approval rating, up 4 percent. in comparison, fianna fail \u2014 the party that ushered in the current crisis \u2014 has dropped from 20 percent to 16 percent. labor has fallen to 10 percent, and fine gael is at 32 percent. other left parties are also doing well. indeed, the left seems to be resurging in other countries as well. a center - left party in slovakia ousted a right - wing government, and france seems posted to vote socialist. the greek left is fractious, but its various stripes now make up a majority. weirdness. remember weirdness? for starters, an 832 - year - old heart is pretty strange. and it wasn \u2019 t just the heart that was snatched. someone also stole a splinter of the \u201c true cross \u201d ( if one added up all the splinters in all the cathedrals of europe you end up with a fair size forest ). and then there is the matter of the cheekbone of st. brigid that just missed getting lifted from a church in north dublin. in the end, saints will not preserve ireland from an invasion of the austerity snakes. the irish people will have to do that.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.423055387676051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99edc574-5b40-4d37-909b-568079d2f51d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.072214"}
{"text": "gainesville, fla., dec. 5, 2012 / prnewswire / - - the university of florida ( uf ) has started enrolling subjects in a new study testing the oral drug developed by sound pharmaceuticals, inc. ( spi - 1005 ) to prevent hearing loss caused by loud music. loud music or noise can induce temporary and permanent auditory threshold shifts ( tts or pts ). as people age, the level of pts grows and results in a moderate loss of speech perception and discrimination, especially in noisy environments. in this phase - ii interventional clinical trial, volunteers will listen to pre - selected music delivered using an ipod\u00ae and insert earphones providing an exposure that results in small but reliable temporary threshold shifts. volunteers will take a placebo or spi - 1005 before and after this exposure, to assess the extent to which tts is reduced, and / or the rate of recovery is accelerated. spi - 1005 is an oral capsule that contains ebselen, a synthetic molecule that mimics the activity of glutathione peroxidase ( gpx ), a critical enzyme in the inner ear that protects it from damage caused by loud sounds or noise. in animal studies, gpx decreases in several important auditory structures including hair cells, supporting cells, nerve and lateral wall structures such as the stria vascularis. in several preclinical studies, ebselen treatment was shown to improve the gpx levels within these structures and to reduce the tts and pts induced by loud noise. \" the goal of this clinical trial is to determine if spi - 1005 can prevent or reduce the tts induced by listening to loud music, \" said dr. colleen le prell, phd, associate professor and lead investigator at the uf college of public health and health professions ' department of speech, language, and hearing sciences. currently there are no fda approved drugs for the prevention and treatment of sensorineural hearing loss. \" the enrollment of this ph - ii study represents a significant milestone for spi and we are excited to advance of our clinical programs to achieve proof of concept in man \" said eric lynch, phd, president, spi. details of the study can be viewed online at www. clinicaltrials. gov by searching spi - 1005. spi is a privately held biopharmaceutical company in seattle with a focus on developing the first drugs for the prevention and treatment of hearing loss. please visit http : / / www. sound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5163176959332866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:591c4fec-54ce-4837-95a0-fafcbdae92c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.075767"}
{"text": "what is a lead? before getting into drug design or drug discovery, we must know what a lead is on which drugs are designed. lead is basically a compound or a tiny organic molecule which shows desired biological action on any validated molecular target. it can be any organic / inorganic compound. where leads can be found? leads can be found easily in libraries like peptide libraries, carbohydrate libraries or natural product libraries. we can also create virtual libraries by using combinatorial chemistry. lead identification and technologies involved the process of lead identification is carried out with following technologies : - actual screening actual screening is actually a part of chemi - informatics and is used to identify lead. in this, compound screening or docking based on protein structure is involved and molecule based chemical similarity search is carried out. there are some important considerations before carrying a virtual or actual screening. e. g. which type of compound you are going to put against receptor, structure of the receptor, general receptor ligand interactions and basic knowledge of drugs along with their characteristics. it combines biology and chemistry with statistics, computer science and mathematics. analysis done in chemoinformatics has focus on very big type of databases like as macromolecular structure, compound libraries and 3 - dimensional chemical databases. 3. pharmacophore mapping in this type of screening, the approach is to identify lead compounds against target. pharmacophore can be described as a 3 - dimensional arrangement of the functional groups in the molecular framework which is important for the binding of an active site or macromolecule. 4. quantitative structure activity relationship ( qsar ) it refers to a method which relates structural features of a molecule to any biological activity in the quantitative term. this qsar analysis is used to make the linear bond between selected structural features in series of any related molecule and their known activity level. qualities of a lead a compound to be considered as a lead should possess following qualities : - potency : it should have the potency or the ability to modulate any target with high degree of effectiveness. - solubility : it should have high solubility in water. - metabolic stability : the compound should be metabolically stable - lipophilicity : it should possess a mild lipophilicity which would help it to penetrate through plasma membrane. - toxicity : it must be less toxic. lead optimization and clinical trials after assessing initial candidate drug ( s ) for the quality, they are optimized and then after registration of that compound as investigational new drug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5662513034676229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4167dc2-d163-486e-9e8c-bf7ffeacad6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.081438"}
{"text": "human body or anything that ejects warmth for its functioning really wastes a big amount of energy in form of heat. can this dissipating energy be harvested and used to run an electric device? a team of wake forest university scientists have done a good job in this regard. they have developed a thermoelectric device, called the power felt, to gather power from heat, whether it originates from human body, roof tiles or even a wound wrap. to generate a charge, the power felt utilizes temperature differences between the body and outer area. in other words, if the device is put to generate power from human body heat, it creates the charge from the difference between the temperature of the body and the temperature of the room. the fabric - like device is made locking up tiny carbon nanotubes in flexible plastic fibers. well, this textile device can be designed to use inside a cloth or with anything that emits heat. according to corey hewitt, a graduate student of the wake forest, thermoelectrics has been an underdeveloped technology due to its high cost. scientists often refrained from harnessing thermoelectrics as it would cost heftily. moreover, the energy the technology can generate is meager in amount. even the power felt that has 72 stacked layers of nanotubes produces only 140 nano watts, which can do nothing to charge an iphone. gizmodo notes that 140 nano watts is only a millionth of energy an idle iphone requires. but, the early restraints won \u2019 t disgruntle the researchers at the center for nanotechnology and molecular materials. they are working further to enhance the thermoelectric material to produce more power. the scientists think covetously that the material can generate enough power to charge a smartphone, music player or medial equipment. the researchers are on way to enrich the material with more nanotube layers as well as to make it even slimmer and efficient. thermoelectric technology is already in use in cpu coolers, car seats and mobile refrigerators. in these applications, the technology is used not to produce electricity, but to eliminate heat and cool up the devices. here, thermoelectric technology makes use of a more efficient compound, named bismuth telluride, which costs $ 1, 000 per km. so the researchers think they can commercialize a thermoelectric cell phone cover for just $ 1. the fabric swatch can reproduce the heat emerging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5758829098221556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8b3939-3c3c-4c3d-abc0-73621dd07751>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.085823"}
{"text": "| \" all creatures great and small \" | james herriot inspired many to become vets in millions of indians still live directly off animal husbandry. innovative application of modern veterinary science can help improve the lives of both the animals and their owners. want to become indias herriot? most people will have had some contact with vets either through the family pets, or on tv in the form of james herriot, the pen name of james alfred wight a british veterinary surgeon and writer. the work they do helping sick creatures will tug at the heartstrings. while these guys make it look easy, becoming a vet is seriously hard work. in fact, getting into a veterinary career is harder than becoming a doctor! until recently, vets have had to struggle against indifference to their profession in the developing world. but these days, the welfare of domestic animals is seen more positively as an essential part of rural development and an indication of a modern progressiveoutlook. the large majority of vets will end up working in private practice small operations, of between one and four animal doctors where family pets will be the mainstay of these businesses. most veterinary doctors, develop a particular area of expertise. as there are limited opportunities in areas of specialised research and breeding of animals in india, a majority of veterinarians choose to work in urban areas, where the work would mostly include the care and handling of domestic pets, or in the government ' s animal husbandry departments. as with a doctor handling the medical ailments of human beings, a veterinarian ' s work involves diagnosing the ailment of an animal, through physical and clinical examination, and the administration of appropriate medication. it also involves the timely administration of vaccines for preventing disease, and advising on matters of nutrition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40846965645282834, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd33ebd8-88c2-4843-9356-7f41b07403ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.087585"}
{"text": "flu ; flu / influenza ; grippe ; influenza ( flu ) ; influenza and colds influenza, or flu, is a respiratory infection caused by a variety of flu viruses. the most familiar aspect of the flu is the way it can \" knock you off your feet \" as it sweeps through entire communities. peppermint ( etym. piperita - mentha ) is a sterile hybrid mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint, with a high menthol content, often used in tea and confectionery. peppermint is the oldest and most popular flavour of mint flavored confectionery ( including chewing gum ). influenza as related to peppermint - soothing digestion with essential oils peppermint oil was standard symptomatic therapy of gastrointestinal upset in... inhibited or inactivated by peppermint oil : influenza a virus, herpes simplex,... - information on peppermint, bo he peppermint is said to be calming to the stomach and invigorating to the tissues.... flatulence, colds influenza, migraines. peppermint is also known... - database entry for peppermint - mentha piperita free online tropical plant database of over 100 rainforest medicinal plants including peppermint - mentha piperita influenza, influenza, or \" flu, \" is a caused by a virus infecting the respiratory system... peppermint ( mentha x piperita ) \u2014 like eucalyptus, peppermint is widely used to... common uses of peppermint : aromatic, carminative, anxiety ; antispasmodic, antiseptic, aids digestion, flatulence, colds influenza, migraines.... - peppermint tea oil mentha medicinal herb uses of all the mints, peppermint is now probably the most widely used of all, due to its high content of menthol. - peppermint ( mentha piperita ) gras ( generally recognized as safe ) list and whole herb peppermint has few side effects.... influenza, herpes and other viruses in vitro. aqueous extracts of peppermint. paula... - the peppermint plant and its natural health benefits the peppermint plant is a vigorous, aromatic, perennial herb that grows about two feet tall and spreads by runners that grow just under the soil surface. peppermint has many magical and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4967589040960864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f607f28d-9fee-490c-942a-d3a039e314b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.091482"}
{"text": ". - the peppermint plant and its natural health benefits the peppermint plant is a vigorous, aromatic, perennial herb that grows about two feet tall and spreads by runners that grow just under the soil surface. peppermint has many magical and therapeutic properties. learn about the many different uses of peppermint. - healing herbs - peppermint. therapeutic uses of peppermint. healing herbs - peppermint. therapeutic uses of peppermint.... to have a quiet sleep, it is recommended a cup of peppermint tea ( infusion ) in the evening before bedtime.... - experience the benefits of peppermint essential oil peppermint imparts a crisp, fresh, and exhilarating scent.... be used to treat a cold or influenza. this is one of the most effective ways of peppermint essential oil uses.... - the beneficial effects of peppermint essential oil peppermint essential oil ( botanical name - mentha piperita ) can be applied to a variety of physical ailments within the field of therapeutic aromatherapy.... - peppermint oil this page list peppermint oil products with details & specifications. contact peppermint oil companies directly to purchase from them.... - peppermint leaf - cut, organic - bulk herb store common names : peppermint, balm mint, brandy mint latin name : mentha piperita excerpts from the how to herb book peppermint is a delicious mild tea... - a modern herbal | mints providing botanical, folk - lore and herbal information, plus organic herbs, and herbal products.... romans crowned themselves with peppermint at their feasts and adorned... - nature ' s sunshine supplements pure peppermint oil peppermint can play a role in the treatment of ulcerative conditions of the bowels. it is a traditional treatment of fevers, colds and influenza.... - peppermint - mentha piperita - viable herbal solutions peppermint - mentha piperita - provides great comfort for those who suffer with menstrual cramps and pain. - herb data, peppermint, mentha piperita, brady mint, balm mint... peppermint is an excellent carminative, having a relaxing effect on the muscles of the... it is a traditional treatment of fevers, colds and influenza.... externally, peppermint oil or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4432829445729895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f607f28d-9fee-490c-942a-d3a039e314b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.092441"}
{"text": "in order to manage and protect groundwater, it is necessary to : evaluate the quality and quantity of groundwater that is available in the province ' s aquifers ; allocate the available groundwater amongst the various users ; protect the quality of groundwater by minimizing contamination from human activities ; and, monitor groundwater to track long - term trends in its quality and quantity and to assess the effectiveness of our groundwater management programs. some of the department ' s key groundwater management initiatives used to meet these objectives include ( details below ) : - groundwater resource evaluation - sustainable groundwater development - groundwater protection - groundwater monitoring groundwater resource evaluation the goal of groundwater resource evaluation is to provide an inventory of groundwater resources. this includes assessing both the quality and quantity of groundwater in the province ' s aquifers. the information gathered during groundwater resource evaluations is used to answer questions such as \" how much groundwater is available? \" and \" what is the quality of the groundwater? \". groundwater resource evaluation is a key step in groundwater management because groundwater resources are not unlimited and, therefore, knowing how much groundwater is available helps to prevent over - exploitation and promotes sustainable development. groundwater resource evaluation studies began in nova scotia in the 1960 ' s and reports have been completed for approximately half of the province. view the list of available groundwater resource reports and maps. recently, the earth science sector of natural resources canada ( nrcan ), in partnership with nova scotia environment and labour, has carried out groundwater resource evaluations in two areas of nova scotia : cumberland county and the annapolis cornwallis valley. the first project, which was called the maritimes groundwater initiative ( mgwi ) project, covered areas in cumberland county, ns, as well as areas in new brunswick and pei. the mgwi reports are available for download at the nrcan publications page. the second project, which is called the annapolis cornwallis valley aquifer study ( acvas ), is currently in progress. view the preliminary results from the acvas project. sustainable groundwater development the goal of sustainable groundwater development is to ensure that groundwater use does not exceed the sustainable yield of the province ' s aquifers. the sustainable yield of an aquifer is defined as the total groundwater withdrawals that can be maintained indefinitely without causing unacceptable environmental, economic or social consequences. the sustainable aquifer yield is assumed to be no greater than 50 % of the annual aquifer recharge, unless it can be demonstrated that additional withdrawals will not cause unacceptable effects. the 50 % unallocated portion is retained to maintain base flow for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4927941370746083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5429c28-4c9f-4fdd-b03d-3fd418e8c586>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.100989"}
{"text": "that have the potential to contaminate groundwater, such as septic systems and landfills. the department is also working with municipalities and stakeholders to protect municipal drinking water supplies, including both surface water and groundwater supplies. the five step process used to develop a source water protection plan in nova scotia is similar for groundwater and surface water supplies. the main difference occurs during step 2 ( pdf : 2. 2mb ) of the process, which involves delineating the wellhead protection area. wellhead protection areas in nova scotia to protect a groundwater supply, you must delineate the area that contributes water to the well so that potential sources of contamination can be identified and managed. the source water protection area surrounding the well or well field is called the wellhead protection area ( whpa ). the wellhead protection area ( whpa ) includes all or part of the of the area that contributes groundwater to the well field and is typically divided into several smaller zones that are used to manage different types of contaminants. the different zones in the whpa are based on the time it takes groundwater to travel to the well. zones that are closer to the well require a higher level of protection because there is a shorter distance to travel before groundwater reaches the well. in nova scotia, a minimum of three whpa zones are recommended, as follows : - zone 1 - ( 0 to 2 year travel time ). this zone is used to protect against microbial contaminants ( e. g., bacteria and viruses ) and all chemical contaminants. - zone 2 - ( 2 to 5 year travel time ). this zone is used to protect against all chemical contaminants, including persistent chemical contaminants ( e. g., chlorinated solvents, nitrates, road salt, etc. ) and non - persistent chemical contaminants ( e. g., petroleum hydrocarbons ). - zone 3 - ( 5 to 25 year travel time ). this zone is used to protect against persistent chemical contaminants ( e. g., chlorinated solvents, nitrates, road salt, etc. ). in addition to the zones defined above, it is also recommended that a \" well site control zone \" be established to protect the area immediately surrounding the well. this area, which is considered to be the wellhead itself, is used to protect against the day - to - day activities of the water utility and any other potential sources of contamination, including vandal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4977400244912534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5429c28-4c9f-4fdd-b03d-3fd418e8c586>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.103158"}
{"text": "established to protect the area immediately surrounding the well. this area, which is considered to be the wellhead itself, is used to protect against the day - to - day activities of the water utility and any other potential sources of contamination, including vandalism. the well site control zone can be determined based on a simple fixed radius, which should be a minimum of 30 m. for wells that have been classified as groundwater under the direct influence of surface water ( pdf : 141k ) ( gudi ), there is potential for contaminants within the watershed to be rapidly carried to the well field by surface water, even if the contaminant sources are outside the 2 -, 5 -, or 25 - year groundwater travel times. therefore, for gudi wells, the land area within the watershed boundaries should also be included within the whpa. this approach ensures that the potential risk of contaminants migrating in surface water adjacent to a well field will be considered in the source water protection plan. because groundwater outside the watershed may also contribute water to the well field, the whpa zones should still be delineated for gudi wells. methods to delineate the wellhead protection area there are several methods available to delineate the whpa. the preferred method in nova scotia is numerical modelling using a computer model. when properly set up and calibrated with adequate field data, computed models provide the best method to accurately delineate the whpa. the department ' s groundwater monitoring programs are used to track long - term trends in groundwater quality and quantity and to assess the effectiveness of groundwater management programs. monitoring programs are an essential tool for checking on the status of the province ' s groundwater, assessing the impact of human activities on groundwater, and evaluating long - term groundwater trends associated with issues such as climate change. two of the department ' s key groundwater monitoring programs are : the nova scotia groundwater observation well network, which tracks groundwater levels and groundwater chemistry through a network of wells across the province ; and, the well water nitrate monitoring program, which monitors nitrate levels in approximately 150 private wells in kings county.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5238450083071902, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5429c28-4c9f-4fdd-b03d-3fd418e8c586>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.104038"}
{"text": "analyse and evaluate diverse sources ( examples : primary sources, secondary sources, maps, images, archaeological evidence ) in order to locate and interpret the ruins of the pre - deportation acadian community at grand - pre. develop a hypothesis about the location of the grand - pre parish church, sainte - charles - des - mines. a read the backgrounder that gives the pre - deportation historical context of the community of grand - pre by clicking on the story icon. click on the virtual excavation icon and then : click on the site to read about grand - pre national historic site of canada. click on the research question and read it. click on the historical evidence. read and evaluate the primary and secondary sources by answering the questions that your teacher has provided. ( the questions are also located at the bottom of the historical evidence page. you can print them out. ) click on the archaeological evidence and read the what is archaeology? backgrounder. conduct archaeological excavations within grand - pre national historic site by clicking on the archaeological site map. there are nine possible excavation sites on this map. examine the archaeological drawings and artifacts at each site and record your discoveries in your field notebook provided by your teacher. ( this is also located at the bottom of the archaeological evidence page. you can print it out. ) formulate a hypothesis and present it to your classmates as to the identities of the archaeological sites you have examined and the possible location of the church of saint - charles - des - mines church. see also : the story ; virtual excavation ; site report", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4783503044146523, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34ab5dd2-4521-4009-9737-94a53ec15cbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.105591"}
{"text": "on exhibit at the arthur m. sackler gallery one of the reasons i love exhibitions and museums is that they offer opportunities for storytelling and consequently, re - telling, as well. most museums today are progressive in the sense that they continue a tradition of scholarship and service for the enhancement of public education. while some museums favor presentation methods might be simple and direct, without many opportunities for interactives, they stimulate public interest through the stories in their objects and exhibitions. one such exhibition i had the chance to see recently was power play : china \u2019 s empress dowager, at the arthur m. sackler gallery at the smithsonian. the freer and sackler galleries at the smithsonian produce exhibitions on asian art and house the smithsonian \u2019 s asian art collection. this was a special exhibition on photographic prints from the glass plate negatives of the photos in the freer sackler collection. the exhibition itself is about the chinese dowager empress cixi, who is widely known through common history as the dominant political figure of the qing dynasty, from the 1860 \u2019 s until her death in the early 20th century. she was the regent to two successive emperors and was known to be a conservative and tough leader, earning her the monicker of \u201c dragon lady \u201d. the photographs that comprise the exhibition were part of a political campaign by the qing royal court to improve the empress \u2019 undesirable image. mainly given out as diplomatic gifts and also distributed throughout china ( most likely as propaganda for the qing court ), the portraits helped form the ubiqitous \u201c dragon lady \u201d we all known in popular culture, but are also windows into a dying lifestyle and the private life of an unparalleled female political figure. organized into five sections, the exhibition seeks to provide a deeper and more complex portrait of the empress by analyzing the subtle themes in each set of photographic prints. each set of themed photographs convey the intentions of cixi and her court through specific symbols and imagery. the photographs themselves were taken by a court photographer hired specifically for the task. the exhibition itself is not large and can easily be walked through in around an hour or so. the objects and sections were paced at just the right rhythm throughout the galleries. the design is also fairly straightforward, placing the greatest emphasis on the photographs and using graphics sparsely yet tastefully. each photograph was printed large - scale and gave off a very regal and impressive aura. the galleries were darkened with the chosen wall color, with little ambient light. a spotlight shaped to each portrait provided the illumination for the objects. the overall aura was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4947868868676326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fbe9685-35e9-469c-b398-0835c5faaed4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.110316"}
{"text": ". each photograph was printed large - scale and gave off a very regal and impressive aura. the galleries were darkened with the chosen wall color, with little ambient light. a spotlight shaped to each portrait provided the illumination for the objects. the overall aura was very much like a dark room but somehow also gave off a sense of theatricality, which was very much in line with the taste of empress cixi. unlike most fine arts exhibitions, power play did away with individual object labels and instead opted for an overarching panel that provided an overview of the exhibition sections and also pointed out details in certain objects. this was an effective technique in my opinion as it allowed visitors to take more time to really spend time looking at the photographs and not feel obligated to read every label on the walls. the only graphics present in the exhibition were the section panels with the descriptions, and a large, loose wall hanging outside the exhibition exit that acted as a screen from the multimedia theater at the end of the exhibit. there was a very minimalist approach to the design, with the only semblance of ornamentation in the graphics being the seal of the empress imprinted on the graphic panels and exit screen. this i feel went well with the presentation of the photographs, and gave a very impressive, strong, and distinct presence. power play is a great example of an exhibition with simple objects and a minimalist presentation technique that could have a potentially large impact on the stories surrounding a familiar historical figure. i know that my personal perception of the last empress was illuminated in some way. hopefully more exhibitions like this can open avenues for discussion and stimulate interest in viewing history as a continuously changing part of the human experience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5364337226409598, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fbe9685-35e9-469c-b398-0835c5faaed4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.111104"}
{"text": "are gamma rays? a gamma ray is a packet of electromagnetic energy - - a photon. gamma photons are the most energetic photons in the electromagnetic spectrum. gamma rays ( gamma photons ) are emitted from the nucleus of some unstable ( radioactive ) atoms. what are the properties of gamma radiation? gamma radiation is very radiation. gamma photons have about 10, 000 times as much energy as the photons in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. gamma photons have no mass and no electrical charge - - they are pure because of their high energy, gamma photons travel at the speed of light and can cover hundreds to thousands of meters in air before spending their energy. they can pass through many kinds of materials, including human tissue. very dense materials, such as lead, are commonly used as shielding to slow or stop gamma photons. their wave lengths are so short that they must be measured in nanometers, billionths of a meter. they range from 3 / 100ths to 3 / 1, 000ths of a nanometer. what is the difference between gamma rays and x - rays? gamma rays and x - rays, like visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light, are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. while gamma rays and x - rays pose the same hazard, they differ in their origin. gamma rays originate in the nucleus. x - rays originate in the electron fields surrounding the what conditions lead to gamma ray emission? emission occurs when the nucleus of a radioactive atom has too much energy. it often follows the emission of what happens during gamma provides an example of radioactive decay by gamma radiation. scientists think that a neutron transforms to a proton and a beta particle. the additional proton changes the atom to barium - 137. the nucleus ejects the beta particle. however, the nucleus still has too much energy and ejects a gamma photon ( gamma radiation ) to become more stable. how does gamma radiation change in the environment? gamma rays exist only as long as they have energy. once their energy is spent, whether in air or in solid materials, they cease to exist. the same is true for x - rays. how are people exposed to most people ' s primary source of gamma exposure is naturally occurring radionuclides, particularly potassium - 40, which is found in soil and water, as well as meats and high - potassium foods such as bananas. radium is also a source of gamma exposure. however, the increasing use of nuclear medicine ( e. g., bone, thyroid, and lung scans )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6181106344558343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b21545f5-462d-4679-b8fb-a45f9d675683>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.116724"}
{"text": "soil and water, as well as meats and high - potassium foods such as bananas. radium is also a source of gamma exposure. however, the increasing use of nuclear medicine ( e. g., bone, thyroid, and lung scans ) contributes an increasing proportion of the total for many people. also, some man - made radionuclides that have been released to the environment emit gamma rays. most exposure to gamma and x - rays is direct external exposure. most gamma and x - rays can easily travel several meters through air and penetrate several centimeters in tissue. some have enough energy to pass through the body, exposing all organs. x - ray exposure of the public is almost always in the controlled environment of dental and medical although they are generally classified as an external hazard, gamma emitting radionuclides do not have to enter the body to be a hazard. gamma emitters can also be inhaled, or ingested with water or food, and cause exposures to organs inside the body. depending on the radionuclide, they may be retained in tissue, or cleared via the urine or feces. does the way a person is exposed to gamma or x - rays matter? both direct ( external ) and internal exposure to gamma rays or x - rays are of concern. gamma rays can travel much farther than alpha or beta particles and have enough energy to pass entirely through the body, potentially exposing all organs. a large protion gamma radiation largely passes through the body without interacting with tissue - - the body is mostly empty space at the atomic level and gamma rays are vanishingly small in size. by contrast, alpha and beta particles inside the body lose all their energy by colliding with tissue and causing damage. x - rays behave in a similar way, but have slightly lower energy. gamma rays do not directly ionize atoms in tissue. instead, they transfer energy to atomic particles such as electrons ( which are essentially the same as beta particles ). these energized particles then interact with tissue to form ions, in the same way radionuclide - emitted alpha and beta particles would. however, because gamma rays have more penetrating energy than alpha and beta particles, the indirect ionizations they cause generally occur farther into tissue ( that is, farther from the source of radiation ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5225075910615806, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b21545f5-462d-4679-b8fb-a45f9d675683>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.117774"}
{"text": "become a fan of h2g2 people ask exactly what is ale? why do people go on about it so much? why is it only drunk by men with huge beer guts, silly beards and daft pipes? ale is simply this, the basic form of beer. nothing more, nothing less. it ' s just another style of beer, as lager or stout are styles of drink. the history of ale throughout english history ale is mentioned, usually in the same sentence as the words ' quaffing ' and ' amounts '. if ancient texts are to be believed, then the only drinks available throughout the dark ages were ale and mead. ale itself hasn ' t changed much since then, when it was probably at its peak of popularity, except that it ' s a lot thinner, clearer and weaker and made from different ingredients. ale is basically fermented maltose1. people in the dark ages boiled up a lot of malt, strained it, let it cool down and then added some bread to the remaining liquid so that the yeast in it would start the fermentation. a nice, simple process and everybody was doing it. however, men didn ' t brew ale, it was the women who did. brewing beer was seen as just another one of the household chores for the wife to do while the husband was off slaughtering people in the crusades. wives weren ' t so much chosen for their good looks back then. they were chosen for their abilities to cook, clean, have babies and brew beer. the word brewster, meaning a woman brewer, came into the english language after the word brewer, meaning a man who brews. for a man brewing was a job, but for a woman it was part of the housework. the first public houses came into being around the dark ages. for when the men weren ' t off dismembering the infidels they sat around getting drunk. soon the houses where the women brewed the best beer became gathering places. skipping forwards in time a couple of hundred years, you ' ll find something that ' s actually recognisable as a pub, except it probably had a brewery attached to the back of it. most pubs used to brew their own beer and if the beer was any good people travelled that little bit further to go there and the pub did a good trade. brewers became more adventurous with what they threw into the pot and when someone found out that hops were a great preservative as well as adding that bitter taste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47834307270273807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebf99868-cb48-48fc-85b0-4481071278f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.122802"}
{"text": "people travelled that little bit further to go there and the pub did a good trade. brewers became more adventurous with what they threw into the pot and when someone found out that hops were a great preservative as well as adding that bitter taste, they soon were added to every ale. so as you can see, there is a lot of history behind ale as a drink and people, being people, like to cling onto the past. camra is a consumer group. a few blokes were sat in a pub one night in the 1970s having a few beers, as blokes do, and the conversation turned to how hard it was to get a decent pint. now, unlike most ideas that are thought of as good after a couple of beers, this one still seemed a good idea the following morning and so they decided to do something about it. landlords were talked to, letters were sent and other people became involved. the decline of ale in pubs slowed and turned. it wasn ' t till years later that some of the stereotypical people joined. so why is it real ale? quite simply because it ' s still alive. keg bitter, as opposed to real ale, has been filtered and pasteurised. in plain english, it ' s had all the bits taken out. it ' s like the difference between full - fat and skimmed milk in the sense thet they ' re both milk, but taste completely different. whilst in the cask in the cellar, real ale still has yeast and hop leaves floating in it. it looks cloudy and not really very appealing. but left for a day or two and all those bits settle to the bottom naturally, leaving behind only their flavour. real ale, as opposed to keg bitter, has more body. it tastes a bit fuller, a bit more complete, and in a way it is. so what goes into ale? you name it, it goes in - almost. the rumours that rats or joints of beef go in are unfounded. the basic ingredients in real ale are : - barley malt the not - so - basic ingredients that can be added in for flavour are : - sweet gale3 and others. basically if it ' s not poisonous you can stick it in a pint. and people do. ale isn ' t for everyone but as they saying goes, ' how do you know you don ' t like it until you ' ve tried it? ' with over 600 breweries producing in excess of 2000 different real ales in the uk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43187217705293535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebf99868-cb48-48fc-85b0-4481071278f5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.123729"}
{"text": "| reasons for procedure | possible complications | what to expect | call your doctor a thoracotomy is a surgery to open the chest wall. the surgery allows access to the lungs, throat, aorta, heart, and diaphragm. depending on the disease location, a thoracotomy may be done on the right or left side of the chest. sometimes, a small thoracotomy can be done in the front part of the chest. reasons for procedure a thoracotomy may be done to : - confirm diagnosis of a lung or chest disease - repair the heart or the vessels of the lung and heart - treat trachea ( windpipe ) disorders - remove a portion of the lung or the entire lung - treat esophagus ( throat ) disorders lung tissue that has collapsed due to disease or trauma - remove pus from the chest - remove blood clots from the chest if you are planning to have a thoracotomy, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include : - damage to the organs in the chest - persistent pain ( only in a few cases ) - reaction to anesthesia - collection of air or gases in the chest factors that may increase the risk of complications include : - major trauma involving multiple body parts - heavy smoker or heart attack - chronic medical problems what to expect leading up to surgery : talk to your doctor about your medicines. you may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs blood thinners, such as - you may be asked to use an enema to clear your digestive system. - do not eat or drink anything after midnight. - to minimize complications, stop smoking at least 2 - 3 weeks before surgery. you will be placed on your side with your arm elevated. an incision will be made between two ribs, from front to back. the chest wall will then be opened. in some cases, the doctor may take a different approach. the doctor can then do whatever procedure needs to be done in the open chest. once the procedure is done, one or more chest tubes will be placed. the tubes will make sure that blood or air does not collect in the chest. the chest wall will be closed. the incision is closed with stitches or staples and bandaged to prevent infection. drainage tubes and incision after thoracotomy copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. you will be sent to the intensive care unit for recovery. you will be monitored closely.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45651137983489865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4039974b-f151-4e92-9da4-6d99e91d0d34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.130765"}
{"text": "persistent blood in the urine in case of an emergency, call for medical help right away. athanassiadi k, kakaris s, theakos n, skottis i. muscle - sparing versus posterolateral thoracotomy : a prospective study. eur j cardiothorac surg. 2007 ; 31 : 496 - 500. levy mh, chwistek m, mehta rs. management of chronic pain in cancer survivors. cancer j. 2008 nov - dec ; 14 ( 6 ) : 401 - 409. ohbuchi t, morikawa t, takeuchi e, kato h. lobectomy : video - assisted thoracic surgery versus posterolateral thoracotomy. jpn j thorac cardiovasc surg. 1998 jun ; 46 ( 6 ) : 519 - 22. saint mary ' s hospital, saginaw website. available at : http : / / www. hospitalsoup. com / rn / asp / hospitalid. 11842 / pt / hospitaldetails3. asp. accessed october 14, 2005. university of southern california, cardiothoracic surgery website. available at : http : / / www. cts. usc. edu / videoassistedthoracoscopicsurgery. html. accessed june 15, 2007. wildgaard k, ravn j, kehlet h. chronic post - thoracotomy pain : a critical review of pathogenic mechanisms and strategies for prevention. eur j cardiothorac surg. 2009 jul ; 36 ( 1 ) : 170 - 180. review. last reviewed october 2012 by marcin chwistek, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4173989749555864, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4039974b-f151-4e92-9da4-6d99e91d0d34>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.134439"}
{"text": "section 169 of allergy also known as allergic hypersensitivity, is the damage to normal tissues, the immune system response. it is the same on the mechanism of function of the body similar to the normal defense, but hypersensitivity may have some body damage. therefore, the composition of the immune system ( see section 16 ) the normal defense of the antibodies, lymphocytes and other cells are involved in allergic reactions, such as transfusion reactions, autoimmune diseases, organ transplant rejection. most people use the word allergy, refers to immunoglobulin e ( ige ) antibodies in response. ige antibody binding with specific cell, including blood circulating basophils and tissue macrophages. when ige antibodies and antigens within these cells when combined, called allergens, may promote the release of these cells could damage surrounding tissue chemicals. almost all substances can be allergens : dust, pollen, drugs or food, they are used as antigen to stimulate the body to produce the immune response. sometimes, using the term atopic disease to describe a group of hereditary ige - mediated diseases such as allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma, they are called atopic diseases because some of these patients inhaling harmful substances such as pollen, mold, animal dander, dust mites is easy to produce ige antibodies after. eczema are atopic diseases, and ige antibodies in the role of the disease in not clear ( see section 194 ). however, atopic patients in the injection of allergen, such as drug or insect toxin production is not increased risk of ige antibodies. uneven performance of allergy, most people just tears increased, eye itching, or sneezing, severe, there may be difficulty in breathing, heart failure, low blood pressure, leading to life - threatening shock. this type of reaction often referred to as allergic reactions, allergies may occur in response to different situations, such as eating certain foods, taking a drug or bee stings shortly after onset. due to allergy multi - induction by some allergen, so the key is to determine the diagnosis of allergen. allergens may be seasonal plants or their products, such as grass or pollen ; may be other substances such as cat dander, drugs or food. the allergen contact with the skin, into the eyes, is inhaled, ingested or injected into the body can cause allergic reactions after. carefully by doctors and patients often find the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5146477383435861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.160981"}
{"text": "be other substances such as cat dander, drugs or food. the allergen contact with the skin, into the eyes, is inhaled, ingested or injected into the body can cause allergic reactions after. carefully by doctors and patients often find the allergen can be found. relevant inspection can determine whether the allergy symptoms can be determined according to the relevant allergen. blood tests can be found eosinophilia, these cells are a kind of white blood cells, often when the increase in allergy. allergen with a radioactive assay ( rast ) ( referred to as ria ) detection of certain allergens in ige antibody levels to help diagnose skin allergy, seasonal allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma. skin test for identification of specific allergen useful. is : a small amount from the trees, grass, pollen, animal dander, insect toxins, food, or certain drugs diluted extracts were injected into the test by the skin. if one of these substances in one or more allergies, in a solution of 15 to 20 minutes after injection of the injection site edema within groups like the wind ( the wind around the flushing group like mass. ) ria can be used in skin test or can not be unsafe in patients with skin test, both methods have high specificity and accuracy, while the skin test the accuracy of the higher, and less expensive, can quickly know the result. avoid contact with allergens is more important than the treatment of allergy. avoid contact with allergens causing allergic drug should be discontinued ; installation of air conditioners with filters ; the pets in the house ; do not eat the food allergies ; allergic to the work environment should be a job change. seasonal changes should reflect the serious people should move to allergen - free areas. other measures include reducing exposure to allergens, such as dust allergies, can not easily dust the furniture, carpets and curtains ; mattress pads and pillows covered with plastic film ; to clean the house and mopping the floors ; air conditioner reduce indoor humidity to the growth of dust mites is not easy ; installation of high efficiency air filters. some allergens, in particular allergen in the air is hard to avoid, doctors can block allergic reactions in some ways, also available drugs alleviate the symptoms. allergen desensitization therapy when a time is difficult to avoid allergens, allergen desensitization therapy ( desensiti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4843011755827021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.162013"}
{"text": "to avoid, doctors can block allergic reactions in some ways, also available drugs alleviate the symptoms. allergen desensitization therapy when a time is difficult to avoid allergens, allergen desensitization therapy ( desensitization injections ) be regarded as a treatment option. method : begin with small doses of allergen injected into the skin, and then gradually increase the dose to maintenance dose. the ways to stimulate the body to produce closed to prevent allergy or neutralizing antibodies. eventually, the blood ige antibody titer decreased after antigen binding. desensitization therapy should be cautious, because exposure to high levels of allergens in itself will produce allergic too. while many people have experienced desensitization therapy, but studies have shown that its role, the cost - benefit ratio and dangerous - better than not satisfactory, for some people, certain allergies and effective, while others may be poor. this treatment commonly used in those pollen, dust mites, animal dander, insect toxins and allergies, while those of food allergies is usually not recommended because of the risk of allergic reactions. such as to adhere to continuous injection of the best. beginning of treatment, weekly injections 1 and gradually increased to maintenance dose, and then transition to the injection of 4 to 6 weeks 1. because desensitization can occur after injection adverse reactions, generally require patients to observe the injection of at least 20 minutes, where there is sneezing, coughing, skin flushing, tingling, itching, gas tight, asthma or urticaria, the tips are allergic occurred, such as mild symptoms may be given antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, chlorpromazine to control symptoms ; serious reactions are required injection of adrenaline. antihistamine commonly used to treat allergy medication ( not for asthma ). there are two kinds of histamine receptors in vivo : histamine 1 ( h1 ) and histamine 2 ( h2 ). commonly referred to as h1 receptor antihistamines is closed to the drug, the receptors are stimulated by histamine can result in target tissue damage. h1 and h2 can not be confused with the two receptor antagonists, h2 receptor antagonist treatment of duodenal ulcer and acid reflux key. many minor allergy symptoms such as itching, runny nose and itchy skin are caused by histamine release. histamine caused by the more serious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44564136501432583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.163003"}
{"text": "h2 receptor antagonist treatment of duodenal ulcer and acid reflux key. many minor allergy symptoms such as itching, runny nose and itchy skin are caused by histamine release. histamine caused by the more serious symptoms : shortness of breath, hypotension, laryngeal edema due to airway obstruction. the role of all antihistamines are similar, and their side effects are quite different. response after treatment with the drugs used in different types and different patients, such as some antihistamines have strong sedative effect, others are not, and the sensitivity of this effect is different. sometimes used to treat side effects of drugs, such as certain antihistamines have anticholinergic effects, can cause mucosal drying, this side effect can be used to treat runny nose caused by colds. some non - prescription antihistamines, with short - acting, but also release agent, which can be used in conjunction with a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion ( see section 13 ). other antihistamines require a prescription and used under medical supervision. most antihistamines cause drowsiness, it is because they have a strong sedative effect, these drugs often non - active ingredients of prescription sleeping pills. most antihistamines have strong anticholinergic effects, may cause confusion, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, difficulty urinating, blurred vision, especially the elderly prone ( see section 9 ), but most adverse reactions will not occur, so you can use the price of sleepiness than the role of non - prescription anti - histamine is much cheaper than the non - prescription drugs. in order to reduce the drowsiness and other side effects of antihistamines without affecting the efficacy of medication usually start small dose and gradually increase to the effective dose. at present, a variety of non - drowsiness and anticholinergic side effects of antihistamines available, including : astemizole, cetirizine, loratadine and terfenadine. the type of allergy allergy is generally based on the cause, affected body parts and other features for classification. allergic rhinitis is a common type of allergy, it is a certain air of particles such as pollen and grass allergies caused by particles, as well as mold, dust and animal dander, etc., expressed as sneezing, nasal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45294786881175414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.164239"}
{"text": "the symptoms, you need to use prescription steroid sprays, the drug has significant effect, almost no side effects. if the above measures are ineffective, should be short ( no more than 10 days ) of oral corticosteroids to control severe symptoms. for patients with drug - induced serious side effects, often have oral corticosteroids in the development of asthma patients or patients should be desensitization treatment, a series of allergy desensitization injections to prevent the onset of symptoms ( see section 13 ). desensitization treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis should be a few months before the pollination season begins. perennial allergic rhinitis perennial allergic rhinitis ( par ) of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis were similar, but symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis light when the heavy, difficult to predict, can occur in any season. allergen of the disease may be dust mites, feathers, animal dander or mold. clinical manifestations of conjunctivitis is not common, often stuffy nose, causing eustachian tube obstruction, resulting in hearing loss, especially in children. identification and sinusitis and nasal polyps should be ( see section 213 ). sinusitis and nasal polyps may be complications of allergic rhinitis. certain chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyps in patients with allergen skin test was negative, a large number of eosinophils in nasal secretions, these people with aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are susceptible to severe reactions. difficult to treat these people is a serious asthma attack, the performance of this adverse reaction. such a reaction should avoid the use of non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs. chronic nasal congestion, runny nose but no sinusitis, nasal polyps or other causes of allergies may suffer from varying degrees of atrophic rhinitis, it is not caused by the allergic reaction ( see section 213 ). if can find specific allergen, the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis and seasonal rhinitis is very similar. although not in favor of oral corticosteroids, but corticosteroid nasal spray is very effective. non - prescription decongestant nose drops or sprays should not exceed a few days to use as more than a week will cause a rebound effect, so that aggravated or persistent nasal inflammation. nasal polyps and sinusitis sometimes require", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.452403324089108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.167643"}
{"text": "effective. non - prescription decongestant nose drops or sprays should not exceed a few days to use as more than a week will cause a rebound effect, so that aggravated or persistent nasal inflammation. nasal polyps and sinusitis sometimes require surgery. allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva allergy. conjunctiva that covers the inside of the eyelids and ocular surface layer of fine film. most people allergic conjunctivitis is a part of allergy syndrome, such as seasonal allergic rhinitis. however, there may also be separate components such as with air - borne pollen, mold spores, dust or animal dander direct contact with people. onset of conjunctival edema, itchy eyes, a lot of tears. certain drugs, cosmetics ( such as eye shadow, foundation ) or after chemical into the eyes can cause allergic reactions, it often involving the skin around the eyes, is a contact dermatitis. the main treatment for allergic conjunctivitis is an oral antihistamine, antihistamines can also be together with a vasoconstrictor eye drops to reduce congestion. sometimes antihistamines itself or other substances in solution can aggravate allergies, so the general idea of oral administration. if the estimated exposure to allergens the patient may be used to prevent allergic reactions to cromolyn sodium eye drops. corticosteroid eye drops can be used for more serious cases, but can cause some complications such as glaucoma. corticosteroid eye drops used during the intraocular pressure should be measured regularly. wash with a small irritant agents such as artificial tears wash the eyes, reduce eye irritation. avoid substances can cause allergic reactions. during the onset should stop wearing contact lenses. when these therapies can not get satisfactory results, we recommend use of desensitization therapy. food allergy and intolerance food allergy is an allergic reaction occurred in a particular food. in most cases ill after eating a certain food, no allergic reactions, are on food intolerance. many non - food allergies due to various causes, a certain food intolerance, for example, some people lack the enzymes to digest certain foods. if digestive intolerance to certain foods, there will be indigestion, flatulence, nausea, diarrhea or other problems. allergic reactions usually do not have such symptoms. there are many so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5013847612688128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.168593"}
{"text": "enzymes to digest certain foods. if digestive intolerance to certain foods, there will be indigestion, flatulence, nausea, diarrhea or other problems. allergic reactions usually do not have such symptoms. there are many so - called food allergy controversial claims, such as the children ' s hyperactivity caused by chronic fatigue and arthritis, poor sports performance, depression and so attributed to food allergy is unfounded. food allergy is common in infancy, especially in a atopic diseases ( such as allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma ) a family history of babies. initial performance may be eczema. eczema may be associated with or without nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms, which may or may not be caused by food allergies, eczema to 1 year old may have been not a major problem. children have food allergies, with age, there may occur other atopic diseases, including allergic asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis. however, adults and children over 10 years of age, even if the skin test was positive relationship between food allergy and respiratory symptoms is not. some of the special food allergens, particularly nuts, beans, seeds and shellfish can be severe allergic reactions. of these people even though consumption of food allergy may also occur extremely small amount of the reaction, expressed as body rash, laryngeal edema and obstruction and breathing difficulties. a sudden drop in blood pressure, leading to syncope and collapse. this is called acute life - threatening allergies. some people only eat the food allergic reactions appear immediately after exercise. food additives can cause food allergy or intolerance symptoms. certain foods contain toxins or chemical substances ( eg histamine ), which can cause non - allergic adverse reactions, such as monosodium glutamate ( msg ) does not cause allergic reactions. there are reports of sulfate ( as a food preservative, such as the focus of sulfite ) and dyes ( such as tartrazine, a yellow dye can be used for candy, soft drinks and commercially prepared food ) sensitive person, after exposure to such substances causing asthma and urticaria. others, after eating certain foods can cause migraines. food allergy and intolerance symptoms are usually very clear, but that the strict distinction between the two is not easy. some adults for many oral intake of allergens through the digestive prevent allergic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4745033728155616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.169555"}
{"text": "eating certain foods can cause migraines. food allergy and intolerance symptoms are usually very clear, but that the strict distinction between the two is not easy. some adults for many oral intake of allergens through the digestive prevent allergic reactions. for example, asthma baker baker at work due to inhalation of dust caused by flour or other grains, but he does not eat the food allergies. skin test can help diagnose food allergies ; positive skin test result does not mean that a food allergy of some sort ; negative is unlikely to have food allergies. if the positive results of oral provocation test should be further for the upcoming suspected food hidden in the carrier food such as milk or apple sauce in the food to the subjects. if symptoms do not occur, indicating that not allergic to that food. the best single - blind challenge test method, the carrier to the subjects to eat foods with or without suspicious food, which is more helpful to determine whether its true allergy. exclusion diet can help identify cause of allergies. subjects to stop eating may cause symptoms of food, after eating a food from time to time. doctors to develop recipes, must be strictly observed, the use of pure products. to achieve these requirements is not easy, because many food ingredients in other foods such as wheat flour, rye bread often. in addition to doctor ' s recipe, but can not eat other foods and beverages. not in favor of the restaurant dining, because the subjects ( and doctors ) must know each meal to eat all the food ingredients. in addition to stop eating the food allergies, there is no specific effective treatment, especially those severe allergic reaction after eating, such as skin rashes, mouth and laryngeal edema or shortness of breath patients should avoid contact with food allergies. with a small amount of food or food extract under the tongue of the desensitization therapy droplets not ideal. prevention of food allergy with antihistamines practicality is not high, but the acute allergic reactions such as urticaria or angioedema who have a certain effect. allergic reaction is an acute, systemic, severe to even life - threatening allergy, some in patients previously sensitized allergen exposure to the same allergen again occurs when. allergic reactions caused by various allergens, the most common are drugs, insect bites, certain foods, or desensitization injections. first contact with the allergen does not occur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4706017289069197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.170493"}
{"text": "exposure to the same allergen again occurs when. allergic reactions caused by various allergens, the most common are drugs, insect bites, certain foods, or desensitization injections. first contact with the allergen does not occur when the allergic reaction. for example, the initial contact with penicillin or bee stings does not produce allergic reactions, and exposure may occur again. but most people do not know when the first contact with a certain allergen. when the allergen into the blood reacts with the ige class of antibodies produced after the beginning of an allergic reaction. this response stimulated cells to release histamine and other substances involved in immune inflammatory response, followed, pulmonary bronchoconstriction, causing difficulty in breathing ; vascular dilation caused by decreased blood pressure ; increased vascular permeability, causing exudate, edema, and urticaria ; cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmia and cardiac output is inadequate ; the final cause shock ( see section 24 ). anaphylactoid - like reaction with an allergic reaction similar to, but can occur after the initial injection of certain drugs ( such as polymyxin, some of the contrast agent. ) it is not ige antibodies in the pathogenesis, therefore, does not belong to allergic reactions. some people, especially those of perennial allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps may be due to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs cause anaphylactoid - like reaction. symptoms of allergic reaction to allergens in contact with immediately or within 2 hours after emergence. the patient feels discomfort, irritability, palpitations, trembling, flushing of skin itching, ringing in the ears, coughing, sneezing, urticaria, edema, or airway obstruction caused by asthma and breathing difficulties, can not appear in the case of respiratory symptoms cardiovascular system failure. usually an allergic reaction may occur in the event of cardiovascular or respiratory symptoms, but symptoms of the two systems are not simultaneous, multiple allergic reactions of people, each attack symptoms are often similar. allergic reaction process is very fast, can quickly lead to collapse, convulsions, incontinence, loss of consciousness, 1 to 2 minutes of stroke. unless immediate emergency treatment, or allergic reactions often lead to death. bee stings are allergic reaction occurred after a history of people, stung again after the same reaction will occur. other allergens, such as drugs, also the same. general", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018769276595285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.171445"}
{"text": ". unless immediate emergency treatment, or allergic reactions often lead to death. bee stings are allergic reaction occurred after a history of people, stung again after the same reaction will occur. other allergens, such as drugs, also the same. general medicine before the skin test every time is unrealistic, however, animal serum ( eg, taken from martinique, tetanus antitoxin ) or a history of penicillin allergy, the use of these drugs should be made before the skin test. can not be avoided for some people allergic to allergens such as insect sting allergies long - term desensitization treatment can prevent allergic reactions. desensitization therapy is not used to avoid contact with allergens, such as penicillin or other drugs. if you must use some drugs ( such as penicillin or prepared from horse serum antitoxin ), the diagnosis should be under intensive care room or hospital for rapid desensitization. some people on the x - ray contrast agents used in some of the history of allergy. doctors should try to avoid using this contrast agent, but must be used, can be difficult to cause the reaction of special contrast agents. in addition, the use of contrast agent may be able to block the allergic reaction before taking the drugs, such as prednisone, diphenhydramine, ephedrine. treatment of choice for anaphylaxis is epinephrine injection. after insect stings are allergic or allergic to certain foods, especially allergic reactions and shock people, should always bring their own syringes and epinephrine, to prepare for emergency use. can be blocked by the above method is usually an allergic reaction, allergic reactions, but all people should be sent to the hospital as soon as possible, because of the need intensive care cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and may prompt further treatment. urticaria ( hives ) that appear in the skin of the small, pale or red swelling plaques. and urticaria related, sometimes it also occurs as a symptom of blood vessels ( nerves ), edema, which appears larger and deeper involvement of the subcutaneous tissue. both are a type of allergic reaction, confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. cause may be related to allergens, drug - related or of unknown etiology. common variable should be the original : drugs, insect stings or bites, desensitization injections and certain foods, especially eggs, oysters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4419389176411465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.172359"}
{"text": "tissue. cause may be related to allergens, drug - related or of unknown etiology. common variable should be the original : drugs, insect stings or bites, desensitization injections and certain foods, especially eggs, oysters, nuts and fruit. sometimes eat small amounts of food will be immediately urticaria, sometimes eating a certain food in a large number ( such as strawberries ) later. urticaria can also be infected, such as hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis and rubella syndrome after. repeated attacks over several weeks or months of urticaria is difficult to clear cause ; sometimes never find special reasons, and occasionally long - term use of certain unconscious food additives, drugs or other chemicals might be involved. for example, preservatives, dyes and other food additives, a very small amount of penicillin in milk ( treatment cow disease ) and certain non - prescription drugs. a small number of chronic diseases ( such as systemic lupus erythematosus, polycythemia vera, lymphoma, hyperthyroidism, or infection ) and urticaria simultaneous. although psychological factors suspected, but not confirmed. certain drugs such as aspirin can aggravate symptoms of urticaria. urticaria caused by the aspirin in patients with other non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or tartrazine ( a food or drug dye ) also appear similar to the response. not associated with urticaria, angioedema may be a known as hereditary angioedema disease. symptoms and diagnosis itching, urticaria is often the first symptoms, followed in the skin smooth, convex than the surrounding skin, redness or paleness of the wind group, usually small ( < 12mm ). when the wind head of the large ( up to 20cm ), in the central area of the rash may fade it a ring. urticaria wheal can suddenly and abruptly fade, appear at a particular subsided after a few hours, and then and maybe in other places. vascular edema, the edema may be larger depth of subcutaneous tissue, sometimes involving the hands, feet, eyelids, lips or genitals, or even the mouth, throat, airway mucosa, causing breathing difficulties. if the hives appear and quickly disappear very quickly, no relapse, do not have to go to hospital. in addition to apparently caused by some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46424957221896984, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.174526"}
{"text": "with urticaria. many patients have nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal spasm, the most serious complication was upper respiratory tract edema, can cause breathing difficulties. detection of cl inhibitor in the blood levels and activity can be confirmed. aminocaproic acid is sometimes used to terminate the disease onset. it may also be used epinephrine, antihistamines and corticosteroids, but not yet confirmed the efficacy of these drugs. if patients with acute attack of airway obstruction soon, should be immediately given to tracheal intubation. some treatment can prevent the onset of the disease, for example, suffering from hereditary angioedema in carrying out minor surgery or dental treatment to increase the input of fresh blood plasma levels of cl inhibitor. you can also use purified cl inhibitor to prevent the onset of the disease, but this method is not yet universal. for long - term prevention, may be oral synthetic steroid hormones ( androgens ), such as stanozolol or danazol to help stimulate the body to produce cl inhibitor. because these drugs have side effects masculine, so women patients should be careful to take the dose and close monitoring. mastocytosis is due to the accumulation of mast cells in the skin, and sometimes other parts of the body caused by the accumulation of the disease. mast cells produce histamine in a cell immune response. mastocytosis is the most common type common type, it is often limited to the skin, especially children, also can affect other organs such as stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone. the type of the disease is rare and some serious blood disease ( such as acute leukemia, lymphoma, chronic neutropenia or myeloproliferative disorders ), or with some serious disease ( mast cell leukemia, recurrent urticaria coloring ) related. 90 % of the common type and other types of less than 50 % of patients with mastocytosis urticaria pigmentosa, it is a small, red - brown small spots distributed in the body, rubbing or scratching the hives often appear and skin flushing. unknown etiology mastocytosis, mast cells in a few years more and more the symptoms gradually worsened, but after drug treatment can control symptoms for many years. some patients with joint and bone pain, which suggests there may have serious allergic reaction, including symptoms similar to allergic reactions. may also occur in patients with gastric ulcer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4075671021558084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.177092"}
{"text": "the symptoms gradually worsened, but after drug treatment can control symptoms for many years. some patients with joint and bone pain, which suggests there may have serious allergic reaction, including symptoms similar to allergic reactions. may also occur in patients with gastric ulcer and chronic diarrhea, which is excessive because the stomach caused by histamine. the treatment of mastocytosis requires two antihistamines : h1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergy ; h2 receptor antagonist for the treatment of stomach ulcers. if the disease associated with certain serious diseases, the treatment more complicated. physical allergy is due to some physical stimulus, such as cold, sunlight, heat, or minor injuries caused by allergy symptoms. skin itching, rash, and urticaria are the most common symptoms of this disease, and sometimes breathing difficulties. reaction is too strong of sunlight ( photosensitivity ) can cause hives and rashes are not common ( see section 205 ). photosensitivity can be a result of taking certain medications or certain substances induce skin smear. particularly sensitive to heat may occur called cholinergic urticaria, is a small, itching, and wind groups independent of each other, surrounded by a circle flush. cholinergic urticaria can appear in the movement, emotional stress or other causes sweating after the event. people particularly sensitive to cold, exposure can occur in the cold urticaria, edema, asthma, or runny nose, nasal congestion and so on. the best of physical allergy treatment is to avoid any factors that can cause allergies. symptomatic patients should stop using cosmetics, creams, lotions and skin care oil for some time to see if these substances increase due to allergy. antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, cyproheptadine, or hydroxyzine can ease itching. cyproheptadine urticaria due to cold best, and hydroxyzine on the emotional tension is caused by urticaria best. people who are allergic to sunlight sunscreens should be used to reduce sunlight exposure. some people exercise can cause asthma or acute allergic reactions. movement is exercise - induced asthma, a type of abnormal allergic reactions. exercise - induced asthma can often occur in old people with asthma may also occur in people who no such history. in strenuous exercise 5 to 10 minutes after his tight chest feeling, while wheezing, difficulty breathing, the typical onset is after the motion stops.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45658886547079564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c1a465d-4bf4-4a83-86bb-3b88797979fc>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.178128"}
{"text": "saturday, sept. 1 ( healthday news ) - - packing nutritious and fun school lunches can help children achieve and maintain a healthy weight. here are some tips for parents from dr. william gillespie, a pediatrician and chief medical officer at new york city - based emblemhealth. - give your children a choice. if they get to decide what ' s in their lunch, they ' re more likely to eat it. just make sure their choices are all healthy, such as apples, bananas, carrots or celery. - add dip to make vegetables more fun for kids. a quick dip can be made with plain non - fat yogurt and garlic powder ( or any other seasoning your child likes ). - make mini - kabobs by cubing low - sodium deli chicken or turkey and low - fat cheese. place the cubes on pretzel sticks. you can also use grape tomatoes and green grapes. - use whole - wheat bread instead of white bread. whole - wheat pita or tortillas are other healthy options. let your child make a \" face \" on their sandwich with ingredients such as hummus, low - fat cream cheese and cut - up vegetables. presentation makes a difference in how much food appeals to kids, gillespie noted. children are more likely to eat things in smaller, bite - size pieces or slices. slice sandwiches into four squares. cut up an apple or create a fruit cup with pieces of different melons. when it comes to warm foods in a thermos, try a healthy macaroni and cheese with whole - wheat pasta and some small broccoli florets. a three - bean chili with carrots and zucchini is another healthy option. make sure your child ' s lunch includes a good source of calcium, such as yogurt, smoothies, low - fat string cheese or low - fat milk. water is a better choice than sugary drinks such as juices and sodas. if your child likes something crunchy, give them baked chips, low - fat popcorn or whole - grain crackers. ask if your child ' s school has restrictions on what students are allowed to bring for lunch. for example, many schools don ' t allow peanut butter. remember to use an ice pack to keep cold foods cold. the american academy of pediatrics has more about childhood nutrition. source : emblemhealth, aug. 24, 2012, news release copyright \u00a9 2013 healthday. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4399214046410169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c10fd4ad-4238-4bf8-972b-5902b4667402>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.186317"}
{"text": "chlorine dioxide chemistry \u2013 lenntech, mms chlorine dioxide chemistry the discovery of clo2 has largely been credited to sir humphrey davy, who, in 1814, created the compound by mixing sulfuric acid with potassium chlorate. since its discovery, researchers have found that clo2 shares some common characteristics with chlorine. specifically, clo2 is a greenish - yellowish gas with a chlorine - like odor that is irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. apart from these very limited similarities, however, it has been learned that clo2 exhibits physical and chemical properties that are dramatically different from those of chlorine, even though it contains a chlorine atom in its molecular structure. one of the most important properties of clo2 that sets it apart from chlorine is its behavior when placed in water. not only is clo2 10 times more soluble in water than chlorine ( 3. 01 grams / liter at 25 degrees c ), it doesn \u2019 t hydrolyze when placed in solution. it remains as a \u201c true \u201d dissolved gas that retains its useful oxidative and biocidal properties throughout the entire 2 to 10 ph range. by way of contrast, chlorine dissociates when placed in water to form hypochlorous and hydrochloric acids. hypochlorous acid is the primary biocide in solution, which dissociates to form hypochlorite ion with increasing ph. hypochlorite ion is only from 1 / 20 to 1 / 300 as effective in controlling microbes as hypochlorous acid. thus, chlorine can only be an effective biocide in systems with low ph. the high degree of solubility exhibited by clo2 in water has also been observed in a variety of organic materials, such as oils and solvents, thereby allowing for utilization of its unique oxidative and biocidal properties in a wide range of potential applications. molecular properties & oxidation clo2 is a small, volatile, and very strong molecule that reacts with other substances by way of oxidation rather than by substitution ( i. e. chlorination ). clo2 has lower oxidation strength than chlorine, but more than twice the oxidative capacity. oxidation strength describes how strongly an oxidizer will react with an \u201c oxidizable \u201d substance. the higher its oxidation strength, the more substances the oxidant compound will react with. cl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.509884370532508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f66eb9cb-d6a4-4ef4-b155-62c9e331cef1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.194709"}
{"text": "but more than twice the oxidative capacity. oxidation strength describes how strongly an oxidizer will react with an \u201c oxidizable \u201d substance. the higher its oxidation strength, the more substances the oxidant compound will react with. clo2 is comparatively weak, and has a lower oxidation potential than ozone, chlorine or even hypochlorous acid. oxidation capacity refers to the number of electrons transferred during an oxidation or reduction reaction. the chlorine atom in the clo2 molecule has an oxidation number of + 4. for this reason clo2 accepts 5 electrons when reduced to chloride ion. by way of comparison, clo2 contains 263 percent \u2018 available chlorine, \u2019 which is more than 2. 5 times the oxidation capacity of chlorine. because clo2 has lower oxidation strength, it is more selective in its reactions. typically, clo2 will only react with compounds that have activated carbon bonds such as phenols, or with other active compounds like sulfides, cyanides, and reduced iron and manganese compounds. chlorine is a more powerful oxidizer that clo2, and will react with a wider variety of chemicals, including ammonia. this property limits its overall effectiveness as a biocide. conversely, because clo2 has more oxidative capacity compared to ozone or chlorine, less clo2 is required to obtain an active residual concentration of the material when used as a disinfectant. an effective biocide the propensity of clo2 to react by oxidation rather than substitution makes it a useful alternative to chlorine in drinking water disinfection applications where the formation of potentially carcinogenic halogenated disinfection byproducts, such as triholomethanes and halogenated acidic acids, is of concern. additionally, clo2 does not produce significant amounts of aldehydes, ketons, keton acids, or other disinfection byproducts that originate from ozonation of water containing organic substances. the reaction of clo2 with microorganisms or other oxidizable substances takes place in two steps. in the first stage of the reaction, the clo2 molecule accepts an electron and chlorite ion is formed ( clo2 - ). in the second stage, clo2 accepts 4 electrons and chloride ion ( cl - ) is formed. the mechanism of action by which clo2 inactivates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5140286694383523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f66eb9cb-d6a4-4ef4-b155-62c9e331cef1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.196947"}
{"text": "an electron and chlorite ion is formed ( clo2 - ). in the second stage, clo2 accepts 4 electrons and chloride ion ( cl - ) is formed. the mechanism of action by which clo2 inactivates microorganisms is not entirely well understood. as a general matter, however, it is known that clo2 destroys microbes by attacking their cell walls ( or viral envelopes ) and interfering with essential protein formation. it is also known that clo2 is more effective against viruses than either chlorine or ozone. furthermore, clo2 is known to be effective against hearty waterborne protozoans such as giardia lambia and cryptosporidium, the causative agents of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, respectively. since clo2 is an oxidative biocide, microorganisms cannot build up a resistance to it. because clo2 always exists as a true gas under standard conditions of temperature and pressure, whether in open air or dissolved in solution, its antimicrobial properties can be harnessed for either liquid or gaseous application. the \u201c free radical \u201d property of clo2 makes it particularly useful for addressing structural microbial contamination problems. liquid clo2 solution can be applied directly to known areas of microbial contamination, or entire contaminated structures can be fumigated with the gas by simply stripping it back out of solution at the point of application. once applied, clo2 quickly decays on its own to invisible, harmless concentrations of various sodium salts including chlorite, chlorate, and chloride ion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5330019705314176, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f66eb9cb-d6a4-4ef4-b155-62c9e331cef1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.199017"}
{"text": "you may think germs are something you don ' t have to worry about \u2014 only the people selling toilet cleaners on tv are concerned with germs. but germs are tiny organisms that can cause disease \u2014 and they ' re so small that they can creep into your system without you noticing. you even need a microscope to see them. to stay healthy, it helps to give some thought to germs. the term germs is really just a generic word for four different types of organisms : bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. bacteria are tiny, single - celled organisms that are found throughout nature, including in the bodies of human beings. a certain number of bacteria are good for our bodies \u2014 they help keep the digestive system in working order and keep harmful bacteria from moving in. some bacteria are even used to produce medicines and vaccines. but bacteria can cause trouble, too \u2014 ever had a urinary tract infection or strep throat? these infections are caused by bacteria. viruses are even smaller than bacteria and can ' t live on their own. in order to survive, grow, and reproduce, they need to be inside other living organisms. most viruses can only live for a very short time outside other living cells. for example, they can stay on surfaces like a countertop or toilet seat in infected bodily fluids for a short period of time, but they quickly die there unless a live host comes along. but some viruses, such as the kind that cause hepatitis ( an infection of the liver ), can survive on surfaces for a week or longer and still be able to cause infections. once they ' ve moved into your body, viruses spread easily and can make you quite sick. viruses are responsible for not - so - serious diseases like colds as well as extremely serious diseases like smallpox. fungi ( pronounced : fun - jye ) are multi - celled, plant - like organisms that usually aren ' t dangerous in a healthy person. fungi can ' t produce their own food from soil, water, and air, so instead, they get nutrition from plants, food, and animals in damp, warm environments. two common fungal infections are athlete ' s foot and ringworm. people who have weakened immune systems ( from diseases like aids or cancer ) may develop more serious fungal infections. protozoa ( pronounced : pro - toe - zo - uh ) are one - celled organisms like bacteria. protozoa love moisture, so intestinal infections and other diseases they cause are often spread", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5132937444559006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfa7af18-539e-4ed6-9775-2618ebee9ed4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.206388"}
{"text": ") may develop more serious fungal infections. protozoa ( pronounced : pro - toe - zo - uh ) are one - celled organisms like bacteria. protozoa love moisture, so intestinal infections and other diseases they cause are often spread through contaminated water. once organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa invade your body, they get ready to stay for a while. these germs draw all their energy from you! they may damage or destroy some of your own healthy cells. as they use up your nutrients and energy, most will produce waste products, known as toxins. some toxins cause the annoying symptoms of common colds or flu - like infections, such as sniffles, sneezing, coughing, and diarrhea. but other toxins can cause high fever, increased heart rate, and even life - threatening illness. if you ' re not feeling well and visit your doctor, he or she may order testing to examine your blood and other fluids under a microscope or perform cultures to determine which germs ( if any ) are making you sick. how can i protect myself from germs? the best way to prevent the infections that germs cause is by protecting yourself. because most germs are spread through the air in sneezes or coughs or through bodily fluids like saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or blood. if you or someone else is sick, your best bet is to limit contact with those substances. washing your hands often is absolutely the best way to stop germs from getting into your body. when should you wash? after using the bathroom, after blowing your nose or coughing, after touching any pets or animals, after gardening, or before and after visiting a sick relative or friend. and of course you should wash your hands before eating or cooking. there ' s a right way to wash hands, too \u2014 you need to soap up well using warm water and plenty of soap, then rub your hands vigorously together for 15 seconds ( away from the water ). rinse your hands and finish by drying them thoroughly on a clean towel. it ' s a good idea to carry hand sanitizer with you for times when you are eating out or not near a sink. if you spend any time in the kitchen, you ' ll have many opportunities to get rid of germs. be sure to use proper food - handling techniques, like using separate cutting boards, utensils, and towels for preparing uncooked meat and poultry. another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4931709088615886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfa7af18-539e-4ed6-9775-2618ebee9ed4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.208018"}
{"text": "undiagnosed cases of the syndrome may affect 1 % of students aged 11 to 16, study suggests. undiagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome may account for up to 1 percent of children who are absent from school for extended periods of time and are not truant or known to have another illness that would explain why they \u2019 re out of school, a new study reveals. for the study, researchers examined data from 2, 855 students aged 11 to 16 at three secondary schools in england and concluded that undiagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome / myalgic encephalomyelitis ( cfs / me ) was responsible for 28 of the students being away from school for more than 20 percent of the time over six weeks. \u201c there are several possible reasons why children missing significant amounts of school with cfs / me are not identified, \u201d dr. esther crawley, of the center for child and adolescent health at university of bristol and colleagues, wrote in the report published online dec. 12 in the journal bmj open. \u201c those with mild or moderate cfs / me may not see their gp [ general practitioner ] or may not be recognized as having cfs / me if they are seen. alternatively, gps and pediatricians may not be aware of specialist cfs / me services or may feel that the child \u2019 s [ condition ] is not sufficiently serious to warrant a referral, \u201d they explained in the report. \u201c this project suggests that undiagnosed cfs / me... may be an important and underappreciated cause of school absence in children aged 11 to 16 years, \u201d crawley and colleagues concluded. the researchers also compared students with cfs / me who were referred to a specialist by a school - based clinic with those who were referred to specialist services by health care professionals. there were no differences in how long either group had cfs / me, which was an average of just over 18 months. but the children identified by school - based clinics had less fatigue, less disability and fewer symptoms than those identified by health care professionals. the children identified by school - based clinics also seemed to recover from cfs / me more quickly, the investigators noted in a journal news release. the nemours foundation has more about chronic fatigue syndrome and children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4537158667066614, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:696a8a6d-d5b6-4fac-84b9-bc21531a0544>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.215314"}
{"text": "strongly supported by western mining interests and farmers, the bland - allison act \u2014 which provided for a return to the minting of silver coins \u2014 becomes the law of the land. the strife and controversy surrounding the coinage of silver is difficult for most modern americans to understand, but in the late 19th century it was a topic of keen political and economic interest. today, the value of american money is essentially secured by faith in the stability of the government, but during the 19th century, money was generally backed by actual deposits of silver and gold, the so - called \" bimetallic standard. \" the u. s. also minted both gold and silver coins. in 1873, congress decided to follow the lead of many european nations and cease buying silver and minting silver coins, because silver was relatively scarce and to simplify the monetary system. exacerbated by a variety of other factors, this led to a financial panic. when the government stopped buying silver, prices naturally dropped, and many owners of primarily western silver mines were hurt. likewise, farmers and others who carried substantial debt loads attacked the so - called \" crime of ' 73. \" they believed, somewhat simplistically, that it caused a tighter supply of money, which in turn made it more difficult for them to pay off their debts. a nationwide drive to return to the bimetallic standard gripped the nation, and many americans came to place a near mystical faith in the ability of silver to solve their economic difficulties. the leader of the fight to remonetize silver was the missouri congressman richard bland. having worked in mining and having witnessed the struggles of small farmers, bland became a fervent believer in the silver cause, earning him the nickname \" silver dick. \" with the backing of powerful western mining interests, bland secured passage of the bland - allison act, which became law on this day in 1878. although the act did not provide for a return to the old policy of unlimited silver coinage, it did require the u. s. treasury to resume purchasing silver and minting silver dollars as legal tender. americans could once again use silver coins as legal tender, and this helped some struggling western mining operations. however, the act had little economic impact, and it failed to satisfy the more radical desires and dreams of the silver backers. the battle over the use of silver and gold continued to occupy americans well into the 20th century.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4411499445430318, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17a7df1b-03ea-4e38-8257-adbbba18c0ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.238006"}
{"text": "though the exact details of his life and expeditions are the subject of debate, john cabot ( or giovanni caboto, as he was known in italian ) may have developed the idea of sailing westward to reach the riches of asia while working for a venetian merchant. by the late 1490s, he was living in england, and gained a commission from king henry vii to make an expedition across the northern atlantic. he sailed from bristol in may 1497 and made landfall in late june. the exact site of cabot ' s landing has not been definitively established ; it may have been located in newfoundland, cape breton island or southern labrador. after returning to england to report his success, cabot departed on a second expedition in mid - 1498, but is thought to have perished in a shipwreck en route. john cabot ' s early life giovanni caboto was born circa 1450 in genoa, and moved to venice around 1461 ; he became a venetian citizen in 1476. evidence suggests that he worked as a merchant in the spice trade of the levant, or eastern mediterranean, and may have traveled as far as mecca, then an important trading center for oriental and western goods. he studied navigation and map - making during this period, and ( similarly to his countryman christopher columbus ) appears to have become interested in the possibility of reaching the rich markets of asia by sailing in a westward direction. for the next several decades, cabot ' s exact activities are unknown ; he may have spent several years in valencia and seville, spain, and may have been in valencia in 1493, when columbus passed through the city on his way to report to the spanish monarchs the results of his western voyage ( including his mistaken belief that he had in fact reached asia ). by late 1495, cabot had reached bristol, england, a port city that had served as a starting point for several previous expeditions across the north atlantic. from there, he worked to convince the british crown that england did not have to stand aside while spain claimed most of the new world, and that it was possible to reach asia on a more northerly route than the one columbus had taken. cabot ' s first voyage in 1896, king henry vii issued letters patent to cabot and his son, which authorized them to make a voyage of discovery and to return with goods for sale on the english market. after a first, aborted attempt, cabot sailed out of bristol on the small ship matthew in may 1497, with a crew of 18 men. the expedition made landfall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.403549611966311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8345f25-233d-47c3-93bd-2d404383d012>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.271827"}
{"text": "voyage of discovery and to return with goods for sale on the english market. after a first, aborted attempt, cabot sailed out of bristol on the small ship matthew in may 1497, with a crew of 18 men. the expedition made landfall in north america on june 24 ; the exact location is disputed, but may have been southern labrador, the island of newfoundland or cape breton island. when cabot went ashore, he reportedly saw signs of habitation but no people. he took possession of the land for king henry, but hoisted both the english and venetian flags. cabot explored the area and named various features of the region, including cape discovery, island of st. john, st. george \u2019 s cape, trinity islands and england \u2019 s cape. these may correspond to modern - day places located around what became known as cabot strait, the 60 - mile - wide channel running between southwestern newfoundland and northern cape breton island. like columbus, cabot believed that he had reached asia ' s northeast coast, and returned to bristol in august 1497 with extremely favorable reports of the exploration. cabot ' s second voyage in london in late 1497, cabot proposed to king henry vii that he set out on a second expedition across the north atlantic. this time, he would continue westward from his first landfall until he reached the island of cipangu ( japan ). in february 1498, the king issued letters patent for the second voyage, and that may cabot set off from bristol with about five ships and 200 men. the exact fate of the expedition has not been established, but by july one of the ships had been damaged and sought anchorage in ireland. it was believed that the ships had been caught in a severe storm, and by 1499, cabot himself was presumed to have perished at sea. in addition to laying the groundwork for british land claims in canada, his expeditions proved the existence of a shorter route across the northern atlantic ocean, which would later facilitate the establishment of other british colonies in north america. how to cite this page : john cabot. ( 2013 ). the history channel website. retrieved 5 : 51, may 22, 2013, from http : / / www. history. com / topics / john - cabot. john cabot. [ internet ]. 2013. the history channel website. available from : http : / / www. history. com / topics / john - cabot [ accessed 22 may 2013 ]. \u201c john cabot. \u201d 2013. the history channel website. may 22", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3990798195437658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8345f25-233d-47c3-93bd-2d404383d012>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.278568"}
{"text": "jump to : page content home > closing gender gaps the women and public policy program of harvard kennedy school closes gender gaps in economic opportunity, political participation, health and education by creating knowledge, training leaders and informing public policy and organizational practices. we look at what policies, organizational structures and leadership techniques help close involuntary gender gaps, those that occur due to constraints rather than choice, either due to explicit barriers ( laws or the absence thereof ) and / or implicit barriers ( stereotypes, biased judgements and discrimination ). conducting research to provide evidence - based insights and recommendations, we identify small to large scale successful interventions, while examining the impact of closing gender gaps. business case conference what is the economic value of gender diversity in organizations, politics and society? to explore this question, wappp hosted a two - day conference in october 2010 to explore the economic value of gender diversity in organizations, politics and society. oval office student training from harvard square to the oval office is a non - partisan initiative that trains harvard graduate students to run for all levels of political office. closing the global gender gap closing the global gender gap initiative ( cgggi ) aims to conduct, foster and support research on closing gender gaps in economic opportunity, political participation, health and education, to identifying ground - breaking, replicable interventions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5325339386121486, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9c7882d-ad04-4e7a-984d-e32108a9d31b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.288720"}
{"text": "greening your ventilation click here to read more articles about ventilation this article originally appeared in the may / june 2007 issue of home energy magazine. may 06, 2007 since today \u2019 s houses are now tightened for air conditioning as well as heating, there is less and less natural ventilation in our homes. this means that additional forms of mechanical ventilation are needed to deal with interior pollution. a healthy home is \u201c dry, clean, well ventilated, pest - free, free from contaminants, safe, and well - maintained \u201d according to the national center for healthy housing. a green home should also be a healthy home, and ventilation is one of the principal ways we can ensure a green home \u2019 s health. if health were not a consideration in buildings, we could very well ignore ventilation. in this column, i \u2019 ll look at the role ventilation plays in making a home healthier from the start, and in maintaining its health after it is occupied. i \u2019 ll also explore the potential and limitations of ventilation in new and older homes. as technological advances have brought new tools to the ventilation field, building scientists are constantly struggling to come up with standards that will provide us with as complete and effective a ventilation strategy for each building as possible. the intense debates,... to read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an online subscription. once an order has been placed there is an automatic $ 10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation. the home energy online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. for permission to reprint, please send an e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5003345306962076, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b65d263b-513c-4ae1-9dc5-8b9083d57d87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.292654"}
{"text": "horatio alger, jr. horatio alger jr : copyright ( c ) 1996 by bill roach all rights reserved. 1. who was horatio alger? horatio alger, jr. was an american author ( 1832 - 1899 ). alger produced the one of the first boys ' adventure series. alger published over 118 novels in book form. another 280 novels were produced in magazines along with more than five hundred short stories. his young heroes succeed through a mixture of pluck and luck. they are lucky, in part, because they deserve to be lucky. a given hero may appear in several books, e. g., \" ragged dick, \" but the books do not have a common set of characters. regardless of their names, the heroes are remarkably similar. horatio alger, jr. was the oldest of five children of a debt - ridden new england, unitarian minister. he was very frail. he was under weight and undersized, suffered from bronchial asthma, and near sightedness. because of his poor health, the family deferred his introduction to the alphabet and reading until he was six years old. he started formal school at age 10 and achieved phi beta kappa at harvard. he was ranked eighth in a class of 89. he volunteered for the union army three times and was rejected three times because of his asthma and small size ( just over five feet and about 120 pounds ). horatio alger, jr. taught school or tutored school children for a good part of his life. his most famous student is benjamin cardozo who went on to be a supreme court justice. 2. what has he written? horatio alger wrote mostly juvenile fiction : short stories, serialized novels, and novels. he also wrote biography, juvenile biography ( james garfield, abraham lincoln, and daniel webster ), and poetry. he did someserious writing for adult publications ( essays ), but he was not nearlyas successful at that. the horatio alger society includes lists of his publications and their various editions for collectors. the most comprehensive list of alger \u2019 s publications is bob bennett \u2019 s _ a collector \u2019 s guide to the published works of horatio alger, jr. ( 1832 \u2013 1899 ) _ mad book company : newark, many of the books were sold after alger ' s death and after the copyrights had expired so careful records were not kept. printers frequently printed unauthorized editions at the same time they printed authorized editions. the unauthorized editions were sold by the printer with no fee paid to the publisher. 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39980576833144454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a550d3d-88a9-43f8-ac54-e3b4cd3f4086>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.312557"}
{"text": "alger ' s death and after the copyrights had expired so careful records were not kept. printers frequently printed unauthorized editions at the same time they printed authorized editions. the unauthorized editions were sold by the printer with no fee paid to the publisher. 3. what alger organizations have sites on the net? horatio alger, jr resources horatio alger association ( philanthropic organization ) horatio alger educational programs horatio alger society ( collectors ) http : / / www. horatioalger. com 4. what pseudonyms did alger use? arthur lee putnam charles f. preston 5. why is there so little accurate information about alger? alger ' s sister augusta inherited all of his papers. she detroyed virtually all of his personal papers. in the victorian era, it was not unusual for an author or his / her relatives to purge the personal papers of anything that might be unseemly. to the victorian mind, virtually any eccentricity was unseemly. this bowdlerization occurred to the personal papers of louisa may alcott, sir richard francis burton, 6. why is there so much disinformation in 1928 herbert mayes published a fraudulent alger biography entitled : alger : a biography without a hero. mayes even fabricated a diary for alger which detailed a life of carousing and womanizing. the mayes biography became the basis for the entry in the dictionary of american biography. mayes did not admit the fraud until 1976. as late as 1963, an alger biographer with academic credentials, john tebbel, repeated all of the mayes fabrications, supposedly after verifying 7. what alger novels are available on the net? 8. what movies been made from his books? - struggling upward - cast upon the breakers - the cash boy - joe the hotel boy - paul prescott ' s charge : a story for boys - the errand boy : or, how phil brent won success - a fancy of hers - driven from home or carl crawford ' s experience - frank ' s campaign or, farm and camp - paul the peddler, or, fortunes of a young street merchant - phil the fiddler a disney movie _ newsies _ deals with the 1899 newsboy strike in new york city. the movie is not based on a horatio alger story but it does depict the life of the newsboys that figured in so many alger stories. the informal web site of the movie is referenced on the horatio alger resources web site. if any movies have been made from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3757625942513124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a550d3d-88a9-43f8-ac54-e3b4cd3f4086>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.313654"}
{"text": "on a horatio alger story but it does depict the life of the newsboys that figured in so many alger stories. the informal web site of the movie is referenced on the horatio alger resources web site. if any movies have been made from alger stories, they should have been made between 1900 and 1920 at the peak of his popularity. they would have been silent movies. so far none of the faq readers have turned up an horatio alger silent movie ( or talkie ). 9. what are some good alger biographies? some bad ones? gary scarnhorst with jack bales, _ the lost life of horatio alger, jr. _ ( indiana university press : bloomington, in, 1985 ) many poor biographies are based on the 1928 mayes book mentioned above. 10. what is the relationship between horatio alger stories and the subsequent the rover boys, tom swift, hardy boys, and nancy drew series? horatio alger worked with a younger writer, edward stratemeyer, an editor at munsey magazine. before his death, alger ' s arranged to have stratemeyer finish the works that alger had in progress. the alger books \" completed \" by - out for business - falling in with fortune - nelson, the newsboy - young captain jack - jerry, the backwoods boy - lost at sea - from farm to fortune - the young book agent - randy of the river - joe, the hotel boy - ben logan ' s triumph stratemeyer was a prolific author and went on to set up the stratemeyer syndicate which was responsible for the hardy boys and nancy drew. after stratemeyer ' s death, the syndicate operated under the leadership of his daughter harriet adams stratemeyer. 11. what is the formula for an horatio alger story? an adolescent boy with a rural back ground sets off to earn his livelihood in an urban setting. he triumphs over circumstances and temptation and starts advancing in his career. at some point, he will be betrayed or falsely accused by one of his peers. ultimately, the hero will be vindicated. while pluck and hard work play a role in the success of an alger hero, there is always an older male who takes on the hero as his protege. that mentor plays a critical role in the success of the alger hero. the alger hero never takes revenge on those who mistreated him. he secures what is rightfully his, but he is never vindictive. alger heroes never have romantic interests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3771686843516606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a550d3d-88a9-43f8-ac54-e3b4cd3f4086>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.315752"}
{"text": "critical role in the success of the alger hero. the alger hero never takes revenge on those who mistreated him. he secures what is rightfully his, but he is never vindictive. alger heroes never have romantic interests. as they leave adolescence, these heroes leave his books except to play the role of mentors for the new generation of alger 12. what libraries / museums have horatio alger archives? of congress simmons college archives and special collections northern illinois university library founders library at niu has acquired a comprehensive collection of more than 2, 000 books and periodicals by and about horatio alger, and the library now is the official repository for the archives and other papers of the horatio alger society. all materials received from the society will be cataloged and made available to interested parties through computer networks. a complete catalog of alger ' s works will be prepared, and the library will continue to acquire all alger - related monographs and dissertations, in addition to mounting periodic exhibits of the collections and hosting future conventions of the society. stanley lieberman memorial collection of american juvenile literature, princeton university university of south florida tampa campus library a. frank smith, jr. library center special collections department - emory university popular culture library at bowling green state de grummond childrens ' literature collection at southern mississipi 13. what does the horatio alger \" strive and succeed \" philosophy consist of? are there contemporary versions of it? there are several elements in the horatio alger \" strive and the alger success formula seems very like what one finds in _ the autobiography of benjamin franklin _. alger ' s code is less pragmatic and more altruitstic than poor richard ' s. alger ' s code imposes significant personal obligations, but it is not at all individualistic. the alger code does not seem to have much in common with those individuals labeled \" horatio alger success stories. \" some modern conservatives object to alger \u2019 s liberal philosophy. w. s. ross even provides an example of an alger novel ( _ struggling upward _ ) with all that pernicious liberalism - hard work - study ( informal rather than formal ) - loyalty to superiors and subordinates - abstaining from alcohol - frugal living - importance of dress and personal grooming - personal integrity - speaking and writing effectively - non - credal religious values ( unitarian ) - avoidance of violence and revenge - speaking the whole truth - brotherhood of males ( family without a mother ) - obligation to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46791131165346317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a550d3d-88a9-43f8-ac54-e3b4cd3f4086>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.317029"}
{"text": "importance of dress and personal grooming - personal integrity - speaking and writing effectively - non - credal religious values ( unitarian ) - avoidance of violence and revenge - speaking the whole truth - brotherhood of males ( family without a mother ) - obligation to help and protect the weak and unfortunate - duty to mother and / or sisters - courtesy to all - accepting the success of others - emphasis on a secure home - accept assistance of benefactors - expectation of own success, acceptance - eschew class hatred 14. what were the major milestones in alger ' s life? - 1832 born january 13, friday - 1833 birth of sister olive agusta - 1842 enters grade school at age 10 - 1844 horatio alger, sr has close brush with bankruptcy - 1847 passes entrance exam and enters harvard, nickname \" toodles \" - 1849 essay \" chivalry \" in boston national pictorial - 1852 graduates from harvard, phi beta kappa, eighth in class - 1853 freelance journalist, enters and leaves harvard divinity - 1854 taught at boys boarding school - 1857 re - enters harvard divinity, publishing in magazines for - 1860 graduates from harvard divinity - 1861 - 1862 supply preacher for unitarian churches - 1863 flunked induction physical, near - sighted, short, asthmatic contributor to harper ' s magazine, putnam ' s, etc. - 1864 frank ' s campaign - 1866 accusation of sexual misconduct with thirteen year old and fifteen year old males, resigns from the ministry - 1866 horatio alger in new york city as journalist his publisher, joseph h. allen, a unitarian elder, shielded him horatio cultivates the street boys aged 12 to 16 - 1867 raises money for five points mission, newsboys lodging, ymca, children ' s aid society charles o ' connor gives alger free access to newsboys lodging - 1867 _ ragged dick _, his eighth novel, is a best seller - 1868 phil the fiddler describes the plight of children as street musicians, attack on the padrone system - 1872 starts to work for the seligman family, as a tutor and guardian for their boys, continued until 1877 - 1873 grand tour of europe with his parents, his brother, his sister augusta and her husband - 1877 life of edwin forrest ( serious biography ) published street boy fiction moves west - 1880 - 1890 alger informally adopts three street boys who serve as models for characters in his books : charlie davis ( _ the young circusrider _, 1883 ), john downie, a newsboy ( _ mark mason \u2019 s mission _ 1886 ) and ( _ chester rand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4021275879473355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a550d3d-88a9-43f8-ac54-e3b4cd3f4086>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.318594"}
{"text": "of the committee implies there may have been other boys involved. alger did not reply specifically to the charges. rather he admitted to acting \" imprudently. \" the charges did not use clinical language. rather they mention \" unnatural familiarity with boys. \" to avoid a public hearing on the charges, the church board allowed alger to resign from his post and the ministry and leave town immediately. subsequent to leaving brewster, alger continued to publish in youth journals affiliated with the church. when a member of the brewster church complained that alger ' s influence over young boys was dangerous, the publisher of the journal, joseph h. allen, a church elder familiar with the brewster incident, replied that alger was entitled to earn a living. scholars did not unearth evidence of the brewster incident until more than one hundred years later. apparently, the records of the local church in brewster and the unitarian convention were incomplete on this point. this is to be expected since the mater did not proceed to a formal hearing. part of the horatio alger formula is that the hero is falsely accused and loses his job because of manufactured evidence. the motivation for the false evidence is that someone wants the hero ' s job. the horatio alger hero leaves quietly without responding to the charges. later events exonerate the hero. this element of the formula dates from before the time of the brewster episode. shortly after the brewster incident, alger wrote a poem \" friar anselmo \" whose subject had committed some significant sin and devoted the rest of his life to good works as atonement. the friar achieves some sort of peace, realizing the world will be a better place if he continues to live and continues his ministry. for alger, writing for boys was his ministry. 16. what authors have updated or parodied the horatio alger theodore dreiser frequently parodies alger. _ the financier _ is an attempt to modernize the alger myth. its hero is frank algernon cowperwood. raymond feist, the science fiction writer, has used some horatio alger themes in the serpent war saga. f. scott fitzgerald \u2019 s the great gatsby is an alger parody. gatsby is the antithesis of the typical alger hero. lawrence sanders, the writer of hard - boiled detective fiction, wrote two stories for _ playboy _, \" the adventures of chauncey alcock \" ( april, 1972 ) and \" the further adventures of chauncey alcock \" ( december, 1972 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4429689805172302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a550d3d-88a9-43f8-ac54-e3b4cd3f4086>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.322017"}
{"text": "the writer of hard - boiled detective fiction, wrote two stories for _ playboy _, \" the adventures of chauncey alcock \" ( april, 1972 ) and \" the further adventures of chauncey alcock \" ( december, 1972 ). the stories are sex comedies in the horatio alger style. a nathaniel west novel, _ a cool million _ parodies the alger formula quite mercilessly ( literally tearing a classic alger hero into pieces, limb by limb ) and simultaneously uses his language ( whole paragraphs out of alger novels ). hunter s. thompson, _ fear and loathing in las vegas _ parodies the ager myth. raoul duke, thompson ' s alter ego, refers to himself as a \" monster reincarnation \" of horatio alger. in the movie, johnny depp plays thompson. or, more precisely, raoul duke, the alias thompson uses while he and acosta scam their way from glitter gulch to the strip in search of \" free enterprise. the american dream. horatio alger gone mad on drugs in las vegas. \" 17. what is the horatio alger society? the horatio alger society is a group organized \" to further the philosophy of horatio alger, jr., and to encourage the spirit ofstrive and succeed that for half a century guided alger ' s undaunted the members of the society are alger collectors and scholars. many collect other juvenile series as well as horatio alger. the newsboy is the official newsletter of the horatio alger society. it is published bi - montly ( six issues per yearthe horatio alger society has its own web site : http : / / www. ihot. com / ~ has the e - mail address for the horatio alger society is 18. did any of alger \u2019 s juvenile novels have female protagonists? two of the juvenile novels had female protagonists : _ helen ford _ ( 1866 ) ( prior to ragged dick ) and _ tattered tom _ ( 1871 ) ( after ragged dick )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4463828010188791, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a550d3d-88a9-43f8-ac54-e3b4cd3f4086>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.323278"}
{"text": "study examines biomass harvesting, water quality by larry dreiling it ' s been said that one man ' s trash is another ' s treasure. the \" trash, \" or residue, left in no - till fields is considered valuable for soil preservation. grain sorghum, a crop becoming more popular on the high plains because of its low moisture needs and heat tolerance, is rich in residue. with the construction of the abengoa bioenergy refinery near hugoton, kan. - - the nation ' s first commercial - scale cellulosic ethanol refinery - - expected to be fully completed by 2011, the dream of producers selling the refuse of their crops to make ethanol from cellulosic biomass to reduce both dependence on imported fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse gases is within reach. the hugoton facility will process about 700 tons per day of crop residues - - corn stover, wheat straw and, yes, sorghum stubble - - as well as other feedstocks, like switchgrass, into ethanol. it ' s seen as a big change in ethanol production, away from the use of grains for feedstocks and toward cellulosic biomass. it is seen to likely reduce the controversy over the use of grains causing an increase in food prices and accelerating food insecurity. a different controversy one controversy not being examined by many experts is how the large - scale removal of crop residues would affect water quality. this is because crop residues are the early targets as cellulosic ethanol feedstocks, according to a kansas state university researcher. \" identifying and growing lignocellulosic - rich plant biomass and developing technologies for processing cellulosic biomass into ethanol are receiving more attention than ever before, \" said dr. humberto blanco, assistant professor of agronomy and soil scientist at the kansas state university agricultural research center - hays. \" while producing ethanol from renewable biomass feedstocks is a plausible goal to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, excessive removal of crop residues may adversely impact water quality by increasing transport of non - point source pollutants in runoff, such as sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus ( n and p ), to downstream water bodies. \" although termed by some people as wastes, crop residues are essential to conserve soil and water and improve crop production, blanco said. crop residue mulch increases water infiltration and thus reduces the amount of rainfall available for runoff. it filters pollutants from runoff and also increases soil organic matter content, which is essential for adsorbing and retaining pollutants. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4544108924859982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76d0b217-918f-4f06-acf2-436f19874458>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.347737"}
{"text": "said. crop residue mulch increases water infiltration and thus reduces the amount of rainfall available for runoff. it filters pollutants from runoff and also increases soil organic matter content, which is essential for adsorbing and retaining pollutants. a good idea? one crop rich in residue is grain sorghum. blanco, along with students in an agronomy class at fort hays state university, led by dr. bob stephenson, is working on a project designed to advance the understanding of the potential impacts that harvesting crop residues for ethanol production may have on water quality. the project was funded by grants from the kansas department of health and environment and the u. s. environmental protection agency section 319 grant program through the kansas waterlink initiative, blanco said. \" crop residue is in high demand in some areas of kansas and other states, either as feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production, industrial uses, livestock feed, or other uses, \" blanco said. \" producers can get paid for selling their crop residue for these uses. but, we had to ask, is it really a good idea to remove and sell crop residue? what is the cost of crop residue removal in terms of loss of soil quality and productivity, and potential impairment of surface water quality? \" leaving crop residue on the soil surface is the best and simplest way of reducing water and wind erosion, blanco added. widespread residue removal for other uses may accelerate soil erosion and increase the loss of sediments, nutrients, and pesticides in runoff water. sediment and nutrients leaching into runoff water are the main culprits of non - point source pollutants into downstream water bodies. \" but crop residue removal may not be all or nothing. the producer may want to remove some residue and leave some. we have to ask : how much residue can be removed from crop fields without creating erosion and runoff problems? \" crop quality question the answer is a hard one to grasp, blanco admits. he said it partially depends on the level of crop productivity. in some cases, particularly in semiarid regions such the high plains, not enough residue is produced, most years, to protect soil from water and wind erosion and maintain adequate levels of soil organic matter. \" in those cases, any removal of residues may further degrade soil quality, increase water pollution, and reduce crop production, \" blanco said. the blanco project is out to demonstrate to watershed partners the beneficial role of crop residue mulch in plowed and no - till soils in reducing runoff transport of non - point source polluta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4615556783432236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76d0b217-918f-4f06-acf2-436f19874458>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.350176"}
{"text": "increase water pollution, and reduce crop production, \" blanco said. the blanco project is out to demonstrate to watershed partners the beneficial role of crop residue mulch in plowed and no - till soils in reducing runoff transport of non - point source pollutants. in some watersheds, a fraction of crop residue may be available for removal without negatively affecting water quality. \" we also have to look at excessive mulch cover, because in some soils, it reduces crop production, \" blanco said. \" so we need to find a balance of how much residue we can take off the field. \" in some regions, crop residue production is often limited and not sufficient to protect soil from erosion and maintain adequate levels of soil organic matter. thus, a study of the impact of a partial removal of crop residues was developed, in turn, to bring about guidelines to manage residues in a way that their removal does not adversely impact water quality. \" the objectives of the project are to quantify the impacts of wheat and sorghum residue removal on runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss from two gently sloping soils in western kansas and suggest the threshold of removal of residues for biofuels production, \" blanco said. the challenge was in finding a long - term no - till field, then asking the producer if, in the interest of science, he ' d mind having a small plot of land torn up to help conduct the study. leave it to local producer harold kraus, a member of the national biodiesel board, who, along with stepson, lance russell, have been no - tilling at their farm a few miles south of ksu - arch for more than 20 years to come to the scientists ' assistance. the combination of a study of biodiesel feedstocks and crop residue was very intriguing to the cooperating producers and they readily offered a small plot for the experiment. the project was keyed to variable rates of residue removal from wheat and sorghum fields on water erosion in two soils late last fall. a 20 - year no - till field under continuous winter wheat and a three - year conventional - till grain sorghum field ( plowed in the spring before planting ) were selected. the soil in both fields is silt loam with a slope of six 6 percent for wheat and three 3 percent for sorghum. the stubble remaining after harvest was removed at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent. the average height of the standing stubble was 12 inches for wheat and 23 inches for sorghum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46795130400811574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76d0b217-918f-4f06-acf2-436f19874458>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.351307"}
{"text": "for wheat and three 3 percent for sorghum. the stubble remaining after harvest was removed at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent. the average height of the standing stubble was 12 inches for wheat and 23 inches for sorghum. the plots were parallel to the dominant slope. simulated rainfall was applied to the plots to give the effect of a rainstorm with a return period of 25 years for western kansas. in addition, a second set of plots within each field was established by tilling the soil a few days before rainfall simulation. concentrations of sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrients in runoff were measured. runoff samples were collected from each plot under simulated rainfall to quantify the amount of runoff and sediment as well as n and p loss. results of this study showed that wheat and sorghum residue removal after harvest exponentially increased loss of sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrients in runoff regardless of tillage system, blanco reported. \" the single rainstorm of high intensity caused large and immediate runoff loss of sediment and nutrient pollutants when residues were removed. where most or all of the residue was left intact after harvest, the runoff water after the high - intensity rainstorm was clearer. where half the residue was removed, sediment loss increased after the rainstorm, \" blanco said. meanwhile, the freshly tilled wheat plots ( tilled immediately after the residue removal ) lost more sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrients than no - till wheat plots for the same level of residue removal. \" this suggests that residue removal in combination with intensive tillage can accelerate soil erosion to unsustainable levels, \" blanco said. \" differences in soil slope affected the amount of pollutants lost in runoff. more runoff, sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrients were lost from the freshly tilled wheat plots with six 6 percent soil slope. \" another finding, which may surprise many, was that removing 75 percent or more of the residue after harvest can negate many of the benefits of no - till in reducing runoff. we found that the loss of non - point source pollutants from no - till soils was equal to those from plowed soils when residues were removed at or above 75 percent. \" this indicates that no - till may be no better than plow tillage if residues are removed at high rates. excessive residue removal from no - till soils can negate the erosion control benefits attributed to no - till. no - till benefits for controlling soil erosion are quickly lost when residue is removed at rates above 25 percent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47515966863509673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76d0b217-918f-4f06-acf2-436f19874458>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.352467"}
{"text": "if residues are removed at high rates. excessive residue removal from no - till soils can negate the erosion control benefits attributed to no - till. no - till benefits for controlling soil erosion are quickly lost when residue is removed at rates above 25 percent. residue cover is needed to keep the soil in place. \" making a choice the study also showed removing residue after harvest also has a negative effect on soil carbon, even in no - till wheat systems. the large losses of soil organic carbon with residue removal at rates as low as 50 percent indicate that a single rainstorm of high intensity could eliminate all the gains in the soil organic carbon pool attributed to no - till. \" the large losses of soil organic carbon with sediment may have large soil, agronomic, and environmental implications, \" blanco said. \" soil organic carbon is essential to increase the soil ' s ability to absorb and filter non - point source pollutants and improve the productivity of the soil. \" residue removal also increased losses of essential nutrients - particularly total n and p. loss of nutrients in runoff increased with residue removal above 50 percent in no - till wheat and reduced nutrient pools through nutrient removal with residues and via increased runoff. \" results of this study show that crop residues are indeed essential to reduce sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrient loss in runoff, regardless of tillage system, blanco added. \" crop residue removal is not recommended if soil and water conservation, non - point source pollution control, and soil carbon buildup are high priorities. residue left on the soil surface protects the soil against impacting raindrops, helps maintain the integrity of soil aggregates, and improves rainwater infiltration. \" the bottom line : only a small fraction - - about 25 percent - - of residue may be available for removal for biomass energy production from no - till soils. \" further studies that will look at pollutants losses under different scenarios of rainfall intensities as well as soil and topographic characteristics are needed to more fully determine the amount of harvestable residue, blanco said. larry dreiling can be reached by phone at 785 - 628 - 1117, or by e - mail at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44040091952250093, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76d0b217-918f-4f06-acf2-436f19874458>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.353400"}
{"text": "( ara ) - today ' s service men and women are facing particularly challenging circumstances. many soldiers have been deployed several times to the wars in afghanistan and iraq, often serving in prolonged combat operations. army secretary john mchugh recently told congress that, for perhaps the first time in history, there are more than 50, 000 soldiers in uniform who have had at least four deployments, and some have even served 10 or more. the full impact of multiple deployments is still unknown. a recent study by the national institute on drug abuse reveals growing trends in a range of mental health issues, as well as prescription drug and alcohol abuse, among soldiers and veterans. a 2012 report from the u. s. army public health command found that, since the start of the iraq war in 2003, the rate of suicide among u. s. army soldiers has increased. this coincides with a rise in other conditions including depression, anxiety and post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ). \" our men and women in uniform are making the world a better place and their contributions are invaluable, \" says dr. joseph hullett, a vietnam - era marine corp veteran and senior medical director of clinical strategy for optumhealth ' s behavioral health business. \" but many soldiers, veterans and their families may have trouble recognizing the signs of a mental health condition or may even be afraid or embarrassed to reach out. \" a mental health condition is not a weakness and it ' s nothing to be ashamed of, \" says hullett. \" the good news is there is help available to support soldiers and veterans so they can enjoy a full, healthy life. \" hullett offers military families tips for recognizing a mental health condition and knowing when it may be time to seek help : * signs of depression : depression often manifests itself in feelings of hopelessness, lack of interest in the things you once loved, and having trouble sleeping or sleeping too much. * signs of anxiety : anxiety is marked by needless worrying, indecisiveness, difficulty concentrating, irritability and physical symptoms such as sweating, heart pounding and dizziness. * signs of ptsd : ptsd is not limited to combat experiences. in fact, women veterans suffer disproportionately high rates. moreover, people suffering from ptsd often don ' t talk about the traumatic events. look for : - intrusive memories and nightmares - emotional extremes - anxiety and guilt - unreasonable or disproportionate fear - substance abuse \" if you or a loved one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4642232864243556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0176e41-e01f-4063-924f-271ab4206f4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.356658"}
{"text": "( ara ) - it ' s a surprising statistic, but data from the united states environmental protection agency ( epa ) shows that indoor air can be two to five times more polluted than outdoor air, including the air in your home. with the average american spending as much as 90 percent of their lives indoors, taking relatively easy steps to improve air quality should be a priority. \" using a well - engineered vacuum, which precludes harmful particles from launching into the air, is a matter of health and hygiene, \" explains susan goldsmith, managing director at ibr ( interbasic resources ), a nationally recognized independent testing laboratory which conducts emissions tests on various brands of vacuum cleaners. even more surprising is what actually causes the deterioration of a home ' s air quality. common pollutants include furnaces, fireplaces, gas stoves and even your vacuum cleaner. unless you take the proper precautions, dangerous pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and particles are left accumulating in your home. according to the epa and the sierra club, exposure to these pollutants and numerous others is a major source of health problems. the good news is you can dramatically improve indoor air quality with simple actions. by making the effort to improve your home ' s air quality, you can protect your health. to get started, implement these tips in your own home. * do a full clean sweep. dust hard surfaces regularly, launder bedding and towels frequently and go beyond the carpet when vacuuming. drapes and other window treatments, as well as your furniture, also need habitual cleaning to prevent the collection of polluting particles. * make sure your cleaning tools are helping, not hurting. it might not seem to make sense that a vacuum could worsen your home ' s air quality, but in many cases, that ' s the truth. the structural design and filtration of the vacuum are essential to ensuring cleaner air. without proper filtration or a \" sealed system \" design, the vacuum can emit dangerous carbon particles into the air. even hepa - filtered bagless vacuums can emit over 175, 900 lung - damaging particles per minute. vacuum models offered by miele are among the best options for ultra - clean in - home air because they feature airclean filterbags and the airclean sealed system, which together will capture and retain harmful particulates and eliminate the possibility of virtually anything escaping from the machine. * keep pets and their toys and accessories clean. if you have a four", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47008501776849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bff1427-eb42-4c31-8727-c5b1d065e64b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.359342"}
{"text": "hugh lane is best - known for establishing dublin ' s municipal gallery of modern art in 1908 ( the first known public gallery of modern art in the world ) and for his remarkable contribution to the visual arts in ireland. born in county cork on 9 november 1875, lane was brought up in cornwall in england. he began his career as an apprentice painting restorer and later became a very successful london art dealer. through regular visits to coole, co. galway, the home of his famous aunt, lady augusta gregory, lane remained in contact with ireland. he counted among his family and friends those who collectively formed the core of the irish cultural renaissance in the early decades of the 20th century. on a visit to dublin in 1901, lane viewed an exhibition of paintings by nathaniel hone and john butler yeats and soon after began a campaign to establish a gallery of modern art in dublin. he became passionate that the best of national and international art should be on public view in dublin. to further his campaign, in 1904, lane organised the first ever exhibition of contemporary irish art abroad, at the guildhall in london. the exhibition was a great success. in the preface to the catalogue, lane stated \" there is something of common race instinct in the work of all original irish writers of to - day and, it can hardly be absent in their sister art. \" on his return to dublin, lane persuaded leading artists of the day to donate a representative work to form the nucleus of the collection, as well as personally financing many acquisitions including a number of major impressionist masterpieces. he was to become one of the foremost collectors of impressionist paintings in these islands, and amongst those outstanding works purchased by him for the new gallery were la musique aux tuileries and eva gonzales by manet, sur la plage by degas, les parapluies by renoir and la cheminee by vuillard. the municipal gallery of modern art opened in january 1908 in temporary premises in harcourt street, dublin. however, lane did not live to see his gallery permanently located as he died tragically in 1915 on board the lusitania, off the west coast of cork, the county of his birth. following lane ' s death in 1915, a long dispute ensued between dublin and london over possession of his valuable collection of continental pictures. constant difficulties and delays in locating a permanent home for his collection in dublin resulted in lane loaning his continental paintings to the national gallery in london in 1913 and although he refused to confirm it, made a will leaving them to london", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39287095665163924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d23e1ba9-aa10-4651-b50c-8fc6a56f2140>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.362417"}
{"text": "who gets this important job of making laws? congress! this is the legislature ( or lawmaking group ) for our country. congress is divided into two parts, the senate and the house of representatives. when the constitution was written, this was the topic of a huge fight! the large states wanted a legislature where representation was based on a state ' s population ; the more people, the power the state would have. guess who disagreed? the small states! they wanted a legislature where each state had an equal say. how was this resolved? by creating a congress with two houses. let ' s see how this actually works! congress includes the u. s. house of representatives, which is based on population. the more people a state has, the more votes it has in the house of representatives. each house member represents a district. the map to the right uses color to show the house districts in each state. the more colors, the more districts and people a state has. how many house members does your state have? click on the link, and then go to the 2nd drop down menu that allows you to see members by state. find your state and click \" view. \" how does your state compare with its closest neighbors? click on those states to see who has more votes in the house! your house member cares what you and the other people in your district think. why? because you vote for him or her every two years! you can choose to re - elect that person or you can vote for someone else. even though you may not actually vote yet, this person still represents you! who is your house member? click on the link, and look in the top right corner where it says, \" find your represenatives by zip. \" enter your zip code. note : if the + 4 digits of your zip code are needed, the website will redirect you to the u. s. postal services website to find it. remember, we said there were two houses in congress? the u. s. senate is the place where each state gets the same number of votes. in fact, each state gets two senators, which means two votes! the smaller states really like this because it gives them equal power with the large states. just like in the house of representatives, a senator ' s job is to look out for people ' s interests. but this time, they must think about more than just the people in a town or city. they are responsible for an entire state! click on the link to see who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4794928902907595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da489230-f6d7-4cbc-b5dc-80984d8c7e1a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.368595"}
{"text": ", a senator ' s job is to look out for people ' s interests. but this time, they must think about more than just the people in a town or city. they are responsible for an entire state! click on the link to see who your two senators are! select your state, and then click on the links to see your senators ' webpages. house and senate members have a really, really important job. they are in charge of making the laws that run this country! how is a law made? it starts with having an idea on how to deal with a problem facing the country. house members and senators are called legislators because they have the unique ability to write bills or legislation that could become laws. watch the video clip to see how this happens! remember that large and small states wanted to make sure they each had a voice when laws were made? well, the law making process guarantees this! how is this guaranteed, you may ask? it ' s guaranteed because the same bill must pass the house of representatives and the senate to become a law. you can imagine that with 435 house members and 100 senators, there are a lot of different opinions on how problems should be solved. that ' s why compromise is a key ingredient in bills becoming law. congratulations! the house of representatives and senate have done the difficult job of creating a compromise bill and getting it passed through both houses. it ' s a law now, right? not so fast! the constitution also guarantees \" checks and balances. \" the president, a member of the executive branch, gets to decide whether to sign the bill into law or veto it. if he signs it, then the bill is law. if he vetoes it, then the congress can override the veto with a two - thirds majority and the bill will become law. time for congratulations! watch the video clip to see how this works.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45428786194191784, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da489230-f6d7-4cbc-b5dc-80984d8c7e1a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.369583"}
{"text": "brain function discoveries support creation by jeffrey tomkins, ph. d. * a pair of recent reports in the journal science have added new insight into the incredible design and function of the human brain. 1, 2 the studies focused on the cortex \u2014 the part of the brain in the forefront that controls behavior, cognitive processes, and perception. both studies used advanced brain scanning and genetic techniques. one study analyzed the organizational system of the various structure ( s ) in this area, while the other study explained the fiber network pathways that connect various sub - parts within the cortex to other parts of the brain. the cortex itself is a highly complicated region of the brain with various types of sub - regions that show differences in cell morphology, cell density, cell distribution, and process variation. one study showed that these sub - regions were arranged in a logical and geometrical hierarchy. 1 while many other parts of the nervous system show a more simplified segmental organization, the cortex had a much more complex structure. furthermore, the hierarchically arranged sub - regions had areas of intersection and overlap for the various sub - networks to interact. the researchers also found that the whole hierarchy and geometry of the system were strongly associated with complex networks of coordinated gene expression, which refers to the amount, placement, and timing of gene - to - protein manufacture in cells. the second study discovered how a fascinating topographical network of fiber pathways was layered in highly organized sheets of communication channels across the surface of the cortex in spectacular geometric configurations. 2 these fiber sheets are the basis for highly organized networks of complex signal communications required for brain function. the pathways not only connected regions within the cortex to other areas on the corresponding side of the brain, but also cross - connected to other areas on the opposite side of the brain. channels of fiber sheets, like immense wiring harnesses, communicate over wide - ranging areas across the brain. when visualized using color coding for the different sheets of fibers, the complex geometry and organizational patterns are startlingly clear evidence for divine engineering. the outcome of these projects adds to the incredible irreducible complexity of the human brain and its amazing architecture. 3 and it is interesting that the evolutionary verbiage so often accompanying many biological publications is largely absent from these papers. - chen, c - h. et al. 2012. hierarchical genetic organization of human cortical surface area. science. 335 ( 6076 ) : 1634 - 1636. - wedeen, v. j. et al. 2012. the geometric structure of the brain fiber pathways. science. 335", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5731169557057683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e74e48a9-6260-46d6-9008-881d6b5511e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.372642"}
{"text": "the international diabetes federation ( idf ) today launched the first ever charter setting out the fundamental rights of more than 300 million people living with diabetes. the landmark document places the rights of people with diabetes and their parents and carers into three focus areas ; the rights to care ; information and education and social justice, whilst at the same time acknowledging the responsibilities held by people with diabetes. the publication of the international charter of rights and responsibilities of people with diabetes comes at a crucial time. as the global diabetes epidemic continues to escalate, idf estimates that the number of people with diabetes will rise to 500 million within a generation, killing 4 million people each year and costing the global economy us $ 378 billion in health care spending. idf will use the charter as a powerful campaigning tool to counteract the discrimination and stigma millions of people with diabetes still face, largely due to ignorance and misconceptions surrounding the disease. in many parts of the world, this promotes a culture of secrecy that can create barriers to services, employment, and even marriage, and may stop people with diabetes playing an active role in society. raising awareness about the rights of people with diabetes is a key element of idf \u2019 s demand for coordinated and concerted international action to tackle the diabetes epidemic before, during and after the un high level summit on non - communicable diseases ( ncds ) to be held this september in new york. \u201c both children and adults alike are denied both the rights to life and health when their diabetes goes undetected or they lack access to affordable technologies and medicines such as insulin, oral blood glucose lowering agents and other necessary medications \u201d said sir michael hirst, president - elect, idf. \u201c this is a ground - breaking document that gives governments and organisations clear guidance on what the fundamental rights to life, health and freedom from discrimination mean to people with diabetes. it is a gold standard to which they should aspire. \u201d articles contained within the charter urge governments and public authorities to commit to making health care accessible for all and creating conditions that allow people with diabetes to have as normal a life as possible idf encourages all governments and organisations to sign up to and aspire to the charter principles which underpin the rights to life and health for all people with diabetes. for more information contact : media and pr coordinator international diabetes federation + 32 ( 0 ) 496 12 94 70 about the international diabetes federation the international diabetes federation ( idf ) is an umbrella organisation of over 200 national diabetes associations in over 160 countries. it represents the interests of the growing number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4437167383590132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:605f0f7d-59a4-4139-b901-91a939e25fe2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.375660"}
{"text": "as your jewish friends celebrate hanukkah this year, let this commemoration also remind you that preparations are presently underway to set the stage for the final countdown. each year, around the time we prepare to celebrate christmas, our jewish friends celebrate hanukkah. this year it starts at nightfall on december 8th and continues for eight days through december 16th. it may come as a surprise to many of our readers that this holiday is alluded to in the new testament. ( whereas christmas is not : the observation of christmas began in 354 a. d. from an adaptation of established pagan holidays. while there are several defendable estimates regarding the birthday of christ, we know it was not in winter : the flocks were in open field, indicating sometime prior to october. ) in fact, hanukkah highlights an historical event that jesus himself pointed to as the key to understanding the prophecies concerning his return! the mystery in john 10 john chapter 10 is, of course, the famous good shepherd discourse. it clearly speaks for itself and won \u2019 t be dealt with here. verse 22, however, seems to be a strange inclusion : right in the middle of this chapter the holy spirit notes the following : and it was at jerusalem the feast of dedication, and it was winter. \u2014 john 10 : 22 why is this reference here? read more at khouse. org. by dr. chuck missler. by alansf ( creative commons ) - happy holidays \u00a92011 rick mckee, the augusta chronicle \u2026 continue to post \u2026 - \u2018 ny times \u2019 trigger happy on israel gilead ini in february 2009, a few veterans of the \u2026 no related posts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40370262925680805, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a06214a0-608e-4ccd-86e9-8f5282b20f81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.377553"}
{"text": "| developmental milestones for a 4 years old child | | | | a wide spectrum of changes can be observed in the development aspects of a 4 year old preschooler. as he begins to grow, he gains a better control over his motor skills. being able to stand on one foot for a couple of seconds, turning somersaults to being able to catch that bounced ball most of the times, he manages it all. he now runs in a more controlled manner, understanding the dangers or obstacles in his way. pauses or completely stops while turning to the corners of the room and then continues. | your bonding session with your 4 year old awaits newer happenings. he manages to sit still for some time. listens to your command and copies few capital letters, squares and triangles in his book. teach him and show him once, on how to hold small blunt scissors and cut on the line in the paper. and you might observe? he is able to grasp and easily cuts around an object in the picture. | your bonding session with your 4 year old awaits newer happenings. he manages to sit still for some time. listens to your command and copies few capital letters, squares and triangles in his book. teach him and show him once, on how to hold small blunt scissors and cut on the line in the paper. and you might observe? he is able to grasp and easily cuts around an object in the picture. | | self care and hygiene | | | | the ability to do things or an activity more confidently and by himself reflects even in his daily chores for self care. his clothes and the floor are less messy than it was before. he finishes his bowl of cereal porridge with minimal spilling. brushing his teeth, dressing up, combing, washing hands and face requires only little assistance from your end or the part of a caregiver. gets more inquisitive about the different utensils on the dining table. on carefully watching the others, he begins to imitate the ways of handling them. for e. g. he might arrange the small bowl used for dal on his plate on seeing his elder brother doing it. | | at around 4 years of age, a child does have better control on his bladder and bowel movements. he gets toilet trained and does keeps the parent informed, when he desires to attend to his needs. only if your child is ill or has been psychologically tensed over an issue, then it can affect his bowel and bladder movements. it \u2019 s apt to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42725480546223565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4063e46-1108-45a7-b8ae-05e35f671f11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.387401"}
{"text": "toilet trained and does keeps the parent informed, when he desires to attend to his needs. only if your child is ill or has been psychologically tensed over an issue, then it can affect his bowel and bladder movements. it \u2019 s apt to discuss these issues with your child \u2019 s doctor. also a child may feel shy or embarrassed, indicating a stranger or even a not so familiar relative about his urgent need to defecate or using the toilet. so even in these instances, he is likely to feel constipated or may not be able to control his bladder movement thereby messing up his clothes. | | social, emotional and intellectual development | | | | a 4 year old \u2019 s activity or a play thrives solely on imagination, his thoughts, observations, experiences and ideas. for e. g. trying to picture her mum, as she plays with her kiddo kitchen set. even stepping in her shoes, carrying a small handbag and pretending to be going out. at times, you would even find him imagining an object to be something else and playing with it. for e. g. a small steel container can be a car zooming along the edges of the sofa. | | they like playing with an imaginary friend as well as real one of their same age group. believe inanimate objects to be alive. while playing with other children, he may playfully make use of a teasing language and words heard from elsewhere. he may not understand its meaning but would experiment to see the gestures from his fellow mates. he would like to boast about the newly purchased doll and brag about his toys. on being taught by his parents, does understand that telling lies is not good. but he might still stick to saying one in the course of not being caught and punished. | | many children when asked will also be able to tell where they live. remembers and recalls some parts of stories which he had found interesting, when heard. a 4 year old child can express his needs and feelings in more complex sentences, builds a vocabulary of about 1, 400 to 1, 500 words. speaks in a clear tone to be easily understood by others. his sentences are often linked with few past tense verbs, such as drank & went or a continuous tense ending with \u2018 ing \u2019 for e. g. drawing. he can tell simple stories, count around eight to ten objects and be able to list names of four colours. a child may also be able to draw a simple picture representing a human being with two or four body parts. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49466303099294856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4063e46-1108-45a7-b8ae-05e35f671f11>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.388403"}
{"text": ". g. drawing. he can tell simple stories, count around eight to ten objects and be able to list names of four colours. a child may also be able to draw a simple picture representing a human being with two or four body parts. | | a child around 4 years of age also begins to develop understanding of the following concepts : - | - number and space concepts - more, less, smaller, bigger, under, behind. - similar and different things. - past, present and future but cannot understand the duration. | his developing intellect also allows him to believe that pictures in books do represent real objects. he begins to differentiate the different textures of the objects. he begins to understand that his mum stores food in the refrigerator and keeps his clothes in the cupboard. thus he becomes more familiar with common household items like furniture and fridge. | | parents often tend to forewarn a particular behaviour of their children by threatening them through tales of monsters. so many a times it becomes quite apparent in their fears for darkness or a fictitious monster old man hidden in that closet. a child \u2019 s problem solving ability also begins to develop at around this age. | | being slow does not mean your child is facing any major developmental concern. it might be so that he is scaling up in some other area of development and would steadily catch up to that of where earlier he was lagging behind. discuss the alarming issues with your child \u2019 s doctor. as a parent, always focus on providing ample opportunities that fosters your child \u2019 s developmental skills. | - use new words and phrases in conversations. - let your child enjoy the mess with some colours. draw a picture, let him hold the colour brush or crayon and paint the picture or the paper in his own way. he would thus be able to express his own ideas or thoughts freely. - make play time an opportunity to interact with fellow children of his age. | it is quite obvious that in the process your child may or may not be able to accomplish a certain activity completely and successfully. but what really counts is giving him that conducive space for exploring his creative instincts and self expression. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5124453114851362, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4063e46-1108-45a7-b8ae-05e35f671f11>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.389399"}
{"text": "ankylosaurus ( ) [ key ], [ gr., = crooked lizard ], genus of heavily armored, herbivorous quadripedal dinosaurs, the best known of which is the species a. magniventris, the largest and heaviest of the ankylosaurs. sturdy and built low to the ground, the largest ankylosaurs are estimated to have been 33 ft ( 10 m ) from head to tail. ankylosaurus was covered by tough, rounded bony plates that were keeled, like the bottom of an overturned boat. bony plates were also embedded in the upper eyelids. the dinosaur was characterized by a large club of fused plates that it carried aloft at the end of the tail. the vertebrae of the end of the tail were fused to support the club, which is thought to have been used in defense. like other ornithischian dinosaurs, ankylosaurus was beaked. it also had small teeth toward the back of the jaws and an intricate system of nasal sinuses, the purpose of which is unclear. ankylosaurus flourished in the late cretaceous period. specimens have been found in montana, wyoming, and in the red deer river area of alberta, canada. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on ankylosaurus from infoplease : see more encyclopedia articles on : vertebrate zoology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5107570897153785, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73f34950-2cea-4dc6-b4c7-87bc58fb39ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.390990"}
{"text": "all posts by scott andes this november, california voters will be asked to decide whether food that has been \u201c genetically modified ( gm ) \u201d should come with a special gm label. proponents of proposition 37, or the \u201c right to know \u201d initiative, argue that \u201c in a democratic, free - market society, consumers get to make informed choices about what we eat and feed our families, \u201d i. e., a gm label will help consumers make informed choices. sounds simple enough. what could possibly be the downside to a small label that presumably enables greater consumer decision making? first, labels such as this are never about education and open consumer choice, but about limiting people \u2019 s interest in harmful substance. labels are one of many public policies that aim to \u201c nudge \u201d consumer behavior away from a product. as richard thaler and cass sunstein outline in their well - known book nudge, consumers are fickle, uncertain, and look for cues to make decisions. thaler and sunstein use the example of putting fruit first in cafeteria lines. because people irrationally fill up their trays with things at the beginning of cafeteria lines, one way to \u201c nudge \u201d people to eat healthy is to put healthy food first. mandatory labels \u2026 read the rest the food and drug administration seems to be moving closer to approving genetically modified salmon for sale in the united states. while 80 to 90 percent of corn and cotton in the united states are genetically modified ( gm ) this would be the first time a gm animal is sold for human consumption. the fish developed by aquabounty technologies has an added growth gene that enables it to grow twice as fast and fifty percent larger. opponents, ranging from fishermen and their regional elected officials to environmentalists and religious groups, have begun calling aquabounty \u2019 s salmon \u201c frankenfish \u201d and claiming that a gm fish would endanger consumers, infect local stocks, destroy the environmental ecosystem, and generally constitute playing god. two pieces of legislation have been introduced in congress that would either ban the fish outright or require a \u201c transgenic \u201d label. read the rest many of the facts relating to the globalization of intellectual property ( ip ) theft over the last decade are not debatable. for example, ip theft has decreased the market share of u. s. firms and destroyed or prevented the creation of millions of u. s. jobs. while currently 18 million americas are employed in ip - intensive industries, the u. s. economy loses over $ 20 billion annually to ip theft and in 2007 ip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47797283835668136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2e93130-b3d2-4ac4-9143-2368761539bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.396471"}
{"text": "s. firms and destroyed or prevented the creation of millions of u. s. jobs. while currently 18 million americas are employed in ip - intensive industries, the u. s. economy loses over $ 20 billion annually to ip theft and in 2007 ip theft reduced global trade by 5 to 7 percent. however once one gets beyond a simple fact - based analysis the debate over ip theft becomes more contentious. specifically when it comes to policy prescriptions such as the true societal cost of ip theft, enforcement strategies and stakeholders rights, there is significant disagreement. one of the most contentious elements of ip theft is how to deal with developing countries. as technology spreads to emerging markets, specifically in eastern europe and asia, faster than legal frameworks to prosecute ip violations, theft has steadily risen. for example, although emerging markets only account for 20 percent of the software market, they make up 45 percent of software piracy. china is a particular conspicuous violator. according to the \u2026 read the rest budget cutting fever has officially reached the uk. last week chancellor of exchequer george osborne announced that the government would be cutting spending by \u00a383 billion ( on average 19 percent of agency budgets ) and increasing taxes by \u00a329 billion a year to reduce britain \u2019 s \u00a3245 billion deficit. as usual, there is no consensus amongst economists what the economic effects of the budget cuts will be. some argue doing so is a timely and necessary step towards austerity while others warn with the uk economy expected to only grow at a lackluster rate of 1. 2 percent this year now is not the time to risk damping demand through budget cuts and the job cuts associated with them. but as itif has argued in the past ( here, here and here ), when it comes to deficit reduction, the devil is in the details. while fiscal discipline can help spur growth, it \u2019 s only if it doesn \u2019 t come at the expense of key investments to support innovation and productivity growth. sacrificing programs and policies that support innovation does more harm than good. so how will \u2026 read the rest last month the world economic forum released its 2010 - 2011 global competitiveness report. among the 131 countries analyzed, the united states ranks fourth overall for global competitiveness ( down from ranking second in 2009 and first in 2008 ) but ranks number one for innovation. such a finding should comfort policy analysts and policy makers who have long augured america is losing its innovation edge. it seems, while we could do better in overall global competiveness, when it comes to innovation the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4293326649188851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2e93130-b3d2-4ac4-9143-2368761539bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.397505"}
{"text": "ranks number one for innovation. such a finding should comfort policy analysts and policy makers who have long augured america is losing its innovation edge. it seems, while we could do better in overall global competiveness, when it comes to innovation the united states is the gold standard. all is well. but what are studies like the global competitiveness report actually measuring? according the methodology section of the report, over two - thirds of the indicators are derived from what the wef calls the \u201c executive opinion study. \u201d the survey asks business leaders throughout the world questions such as, \u201c how would you rate the protection of property rights, including financial assets, in your country? [ 1 = very weak ; 7 = very strong ]. \u201d for the report \u2019 s innovation subsection only one of the indicators \u2014 utility patents per million population \u2014 is based on hard data. the wef argues surveys help form qualitative data for metrics that hard data are otherwise unavailable. \u2026 read the rest budget deficits are emerging as one of washington \u2019 s chief economic obsessions, with both liberal and conservative economic camps opining about the deficit \u2019 s effect on the economy. robert samuelson \u2019 s recent column in the washington post describes how the major economic doctrines \u2014 particularly keynesian and monetarists ( or supply - siders ) \u2014 interpret the fiscal impact of budget deficits. keynesians believe budget deficits ( either from increased spending or reduced taxes ) can stimulate the economy, leading to more demand and therefore more jobs. as paul krugman \u2019 s recent arguments have demonstrated, they believe that when unemployment rates are high job creation should not be sacrificed on the altar of deficit reduction. in contrast, many neoclassical economists, especially conservative supply - siders, argue that big government deficits reduce national savings and increase interest rates while also contributing to financial uncertainty and reducing private sector investments. while samuelson rightly points out the differing perspectives of the keynesian and supply - siders, he misses what they have in common. neither of them considers the role of innovation in their growth models or distinguishes between spending and investment. and with this omission they fail to see what particular types of deficit spending can be harmful to the economy \u2026 read the rest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49996730974962267, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2e93130-b3d2-4ac4-9143-2368761539bf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.399972"}
{"text": "\" that ' s not what i meant \" : human communication is fraught with misinterpretation. written out in longhand, words and letters can be misread. a telegraph clerk can mistake a dot for a dash. noise will always be with us, but at least a new jqi ( * ) device has established a new standard for reading quantum information with a minimum of uncertainty. success has come by viewing light pulses not with a single passive detector with but an adaptive network of detectors with feedback. the work on jqi ' s new, more assured photonic protocol was led by francisco becerra and carried out in alan migdall ' s jqi lab. they report their results in nature photonics ( * * ). here are some things you need to know to appreciate this development. how to modulate? digital data, in its simplest form, can be read with a process called on - off keying : a detector senses the intensity of incoming bursts of electrons in wires or photons through fibers and assigns a value of 0 or 1. a more sophisticated approach to modulating a signal ( not merely off / on ) is to encode data in the phase of the pulse. in \" phase - shift keying, \" information is encoded in the amount of phase shift imposed on a carrier wave ; the phase of the wave is how far along the wave cycle you happen to be ( say, at the top of a crest or the bottom of a trough in a sinusoidal, as in this figure ). what kind of alphabet? larger words can be assembled from a small suite of symbols. the roman alphabet has 26 letters, the greek only 24. binary logic, and most transistors, makes do with just a two - letter alphabet. everything is a 0 or a 1, and larger numbers and letters and words are assembled from as many binary bits as are necessary. but what if we enlarged the alphabet from two to four? in quaternary logic more data can be conveyed in a single pulse. the cost of this increase is having to write and read 4 states of modulation ( or 4 symbols ). even more efficient in terms of packing data, but correspondingly more difficult to implement, is logic based on 6 states, or 8, or any higher number. digital data at its most basic - - - at the level of transistor - - - remains in binary form, but for communicating this data, higher number alphabets can be used. in fact, high - definition television delivery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.7027518527125273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36bff55d-91aa-43fb-ad89-0f9a2f3528c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.408107"}
{"text": "any higher number. digital data at its most basic - - - at the level of transistor - - - remains in binary form, but for communicating this data, higher number alphabets can be used. in fact, high - definition television delivery already involves high - level logic. no matter what kind of logic is used, errors creep in. a detector doesn ' t just unequivocally measure a 0 or a 1. the reading process is imperfect. and even worse, the state of the light pulse is inherently uncertain, and that is a real problem when the light pulses belong to a set of overlapping states. this is illustrated in the figure below for binary and quaternary phase states. on the left side of the figure, the measurement of the phase of a light pulse is depicted, where there are only two choices. is the pulse in the alpha state or the \u2013 alpha state? because the tails of one overlap the other there is a slight ambiguity that leads to uncertainty in which state a measurement indicates. on the right, four possible states are depicted on a complex - number graph ( with real ( re ) and imaginary ( im ) axes ). here the overlap of the states is more complicated, but results in similar ambiguities of the measured states, seen mostly near the borders ( decision threshold lines ) between the states. standard quantum limit decades ago communications theory established a minimal uncertainty for the accurate transmission and detection of information encoded in overlapping states. the hypothetical minimal detection error using conventional schemes is called the standard quantum limit and it depends on things like how many photons of light comprise the signal, how many levels ( binary, quaternary, etc. ) need to be read out, and which physical property of light is used to encode the information, such as the phase. but starting in the 1970s with physicist carl w. helstrom, some scientists have felt that the standard quantum limit could be circumvented. the jqi researchers do exactly this by using not a single passive photo - detector, but an active detection process involving a series of stages. at each stage, the current light signal strikes a partially - silvered mirror, which peels off a fraction of the pulse for analysis and the rest goes on to subsequent stages. at each stage the signal is combined with a separate reference oscillator wave used as a phase reference against which the signal phase is determined. this is done by shifting the reference wave by a known amount and letting it interfere with the signal wave at the beamspl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6856920217195108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36bff55d-91aa-43fb-ad89-0f9a2f3528c4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.409197"}
{"text": "the signal is combined with a separate reference oscillator wave used as a phase reference against which the signal phase is determined. this is done by shifting the reference wave by a known amount and letting it interfere with the signal wave at the beamsplitter. by altering that known shift, the interference pattern can reveal something about the phase of the input pulse. by combining many such stages ( see the figure below ) and using information gained by previous stages to adjust the phase of the reference wave in successive stages, a better estimate of the signal phase can be obtained. detecting phase in this adaptive way, and implemented in a feedback manner, the jqi system is able to beat the standard quantum limit for a set of 4 states ( quaternary ) encoding information as a phase. these states are represented as fuzzy distributions arranged at different angles around a circle as seen in the figure above where the angles represent the phase of the light pulses. the jqi noise - reduction achievement is depicted in the graph below. the error rate is plotted as a function of the mean number of photons used to deliver the information. the standard quantum limit ( sql ) is the red line. the light gray line is the sql line if you take into account that individual photon detector stages used were ~ 72 % efficient rather than 100 % ( with the detector efficiencies being 84 %. in the business of detecting single photons, 84 % is top of the line. ) the error probabilities measured for the system ( black points with error bars ) fall well below the quantum limit, by about 6 decibels in the center of the curve. this is equivalent to saying that the jqi receiver is performing better than the sql by a factor of about 4 in determining the phase of an incoming signal. that is, the jqi receiver achieves an error probability that is 4 times lower than the so - called \" standard quantum limit. \" this graph shows results for a system that implements 10 adaptive measurements. the two other lines on the chart show what the expected uncertainty would be for a perfect system ( 100 % efficient detectors ) and without any of the imperfections that would be encountered in any realistic implementation, and a hypothetical ultimate - limit on uncertainty derived by helstrom. to conclude, the jqi photon receiver features an error rate four times lower than perfect conventional receivers, over a wide range of photon number, and with discrimination for four states. the only previous detection below the quantum limit was for a very narrow range of photons and with only a 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.7045490526985547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36bff55d-91aa-43fb-ad89-0f9a2f3528c4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.410287"}
{"text": "receiver features an error rate four times lower than perfect conventional receivers, over a wide range of photon number, and with discrimination for four states. the only previous detection below the quantum limit was for a very narrow range of photons and with only a 2 - state protocol and only slightly below the sql. ( * ) the joint quantum institute ( jqi ) is operated jointly by the national institute of standards and technology in gaithersburg, md and the university of maryland in college park. ( * * ) \" experimental demonstration of a receiver beating the standard quantum limit for multiple nonorthogonal state discrimination, \" by f. e. becerra, j. fan, g. baumgartner, j. goldhar, j. t. kosloski, and a. migdall, nature photonics, published online 6 january 2013. alan migdall, firstname. lastname @ example. org, 301 - 975 - 2331 press contact at jqi : phillip f. schewe, email @ example. com, 301 - 405 - 0989. http : / / jqi. umd. edu / phillip f. schewe | source : eurekalert! further information : www. umd. edu more articles from physics and astronomy : \u201c out of this world \u201d space stethoscope valuable on earth, too 22. 05. 2013 | johns hopkins storms on uranus, neptune confined to upper atmosphere 21. 05. 2013 | university of arizona a fried breakfast food popular in spain provided the inspiration for the development of doughnut - shaped droplets that may provide scientists with a new approach for studying fundamental issues in physics, mathematics and materials. the doughnut - shaped droplets, a shape known as toroidal, are formed from two dissimilar liquids using a simple rotating stage and an injection needle. about a millimeter in overall size, the droplets are produced individually, their shapes maintained by a surrounding springy material made of polymers. droplets in this toroidal shape made... frauhofer fep will present a novel roll - to - roll manufacturing process for high - barriers and functional films for flexible displays at the sid displayweek 2013 in vancouver \u2013 the international showcase for the display industry. displays that are flexible and paper thin at the same time?! what might still seem like science fiction will be a major topic at the sid display week 2013 that currently takes place in vancouver in canada. high manufacturing cost and a short lifetime are still a major", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6514855667232085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36bff55d-91aa-43fb-ad89-0f9a2f3528c4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.411552"}
{"text": "that are flexible and paper thin at the same time?! what might still seem like science fiction will be a major topic at the sid display week 2013 that currently takes place in vancouver in canada. high manufacturing cost and a short lifetime are still a major obstacle on... university of wurzburg physicists have succeeded in creating a new type of laser. its operation principle is completely different from conventional devices, which opens up the possibility of a significantly reduced energy input requirement. the researchers report their work in the current issue of nature. it also emits light the waves of which are in phase with one another : the polariton laser, developed... innsbruck physicists led by rainer blatt and peter zoller experimentally gained a deep insight into the nature of quantum mechanical phase transitions. they are the first scientists that simulated the competition between two rival dynamical processes at a novel type of transition between two quantum mechanical orders. they have published the results of their work in the journal nature physics. \u201c when water boils, its molecules are released as vapor. we call this... researchers have shown that, by using global positioning systems ( gps ) to measure ground deformation caused by a large underwater earthquake, they can provide accurate warning of the resulting tsunami in just a few minutes after the earthquake onset. for the devastating japan 2011 event, the team reveals that the analysis of the gps data and issue of a detailed tsunami alert would have taken no more than three minutes. the results are published on 17 may in natural hazards and earth system sciences, an open access journal of... 22. 05. 2013 | life sciences 22. 05. 2013 | ecology, the environment and conservation 22. 05. 2013 | earth sciences 17. 05. 2013 | event news 15. 05. 2013 | event news 08. 05. 2013 | event news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.672377106006917, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36bff55d-91aa-43fb-ad89-0f9a2f3528c4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.412483"}
{"text": "| | | medical myths | | | do alternative treatments and vitamin supplements work? march 11, 2013 by robert h. shmerling, m. d. beth israel deaconess medical center in recent years, the popularity of complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ) and vitamin therapy has increased dramatically. this led the national institutes of health ( nih ) to create the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ). it provides funding a lot of funding to study many of these treatments. fourteen years and more than $ 3 billion later, what have we learned? as you might predict, it ' s a bit of a mixed picture. well - designed research studies found that some treatments were effective. but most of the funded studies found no benefit for an array of popular treatments. back to top treatments that work well - designed studies have found only a few cam treatments to be beneficial : - ginger for nausea associated with chemotherapy - acupuncture for knee arthritis or low back pain ( although studies of sham acupuncture for back pain found similar benefit to actual acupuncture ) - yoga, massage and meditation for fatigue, pain and anxiety - tai chi for fibromyalgia back to top treatments that don ' t work the disappointing truth is that most of the nccam - funded trials have found no evidence of benefit ( as compared with a placebo ) for some of the most commonly accepted treatments. these include : - echinacea to treat colds - ginkgo biloba to improve memory - glucosamine and chondroitin to improve joint health - black cohosh for hot flashes - saw palmetto for prostate disease - shark cartilage to treat cancer - soy for improving bone density yet, people spend millions of dollars a year for these treatments. creating the nccam was, at first, controversial. many scientists who are skeptical of cam wondered why we should spend scarce research dollars to study these treatments. they had little or no \" biologic plausibility \" the idea that the association makes biologic sense. and for many of the treatments studied, there had been little or no scientific evidence of benefit. after all, the nih typically uses biologic plausibility and at least preliminary scientific evidence as starting points to make funding decisions. but supporters of studying cam argued that the popularity of these treatments made it imperative that we study them. the largely negative findings could affect the future of the nccam. still, every negative study has limitations that could justify additional study. for example, there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4745672882890344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d109e79-a8b8-43a6-86a9-cc852db8cbaa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.422942"}
{"text": "supporters of studying cam argued that the popularity of these treatments made it imperative that we study them. the largely negative findings could affect the future of the nccam. still, every negative study has limitations that could justify additional study. for example, there are more than 100 brands of black cohosh. a negative study using one does not necessarily prove that other brands are ineffective for hot flashes. back to top health claims for vitamins several recent studies have called into question the health claims of taking vitamins. for example : - multivitamin use did not reduce the risk of cancer or heart disease among postmenopausal women. - calcium and vitamin d did not reduce women ' s risk of breast cancer or bone fractures. - vitamin e, vitamin c and selenium did not lower men ' s risk of prostate cancer or other cancers. however, not all vitamin studies have been negative. for example, trials of a combination of antioxidants ( vitamin c, vitamin e, beta - carotene and zinc ) concluded that they were somewhat helpful in preventing severe macular degeneration in older adults at high risk for this condition. and, of course, individual circumstances may make one or more vitamins particularly helpful. examples include : - pregnant women should take folic acid, as it dramatically reduces the risk of birth defects. - people with osteoporosis and a diet low in calcium and vitamin d should take these supplements. - anyone whose nutrition is questionable should take a multivitamin as a bit of insurance that they ' re getting the vitamins they need. for many people taking supplements, the results of these studies may not matter. in fact, people seem content to perform \" n of 1 \" trials. in research studies, the letter \" n \" refers to the number of research subjects enrolled. in an \" n of 1 \" trial, there is only one person in the study. for example, researchers may treat a person with arthritis with a different pain reliever each week. they rate the effectiveness of each medicine to see if one medicine is clearly better or worse than another. in \" real life \" ( as opposed to research trials ), we do this all the time. we try a medication and if it seems to work, we tend to stick with it. if it doesn ' t work, we try something else. many people care little about research findings. they care only about their own experience with a particular treatment. that ' s understandable. a given treatment may not work well on average for a group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4842161653111798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d109e79-a8b8-43a6-86a9-cc852db8cbaa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.423899"}
{"text": "if it doesn ' t work, we try something else. many people care little about research findings. they care only about their own experience with a particular treatment. that ' s understandable. a given treatment may not work well on average for a group of people. but it may help some individual people in the group feel better. back to top are the studies worth funding? was the nccam ' s $ 3 billion well spent? skeptics of cam would say no because : - most studies have been negative. - the negative results could have been predicted based on lack of biologic plausibility and lack of preliminary data showing effectiveness. - these billions of dollars would have been better spent on other, more pressing diseases, such as aids, cancer and heart disease. - funding studies of cam should not be a priority for governmental agencies, such as the nih. let others fund these studies. supporters of cam or the nccam might say that these studies were worthwhile and appropriate because : - it ' s in the interest of public health to know whether cam approaches are safe and effective. - some treatments that turn out to be effective had little biological plausibility when first used. one example that comes to mind is gold injections for rheumatoid arthritis. - governmental agencies are in the best position to evaluate and fund research proposals of cam. - as a major purchaser of health care ( through medicare, medicaid and other government - based health care insurers ), the government has an interest in knowing whether cam approaches are safe and effective. - if this research is left to other funding sources, the results may not be as readily accepted. for example, a study funded and performed by proponents or practitioners of cam might be viewed as tainted or biased. i think there are valid points on both sides of the issue. in my view, the nccam serves a useful purpose. but, clearly it should be highly selective about the studies it chooses to fund. grants approved by nccam to study treatments without a biological foundation ( such as prayer for weight loss ) are unlikely to provide definitive findings. studies of vitamins are a bit easier for me to justify. most vitamins are compounds known to serve some physiologic role in the body. as a result, it is biologically plausible that vitamins might help to treat or prevent illness. identifying which vitamins and which doses are helpful for which diseases seems a worthy goal, regardless of the funding source. back to top the bottom line i have long agreed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4876910628046408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d109e79-a8b8-43a6-86a9-cc852db8cbaa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.424887"}
{"text": "adenocarcinoma of the lung what is it? adenocarcinoma of the lung is a type of lung cancer. it occurs when abnormal lung cells multiply out of control and form a tumor. eventually, tumor cells can spread ( metastasize ) to other parts of the body including the : - lymph nodes around and between the lungs - adrenal glands compared with other types of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma is more likely to be contained in one area. if it is truly localized, it may respond to treatment better than other lung cancers. adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer. it ' s generally found in smokers. however, it is the most common type of lung cancer in nonsmokers. it is also the most common form of lung cancer in women and people younger than 45. as with other forms of lung cancer, your risk of adenocarcinoma increases if you : - smoke. smoking cigarettes is by far the leading risk factor for lung cancer. in fact, cigarette smokers are 13 times more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers. cigar and pipe smoking are almost as likely to cause lung cancer as cigarette smoking. - breathe tobacco smoke. nonsmokers who inhale fumes from cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking have an increased risk of lung cancer. - are exposed to radon gas. radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas formed in the ground. it seeps into the lower floors of homes and other buildings and can contaminate drinking water. radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer. it ' s not clear whether elevated radon levels contribute to lung cancer in nonsmokers. but radon exposure does contribute to increased rates of lung cancer in smokers and in people who regularly breathe high amounts of the gas ( miners, for example ). you can test radon levels in your home with a radon testing kit. - are exposed to asbestos. asbestos is a mineral used in insulation, fireproofing materials, floor and ceiling tiles, automobile brake linings, and other products. people exposed to asbestos on the job ( miners, construction workers, shipyard workers, and some auto mechanics ) have a higher - than - normal risk of lung cancer. people who live or work in buildings with asbestos - containing materials that are deteriorating also have an increased risk of lung cancer. in addition to having a higher risk of adenocarcinoma, people who have been exposed to asbestos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4630619268991665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6228cad-b768-4c4f-b9ae-ab3c78f80b97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.440221"}
{"text": "risk of lung cancer. people who live or work in buildings with asbestos - containing materials that are deteriorating also have an increased risk of lung cancer. in addition to having a higher risk of adenocarcinoma, people who have been exposed to asbestos have a greater risk of developing mesothelioma. this is a type of cancer that starts in the tissue surrounding the lungs. - are exposed to other cancer - causing agents at work. these include uranium, arsenic, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. all lung cancers, including adenocarcinoma, have similar symptoms. they include : - a cough that doesn ' t go away - coughing up blood or mucus - shortness of breath - trouble breathing - chest pain - discomfort when swallowing - weight loss - poor appetite if the cancer has spread beyond the lungs, it can cause other symptoms. for example, you may have bone pain if it has spread to your bones. many of these symptoms can be caused by other conditions. see your doctor if you have symptoms so that the problem can be diagnosed and properly treated. your doctor will start by taking your health history. he or she will ask about your smoking habits and whether you live with a smoker. your doctor also will ask whether you may have been exposed to asbestos or other cancer - causing agents at work. next, he or she will order imaging tests to check your lungs for masses. in most cases, a chest x - ray will be done first. if the x - ray shows anything suspicious, a computed tomography ( ct ) scan will be done. as the scanner moves around you, it takes many pictures. a computer then combines the images. this creates a more detailed image of the lungs, allowing doctors to confirm the size and location of a mass or tumor. you may also have a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scan or a positron emission tomography ( pet ) scan. mri scans provide detailed pictures of the body ' s organs, but they use radio waves and magnets to create the images, not x - rays. pet scans look at the function of tissue rather than anatomy. lung cancer tends to show intense metabolic activity on a pet scan. some medical centers offer combined pet - ct scanning. if cancer is suspected based on these images, more tests will be done to make the diagnosis, determine the type of cancer, and see if it has spread. these tests may include the following : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4603860802580022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6228cad-b768-4c4f-b9ae-ab3c78f80b97>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.442364"}
{"text": "some medical centers offer combined pet - ct scanning. if cancer is suspected based on these images, more tests will be done to make the diagnosis, determine the type of cancer, and see if it has spread. these tests may include the following : - sputum sample. coughed - up mucus is checked for cancer cells. - biopsy. a sample of abnormal lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope in a laboratory. the tissue is often obtained during a bronchoscopy. however, surgery may be necessary to expose the suspicious area. - bronchoscopy. during this procedure, a tube - like instrument is passed down the throat and into the lungs. a camera on the end of the tube allows doctors to look for cancer and to remove a small piece of tissue for a biopsy. - mediastinoscopy. in this procedure, a tube - like instrument is used to biopsy lymph nodes or masses between the lungs. ( this area is called the mediastinum. ) a biopsy obtained this way can diagnose the type of lung cancer and determine whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes. - fine - needle aspiration. with a ct scan, a suspicious area can be identified. a tiny needle is then inserted into that part of the lung. the needle removes a bit of tissue for examination in a laboratory. the type of cancer can then be diagnosed. - thoracentesis. if there is fluid build - up in the chest, it can be drained with a sterile needle. the fluid is then checked for cancer cells. - vats ( video - assisted thoracoscopy ). in this procedure, a surgeon inserts a flexible tube with a video camera on the end into the chest through an incision. he or she can then look for cancer in the space between the lungs and the chest wall. abnormal lung tissue can also be removed. - ct, pet, and bone scans. these imaging tests can detect lung cancer that has spread to the brain, bones, or other parts of the body. after the cancer has been diagnosed, it is assigned a \" stage. \" the stage indicates the tumor ' s size and how far it has spread. stages i through iii are further divided into \" a \" and \" b \" categories. stage i tumors are small and have not invaded surrounding tissues. stage ii and iii tumors have invaded surrounding tissues and / or organs and have spread to lymph nodes. stage iv tumors have spread beyond the chest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4905198905189323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6228cad-b768-4c4f-b9ae-ab3c78f80b97>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.443881"}
{"text": "\" and \" b \" categories. stage i tumors are small and have not invaded surrounding tissues. stage ii and iii tumors have invaded surrounding tissues and / or organs and have spread to lymph nodes. stage iv tumors have spread beyond the chest. adenocarcinoma of the lung will continue to grow and spread until it is treated. to reduce your risk of adenocarcinoma and other forms of lung cancer : - don ' t smoke. if you already smoke, talk to your doctor about getting the help you need to quit. - avoid secondhand smoke. choose smoke - free restaurants and hotels. ask guests to smoke outdoors, especially if there are children in your home. - reduce exposure to radon. have your home checked for radon gas. a radon level above 4 picocuries / liter is unsafe. if you have a private well, have your drinking water checked, too. kits to test for radon are widely available. - reduce exposure to asbestos. because there is no safe level of asbestos exposure, any exposure is too much. if you have an older home, check to see if any insulation or other asbestos - containing material is exposed or deteriorating. the asbestos in these areas must be professionally removed or sealed up. if the removal isn ' t done properly, you may be exposed to more asbestos than you would have been if it has been left alone. people who work with asbestos - containing materials should use approved measures to limit their exposure and to prevent bringing asbestos dust home on their clothing. treatment depends on the cancer ' s stage as well as the patient ' s condition, lung function, and other factors. ( some patients may have other lung conditions, such as emphysema or copd - - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ) if the cancer has not spread, surgery is usually the treatment of choice. there are three types of surgery : - wedge resection removes only a small part of the lung. - lobectomy removes one lobe of the lung. - pneumonectomy removes an entire lung. lymph nodes are also removed and examined to see if the cancer has spread. some surgeons use video - assisted thoracoscopy ( vats ) to remove small, early - stage tumors, especially if the tumors are near the outer edge of the lung. ( vats can also be used to diagnose lung cancer. ) because the incisions for vats are small, this technique is less invasive than a traditional \" open \" procedure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41739020959308587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6228cad-b768-4c4f-b9ae-ab3c78f80b97>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.444800"}
{"text": "the tumors are near the outer edge of the lung. ( vats can also be used to diagnose lung cancer. ) because the incisions for vats are small, this technique is less invasive than a traditional \" open \" procedure. because surgery will remove part or all of a lung, breathing may be more difficult afterwards, especially in patients with other lung conditions ( emphysema, for example ). doctors can test lung function prior to surgery and predict how it might be affected by surgery. depending on how far the cancer has spread, treatment may include chemotherapy ( the use of anticancer drugs ) and radiation therapy. these may be given before and / or after surgery. when the tumor has spread significantly, chemotherapy may be recommended to slow its growth, even if it cannot cure the disease. chemotherapy has been shown to ease symptoms and prolong life in cases of advanced lung cancer. radiation therapy can relieve symptoms, too. it is often used to treat lung cancer that has spread to the brain or bones and is causing pain. it can also be used alone or with chemotherapy to treat the lung cancer that is confined to the chest. people who may not withstand surgery due to other serious medical problems may receive radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy, to shrink the tumor. in specialized cancer centers, cancerous tissue may be tested for specific genetic abnormalities ( mutations ). doctors may then be able to treat the cancer with a \" targeted therapy. \" these therapies can derail the cancer ' s growth by preventing or changing chemical reactions linked to particular mutations. for example, some target therapies prevent cancer cells from receiving chemical \" messages \" telling them to grow. knowing about specific genetic mutations can help predict which therapy will be best. this strategy can be especially helpful in certain patients, such as women with adenocarcinoma of the lung who have never smoked. even after treatment has been completed, lung cancer patients must return for regular follow - up appointments. even if the cancer was initially \" cured, \" it can return months or even years later. when to call a professional call your doctor promptly if you have any symptoms of lung cancer, especially if you smoke or have been exposed to asbestos. the outlook depends on the cancer ' s stage and the patient ' s overall health. in general, the prognosis is poor, especially if the lung cancer has spread beyond the chest or has invaded lymph nodes between the lungs. adenocarcinoma of the lung can only be cured if the entire tumor is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46330398394980565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6228cad-b768-4c4f-b9ae-ab3c78f80b97>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.445751"}
{"text": "what is it? thyroid cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the thyroid gland. the thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly. it is located under the adam ' s apple in the front of the neck. most cases of thyroid cancer can be cured. one of the functions of the thyroid gland is to make thyroid hormone, which requires iodine. the gland collects iodine from foods, concentrates it and produces thyroid hormone. doctors often exploit this important function when treating thyroid cancer. thyroid hormone helps regulate the body ' s metabolism and energy level. an overactive thyroid can lead to hyperactivity, the \" jitters \" and an irregular heart rhythm. an underactive thyroid, fatigue and sluggishness. cancer can affect the thyroid and cause these changes. nestled against the thyroid gland are four very small glands called parathyroid glands. they play a role in regulating the body ' s use of calcium. the nerve that controls the voice box is also very close to the thyroid. if you need a thyroid operation, your surgeon needs to identify and avoid damaging these structures. if the voice box nerve is damaged, for example, your voice may sound hoarse permanently. the thyroid has two types of cells. they produce hormones that help regulate body functions : - follicular cells produce a thyroid hormone called thyroxine, or t - 4. it controls the body ' s metabolism and may affect the function of various organs. - c - cells, also called parafollicular cells, produce calcitonin. this hormone helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood. there are five types of thyroid cancers : - papillary carcinoma ( papillary adenocarcinoma ). this is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for 75 % of thyroid cancers. it develops from follicular cells and usually grows slowly. in most cases, the cancer only affects one of the thyroid gland ' s two lobes, but it can affect both. papillary carcinoma often spreads to nearby lymph nodes in the neck. it can also spread to other parts of the body. - follicular carcinoma. the second - most - common type of thyroid cancer, follicular carcinoma starts in follicular cells. it often affects just the thyroid gland, but it can spread to other parts of the body, especially the lungs and bone. only about one - third of tumors beginning in follicular cells are cancerous. some thyroid cancers are mixtures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48643394828428427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:936d128d-a893-433c-a162-f4a17c48f4d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.457062"}
{"text": "cells. it often affects just the thyroid gland, but it can spread to other parts of the body, especially the lungs and bone. only about one - third of tumors beginning in follicular cells are cancerous. some thyroid cancers are mixtures of papillary and follicular cells. - hurthle cell neoplasm ( follicular adenocarcinoma ). this poorly understood cancer seems similar to follicular carcinoma. - anaplastic carcinoma ( undifferentiated thyroid cancer ). this is the rarest form of thyroid cancer, and it has the worst prognosis. scientists believe that it develops from existing papillary or follicular carcinoma. anaplastic carcinoma is aggressive, spreading quickly to other parts of the body. because the thyroid is so close to the wind pipe ( trachea ), patients with this type of cancer may experience sudden shortness of breath. they may need to have a tube inserted into the windpipe to help them breathe. - medullary thyroid carcinoma ( mtc ). this is the only type of thyroid cancer that develops from the c - cells. it can spread to the lymph nodes, the lungs and the liver before an abnormal lump in the thyroid has even been detected. mtc produces the hormone calcitonin, as well as a protein called carcinoembryonic antigen ( cea ). both of these chemicals are released into the blood. there are two main types of mtc : sporadic mtc ( 80 % of all mtc cases ) is not inherited. it usually develops in only one thyroid lobe. familial mtc ( 20 % of cases ) can affect several generations of the same family. rarely, tumors arising from connective tissue ( sarcomas ) and lymph nodes ( lymphomas ) can start in the thyroid gland. they are treated differently than other thyroid cancers. although scientists have not identified the exact cause of thyroid cancer, some studies have shown that people exposed to nuclear fallout or nuclear power plant accidents have a higher risk of developing thyroid cancer. in part, this is due to the presence of radioactive iodine. because the thyroid has an attraction for iodine, the thyroid tissue accumulates this radioactive substance. over time, it may cause cancer. others who have a higher risk of thyroid cancer include people who : - received high - dose radiation for acne or swollen adenoids as a child - have a diet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44453998182919957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:936d128d-a893-433c-a162-f4a17c48f4d6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.458067"}
{"text": "the thyroid tissue accumulates this radioactive substance. over time, it may cause cancer. others who have a higher risk of thyroid cancer include people who : - received high - dose radiation for acne or swollen adenoids as a child - have a diet that ' s very low in iodine - have certain medical conditions, such as cowden ' s disease and familial polyposis individuals who have received radiation therapy to the chest ( to treat hodgkin ' s disease, for example ) have an increased incidence of thyroid abnormalities, including cancer. this is even more likely if the thyroid was included in the radiation field. such people will need life - long follow up to assess thyroid function and check for cancer. some forms of thyroid cancer are inherited. these occur alone ( inherited mtc ) or as part of a familial cancer syndrome known as multiple endocrine neoplasia ( men ) type 2. patients with men - 2 develop tumors in other parts of the body, such as the adrenal gland and peripheral nervous system. some forms of thyroid cancer may be caused by genetic changes ( mutations ) that occur after birth. thyroid cancer is rare, accounting for only a small percentage of all cancers. however, it does strike more women than men. usually, a lump in the neck is the only symptom of thyroid cancer. when other symptoms occur, they may include : - pain in the neck that may shoot up into the ears - difficulty swallowing - difficulty breathing - a persistent cough often, a patient has no symptoms ; the disease is diagnosed based on a test done for another reason. having some of these symptoms does not mean you have thyroid cancer. symptoms can be caused by other conditions. if you have symptoms, see your doctor so that the problem can be diagnosed and treated. your doctor will examine you, feeling your neck to evaluate the size and firmness of the thyroid and to check for lumps and enlarged lymph nodes. your doctor also may order the following tests and procedures : - thyroid ultrasound. in this test, sound waves, not x - rays, create images of the thyroid. the pictures can help your doctor determine whether a lump is a cyst or a tumor. - fine - needle aspiration ( fna ) of a thyroid nodule. if your doctor finds a thyroid nodule in your neck, he or she can determine if it is cancerous by doing an fna. during this procedure, he or she injects a local anesthetic to numb the skin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46797771898379437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:936d128d-a893-433c-a162-f4a17c48f4d6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.459161"}
{"text": "nodule. if your doctor finds a thyroid nodule in your neck, he or she can determine if it is cancerous by doing an fna. during this procedure, he or she injects a local anesthetic to numb the skin over the nodule. next, he or she inserts a thin needle into the nodule to withdraw cells and fluid. these samples are sent to a laboratory and examined under a microscope. in most cases, fna shows that the nodule is not cancerous ( benign ). only a small percentage fna samples are cancerous. in some cases, the findings are suspicious, meaning that cancer may be present. - blood calcitonin test. your doctor will order this test if he or she suspects mtc. - thyroid scan. for this test, you swallow a small amount of a radioactive substance or have it injected into a vein. your thyroid gland soaks up the chemical. a special camera positioned next to your neck measures the amount of radioactive chemicals in the thyroid. these scans can help doctors to determine whether a nodule in the gland is actively producing thyroid hormone. if it is producing the hormone, cancer is less likely. if you have thyroid cancer, this test may determine whether it has spread to other parts of your body, especially after the thyroid gland has been removed surgically. - computed tomography ( ct ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). ct uses a modified x - ray beam to make cross - sectional images of the thyroid gland and nearby structures. mri also creates cross - sectional, computer - generated images of the thyroid gland and nearby structures, but it uses large magnets and radio waves, not x - rays. ct scans have become a common way to assess many medical conditions. because the neck is imaged as part of an abdominal scan, thyroid cancer may be detected even though the test was done for another reason. thyroid cancer can develop slowly, remaining undetected for years. like other cancers, it will continue to grow until treated. many people have no risk factors for thyroid cancer but develop it anyway. that ' s why this cancer usually can ' t be prevented. however, genetic blood tests can be used to identify people who have a high risk of developing the familial types of mtc. when inherited mtc strikes one family member, all family members can be tested. those who test positive but have no symptoms of thyroid cancer may decide to have their thyroid removed to prevent the disease. after surgery, these patients need to take thyroid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4734312986710887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:936d128d-a893-433c-a162-f4a17c48f4d6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.460560"}
{"text": "sickle cell anemia what is it? sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder. chronic destruction of red blood cells episodes of intense pain vulnerability to infections in some cases, early death hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. people with sickle cell anemia have a type of hemoglobin that forms long rods. the long rods stretch the red blood cells into long, abnormal \" sickle \" shapes. in contrast, normal red blood cells are disc - shaped. sickle - shaped red blood cells cannot easily pass through the body ' s blood vessels. instead, they clog blood vessels. they block the flow of blood and cut off the oxygen supply to tissues and organs. this lack of oxygen can damage the body ' s organs and limbs. it causes severe pain in any affected area. sickled blood cells last only 10 to 20 days in the bloodstream. a normal red cell ' s lifespan is 120 days. so, sickling causes chronic anemia - - an abnormally low level of red blood cells. the spleen is an organ that helps clear infections. sickle cell disease damages the spleen. by the time a child with sickle cell anemia is 4 years old, the spleen has usually stopped functioning. as a result, people with sickle cell disease have an increased risk of developing life - threatening infections. to have fully developed sickle cell anemia, you must inherit one gene for the illness from each parent. sometimes a person inherits only one sickle cell gene from one parent. this person is said to have sickle cell \" trait \" rather than sickle cell anemia. people with sickle cell trait usually have no symptoms. but, they can pass the gene to their children. symptoms of sickle cell anemia include : fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin and fingernails due to anemia recurrent bouts of pain in the abdomen, chest, back, arms or legs a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes slowed growth and delayed puberty in children eye problems, including blindness when sickled red cells block blood vessels, the oxygen supply to body cells is obstructed. this causes painful episodes called crises. painful sickle cell crises can affect many different joints and organs. the back, chest, extremities and abdomen are affected most commonly. the level of pain varies, from trivial to excruciating. the episodes typically last from two to seven days. in about half the cases, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5093914113879993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73bb7a8e-dbdb-484c-a5c9-9e661e5a799f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.470109"}
{"text": "and organs. the back, chest, extremities and abdomen are affected most commonly. the level of pain varies, from trivial to excruciating. the episodes typically last from two to seven days. in about half the cases, the pain crisis is accompanied by : high blood pressure fast heart rate these painful episodes can be triggered by many things. triggers include : but the majority of events have no identifiable cause. your doctor will ask you about : he or she then will perform a physical examination. it will focus on your heart, lungs, joints, eyes and neurological system. blood tests will be done. a complete blood count ( cbc ) can detect anemia. a microscopic examination of the blood may reveal the characteristic sickled cells. a blood test called hemoglobin electrophoresis confirms the diagnosis. in families with a history of sickle cell anemia, a doctor may screen for the disorder whenever a new baby is born in your family. prenatal screening also can be done. sickle cell anemia is a lifelong condition. there is no way to prevent sickle cell anemia. if sickle cell anemia or sickle cell trait runs in your family, you and your spouse may wish to speak with a genetic counselor. he or she can explain your chances of passing the condition to your children. treatment of sickle cell anemia may include any of the following : folic acid supplements. to ensure that enough of this nutrient is available to make new red blood cells. vaccinations. to prevent infections. you may be vaccinated for : daily antibiotic therapy. to protect against infection in young children. fluids, oxygen and pain - killing medications. to manage episodes of painful crises. blood transfusions. to treat anemia and painful crises. hydroxyurea ( hydrea ). this medication is used in adults. it seems to reduce the need for blood transfusions. it also decreases the frequency of acute chest syndrome and painful crises. routine eye exams. to detect early abnormalities. these can be treated with laser coagulation and other types of eye surgery to prevent vision loss. for some children, a bone marrow transplant may cure their illness. the child has to have a sibling who is a suitable donor. however, this is a high - risk treatment. it is primarily used in those with very severe symptoms. when to call a professional people with sickle cell disease must see their doctor regularly and receive comprehensive care. call the doctor immediately when anyone with sickle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46450879830838393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73bb7a8e-dbdb-484c-a5c9-9e661e5a799f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.471882"}
{"text": "what is it? hydrocephalus, also known as \" water on the brain, \" is a condition in which there is extra cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord. cerebrospinal fluid acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, supplies nutrients, and takes away waste products. hydrocephalus can be present at birth ( congenital ) or can develop later ( acquired ). hydrocephalus can be classified according to its cause : another type of hydrocephalus, called normal pressure hydrocephalus is an acquired type of communicating hydrocephalus in which the ventricles are enlarged but not under high pressure. normal pressure hydrocephalus is seen in older adults. it may be the result of injury or illness, but in the majority of cases the cause is unknown. premature infants born before 34 weeks or weighing less than 4 pounds have a higher risk of blood vessels bleeding in the brain. severe bleeding can lead to acquired hydrocephalus, communicating or non - communicating, depending on the site and extent of the bleeding. the most common symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on the age of onset. in infants, symptoms include : in older children and adults, symptoms include : at any age, symptoms include : congenital hydrocephalus may be diagnosed during a routine prenatal ultrasound, but often is discovered during infancy or early childhood. a doctor may suspect hydrocephalus before other symptoms appear if an infant has a head that seems to be getting larger too rapidly or is larger than would be expected given the baby ' s current weight or length. if the soft spot ( anterior fontanelle ) is still open, an ultrasound of the head can determine if the head is getting larger due to hydrocephalus. if the results of that ultrasound are abnormal, more evaluation is necessary. the doctor will ask questions about the person ' s medical history, and he or she will do a physical and neurological examination. detailed pictures of the brain may be obtained with computed tomography ( ct ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). if these pictures reveal hydrocephalus or other problems, the child or adult usually is referred to a neurosurgeon for further evaluation and treatment. although the symptoms may subside with treatment, the duration varies according to the type and cause of the hydrocephalus. a few of the causes of hydrocephalus can be prevented : treatment of hydrocephalus depends on its cause. occasionally, medications are used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5302354671374165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db462d63-3622-477f-8293-c2c7da53766a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.476142"}
{"text": "##side with treatment, the duration varies according to the type and cause of the hydrocephalus. a few of the causes of hydrocephalus can be prevented : treatment of hydrocephalus depends on its cause. occasionally, medications are used to slow the rate of cerebrospinal fluid production temporarily. however, this has not been successful for long - term treatment. most cases require drainage of the excess fluid. a tube called a shunt is inserted into one of the cavities in the brain through a hole in the skull. the shunt is tunneled under the skin and carries the cerebrospinal fluid into another area of the body, such as the abdomen, where it can be absorbed. the shunt may need to be replaced periodically as a child grows or if an infection of it develops, or the shunt becomes blocked. some people with obstructive hydrocephalus can be treated with a technique called ventriculostomy in which a neurosurgeon makes an incision at the site of the blockage to allow cerebrospinal fluid to drain. surgeons also are experimenting with surgical repair of congenital hydrocephalus while the fetus is still inside the mother ' s womb ( uterus ). when to call a professional call your doctor if you or your child develops symptoms of hydrocephalus or has a severe head injury. also call your doctor if you become pregnant. the outlook depends on the cause of hydrocephalus and usually is better if the problem is diagnosed and treated early. if hydrocephalus gets worse rapidly or lasts a long time, it can cause brain damage and death. children with hydrocephalus are more likely to have various developmental disabilities. even after treatment, most children with hydrocephalus have lower intelligence, memory problems and visual problems, including strabismus ( abnormally aligned eyes ). children with hydrocephalus also may enter puberty earlier than normal. with appropriate treatment, most infants with hydrocephalus survive and approximately half have normal intelligence. national institute of neurological disorders and stroke p. o. box 5801 bethesda, md 20824", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4460145397207327, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db462d63-3622-477f-8293-c2c7da53766a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.476993"}
{"text": "| table of contents | words : alphabetical - frequency - inverse - length - statistics | help | intratext library | intratext ct - text adverse criticism of an argument on its own merits, and of it when presented in the form of questions, are two different things. for often the failure to carry through the argument correctly in discussion is due to the person questioned, because he will not grant the steps of which a correct argument might have been made against his position : for it is not in the power of the one side only to effect properly a result that depends on both alike. accordingly it sometimes becomes necessary to attack the speaker and not his position, when the answerer lies in wait for the points that are contrary to the questioner and becomes abusive as well : when people lose their tempers in this way, their argument becomes a contest, not a discussion. moreover, since arguments of this kind are held not for the sake of instruction but for purposes of practice and examination, clearly one has to reason not only to true conclusions, but also to false ones, and not always through true premisses, but sometimes through false as well. for often, when a true proposition is put forward, the dialectician is compelled to demolish it : and then false propositions have to be formulated. sometimes also when a false proposition is put forward, it has to be demolished by means of false propositions : for it is possible for a given man to believe what is not the fact more firmly than the truth. accordingly, if the argument be made to depend on something that he holds, it will be easier to persuade or help him. he, however, who would rightly convert any one to a different opinion should do so in a dialectical and not in a contentious manner, just as a geometrician should reason geometrically, whether his conclusion be false or true : what kind of syllogisms are dialectical has already been said. the principle that a man who hinders the common business is a bad partner, clearly applies to an argument as well ; for in arguments as well there is a common aim in view, except with mere contestants, for these cannot both reach the same goal ; for more than one cannot possibly win. it makes no difference whether he effects this as answerer or as questioner : for both he who asks contentious questions is a bad dialectician, and also he who in answering fails to grant the obvious answer or to understand the point of the questioner \u2019 s inquiry. what has been said, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.514995113895441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d83034d-0892-499d-9e4d-19f94aa170a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.485422"}
{"text": "or as questioner : for both he who asks contentious questions is a bad dialectician, and also he who in answering fails to grant the obvious answer or to understand the point of the questioner \u2019 s inquiry. what has been said, then, makes it clear that adverse criticism is not to be passed in a like strain upon the argument on its own merits, and upon the questioner : for it may very well be that the argument is bad, but that the questioner has argued with the answerer in the best possible way : for when men lose their tempers, it may perhaps be impossible to make one \u2019 s inferences straight - forwardly as one would wish : we have to do as we can. inasmuch as it is indeterminate when people are claiming the admission of contrary things, and when they are claiming what originally they set out to prove - for often when they are talking by themselves they say contrary things, and admit afterwards what they have previously denied ; for which reason they often assent, when questioned, to contrary things and to what originally had to be proved - the argument is sure to become vitiated. the responsibility, however, for this rests with the answerer, because while refusing to grant other points, he does grant points of that kind. it is, then, clear that adverse criticism is not to be passed in a like manner upon questioners and upon their arguments. in itself an argument is liable to five kinds of adverse criticism : ( 1 ) the first is when neither the proposed conclusion nor indeed any conclusion at all is drawn from the questions asked, and when most, if not all, of the premisses on which the conclusion rests are false or generally rejected, when, moreover, neither any withdrawals nor additions nor both together can bring the conclusions about. ( 2 ) the second is, supposing the reasoning, though constructed from the premisses, and in the manner, described above, were to be irrelevant to the original position. ( 3 ) the third is, supposing certain additions would bring an inference about but yet these additions were to be weaker than those that were put as questions and less generally held than the conclusion. ( 4 ) again, supposing certain withdrawals could effect the same : for sometimes people secure more premisses than are necessary, so that it is not through them that the inference comes about. ( 5 ) moreover, suppose the premisses be less generally held and less credible than the conclusion, or if, though true", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105901206676184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d83034d-0892-499d-9e4d-19f94aa170a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.486416"}
{"text": "sometimes people secure more premisses than are necessary, so that it is not through them that the inference comes about. ( 5 ) moreover, suppose the premisses be less generally held and less credible than the conclusion, or if, though true, they require more trouble to prove than the proposed view. one must not claim that the reasoning to a proposed view shall in every case equally be a view generally accepted and convincing : for it is a direct result of the nature of things that some subjects of inquiry shall be easier and some harder, so that if a man brings people to accept his point from opinions that are as generally received as the case admits, he has argued his case correctly. clearly, then, not even the argument itself is open to the same adverse criticism when taken in relation to the proposed conclusion and when taken by itself. for there is nothing to prevent the argument being open to reproach in itself, and yet commendable in relation to the proposed conclusion, or again, vice versa, being commendable in itself, and yet open to reproach in relation to the proposed conclusion, whenever there are many propositions both generally held and also true whereby it could easily be proved. it is possible also that an argument, even though brought to a conclusion, may sometimes be worse than one which is not so concluded, whenever the premisses of the former are silly, while its conclusion is not so ; whereas the latter, though requiring certain additions, requires only such as are generally held and true, and moreover does not rest as an argument on these additions. with those which bring about a true conclusion by means of false premisses, it is not fair to find fault : for a false conclusion must of necessity always be reached from a false premiss, but a true conclusion may sometimes be drawn even from false premisses ; as is clear from the analytics. whenever by the argument stated something is demonstrated, but that something is other than what is wanted and has no bearing whatever on the conclusion, then no inference as to the latter can be drawn from it : and if there appears to be, it will be a sophism, not a proof. a philosopheme is a demonstrative inference : an epichireme is a dialectical inference : a sophism is a contentious inference : an aporeme is an inference that reasons dialectically to a contradiction. if something were to be shown from premisses, both of which are views generally accepted, but not accepted with like conviction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5601893694465472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d83034d-0892-499d-9e4d-19f94aa170a6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.487473"}
{"text": ": a sophism is a contentious inference : an aporeme is an inference that reasons dialectically to a contradiction. if something were to be shown from premisses, both of which are views generally accepted, but not accepted with like conviction, it may very well be that the conclusion shown is something held more strongly than either. if, on the other hand, general opinion be for the one and neither for nor against the other, or if it be for the one and against the other, then, if the pro and con be alike in the case of the premisses, they will be alike for the conclusion also : if, on the other hand, the one preponderates, the conclusion too will follow suit. it is also a fault in reasoning when a man shows something through a long chain of steps, when he might employ fewer steps and those already included in his argument : suppose him to be showing ( e. g. ) that one opinion is more properly so called than another, and suppose him to make his postulates as follows : \" x - in - itself is more fully x than anything else \" : \" there genuinely exists an object of opinion in itself \" : therefore \" the object - of - opinion - in - itself is more fully an object of opinion than the particular objects of opinion \". now \" a relative term is more fully itself when its correlate is more fully itself \" : and \" there exists a genuine opinion - in - itself, which will be \" opinion \" in a more accurate sense than the particular opinions \" : and it has been postulated both that \" a genuine opinion - in - itself exists \", and that \" x - in - itself is more fully x than anything else \" : therefore \" this will be opinion in a more accurate sense \". wherein lies the viciousness of the reasoning? simply in that it conceals the ground on which the argument depends.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5710673036192592, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d83034d-0892-499d-9e4d-19f94aa170a6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.488257"}
{"text": "lao pdr steps up wetlands protection lao pdr has stepped up the protection of its wetlands by joining the ramsar convention. iucn played a crucial role in the recent accession of lao pdr to the ramsar convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilisation of wetlands. iucn has worked with the government of lao pdr on the process of accession to ramsar since 2003, with support from sida, the iucn asia regional office and the mekong water dialogues initiative. upon joining the ramsar convention on 28 september 2010, the government of lao pdr will designate the country \u2019 s first two wetlands of national significance, the xe champhone wetlands and the beung kiat ngong wetlands. the commitment from the government of lao pdr to protect its vital natural wetland resources comes at a crucial point in the nation \u2019 s rapid and transformative economic development. \u201c joining the ramsar convention signals a strong commitment on the part of the government of lao pdr to actively conserve and sustainably use their wetlands and resources. it recognizes the fundamental value of wetlands for the people of lao and for global biodiversity, \u201d says anada tiega, secretary general of the ramsar convention on wetlands. \u201c i would like to underline the key role played by iucn in the accession of lao pdr, a valued partner of the convention in the work for sustainable wetland and water resources management \u201d tiega adds. \u201c the government of lao pdr decided to join the ramsar convention on wetlands to ensure the effective and efficient use of our natural resources, helping to achieve sustainable socio - economic development, poverty reduction and improved livelihoods in parallel with environmental protection, \u201d comments mme khampheng pholsena, lao minister for water resources and the environment. \u201c both the xe champhone and beung kiat ngong wetlands are ecologically significant areas and make vastly important contributions to sustaining the livelihoods of people who live in and around them. this is why they have been selected as lao pdr \u2019 s first two ramsar sites \u201d, says mme latsamay sylavong, country representative of iucn in lao pdr. the xe champhone wetlands in savannakhet province provide important food and livelihood resources for approximatively 20, 000 people, including a vital source of sustenance for food and livestock in the dry seasons. the wetlands are also home to the critically endangered siamese crocodile as well as a number of turtle species. the beung kiat ngong wetlands in champassak province support around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3899100994334833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb107b67-be9f-459b-acce-fe5aa4ed36c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.494192"}
{"text": "source of sustenance for food and livestock in the dry seasons. the wetlands are also home to the critically endangered siamese crocodile as well as a number of turtle species. the beung kiat ngong wetlands in champassak province support around 11, 500 villagers who live around the site and depend on its fisheries, subsistence agriculture and non - timber forest products. as part of its accession to the ramsar convention, the government of lao pdr will commit to supporting the \u201c three pillars \u201d of the convention : ensuring the conservation and wise use of wetlands that it has designated as wetlands of international importance ; including the wise use of all wetlands in national environmental planning ; and consulting with other parties about the implementation of the convention, especially in regard to transboundary wetlands, shared water systems and shared species. lao pdr \u2019 s wetlands : lao pdr has a diverse topography, ranging from floodplains to highland areas. wetlands extend across all these environments, including the mekong river, its 14 main tributaries, and more than 100 streams. most of the water flowing into the mekong basin originates in lao pdr : 35 % of total flow in the dry season and up to 80 % in the wet season. in addition to the mekong floodplain, other important wetland areas in lao pdr can be found in the seasonally flooded areas along rivers such as the xe bang fai and xe bang hieng. lao pdr \u2019 s wetlands provide vital environmental, economic and cultural services to the country \u2019 s people, particularly in rural areas. as well as ecosystem services such as providing habitat for a wide variety of species, flood protection and groundwater renewal, wetlands supply natural resources that are central to livelihoods in lao pdr, from fish to fodder to tourism opportunities. the xe champhone wetlands comprise a large floodplain nourishing perennial rivers and a wide variety of scattered lakes and ponds. the wetlands provide important food, resources and livelihoods for the approximately 20, 000 people who live in and around the site. thousands of cattle are also raised in the area and the wetlands have become increasingly critical to both people and livestock during the dry season. of the many lakes and ponds, some form habitat for critically endangered siamese crocodiles ( crocodylus siamensis ), and are home to several species of turtles. the beung kiat ngong wetlands are located in a large floodplain and are made up of a large freshwater marsh and a seasonal wetland with a number of scattered ponds and paddy fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4523898638874472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb107b67-be9f-459b-acce-fe5aa4ed36c9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.496153"}
{"text": "choosing between constructor and setter methods while the use of constructor helps in initializing the member variables during object creation. the setter methods help to assign values to member variables after the object has been created in the memory. the choice of constructor or setter methods for initializing the member variables depends upon the requirement. some of the examples where using a constructor which accepts arguments and then uses these arguments for initializing a member variables are : - when no setter method has been exposed, the constructor can be used to initialize any private member variable. we can see this approach being used by the string class in jdk where in the constructor accepts a string literal object and use the characters of this literal to initialize the internal character array. - when invoking the methods on constructor from super class is a requirement before object can be constructed, one has to resort to using constructors for member variable initialization. - another common scenario we constructors are used for initializing instance variable is is when those instance variables are quite significant for the object being constructed. for example when creating a book class instance, passing the title of the book as an argument to the book class constructor. using setter methods some of the examples where using the setter methods for setting instance variables are : - when a large number of member variables are present in a class then using a constructor with say 15 arguments does not make sense and one should resort to using setter methods for initializing those 15 member variables. - when the member variables have the property of changing their value quite frequently than one must be using the setter methods. - the use of setter methods makes it clear as to which member variable is being set. this is because of the fact that proper naming convention is used for the names of setter methods whereas in case of constructor there is no clear indication about the arguments which need to be passed to the constructor. one last point i want to make above the choice of using constructor or setter methods is that while one can overload the constructors to accept a different type and number of arguments which can be convenient in some cases. but that is not possible with the use of setter methods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45076922254289464, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f00d4844-f4dc-4bff-b892-8cd6af25a1bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.498586"}
{"text": "german family made distinguished by ludwig philippson, the founder of the \" allgemeine zeitung des judenthums \" ; it traces its descent back to jacob joshua, author of \" pene yehoshua ', \" 1754. alfred philippson : german geologist ; born at bonn jan. 1, 1864 ; son of ludwig philippson. he received his education at the gymnasium and university of his native town and at the university of leipsic ( ph. d. 1886 ). in 1892 he became privat - docent at bonn, was appointed assistant professor seven years later, and in 1904 he was called to bern as professor of geography. having made voyages through greece, turkey, and asia minor, he has published : \" studien uber wasserscheiden, \" berlin, 1886 ; \" der peloponnes, \" ib. 1892 ; \" europa \" ( with neumann ), leipsic, 1894 ; \" thessalien und epirus, \" berlin, 1897 ; \" beitrage zur kenntnis der griechischen inselwelt, \" gotha, 1901 ; \" das mittelmeergebiet, \" leipsic, 1904. he has also published essays in the technical journals. since 1887 philippson has undertaken, on a commission from the berlin akademie der wissenschaften, an annual journey to asia minor for the purpose of geological investigation. his chief object in these excursions is to study, on a geological basis, the phenomena of the earth ' s surface both in their interrelationship and in their influence on the human race. german educationist ; born at magdeburg, prussia, july 4, 1851 ; son of julius philippson. he attended the gymnasium of magdeburg, and then studied modern languages and comparative philology at the universities of bonn, leipsic, and berlin. from 1874 to 1886 he was an instructor at the philanthropin of the community of frankfort - on - the - main, and in 1886 he was called as director to the jacobson school at seesen. he has published \" der monch von montaudon, ein provencalischer troubadour \" ( leipsic, 1873 ), and \" israel jacob, ein bild aus dem judischen leben des achtzehnten jahrhunderts \" ( brunswick, 1903 ). franz m. philippson : banker and philanthropist ; born at magdeburg, march 12, 1851 ; son", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4270317323917767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1699536-395c-452a-b082-343033727311>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.514091"}
{"text": "ein bild aus dem judischen leben des achtzehnten jahrhunderts \" ( brunswick, 1903 ). franz m. philippson : banker and philanthropist ; born at magdeburg, march 12, 1851 ; son of ludwig philippson. he was educated in brussels, where he founded a banking - house in 1871, which for a quarter of a century has taken part in most of the municipal loans, conversions, and commercial enterprises in belgium, and in many in italy, brazil, and other countries. philippson has likewise written frequently on financial topics. in 1884 he was elected president of the jewish community of brussels, and is also a member of the consistoire israelite de belgique, and vice - president of the jewish colonization association. gustav philippson : educator and writer ; born feb. 17, 1814, at dessau in anhalt ; died jan. 11, 1880, at berlin ; son of simon philippson and cousin of ludwig philippson. on completing his studies at the university of berlin, he went to prague as a tutor, but on account of views expressed in articles he had published was obliged to leave the city shortly afterward. in 1842 he was appointed teacher at the ducal franzschule at dessau, and in 1849 at his suggestion the school was transformed into a commercial academy. during the twenty years that followed he taught in this institution, and his connection with it ceased only with its dissolution in 1869. he then retired to berlin. in 1849 philippson was elected delegate to the first legislative diet of anhalt. he was the author of the following works : \" diejudenfrage von bruno bauer naher beleuchtet \" ( dessau, 1843 ) ; \" esther \" ( prague, 1843 ), a translation of racine ' s \" esther \" ; \" geschichte der herzoglichen franzschule in dessau \" ( dessau, 1869 ) ; various poems ; and, anonymously, \" geschriebene photographien aus der ersten israelitischen synode in leipzig \" ( berlin, 1869 ). - g. philippson, geschichte der herzoglichen franzschule in dessau, dessau, 1869. rabbi and author ; born dec. 28, 1811, at dessau ; died dec. 29, 1889, at bonn ; son of moses philippson. he was educated at the gymnasium of halle and at the university of berlin, and maintained himself by tutoring and by doing literary work. he published his first effort, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4312213559733169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1699536-395c-452a-b082-343033727311>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.516835"}
{"text": "died dec. 29, 1889, at bonn ; son of moses philippson. he was educated at the gymnasium of halle and at the university of berlin, and maintained himself by tutoring and by doing literary work. he published his first effort, a translation of the prophets hosea, joel, obadiah, and nahum, when but fifteen years old. in 1830 he translated and annotated the works of two jud\u00e6o - greek poets of alexandria. a philological treatise on medical terms ( hyle anthropine, 1831, etc. ) which followed revealed his qualities as a scholar, and his versatility was emphasized by the publication in 1832 of a vindication of spinoza. when twenty - two years old he was called as preacher by the jewish congregation of magdeburg and remained in that city for twenty - eight years. in order to promote the interests of judaism he founded the allgemeine zeitung des judenthums in 1837 and edited that journal until his death. two years later ( 1839 ) he began the annotated german translation of the old testament, which he completed in 1853. this translation, with a commentary in german, was issued in several editions, one being illustrated with designs by gustave dore. in 1847 he published \" die entwickelung der religiosen idee im judenthum, christenthum und islam, \" which was followed by \" die religion der gesellschaft, \" in 1848. both of these works were translated into several languages. philippson ' s restless energy led him to enter the political arena, and in the stirring events of 1848 he took an active part. his political views he expressed in the following works : \" stimmen und stimmungen aus der zeit \" ( 1849 ) ; \" resultate in der weltgeschichte \" ( 1860 ) ; and \" weltbewegende fragen \" ( 1868 - 69 ). he advocated moderate liberalism and became one of the leaders of the social reform party in saxony. in 1855 he founded the institut zur forderung der israelitischen literatur, which during the eighteen years it existed published many interesting contributions to jewish literature. between the years 1861 and 1865 philippson issued his religious compendiums \" israelitische religionslehre \" and \" israelitisches gebetbuch \" ( 2d ed. 1864 ). in 1862, suffering from an affliction that had rendered him almost blind, he resigned his charge at magdeburg and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40963044100144286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1699536-395c-452a-b082-343033727311>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.517917"}
{"text": "in 1891. since that time he has lived at berlin, devoting a large part of his time to the promotion of the interests of german judaism. he is executive chairman of the deutsch - israelitische gemeindebund, as well as of the verein zur forderung der wissenschaft des judenthums, which was founded largely through his efforts in 1902, and of the verband der deutschen juden. he held the office of vice - chairman of the board of trustees of the lehranstalt fur die wissenschaft des judenthums until 1904. philippson is author of \" geschichte heinrichs des lowen \" ( leipsic, 1868 ) ; \" heinrich iv. und philipp iii. : die begrundung des franzosischen uebergewichtes in europa \" ( berlin, 1871 - 76 ) ; \" das zeitalter ludwigs xiv. \" ( 2d ed. ib. 1888 ) ; \" geschichte des preussischen staatswesens vom tode friedrichs des grossen bis zu den freiheitskriegen \" ( leipsic, 1880 - 82 ) ; \" westeuropa im zeitalter von philipp ii., elisabeth, und heinrich iv. \" ( ib. 1883 ; this and the preceding work in oncken ' s \" allgem. gesch. in einzeldarstellungen \" ) ; \" histoire de la contre - reforme religieuse \" ( brussels, 1884 ) ; \" geschichte der neueren zeit \" ( berlin, 1886 - 89 ) ; \" histoire du regne de marie stuart \" ( paris, 1891 - 92 ) ; \" friedrich iii. als kronprinz und kaiser \" ( berlin, 1894 ) ; \" ein ministerium unter philipp ii. : kardinal granvella am spanischen hofe \" ( ib. 1895 ) ; \" der grosse kurfurst friedrich wilhelm von brandenburg \" ( ib. 1897 - 1903 ) ; \" max von forckenbeck : ein lebensbild \" ( dresden and leipsic, 1898 ) ; \" kaiser friedrich iii. \" ( berlin, 1900 ). moritz philippson : son of franz philippson ; born june 12, 1877 ; studied at the universities of brussels and berlin, and the marine laboratories at naples and in japan, and was then appointed lecturer on zoology at the university of brussels. he has published several zoological works together with the results of his biological experiments. moses philipp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4139492676944886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1699536-395c-452a-b082-343033727311>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.519912"}
{"text": "; studied at the universities of brussels and berlin, and the marine laboratories at naples and in japan, and was then appointed lecturer on zoology at the university of brussels. he has published several zoological works together with the results of his biological experiments. moses philippson : german writer, educationist, and publisher ; born at sandersleben may 9, 1775 ; died at dessau april 20, 1814 ; called also moses arnswalde, being the son of the talmudist philipp moses of arnswalde. before attaining his twelfth year he attended the yeshibah of halberstadt, and later continued his talmudic studies at brunswick and frankfort - on - the - oder. in the latter city he learned german, and studied hebrew grammar, arithmetic, and geography. a few years later he went to bayreuth as tutor and became acquainted with emanuel osmund and jean paul. his association with osmund had a marked influence on his scholarly development. four years later he went as tutor to burgkunstadt, a neighboring town, where he remained for five years returning then for a short time to bayreuth. in 1799 he was called to the newly founded freischule of dessau as teacher of religion and hebrew, and frequently delivered public lectures in that capacity. there he began his literary activity and founded a hebrew printing establishment. together with his colleagues j. wolf, g. salomon, and j. neumann, he translated and annotated the twelve minor prophets, taking as his portion of the work the books of joel, hosea, and habakkuk. the entire collection appeared under the title \" minhah tehorah \" ( dessau, 1805 ; incorporated in the edition of the bible published at prague, 1835 ). encouraged by the favorable reception of the work, he annotated the book of daniel, translated by j. wolf ( ib. 1808 ), and issued a manual and reader for the young entitled \" modah libne binah, oder kinderfreund und lehrer \" ( ib. 1808 - 11 ; in dutch, amsterdam, 1817 ; 2d ed. leipsic, 1823 ). he edited also several volumes of the new \" sammler \" ( 1811 ), which contained poems written by him over the initials = moses b. uri. philippson, who printed the writings of his friends j. wolf, g. salomon, and others in addition to his own, now gave up teaching for the book - trade, and devoted his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4654949537066717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1699536-395c-452a-b082-343033727311>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.520931"}
{"text": "the initials = moses b. uri. philippson, who printed the writings of his friends j. wolf, g. salomon, and others in addition to his own, now gave up teaching for the book - trade, and devoted his leisure moments to the preparation of a hebrew - german and german - hebrew dictionary, primarily for the use of schools, which he intended to have printed at prague, but which remained unpublished. he has been frequently, but erroneously, identified by furst and others with another moses philippson, a bookkeeper, and a friend of moses mendelssohn, and who had received a philosophical training, was the author of \" das leben benedict von spinoza ' s \" ( brunswick, 1790 ), and who published a \" gutachten uber die verbesserung des judeneides \" ( neustrelitz, 1797 ) at the request of the royal electoral chancellery of justice at hanover. - g. salomon, lebensgesch. des moses philippson, dessan, 1814 ; - phobus philippson, biographische skizzen, no. 1 : moses philippson, leipsic, 1864 ; - kayserling, moses mendelssohn, sein leben und wirken, 2d ed., ib. 1888, pp. 225, 517. german author and physician ; born at dessau july 26, 1807 ; died at klotze, in the altmark, april 1, 1870 ; son of moses philippson, and elder brother of ludwig philippson. phoebus was compelled to aid in supporting the family, at an early age. this he did by giving private lessons, studying meanwhile mainly the best treatises on pedagogics. in 1825 he succeeded in entering the university of halle to study medicine, completing the course in 1828. he started in magdeburg but was unable to compete with the old practitioners, and therefore removed to klotze, where he remained until his death. philippson ' s researches in connection with the cholera epidemic led to his first medical writings : \" anweisung zur erkenntniss, verhutung, und thatigen hilfsleistung in betreff der asiatischen cholera, \" magdeburg, 1831 ; \" beitrage zu den untersuchungen uber den cholera morbus, \" ib. 1832 ; and \" die sommerkrankheiten im jahre 1831, \" berlin, 1832. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4441444071472242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1699536-395c-452a-b082-343033727311>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.521815"}
{"text": "##chen cholera, \" magdeburg, 1831 ; \" beitrage zu den untersuchungen uber den cholera morbus, \" ib. 1832 ; and \" die sommerkrankheiten im jahre 1831, \" berlin, 1832. in the last - named year he also produced \" podalirius zwanglose hefte als beitrage zur kritik der aeltern und neuern arzneikunde \" and \" propadeutik und encyclopadie der medicin, \" magdeburg, 1832. in 1835 he published \" hygiea blatter fur freunde der gesundheit und des familienglucks \" ( magdeburg ) and in 1864 his treatise \" ueber die gesichtslagen des kindes bei der geburt und die anwendung der kopfzange bei demselben. \" as early as 1823 philippson edited an enlarged and revised edition of his father ' s educational works ( leipsic ). when his brother ludwig founded ( 1834 ) the \" israelitische predigt - und schulmagazin, \" he contributed a historical study, \" die vertreibung der juden aus spanien und portugal, \" to its pages. then when the \" allgemeine zeitung des judenthums \" was established he wrote for it many important sketches, including a jewish novel \" die marannen, \" later published in book form ( 1855 ), and translated into hebrew and other modern languages. philippson also provided the translation of joshua, judges, samuel, and kings for the german bible issued by his brother. in 1859 his novel \" der unbekannte rabbi \" was published, and an english version of it appeared in new york. - allg. zeit. des jud. pp. 34, 341 et seq.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43470255672436786, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1699536-395c-452a-b082-343033727311>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.522405"}
{"text": "june 07, 2010 pasadena, calif. - - deep in the heart of the asteroid belt, on its way to the first of the belt ' s two most massive inhabitants, nasa ' s ion - propelled dawn spacecraft has eclipsed the record for velocity change produced by a spacecraft ' s engines. the previous standard - bearer for velocity change, nasa ' s deep space 1, also impelled by ion propulsion, was the first interplanetary spacecraft to use this technology. the deep space 1 record fell on saturday, june 5, when the dawn spacecraft ' s accumulated acceleration over the mission exceeded 4. 3 kilometers per second ( 9, 600 miles per hour ). \" we are using this amazing ion - engine technology as a stepping - stone to orbit and explore two of the asteroid belt ' s most mysterious objects, vesta and ceres, \" said robert mase, dawn project manager from nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, calif. a spacecraft ' s change in velocity refers to its ability to change its path through space by using its own rocket engines. this measurement of change begins only after the spacecraft exits the last stage of the launch vehicle that hurled it into space. to get to where it is in both the record books and the asteroid belt, the dawn spacecraft had to fire its three engines \u2013 one at a time - - for a cumulative total of 620 days. in that time, it has used less than 165 kilograms ( 363 pounds ) of xenon propellant. over the course of its eight - plus - year mission, dawn ' s three ion engines are expected to accumulate 2, 000 days of operation - - 5. 5 years of thrusting - - for a total change in velocity of more than 38, 620 kilometers per hour ( 24, 000 miles per hour ). \" i am delighted that it will be dawn that surpasses ds1 ' s record, \" said marc rayman, chief engineer for the dawn mission and a previous project manager for deep space 1. \" it is a tribute to all those involved in the design and operations of this remarkable spacecraft. \" at first glance, dawn ' s pedal - to - the - metal performance is a not - so - inspiring 0 - to - 97 kilometers per hour ( 0 - to - 60 miles per hour ) in four days. but due to its incredible efficiency, it expends only 37 ounces of xenon propellant during that time. then take into consideration that after those four days of full - throttle thrusting, it will do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5267624113459775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b864e9e-ac83-4c96-b816-86d4017a0706>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.529071"}
{"text": "per hour ) in four days. but due to its incredible efficiency, it expends only 37 ounces of xenon propellant during that time. then take into consideration that after those four days of full - throttle thrusting, it will do another four days, and then another four. by the end of 12 days, the spacecraft will have increased its velocity by more than 290 kilometers per hour ( 180 miles per hour ), with more days and weeks and months of continuous thrusting to come. in one year ' s time, dawn ' s ion propulsion system can increase the spacecraft ' s speed by 8, 850 kilometers per hour ( 5, 500 miles per hour ), while consuming the equivalent of only 16 gallons of fuel. \" this is a special moment for the spacecraft team, \" said dawn ' s principal investigator, chris russell of the university of california los angeles. \" in only 407 days, our minds will be on another set of records, the data records that dawn will transmit when we enter vesta orbit. \" dawn ' s 4. 8 - billion - kilometer ( 3 - billion - mile ) odyssey includes exploration of asteroid vesta in 2011 and 2012, and the dwarf planet ceres in 2015. these two icons of the asteroid belt have been witness to much of our solar system ' s history. by using the same set of instruments at two separate destinations, scientists can more accurately formulate comparisons and contrasts. dawn ' s science instrument suite will measure shape, surface topography and tectonic history, elemental and mineral composition, as well as seek out water - bearing minerals. in addition, the way the dawn spacecraft orbits both vesta and ceres will be used to measure the celestial bodies ' masses and gravity fields. while dawn surpassed deep space 1 ' s record for velocity change, deep space 1 will continue to reign as holder for the longest duration of powered spaceflight for another few months. dawn is expected to take over that record on about august 10 of this year. the dawn mission to vesta and ceres is managed by jpl, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, for nasa ' s science mission directorate, washington. the university of california, los angeles, is responsible for overall dawn mission science. other scientific partners include planetary science institute, tucson, ariz. ; max planck institute for solar system research, katlenburg - lindau, germany ; dlr institute for planetary research, berlin, germany ; italian national institute for astrophysics, rome ; and the italian space agency, rome. orbital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.477470462284864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b864e9e-ac83-4c96-b816-86d4017a0706>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.530097"}
{"text": "an afghan shepherd enters a wolves den perched high in the mountains of samangan province looking for a sheep that went astray. inside, he doesn \u2019 t find what he is looking for, but just as he is about to leave he notices something strange : pieces of old parchment lie strewn on the dirt floor. archaeologists discover 2nd temple seal in j ' lem one of the stories behind the recent discovery of about 150 manuscripts and artifacts in a remote cave that belonged to a medieval jewish \u201c but there are several and they are always the same about shepherds looking for sheep, \u201d admitted prof. haggai ben - shammai of the hebrew university on sunday. \u201c who knows how they were really found? \u201d scholars are currently in the early stages of poring over the texts dating from the 11th century and written in judeo - arabic and judeo - persian. have dates so we can date them precisely, \u201d said prof. shaul shaked of the hebrew \u201c there \u2019 s no doubt that they are authentic. they correspond with similar findings from the past. \u201d the expert in ancient persian languages said the scrolls included an ancient copy of the book of jeremiah ; hitherto unknown scholarly works by the medieval sage rabbi sa \u2019 adia gaon ; personal poems of loss and mourning and even bookkeeping records that could teach us about everyday life in the community. \u201c the person who wrote it, a jewish merchant, keeps track of who owed him how much, \u201d said shaked. added that the texts show the community may have been karaite, a sect of judaism which strictly adheres to the bible rather than the talmud and other later jewish texts, and name several early karaite leaders. channel 2, which first reported the find on friday, likened the discovery in afghanistan to that of the find in the cairo geniza, but scholars say such a comparison is the number of documents, about 150, is tiny when compared to the hundreds of thousands found in the egyptian synagogues. furthermore, they are in various stages of decay. many are illegible fragments that suffered the ravages of time. but shaked believes the afghani scrolls may be \u201c the tip of the he said there may be many more findings in that part of the world that would provide valuable information about ancient jewish prof. robert eisenman, a noted scholar of the dead sea scrolls, hopes such findings might shed light on the rhadanites, a group of early medieval jewish merchants who set up an expansive trade network that connected europe and asia. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44684936243483986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:491ed1b0-04a8-4c7b-9f00-c003b46a2187>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.534142"}
{"text": "surely by now supreme court justice antonin scalia knows that his feb. 27 comments from the bench about a voting rights case were at best insensitive. at worst, scalia ' s remarks had a racist tinge that was offensive to anyone who has fought against discrimination in this country, and especially to those of us who have been the victims of jim crow. ironically, the justice ' s statements came on the same day the nation dedicated a statue in the u. s. capitol to rosa parks, the \" first lady of the civil rights movement. \" and the judicial insult occurred just a few days before commemoration of \" bloody sunday, \" that march for voting rights in 1965 in which demonstrators were severely beaten as they tried to cross the edmund pettus bridge in selma, ala. that brutal attack on peaceful demonstrators on march 7, 1965, coming just a few months after three young voting rights workers were slain in mississippi, set official washington moving toward passing a bill to ensure and protect the right to vote for all citizens. just 10 days after the attempted march from selma to montgomery, president lyndon johnson sent a bill to congress. the voting rights act passed on aug. 4 of that year, and johnson signed it on aug. 6, proclaiming it \" a triumph for freedom as huge as any victory that has ever been won on any battlefield. \" congressional passage was overwhelming : 328 to 74 in the house ; 79 to 18 in the senate. scalia especially should take note, because he ' s expressed concerns about the intent and courage of congress on this matter. the battle johnson fought in 1965 is still being waged today as cities and states ( texas included ) have continued to devise schemes to discourage, deny and suppress voting among some minority groups. realizing that there might be attempts to circumvent the law, congress included section 5 in the voting rights act, requiring certain states and subdivisions ( eventually including texas ) that had a history of voter discrimination to get \" preclearance \" from the justice department or federal court in washington, d. c., before making any changes in their voting rules. since its approval, the act has been reauthorized four times, the last being in 2006, when lawmakers overwhelming extended section 5 for another 25 years to 2031. the house vote was 390 to 33, and the senate passed it 98 - 0. some say because of progress, particularly in the south, there is no more need for section 5. others say, because voting suppression occurs in states not covered by section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42417524040035415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47f91337-2b67-4df9-bb3e-b7f84b6ffdc4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.539004"}
{"text": "the house vote was 390 to 33, and the senate passed it 98 - 0. some say because of progress, particularly in the south, there is no more need for section 5. others say, because voting suppression occurs in states not covered by section 5, the provision ought to be expanded. that ' s a debate we can have, and one that is occurring in the supreme court as a result of shelby county ( alabama ) v. holder. it was during oral arguments in that case, which aims to have section 5 declared unconstitutional, that scalia showed his politics and his prejudice. and for a strict constitutionalist ( or \" textualist \" ) who believes congress should make the laws, the long - serving justice seemed to want to do what he thinks members of congress are afraid to do. while acknowledging that this issue is one that should be left to congress and that lawmakers had overwhelmingly approved it, scalia suggested that the only reason section 5 continues to be supported is because lawmakers are political cowards. the reason, he surmises, is because of \" a phenomenon that is called perpetuation of racial entitlement. \" he implied that the court should knock down this provision to give congress cover, saying, \" whenever a society adopts racial entitlements, it is very difficult to get out of them through the normal political processes. \" since when did protecting the right to vote become a \" perpetuation of racial entitlement? \" this is not affirmative action we ' re talking about, but a constitutionally guaranteed right. although i ' ve gotten used to scalia ' s conservative pontifications, i never thought i ' d hear such a blatant prejudicial rant coming from a sitting member of the highest court in the land.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4537675616278162, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47f91337-2b67-4df9-bb3e-b7f84b6ffdc4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.539765"}
{"text": "pho : in the future, get vaccinated earlier during the past few months, i have gently suggested to my patients that they receive the flu vaccine. many said yes, but some declined. today, as i look up google ' s national flu trend map, i see nearly the entire country painted in an alarming red, signifying \" intense \" flu activity. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, 41 states are experiencing widespread flu outbreaks. there are 26 times more flu cases this year than last. and in boston, near my primary care practice, a public health emergency was declared this past wednesday. i shake my head when seeing these headlines, and i vow to be more persuasive when it comes to giving the flu vaccine. more patients need to be protected against influenza by getting flu shots earlier in the season. like many other clinics across the country, my office is flooded with patients suffering from coughs, runny noses, fevers and body aches, all potentially caused by the flu. thankfully, the vast majority of adults survive. but others fare less successfully : the young, the elderly, and those with chronic conditions like asthma, diabetes or cancer. severe flu complications, like pneumonia, can hospitalize these patients, or worse, be fatal. consider the young. according to william rodriguez, a pediatrician at the food and drug administration, between 43 and 153 children have died in the past 10 flu seasons combined. already, 18 children have died this season. one reason why the flu outbreak is so prevalent this year is that the predominant strain, h3n2, hasn ' t been this widely circulated since 2002 - 03 and is associated with a more severe illness. but another reason is the relatively low percentage of patients who received a flu shot. this year ' s vaccine is well matched to the circulating viruses and, while not perfect, provides good protection. flu shots are about 60 % effective. but more than half of americans skip the vaccine. only 46 % received one last year. this year ' s numbers are about the same. the reason many cite, \" i got the flu from the flu shot! \" isn ' t valid. there are no live viruses in the vaccine. if someone got sick after the shot, it ' s because of a coincidental illness caused by the scores of other non - influenza viruses that can cause similar upper respiratory symptoms. others say, \" i ' ve never had the shot before, and i ' ve been fine. \" in some, the flu can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4219479436896343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e79fe03e-6dbc-42d4-8ed9-5a6d3206063c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.544383"}
{"text": "a coincidental illness caused by the scores of other non - influenza viruses that can cause similar upper respiratory symptoms. others say, \" i ' ve never had the shot before, and i ' ve been fine. \" in some, the flu can be debilitating, leaving patients bedridden for days. in others, it can simply be a runny nose or a minor cough. but it ' s still the flu and can be spread to more vulnerable patients, with disastrous consequences for them. according to frank esper, a viral respiratory disease expert at uh case medical center in ohio, \" every time you vaccinate yourself, you ' re not just protecting yourself, but you ' re protecting everyone you know, including individuals who are young or pregnant. \" it ' s still not too late for a flu shot. go get one if you haven ' t already. although its protective action won ' t take effect for about two weeks, the flu season hasn ' t peaked. i realize i have to do a better job to dispel these myths in the exam room and convince more of my patients to receive a flu shot. but patients can also help. read the headlines and learn from the current flu crisis. then be proactive get a vaccine earlier in future flu seasons. follow us on twitter @ cnnopinion join us on facebook / cnnopinion copyright 2013 by cnn newsource. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4954923739634427, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e79fe03e-6dbc-42d4-8ed9-5a6d3206063c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.544964"}
{"text": "shot in high definition, the chesapeake bay bridge captures the physical majesty of the bridge and its distinct personality. soaring 186 feet above the water, and spanning 4. 3 miles the chesapeake bay bridge opened for business in 1952 and opened the door to a new era in maryland. the william preston lane, jr. memorial bridge, commonly referred to as the bay bridge, connected maryland ' s rural, historically isolated communities on the eastern shore with the fast - growing baltimore and washington metropolitan areas. using archival photos, aerials and images taken from boats on the bay, the chesapeake bay bridge traces the bumpy ride to construction of the bay bridge, chronicling the early setbacks and political tenacity it took to realize an idea that first percolated in the early 20th century. interviews with key participants bring to life the colorful characters involved, the near disasters and the amazing engineering feats that created the bridge that was once the world ' s longest continuous over - water steel structure. the chesapeake bay bridge also looks at the far - reaching effects the bay bridge has had on everything from commerce to commuting. the bay bridge helped fuel the growth of the tourism industry, transforming tiny beachside resorts like ocean city into crowded summertime destinations. residents and business owners reflect on the changes, and how they were initially caught off guard by throngs of vacationers descending on the small coastal towns in 1952. farmers, residents of tight - knit communities along route 50 and historians paint a vivid picture of life before and after the bridge. while those who have made a living working on the bridge, toll collectors, engineers, maintenance workers and inspectors share their stories and their unique perspective. the bay bridge forever altered maryland ' s landscape and the lives of its citizens. the chesapeake bay bridge explores all facets of the transformation through firsthand accounts, stunning photography and well - crafted storytelling. visit the website : http : / / www. mpt. org / bayweek length : 57 minutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46449344918764146, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17b372f1-d902-4c0d-82dc-d7e1883b104a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.547127"}
{"text": "what does the swastika mean? imagine a new family is moving in next door to you, and as a friendly gesture you put a poster on their door with the word \u201c welcome \u201d and a drawing of a smiley face. when the neighbors arrive and see your sign, however, the woman faints, the man looks around suspiciously and the son stomps around, shouting curses into the air. you quickly run outside to see what is the matter. the family \u2019 s young but sensible - looking daughter then explains that in their home country, a picture of a disembodied head with a smile means \u201c may you soon rest peacefully in your grave! \u201d and is a universally hated symbol, reserved for only the most detested of enemies. how might you feel? disturbed? angry? embarrassed? whatever your reaction, it is no doubt similar to what someone from pre - world war ii india would feel upon seeing most modern people \u2019 s reactions to another symbol : the infamous swastika. the sanskrit word svasti means \u201c blessings \u201d or \u201c fortune \u201d or \u201c auspiciousness. \u201d it represents the utmost in good wishes upon another. the svastika is a sacred diagram that is supposed to embody and attract this positive energy. one of the 108 symbols associated with lord visnu, it is a depiction of the sun and its life - giving rays. modern hindus put svastika s everywhere - - on buildings, gifts, vehicles, stationery - - but versions are also found among other cultures, including the ancient celts, the navajos and hopis of native america, modern mongolians, and even the ancient jews! the svastika \u2019 s innocent reputation began to be tarnished at the turn of the last century when german elitists co - opted it as a sort of family heraldry symbol for the aryan super - race, and when adolf hitler and his third reich adopted it as the nazi party emblem, the process was complete : the benign svastika of good fortune had become the nefarious swastika of racial atrocity. if not for this brief historical blip, however, it would have remained the vedic equivalent of a smiley face. that \u2019 s why the chief rabbinate of israel issued a declaration in 2008 affirming the sacred nature of the svastika, despite its uses in world war ii germany. after all, it \u2019 s not the svastika \u2019 s fault if it was kidnapped, is it? \u2014 navina - shyama dasa (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4864850266605117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:073504b1-f2bf-478c-98b3-d5b48d167339>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.554125"}
{"text": "\" strategies like that can help, \" she said, \" just stay persistent and consistent, and don ' t cut out the nutrient parts that are needed each day. \" eating for nutrients berry said taking the focus off of food can help people cut back calories. she recommends thinking about food as a way to refuel your body and to notice the nutrients you are putting in it. rather than counting every calorie you pop into your mouth, use general rules of eating, such as controlling portion sizes and fat content. \" this helps you control calories without having to count them, \" she said. she encourages people to pause and think about what they are consuming. if you make a mistake, correct it with your next meal. don ' t just cut the number if you decide you need to lose weight, it doesn ' t mean you should just cut the number of calories you ingest. \" counting calories will not necessarily solve problem, \" berry said. \" you have to eat the right kinds of foods. \" berry said people cutting back don ' t eat foods that are nutrient dense. \" if you eat all of your daily calories in sweets, you are not going to lose weight, \" she said. \" empty calories make your body work without providing a lot of nutrition. \" even though they may have the same calorie content, eating things high in fiber like oats is better than a bagel, because your body is getting nutrients while it is working. she recommends filling up on colorful vegetables, fruits, proteins and good fats like avocados and olive oil. berry said it is also important to stack your plate the correct way to control your portion size. your plate should be half high water - content veggies and the other half should share protein and starch. you can watch your portion size by checking the size of your palm. berry said a serving size of protein or starch should be about that size. the veggies on your plate should be about twice that. when you are full, berry said to listen to your body and stop to avoid taking in excess calories. \" most people are heads dragging bodies around, \" she said. \" people don ' t pay attention to bodies and are overeating. \" if you find yourself still hungry, add more veggies or drink more water. \" we can ' t hurt ourselves by packing ourselves with vegetables, \" she said. cole said becoming aware of what she was eating and thinking of food as fuel helped her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4133755772115817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7e26776-7bb6-467f-9ec9-2489f0632860>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.556676"}
{"text": "shots - health news thu october 18, 2012 with an army of vaccinators, india subdues polio originally published on thu october 18, 2012 6 : 31 pm all this week, we ' ve been examining the world ' s last remaining pockets of polio, a disease for which there is no cure. india marked a milestone when the world health organization struck it from the list of polio - endemic countries in february after no new cases were reported for more than a year. from delhi, npr ' s julie mccarthy reports on how, despite poverty and poor sanitation, the world ' s second - most populous country is eradicating the disease. the humanity of india washes up at its train stations. passengers sprawling among vagrants wait for trains, while sweepers halfheartedly shuffle brooms in the heat. it ' s sunday, day 1 of immunization week. during national campaigns, which occur twice a year, 2 million volunteers fan out to india ' s train stations, bus depots, temples, churches and mosques, armed with vials of polio vaccine. checking progress at a city slum, delhi ' s polio eradication program chief, dr. c. m. khanijo, says the vaccine must be kept at around 35 degrees fahrenheit \u2014 even when the temperature outside is 109 degrees. \" the quality of the vaccine remains better if it is maintained in the cold chain, \" he says. \" and the cold chain is maintained by keeping ice or ice packs. \" khanijo says that in just 30 minutes, enough vials to cover a large area of delhi ' s old, walled city are distributed and in place. by 9 a. m., an army of vaccinators is dropping medicine into little mouths. families bring their squirming children to the booths, where they are given oral polio drops, containing a weakened form of the wild polio virus, which only humans carry. a massive challenge india has 175 million children aged 5 and younger, and all of them are tiny targets in this massive national immunization project that, since january 2011, has made india free of a disease that has afflicted it for millennia. it must remain polio - free for three years before the who will certify that india has eradicated polio. \" this is kind of a mission. but ultimately the purpose is that we need to reach each and every child, \" says dr. ajay khera, the deputy commissioner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4957623973839471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6068c60-cf8e-49d7-abc1-2e40fc46719d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.563389"}
{"text": "the who will certify that india has eradicated polio. \" this is kind of a mission. but ultimately the purpose is that we need to reach each and every child, \" says dr. ajay khera, the deputy commissioner of india ' s ministry of health and family welfare, who directs the country ' s polio eradication program. \" in 1995, when we started the program, we used to get roughly around 50, 000 polio cases every year. and every village, everywhere, people used to find a polio child, \" khera says. \" so people... imagine kind of a disabled child, and nobody wants that disabled child to be there in the community. \" trucks blast messages encouraging families to vaccinate their children, part of india ' s mass public - awareness campaign. the nation ' s polio chief says the aim is to vaccinate as many children as possible on sunday, the first day of the campaign, and then have vaccinators go house to house for the next five days. dr. kiran kathuria oversees 127 teams that go house to house in central delhi during national immunization week and during supplementary or \" sub - national \" weeks. the poorer, less developed north of india, which includes delhi, is more prone to polio than the richer south, and so vaccination weeks are more frequent there. kathuria recalls working as a young doctor in the country ' s disease - afflicted slums. the suffering she saw made eradicating polio her passion. \" every second house had a... polio - affected child. they were roaming around on the road, limping legs \u2014 i have seen lots of deaths due to polio, \" says kathuria, who has been working against the disease since 1986. back then she mapped the slums for the vaccinators, noting down any \" landmark \" she could find \u2014 from temples to pigsties. \" i had put in my map that from [ this ] pigsty to this mosque, the team will travel and cover 300 houses in two days. that ' s how i made my maps. that was the beginning, \" she says with a laugh. fear that polio will jump the border today, kathuria calls herself a \" general \" in a war on polio. one of the biggest worries health officials have is that the virus will jump across the border from pakistan, where the disease is endemic. extending her war analogy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4426398326804974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6068c60-cf8e-49d7-abc1-2e40fc46719d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.565410"}
{"text": "border today, kathuria calls herself a \" general \" in a war on polio. one of the biggest worries health officials have is that the virus will jump across the border from pakistan, where the disease is endemic. extending her war analogy, kathuria compares india ' s polio campaign to the 1999 fighting between india and pakistan in kashmir. \" that time we did not allow [ the ] pakistani army [ into india ]. this time we will not allow [ a ] pakistan virus to come to india. in fact, i call all my team members, i call them soldiers, \" she says. her troops \u2014 mainly women \u2014 cover a middle - class district where families have just one or two children, and she closely monitors their work. santosh sharma, a stout 52 year old, has gone door to door in delhi since the program began in the 1990s. at this door she ' s told that the mother of the house is bathing. santosh says she ' ll be back and moves to the next apartment. this immunization in september was the sixth this year for delhi, and like most of the ones preceding it, santosh finds 4 - year - old jasmit singh at home with his mother, rupinder. when rupinder says her child was not vaccinated sunday, the veteran volunteer reaches for the vaccine. santosh has administered many of the polio drops young jasmit has had, which amount to dozens over the years. kathuria translates for rupinder, saying the mother is proud that india is now gaining a good name in the world because it is polio - free. kathuria translates for rupinder, saying the mother is proud that india is now gaining a good name in the world because it is polio - free. santosh, a foot soldier in that effort, interjects : \" a dangerous disease is being thrown out of the country. a dangerous disease attacking our children is being eradicated. \" the bill and melinda gates foundation has advised india ' s polio program, providing money and expertise. ( the foundation also supports npr. ) bill gates notes that with india ' s success, the world has never been closer to eradicating polio, and he says that the remaining hot spots should draw on india ' s experience. \" india ' s success is really phenomenal, \" gates says. \" you probably would ' ve guessed they would be the toughest country because of size, the number of kids who move around, the sanitation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4354891940299957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6068c60-cf8e-49d7-abc1-2e40fc46719d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.566709"}
{"text": "should draw on india ' s experience. \" india ' s success is really phenomenal, \" gates says. \" you probably would ' ve guessed they would be the toughest country because of size, the number of kids who move around, the sanitation challenges up in the north, migratory populations. and so absolutely, the lessons from india can now be applied in the two toughest countries that remain \u2014 pakistan in asia and nigeria in africa. \" pakistanis take notes on india ' s success when a pakistani delegation traveled to india this summer to see how its archrival had defeated polio, it saw a level of detail and logistics it had not seen before. the presence of pakistanis in india usually sparks a media buzz, and this was no exception. when a zealous minder steps in to end an impromptu news conference, the pakistani delegation leader, shahnaz wazir ali, gently brushes him aside. \" we appreciate what you are doing, \" shahnaz wazir ali tells him before turning back to the reporters. \" we have also greatly appreciated the monitoring system that [ the indians ] have. monitoring and monitoring of monitors. and the surveillance system. \" it is polio as diplomacy : two foes that have fought three wars finding new common ground. michael galway, gates foundation senior program officer, says bridging india and pakistan over polio knits together not just program strategies but the chance to seize a historic moment for global health. \" polio eradication is not going... to keep coming back as many different opportunities. this is our time. the world has only ever really gotten rid of one disease that affects human beings, and that ' s smallpox, \" he says. back in her clinic, dr. kathuria expresses the belief that india ' s success will spur pakistan. \" i ' m sure pakistan will have the courage that they can eradicate polio, after seeing us, \" she says. \" ' if india can do it, why can ' t we? ' i ' m sure they will have that feeling. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4385963027093204, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6068c60-cf8e-49d7-abc1-2e40fc46719d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.567617"}
{"text": "the arrival of the prophet joseph smith in kirtland, ohio, marked the beginning of a period of rapid growth in the membership of the church. by early june 1831, the church had grown to about two thousand members. among those who joined the church at this time were sidney rigdon \u2019 s mother and oldest brother ; luke s. johnson, one of the first missionaries in the church ; and ezra booth, who joined the church after witnessing a miracle. civic leaders, ministers, newspaper editors, and parishioners joined together in an effort to stop the conversion of their neighbors to the new religion. the prophet recorded, \u201c many false reports, lies, and foolish stories, were published in the newspapers, and circulated in every direction, to prevent people from investigating the work, or embracing the faith \u201d ( history of the church, 1 : 158 ). during these trying times of slander and abuse, the lord blessed the saints with revelations of comfort, peace, and assurance. one of these revelations was section 45, of which the prophet wrote, \u201c to the joy of the saints who had to struggle against every thing that prejudice and wickedness could invent, i received the following : [ d & c 45 ] \u201d ( history of the church, 1 : 158 ). notes and commentary d & c 45 : 2. \u201c in an hour when ye think not \u201d president joseph fielding smith noted that \u201c one of the great failings of mankind is to ignore warnings of punishment for sin. in all ages of the world it has been the peculiar belief of men that the sayings of the prophets were to be fulfilled in times still future. that is true of the people today. we have had ample warning of the nearness of the coming of the great and dreadful day of the lord. the signs are upon us in all their power. \u2026 in this revelation we are given the warning that the summer is passing and if we are heedless of the warning we will find the summer past, the harvest ended and our souls not saved. while no man knows the day or the hour, yet if we are taken unawares, we will be without excuse, for the signs are ample and we now see them being fulfilled. \u201d ( church history and modern revelation, 1 : 195. ) d & c 45 : 3 \u2013 5. what is the significance of the title \u201c advocate \u201d? the imagery of a judicial system is often invoked when the last judgment is mentioned in scriptures. man goes before the \u201c judgment bar \u201d ( 2 nephi 33 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4315544069921735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.597710"}
{"text": "c 45 : 3 \u2013 5. what is the significance of the title \u201c advocate \u201d? the imagery of a judicial system is often invoked when the last judgment is mentioned in scriptures. man goes before the \u201c judgment bar \u201d ( 2 nephi 33 : 15 ), there to be \u201c arraigned \u201d ( alma 11 : 44 ) and face god, \u201c the judge of all \u201d ( hebrews 12 : 23 ). as part of that imagery, jesus is called the advocate ( paraclaytos ). in the king james version of the new testament, jesus is called the \u201c advocate \u201d only once ( 1 john 2 : 1 ). the same word ( paraclaytos ) is used for the holy ghost, although it is translated \u201c comforter \u201d ( john 14 : 16 ). thus, jesus is one paraclete, or comforter, and the holy ghost is called \u201c another comforter \u201d ( john 14 : 16 ). the greek word comes from para, to the side of, and kalayo, to summon. \u201c hence, originally, one who is called to another \u2019 s side to aid him, as an advocate in a court of justice \u201d ( vincent, word studies, 1 : 486 ). in the terminology of today \u2019 s legal system, an advocate is a lawyer who pleads another \u2019 s cause in a court of law, or in other words, an attorney for the defense. usually, the attorney for the defense pleads the cause on the basis that the client is innocent ; or if guilty, that extenuating circumstances should be considered and mercy extended. at the time of eternal judgment, we will stand before the bar of god accused of being imperfect and unworthy to enter god \u2019 s presence, \u201c for all have sinned, and come short of the glory of god \u201d ( romans 3 : 23 ). at that time we have an advocate with the father. he will stand beside us to plead our cause before the great judge ; however, he does not plead our case by pointing to our lack of guilt ; rather, it is his own sinlessness to which he calls god \u2019 s attention ( see d & c 45 : 4 ). his perfection and his suffering pay the price to satisfy justice for those of his \u201c brethren that believe on my name \u201d ( v. 5 ). imagine the indescribable sorrow of standing before the judgment bar with no one to step forward, no one to speak for you. how tragic that some will not come to him in true", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4535554877992681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.600136"}
{"text": "believe on my name \u201d ( v. 5 ). imagine the indescribable sorrow of standing before the judgment bar with no one to step forward, no one to speak for you. how tragic that some will not come to him in true faith and repentance so that he can take their guilt upon him and become their advocate with the father. d & c 45 : 6. \u201c while it is called today \u201d three scriptures contribute to an understanding of this phrase. modern revelation states that the earth \u2019 s temporal history spans seven thousand years, divided into periods of one thousand years each ( see d & c 77 : 6 \u2013 7 ). peter and abraham taught that time on earth, compared to the time where god dwells, is at a ratio of a thousand of earth \u2019 s years to one day of god \u2019 s time ( see 2 peter 3 : 8 ; abraham 3 : 4 ). since the earth will have a temporal existence before it is celestialized, and since it is known that the earth is now in the sixth period of a thousand years, or the sixth \u201c day, \u201d in the lord \u2019 s terminology the present period is \u201c today \u201d and christ will come \u201c tomorrow. \u201d in a later revelation, the lord used this same terminology, indicating that \u201c now it is called today until the coming of the son of man, \u201d that \u201c after today cometh the burning, \u201d that \u201c tomorrow all the proud and they that do wickedly shall be as stubble \u201d ( d & c 64 : 23 \u2013 24 ; italics added ). d & c 45 : 14. how would enoch \u2019 s people and all holy men see a future day of righteousness \u201c in their flesh \u201d? \u201c when the millennial reign comes, the holy men of old shall see it in their \u2018 flesh, \u2019 for they will be resurrected and take their place among the saints \u201d ( smith and sjodahl, commentary, p. 255 ; see also moses 7 : 61 \u2013 64 ). d & c 45 : 16. when did jesus speak these things unto his disciples as he \u201c stood before them in the flesh \u201d? most of this revelation is the savior \u2019 s retelling of one of his sermons while he was in jerusalem. after leaving the temple, the savior and his disciples climbed the mount of olives, where they had a dramatic view of the temple and jerusalem. here his disciples asked, \u201c when shall these things be \u2026 and what is the sign of thy coming? \u201d ( js \u2014 m 1 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48035833023235186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.601193"}
{"text": "his disciples climbed the mount of olives, where they had a dramatic view of the temple and jerusalem. here his disciples asked, \u201c when shall these things be \u2026 and what is the sign of thy coming? \u201d ( js \u2014 m 1 : 4 ). his lengthy answer provides one of the most detailed revelations on the signs of the times and of the second coming. known as the olivet discourse because it was given on the mount of olives, the full sermon is given in matthew 24 \u2013 25. joseph smith \u2019 s inspired corrections of the olivet discourse are so significant that they have been included in the pearl of great price ( see joseph smith \u2014 matthew ). mark and luke also recorded portions of the discourse, though not as fully as did matthew ( see mark 13 : 1 \u2013 37 ; luke 21 : 5 \u2013 36 ). the lord \u2019 s citation of the same discourse in doctrine and covenants 45 begins in verse 16 with the words \u201c as ye have asked of me. \u201d the savior interrupts the quotation after verse 33 to make an explanatory comment but continues it in verse 35 with \u201c be not troubled. \u201d he seems to end the account at the end of verse 59 and begins speaking directly to joseph smith in verse 60. d & c 45 : 16 \u2013 17. why were the early apostles anxious to know the signs of the second coming? \u201c one reason for their anxiety to know the signs is here stated. the separation of the spirits from the bodies is, even to those who are christ \u2019 s own, a \u2018 bondage, \u2019 which is ended only by a glorious resurrection, and they were interested in knowing by what signs they might recognize that their day of redemption was drawing near, when spirit and body should be united. the departed saints are, we may be sure, looking for the signs of the coming of the lord, with an intense interest as the saints still in mortality. jesus graciously showed them \u2018 how the day of redemption shall come, and also the restoration of scattered israel. \u2019 the two events are inseparably connected. \u201d ( smith and sjodahl, commentary, p. 259. ) for a more complete treatment of the subject of the second coming and the signs of the times, see enrichment h in the appendix. d & c 45 : 19 \u2013 21. jews to be scattered among all nations \u201c in the year 66 a. d., cestus gallus marched into judea and threatened jerusalem. he might have taken the city, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41532229500296014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.602182"}
{"text": "the appendix. d & c 45 : 19 \u2013 21. jews to be scattered among all nations \u201c in the year 66 a. d., cestus gallus marched into judea and threatened jerusalem. he might have taken the city, but he retreated and met with defeat near beth - horon. the christians in the city, remembering the words of our lord, fled to the little city of pella, but the jews were fired, by their temporary success, to renewed resistance. vespasian was then sent from rome to crush the rebellion. he took some of the strongholds of the country and approached jerusalem. internal strife prevailed there, and such horrors were perpetrated that vespasian decided to give his army a rest, while the jews destroyed each other. vespasian was elevated to the throne, and his son, titus, was left to continue the conquest. the siege began in the year 70 a. d. soon famine prevailed. citizens who ventured outside the walls to search for roots to eat, if seized, were crucified by the roman soldiers. sometimes hundreds in that awful position could be seen from the walls. a trench was dug around the city, in order to make its isolation complete. prisoners of war were cut open, while alive, to enable soldiers to search their bodies for gold which they might have swallowed. six hundred thousand persons died within the walls, and the dead bodies, too numerous to be buried, were left in the houses. the zealots, a fanatical sect whose members maintained that god would save them at the last moment, went about murdering and urging the people to resistance. even titus was sick at heart at the daily horrors he witnessed or heard of. at length the temple became a fort. titus attacked it as such. a roman soldier, contrary to order, set fire to it. after a while the scene was one of carnage and plunder. six thousand jews perished in the flames. in this awful war more than a million and a half of the jews perished, and many were sold into slavery, and thus \u2018 scattered among all nations. \u2019 \u201d ( smith and sjodahl, commentary, pp. 260 \u2013 61. ) the savior spoke the words of the olivet discourse during the last week of his life, in a. d. 33. jerusalem fell in a. d. 70. his promise \u201c that this generation of jews shall not pass away until every desolation \u2026 shall come to pass \u201d ( d & c 45 : 21 ) was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3631579485342589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.603248"}
{"text": "life, in a. d. 33. jerusalem fell in a. d. 70. his promise \u201c that this generation of jews shall not pass away until every desolation \u2026 shall come to pass \u201d ( d & c 45 : 21 ) was fulfilled. some of the disciples who heard jesus speak those words were still alive when the legions of titus put the temple to the torch. d & c 45 : 22. is the world going to come to an end at christ \u2019 s second coming? elder bruce r. mcconkie explained the special way this phrase is used in the scriptures : \u201c the end of the world is the end of unrighteousness or of worldliness as we know it, and this will be brought about by \u2018 the destruction of the wicked. \u2019 ( [ js \u2014 m ] 1 : 4. ) when our world ends and the millennial era begins, there will be a new heaven and a new earth. ( isa. 65 : 17 \u2013 25 ; d. & c. 101 : 23 \u2013 24. ) lust, carnality, and sensuousness of every sort will cease, for it will be the end of the world. \u201d ( mormon doctrine, p. 848. ) d & c 45 : 24 \u2013 30. what are the \u201c times of the gentiles \u201d and when are they fulfilled? president joseph fielding smith explained that \u201c the times of the gentiles commenced shortly after the death of our redeemer. the jews soon rejected the gospel and it was then taken to the gentiles. the times of the gentiles have continued from that time until now. the lord said : \u2018 but many that are first shall be last ; and the last shall be first. \u2019 in that day the gospel was given first to the jews and then taken to the gentiles. in this dispensation it was taken first to the gentiles and afterwards it will go to the jews. \u201d ( church history and modern revelation, 1 : 196. ) the times of the gentiles began with peter \u2019 s vision and the baptism of cornelius ( see acts 10 ). paul and the other apostles then began the great missionary work to the gentiles, since the jewish nation, for the most part, had rejected jesus. as president smith indicated, the times that the major gospel effort would be with gentile nations continued with the restoration. the times of the gentiles will be over, or fulfilled, when the major efforts of gospel teaching begin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4123892908861889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.604157"}
{"text": ", had rejected jesus. as president smith indicated, the times that the major gospel effort would be with gentile nations continued with the restoration. the times of the gentiles will be over, or fulfilled, when the major efforts of gospel teaching begin to focus on the house of israel : the lamanites, the jews, and the ten tribes. in the olivet discourse, the savior gave four signs to indicate when the times of the gentiles were over. three are given in section 45, and one is given in luke \u2019 s account of the great discourse. the jews will be gathered back to the land of jerusalem ( see d & c 45 : 25 ). in the april 1960 general conference, elder george q. morris of the quorum of the twelve discussed this sign : \u201c i think perhaps we may well now not continue saying the jews are going to gather in jerusalem. i think now we may well say they have gathered. the ultimate returns will come later as they develop this land and are joined by others. \u2026 \u201c this statement by a writer is very interesting : \u201c \u2018 strangely enough when the state of israel was reborn in 1948, it was a nation of 600, 000, the same number which the bible reports that moses led out of bondage in egypt. it now numbers some two million, the same number which it is said populated the ancient kingdom of solomon, when israel was in all its glory. \u2019 \u201c that is why we may now say that the jews have returned to palestine. \u201d ( in conference report, apr. 1960, pp. 100 \u2013 101. ) it will be in a time of great social turmoil ( see d & c 45 : 26 \u2013 27 ). one need only follow current events as reported in the news media for a day or two to see turmoil like the savior described. the gentiles will for the most part reject the gospel ( see d & c 45 : 28 \u2013 30 ). president joseph fielding smith, writing about these verses, said : \u201c \u2018 and when the times of the gentiles is come in, a light shall break forth among them that sit in darkness, and it shall be the fulness of my gospel, \u2019 the lord said in this revelation [ d & c 45 : 28 ]. the meaning is that when the time had come for the restoration of the gospel \u2014 in the times of the gentiles \u2014 that it would not be perceived because the hearts of the people are turned away by the precepts of men. however, in that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4623355712843154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.605098"}
{"text": "is that when the time had come for the restoration of the gospel \u2014 in the times of the gentiles \u2014 that it would not be perceived because the hearts of the people are turned away by the precepts of men. however, in that generation this should happen, the times of the gentiles should be fulfilled. \u201d ( church history and modern revelation, 1 : 196. ) jerusalem will no longer be \u201c trodden down of the gentiles \u201d ( luke 21 : 24 ). again president smith explained : \u201c when we consider the words of the savior to his disciples, that the jews should be scattered and \u2018 jerusalem shall be trodden down of the gentiles until the times of the gentiles are fulfilled, \u2019 we have a fair understanding of the meaning of this \u2026 verse [ d & c 45 : 30 ] in this revelation. jerusalem was trodden down of the gentiles from the day of its destruction until the close of the year 1917, when it was freed from turkish rule by general edmund h. allenby of the british forces. after the war palestine became a british mandate, and great britain by proclamation declared that country to be a refuge for the jews, who were invited to return. \u2026 it is very significant, however, that jerusalem is no longer trodden down by the gentiles and the jews are again gathering there. this is the sign given by our lord, for the end of the times of the gentiles. we are now in the transition period and shortly the day of the jew will dawn and the gospel will be taken to them and to the remnants on this land. \u201d ( church history and modern revelation, 1 : 196 \u2013 97. ) when joseph fielding smith wrote those words in 1947, israel had not yet been made a state ; they were still under the british mandate. but on 15 may 1948, israel became an independent nation and declared jerusalem to be her capital. in the war that followed this declaration, the jews could maintain control of western jerusalem only. east jerusalem became part of the state of jordan. in general conference in 1966, elder smith, now president of the quorum of the twelve, said : \u201c jesus said the jews would be scattered among all nations and jerusalem would be trodden down by the gentiles until the times of the gentiles were fulfilled. ( luke 21 : 24. ) the prophecy in section 45, verses 24 \u2013 29, of the doctrine and covenants regarding the jews was literally fulfilled. jerusalem,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4661255671294503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.606148"}
{"text": "down by the gentiles until the times of the gentiles were fulfilled. ( luke 21 : 24. ) the prophecy in section 45, verses 24 \u2013 29, of the doctrine and covenants regarding the jews was literally fulfilled. jerusalem, which was trodden down by the gentiles, is no longer trodden down but is made the home for the jews. they are returning to palestine, and by this we may know that the times of the gentiles are near their close. \u201d ( in conference report, apr. 1966, p. 13. ) during the six - day war of 1967, israel conquered the west bank, including jerusalem, and for the first time since the city fell to the legions of titus in a. d. 70, jerusalem came completely under the control of a jewish government. d & c 45 : 26. men \u2019 s hearts shall fail them president ezra taft benson noted : \u201c we live in an age when, as the lord foretold, men \u2019 s hearts are failing them, not only physically but in spirit. ( see d & c 45 : 26. ) many are giving up heart for the battle of life. suicide ranks as a major cause of the deaths to college students. as the showdown between good and evil approaches with its accompanying trials and tribulations, satan is increasingly striving to overcome the saints with despair, discouragement, despondency, and depression. \u201c yet, of all people, we as latter - day saints should be the most optimistic and the least pessimistic. for while we know that \u2018 peace shall be taken from the earth, and the devil shall have power over his own dominion, \u2019 we are also assured that \u2018 the lord shall have power over his saints, and shall reign in their midst. \u2019 ( d & c 1 : 35 \u2013 36. ) \u201d ( in conference report, oct. 1974, p. 90 ; or ensign, nov. 1974, p. 65. ) d & c 45 : 27. what will cause the love of men to wax cold? \u201c the expression is the same as that found in matt. 24 : 12, where we read ( translated literally ), \u2018 and because lawlessness has abounded, the love of the many [ this indicates more than a few ] shall wax cold. \u2019 \u2018 love \u2019 here means christian unity, harmony. where \u2026 does that love, that oneness, prevail? there is an abundance of co - operation based on self - interest,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4733942766649522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.607054"}
{"text": "this indicates more than a few ] shall wax cold. \u2019 \u2018 love \u2019 here means christian unity, harmony. where \u2026 does that love, that oneness, prevail? there is an abundance of co - operation based on self - interest, or family connections : but where is there genuine christian love, true, unselfish, constant? its absence in the majority of men is one of the signs of the end. \u201d ( smith and sjodahl, commentary, p. 262. ) d & c 45 : 30 \u2013 31. why is the fulfilling of the times of the gentiles so significant? the fulfilling or closing out of the times of the gentiles is one of the great signs given by the savior in answer to the question of the disciples, \u201c what is the sign of thy coming? \u201d ( js \u2014 m 1 : 4 ). doctrine and covenants 45 : 31 shows its great significance : \u201c there shall be men standing in that generation [ in which the times of the gentiles will be fulfilled ] that shall not pass. \u201d that language is almost identical with the savior \u2019 s warning to the jews, as he recounts in verse 21, and the fulfillment will be just as sure ( see notes and commentary for d & c 45 : 21 ). d & c 45 : 19, 31. \u201c an overflowing scourge \u201d and \u201c desolating sickness \u201d elder bruce r. mcconkie warned : \u201c be it remembered that tribulations lie ahead. there will be wars in one nation and kingdom after another until war is poured out upon all nations and two hundred million men of war mass their armaments at armageddon. \u201c peace has been taken from the earth, the angels of destruction have begun their work, and their swords shall not be sheathed until the prince of peace comes to destroy the wicked and usher in the great millennium. \u201c there will be earthquakes and floods and famines. the waves of the sea shall heave themselves beyond their bounds, the clouds shall withhold their rain, and the crops of the earth shall wither and die. \u201c there will be plagues and pestilence and disease and death. an overflowing scourge shall cover the earth and a desolating sickness shall sweep the land. flies shall take hold of the inhabitants of the earth, and maggots shall come in upon them. ( see d & c 29 : 14 \u2013 20. ) \u2018 their flesh shall fall from off their bones, and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5038664860693839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.608005"}
{"text": "shall sweep the land. flies shall take hold of the inhabitants of the earth, and maggots shall come in upon them. ( see d & c 29 : 14 \u2013 20. ) \u2018 their flesh shall fall from off their bones, and their eyes from their sockets \u2019 ( d & c 29 : 19 ). \u201c bands of gadianton robbers will infest every nation, immorality and murder and crime will increase, and it will seem as though every man \u2019 s hand is against his brother. \u201c we need not dwell more upon these things. we are commanded to search the scriptures where they are recounted with force and fervor, and they shall surely come to pass. \u201d ( in conference report, apr. 1979, p. 131 ; or ensign, may 1979, p. 93 ; see also d & c 5 : 19 \u2013 20 ; 63 : 32 \u2013 37 ; 97 : 22 \u2013 27. ) d & c 45 : 32. stand in holy places president harold b. lee stated : \u201c in these days of our generation, many of you are asking : where is safety? \u201c the word of the lord is not silent. he has admonished us : \u2018 but my disciples shall stand in holy places, and shall not be moved ; but among the wicked, men shall lift up their voices and curse god and die. \u2019 ( d & c 45 : 32. ) \u201c the lord has told us where these \u2018 holy places \u2019 are : \u2018 and it shall come to pass among the wicked, that every man that will not take his sword against his neighbor must needs flee unto zion for safety. \u2019 ( d & c 45 : 68. ) \u201c where is zion? \u201c during the various periods of time or dispensations, and for specific reasons, the lord \u2019 s prophets, his \u2018 mouthpieces, \u2019 as it were, have designated gathering places where the saints were to gather. after designating certain such places in our dispensation, the lord then declared : \u2018 until the day cometh when there is found no more room for them ; and then i have other places which i will appoint unto them, and they shall be called stakes, for the curtains or the strength of zion. \u201d ( d & c 101 : 21. ) \u201c thus, clearly the lord has placed the responsibility of directing the work of gathering in the hands of his divinely appointed leaders. may i fervently pray that all saints and truth - seekers everywhere will attune their listening ears to these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43811125729846434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.609065"}
{"text": "\u201c thus, clearly the lord has placed the responsibility of directing the work of gathering in the hands of his divinely appointed leaders. may i fervently pray that all saints and truth - seekers everywhere will attune their listening ears to these prophet - leaders. \u2026 \u201c as one studies the lord \u2019 s commandments and attending promises upon compliance therewith, one gets some definite ideas as to how we might \u2018 stand in holy places, \u2019 as the lord commands \u2014 if we will be preserved with such protection as accords with his holy purposes, in order that we might be numbered among the \u2018 pure in heart \u2019 who constitute zion, as i have read from the lord \u2019 s own words. \u201d ( in conference report, oct. 1968, pp. 61 \u2013 62. ) d & c 45 : 34 \u2013 35. \u201c be not troubled \u201d elder marion g. romney commented : \u201c the fact that the lord recounted these predictions to the prophet joseph in 1831 surely emphasizes their importance to us. and since the disciples were troubled when they were but being told of these calamities to come far in the future, it is no wonder that we are troubled as we witness their occurrence. \u2026 \u201c it was in the light of christ \u2019 s foreknowledge \u2026 that he said to his disciples, \u2018 be not troubled. \u2026 \u2019 \u201c i hope we are all familiar with these words of the lord and with his predictions concerning other coming events, such as the building of the new jerusalem and the redemption of the old, the return of enoch \u2019 s zion, and christ \u2019 s millennial reign. \u201c not only do i hope that we are familiar with these coming events, i hope also that we keep the vision of them continually before our minds. this i do because upon a knowledge of them, and an assurance of their reality and a witness that each of us may have part therein, rests the efficacy of christ \u2019 s admonition, \u2018 be not troubled. \u2026 \u2019 \u201d ( in conference report, oct. 1966, pp. 51 \u2013 52. ) president jedediah m. grant asked : \u201c why is it that the latter - day saints are perfectly calm and serene among all the convulsions of the earth \u2014 the turmoils, strife, war, pestilence, famine and distress of nations? it is because the spirit of prophecy has made known to us that such things would actually transpire upon the earth. we understand it, and view it in its true light. we have learned it by the visions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4227531368502016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.610208"}
{"text": "would judge the coming of spring. when you see the fig tree putting forth its leaf, ye know that summer is near, and so when you see these signs, you may know that the coming of the son of man is nigh at hand. \u201d ( melvin j. ballard, in conference report, oct. 1923, p. 32. ) d & c 45 : 40 \u2013 42. \u201c they shall see signs and wonders \u201d president joseph fielding smith said of the signs mentioned here : \u201c one wonders if we are not now seeing some of the signs in heaven \u2014 not all, for undoubtedly some of them will be among the heavenly bodies, such as the moon and the sun, the meteors and comets, but in speaking of the heavens, reference is made to that part which surrounds the earth and which belongs to it. it is in the atmosphere where many of the signs are to be given. do we not see airships of various kinds traveling through the heavens daily? have we not had signs in the earth and through the earth with the radio, railroad trains, automobiles, submarines, and satellites, and in many other ways? there are yet to be great signs : the heavens are to be shaken, the sign of the son of man is to be given, and then shall the tribes of the earth mourn. \u2026 \u201c if the great and dreadful day of the lord were near at hand when elijah came 130 years ago, we are just one century nearer it today. but some will say : \u2018 but no! elijah, you are wrong! \u2026 surely you made a mistake! \u2019 so many seem to think and say, and judging by their actions they are sure, that the world is bound to go on in its present condition for millions of years before the end will come. talk to them ; hear what they have to say \u2014 these learned men of the world. \u2018 we have had worse times, \u2019 they say. \u2018 you are wrong in thinking there are more calamities now than in earlier times. there are not more earthquakes, the earth has always been quaking, but now we have facilities for gathering the news which our fathers did not have. these are not signs of the times ; things are not different from former times. \u2019 and so the people refuse to heed the warnings the lord so kindly gives to them, and thus they fulfill the scriptures. \u201d ( in conference report, apr. 1966, pp. 13, 15. ) d & c 45 : 48 \u2013 53. \u201c then shall the lord set his foot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4221071171227949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.612242"}
{"text": "warnings the lord so kindly gives to them, and thus they fulfill the scriptures. \u201d ( in conference report, apr. 1966, pp. 13, 15. ) d & c 45 : 48 \u2013 53. \u201c then shall the lord set his foot upon this mount \u201d \u201c this mount \u201d refers to the mount of olives on which the savior was sitting when he gave this great discourse. parley p. pratt described in a pamphlet the great events depicted here : \u201c zechariah, chapter 14, has told us much concerning the great battle and overthrow of the nations who fight against jerusalem, and he has said, in plain words, that the lord shall come at the very time of the overthrow of that army ; yes, in fact, even while they are in the act of taking jerusalem, and have already succeeded in taking one - half the city, spoiling their houses, and ravishing their women. then, behold, their long - expected messiah, suddenly appearing, shall stand upon the mount of olives, a little east of jerusalem, to fight against those nations and deliver the jews. zechariah says the mount of olives shall cleave in twain, from east to west, and one - half of the mountain shall remove to the north while the other half falls off to the south, suddenly forming a very great valley into which the jews shall flee for protection from their enemies as they fled from the earthquake in the days of uzziah, king of judah ; while the lord cometh and all the saints with him. then will the jews behold that long, long - expected messiah, coming in power to their deliverance, as they always looked for him. he will destroy their enemies and deliver them from trouble at the very time they are in the utmost consternation, and about to be swallowed up by their enemies. but what will be their astonishment when they are about to fall at the feet of their deliverer and acknowledge him their messiah! they discover the wounds which were once made in his hands, feet, and side ; and on inquiry, at once recognize jesus of nazareth, the king of the jews, the man so long rejected. well did the prophet say that they shall mourn and weep, every family apart, and their wives apart. but, thank heaven, there will be an end to their mourning ; for he will forgive their iniquities and cleanse them from uncleanness. jerusalem shall be a holy city from that time forth, and all the land shall be turned as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43121091526709426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.613190"}
{"text": ", thank heaven, there will be an end to their mourning ; for he will forgive their iniquities and cleanse them from uncleanness. jerusalem shall be a holy city from that time forth, and all the land shall be turned as a plain from geba to rimmon. she shall be lifted up and inhabited in her place, and men shall dwell there. there shall be no more utter destruction of jerusalem, \u2018 and the lord shall be king over all the earth : in that day shall there be one lord, and his name one. \u2019 ( zechariah 14 : 9. ) \u201d ( voice of warning, pp. 32 \u2013 33. ) d & c 45 : 55. \u201c satan shall be bound \u201d d & c 45 : 56 \u2013 57. the parable of the ten virgins though many people think the olivet discourse is limited to matthew 24, the three parables in chapter 25 ( the parable of the ten virgins, the parable of the talents, and the parable of the sheep and the goats ) were part of the same discourse ( note especially matthew 25 : 1, 31 ). the lord revealed to joseph smith the key to the symbolism of the parable of the ten virgins. the oil represents spiritual power derived from the holy ghost. elder spencer w. kimball explained : \u201c i believe that the ten virgins represent the people of the church of jesus christ and not the rank and file of the world. all of the virgins, wise and foolish, had accepted the invitation to the wedding supper ; they had knowledge of the program and had been warned of the important day to come. they were not the gentiles or the heathens or the pagans, nor were they necessarily corrupt and reprobate, but they were knowing people who were foolishly unprepared for the vital happenings that were to affect their eternal lives. \u201c they had the saving, exalting gospel, but it had not been made the center of their lives. they knew the way but gave only a small measure of loyalty and devotion. i ask you : what value is a car without an engine, a cup without water, a table without food, a lamp without oil? \u201c rushing for their lamps to light their way through the blackness, half of them found them empty. they had cheated themselves. they were fools, these five unprepared virgins. apparently, the bridegroom had tarried for reasons that were sufficient and good. time had passed, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46658178714437504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.614100"}
{"text": "the blackness, half of them found them empty. they had cheated themselves. they were fools, these five unprepared virgins. apparently, the bridegroom had tarried for reasons that were sufficient and good. time had passed, and he had not come. they had heard of his coming for so long, so many times, that the statement seemingly became meaningless to them. would he ever come? so long had it been since they began expecting him that they were rationalizing that he would never appear. perhaps it was a myth. \u201c hundreds of thousands of us today are in this position. confidence has been dulled and patience worn thin. it is so hard to wait and be prepared always. but we cannot allow ourselves to slumber. the lord has given us this parable as a special warning. \u201c at midnight, the vital cry was made, \u2018 behold, the bridegroom cometh ; go ye out to meet him. \u2019 \u2026 \u201c at midnight! precisely at the darkest hour, when least expected, the bridegroom came. when the world is full of tribulation and help is needed, but it seems the time must be past and hope is vain, then christ will come. the midnights of life are the times when heaven comes to offer its joy for man \u2019 s weariness. but when the cry sounds, there is no time for preparation. the lamps then make patterns of joy on the hillside, and the procession moves on toward the house of banqueting, and those without lamps or oil are left in darkness. when they have belatedly sought to fulfill the requirements and finally reach the hall, the door is shut. in the daytime, wise and unwise seemed alike ; midnight is the time of test and judgment \u2014 and of offered gladness. \u2026 \u201c the foolish asked the others to share their oil, but spiritual preparedness cannot be shared in an instant. the wise had to go, else the bridegroom would have gone unwelcomed. they needed all their oil for themselves ; they could not save the foolish. the responsibility was each for himself. \u201c this was not selfishness or unkindness. the kind of oil that is needed to illuminate the way and light up the darkness is not shareable. how can one share obedience to the principle of tithing ; a mind at peace from righteous living ; an accumulation of knowledge? how can one share faith or testimony? how can one share attitudes or chastity, or the experience of a mission? how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46904006844526996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.615942"}
{"text": "can one share obedience to the principle of tithing ; a mind at peace from righteous living ; an accumulation of knowledge? how can one share faith or testimony? how can one share attitudes or chastity, or the experience of a mission? how can one share temple privileges? each must obtain that kind of oil for himself. \u201c the foolish virgins were not averse to buying oil. they knew they should have oil. they merely procrastinated, not knowing when the bridegroom would come. \u201c in the parable, oil can be purchased at the market. in our lives the oil of preparedness is accumulated drop by drop in righteous living. attendance at sacrament meetings adds oil to our lamps, drop by drop over the years. fasting, family prayer, home teaching, control of bodily appetites, preaching the gospel, studying the scriptures \u2014 each act of dedication and obedience is a drop added to our store. deeds of kindness, payment of offerings and tithes, chaste thoughts and actions, marriage in the covenant for eternity \u2014 these, too, contribute importantly to the oil with which we can at midnight refuel our exhausted lamps. \u201c midnight is so late for those who have procrastinated. \u201d ( faith precedes the miracle, pp. 253 \u2013 56. ) d & c 45 : 60 \u2013 62. \u201c translate it, that ye may be prepared \u201d the lord instructed joseph smith to translate the new testament and said that one of the purposes for his translating the scriptures was so that he would be prepared for the things to come. this work of translation is known as the joseph smith translation. d & c 45 : 64 \u2013 75. zion : a place of defense and refuge in the scriptures four words seem closely related to the concept of zion : gathering, preparation, defense, and refuge. the tribulations and judgments that will be poured out upon the world prior to the second coming will be so extensive and devastating that if the lord did not prepare a means of preservation, his people too would perish. but he has prepared a means for his people to escape those terrible times ; that means is zion. enoch was told that the lord would preserve his people in the tribulations of the last days by gathering his elect to zion where they could gird up their loins ( prepare themselves ) and look forward to his coming ( see moses 7 : 61 \u2013 62 ). in an earlier revelation in the doctrine and covenants, the savior called the elders of the church to gather the elect so their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47937134276764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.619461"}
{"text": "##rd up their loins ( prepare themselves ) and look forward to his coming ( see moses 7 : 61 \u2013 62 ). in an earlier revelation in the doctrine and covenants, the savior called the elders of the church to gather the elect so their hearts could be prepared for the day of tribulation ( see d & c 29 : 7 \u2013 8 ). in 1838 the lord explained that the gathering to zion and her stakes was to be for defense and refuge from the coming storm that will be poured out on the earth ( see d & c 115 : 5 \u2013 6 ). these commands and promises are found also in section 45. the saints are to gather to zion ( see d & c 45 : 64 \u2013 65 ), a place of safety, peace, and refuge ( see v. 65 ). even though the rest of the world is in a state of horrible warfare ( see v. 68 ), in zion ( d & c 115 : 5 \u2013 6 implies that this includes her stakes ) there will be peace and joy ( see d & c 45 : 69 \u2013 71 ). the prophet joseph smith taught : \u201c without zion, and a place of deliverance, we must fall ; because the time is near when the sun will be darkened, and the moon turn to blood, and the stars fall from heaven, and the earth reel to and fro. then, if this is the case, and if we are not sanctified and gathered to the places god has appointed, with all our former professions and our great love for the bible, we must fall ; we cannot stand ; we cannot be saved ; for god will gather out his saints from the gentiles, and then comes desolation and destruction, and none can escape except the pure in heart who are gathered. \u201d ( teachings, p. 71 ; see also enrichment b. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4468574644885704, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d091fad4-b9be-41ec-93a8-d7271688cf01>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.621386"}
{"text": "in short, the term \" minority \" as used by most colleges has no clear - cut definition, no consistent principle, and no coherent theory behind it. minority students are whomever they choose to consider minority students. in practice, the term usually refers to whatever racial or ethnic groups have a statistical \" representation \" the colleges wish to increase beyond what it would be if the usual admission standards were applied. blacks are the prime example, but much of what is said about blacks applies as well to hispanics and american indians. in this chapter the main focus will be on black students, simply because more information is available on them. however, there will also be a separate discussion of asian american students, because they are often treated differently from either blacks or whites by the colleges themselves. \" the races in the northern universities have grown more separate since the sixties, \" according to professor allan bloom in his best - selling book, the closing of the american mind. he is not the only one to notice this disturbing phenomenon. the dean of students at middlebury college reported that - for the first time in her long career - some white freshmen in 1986 asked not to be assigned a blackroom - mate. so did some white freshmen entering in 1987. racist graffiti and even physical assaults against black students occur on campuses where neither occurred 20 or 30 years ago. in 1987, a black student at harvard suffered a smashed window and harassing, racist phone calls from white students. the first black student graduated from harvard more than a hundred years ago and a black student was elected class president 30 years ago by the class of 1958. the reasons for this retrogression are a matter of controversy. but the important thing for minority students and their parents to understand is that it is a fact. minority parents with good memories of their own college experience on predominately white campuses should not automatically assume that their children can find a similar environment on the same campuses today. fortunately, the negative trends are not universal. there are campuses where no such retrogresion has taken place over the past generation, and some on which improved relations among the races have occurred. this means that black parents and students have an extra set of considerations to check out when choosing a college. it also means that this extra investment of time and effort is very much worth making. something as intangible as the racial atmosphere on a campus is not as likely to be known to high school counselors, nor do most college guides go into the subject very much, if at all. moreover, what would constitute a \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.565914092766501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.697002"}
{"text": "making. something as intangible as the racial atmosphere on a campus is not as likely to be known to high school counselors, nor do most college guides go into the subject very much, if at all. moreover, what would constitute a \" good \" racial environment differs radically between one black student and another. for example, some black students at stanford university consider it beneficial that there are special living quarters where black students are concentrated, while other black students dislike the idea and resent any pressures to get them them to move into these enclaves. similarly sharp differences of opinion are found among asian, hispanic, and american indian students. if you are a black student looking for a campus where your academic and social life involves people from all races, including foreign students, then you may not be happy on a campus where black students continually group together, especially if you get negative reactions from fellow blacks whenever you have lunch or go to a movie with someone who isn ' t black. but, if what you are looking for is a campus where black students do stick together, for mutual support and for concerted action on campus to achieve their special goals, then you may be happy at the same college where the more \" integrationist \" black student is uncomfortable or even miserable. the important practical question here is not which position is \" right \" but which position is you. talking this over with parents before choosing a college is a good way to help think through your priorities, especially if you and your parents have different views and talk them out. if you are seeking a campus where black students form a separate community, then cornell, dartmouth, wesleyan, and davidson are among many that have that kind of environment. but if you are seeking a campus where black students interact socially as individuals in the larger campus community, then you may want to investigate places like haverford, whitman, george mason university, the university of san diego or the university of puget sound. related to the question of the college racial environment is the question of how you plan to spend your time in college. on many predominately white campuses, there are black studies departments, black student unions, and often campus political activity related to either or both. aside from whether you agree or disagree with the goals or methods of this activity, there is the question of how much time you are prepared to devote to activism of any sort. there are other aspects of budgeting time to think about. in the black student ' s guide to colleges, there is a recurring emphasis on the number and nature of parties on campus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941199126709158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.701178"}
{"text": "how much time you are prepared to devote to activism of any sort. there are other aspects of budgeting time to think about. in the black student ' s guide to colleges, there is a recurring emphasis on the number and nature of parties on campus. for example, a black student at princeton is quoted : \" parties are not given often enough, and when they are, they just don ' t jump! \" again, it is necessary to be clear in your own mind as to what you are and are not looking for. ( my own reaction to the princeton comment was to recall a scene from an old war - movie melodrama called \" the guns of navarone. \" when the allied commandos had completed their mission and were getting ready to return from behind enemy lines, someone noticed that one of their members was missing. his partner knew that the missing man had gotten into a needless shoot - out with some nazis, and had been killed. \" he forgot why we came here, \" his partner said. ) despite its emphasis on parties, athletics, campus politics, and other extra - curricular activities, the black student ' s guide to colleges may be worth looking at simply because it is \" the only game in town \" as a black student ' s college guide. it must be read very judiciously, however, because it lacks any depth or judiciousness of its own. in reality, this is not what usually happens. minority students are systematically mismatched with institutions. it starts at the top colleges and universities, whose visibility and prestige make it politically necessary that they have a significant \" representation \" of blacks among their students. the wealth of such institutions enables them to offer the large - scale financial aid that many black students need to attend any college. the drive to get a good - looking \" body count \" of black students leads the top colleges and universities to go way beyond the pool of black students who meet their normal admission standards. for example, there are numerous universities, liberal arts colleges, and technical institutes whose students ' combined s. a. t. scores average 1200 or above. yet a recent study indicated that less than 600 black students in the entire country score this high annually. that would not be enough to supply the ivy league alone with a good statistical \" representation \" of black students who meet their normal standards. under these conditions, many black students discover too late that the \" opportunity \" to go to a big - name school turns out to be a trap. it is not a question whether black students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4530121381798494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.702971"}
{"text": "\" representation \" of black students who meet their normal standards. under these conditions, many black students discover too late that the \" opportunity \" to go to a big - name school turns out to be a trap. it is not a question whether black students are \" qualified \" but whether they are mismatched. for example, the average black student at the massachusetts institute of technology has a higher s. a. t. score in math than 90 percent of all american students. these black students can hardly be considered \" unqualified. \" but, although these students ' scores are in the top 10 percent among americans in general, their scores are in the bottom 10 percent among the extraordinary students at m. i. t. despite much lofty talk about the \" irrelevance \" of test scores, mismatching of this magnitude does have its effects. more than one - fourth of the black students fail to graduate at m. i. t., and those who do have significantly lower grades than the other students. this is a needless disaster among highly capable individuals. there are numerous engineering schools at which they could have succeeded, or even excelled. many individuals with all the ingredients of success have been artificially turned into failures by being mismatched with m. i. t. this is not a situation peculiar to this institution. it is an all too common experience for minority students throughout american higher education. twenty years ago, i discovered the same phenomenon at cornell university. with half the black students there on academic probation, despite being steered to easier courses, i became concerned as to what the reason could be and looked up their records. the average black student at cornell at that time scored at the 75th percentile on the s. a. t. test - that is, was academically superior to three - quarters of all american students. these were not \" unqualified \" students. but the average white student with whom they were competing in the liberal arts college was at the 99th percentile. blacks with the qualifications for success were artificially turned into failures by being mismatched with cornell. more recently, the same phenomenon has been reported at the university of california at berkeley. although black students at berkeley have s. a. t. scores slightly above the national average, nearly three - quarters of them fail to graduate. this is a devastating loss of capable young people. moreover, it is getting worse. fewer blacks graduated from berkeley in 1986 than in 1975, even though the total number of black students at berkeley in 1986 was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48685413279113426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.704143"}
{"text": "three - quarters of them fail to graduate. this is a devastating loss of capable young people. moreover, it is getting worse. fewer blacks graduated from berkeley in 1986 than in 1975, even though the total number of black students at berkeley in 1986 was significantly larger. more are just not making it through. when choosing a college, you don ' t want to become one of these statistics. the big - name college ' s problem is how to get \" enough \" black students on campus so that the college looks good. your problem is how to get a good education. no bigger mistake could be made, by students of any race, than to assume that you get a better education at a more prestigious college. for any given individual, the education may be much worse. when one course alone assigns hundreds of pages of reading per week, those students without the necessary reading speed are going to fall further and further behind, understanding less and less of what is said in class. that ' s not a better education. when mathematical material that would normally take three semesters to cover is covered in two semesters at a school whose students average 700 on math s. a. t. s, that is not a better education for people whose math background is not at that stratospheric level. they may have no idea what anybody is talking about, halfway through the first semester, even if they are perfectly capable of learning the same material when taught at a normal pace elsewhere. fast - paced courses skimp on explanations and assume that you either have a solid math background or can fill in the gaps on your own. for students with extraordinary math scores, that is probably a reasonable assumption - but not for anybody else. because mathematics is an important ingredient in other fields ( engineering, economics, chemistry, etc. ), a failure to master math can eliminate your opportunity to major in a number of other disciplines. you may enter a prestigious college or university planning to become an economist or an engineer, and end up being forced to major in some other field with less math, less interest, and less prospect of a career. this is especially likely to happen at some large research university where the foundation courses in math are taught by disinterested graduate students, some speaking heavily accented english that is difficult to understand. your chances of having the full range of choices open to you may well be better at a smaller institution where you are taught by professors specializing in teaching, and where the other students have math capabilities similar to yours. the mismatching of students to colleges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.466334082435069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.705530"}
{"text": "your chances of having the full range of choices open to you may well be better at a smaller institution where you are taught by professors specializing in teaching, and where the other students have math capabilities similar to yours. the mismatching of students to colleges is not confined to the top institutions, but is common across a broad spectrum. when the top - level schools recruit black students who would normally be qualified to succeed at the level next to the top, then the second tier of institutions faces the prospect of either being conspicuously lacking in minority students or ( 2 ) dipping down to the next level below to bring in enough minority students for a statistically respectable \" representation. \" usually they end up mismatching students. once begun at the top, this process continues on down the line. if the \" cultural bias \" argument means that a minority student with math and verbal s. a. t. scores in the 400s each is likely to match the academic performance of other students whose math and verbal s. a. t. s are in the 600s, then this is a dangerous falsehood - one that has ruined the academic chances ( and life chances ) of vast numbers of minority students, not only at m. i. t., cornell, and berkeley, but also at other institutions that keep such politically explosive data under lock and key. many people have their own reasons for saying that test scores under - estimate the future academic performance of minority or disadvantaged students. but the factual evidence against this widespread belief is overwhelming. anyone seriously interested in the facts is urged to read choosing elites by robert klitgaard, though this is just one of many factual studies with the same result, covering a variety of tests, and extending internationally. the cold fact is that, on average, minority students with low scores perform no better in college than majority students with low scores. this is not peculiar to blacks and whites, or to disadvantaged americans compared to americans in general. the same pattern exists in other countries as well. in the philippines, for example, people living in manila tend to score higher on tests than people living in the hinterlands. this may well be due to cultural differences rather than because people in manila are born any smarter. but the bottom line is that low - scoring people from the hinterlands do not do any better in college than low - scoring people from manila. it is the same story in indonesia, where people from the island of java score higher than people in the outer islands. but low - scoring people from the outer islands do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4893223105796195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.707689"}
{"text": "do not do any better in college than low - scoring people from manila. it is the same story in indonesia, where people from the island of java score higher than people in the outer islands. but low - scoring people from the outer islands do not perform any better at the university than low - scoring people from java. when the same pattern is found in the united states, it is often vehemently denied, by substituting rhetoric for evidence. one of the reasons why this issue arouses such emotional attacks on test scores is that many people confuse this issue with various attempts to label blacks or other minority groups as being genetically inferior mentally. when black orphans raised by white families average the same i. q. scores as whites, it seems to me pretty clear that racial differences in test scores are a cultural phenomenon. but cultural disadvantages are very real and very serious in their effects. from a practical standpoint, it doesn ' t matter how you got your disadvantage ; it is still a disadvantage. natural intelligence is not a complete substitute for a good education, good study habits, and wide cultural experience. it is wishful thinking to believe that it is. many minority students and their parents will be shocked to discover how far behind their educational level is, compared to the level reached by other students with whom they will be competing in college. for example, in 1987 only three high schools in the entire city of chicago scored as high as the national average on the a. c. t. college entrance examination - and 33 chicago high schools scored in the bottom 1 percent by national norms. students from schools like this have enormous amounts of ground to make up, just to compete with the average american student, much less with those students educated in the top public and private high schools. if your s. a. t. scores are too low for any of the colleges discussed so far, you need not abandon hope. not only are there colleges whose average s. a. t. levels will match yours ; there are also ways to beef up your academic skills before going to college, which will probably raise your scores as well. if you are very serious about going to a college with high academic standards, and are willing to do whatever it takes to prepare for such a place, then a year of hard study between high school and college may bring you up to the level you want. there are many ways of doing this - and of financing it. spending a year at a community college boning up on basics in math and english will do the job for some.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45119394100156185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.708912"}
{"text": "high school and college may bring you up to the level you want. there are many ways of doing this - and of financing it. spending a year at a community college boning up on basics in math and english will do the job for some. a few may want to spend a year at some private high school that has a \" post - graduate year \" program for those who want to strengthen their academic preparation before tackling college. both kinds of institutions can tell you about the various financial aid programs available to cover your tuition and living expenses. this aid may come from the school itself or from a variety of government and foundation programs. some liberal arts colleges and universities offer a crash course on basic skills during the summer between high school and college, either for everyone or especially for minority students. these courses may be useful if you are already close to meeting the normal standards of the school and just need a little extra to put you over the top. but a summer is far too short to remedy years of sub - standard ghetto education. relying on a summer crash course can be a prelude to crashing during the academic year. a whole year spent working full - time on what you missed in high school is not too much. it may be the best investment of your life. it will mean graduating from college a year later - but that is far better than not graduating at all, or graduating only by taking the easier courses and missing many opportunities you might have been able to master, if you had had a solid educational background behind you. as it is now, many minority students end up taking 5 or more years to complete a 4 - year college, because they discover the hard way that they cannot take a full load of courses and still keep up with the assignments. it is far better to take an extra year beforehand, to be able to handle the normal requirements in the normal way. among the alternatives to a substandard public school are ( 1 ) transfer to a better public school elsewhere, if possible ; ( 2 ) transfer to a private day school, in the neighborhood or away ; or ( 3 ) transfer to a private boarding school, which may be located hundreds of miles away. given the limited income of most minority families, options ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) may seem impossible. but they may not be. it is obviously hard to try to send children off to private boarding schools because financial aid is much more scarce in private elementary or high schools than in college. however, some will be able to do this. an organization for minority students called \" a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4647139182589729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.710146"}
{"text": ". it is obviously hard to try to send children off to private boarding schools because financial aid is much more scarce in private elementary or high schools than in college. however, some will be able to do this. an organization for minority students called \" a better chance, \" located in boston but operating nationwide, can be helpful for those who want to try this route. other parents will find a variety of other options. many minority parents may never think of private schools for their children because \" private schools \" conjures up the image of posh boarding schools for the rich, located on hundreds of acres of land, and costing upwards of $ 10, 000 a year. this is a true picture as regards places like exeter and andover, but most private schools are nothing like exeter and andover. according to official u. s. department of education statistics, nearly one - fifth of all private elementary schools in the united states charged less than $ 500 a year in 1985 - 86. that ' s less than $ 50 a month, and it can usually be paid in installments, just as people buy furniture and appliances on the installment plan. at the high school level, tuition goes up significantly, on average. however, for high school as for college, you need only one. moreover, at least partial financial aid is available, and an older child can contribute to his own tuition from his summer earnings. the summer earnings of a teen - ager making the minimum wage would cover the full tuition for a year at many private high schools, even if the parents contributed nothing and the school refused to give any financial aid. with just a small amount of help from a working - class family, it is very do - able. at the very least, do not dismiss the possibility without looking into the specifics. getting a decent education in ghetto high schools is far harder, and trying to make it through a good college without a decent educational background is courting disaster, personal as well as educational. social adjustments that might be a strain at posh places like exeter and andover may not be nearly as difficult at low - cost private schools, where fellow students are also likely to be from modest income levels. there are private, all - black schools in harlem, as well as in other ghettos from coast to coast. even where the schools are racially integrated, the white students are more likely to be the children of carpenters or clerks, rather than the children of doctors or stockbrokers. since most of these schools are day schools, rather than boarding schools,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4277006753255923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.711248"}
{"text": "even where the schools are racially integrated, the white students are more likely to be the children of carpenters or clerks, rather than the children of doctors or stockbrokers. since most of these schools are day schools, rather than boarding schools, there is no adjustment to living with people from different backgrounds 24 hours a day, as there is at college. it could be a good transition, especially for black students with very little experience in dealing with people from other racial backgrounds. will private schools make a difference? obviously, it depends on the individual. but a study by professor james coleman of the university of chicago indicates that private schools improve the academic performance of black students even more than they improve the academic performance of white students. one of the things to look for during your visit is whether the black students are mingled in with other students on campus or can be seen walking around in separate groups, eating lunch at separate tables, and perhaps rooming together in the dorm or even being housed together in a separate dorm. whether you regard such patterns as solidarity or separatism, you need to know whether or not they exist and how that fits in with your own idea of what a college experience should be. many colleges and universities have a black students union or similar organization. it can be very useful to talk to members and leaders of this organization during a campus visit, whether or not you would expect to join after entering college. the kind of leaders and the nature of the organization can have a deep influence on the whole racial atmosphere on campus, which in turn affects even those black students who do not belong. if their policies and actions create racial polarization, for example, you are going to feel it, whether you had anything to do with it or not. if the bsu plays a more positive role in helping black students adjust to the campus and the classroom, you will be a beneficiary of a better atmosphere, whether or not you yourself need such help in adjusting. meeting the people involved can give you better information than you can get from any other source and you will know better than anyone else how well their ideas fit in with yours. if there is a local black community, some of these interactions should take place there. people in barbershops and beauty parlors seldom need much encouragement to talk, and a shoe shine or a shampoo may be enough reason to go in. just mentioning that you are in town looking over the local college may be enough to bring out information about the atmosphere on campus and in town. if you go into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.445103319718536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.712500"}
{"text": "talk, and a shoe shine or a shampoo may be enough reason to go in. just mentioning that you are in town looking over the local college may be enough to bring out information about the atmosphere on campus and in town. if you go into a local fast - food place or other business during the slow hours, you have a good chance of finding people ready to talk. informal and unofficial sources of information can be especially important to minority students and parents because there are so many taboos and shibboleths about race among college officials. not everyone can afford a campus visit, and even among those who can, there may be strict limits on how many campuses can be visited, how far away, and whether parents can afford to go along on all the visits. if a parent can afford to accompany the student to a college relatively close by but not one a thousand miles away, it may be a good strategy to visit the closer campus first. after students and parents take notes on what they see, at the college and in the local community, they may want to talk over what they found out very carefully, so that the student alone can cover many of the same things on the distant campus. where finances make even one campus visit doubtful, the cost should be checked out before writing off the possibility. many colleges allow a free overnight stay in the dorms for the student and this is a very desirable experience anyway, as a means of collecting information and impressions. inexpensive lodgings may be available for parents on campus or off. motels in small college towns are often much less expensive than in big cities. if you can afford it, you will probably get your money ' s worth from a campus visit. avoiding a situation that would be intolerable is worth a lot. so too is discovering a place where your academic development can flourish in an environment that also offers a fulfilling social development. anyone who follows sports knows that blacks are heavily represented among both collegiate and professional athletes, and especially among the star athletes. the enormous salaries and tremendous publicity surrounding a relative handful of sports celebrities makes athletics seem far more promising than it is. the grim truth is that more than 90 percent of all college athletes in football, baseball, and basketball never sign a professional contract, much less have a career in sports. in absolute numbers, less than 3, 000 black people in the whole country make a living in these three sports combined - and that is counting players in major leagues, minor leagues, and semi - pro play, as well as coaches, trainers, and the like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47176915121808216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.713568"}
{"text": "numbers, less than 3, 000 black people in the whole country make a living in these three sports combined - and that is counting players in major leagues, minor leagues, and semi - pro play, as well as coaches, trainers, and the like. this is not a realistic prospect for millions of black youngsters. if all that was likely to happen if you became a college athlete was that your sports career wouldn ' t go any further, that would be just one of life ' s many disappointments. often, it is far worse than that. the demanding life of an athlete - the practice, the travel, the time spent studying plays - can leave very little time and energy for learning anything academic. four years of your life spent entertaining other people in a stadium can easily end up with you out on the street with absolutely nothing to show for it - no degree, no sports contract, no money, and no job skill on which to build a career. however much publicity and popularity you may have had on campus while playing, you can find yourself quickly forgotten by your former classmates as they go on up the ladder in their careers. college athletics is a prime example of a situation where other people ' s agendas can destroy your agenda. the coach ' s agenda is to win - at all costs. coaches are paid very well for winning and are fired very quickly for losing. under these conditions, it is completely unrealistic to expect most coaches to be concerned about your education. on the contrary, the coach ' s main concern may be to stop you from taking \" too many \" solid academic courses that will take up time that he wants you to spend in practice, in body conditioning, and in learning the team ' s plays. although professional football players almost all came out of colleges, and are identified with those colleges, the great majority of national football league players never graduated from college. the same is true in other sports. of 18 first - round collegiate draft choices in the national basketball association in 1986, less than half had actually graduated. among the minority who did receive a degree, not one majored in math, english, engineering, philosophy, or any of the sciences. most majored in easy mickey mouse subjects. coach joe paterno of penn state perhaps summed up the situation best when he said : \" it has always been my opinion that the most important thing an athlete receives here at penn state is his or her degree. the degree transcends everything else, including undefeated seasons or bowl trips, all - american recognition,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4733419863407292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.716549"}
{"text": "best when he said : \" it has always been my opinion that the most important thing an athlete receives here at penn state is his or her degree. the degree transcends everything else, including undefeated seasons or bowl trips, all - american recognition, even winning a national championship. none of those things take the place of a good education. \" do not expect to find a lot of joe paternos in this world. certainly don ' t bet your education and your future on finding another one. in theory, there are black colleges and white colleges, but in reality things have become more complicated. there are white students on many traditionally black campuses today, and thousands of black students on some white campuses. west virginia state college was initially founded in 1891 to serve black students, but today most of its students are white. conversely, the brooklyn campus of long island university is less than half white today, though other campuses of l. i. u. remain predominantly white. in absolute numbers, there are more black students at wayne state university than there are at fisk, hampton, tuskegee or most other black colleges and universities. all this relates to your reason for wanting to go to a black college. if your purpose is to socialize with large numbers of other black students, then that can be done as easily at wayne state or the brooklyn campus of l. i. u. as it can at the traditionally black colleges. however, if what you really want is a whole environment that is overwhelmingly and traditionally black, then your attention must turn to institutions like howard, fisk, morehouse, spelman and tuskegee. many black students will find that the academic standards and test score levels at black colleges match their own academic levels better than some other colleges do. whether there is a match in other ways, such as in values and lifestyle, will depend upon the specifics of particular black colleges. you cannot assume that there will automatically be a match, just because the other students are black. on the other hand, for black students with strong academic backgrounds and composite s. a. t. s above 1000, there are simply no black colleges to match them with academically. many such students - especially those who have grown tired of always being in a small minority in predominantly white schools - often want to believe that there are black colleges to match the ivy league or other top - tier institutions. but the facts contradict this belief or wish. every black institution in the united states has a s. a. t. level below the national average", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4573566446588604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.718822"}
{"text": "want to believe that there are black colleges to match the ivy league or other top - tier institutions. but the facts contradict this belief or wish. every black institution in the united states has a s. a. t. level below the national average. howard university has long been regarded as first among the black colleges and universities, but less than half the howard faculty have ph. d. s and less than half the howard students have graduated 5 years after they enter. the historic role of the black colleges in creating a black educated class, the struggles these institutions had to undergo merely to survive, the many distinguished black scholars they had at one time, when they were the only places where such scholars could teach, have all combined to create a feeling of pride, loyalty, and mystique. but when you are choosing a college, the only colleges you can attend are the ones that actually exist today, as they really are today - not the legends that have come down through the years or the visions you may have in your mind. cutting through the images to the reality is especially important, and especially difficult, in the case of the black colleges. neither high school counselors nor the authors of college guides want to be accused of racism for saying critical things about them. most college guides, even those that can be critical or even sarcastic about other institutions, tend to be either bland or gushing about black colleges. edward b. fiske ' s selective guide to the colleges is exceptional and tries in a gentle way to convey some of the realities about the black institutions. a campus visit, with well - planned note - taking, is even more important in the case of black colleges than for colleges in general. despite many spectacular success stories among asian americans - both native - born and immigrants - the average asian american student is not spectacular. in 1987, asian americans averaged 405 on the verbal s. a. t. and 521 on the math s. a. t., compared to the national average of 430 verbal and 476 in math. asian american students ' below - average verbal and above - average math scores add up to a composite s. a. t. total just 20 points above the national average. however, it takes only a modest difference in averages between two groups to translate into substantial differences in representation at the extremes. less than 4 percent of all students have a quantitative s. a. t. score of 700 or above, but more than 9 percent of all asian students reach this level. asian americans are accordingly very much over - represented in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45926092883135766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.720150"}
{"text": "representation at the extremes. less than 4 percent of all students have a quantitative s. a. t. score of 700 or above, but more than 9 percent of all asian students reach this level. asian americans are accordingly very much over - represented in institutions with very high math s. a. t. ' s. asian americans are about one - fifth of all students at cal tech and at m. i. t., and two - fifths of all engineering students at berkeley. although only about 2 percent of the population, asian americans receive 17 percent of all engineering ph. d. ' s in the united states. of 70 scholarship winners in the prestigious westinghouse talent search from 1981 to 1987, 20 were asian americans. the academic success of asian americans is reminiscent of the rapid academic rise of jewish immigrant children earlier in this century. also reminiscent of that era are the limits that seem to be set against their increased admission to some leading colleges and universities. no one has admitted to setting quota limits for asians but suspicious things have happened in many institutions in recent years. the percentage of asian applicants to berkeley who were admitted was cut in half from 62 percent to 31 percent - in just 5 years. at brown university, the admission rate for asian american applicants in 1983 was less than one third of what it was in 1975. the number of asian americans in princeton ' s freshman class in 1986 was 25 percent lower than it was just the year before. at harvard, white and asian applicants had very similar test scores but, among those admitted, asians had test scores more than a hundred points higher than whites, suggesting that they had to be better to get in. at amherst, 40 percent of black applicants and 43 percent of hispanic applicants were accepted for the class of 1991, but only 25 percent of asian american applicants. if other minority groups had higher academic performances than asian americans, that would be understandable. but all the evidence says just the opposite. given that man ' s sins are unlimited, while your time is not, how much time and effort does it pay an asian american high school student to invest in worrying about this? probably not much. the representation of asian american students remains high at leading colleges, universities, and engineering schools across the country. there are more than a hundred institutions where more than 10 percent of the students are asian americans. moreover, the proportions of asian american students are rising sharply at some institutions while they are falling at others. the numbers of asian american students have more than doubled over a period of 5 years at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5159984386491147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe7375a7-7390-463d-b505-1347daffe9c1>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.721409"}
{"text": "workshops & groups this is a list of community and in - school workshops promoting positive self - change. these educational workshops, presentations, peer to - peer support groups and local events aim to help children, youth and adults learn and grow. - how to eat fried worms : a self - esteem building one - day workshop for boys in grades 3 - 6. - girls get going! : a self - esteem building one - day workshop for girls in grades 3 - 4. - fear factor : a self - esteem building workshop for boys in grades 5 - 6 - wipeout : taking the challenge of teamwork to the extreme with a one - day workshop for boys or girls. - power - parenting options with empathy and respect : six positive parenting information sessions for all parents. a variety of topics on creating better parenting strategies and stronger communication skills. celebrates the experience and wisdom of active parenting. rainbows : peer - to - peer supports for coping with grief and loss at all ages. registration ongoing. contact 780 - 955 - 6421 for more information. for younger child parenting workshops, refer to the leduc regional parent link and early childhood resource programs. kindergarten to grade 1 : lets be friends : a three - session class that promotes friendship through activities and crafts. grades 1 and 2 : respect training : a three - session certificate class that promotes tolerance, respect and awareness around feelings and emotions. healthy anger : a three - session class ( or combined classes with the making healthy choices workshop ) encourages self - awareness, anger management and decision making. circle of respect : a three - session class based on native teachings of respect, community, cooperation and patience through crafts and other acitivies. when you meet a bully : a three - session class demonstrating pro - active skills in identifying, coping with and preventing bullying. the power of conflict : a three - session class that helps students work on active listening and communication skills through activities and group work. grades 7, 8, 9 : making healthy choices : encourages leadership, mentorship, and volunteerism with peers and younger grades. grade 7 : yha : youth healthy asset building : building character, self - awareness, making healthy decisions and becoming more socially aware. grade 8 : beyond the hurt : a red cross program facilliated through fcss promoting bullying prevention and peer to peer team leadership. grade 9 : healthy youth relationships : a red cross program facillitated through fcss, that encourages self - respect and respect for others in friendship and dating relationships. add - on workshop ( 1 session each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819581753967335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18d10748-dcc7-4156-9366-8517ec4b9360>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.730351"}
{"text": "prevention and peer to peer team leadership. grade 9 : healthy youth relationships : a red cross program facillitated through fcss, that encourages self - respect and respect for others in friendship and dating relationships. add - on workshop ( 1 session each ) : cyber - safety, substance use and abuse. - respect teams target leadership and peer to peer mentorship recommended in grade 5 or 6. - friendship group meets short - term, weekly for up to six ( 6 ) weeks to target small groups ( any age ) with exceptional needs specific to dealing with conflict resolution, anger management, positive friendship skill, and slef - esteem. - rainbows for grief and loss meets the needs for ages 6 - 13 years, spectrum for 13 - 18 years and silver linings for community supports. friends with compassion for adults. the following workshops are available in the fcss office and can be customized to meet your needs. when you see bullying happen : what a bystander can do ( grades 3 - 5 ) focus on bullying : presentation ( grades 4 - 6 ) don ' t be a bully ( grades 5 - 9 ) silent on the sidelines : why we ignore bullying ( grades 5 - 9 ) the power of conflict resolution ( grades 5 - 9 ) resolving conflicts : step by step ( grades 7 - 12 ) let ' s all get along : conflict resolution ( kindergarten to grade 2 ) anger strategies toolbox ( grade 11 + ) what to do about anger ( grades 3 - 5 ) handling your anger ( grades 5 - 9 ) anger management skills ( grades 7 - 12 ) let ' s talk about respect ( kindergarten to grade 2 ) how would you feel : learning about empathy ( kindergarten to grade 2 ) healing and helping through loss ( pre - teen to adult ) free the horses : a self - esteem adventure ( grades 1 - 3 ) secrets to successful relationships ( grade 11 to adult ) identifying depression and preventing suicide ( grades 5 - 9 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47222536253315495, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18d10748-dcc7-4156-9366-8517ec4b9360>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.732780"}
{"text": "lesson plans and worksheets browse by subject argentina teacher resources find teacher approved argentina educational resource ideas and activities in this geography worksheet, students study the names of 60 countries. students indicate their home country by coloring its name in the word grid puzzle. students then answer 8 questions about their country concerning what language is spoken, what it is famous for and popular foods and celebrities. are your middle and high schoolers having trouble with tests? do they need skills to improve reading comprehension? take the time to teach some useful strategies for both. working together as a class or in small groups, discuss study strategies, review the rrap reading method, practice making a study plan, and then put it all to use! although this resource is missing links to necessary handouts, it is still an excellent source providing teachers with a great lesson idea. introduce your class to a different way of life. they will meet a little argentinian girl who visits her abuela and abuelo in their candy factory. not only will they see how treats are different in different places, they can see how a small factory functions. ask your class to find out what their grandparents do for a living. how do facts and opinions impact the news? after reading \" how to cover a war \" from the new york times, middle schoolers evaluate the claims in the article. they also consider the media ' s responsibilities in reporting during wartime. additionally, they write letters to the editor to express their own opinion. sixth graders determine the mean, range median and mode of a set of numbers and display them. in this data lesson students form a set of data and use computer spreadsheet to display the information. they extend of the process by looking at data samples from real life and the conclusions that can be drawn from analyzing the data collected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48953864192329327, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91282d31-aaeb-42c1-a4b5-c35259eccae7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.735122"}
{"text": "the tax landscape is changing for the amount u. s. multinational corporations may claim through the foreign tax credit. this change is the result of the statutory pay - as - you - go act of 2010 that requires any increased spending must be offset by a corresponding increase in revenue. the foreign tax credit modifications narrowly escaped becoming the offsetting revenue raising provisions of the unemployment compensation extension act of 2010 that extended unemployment benefits. however, the success was short - lived, as these modifications were added to pub. l. no. 111 - 226. this legislation provides $ 10 billion of elementary and secondary education funding to protect teacher jobs from being cut. nearly $ 10 billion over ten years is expected to be raised by altering various rules that corporations leverage to calculate their foreign tax credits and foreign - source income, providing the necessary revenue offset for this law. here, we will examine the concept behind foreign tax credits offered in the united states ; the history of foreign tax credits in the united states ; the changes to the foreign tax credits ; and the public policy behind the bill and the potential effects upon multinational corporations. i. the concept of foreign tax credits income tax systems that tax residents on worldwide income generally offer a foreign tax credit to mitigate the potential for double taxation. the united states employs a global tax system and taxes the income earned abroad, known as foreign source income, by its residents under the residence principle. generally, foreign source income is also subjected to tax in the foreign country. as a result, the united states offers a tax credit for any foreign income taxes paid in an attempt to avoid double taxation on the foreign source income. the taxpayer is allowed to subtract the foreign income tax from the tentative u. s. income tax due on the foreign source income and is required to pay only the difference to the united states. however, the credit is limited to the tentative u. s. tax, meaning no refund is available if the foreign income tax exceeds the tentative u. s. tax on the foreign source income. for foreign taxes other than income tax, deductions are allowed against the foreign taxable income instead of being credited against the u. s. tax. u. s. corporations usually earn foreign source income by operating branches abroad or either by operating via an affiliate or investing in subsidiaries incorporated abroad. the foreign tax credit offers different advantages depending upon the form of the entity abroad. if a branch of a u. s. corporation is subject to foreign income taxes a credit is given for the foreign income taxes when the branch remits the income", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4448836517067779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.757474"}
{"text": ". the foreign tax credit offers different advantages depending upon the form of the entity abroad. if a branch of a u. s. corporation is subject to foreign income taxes a credit is given for the foreign income taxes when the branch remits the income annually to its u. s. parent. this differs from the tax consequences of operating via either an affiliate or a subsidiary abroad as opposed to a branch. for foreign source income earned by an affiliate that is a separate company incorporated abroad and the u. s. parent owns at least 10 percent of the affiliate, then u. s. tax only attaches when the income is remitted in the form of dividends to the u. s. parent. these unremitted earnings defer the attraction of u. s. tax until the earnings are repatriated. but for the application of subpart f controlled foreign corporation rules, the deferral may be indefinite. in general, a u. s. parent corporation may aggregate their foreign source income and foreign taxes paid from all of its foreign operations. however, to be lumped together the foreign source income must be within the same category of income, or \" basket \", as defined by the internal revenue code. the american jobs creation act of 2004 reduced the number of income baskets from eight to just two for tax years beginning in 2007. these two remaining income baskets are passive income and general income. these two separate baskets exist to discourage u. s. corporations from moving offshore highly mobile passive investments that can be located in low - tax jurisdictions in order to increase their tentative u. s. tax by increasing their foreign source income. the increased u. s. tentative tax will allow the offset of previously forgone foreign tax credits for non - passive operations in high tax jurisdictions. ii. history of foreign tax credits in the united states when congress created the first income tax, it addressed the issue of foreign double taxation by allowing taxpayers to deduct their foreign taxes when computing their taxable income. in 1918, after the cost of world war i drove up the rates of both domestic and foreign taxes, congress passed the foreign tax credit provisions to provide greater relief in cases of double taxation. these provisions allowed for taxpayers to choose between deducting their foreign taxes from taxable incomes or taking a dollar for dollar credit against their u. s. tax liabilities. after the technical amendments act of 1958, taxpayers could carry their unused foreign taxes forward five years or back two. the foreign tax credits provisions allow taxpayers an indirect credit for foreign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45371078662592385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.758480"}
{"text": "taking a dollar for dollar credit against their u. s. tax liabilities. after the technical amendments act of 1958, taxpayers could carry their unused foreign taxes forward five years or back two. the foreign tax credits provisions allow taxpayers an indirect credit for foreign taxes \" deemed paid \" by the underlying subsidiary of a taxpayer ' s subsidiary. to be eligible for the indirect credit, the u. s. parent must own a minimum percentage of the foreign subsidiaries stock. in 1962, the ownershippercentage was lowered from the original 50 percent to the current level of 10 percent. also, until 1976, taxpayers could claim the credit for a second - tier subsidiary at least 50 percent owned by the first tier. the tax reform act of 1976 expanded the level of ownership to three tiers with just 10 percent ownership for all tiers, provided that combined ownership of all tiers is at least 5 percent. congress further expanded the indirect credit through to a sixth underlying tier of the u. s. parent, while maintaining the 5 percent cumulative ownership rule for each tier. congress has also created various limitations and reductions throughout the life of the foreign tax credit provisions. initially, companies were allowed an unlimited amount of foreign tax credit. to remedy a potential u. s. subsidy to foreign jurisdictions with higher tax rates, congress added in 1921 a limitation that capped creditable foreign taxes to the u. s. prevailing rate. congress established the limitation of the amount of foreign tax credit available to a corporation ' s u. s. tax liability multiplied by a ratio of foreign source - income to worldwide income. further limitations included an overall foreign loss recapture added in 1976 with the intent to limit the amount of domestic tax liability that could be offset by foreign losses. the american jobs creation act of 2004 revised the foreign tax credit provisions further. the law adjusted how taxpayers calculate the credit for the purpose of the alternative minimum tax. also, the revisions modified rules that govern how companies allocate interest expenses away from foreign source income to increase their available tax credit. the carryback period was also reduced to one year, while the carryforward period was increased to ten years. lastly, an overall domestic loss recapture was added to compliment the already existent foreign loss recapture. iii. the changes enacted by pub. l. no. 111 - 226 the education jobs and medicaid assistance act of 2010 ( pub. l. no. 111 - 226 ) includes a package of provisions developed jointly by the treasury department, the committee on ways and means and the senate finance committee to prevent alleged mismatches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4550328801818943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.759468"}
{"text": "education jobs and medicaid assistance act of 2010 ( pub. l. no. 111 - 226 ) includes a package of provisions developed jointly by the treasury department, the committee on ways and means and the senate finance committee to prevent alleged mismatches and abuses of the u. s. foreign tax credit system. primarily, treasury alleges that taxpayers have developed methods to utilize their foreign tax credits to reduce their u. s. tax without correspondingly incurring u. s. tax on that foreign income, thus obscuring the policy intent of the elimination of double taxation. a. rules to prevent splitting foreign tax credits from income taxpayers have devised several techniques for splitting foreign taxes from the foreign income on which those taxes were paid. these techniques allow for the foreign income to remain offshore and untaxed by the united states, while the foreign taxes are currently available in the u. s. to offset u. s. tax that is due on other foreign source income. often, the foreign income is permanently reinvested offshore such that it likely will never be repatriated and taxed in u. s. these techniques use foreign tax credits in a method that does not relieve double taxation burdens. pub. l. no. 111 - 226 adds section 909 - \" suspension of taxes and credits until related income taken into account \" - to the i. r. c. foreign tax credit provisions. new section 909 states : ( a ) in general. - if there is a foreign tax credit splitting event with respect to a foreign income tax paid or accrued by the taxpayer, such tax shall not be taken into account for purposes of this title before the taxable year in which the related income is taken into account under this chapter by the taxpayer. thus, section 909 implements a matching rule that suspends the recognition of foreign tax credits until the related income is taken into account for u. s. tax purposes. these rules will not affect timing differences that result from normal tax accounting differences between foreign and u. s. tax rules. b. denial of foreign tax credit with respect to foreign income not subject to united states taxation by reason of covered asset acquisitions current rules allow taxpayers to treat a stock acquisition as an asset acquisition under u. s. tax law or obtaining interests in entities treated as corporations for foreign tax purposes but considered as non - corporate for u. s. tax law. these acquisitions are referred to as \" covered assets acquisitions \". these transactions result in a step - up in the basis of the assets of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4994815070496669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.760730"}
{"text": "entities treated as corporations for foreign tax purposes but considered as non - corporate for u. s. tax law. these acquisitions are referred to as \" covered assets acquisitions \". these transactions result in a step - up in the basis of the assets of the acquired entity to the fair market value paid for the stock. this step - up usually exists only for the u. s. tax purposes and not the foreign tax purposes. as a result, depreciation for u. s. tax purposes exceeds the depreciation for foreign tax purposes, so that the u. s. taxable basis is lower than foreign taxable base. since foreign tax credits are based on the foreign taxable base, there are more foreign credits than necessary to avoid double taxation. taxpayers are then using these additional foreign tax credits to reduce taxes imposed on other, completely unrelated foreign income. the bill prevents taxpayers from claiming the foreign tax credit with respect to foreign income that is never subject to u. s. taxation due to a covered asset acquisition. c. separate application of foreign tax credit limitation to items resourced under tax treaties taxpayers have devised a technique to use the u. s. treaty network to enhance foreign tax credit utilization by artificially inflating foreign source income. to do this, ownership of income - producing assets that ordinarily would be held by the u. s. based multinational companies in the united states is shifted to foreign branches and disregarded entities. this income is often lightly taxed on a net basis by the foreign country, but the treaty ultimately categorizes the entire gross amount of the income generated by u. s. assets as foreign source. this results in the taxpayer ' s foreign source income to be artificially inflated and allows the taxpayer to use foreign tax credits to reduce taxes on foreign source income beyond the maximum amount of u. s. tax that could be imposed. the bill respects the treaty commitment to treating the income as foreign source, but segregates the income so that it is not the basis for claiming foreign tax credits. d. limitation on the use of section 956 for foreign tax credit planning u. s. based multinational companies typically employ complex foreign structures designed to reduce worldwide tax expenses. these structures often include companies located in low - tax jurisdictions in a multi - chain tier of subsidiaries. if a foreign subsidiary with a high tax expense distributes a dividend through a chain of companies, the foreign tax credit on the dividend the u. s. multinational receives is a blend of tax rates. if there were a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5125382265719818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.761899"}
{"text": "tier of subsidiaries. if a foreign subsidiary with a high tax expense distributes a dividend through a chain of companies, the foreign tax credit on the dividend the u. s. multinational receives is a blend of tax rates. if there were a tax haven company in that chain, the u. s. tax due on the dividend may be significantly higher than the tax would have been if the foreign subsidiary ' s dividend had \" hopscotched \" over the chain as a direct distribution. use of section 956 accomplishes this hopscotch by deeming a dividend from a foreign subsidiary directly to the u. s. shareholder. by taking advantage of this rule the foreign tax credit on a \" deemed dividend \" can be greater than the foreign tax credit would be on an actual dividend. the bill limits the amount of foreign tax credits available with respect to a deemed dividend under section 956 to the amount that would have been allowed to an actual dividend following the chain. e. special rule with respect to certain redemptions by foreign subsidiaries where a foreign - based multinational owns a u. s. company, and that u. s. - company owns a foreign subsidiary, the earnings of the foreign subsidiary are generally subject to u. s. when they are distributed to the u. s. shareholder. foreign - based multinational companies have devised a technique for avoiding u. s. taxation of such foreign subsidiary earnings. this technique involves a provision of the tax code that was originally enacted as an anti - abuse rule that treats certain sales of stock between related parties as a dividend. this deemed dividend allows the foreign subsidiary ' s earnings to completely, and permanently, bypass the u. s. tax system. the bill eliminates this type of tax planning by preventing the foreign subsidiary ' s earnings from being reduced and, as a result, the earnings will remain subject to u. s. tax when repatriated to the foreign parent corporation as dividend. f. modification of affiliation rules for purposes of rules allocating interest expense taxpayers have used various techniques to minimize the amount of foreign source interest expense, which has the effect of artificially boosting foreign source income. this allows the taxpayer to utilize more foreign tax credits than would otherwise be possible, and the use has no bearing on double taxation relief. treasury regulations prevent taxpayers from excluding foreign interest expense from the foreign tax credit limitation by placing it in foreign subsidiaries. the regulations achieve this result by including certain subsidiaries in the u. s. affiliated group. as a result, foreign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5008400593009839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.763037"}
{"text": "on double taxation relief. treasury regulations prevent taxpayers from excluding foreign interest expense from the foreign tax credit limitation by placing it in foreign subsidiaries. the regulations achieve this result by including certain subsidiaries in the u. s. affiliated group. as a result, foreign source interest expense will be taken into account in the determination of the foreign tax credit limitation. the bill modifies the affiliation rules to strengthen these anti - abuse rules. g. repeal of 80 / 20 rules under current law, dividends and interest paid by a domestic corporation are generally considered u. s. - source income to the recipient and subject to gross basis withholding if paid to a foreign person. if at least 80 percent of a corporation ' s gross income during a three year period is foreign source income and is attributable to the active conduct of a foreign trade or business, dividends and interest paid by the corporation will generally not be subject to gross basis withholding rules. additionally, interest received from an 80 / 20 company can increase the foreign source income of a u. s. multinational company. treasury has become aware that some companies have abused the 80 / 20 company rules. the bill repeals the 80 / 20 company rules, repeals the 80 / 20 rules for interest paid be resident alien individuals, and includes relief for existing 80 / 20 companies that meet specific requirements and are not abusing 80 / 20 company rules. i. technical correction to statute of limitations provision in the hire act the bill makes a technical correction to the foreign compliance provisions of the hiring incentives to restore employment ( hire ) act ( p. l. 111 - 147 ) that clarifies circumstances under which the statute of limitations will be tolled for corporations that fail to provide certain information on cross - border transactions or foreign assets. under the correction, the statute of limitations period will not be tolled if the failure to provide such information is shown to be due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect. iv. public policy and potential effects of the bill any discussion of changes in tax policy, regardless of cutting or increasing tax revenues, always brings out intense passions. advocacy groups such as the tax policy center, citizens for tax justice, and the national women ' s law center all support the closing of tax loopholes for u. s. multinational corporations. as expected just as many advocacy groups strongly oppose any effort to change the current tax landscape. these groups include the u. s. chamber of commerce, the heritage foundation, the national foreign trade council, the business roundtable, the national association of manufacturers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4629104846716055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.764324"}
{"text": "expected just as many advocacy groups strongly oppose any effort to change the current tax landscape. these groups include the u. s. chamber of commerce, the heritage foundation, the national foreign trade council, the business roundtable, the national association of manufacturers, the information technology industry council and the americans for tax reform. the potential benefits of the tax changes include increasing domestic job opportunities. according to proponents, job opportunities will increase domestically as a result of ending the preferential treatment that give an incentive to u. s. multinationals to move more of their business abroad by providing subsidies. also, by limiting the deficit burden of the extension of jobless benefits, the tax policy changes may protect national saving and spurn economic growth. more importantly, a study done by moody ' s found that extending unemployment benefits had one of the highest impacts on economic growth at $ 1. 61 in growth for every dollar spent while a permanent cut to the corporate tax rate would yield $ 0. 32 in growth per dollar. the potential negative effects of the tax changes include hindering job creation, decreasing overseas competitiveness of american business, and deterring economic growth. further, an increased tax burden may encourage u. s. firms to sell their foreign subsidiaries to foreign - based firms. other critics argue that the revenue sought to be raised will be elusive, either because the tax hikes will harm u. s. exports and jobs or because worldwide american companies will merely shift their organizational structure to avoid the tax. also, critics argue that the limitation on the section 956 loans will deny sources of cash to worldwide american companies and jeopardize the fragile recovery achieved thus far. additionally, some advocates believe that the tax hike will actually drive more jobs overseas instead of create jobs in america. lastly, critics state that at a time when america needs to be taking steps to promote competitiveness, the tax hikes send an opposite message to would - be investors. regardless of which side of the debate one falls, data does exist to show that as multinational corporations increase employment abroad that they increase employment domestically as well. however, a weak connection exists between job creation or losses and tax policy, according to some tax experts. to further complicate the debate, both the united kingdom and japan have altered their tax policies away from a worldwide source system, leaving the united states alone in their international tax policies. statutory pay - as - you - go act of 2010, 2 u. s. c. \u00a7 933 ( g ) ( 2010 ). unemployment compensation extension act of 2010, pub.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43982101857485356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.766970"}
{"text": ", leaving the united states alone in their international tax policies. statutory pay - as - you - go act of 2010, 2 u. s. c. \u00a7 933 ( g ) ( 2010 ). unemployment compensation extension act of 2010, pub. l. no. 111 - 205, 124 stat. 2236 ( 2010 ). _ _ _ _ _ act of _ _ _ _, pub. l. no. 111 - 226, 124 stat. 2389 ( 2010 ). donald j. rousslang, foreign tax credit, in the encyclopedia of taxation and tax policy, 163 ( joseph j. cordes, robert d. ebel, & jane g. gravelle eds., 2d ed. 2005 ), available at http : / / www. urban. org / uploadedpdf / 1000531. pdf. i. r. c. \u00a7 904 ( d ) ( 1 ). melissa redmiles & jason wenrich, a history of controlled foreign corporations and the foreign tax credit, internal revenue service, 129 ( 2007 ), http : / / www. irs. gov / pub / irs - soi / historycfcftc. pdf. id. at 130. i. r. c. \u00a7 904 ( c ). id. at 131. staff of s. comm. on finance, 111th cong., summary of changes made by senate substitute amendment to american jobs and closing loopholes act 18 ( comm. print 2010 ). _ _ _ _ _ act of _ _ _ _, pub. l. no. 111 - 226, 124 stat. 2389 ( 2010 ) at \u00a7 211. staff of the j. comm. on taxation, 111th cong., technical explanation of the revenue provisions of the senate amendment to the house amendment to the senate amendment of h. r. 1586, scheduled for consideration by the house of representatives on august 10, 2010, 4 - 6 ( comm. print 2010 ) available at http : / / www. jct. gov / publications. html? func = startdown & id = 3702. id. at 13 - 16. id. at 19. id. at 24 - 26. id. at 28. id. at 29. id. at 33 - 35. id. at 37. any public policy arguments referring to hr 4213 also apply to hr 5893 since these arguments were in favor or opp osition of the bill based on the targeted tax cuts or changes in international", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4281539885789008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.767872"}
{"text": "at 33 - 35. id. at 37. any public policy arguments referring to hr 4213 also apply to hr 5893 since these arguments were in favor or opp osition of the bill based on the targeted tax cuts or changes in international tax rules. tax policy center, \" 2011 budget - reform u. s. international tax system \", http : / / www. taxpolicycenter. org / taxtopics / 2011 _ reform _ international _ taxes. cfm ; citizens for tax justice, position paper, http : / / ctj. org / pdf / ftc2010. pdf ; letter to congress from national women ' s law center, available at http : / / www. nwlc. org / pdf / supportforjobs & loopholeclosuresact. pdf. u. s. chamber of commerce, \" letter opposing h. r. 4213 \", http : / / www. uschamber. com / issues / letters / 2010 / 100607hr4213. htm ; the heritage foundation, \" routine tax extenders package contains new irresponsible spending and tax hikes \", http : / / www. heritage. org / research / reports / 2010 / 05 / routine - tax - extenders - package - contains - new - irresponsible - spending - and - tax - hikes # _ ftn3 ; national foreign trade council, position paper, http : / / www. nftc. org / default / tax / nftc % 20extender % 20position % 20paper. pdf ; americans for tax reform, atrf analysis, http : / / www. atr. org / atrf - analysis - international - tax - hikes - h - a5101 #. letter to congress from national women ' s law center, available at http : / / www. nwlc. org / pdf / supportforjobs & loopholeclosuresact. pdf. see testimony of peter orszag before sen. budget comm., \" promoting fiscal discipline and broad - based economic growth \" 11 ( 2006 ) available at http : / / www. brookings. edu / ~ / media / files / rc / testimonies / 2006 / 0928useconomics _ orszag / 20060928. pdf. see testimony of mark zandi before the h. budget comm., \" perspectives on the economy \" ( 2010 ) available at http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4554000006335839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.768745"}
{"text": "/ 2006 / 0928useconomics _ orszag / 20060928. pdf. see testimony of mark zandi before the h. budget comm., \" perspectives on the economy \" ( 2010 ) available at http : / / www. economy. com / mark - zandi / documents / final - house - budget - committee - perspectives - on - the - us - economy - 070110. pdf. u. s. chamber of commerce, \" letter opposing h. r. 4213 \", http : / / www. uschamber. com / issues / letters / 2010 / 100607hr4213. htm. council on foreign relations, \" u. s. multinationals and tax reform \", http : / / www. cfr. org / publication / 21777 / us _ multinationals _ and _ tax _ reform. html. gary clyde hufbauer & theodore moran, \" hobbling exports and destroying jobs \", http : / / www. iie. com / publications / pb / pb10 - 13. pdf. national association of manufacturers, \" letter opposing h. r. 5893 \", http : / / www. pace4jobs. org / files / h. r. % 205893 % 20kv % 20letter. pdf. the heritage foundation, \" routine tax extenders package contains new irresponsible spending and tax hikes \", http : / / www. heritage. org / research / reports / 2010 / 05 / routine - tax - extenders - package - contains - new - irresponsible - spending - and - tax - hikes # _ ftn3. promote america ' s competitive edge, \" letter opposing h. r. 5893 \", http : / / www. pace4jobs. org / files / pace % 20letter % 207 - 30 - 10 % 20to % 20house. pdf. mihir a. desai, taxing multinational firms : securing jobs or the new protectionism?, 14 ( 2008 ), http : / / itpf. org ( follow \" education program \" hyperlink ; then \" view education by title \" hyperlink ). council on foreign relations, \" u. s. multinationals and tax reform \", http : / / www. cfr. org / publication / 21777 / us _ multinationals _ and _ tax _ reform. html. desai, supra note 41,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4435724968641295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:622bcc9b-1a2a-49ef-a735-e224bc4c2841>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.769548"}
{"text": "from ua libraries digital services planning and documentation this page describes specific out - of - the - ordinary problems certain materials might cause during the capture process. for general guidelines in judging image quality, see visual assessment of images. only part of the image is out of focus having just part of an image out of focus means one of three things - the image is pretty far off center on the document table - this could result in one or more edges of the image being fuzzy - to fix this, make sure the center of the image is as close as possible to the center of the camera ' s focus, which is the center of the grid or overlay in the eos utility. - the camera isn ' t far enough from the image to take a quality picture - this will result in an image that is uniformly fuzzy around the edges ( assuming it ' s centered and has been auto - focused to that same center ) - to fix this, move the camera up and / or switch to a capture station which allows for a greater distance between camera and document table. - the camera isn ' t centered properly on the document table - this will result in a gradient effect across the image, with one side / corner being in focus, with less focus as it approaches the opposite side / corner - to fix this, the camera will need to be physically readjusted - - the lens is no longer parallel to the document table. please see jeremiah for help with this. this is a kind of pattern that sometimes appears in digital images, involving rainbow lines or dots showing up against an actual pattern in the object itself. here are a couple of examples : check out her hair : look closely at his forehead : when can this happen? this might affect materials that - are off - set printed, and - contain pictures and / or graphics - examples may include : posters, pamphlets, booklets, cards, newspapers this will not effect - handwritten materials - photocopied materials - photographs ( note : photographs that have been printed as above are a different matter ) how do we deal with the problem? be aware. it will happen. know the kind of collections / materials it is likely to impact ( more modern collections with more professionally produced materials ), and be extra vigilant with examining your captures as you go, to make sure it ' s not happening. - if a moire pattern does appear in test scans, try one of the following things : - rotate the object until - - hopefully - - the effect disappears ; or - change the distance between the camera and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5640506473717364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b8db920-0d9c-467c-b3f3-4f4da6b68a63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.772347"}
{"text": "field name : your choice ( default = \" source \" ) dc element : source dublin core defines this element as \" a reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. \" for instance, source could be the book or journal from which a scanned article was taken, or the name of the original collection or repository in which the scanned resource resides. examples of field names : - original source - image source - journal citation examples of data : - museum of history and industry ( seattle, wash. ) - industries and occupations collection - journal of american reptiles, v. 53, no. 3 ( mar. 1989 ) - use a consistent style for citations to books or journals ( mla, apa, etc. ) - use a consistent form for names ( same name, same form ). see controlled vocabularies. recommended controlled vocabulary : for the names of organizations : - library of congress / national authority file ( lcaf ) : list maintained by lc and other libraries. this is the largest file of names ( over 4 million ) and covers names from many different subject areas and disciplines. it is also the authority file used by the uw libraries catalog and all uw libraries digital projects. you can find authorized forms of names in the library of congress authorities by doing a name authority heading search. - union list of artist names ( ulan ) : vocabulary maintained by the getty research institute. the ulan \" contains around 220, 000 names and other information about artists. the coverage of the ulan is from antiquity to the present, and the scope is global. the scope of the ulan includes any identified individual or \" corporate body \" ( i. e., a group of people working together ) involved in the design or creation of art and architecture. \" for citations to books or journals :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5388224896604835, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6fd5d69-0076-413c-9995-9848f3fea277>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.774277"}
{"text": "new york ( reuters health ) - people with the digestive disorder known as celiac disease are more likely to develop another disorder involving the immune system : asthma, according to a new study. specifically, a group of european researchers found that people with celiac disease were 60 percent more likely to develop asthma, relative to those without celiac. indeed, for every 100, 000 people with celiac disease, 147 will have asthma that would not have occurred in the absence of the digestive disorder. those diagnosed with asthma were also more likely to eventually develop celiac disease, the authors report in the journal of allergy and clinical immunology. celiac disease is caused by an abnormal immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley and other foods. the reaction keeps sufferers from eating foods like cereal, pasta, cookies and beer. it occurs in about 1 percent of the population, and can lead to severe health problems including low blood count, poor bone health, fatigue, and weight loss. to investigate whether celiac had any association with asthma, dr. jonas ludvigsson of orebro university hospital and the karolinska institutet in sweden and colleagues compared more than 28, 000 swedes diagnosed with celiac to more than 140, 000 similar people without the disease. ludvigsson cautioned that the study simply shows an association between the two diseases, not that one causes the other. it ' s also unclear, he added, what might explain the association. \" personally, i think the role of vitamin d deficiency should be stressed, \" he told reuters health by email. people with celiac are more likely to develop osteoporosis and tuberculosis, both diseases in which vitamin d plays a role. if a person with celiac also has low levels of vitamin d, this could in turn affect the immune system, which could increase the risk of developing asthma, ludvigsson noted. \" another potential mechanism could be that asthma and celiac disease share some immunological feature, \" he added. \" if you have it, you are at increased risk of both diseases. \" people diagnosed with celiac are advised to follow a gluten - free diet, and it ' s not known whether the 28, 000 people included in the study stuck to the diet or not, ludvigsson added. \" generally dietary compliance is high in sweden, so i actually believe that also patients with good adherence are at increased risk of asthma, \" he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45043894706154053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cb392df-d33e-4cff-8851-8f9b7c58a45d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.777270"}
{"text": "flipsticks : key animation programming for kids flipsticks was inspired by and created based on years of many people ' s work at the mit lead by seymour papert ( see, papert. org ). from the constructionist point of view, logo and computers, wooden blocks, lego bricks, and other \" construction kits, \" can inspire children to create and experiment, explore and build, and self - express themselves with others in the process of building a digital artifact. mamamedia ' s goal was to adapt this powerful learning concept to the internet ; to create a simple gadget online, in this case an animation activity, where kids could program the fun! the goal of flipsticks was to help children gain preliminary understanding of programming key - frame animation - - by direct manipulation of a figure ' s actions and movements, programming mathematical variables in objects ' length and angles, and changing sequences and speeds - - to create a story. the key strategy was to design a simple tool, where the animations take place only when children take steps to invent and command the movement, speed, actions, and mood variables. they can experiment with their \" animated artifacts \" by modifying their work again and again. like many other internet activities created for mamamedia. com, flipsticks includes opportunities to save projects and share them with friends and family online. the interface was designed like a hand - held device. children can click on buttons and design sequences of movements of various stick figures in five key frames. then click ' play \" to see the results. to manipulate the figure, kids click and drag parts of the figure in order to form different postures and manipulate length, sizes and angles of the figure ' s ' body parts. ' nearly every feature of the key frames and their resulting animation can be programmed or modified, including the positioning of the stick figure, its angle in the frame, the speed of the overall animation, the sequencing of the frames, and the speed at which each frame appears relative to the others. once the animation is created, it can be saved and emailed to friends and family. using this very simple stick figure, flipsticks helps young kids authentically flex their programming muscles. flipsticks may look simple. but to use it effectively, a child must learn how to work it in multiple dimensions, and utilize multiple new - media and mathematical skills. kids are crazy about flipsticks. for example, during june ' 99 and march 2002, kids on have saved more than 270, 000 flipsticks animations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5245190306136548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:865f872a-0c37-48fe-8f97-7a06c5df91ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.782246"}
{"text": "over the years, health experts have raised concerns that many people don \u2019 t get enough dietary calcium \u2014 calcium from food \u2014 for good bone health. for many people, supplements have become the go - to solution to fill potential calcium gaps. new research suggests that diet is the best source for all - around health, as a connection between high doses of calcium from supplements and heart attack risk has been observed. for the best protection, the goldilocks approach \u2014 not too little, not too much \u2014 appears to be the smartest calcium plan. evaluating calcium \u2019 s complexities researchers interested in the relationship between calcium and heart attacks and stroke risk collected information on diet, supplement use, and other health habits from 23, 980 german men and women. the participants were 35 to 65 years old at the start of the study, and none had a history of heart disease or stroke. the study authors followed the group for approximately 11 years, and accounted for other factors that can affect heart disease and stroke risk, such as age, gender, exercise habits, body weight, diabetes, and smoking and alcohol use, finding that : adequate dietary calcium is heart healthy : people who averaged 820 mg of dietary calcium per day were 31 % less likely to suffer a heart attack compared with those averaging less than 513 mg. ( when men and women were analyzed separately, there was no observed heart attack risk reduction in men, and the reduced risk of heart attack was stronger for women. ) people who averaged 466 mg of calcium per day from dairy were 32 % less likely to suffer a heart attack compared with those averaging less than 188 mg of dairy calcium daily. more does not equal better : dietary calcium intakes above an average of 1, 130 mg per day did not reduce heart attack risk compared with an average of 513 mg per day. supplements may not be the best source : calcium supplement users were 1. 86 times more likely to suffer a heart attack compared with non - supplement users, and people who took only calcium supplements were 2. 39 times more likely to suffer a heart attack compared with people who did not use supplements of any type. food for thought this study is observational and cannot prove cause and effect. still, the findings agree with two other large studies, suggesting something about calcium supplements may be problematic for the cardiovascular system. calcium supplements may increase risk in part because they result in large, short - term increases in blood calcium levels, which may harm the heart and blood vessels. this is very different than getting calcium from food, which delivers smaller amounts of calcium throughout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4506470333112971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f0cddfb-079b-480c-85b4-f2d11fe435ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.788165"}
{"text": "system. calcium supplements may increase risk in part because they result in large, short - term increases in blood calcium levels, which may harm the heart and blood vessels. this is very different than getting calcium from food, which delivers smaller amounts of calcium throughout the day. additionally, large calcium doses may lower tissue levels \u2014 though blood levels may remain the same \u2014 of nutrients that are believed to be important for heart health, such as magnesium. \" many studies have shown that magnesium is beneficial for the heart. if taking large amounts of supplemental calcium has an adverse effect on heart function, that effect might be preventable by taking magnesium along with calcium, \" says alan gaby, md, chief science editor of aisle7. slow and steady = smart steps to healthy nutrition keep these simple tips in mind to help you find the right calcium balance for good health. eat food first. try to get your calcium from food. good sources include low - fat dairy, green leafy vegetables, canned fish ( sardines or salmon ) with the bones, and fortified foods such as calcium - fortified orange juice and cereals, which deliver smaller amounts of calcium per serving than supplements. ask the doc. you may not need supplements. consult a doctor or a dietitian to determine if you get enough calcium from food. divide doses. if you don \u2019 t get enough calcium from food, take calcium in divided doses. for example, a supplement that provides 300 to 400 mg calcium per pill can be taken with breakfast, lunch, and dinner, rather than in one large dose of 900 to 1, 200 mg. supplement with savvy. only supplement what you need, to keep total calcium intake from food and supplements combined around 800 to 1, 200 mg per day. master magnesium. magnesium appears to play an important role in heart health, and levels of this nutrient may be reduced by eating too much calcium. maintain a balance between these important nutrients by noshing on magnesium - rich foods such as spinach, pumpkin seeds, beans, brazil nuts, low - sodium tomato products, dark chocolate ( 65 % or greater cocoa content ), and whole grains \u2014 especially buck wheat, bulgur wheat, and oat bran. suzanne dixon, mph, ms, rd, an author, speaker, and internationally recognized expert in chronic disease prevention, epidemiology, and nutrition, has taught medical, nursing, public health, and alternative medicine coursework. she has delivered over 150 invited lectures to health professionals and consumers and is the creator of a nutrition website acclaimed by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42375933544750943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f0cddfb-079b-480c-85b4-f2d11fe435ab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.789353"}
{"text": "integration into research teams case study - integrating research users into research teams ke can benefit from avoiding preconceptions about the role stakeholders should play. professor alister scott outlines how an initiative within the rural economy and land use ( relu ) programme achieved success by creating a \u2018 soup \u2019 that deliberately blurred boundaries between researchers and research users. the aim of the managing environmental change at the fringe project was to pinpoint better ways of managing places where the town meets the countryside. historically, the rural - urban fringe has suffered from the chaos of unrelated decisions, largely because it \u2019 s a frontier zone not just in a physical sense but also between natural and social sciences, between the natural and built environment, between spatial planning system and ecosystem - led approaches, and between researchers and policy - makers / practitioners. we needed to break down these barriers and bring together parties who think in very different ways and generally don \u2019 t communicate with each other very effectively. for instance, many environmental scientists don \u2019 t really understand the planning process and many planners haven \u2019 t even heard of the ecosystem approach. above all, we wanted to avoid the usual way of operating whereby stakeholders are simply brought together at various milestones within the project for a token discussion of the findings. embedded from the word go, our philosophy was that there should be a single project team embracing both researchers and stakeholders, where everyone was equal. this wasn \u2019 t going to be an initiative where academics worked in splendid isolation. academia, policy and practice all had something important to contribute and something to learn, so everyone was a researcher and research user. as such, all participants received remuneration for their time. while it was challenging to find people willing to work outside their comfort zones, this approach gave us a unique chance to integrate different outlooks. team members benefited from the opportunity to incorporate others \u2019 perspectives into their own work and to identify areas of common ground. adopting this novel way of working meant we didn \u2019 t just recycle existing knowledge, which might have happened if everyone had stayed inside the \u2018 bubble \u2019 of their own niche interest. instead, the creative fusion generated innovative tools for day - to - day use, such as video policy briefs and \u2018 rufopoly \u2019 \u2013 a giant board - game exploring rural - urban fringe issues and already used by government, schools and voluntary groups. other projects are already harnessing the unique capacity we built \u2013 for instance, members of our group are involved in the follow - on phase of the national ecosystem assessment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5249209779919928, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86ced9b5-0931-434f-a8dd-3f84b373321b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.792060"}
{"text": "complicationsby mayo clinic staff memory loss, impaired judgment and other cognitive changes caused by alzheimer ' s can complicate treatment for other health conditions. a person with alzheimer ' s disease may not be able to : - communicate that he or she is experiencing pain \u2014 for example, from a dental problem - report symptoms of another illness - follow a prescribed treatment plan - notice or describe medication side effects as alzheimer ' s disease progresses to later stages, brain changes begin to affect physical functions, such as swallowing, balance, and bowel and bladder control. these effects can increase vulnerability to additional health problems such as : - pneumonia and other infections. difficulty swallowing may cause people with alzheimer ' s to inhale ( aspirate ) food or liquid into their airways and lungs, which can lead to pneumonia. inability to control emptying of the bladder ( urinary incontinence ) may require placement of a tube to drain and collect urine ( urinary catheter ). having a catheter increases your risk of urinary tract infections, which can lead to more - serious, life - threatening infections. - injuries from falls. people with alzheimer ' s become increasingly vulnerable to falling. falls can lead to fractures. in addition, falls are a common cause of serious head injuries. - thies w, et al. 2012 alzheimer ' s disease facts and figures. alzheimer ' s & dementia. 2012 ; 8 : 131. - halter jb, et al. hazzard ' s geriatric medicine and gerontology. 6th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2009. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / resourcetoc. aspx? resourceid = 540.. accessed nov. 18, 2012. - longo dl, et al. harrison ' s online. 18th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2012. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / resourcetoc. aspx? resourceid = 4.. accessed nov. 18, 2012. - basics of alzheimer ' s disease. alzheimer ' s association. http : / / www. alz. org / national / documents / brochure _ basicsofalz _ low. pdf. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - alzheimer ' s disease fact sheet. national institute on aging. http : / / www. nia. nih. gov / nr / rdonlyres /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49849013731315994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e66decb7-cb4f-49e1-ba3b-06bf82994337>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.797131"}
{"text": "basicsofalz _ low. pdf. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - alzheimer ' s disease fact sheet. national institute on aging. http : / / www. nia. nih. gov / nr / rdonlyres / 7dca00db - 1362 - 4755 - 9e87 - 96df669eae20 / 13991 / adfactsheetfinal2510. pdf. accessed nov. 18, 2012. - alzheimer ' s disease information page. national institute of neurological disorders and stroke. http : / / www. ninds. nih. gov / disorders / alzheimersdisease / alzheimersdisease. htm. accessed dec. 13, 2012. - desai ak. revitalizing the aging brain. medical clinics of north america. 2011 ; 95 : 463. - caring for a person with alzheimer ' s disease. national institute on aging. http : / / www. nia. nih. gov / alzheimers / publication / caring - person - alzheimers - disease / understanding - ad. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - essentials of a diagnostic workup. alzheimer ' s association. http : / / www. alz. org / professionals _ and _ researchers _ 14902. asp. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - nowrangi ma. epidemiology, assessment and treatment of dementia. psychiatric clinics of north america. 2011 ; 34 : 275. - alternative treatments. alzheimer ' s association. http : / / www. alz. org / alzheimers _ disease _ alternative _ treatments. asp. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - preventing alzheimer ' s disease and cognitive decline. national institutes of health state - of - the - science conference statement. http : / / consensus. nih. gov / 2010 / alzstatement. htm. accessed dec. 19, 2012. - farina n, et al. vitamin e for alzheimer ' s dementia and mild cognitive impairment. cochrane database of systematic reviews. http : / / onlinelibrary. wiley. com / doi / 10. 1002 / 14651858. cd002854. pub3 / abstract. accessed dec. 10, 2012. - natural medicines in the clinical management of alzheimer ' s disease. natural medicines comprehensive database. http : / / www. naturaldatabase. com. accessed dec. 10, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4998242817479924, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e66decb7-cb4f-49e1-ba3b-06bf82994337>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.800936"}
{"text": "shakespeare globe will be running a series of innovative lectures, readings, plays, courses, exhibitions and seminars on the subject of shakespeare and islam. patrick spottiswoode, director of globe education, shares with us his hopes and aspirations for this season ' s events. globe education is the education arm of the reconstructed globe theatre on bankside in southwark. we aim to introduce people of all ages to the plays of shakespeare and his contemporaries and to explore how the theatre architecture of the globe influenced the writing of plays and the relationship between actors and audiences. the globe is an outdoor theatre in the round. actors walking onto the globe stage can see over 1, 400 people gathering around them, standing and sitting. this creates a charged atmosphere and a sense of a shared community in the theatre. globe education works with about 70, 000 people every year in a range of workshops and courses as well as with lectures and staged readings. every spring and autumn we choose themes for a series of public events and this year our theme is shakespeare and islam. the idea for a season on shakespeare and islam may seem at first surprising. we have chosen a variety of themes over the years including ` shakespeare and spain ' and ` shakespeare and the lawyers ' but one of my favourites was ` shakespeare and shoes '. the original idea for shakespeare and islam was to celebrate the 400th anniversary of shakespeare ' s othello. othello is a moor living in venetian, and therefore a catholic, society. while shakespeare does not allude to his faith, it is probable that he was born a muslim but had to convert to catholicism. he is then sent to fight the ottoman empire. the villain of the play who ends up destroying him is called iago. sant iago is the patron saint of catholic spain. sant iago is said to have appeared in a vision to the spanish army on the eve of a battle against an army of moors. he has thus become known as sant iago matamoros ( st james the moorslayer ). shakespeare ' s iago is far from saintly. it was a conversation with his excellency the moroccan ambassador that encouraged us to explore england ' s relationship not only with morocco but also with other islamic lands at the time of shakespeare. the ambassador believes that othello would have been a moroccan. queen elizabeth ist was involved in treaty negotiations with morocco to combine forces against the spanish. both elizabeth and the moroccan sultan al - mansour, died in 1603. however it is important for us not to ` live in the past '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42351601809456313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54907862-adde-4a5c-bddd-f98ad5ea19a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.805591"}
{"text": "been a moroccan. queen elizabeth ist was involved in treaty negotiations with morocco to combine forces against the spanish. both elizabeth and the moroccan sultan al - mansour, died in 1603. however it is important for us not to ` live in the past '. theatre is about ` now ' and we felt it was important to explore current attitudes to and understanding of islam in britain. i therefore met with representatives of the mcb to discuss ways in which the season might build bridges and understanding. i was moved by the nature of the response and have always only met with a positive desire to help. i am particularly indebted to dr bari who introduced me to other members of mcb, all of whom have offered support. dr akbar and dr sherif have made invaluable recommendations and i had the good fortune to meet dr ali of the khayaal theatre company. most recently i have met with dr murshad, head of the hermitage school in tower hamlets and we will be working on a project with his students. everyone is offering advice and guidance. i very much need that advice and guidance! together we will plan an exciting autumn programme that will build on the spring season. the association of muslim schools has expressed interest, too. this would be a wonderful organisation to work with. this spring shakespeare and islam will explore the complex web of diplomatic, trade and cultural negotiations between england and islamic lands and include staged readings of some plays by shakespeare ' s contemporaries in which moors and turks are presented. lectures from distinguished scholars will provide a variety of insights and perspectives. professor matar will lecture on the elizabethan stage moor while professor haleem will give an introduction to the qur ' an and its aural beauty as well as an overview of shakespeare in arabic. children from southwark schools will be presenting othello on the globe stage and some will be visiting the east london mosque and st george ' s cathedral as part of their research. primary schools from tower hamlets and westminster will be working on handkerchief designs following a visit to the art from islamic lands exhibition at somerset house. a handkerchief spotted with strawberries was the gift othello gave to his wife desdemona. children will design their own love token handkerchiefs and some will be embroidered professionally. a web resource on ottoman handkerchiefs and othello will be created. it is difficult to appreciate the soul of a play sitting at a desk in a classroom. school shakespeare is often difficult especially if you know you are going to be tested on the play. you are encouraged to take your heads", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4732087342532817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54907862-adde-4a5c-bddd-f98ad5ea19a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.806842"}
{"text": "posted on mon, apr. 12, 2010 last updated : april 12, 2010 07 : 23 : 56 am the state largely ignores millions of tons of ash from coal - fired power plants that threatens to contaminate n. c. groundwater, lakes and streams, the n. c. sierra club says in a report today. coal ash has gotten increased scrutiny since a massive spill of ash sludge in tennessee in late 2008. ash contains potentially toxic metals such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury. the sierra report, like a charlotte observer article in december, focuses on the use of dry ash to fill gullies and prepare roadbeds and building sites. more than 800, 000 tons of ash was used for so - called structural fill statewide last year, the report says. those sites don ' t have to be lined to keep toxic material out of groundwater and aren ' t regularly checked to find whether they ' re tainting water. property deeds often don ' t show that ash has been dumped, as state law requires. ash is known to have contaminated water in robeson, nash and northampton counties, according to state records, the report said. more often, it said, no one looks for contamination. \" wherever the state has looked, there have been problems for the most part, \" said molly diggins, the sierra club ' s state director. to read the complete article, visit www. charlotteobserver. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42781137267996705, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a144780a-3d4e-45b2-a15c-0d0a21e8e3c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.808224"}
{"text": "you are here : medica portal. part i : nanotechnology. medical markets. one of the keys for the 21st century ( part 1 ) nanotechnology has already been used in ancient times - the people back then just did not know about it. it must have been by accident that the romans discovered how to colour glas in a special way : just mix small amounts of gold into molten glass and heat it up again for a few hours. today scientists know that - through this process - gold particles aggregate in nanometre size which break light in a way that the glass appears to glow in ruby. particles and tubes in nanometre size are also relevant in everyday life of modern man, for example, in varnish, wheels and sunscreen. however, experts are convinced that they will become a lot more important in future times than already and they talk about nanotechnology being one of the key technologies of the 21st century. the national science foundation in the usa, for example, assumes that the market volume will reach one billion us - dollars in 2015. the most important areas being affected : environment and energy, information and communication technology and medicine. millions are being invested in research and development \u201e nanotechnology promises great progress in medicine for diagnostics and therapy \u201c, dr. viola klamroth says, press officer of the german federal ministry of education and research ( bmbf ). \u201e that is especially true for widespread maladies such as cardiovascular diseases and age - related degenerative illnesses of the neurological system. \u201c these are some reasons why research concerned with nanomaterial and - technologies is being state - aided : germany pays for an initiative called nanoforlife 27 million euros from 2005 until 2009 and for the technology initiative molecular imaging 150 million euros for the next ten years \u2013 the industry is going to participate with an additional 750 million. the research aims at a better understanding of the incomprehensible nanosized world : if one compares a nanometre to a metre than the same relation applies to a one cent piece next to the earth. these are dimensions so small that instead of the classical principles of physics the rules of quantum mechanics apply. objects in nanosize consist almost only of surface : a spherical particle ' s surface with a diametre of 3 nanometres combines 50 per cent of the atoms. magnetic, electronic, optical, thermal or thermodynamic properties change completely. materials in nano size behave different to materials on the macro scale \u2013 seldom predictable. biochemist andreas jordan experienced this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5214320100722827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:628b647e-a44a-4f85-8a3d-dea4a8653104>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.813364"}
{"text": "nanometres combines 50 per cent of the atoms. magnetic, electronic, optical, thermal or thermodynamic properties change completely. materials in nano size behave different to materials on the macro scale \u2013 seldom predictable. biochemist andreas jordan experienced this at the beginning of the 90s when he worked as a doktor at the charite in berlin trying to develop a new approach to combat cancer. his idea : \u201e deliver things into the tumour and heat them up on location to kill cancer cells without harming surrounding healthy tissue \u201c, christofer radic explains, press officer of magforce nanotechnologies, a business founded by jordan that is dedicated to producing everything involved in his idea. magnetic particles against cancer \u201e at that time nobody was really concerned with nanoparticles \u201c, says radic. jordan randomly did experiments with particles of different sizes until a sample arrived from japan \u2013 a test tube filled with a liquid. the biochemist applied a magnetic field to it and the test tube heated up until it burst. \u201e it turned out that this effect was due to nanoparticles \u201c, radic explains. this was the beginning of thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles. the method works by injecting iron oxide particles into a brain tumour which are then taken up by cancer cells. by applying a magnetic alternating field near the patient ' s head the magnetic particles start to swing back and forth, they heat up, the temperature in the tumour rises to over 70 degrees celsius and the cancer cells die. currently patients with brain tumours are being treated in clinical studies. \u201e the results are promising so far \u201c, radic reveals. \u201e we expect approval for the treatment of glioblastoma at the beginning of 2010. \u201c however, the companies plans more : it would like to complement cancer therapy in the whole, because thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles could \" in principal be applicable to any body region \". radic : \u201e in the long run we regard our therapy as being the fourth column in the treatment of cancer next to chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. \u201c - part 1 : one of the keys for the 21st century - part 2 : medical products more compatible for body - part 3 : ckeck with the risks first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5710151811976448, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:628b647e-a44a-4f85-8a3d-dea4a8653104>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.814438"}
{"text": "healthy snacking doesn \u2019 t have to be boring if you know what, when and how to eat. importance of healthy snackingpeople are increasingly becoming aware of the necessity for eating healthy. no longer does our day consist of three main meals. nowadays we are consciously focusing on consuming five to six meals per day. the fact that we should all be eating every 2 to 3 hours for weight and health purposes has made snacking, and that too healthy snacking, all the more important. healthy snacking is important for everyone. it has to be strongly watched out for : people with long or unusual working hours people with jobs that require lot of traveling overweight and obese people the type of healthy snacks you choose must take into account factors like lack of time for cooking food, long working hours or long distance traveling to work, unhealthy eating habits of children, and easy availability of ready to eat snacks. healthy snacking should be an integral component of a well balanced diet. it has many advantages : it keeps the body energetic throughout the day. it helps with weight loss it also helps maintain the weight loss as one would ultimately eat less at big meals. eating less at main meals and having healthy fiber rich foods in between keeps the metabolic rate high and helps one process food faster. snacks at home or when eaten at work or for lunch boxes should be as healthy as possible. for children, the regular food could be prepared in a healthful way and presented in a manner which makes the snack colorful and exciting. parents have a great role to play in forming the food habits in their children. a swedish study published in the journal annals of medicine reviewed the factors influencing food habits of children and suggested that the parents have to take the responsibility of making healthy foods easily available to the child and serve these foods at positive mealtime situations in order to help their child to develop healthy food habits. at home, nutritious hot snacks which are quick to prepare can be worked out. for people who are always on the go and for the major hours out of home, dry healthy foods have to be judiciously chosen and then incorporated in the day to day living. all said and done snacking options which are most convenient and nutrient dense have to be thought of and planned before hand. healthy snacking is not as simple a task as it sounds. it involves thorough understanding and dedication to stick to a structured plan. it \u2019 s an art to eat frequently yet maintain or lose weight. it decides our long term health and fitness. eating small frequent five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4553141670148107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc4cab51-3e9f-4612-bfa1-d7637f762267>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.819878"}
{"text": "the brookings institution report released monday shows a dramatic increase in both ability grouping and student tracking among fourth - and eighth - grade students. those practices were once criticized as racist and faced strong opposition from groups as varied as the naacp legal defense fund to the national governors association. \" despite decades of vehement criticism and mountains of documents urging schools to abandon their use, tracking and ability grouping persist \u2014 and for the past decade or so, have thrived, \" said tom loveless, a senior fellow at the centrist brookings institute ' s brown center on education policy, who wrote the report. ability grouping was common during the 1960s and ' 70s in elementary school and allowed educators to put their students already in the same classroom into smaller clusters based on their understanding of the lessons. for instance, students who already had mastered their basic multiplication tables could go ahead and start working on more advanced calculations. tracking is similar, but happens between academic years and divvies the high school students up into schedules based on their records. an example would be to send some sophomore students both faced criticism because they exacerbated racial and socioeconomic differences. \" what happens is ability groupings create stigma and stigma is a bad thing, \" american federation of teachers president randi weingarten said in an interview. \" the moment that you create a label that says ' this is a slow learner ' or ' this is a fast learner, ' that ' s a stigma you ' ve created for a kid. \" in response, educators moved away from the practice. but they didn ' t stay away for long \u2014 if, in fact, they really ever disappeared in practice. in 1998, for instance, only 28 percent of fourth graders were put into ability - based reading groups. by 2009, that number rose to 71 percent, according to education department data that loveless reviewed. \" in other words, the odds of a fourth grader being ability grouped in reading were less than 50 - 50 in 1998, but by 2009 had increased to about 9 - to - 1, \" loveless wrote. in math, that number rose from 40 percent of students in ability groups in 1996 to 61 percent in 2011, according to the same surveys. loveless reviewed data included in teacher surveys conducted as part of the national assessment of educational progress, a reading and math test known as the nation ' s report card. the data is collected every other year. while the numbers tell an increased reporting of ability grouping and tracking, it ' s hard to extrapolate meaning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40813597540396407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:933cab1e-cf02-410d-9085-8246fb2eeb62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.824266"}
{"text": "assessment of educational progress, a reading and math test known as the nation ' s report card. the data is collected every other year. while the numbers tell an increased reporting of ability grouping and tracking, it ' s hard to extrapolate meaning. it ' s possible that increased demands on teachers led to more grouping to help students catch up in reading and math skills ahead of tests mandated in the 2002 no child left behind education law. teachers perhaps identified students on the cusp of passing those tests \u2014 which in some places determines teachers ' evaluations \u2014 and worked more closely with the pupils they could pull to a passing grade. asked why grouping was returning, weingarten said she had little doubt : \" i think the answer is because of this increased fixation on testing and accountability, \" she said. \" we hear it all the time when you start talking about the bubble, in how they inch kids over the mark of proficiency or not proficiency. \" the report ' s numbers themselves do not assign blame or motive. \" they don ' t tell us anything about why that ' s happening, \" said daria hall, policy director for the education trust, an organization that works on student equity. but the numbers do offer hints about how students are being taught. \" if you ' re a fourth - grade teacher, you ' ve probably got kids reading at the kindergarten level and you ' ve got kids reading at the eighth - or ninth - grade level. i don ' t know how you are supposed to teach a room like that, \" said jane clarenbach, director of public education at the national association of gifted children. \" when you have a kid who is four or five grades ahead, it ' s not fair to hold them back. why would we not do the right thing for the kid who can benefit? \" plus, she said, students already are clustered whether the schools were reporting it as such. \" we already ability group. you have to be 5 to get in the door for kindergarten, \" clarenbach said. \" we want students to get the most out of their time in the classroom. don ' t we want children to be engaged and not bored? \" not everyone is convinced that tracking really ever faded. \" people don ' t like to admit they were tracking. but if you look at what they ' re doing, they were clearly tracking. it was politically incorrect to say they were tracking, but they were doing it, \" said kevin welner, an educator professor at the university of colorado at boulder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49642778212658867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:933cab1e-cf02-410d-9085-8246fb2eeb62>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.825362"}
{"text": "address complex natural resource and climate change adaptation issues, with a focus on increasing resiliency in the face of drought and other external shocks. poverty is widespread. frequent drought, unpredictable harvests and sporadic conflicts put families and rural traditions at risk. millions are still in urgent need of assistance after the worst drought the region has seen for 60 years. - emergency response : treating malnourished children with mobile health units, distributing water, vaccinating livestock, and providing work rebuilding community assets - agriculture & food : improving crop yields and income generation of pastoral and farming households - water : building reservoirs and improving wells in drought - prone communities - women & gender : providing scholarships for girls to continue in secondary school and vocational training to their mothers to generate more income - conflict & governance : increasing good governance and mitigating inter - ethnic conflict in three volatile regions all stories about ethiopia ethiopia : one year later, helping children survive in the horn of africa july 25, 2012 you might hear it called a \u201c slow onset \u201d emergency because, unlike the sudden strike of an earthquake, drought builds gradually. but don \u2019 t bother telling that to the mothers whose children are hanging on by a thread ; slow isn \u2019 t the word they would choose. grueling, they might say. nerve - wracking. ethiopia : women transform small loans into progress and purpose may 17, 2012 like clockwork, every time i visit the addis ababa, ethiopia - based women in self employment ( wise ) organization, my very first impressions are of the wonderful hospitality of the ethiopian people. ethiopia : rebuilding a community water source may 8, 2012 emergency response program manager kaja wislinska speaks to community members who are repairing a pond too damaged to hold water. it is now a working water source for the 400 households in ada olaa village. ethiopia : dowries to degrees : an education for ethiopia ' s young women march 8, 2012 mercy corps is helping girls in one of ethiopia \u2019 s most remote regions explore a future full of new possibilities by providing them with scholarships to complete secondary school. ethiopia : grain storage bags make a big impact for ethiopia ' s farmers january 27, 2012 our ethiopia teams worked with local farmers to develop a simple solution to yield more from grain harvests : plastic coated bags to protect the grain from pests and mold during longterm storage underground. ethiopia : a simple solution makes a big impact for ethiopia ' s farming families january 27, 2012 when drought hits and families are struggling to survive, the solutions don \u2019 t always have to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43945953265502047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ce275f5-06a0-466e-9fc9-3bc81cfb06e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.829155"}
{"text": "grain from pests and mold during longterm storage underground. ethiopia : a simple solution makes a big impact for ethiopia ' s farming families january 27, 2012 when drought hits and families are struggling to survive, the solutions don \u2019 t always have to be complicated or expensive. as i learnt from our team in ethiopia last year, something as simple as a sack can mean the difference between hunger and happiness for a farming family. ethiopia, kenya, somalia : horn of africa crisis update january 26, 2012 mercy corps teams in ethiopia, kenya and somalia have already helped more than 1. 5 million people caught in the grip of drought and hunger. but six months after this emergency first hit international headlines, there \u2019 s still much more to do. ethiopia : just being women puts them at risk december 30, 2011 in many places around the world, women have less visibility, power and status in their communities than do men \u2014 an imbalance that makes women more vulnerable to threats, coercion and abuse. violence against women can be sexual, physical, emotional or economic. ethiopia, kenya : responding to historic drought november 8, 2011 here ' s a video report from my trip last month to the drought - stricken horn of africa. it focuses on ethiopia, where mercy corps is providing medical care to malnourished children, restoring them to health using medicines, vitamins and food formulated especially for underfed infants. ethiopia : a mother ' s appeal october 17, 2011 we \u2019 re outside the mercy corps office in gashamo, ethiopia \u2013 a bone - crunching nine hour drive from jijiga, the regional capital. it \u2019 s early in the morning, and the noisy generator is cranking out its last few minutes of power before we shut it down for the day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469535173382338, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ce275f5-06a0-466e-9fc9-3bc81cfb06e6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.829857"}
{"text": "honeywell electrical devices & systems ( ed & s ) has called for a worldwide switch to led lighting, claiming that organisations across the globe \u2013 large and small \u2013 have a responsibility to seriously consider this energy - efficient lighting in the drive to combat climate change and save energy. with lighting representing on average 21 percent of a building \u2019 s total energy consumption and accounting for 19 percent of global energy production, the global electrical products and systems company believes a switch to led lighting could now be one of the biggest drivers of energy savings. energy savings can in fact equate to 60 percent when comparing a honeywell led tube at 23 watts with a typical florescent tube at 58 watts. in order to aid companies that pledge to investigate the switch to led technology, honeywell ed & s has launched a free global consulting service. through consultations, site surveys, devising bespoke lighting schemes, producing detailed energy and cost saving calculations and offering pilot installations, the company aims to arm facility and energy managers with a rigorous energy - saving and roi assessment before making an investment. \u201c it \u2019 s been predicted that led technology could dominate the lighting market by 2015 \u2013 but it needs to be sooner, \u201d comments john storey, global business director of led lighting for honeywell ed & s. \u201c currently, around two thirds of lighting is based on older, energy wasting technologies developed before 1970 \u2013 this is not sustainable. \u201c until now though, the lighting industry has failed to deliver a much superior proposition to be used for general high - quality lighting in almost all applications. but we \u2019 re at a turning point. led lighting is the most exciting thing since the electric light \u2013 and every bit as revolutionary. however, we recognise that the key issue for facilities and energy managers is justifying the initial investment to switch \u2013 that \u2019 s why we \u2019 ve launched our global consulting service, and our online energy calculator to empower them with answers to questions about the long - term return on investment through energy and cost savings. \u201d with a significantly longer life span of 60, 000 hours compared to a traditional florescent tube lasting 10 - 15, 000 hours, led lighting lasts for an additional five years, and with a wider optimum temperature range, led lighting is more effective as well as more efficient. according to the international energy agency, the worldwide switch to led lighting could save energy consumption for lighting by 40 percent. to perform a quick energy - saving calculation between florescent and led tubes, an online tool can be found at the campaign website. please go to www. led", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48701048776208067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:216bcd4f-0621-4042-b660-d2766af74d55>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.837444"}
{"text": "friday, december 7, 2012 natal volunteer units : stanger mounted rifles 1875 - 1887 the stanger mounted rifles were inaugurated in november 1875, with : joel lean captain h warren 1st lieutenant f addison 2nd lieutenant on 1 december 1878 the corps was mobilized ; the 36 members were : captain friend addison oc * trumpeter j w colenbrander * * a b gielink j w gielink w c robbins further men joined subsequently, bringing the total to 43 members. anglo - zulu war 1879 : the stanger mounted rifles marched to thring ' s post where they were met by the victoria mounted rifles and the buffs ; they proceeded to the lower drift and were joined by the alexandra mounted rifles, durban mounted rifles and the natal hussars, collectively named the natal volunteer force. they formed the southern flank under captain p h s barrow, 19th hussars, of colonel pearson ' s 3rd buffs ( 3rd regiment of foot ). the battle of inyezane and the relief of eshowe followed. * friend addison born 1848 in kent, came to natal on the lalla rookh in 1849. * * johan wilhelm colenbrander born 1856, pinetown natal, of dutch parents who emigrated from java to natal in 1854. their indigo venture failed and the family founded the settlement of new guelderland near stanger. johan married mollie mullins in 1883, and after her death, yvonne nunn in 1902. his third wife was catherine gloster. he founded kitchener ' s fighting scouts during the anglo - boer war. note four members of the gielink family : the gielinks were among the new guelderland settlers. uniform : navy blue cloth, yellow facings and helmet. badge was monogram s. m. r. surmounted by a crown, all in white metal, worn on the front of the helmet and on the ammunition pouch. the buttons also carried the monogram and crown. the kepi was worn in undress order. the corps did not adopt a collar badge and had no motto. officers carried swords and revolvers. in the early stages members carried the terry and snider carbine, and later the swinburn - henry carbine. in 1887 the corps was absorbed into the victoria mounted rifles with captain friend addison as commanding officer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3716171082707318, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7a06643-48e6-427c-a7b1-db1c8d0462ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.840150"}
{"text": "- what we know about solar in montana - how solar energy benefits montana - montana ' s solar resource - usb solar projects installed in montana - solar projects in montana what we know about solar in montana montana has an abundant solar resource that can be used to save energy in residential and commercial construction, and farming, ranching, recreation and other industries. how solar energy benefits montana solar energy can play a key role in creating a clean, reliable energy future in montana. the benefits are many and varied. consumers who use these technologies will benefit directly and immediately. using solar energy produces immediate environmental benefits. electricity is often produced by burning fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. the combustion of these fuels releases a variety of pollutants into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide ( co2 ), sulfur dioxide ( so2 ), and nitrogen oxide ( nox ), which create acid rain and smog. carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels is a significant component of greenhouse gas emissions. these emissions could significantly alter the world ' s environment and lead to the global warming predicted by most atmospheric scientists. the combustion of fossil fuels releases more than 6 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year. the united states alone is responsible for 23 percent of these emissions. clean energy sources, such as solar energy, can help meet rising energy demands while reducing pollution and preventing damage to the environment and public health at the same time. solar energy is an excellent alternative to fossil fuels for many reasons : - it is clean energy. even when the emissions related to solar cell manufacturing are counted, photovoltaic generation produces less than 15 percent of the carbon dioxide from a conventional coal - fired power plant. using solar energy to replace the use of traditional fossil fuel energy sources can prevent the release of pollutants into the atmosphere. - using solar energy to supply a million homes with energy would reduce co2 emissions by 4. 3 million tons per year, the equivalent of removing 850, 000 cars from the road. - solar energy uses fewer natural resources than conventional energy sources. using energy from sunlight can replace the use of stored energy in natural resources such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal. energy industry researchers estimate that the amount of land required for photovoltaic ( pv ) cells to produce enough electricity to meet all u. s. power needs is less than 60, 000 square kilometers, or roughly 20 percent of the area of arizona. - solar energy is a renewable resource. some scientists and industry experts estimate that renewable energy sources, such as solar, can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4669405812137248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f23bba-b543-4ae3-bee8-7be6ea0d57b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.844706"}
{"text": "all u. s. power needs is less than 60, 000 square kilometers, or roughly 20 percent of the area of arizona. - solar energy is a renewable resource. some scientists and industry experts estimate that renewable energy sources, such as solar, can supply up to half of the world ' s energy demand in the next 50 years, even as energy needs continue to grow. montana ' s solar resource montana ' s abundant solar resource can be used to save energy in residential and commercial construction, and farming, ranching, recreation and other industries. the amount of sunshine available at a given location is called the \" solar resource \" or insolation. the amount of electrical energy produced by a pv array depends on the insolation at a given location and the collector bank orientation, tilt angle, and module efficiency. montana can be divided for insolation roughly the way it is divided geographically - eastern montana and western montana. eastern montana receives an annual average of 5 hours of full sun ; western montana receives an annual average of 4. 2 hours. browse these pages for information about solar basics. solar dealers and installers are usually the best source of how - to information for people contemplating a solar project for a home or business. see our directory of montana renewable energy dealers and installers to find a dealer in your area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.475855574850421, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17f23bba-b543-4ae3-bee8-7be6ea0d57b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.845420"}
{"text": "how plants are named tagged as : scientific names common or trade names plants can have many different common names. depending on where it grows, the same plant may have many different regional names. it may also have other common names in other countries in which it grows. for example the plant we know as serviceberry is also known as sarvisberry, shadbush, shadblow, saskatoon, junebush, and juneberry depending on in what part of north america it is growing. the common dandelion is also known as blowball, canker wort, irish daisy, leotodon taraxacum, lion ' s tooth, puffball, and wild endive in various english speaking countries. it also is know as dent de lion or pissenlit vulgaire in france, lowenzahn in german, dente - de - leao in portuguese, achicoria amarga, amargon or diente de leon in spanish, and there are many others. making common names even more confusing is the fact that a single common name can be applied to many different kinds of plants which may not even be remotely related to it. for example, the plant we know as bluebells belongs to the group of plants known to the scientific community as campanula. the common name bluebells has also been applied to plants belonging to hyacinthoides ( europe ), endymion ( asia ), polemonium, mertensia, penstemon ( north america ), and wahlenbergia ( australia ). trade names are special names with legal standing that are protected by laws. these are designated by the trademark\u2122 and registered trademark\u00ae symbols. examples of trade names are : camelot \u00ae crabapple, celebration \u00ae maple, royal heritage \u2122 hellebore. the place to go for more information about trademarks is the us patent and trademark office website : www. uspto. gov. botanical or scientific names unlike common names, botanical or scientific names are applied to only one kind of plant. they typically consist of two words ; the first is called the genus name the second the species name. together they define a single unique type of plant. this system of using binomials or two names to describe a specific plant was begun in the 18th century by the famous swedish botanist carl linnaeus. since that time, botanists and taxonomists ( people who study plants and their classification and naming ) have developed a system of international rules that determine how these names are created and used. this set of rules is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4681100765495875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe5be850-544f-4a10-bb52-caf332ec2983>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.854034"}
{"text": "the famous swedish botanist carl linnaeus. since that time, botanists and taxonomists ( people who study plants and their classification and naming ) have developed a system of international rules that determine how these names are created and used. this set of rules is called the international code of botanical nomenclature. these rules set out how a scientific name is created, used and printed. a scientific name should be in italics or underlined. the genus name always begins with a capital letter, and the rest of the name is always in lower case letters. these names are in latin, or are latinized. a person \u2019 s name following the scientific name is the name of the person who first described the plant using that name. for example our common white oak is known as quercus alba l. the genus name for oaks is quercus. the species name for white oak is alba, and the author of the combination describing white oak quercus alba is carl linnaeus which is abbreviated as the letter l. occasionally you may find the letter x or the multiplication sign used in a scientific name. this signifies that the plant is a cross of hybrid derivation. acer x freemanii is a cross between silver and red maple. quercus x bebbiana is a cross between bur oak and white oak, x amelosorbus or \u00d7amelosorbus is a cross between amelanchier and sorbus. in some cases a sub - group of the name is created. in these cases scientists use a three - part name using a special abbreviation to show what kind of plant sub - group is being described : ssp. ( subspecies ), var. ( variety ) or f. ( forma ). of these, subspecies and varieties pertain to different sub - groups of a plant that are tied to geography. a forma pertains to a variation that can occur anywhere in the range of a plant. for example ; cercis canadensis var. texensis refers to the sub - group of our common redbud tree that is found growing in texas. the name cercis canadensis f. alba refers to a sub - group of our common redbud tree that blooms with white flowers rather that the more typical pink flowers. horticulturists have created special names for individual plants with unique characteristics called cultivars. a cultivar name is always printed in normal type and is enclosed in single quotes. for example ; quercus alba \u2018 fastigiata \u2019 is the name of an narrow, upright growing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4761063388975623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe5be850-544f-4a10-bb52-caf332ec2983>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.854962"}
{"text": "names for individual plants with unique characteristics called cultivars. a cultivar name is always printed in normal type and is enclosed in single quotes. for example ; quercus alba \u2018 fastigiata \u2019 is the name of an narrow, upright growing form of our white oak. the letters pp followed by a number signify that the plant has been patented. the place to go for more information about plant patents is the us patent and trademark office website : www. uspto. gov. the words that make up the scientific name of a plant all mean something. they are latin or latinized words. sometimes they are the old roman name for a particular kind of plant ( acer, cornus, quercus ), latinized words of other languages are also used especially greek names ( scilla, artemisia, pyrethrum ), descriptive names or terms ( alba - white, laciniata - cut, sanguinea - blood - red ), or names of people for which the plant was named ( forsythia, fothergilla, magnolia ). finding out with the words of a scientific name mean can be fun, and enlightening. a trip to the sterling morton library will get you started on how and why plants are named. even though scientific or botanical names may seem daunting, we use them every day without knowing it. aster, chrysanthemum, forsythia, fothergilla, magnolia, narcissus, protea, rhododendron, sansevieria, scilla, and sorghum are a few examples of the scientific names for plants that we grow in our yards, gardens, or in our houses and use in our everyday language.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5214344706703627, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe5be850-544f-4a10-bb52-caf332ec2983>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.855638"}
{"text": "back in 1947, popular science printed a five - part article that very concisely sketched out every step necessary for establishing a small water - power plant on a farm or homestead. that informtion is just as valuable today for many of mother ' s readers as it was 25 years ago and the publication has kindly given us reprint rights to the whole package. you ' ll find the first three installments in this issue and the last two sections of the series will be printed in a later issue. homestead hydro : part 1 many farms, ranches, and other fair - sized tracts of land embrace at least one brook within their limits. in most cases, the idea that a small stream can provide a useful source of power has never occurred to the property owner or, if it did, has been rejected as silly. the fact remains, nevertheless, that impressive advantages can spring from small water - power installations. electricity can be generated for general use, for pumping water, and for stand - by or emergency purposes ; and the pond that is usually created can serve additionally as a means for watering livestock in dry times, for fire - fighting, as a swimming pool, as a place to raise fish for sport or as a \" crop, \" and for landscaping or scenic purposes. power can be obtained from any flowing stream, no matter how small. whether it is desirable to harness this power depends on two factors. first, does water flow all the year round, even in the late summer months? second, does enough water flow to make the harnessing of it economically sound? the first factor is, of course, known to the property owner by observation ; the second may be determined by simple measurements. what ' s the least amount of power that is worth developing? there is in this country at least one water - wheel manufacturer who makes a line of small - capacity units, and this company ' s smallest hydroelectric unit develops 1 / 2 kilowatt. from this it can be inferred that, in this company ' s experience, it is not economically wise to harness a stream that will not develop at least 500 watts dependably at the switchboard. half a kilowatt will light 10 fair - sized lamps or supply 2 / 3 hp. to operate, say, a deep - well pump. with this figure in mind as a criterion, the reader can make a preliminary reconnaissance of the water power available on his property. the chances are he will be surprised ; even a seemingly insignificant stream can deliver many times this minimum. the power available at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5502561836602227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.878529"}
{"text": "with this figure in mind as a criterion, the reader can make a preliminary reconnaissance of the water power available on his property. the chances are he will be surprised ; even a seemingly insignificant stream can deliver many times this minimum. the power available at the site of a water wheel ( that is, before deductions for inefficiencies in the wheel and generator ) is expressed in this formula : here q is the cubic feet of water passing through the wheel in one minute ; h is the \" head \" or vertical distance in feet through which the water falls ; 62. 4 is the weight in pounds of 1 cu. ft. of water ; and 33, 000 the number of foot - pounds per minute in i hp. a number of methods exist by which the variables q and h can be determined, but before considering them, it ' s well to examine first the possible sites for the dam and wheel, since they will necessarily affect the amount of head secured. the location of the dam, as suggested in fig. 1, should be governed by two principles. it should be placed where the greatest useful head is obtainable, that is, where the greatest fall occurs in the shortest length of stream. such a site is often indicated by a natural waterfall, by a conspicuously steep slope, or by the swiftness of the current. the second locating principle is a simple matter of cost : a dam should be placed where it can be smallest and still impound the most water. this means, in general, that it should be placed where the stream valley or cut is narrowest. the site of the water wheel, fig. 2, may be either at the dam or some distance below it. the former location is the more common, being simpler to build and eliminating the need for a pipe or penstock to deliver water to the wheel. disadvantages include the fact that the spillway must be of ample capacity to protect the powerhouse in time of high water, and the fact that only the \" artificial head \" \u2014 that created by the dam itself \u2014 is available. in cases where the ground falls away abruptly below the dam site, the \" divided - flow \" layout may be desirable, for it greatly increases the head. another preliminary calculation should be made as to the height of the proposed dam. this is restricted, as a rule, only by the height of the valley walls at the site, and by the materials, equipment, and money available for building it. the higher it is, the greater the head and the larger the pond that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.538677864480382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.879544"}
{"text": ". this is restricted, as a rule, only by the height of the valley walls at the site, and by the materials, equipment, and money available for building it. the higher it is, the greater the head and the larger the pond that will be created. \" pondage \" \u2014 water stored for use in times of peak demand \u2014 is an important factor in water power calculations. power is rarely needed 24 hours a day, and construction of a dam of sufficient height to provide water storage will greatly increase the power available at the time of day required. if, for example, a wheel is to be run for 16 hours a day, and if a dam is built that will impound all water flowing into the pond during the idle eight hours, the power capacity will be increased by 50 percent. don ' t neglect to distinguish between \" live storage \" \u2014 the volume of water represented by the difference in height of the spillway flash boards and the wheel intake \u2014 and \" dead storage \" \u2014 the volume of water below the level of the wheel intake. the former is power banked against a time of need : the latter is worthless, powerwise. once the dam and powerhouse are tentatively sited, and the height of the first is provisionally set, it is time to measure the power available. assume that all water flowing in the stream can be made to flow through the wheel, which is a fair assumption on small installations. this flow ( q in the power formula ) can be determined by the \" weir method \", which involves constructing a temporary dam of controlled proportions and which will be detailed in a subsequent installment, or by the \" float method \", which is theoretically a trifle less accurate, though still quite satisfactory. the float method ( fig. 3 ) involves the formula : q = a x v x 60 in which q is the volume of water flowing in cubic feet per minute, a is the cross - sectional area of the stream in square feet at the site, and v is the average velocity of the stream at this point, expressed in feet per second. select a length of the stream that is fairly straight, with sides approximately parallel, and unobstructed by rocks or shoals for a distance of about 100 '. stretch a taut wire squarely across the stream near the middle of this length and measure the width of the stream here in inches. mark this width off on the wire and divide it into ten equal divisions. from the center point of each division, measure the depth of the water in inches. then average the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5236914994305217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.880640"}
{"text": "middle of this length and measure the width of the stream here in inches. mark this width off on the wire and divide it into ten equal divisions. from the center point of each division, measure the depth of the water in inches. then average the depth figure by adding each value and dividing by 10. the cross - sectional area of the stream, a, is now secured by multiplying this average depth by the width, and dividing the result by 144 to obtain the answer in square feet. your next step in determining q is to measure the rate of flow. using a steel tape, mark off a course along the bank that is 100 ' long ; the mid - point of this course should be at the line where the cross section was measured. stretch wires or rope tautly across the stream at each end of the course, and make a float by filling a bottle so that it rides awash. provide it with a pennant so that you can follow it easily. then set the float adrift in the middle of the stream, timing its progress over the course with a stop watch, beginning just when the pennant passes the first wire and stopping just as it passes the second. make a series of runs, averaging the results. the speed of the float in feet per second is then the length of the course divided by the average time. this result is not, however, suitable for immediate use in the flow formula, since not all the water in a stream flows as rapidly as that in the center and near the top. if you multiply the float speed by the coefficient 0. 83, the resultant value will serve as v in the flow formula. given an estimate of the amount of head to be present at the wheel, you can now make a rough determination of the horsepower your stream can provide. it ' s worth emphasizing, though, that this figure is necessarily only as accurate as the measurements that produced it, and that the power indicated is that present at the time of measuring. a single stream - flow value is not of itself particularly useful unless it is obtained at the time of lowest water, usually in the late summer months. moreover, even if you have measured the flow at slackwater time, the figures should if possible be supplemented by others secured during maximum springtime flow, so that you can calculate the size of spillway needed to prevent damage to your installation in times of high water. it ' s a good practice, for backyard engineers as well as for professionals, to refine, cross - check, and test your measurements by all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5098661084712854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.882742"}
{"text": "can calculate the size of spillway needed to prevent damage to your installation in times of high water. it ' s a good practice, for backyard engineers as well as for professionals, to refine, cross - check, and test your measurements by all means at your disposal. such checks will not only reduce the change of disappointment in the final result, but will also permit calculated economics in construction and greater efficiency in operation. your estimate of the head present at the wheel, for instance, should be carefully checked, since head is a vital element in the efficiency of any water - power project. several methods for determining the head rather precisely will be given in the next installment, together with the weir method for measuring flow. subsequent installments will consider types of dams, method of construction, wheels best suited to small plants, and plans for building them. before you begin even a preliminary reconnaissance of water power on your property, the writer suggests you secure a looseleaf notebook to be devoted solely to the project. develop the habit of neatly entering all data as it is obtained, not forgetting to note dates and stream conditions at the time measurements are made. such a record is a great help in performing sound calculations and producing excellent results. homestead hydro : part 2 this table shows the quantity of water passing over a rectangular weir in cubic feet per minute ( cfm ) for each inch of notch width. depth d is read as a combination of the lefthand column and the top row. for example, if the depth over your stake is 5 3 / 8 \", follow oer 5 ( fifth row ) to 3 / 8 ( fourth column ), and read the value as 5. 01 cfm. don ' t forget that this figure should now be multiplied by the width in inches of your notch. measuring the flow of water in the stream or brook on your property is the logical first step in planning a small waterpower project. the float method of making this measurement, described in last month ' s installment, is generally the easiest to perform and, if done carefully, is accurate enough for most purposes. if, however, a stream is so shallow at low - water time as to impede the progress of a weighted float, the weir method of measuring flow has advantages. essentially a kind of water meter, a weir is a rectangular notch or spillway of carefully controlled proportions located in the center of a small temporary dam. two simple measurements permit the volume of flow to be accurately calculated. before constructing the dam, measure the depth of the stream at the site ; the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4861682134432553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.883864"}
{"text": "is a rectangular notch or spillway of carefully controlled proportions located in the center of a small temporary dam. two simple measurements permit the volume of flow to be accurately calculated. before constructing the dam, measure the depth of the stream at the site ; the depth of the weir notch, m in fig. 1, should equal this. since the dam need not be permanent, simple plank or tongue - and - groove lumber will serve adequately. no water must flow except through the weir, so care should be taken to seal the ends and bottom of the dam by extending planks into the banks and below the bed of the stream. clay or loam puddling on the upstream side will stop minor seepage. be sure the dam is perpendicular to the flow of the stream. the weir should be located in the center of the dam, with its lower edge not less than 1 ' above the surface of the water below the dam. this lower edge should be accurately leveled. both this and the vertical edges of the weir should be beveled with the sharp edge upstream ; a 1 / 8 \" flat on the bevel will keep the edge from breaking down. proportion the weir so that its length l is not less than 3m, and larger if possible. drive a stake in the stream bed at least 5 ' upstream from the weir, pounding it down until its top is exactly level with the bottom edge of the weir. allow the stream to reach its maximum flow through the weir and then measure with a ruler the depth in inches of water over the stake. referring to the table on this page, you can now read the number of cubic feet per min. of water for each inch of l, the weir width. if you multiply the figure from the table by l, the result is the total amount of water flowing in cubic feet per minute. which is q in the horsepower formula given last month. if your stream is already dammed, there is no need to construct another dam just to measure flow. it is quite possible to employ the existing dam, using its spillway as a weir provided that all water can be made to pass through the spillway. construct a wooden or metal frame to fit the spillway and seal it in place snugly. the center of this frame should incorporate a properly proportioned weir notch. as before, m should equal the depth of the water flowing through the spillway before the weir is installed, and l may in most cases be half the width of the spillway. to get an accurate estimate of available horsepower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45138790903465736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.884875"}
{"text": "proportioned weir notch. as before, m should equal the depth of the water flowing through the spillway before the weir is installed, and l may in most cases be half the width of the spillway. to get an accurate estimate of available horsepower, you will need a precise figure for h, the head of water that will be present. head may be defined as the vertical distance in feet from the surface of water in the pond behind the dam to the surface of the stream below the dam at the site of the wheel. this figure may be obtained by any of several methods in cases where a dam is already present, and with scarcely greater difficulty at the site of an unbuilt dam. measuring a difference in elevation can be quickly and accurately done with an engineer ' s transit and leveling rod. but since not everyone has access to these instruments, and since those who do would not need instruction on so simple a job as running a level, we ' ll pass on to other methods. figure 2 illustrates a very simple way of measuring a vertical distance. the equipment required is a carpenter ' s level, a folding rule or steel tape, a 1 \" by 2 \" by 6 ' board with two edges planed parallel, two wooden pegs, a stake, and a c - clamp. these are items that can be found in almost any home, and certainly any farm. though the method can be somewhat tedious if the difference in elevation is large, the results will be quite accurate with ordinary care in leveling and measuring. note in the drawing that in the case of a pre - existent dam, one or more measurements needed to carry around the edge of the dam are subtracted from rather than added to the total. less practical in most cases, though still of occasional special value, are two other ways to determine head. elevations can be measured quite readily by the techniques of photographic surveying. for those who are familiar with the procedure, it is a simple matter to take the required pictures in the field and then scale the required elevation at the desk from the developed photographs. another method involves the use of a barometer, either mercury or aneroid, to indicate differences in height. however, this method is useful only where the head to be measures is considerable, say, more than 25 ', and calls for special techniques to hold the probable error down to acceptable proportions. except in unusual circumstances, the writer recommends that the method in fig. 2 be employed, inasmuch as it requires little special equipment and with ordinary care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5069556571143952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.885903"}
{"text": "than 25 ', and calls for special techniques to hold the probable error down to acceptable proportions. except in unusual circumstances, the writer recommends that the method in fig. 2 be employed, inasmuch as it requires little special equipment and with ordinary care gives good results. with sound figures for both h and q, you are now ready to calculate the available horsepower of your installation with the formula given in the first installment. if the power is found to be sufficient to warrant continuing with the project, say 2 / 3 hp. at the least, your next step is to determine the nature of your power requirements. here individual variations are so many as to make it difficult to outline a specific procedure. it ' s possible, however, to suggest factors you should consider in planning your power plant. some of the uses to which small - capacity installations are successfully put include directly powering pumps, mills, machine tools, or other small - demand machinery ; and driving a generator to supply electricity for either fighting or power purposes. the latter type of installation is of course the more flexible and generally useful. determine, then, the uses you propose for your water power, and tabulate the horsepower required after each item. in the case of electric motors or appliances rated in amperes or watts, remember that watts are volts times amperes, and that 746 watts are equal to 1 hp. from this tabulation, the peak load can be determined. this is the sum of the power demands made by different pieces of equipment that may probably be in use at one time. knowing power and load, you can now determine if the proposed installation will be on a sound basis. do not use your available horsepower figure directly, since deductions should first be made for losses in the water wheel and in the generator, if one is to be used. for small installations, assume wheel efficiency to be 75 percent ; many small wheels will better this, but the assumption will provide leeway for possible optimism in measuring h and q. generator efficiency can be assumed to be 80 percent, a figure that will also be bettered in many cases but is on the safe side. thus switchboard power may be expressed at. 75x. 8xhp, or. 6 of the available horsepower. at this stage of the game, it ' s well to mull over the possible variations and combinations, rather than to proceed with specific construction plans. consider for example the decision required if the indicated switchboard power will seemingly handle the peak load \u2014 whether to build a dam just large enough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5480146862012514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.886936"}
{"text": "it ' s well to mull over the possible variations and combinations, rather than to proceed with specific construction plans. consider for example the decision required if the indicated switchboard power will seemingly handle the peak load \u2014 whether to build a dam just large enough to do this job, or to build one substantially larger to handle possible future increases in power requirements. the former choice will be obviously cheaper at first but may not be so in the long run, since power demands have a way of growing and since it is rarely satisfactory to increase the structure of an existing dam. if the peak load is apparently too high, various possibilities should be considered. will \" pondage \" \u2014 water stored behind the dam overnight or in slack periods \u2014 help out? can the use of equipment be dispensed with? is the project necessarily a year - round enterprise, or can the low - power characteristics of the dry season be ignored? a word of caution on these points may not be amiss : it ' s far better to plan an installation that wiil provide more power than you need than one which doesn ' t t supply enough. whether, in the event that you decide to generate electricity to use ac or dc is another decision to make. in circumstance where the generator must be located some distance from the load, ac is the only choice, for dc transmission losses would be too high, amounting in small installations to a prohibitive percentage of switchboard power. if your buildings and equipment are already wired to receive one type of current, it would obviously be sensible to fix on the same type of power ; if for example your farm is already wired for a battery - type lighting system, there would be little reason to revamp the installation for ac. if on the other hand you are starting from scratch, the writer recommends the use of dc wherever possible. an ac generator must be closely regulated at or slightly above synchronous speed, and close regulation requires complicated governing equipment that is tricky to build or expensive to buy. a compound - wound dc generator, on the other hand, provides inherently close voltage regulation over a wide speed range ; and even a shunt - wound dc generator with a direct - acting field - rheostat regulator would be satisfactory. selecting the right wheel for your plant is perhaps the final step in your preliminary planning. there are three general types of water wheel \u2014 impulse, reaction, and gravity \u2014 and several fairly common varieties of each type. however, for small plant purposes, it is possible to narrow the number dowry to those shown in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48169503402098524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.887989"}
{"text": "step in your preliminary planning. there are three general types of water wheel \u2014 impulse, reaction, and gravity \u2014 and several fairly common varieties of each type. however, for small plant purposes, it is possible to narrow the number dowry to those shown in fig. 3. note that two types of reaction wheels, the francis and the propeller, are shown, and but one variety of gravity wheel, the overshot one. the impulse or pelton wheel, operated exclusively by the force of the water from the jet, includes among its advantages very slight leakage and friction losses, good efficiency under varying flows, and a sufficiently high shaft speed to drive a generator. it is more resistant to pitting by water containing sand, silt, or minerals than the reaction type. its disadvantages include the fact that it cannot use all the available head, is larger than a reaction wheel developing the same power, and will wallow in high tail water. it must be mounted as close to the tail water as possible. the reaction wheel, either the francis or propeller type, is turned by the fall of water through a duct or pipe in which the wheel is confined. it is the most compact of all wheels for a given power, uses all of the available head, and operates at a satisfactory speed for direct coupling to a generator. it is an efficient wheel over a wide range of conditions, and it can be mounted at any convenient height above tail water. disadvantages include rapid corrosion with silted water, and relatively high leakage and friction losses, especially in small units. part 3 : dams turn water into kilowatts concrete, though desirable, isn ' t necessary for damming a small stream. beavers have gotten by for years without it. suitable materials can be found on almost any farm. lofinally, there is the overshot gravity wheel, which is turned largely by the weight of the water and partly by impulse. it has good efficiency under varying flow, and is unaffected by sand, silt, or minerals in the water. gravity wheels turn at a low speed, which is undesirable for driving a generator or highspeed machinery, but suitable for some pumping and grinding applications. such a wheel will wallow in high tail water, is the largest wheel for a given power, and will be obstructed by ice in winter unless housed. gs, roughhewn timber, rock, masonry, planking, gravel, sand, and clay are all useful. choose the materials most readily available on your property,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5127875977778713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.888971"}
{"text": "power, and will be obstructed by ice in winter unless housed. gs, roughhewn timber, rock, masonry, planking, gravel, sand, and clay are all useful. choose the materials most readily available on your property, or the least expensive if you must obtain them elsewhere. you will have determined, on the basis of the first two installments of this series, the height and width of the dam you will need to convert your stream to power. the summer months provide an ideal time for its construction, for then most brooks are at their lowest level and the water will not impede the progress of work. four basic types of small dams are shown in the accompanying drawings. all are adaptable in general to the kind of materials likely to be on hand and also to the head of power desired. there are two basic principles of design to bear in mind no matter which you build. first, a dam should be sealed both above and below its foundation to prevent the seepage of water through or under it. seepage through a clam, if per mitted, weakens the structure and will eventually break it ; that under a dam will undermine its foundation. then, too, some means must be provided to prevent undermining of the dam by the water that flows or spills over it. in addition, you should check with your local authorities and possibly file plans for your dam with them. states have widely varying regulations, some extremely lenient and some fairly strict. in most, general supervision comes under the state board of health, but a visit to your local county offices will give you correct guidance. figure 1 illustrates the earth dam, which blends well with its surroundings and hence is particularly suited where landscaping or scenic qualities are to be considered. sealing this type of dam is most important since seepage will literally carry it away if allowed to progress. the seal is put in first and the dam built around it. how far down it should go depends upon the kind of soil. a sand foundation, for instance, requires the seal to extend deeper than clay. if planking is used, it would be well to apply a protective coat such as tar or creosote. a general pattern for depositing the earth fill is shown in the drawing, but it is not necessary to follow it unless different types of earth are available. deposit the fill by layers, rolling and tamping each layer well. then protect the waterside surface from erosion by covering it with a matting woven from brush. plant turf on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4882317081608839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.890134"}
{"text": "is not necessary to follow it unless different types of earth are available. deposit the fill by layers, rolling and tamping each layer well. then protect the waterside surface from erosion by covering it with a matting woven from brush. plant turf on the top and downstream side to hold the earth. such a dam obviously cannot have water spilling over its crest since this action would wash it away. two suggestions for handling the excess water are shown. the spillway must be of some material, such as masonry or planking, resistant to the erosion of rushing water, and the sides must protect the open ends of the earth dam from spillage water. an alternative method of handling runoff water is with drain tiles instead of a spillway. some means must be provided for shutting them off. a simple cover on the upstream end would serve. figure 2 shows the framed dam, which likewise can be easily built, particularly on a farm where lumber in any form from logs to planks is abundantly available. each frame consists of one joist on which the surface timber is laid and one or more struts. once the height of the dam is determined, the size of individual frames will vary depending on the contour of the gulley, those frames located at the lowest part being the largest. the frames are spaced according to the support the surface timber needs, that is, the thinner the surfacing the more supports. lay the planking surface or roughhewn timber horizontally and edge to edge across the frames, and bolt or spike each in place. calk the joints and apply a protective coating. fill is put in behind the downstream side. build the spillway entirely of planking or similar material. the gravity dam, shown in fig. 3, relies upon its weight for its stability. this dam would be most feasible where large rocks or field stones abound. bricks, concrete or cinder blocks, and even chunks of broken concrete pavement are also excellent materials. the dam is strictly a masonry type, each block being laid with mortar. length is not a critical factor for any of these three dams, but it is important for the arch dam illustrated in fig. 4. the placement of such a dam in a gulley is limited not only to the point of least width but also to the point where the banks are highest. otherwise, this dam would impound little water. it would seem unwise to build one to span more than a width of 10 '. if the heavy timber is used only as a frame on which to spike or bolt a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45782198684490405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.891181"}
{"text": "the banks are highest. otherwise, this dam would impound little water. it would seem unwise to build one to span more than a width of 10 '. if the heavy timber is used only as a frame on which to spike or bolt a surface of planking, as shown in one of the drawings in fig. 4, the number of timber arches will depend on the strength of the planking and also on the height of the dam. only earth foundations are considered in the drawings, but you may be fortunate enough to have a solid rock foundation on which to build. in that case a seal below the foundation will not be necessary, but some means must be provided to anchor the dam to the rock, such as with anchor bolts in the case of either the framed or gravity dam. likewise the dam should be sealed at the rock foundation to prevent seepage under it. in most instances it will be found best to restrict the width of the spillway for excess water to some part of the total length of the dam. this will always be necessary in the case of an earth dam to prevent washing. the spillage water may be allowed to pour over the entire length of framed, gravity, and arch dams, however, if the precautions shown in fig. 5 are taken. if the downstream side of the dam, or of the spillway, is a curved hard surface of masonry or timber approximating the natural curvature of the water flowing over, it will guide the spillage water so it will be directed downstream without actually falling. such a curved spillway surface is particularly satisfactory for an earth dam. large rocks, bricks, or other hard objects placed on the downstream side of a spillway not having a curved surface will break the force of the free - falling water and prevent erosion. the spillway in its simplest form takes the shape of a rectangular depression in the crest of the dam. it should usually be large enough, to carry off sufficient excess water so that impounded waters will not top the dam at any season of the year. this, of course, is quite a problem, since accurate determination of spillway capacity requires a knowledge of the total area drained by the creek being dammed plus data on the amount of rainfall at all seasons. however, most of us will know whether or not the creek we are damming stays within its banks during the year. if it does, then a safe rule to apply would be to make the area of the spillway equal to the cross - section area of the creek at the dam when it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45761025081800943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.892269"}
{"text": "the creek we are damming stays within its banks during the year. if it does, then a safe rule to apply would be to make the area of the spillway equal to the cross - section area of the creek at the dam when it is brimful or just ready to flood. the formula is illustrated in fig. 6. if the stream does flood, then either construct a dam that in an emergency can allow water to top its full length or build some sort of floodgate into the dam so it can be opened when necessary. one form such a floodgate could take is a group of drain tiles through the dam, as shown in fig. 1. the height of the dam you build will be determined by the area of the land to be covered by the impounded water. in general, the higher the dam, the greater the area covered by water above it. all vegetation, brush, floatage, and the like in the area to be flooded and for about 15 ' around it should be burned out or otherwise cleared before the dam is built. this keeps down the breeding of mosquitoes and helps retard pollution. it is required in the regulations of some states and is a wise precaution even when not covered by law. in addition, all trees in the area to be flooded should be cut reasonably close to the ground.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.417678702434034, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:909bd1a1-2e72-47c5-8512-9f350bbfab96>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.892906"}
{"text": "( naturalnews ) the title of this article probably should have been \" told ya so. \" after all the downplaying, all the denials, all the disinfo and deceptions by both the nuclear industry and the mainstream media, it finally emerges that the amount of radiation released by fukushima was far, far higher than what we were told. how high? so high that the fukushima catastrophe has now been raised from a level 5 event to a level 7 event on the international nuclear and radiological event scale ). they just skipped right over level 6 because they know even a 6 would be laughable at this point. a level 5 event is an \" accident with wider consequences. \" a level 6 event is a \" serious accident, \" and a level 7 event is a \" major accident. \" if you really do the math, however, fukushima should be a level 28 event because there are four reactors each at level seven ( 4x7 = 28 ). chernobyl only had one reactor, and it stored far less fuel than any one of the fukushima reactors. the amount of released radiation required to quality for a level 7 event is \" several tens of thousands of terabecquerels. \" for example, 50, 000 terabecquerels. how much radiation has already been released from fukushima? 500, 000 terabecquerels - - and that ' s just from iodine - 131 and doesn ' t even count the other isotopes that are also being released ( http : / / apnews. myway. com / article / 20110412 / d9mi2hb00. html ). in other words - - and here ' s the real shocker - - the amount of radiation released from fukushima is over ten times the amount needed to qualify for a level 7 event! with the arrival of this new designation, fukushima is now officially a chernobyl - class event, and nuclear officials are now openly and publicly admitting that the total radiation release from fukushima could soon exceed chernobyl - - although they ' re desperately trying to claim it somehow won ' t, if only due to the power of their own imaginations. meanwhile, we ' re being treated to an ever - expanding lesson in the table of elements as yet more radioactive materials are being detected in the fukushima releases. today, strontium was found in the soils near fukushima, adding to the impressive list of other elements that were blown into the environment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5118588543234016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d607337-c8a1-449a-987b-2b26b4b6e42a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.905621"}
{"text": "- expanding lesson in the table of elements as yet more radioactive materials are being detected in the fukushima releases. today, strontium was found in the soils near fukushima, adding to the impressive list of other elements that were blown into the environment by the explosions there : plutonium, iodine and cesium. ( http : / / ca. news. yahoo. com / slight - amounts - strontium - found - near - crippled... if only fukushima had blown gold out of its core, japan might actually have a way to pay for all this, by the way. but sadly, the byproducts of nuclear fission are not the precious metals we would all wish for. rather, they are the radioactive elements determined by the laws of physics - - the very same laws of physics that the nuclear industry once thought it had smugly conquered. murphy, that clever little bastard, seems to crop up everywhere these days. far worse than we were originally told with this new designation of a level 7 event, the massive cover - up has melted down. although japan has tried desperately to withhold radiation data, shut off the gauges, explain away the extremely high sensor readings and assure everybody that it was only a \" miniscule \" amount of radiation being released into the environment, the sad but undeniable truth of the matter is that fukushima is a global - scale nuclear disaster that ' s now unleashing radiation across the world that ' s showing up in our milk and food. the excuse behind raising the event to level 7 right now instead of earlier is laughable but predictable : authorities claim they just didn ' t know how to measure the radiation! \" our preparations for how to measure ( the radiation leakage ) when such a tsunami and earthquake occurred were insufficient and, as a result, we were late in disseminating information internationally, \" said a senior official working for prime minister naoto kan. ( http : / / www. cnbc. com / id / 42542704 in other words, the nuclear industry didn ' t know how to measure radiation, they claim, and even when they did figure out how to take measurements, they withheld the resulting data. the clever disinfo campaign marches on. nisa is now saying that the radiation released into the atmosphere is only 10 percent of chernobyl ' s release. but what they don ' t readily admit is that they ' re releasing massive quantities of radioactive water into the ocean, and that doesn ' t count as \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5345892200329514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d607337-c8a1-449a-987b-2b26b4b6e42a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.911263"}
{"text": "that the radiation released into the atmosphere is only 10 percent of chernobyl ' s release. but what they don ' t readily admit is that they ' re releasing massive quantities of radioactive water into the ocean, and that doesn ' t count as \" atmosphere, \" you see. they also don ' t want you to remember that fukushima is engage in an ongoing release of radiation with absolutely no end in sight. it is only a matter of weeks, in other words, before fukushima does exceed the total chernobyl release levels. how do we know that? for one, that same senior official quoted above also says the japanese government is now telling tepco to \" set target dates for when it would halt the radiation leakage as well as restore the cooling systems set target dates? it ' s like being stuck in a bureaucratic nightmare. let ' s all have a committee conference, and we ' ll put together an \" actionable game plan \" so that we can \" accentuate our positive accomplishments \" while we all \" facilitate going forward with team players \" and other such nonsense corporate speak that often flows from the mouths of business suit morons who have no idea what to do but somehow want to take credit for it. if there ' s a target date to set for halting the radiation, it should be today. if there ' s a target date to restore cooling to the spent fuel rods, it should be yesterday. does anyone really believe these are things to be slapped onto a calendar like your best friend ' s birthday? oh, and by the way, we ' re now supposed to believe the japanese government is telling us the truth from here forward, i suppose. sure, they lied about the radiation releases in the past. they downplayed the seriousness of the event ; they withheld data and explained away the broken gauges as flukes. but now they ' re suddenly going to be up front with all of us and tell us the truth, you see. now we ' re going to get honest and accurate information out of japan, if you can believe that. still, nuclear industry shills can ' t help themselves from continuing to downplay the situation. \" judging from all the measurement data, it is quite under control, \" says hironobu unesaki, a nuclear physicist at kyoto university research reactor institute ( http : / / apnews. myway. com / article / 20110412 / d9mi2hb00. html ). he also said that raising fukushima", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5022389577429656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d607337-c8a1-449a-987b-2b26b4b6e42a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.928248"}
{"text": "will take to the podium and calmly announce that everything is fine and people should take no precautions whatsoever. and then immediately after these speeches are given, they scurry off to their underground command bunkers. here ' s a video of obama telling americans there ' s no problem with the radioactive fallout from fukushima. it ' s hilarious ( in a sad sort of way ) : http : / / naturalnews. tv / v. asp? v = 61efab11121c6a46d7f5c9a77eb7f2e7 about the author : mike adams is a natural health author and award - winning journalist with a mission to teach personal and planetary health to the public he has authored more than 1, 800 articles and dozens of reports, guides and interviews on natural health topics, and he is well known as the creator of popular downloadable preparedness programs on financial collapse, emergency food storage, wilderness survival and home defense skills. adams is an honest, independent journalist and accepts no money or commissions on the third - party products he writes about or the companies he promotes. in 2010, adams created tv. naturalnews. com, a natural living video sharing site featuring thousands of user videos on foods, fitness, green living and more. he also launched an online retailer of environmentally - friendly products ( betterlifegoods. com ) and uses a portion of its profits to help fund non - profit endeavors. he ' s also a noted pioneer in the email marketing software industry, having been the first to launch an html email newsletter technology that has grown to become a standard in the industry. adams also serves as the executive director of the consumer wellness center, a non - profit consumer protection group, and practices nature photography, capoeira, martial arts and organic gardening. he ' s also author of numerous health books published by truth publishing and is the creator of several consumer - oriented grassroots campaigns, including the spam. don ' t buy it! campaign, and the free downloadable honest food guide. he also created the free reference sites herbreference. com and healingfoodreference. com. adams believes in free speech, free access to nutritional supplements and the ending of corporate control over medicines, genes and seeds. known by his callsign, the ' health ranger, ' adams posts his missions statements, health statistics and health photos at www. healthranger. org have comments on this article? post them here : people have commented on this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42703500419590135, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d607337-c8a1-449a-987b-2b26b4b6e42a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.935168"}
{"text": "poverty and prosperity : a longitudinal study of wealth accumulation, 1850 - 1860 nber historical working paper no. 8 this paper depicts and analyzes the wealth distribution and wealth mobility in a national sample of nearly 1, 600 households matched in the 1850 and 1860 manuscript schedules of the census. gini coefficients, a transition matrix, the shorrocks measure, and a regression model of wealth accumulation are estimated from these data. the findings shed light on theories of the wealth distribution, life - cycle behavior, regional economic performance, and the empirical basis for critiques of capitalism. blacks accumulated slowly but the foreign born performed remarkably well. the distribution of wealth was relatively unequal on the frontier but the region performed well in reducing propertylessness. residents of eastern cities were less fluid than other residents of the rural north. blue collar workers and the unskilled declined relative to farmers and white - collar workers during the decade, which suggests that other aspects of wealth determination may have outweighed stretching of the wage structure as an explanation of growing inequality during industrialization. comparisons with data on net family assets collected by the national longitudinal survey in the 1960s and 1970s show that mid - nineteenth century households were less mobile at the lower end but more mobile at the upper end of the wealth distribution. published : steckel, richard h. \" poverty and prosperity : a longitudinal study of wealth accumulation, 1850 - 1860, \" review of economics and statistics, 1990, v72 ( 2 ), 275 - 285.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5092771535663221, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d590a45-dc75-4876-a955-66cd8c4526f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.943747"}
{"text": "the following ncte inbox ideas piece was originally published in inbox on april 17, 2007. the horrific shootings that occurred yesterday on the virginia tech campus place teachers in the position of wondering what we can do - - both to allow students to express their feelings on the events and to avoid similar situations in our own school hallways. these articles show how stories provide powerful tools to help us all make sense of events that are, at best, completely senseless. \" stories will save us, if anything will, \" begins the voices from the middle article \" difficult days and difficult texts \" ( g ). written by robert e. probst after the events of september 11, the piece explores how our ability to read the multiple texts that we see, to find and explore the stories behind the audio, video, and print that reports what has happened, gives us ways to make sense of and respond to impossibly difficult events. this kind of searching for story can be the focus of any writing program that works to help students move beyond what probst calls \" the simple basics of decoding \" the events that they see and are a part of deeper reaction, reflection, and empathy. \" warriors with words : toward a post - columbine writing curriculum \" ( s - c ) from english journal, an article republished in the ncte book a curriculum of peace, places such personal stories at the center of the writing curriculum in ways that promote peace and well - being, voice and sense of self, and respect and caring, as well as powerful literacy skills. the language arts article \" social narrative writing : ( re ) constructing kid culture in the writer ' s workshop \" ( e ) describes a similar way to encourage students to use their writing to share their feelings in positive ways. the article outlines activities that ask students to move from personal to social narratives in writing workshop to create stories as tools for social action, addressing inequities in their school lives. as we ask students to write the stories that surround them, the college composition and communication article \" school sucks \" ( c ) asserts that we must help students focus on pleasure and meaning in writing that go beyond \" the idea of the perfect, final textual product. \" occasioned by violence in schools and memories of violent schoolyard rhymes, this article suggests that by asking students to tell stories and to find narratives that make sense of the events they experience, we can encourage them to move beyond writing as a process of simple coding and decoding to one of making meaning of their worlds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5138721702601324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ba54055-4c31-461b-969a-b9af3f867c1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.957855"}
{"text": "if you have a medical emergency, please contact your health care provider or go to the nearest emergency room. children and adolescents may suffer psychological trauma as a result of disease, specifically the type of disease, epidemic, or pandemic which arises suddenly, spreads rapidly and widely, results in death, and may not have a known cure. as there is daily news coverage regarding potential health risks from occurrences of h1n1 ( swine flu ), sars ( severe acute respiratory disease ), west nile virus, and others, the nctsn will be compiling and providing information on several diseases to address the common questions of parents and families. the psychological first aid field operations guide, 2nd edition ( pfa ), developed by the national child traumatic stress network and the national center for ptsd, can assist mental health and other practitioners intervening with children and families exposed to disasters, including epidemics. access pfa in english, spanish, japanese, and chinese by clicking here. the cdc web site features comprehensive information on other infectious diseases, including influenza, sars, bird flu, h1n1 ( swine flu ) and west nile virus. the department of health and human services pandemic flu. gov site provides government - wide information on influenza outbreaks. pandemic flu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46064058301851146, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4720d499-3915-43c2-a769-3a5b511049b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.961361"}
{"text": "netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. wednesday, may 22, 2013 metal taste in mouth if i have a metal taste in my mouth, what is this a symptom of? an altered or metallic taste sensation is referred to as dysgeusia. there are many possible factors or conditions that can lead to or be associated with this symptom. deterioration of an old silver ( amalgam ) filling or a cap ( crown ) can sometimes be the culprit. gum disease ( periodontitis ) or dental abscess could also be considered. a wide variety of drugs ( over 200 ) have been associated with taste disturbances or alterations. vitamin or micronutrient deficiencies, especially zinc deficiency, have been related to metallic or altered taste. inflammation of the stomach ( gastritis ), esophageal reflux and even sinus infections have been contributory in some patients. finally, some cases appear to have no definite ( or identifiable ) cause. the first step would be to rule out a local dental or gum problem with a visit to your dentist. next, i would check with your physician to rule out other conditions that may be more systemic in origin. john r kalmar, dmd, phd clinical professor of pathology associate dean of dentistry administration college of dentistry the ohio state university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5086624678152536, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3ae883a-301e-453d-9cc5-77a62686aee8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.978294"}
{"text": "netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. wednesday, may 22, 2013 skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in this country. about one million americans develop skin cancer each year. the skin is the body ' s largest organ. it protects against heat, light, injury, and infection. it helps control body temperature. it stores water and fat. the skin also makes vitamin d. epidermis : the epidermis is the top layer of the skin. it is mostly made of flat cells. these are squamous cells. under the squamous cells in the deepest part of the epidermis are round cells called basal cells. cells called melanocytes make the pigment ( color ) found in skin and are located in the lower part of the epidermis. dermis : the dermis is under the epidermis. it contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and glands. some of these glands make sweat, which helps cool the body. other glands make sebum. sebum is an oily substance that helps keep the skin from drying out. sweat and sebum reach the surface of the skin through tiny openings called pores. skin cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up the skin. normally, skin cells grow and divide to form new cells. every day skin cells grow old and die, and new cells take their place. sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. new cells form when the skin does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. these extra cells can form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. benign growths are not cancer : malignant growths are cancer : skin cancers are named for the type of cells that become cancerous. types of skin cancer are : these cancers usually form on the head, face, neck, hands, and arms. these areas are exposed to the sun. but skin cancer can occur anywhere. basal cell skin cancer grows slowly. it usually occurs on areas of the skin that have been in the sun. it is most common on the face. basal cell cancer rarely spreads to other parts of the body. squamous cell skin cancer also occurs on parts of the skin that have been in the sun. but it also may be in places that are not in the sun. squamous cell cancer sometimes spreads to lymph nodes and organs inside the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4854278818799986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98d67a08-e9d5-43ed-9a75-524cb1d11e2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.990116"}
{"text": "squamous cell skin cancer also occurs on parts of the skin that have been in the sun. but it also may be in places that are not in the sun. squamous cell cancer sometimes spreads to lymph nodes and organs inside the body. melanoma is a form of cancer that begins in melanocytes ( cells that make the pigment melanin ). it may begin in a mole ( skin melanoma ), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as in the eye or in the intestines. if skin cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body, the new growth has the same kind of abnormal cells and the same name as the primary growth. it is still called skin cancer. checking your skin for new growths or other changes is a good idea. the national cancer institute website has a helpful guide for checking your skin. keep in mind that changes are not a sure sign of skin cancer. still, you should report any changes to your health care provider right away. you may need to see a dermatologist, a doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. source : national cancer institute? what you need to know about skin cancer last reviewed : aug 03, 2010 jeremy s bordeaux, md, mph assistant professor of dermatology school of medicine case western reserve university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41030354512820816, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98d67a08-e9d5-43ed-9a75-524cb1d11e2c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.990811"}
{"text": "i / o virtualization : when, not if august 05, 2010 i / o virtualization ( iov ) is an i / o card - sharing technology that lets multiple servers share multiple cards across a single, high - speed cable segment. the general purpose of iov is to make it easier to share bandwidth among servers in a rack. the cards to be shared are placed in a gateway, and the servers connect to that gateway. cards are typically shareable on a per - port basis. for example, a quad - port ethernet card could be assigned to four different servers. the ports or cards can be quickly assigned and re - assigned to the connecting servers, providing some hot - swap like functionality to pcie. iov is still in its infancy, but it is destined to become a standard component of a data center architecture. there will be cost savings associated with iov. for example, a single pair of cards in a server can perform multiple i / o functions and can replace several single - function cards per server. it also eliminates the need for a redundant card of each type in each server. instead, a single card can act as a \" hot spare \" held within the i / o gateway and be assigned to the hosts if another card inside the gateway fails. things get interesting when a single port on a card can be shared across multiple hosts. to accomplish this, it may mean adopting single root i / o virtualization ( sr - iov ), a specification from the pci - sig, the industry group that manages the pci standard. vendors may also create their own cards that can be shared. the result is that a 10gb ethernet card or 16gb fibre channel card will be shareable across multiple servers, with each getting chunks of that bandwidth. the challenge for sr - iov is the time it will take to come to market. vendors that develop their own cards may have these capabilities sooner. i believe iov becomes a \" when not if \" technology because of the value it brings to the virtualized environment. today, an i / o card in a virtual host is managed by the hypervisor. unless you limit your vms per physical host to the number of physical nic ports available on the host, the hypervisor has to create virtual nics. as a result, the hypervisor has to be involved in each i / o to understand what vm the i / o is intended for. this consumes host resources and limits the potential of getting full bandwidth from the nic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5476573617408226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b14fa8d-d941-41f8-993c-71507bc469fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.995985"}
{"text": "nics. as a result, the hypervisor has to be involved in each i / o to understand what vm the i / o is intended for. this consumes host resources and limits the potential of getting full bandwidth from the nic. with iov, the inspection process can be offloaded from the hypervisor. it allows the cards to be virtualized and present themselves to the hypervisor as individual nics that can be hard - assigned to specific vms, minimizing hypervisor interaction and maximizing resources. iov will also give the it administrator the ability to add and remove i / o resources to servers as needed, a term we call infrastructure bursting. with per - host virtual machine densities reaching the twenties and thirties, planning the i / o needs for those systems becomes more challenging. predicting peak load times may be impossible. iov lets you dynamically add i / o resources to physical hosts and vms within them when peak times occur, and then re - assign them elsewhere when the need passes, basically bursting the infrastructure for a short time. all it takes is a spare card in the gateway to be assigned when i / o becomes an issue in a particular server. the ability to offload the virtualization task from the host and to dynamically add temporary bandwidth to a host makes iov a compelling technology, and something that will likely become prevalent in larger data centers. the inhibitors to iov are the connection styles and the amount of disruption, like any other infrastructure, that it may cause. we ' ll cover those inhibitors in a future entry. for more on iov, see this entry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5090602862060453, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b14fa8d-d941-41f8-993c-71507bc469fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:40.996863"}
{"text": "the human brain is as fascinating as it is complex. when the brain experiences trauma and disease, the results can be devastating. now, scientists from cambridge university in england say they have discovered new treatments for debilitating neurological diseases that could possibly open the door to a cure for alzheimer \u2019 s, epilepsy, stroke and autism. the researchers say they have, for the first time, created cerebral cortex cells, which are part of the brain \u2019 s grey matter, from a small sample of human skin. the cerebral cortex makes up 75 percent of the brain and is a major area where disease can develop. the newly created cells will help re - create brain diseases such as alzheimer \u2019 s in the lab, while providing what scientists call \" previously impossible insight \" to allow them to develop and test new drugs to stop these devastating diseases from progressing. the findings will also enable scientists to study how the human cerebral cortex develops, how it \" wires up \" and how learning disabilities occur. according to britain \u2019 s sunday telegraph, before this new development, it has only been possible to generate tissue from the cerebral cortex by using controversial embryonic stem cells. however, since embryonic research has drawn ethical concerns scientists say it has led to limited availability of funding and materials. dr. rick livesey of the gurdon institute and department of biochemistry at the university of cambridge, principal investigator of the research, said : ' ' we have been able to take reprogrammed skin cells so they develop into brain stem cells and then essentially replay brain development in the laboratory. this approach gives us the ability to study human brain development and disease in ways that were unimaginable even five years ago. \u201d the scientists took skin biopsies from patients and then reprogrammed the cells from the skin samples back into stem cells. the stem cells as well as human embryonic stem cells were then used to generate cerebral cortex cells. dr. livesey added, ' ' we can study brain development and what goes wrong when it is affected by disease in a way we haven ' t been able to before. we see it as a major breakthrough in what will now be possible. ' ' the findings, which were funded by alzheimer \u2019 s research uk and the welcome trust, were published in nature neuroscience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5211337729658482, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e2432a-0ec9-4062-8f0d-94bc2bc65810>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.002193"}
{"text": "drug shows promise in busting hepatitis c virus washington, feb 19 : hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection affects about 4. 1 million people in the united states alone and is the primary cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. current therapy against the infection is not particularly effective. daclatasvir, a direct acting antiviral ( daa ) agent, targets one of the hcv proteins ns5a and causes the fastest viral decline, within 12 hours of treatment ever seen with anti - hcv drugs. an interdisciplinary effort by mathematical modellers, clinicians and molecular virologists has revealed that daclatasvir has two main modes of action against hcv and also yields a new, more accurate estimate of the hcv half - life, the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences reports. \" ultimately, our study will help design better daa drug cocktails to treat hcv, \" said loyola university health system ( luhs ) and stritch school of medicine ( ssom ) mathematical modeller harel dahari, who co - led the study. dahari is one of five members of the division of hepatology at loyola headed by scott cotler, who authored the study with thomas layden, hcv virologist susan l. uprichard and her doctoral graduate student natasha sansone, according to a loyola statement. \" daclatasvir not only blocks the synthesis of the viral rna within infected cells but also secretion of infectious virus from the cells, \" said dahari. this prediction was confirmed in uprichard ' s lab using cultured liver cells that support the entire life cycle of hcv infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44449825680705535, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ef5a7f9-bfa7-459c-909a-4d47da8ed75b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.005355"}
{"text": "april 24th marks the hubble space telescope ' s 21st anniversary in space. to celebrate, nasa has released this new image of two interacting galaxies. it contains clues about a past rendez - vous, and hints of a third, hidden object. the disc of the upper, spiral galaxy, called ugc1810, has been distorted by the gravitational pull of the smaller galaxy below. the position of its long outer arm is likely to have come about when the smaller galaxy dived deep, and slightly off - centre, through ugc1810. meanwhile, the nucleus of the smaller galaxy, ugc1813 shows intense star formation, also a result of its encounter with the larger galaxy. now look closer and a possible third galaxy can be spotted in the top right of the image, nestled between the ends of the two outermost arms of ugc1810. the give - aways are a mini - spiral and several clusters of young, blue stars. the image is just one of the thousands released by hubble over its working life. \" after all this time, new hubble images still inspire awe and are a testament to the extraordinary work of the many people behind the world ' s most famous observatory, \" said charles bolden, who piloted the discovery space shuttle as it deployed hubble in 1990, and is now nasa administrator.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5139628399562657, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e06cb6a5-a722-40ca-89d8-845ef42a87b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.007094"}
{"text": "may 29, 2012 \" naturally, the common people don ' t want war... but after all it is the leaders of a country who determine the policy, and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship. voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. that is easy. all you have to do is to tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. it works the same in every country. \" - - hermann goering - leading member of the nazi party there are only two holidays a year that bring me to tears. the first is decoration day ( now memorial day ) and the second is independence day, july 4th. last july i wrote an article entitled real americans. i told of the loss and heartbreak i felt when i saw the flags waving and heard the firecrackers. the loss of what we once had and what we have become is overwhelming. the same feeling is present with decoration day. decoration day started with a commemoration to the fallen union soldiers of the civil war. in the south, southern ladies ' groups commemorated the fallen on different days than the holiday of the north. however, by the 20th century, all american soldiers who had fallen in war were remembered on the last monday in may, although originally may 30th. decoration day meant placing flowers on the graves of the fallen, but soon became a memorial for all family members who had passed. today, those who know the real meaning of the holiday visit the cemeteries not only to decorate the graves of fallen american soldiers, as well as those who served our country, but also to remember our deceased ancestors. decoration day was officially changed to memorial day by federal law in 1967. on june 28, 1968, the congress passed the uniform holidays bill, which moved four holidays, including memorial day, from their traditional dates to a specified monday in order to create a convenient three - day weekend. the change moved memorial day from its traditional may 30th date to the last monday in may. the law took effect at the federal level in 1971. this has no doubt changed the tenor of the remembrance day into one of a spring - into - summer three - day weekend holiday, which has caused the solemn honor of the original commemoration to be lost. japanese nisei, daniel inouye, hawaii ' s senator, and a wwii veteran has tried every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43779599151409787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d6ec0e2-6c28-45c5-93a4-85df14efa0a4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.047192"}
{"text": "into one of a spring - into - summer three - day weekend holiday, which has caused the solemn honor of the original commemoration to be lost. japanese nisei, daniel inouye, hawaii ' s senator, and a wwii veteran has tried every year to return the holiday to may 30th. the memorial day flag is to be raised briskly to the top of the pole at dawn and then lowered to half mast until noon. this is done in remembrance. at noon, the flag is again raised to the top of the pole for the remainder of the day. today, this holiday of commemoration has become one of barbeques, picnics, baseball and swimming. it no longer is a day of solemn remembrance of our nation ' s loss. when i think of all those who have served, i remember those in my own dear family. my maternal grandfather served in the army as a cook in wwi. his two sons, my mother ' s older and younger brothers and my uncles, both served in wwii in europe and in germany respectively. i remember my uncle bob telling me about how he hitchhiked across czechoslovakia to see his cousin, norm, who was also in the army. my paternal grandfather graduated from the presidio ( officer ' s training ) in 1917 with the army cavalry. i still have the humorously written program for his graduation dinner. his degrees were in international law and french. he married my grandmother that same year and went off to war. his older brother was also a soldier in wwi. in a nine page typewritten letter my baptist preacher and physician great - grandfather wrote to his former church in bozeman, montana, he mentioned how his wife worried and prayed for her two sons in france. my grandfather remained in the military for many years. i have obtained all his military records through my congressman. he was retired prior to wwii, but at the start of wwii and at the age of 50, he re - enlisted. he was in charge of a german prisoner - of - war camp for a year or so. the photos of this camp and the inmates look as though it was a great holiday for the germans. these original photos are at the mazal holocaust library in san antonio, texas. at the close of wwii, my grandfather, colonel morse, was in charge of the mps at nuremburg. his army cavalry uniform and his boots are also at the mazal holocaust library along with documents and photos. after the war, my grandparents were very concerned about the second generation japanese americans who fought on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42793134331567156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d6ec0e2-6c28-45c5-93a4-85df14efa0a4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.050485"}
{"text": "was in charge of the mps at nuremburg. his army cavalry uniform and his boots are also at the mazal holocaust library along with documents and photos. after the war, my grandparents were very concerned about the second generation japanese americans who fought on our side during wwii, the nisei. my grandmother was the inspiration for a veterans hall for them and the nisei veterans ' memorial hall was born. my grandfather brought it to fruition and his picture still hangs prominently in their veteran organization. the 100th / 442nd regimental combat team, composed of approximately 14, 000 japanese american soldiers, became the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in american history. among their many awards, they earned eight presidential citations, over 9000 purple hearts, and 21 medals of honor. the 100th / 442nd fought many battles. one of the most historic was the rescue of the lost battalion in october 1944, when the unit led a heroic drive through german lines in the vosges mountains to rescue 211 surviving soldiers of the 36th texas division. for this the governor of texas named the nisei soldiers \\ \" honorary texans. \\ \" in 1945, the courageous actions of the 100th / 442nd were critical in breaking the german gothic line. they fought the germans through intense combat and liberated towns such as bruyeres, biffontaine, and belvedere. they also helped free holocaust victims from a dachau concentration camp. approximately 6, 000 japanese americans served in the pacific theater in the military intelligence service ( mis ) of the us army. these soldiers utilized their knowledge of the japanese language and culture to defeat the japanese military in the pacific. general douglas macarthur ' s intelligence chief, major general charles a. willoughby, estimated that these contributions shortened the war by at least two years and saved countless lives in the process. for this, the mis was awarded a presidential unit citation. when my retired, aging, california grandparents needed assistance, the japanese were there to help them in every way. at their funeral masses, the priests were both japanese. the eulogies from these brave nisei are simply beautiful and showed what great love these japanese american war heroes had for my paternal grandparents. today is a different story the presidio today is nothing like what my grandfather would envision. congress voted in 1989 to end the presidio ' s status as an active military installation and on october 1, 1994, it was transferred to the national park service, ending 219 years of military use and beginning its next phase of mixed commercial and public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4635191849768824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d6ec0e2-6c28-45c5-93a4-85df14efa0a4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.053494"}
{"text": "congress voted in 1989 to end the presidio ' s status as an active military installation and on october 1, 1994, it was transferred to the national park service, ending 219 years of military use and beginning its next phase of mixed commercial and public use. sadly that use is now part and parcel of the un agenda 21 program of destroying national sovereignty and our liberties. in 1996, the united states congress created the presidio trust to oversee and manage the interior 80 % of the park ' s lands, with the national park service managing the coastal 20 %. in 1993, the gorbachev foundation usa was invited to sink roots at the presidio as part of the post ' s conversion from the headquarters of the 6th u. s. army to a national park. from the website, mikhail gorbachev, creatively marketing global communism, comes this statement regarding gorbachev ' s state of the world forum, \" former soviet communist party boss mikhail gorbachev, founder of the state of the world forum six years ago, used a $ 5, 000 per person gathering of the world ' s political and business elite to plea for the united nations to adopt a soviet - style \" central authority \" to manage the world ' s business and environmental concerns. \" \" the collapse of the soviet union as presented in the western media was a fraud. the soviet union didn ' t collapse and communism didn ' t die. they just reorganized. this is gorby ' s goal for the united states... and that ' s what the un program of regionalization is about. the movement is to dissolve the united states as a nation and then to break it up into areas of regional governance under an unelected continental government similar to the european union. \" if my grandparents on both sides, who fought in wwi and wwii for american freedoms knew of gorbachev ' s group in the presidio, they would roll over in their graves. they would never have believed it would happen, nor would they ever have believed we ' d be fighting undeclared wars and passing unconstitutional laws. think about obamacare, ndaa, ndrp, homeland security, tsa, the patriot act, to name just a few of the hundreds of thousands of illegal and unconstitutional laws, acts, and executive orders. my mother would never have believed it, much less my grandparents. in fact, my grandparents never even heard of a \" trillion dollar debt. \" how many undeclared wars are we going to allow our young", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.501685209007785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d6ec0e2-6c28-45c5-93a4-85df14efa0a4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.062684"}
{"text": ", acts, and executive orders. my mother would never have believed it, much less my grandparents. in fact, my grandparents never even heard of a \" trillion dollar debt. \" how many undeclared wars are we going to allow our young men and women to fight? how many of our young people are we going to allow to be maimed and die at the hands of politicians who have no concern for human life or constitutional law? these wars are not wwi or wwii. to say it more succinctly, here is a letter my dear friend ruth wrote in comment of the article, the price of freedom, \" this memorial day, i mourn the lives of the tens of thousands of our troops, who are maimed and disfigured. i mourn the lives of the troops still stuck in the hell holes of afghanistan and iraq and those engaged all around the world in illegal interventions and wars of aggression, greed and empire building. i grieve for the returning veterans, whose minds are so broken, upon contemplating the horrors they have witnessed and the true nature of these wars, they are committing suicide in shocking numbers. those, who gave all, may be the lucky ones. unfortunately, these brave young men and women are not fighting for our freedom ; they know it, and you know it. they are fighting to stay alive. they are mere pawns of the military industrial complex. it is time to bring them all home now. \" subscribe to the newswithviews daily news alerts! so i grieve. i grieve for what we ' ve lost, what we were, what we once had, and what we ' ve now become. i grieve for my nation, for her soul, and for her people who are too busy watching dancing with the stars and american idol to see what has happened to our beloved country. i grieve because we ' ve thrown god out of every facet of american society. i grieve because we think nothing of murdering 50 million babies in the wombs. i grieve because i see the losses. i grieve because i know too much, and i grieve because so few are fighting to save her... our once great america and her god - given freedoms. i grieve, i mourn, and i weep and i ' m still fighting to save her. unless more americans stand up for truth, righteousness, liberty and freedom, i ' m afraid all is lost. dear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730346885999529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d6ec0e2-6c28-45c5-93a4-85df14efa0a4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.066366"}
{"text": "if you are a city - dweller, you might be forgiven for thinking britain is sparse in wildlife. but you \u2019 d be mistaken \u2013 britain is teeming with wildlife, and in fact, many species flourish in an urban setting. did you know peregrine falcons can be found in london and that britain is home to 50 per cent of the world \u2019 s bluebells? how much do you really know about the wildlife on your doorstep? explore our content and fill in the gaps. find out about uk biodiversity and how you can help to preserve it by identifying local species, taking part in wildlife surveys, and much more. are bluebells flowering earlier than they used to? help us find out by taking part in the museum ' s bluebell survey. discover what past surveys have revealed about the spread of non - native bluebells. the british isles have a wide range of habitats, from low - lying fens to open heathlands and hundreds of miles of hedgerow. find out about their history and the threats they face. identify a tree today. help us learn what species are growing where in the uk by telling us about the trees in your streets, parks and especially in your gardens. join museum botanist fred rumsey as he takes a walk along the south coast of britain and introduces you to a host of plants surviving in extreme conditions. take a walk along the coast and help us monitor the effects of climate change and invasive species on the uk ' s seaweeds. the open air laboratories network ( opal ) has been created to inspire people to become more involved with the natural world around them. join in the new tree health survey. find out about fossils, minerals and rocks discovered in your local area with the earth lab database. find out why it makes sense for gardeners to plant native plants and which species are right for your garden. ask questions and share identification tips about all types of british bugs, from bees to beetles and wasps to woodlice. museum insect - experts are on hand to answer your questions. found a new plant in your garden, an odd creature in your house, or a strange fossil on the beach? bring it in to us and one of our identification and advisory staff will help identify it. centre for uk biodiversity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45830909884449017, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:380d07be-fa13-4176-8dac-8fb970581ae0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.070138"}
{"text": "glacier bay crabs the life and times of dungeness crabs in glacier bay national park and preserve life history of dungeness crabs ; distribution of dungeness crabs throughout glacier bay ; animal ecology ; the effectiveness of a marine preserve for protecting species, such as dungeness crab ; special adaptations to a marine environment dungeness crabs are an important benthic species of glacier bay. glacier bay was closed in 1999 to all commercial fishing of dungeness crabs because of the possibility of a collapse of alaska ' s dungeness fisheries. preliminary studies indicate that this closure will increase the size and abundance of this important species, as well as improve its genetic biodiversity. what factors are important to maintaining a strong population of dungeness crab in southeast alaska? students will know... - the life history of dungeness crabs - the place of the dungeness crab in the food web of glacier bay ' s marine environment - the physiological adaptations that allow crabs to thrive in the extreme conditions of glacier bay - the relationship between a thriving fishery and marine preserves students will be able to... - compare and contrast the life histories of human beings and dungeness crabs. - create displays to share information on dungeness crabs. - build models to compare and contrast members, both terrestrial and marine, of the arthropoda phylum. - research and illustrate the place of the dungeness crab in the food web of its marine environment. - analyze data from a study on the distribution of dungeness crabs in glacier bay to draw conclusions about the animal and its ability to adapt to the extreme conditions of the environment. - examine a brief history of the commercial dungeness crab fishery in southeast alaska and its effect on the population of dungeness crabs. - assess the effectiveness of a marine preserve on the continued health of a commercially important population of animals. - crabs in glacier bay - unit outline - instructional resources - activity # 1 - activity # 2 dungeness crabs at home in glacier bay - activity # 3 the economic significance of a crab refuge - national standards science, english / language arts, geography, mathematics, social studies - grade levels : - fifth grade - eighth grade - biology : animals, conservation, marine biology, oceanography, wildlife management - national / state standards : - science as inquiry, life science, science in personal & social perspectives, history & nature of science, data analysis and probability, environment & society, the uses of geography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4288812148099653, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e085fff-b880-4e70-9977-70a662925d13>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.263684"}
{"text": "mineralogical society distinguished lecture at nui galway wednesday, 21 november 2007 ' minerals, metals, molecules and microbes ' the mineralogical society distinguished lecturers programme comes to the environmental change institute, nui galway, on thursday 29 november, with a lecture by professor david vaughan of the university of manchester. professor vaughan will deliver a lecture on \" minerals, metals, molecules and microbes : environmental mineralogy and sustainability \", at 8pm, with refreshments from 7. 30pm, in the orbsen building seminar room. environmental mineralogy is the study of minerals with the purpose of understanding and assessing their influence in the movement and fixing of organic and inorganic contaminants at and near the earth ' s surface. according to professor david vaughan, of the university of manchester, \" metals are critically important both as resources and potential pollutants. understanding how they can be concentrated or dispersed at the earth ' s surface depends on new knowledge, at the molecular scale, of processes involving mineral surfaces, ultrafine particles and mineral - microbe interactions. \" the lecture will address the following questions : how do we use minerals to contain waste? can minerals offer green solutions to the problems of waste management? how do minerals assist in the remediation of contaminated soils and waters? how do flora and fauna interact with minerals in rocks and how do they work to break down stone buildings and walls? what are some of the state - of - the - art techniques used to study metal cycling in the environment? dr. martin feely, of the geofluids research group in the department of earth and ocean sciences at nui galway, says that, \" on a local level, one of the most visual examples of the importance of mineral - microbe interactions is the manner in which lichen work to degrade ireland ' s old stone walls. understanding how this process occurs is relevant for geologists, archaeologists, environmental consultants, botanists and microbiologists. \" this lecture is free and open to the public and is hosted by nui galway ' s environmental change institute ( eci ) and department of earth and ocean sciences. for more information please contact firstname. lastname @ example. org or phone 091 495061.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5302087520288319, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f503bca1-97e3-4e09-bb75-441d8f4c0d21>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.297839"}
{"text": "a new chinese study has found that calcium protects against cancer of the colon and rectum ( colorectal ). the shanghai women \u2019 s health study, from 1997 through 2000, enrolled 73, 314 chinese women aged 40 to 70, average age 55. 5, who were living in urban shanghai. researchers followed up for an average of 5. 7 years and, excluding the first two years of follow up, found that those with the highest amounts of calcium in the diet were 40 % less likely to develop colorectal cancer than were those with the lowest dietary calcium. by the end of the follow up period, there were 129 reported cases of colon cancer and 91 reported cases of rectal cancer. the study is significant because of the large number of participants and because the chinese diet typically includes less calcium than does the western diet. previous large u. s. studies : the 1991 women \u2019 s health initiative with 161, 808 women, the 1976 nurse \u2019 s health study i with 122, 000 women, and the 1989 nurse \u2019 s health study ii with 125, 000 women, did not report any link between calcium and colorectal cancer. as in those studies, doctors in the shanghai survey asked participants to fill out a food frequency questionnaire covering 77 foods representing 90 % of the typical diet. researchers also calculated the amounts in the diet of vitamins a, b1, b2, b3, c and e, as well as carotene and fiber, and found no link to risk for colorectal cancer. the scientists concluded that calcium appears to protect against colorectal cancer even at the relatively low levels in the chinese diet compared to the western diet. colorectal cancer is one of the most curable cancer types, and doctors can diagnose the disease easily and early using a colonoscopy exam.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45777618874789827, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efab79cc-316a-4440-8398-af8a266d5e17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.300954"}
{"text": "iron tears : america \u2019 s battle for freedom, britain \u2019 s quagmire : 1775 \u2013 1783 by stanley weintraub free press, 375 pp., $ 28. 00 picture the following situation. the greatest power in the world is confronted with an insurgency thousands of miles away, which it expects to put down quickly and easily. it sends a large army to deal with the insurgents, but counts on many loyal supporters to flock to its standard. recruiting soldiers, however, is difficult, and since the great power cannot enlist enough of its own troops to deal with the situation, it has to hire thousands of mercenaries. it occupies the remote land, sends increasing numbers of soldiers, spends enormous amounts of money, and suffers more and more casualties, all of which arouses a good deal of criticism at home. the hawkish cabinet minister in charge of the war remains confident and vainly tries to micromanage the war an ocean away. but finally the great power is unable to put an end to the insurgency. it carries on for many long years until its political will is sapped, and it is forced to abandon the distant country it invaded. this could be the united states in vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s, or it could be what might happen with america \u2019 s intervention in iraq. but it is neither of these. instead, it is the story of great britain \u2019 s attempt in the 1770s and 1780s to put down the rebellion of its colonists in north america. of course, there are enormous differences between britain \u2019 s experience with suppressing rebellion in its empire in the eighteenth century and america \u2019 s recent experiences abroad. nevertheless, the parallels between the british experience in north america over two centuries ago with recent american interventions abroad, especially in vietnam, are eerie. in its efforts to suppress the rebellion in north america, britain, like the united states in vietnam or in iraq, could not realistically envisage a simple military victory. even if it won a military victory, that could be only the first step in the restoration of peaceful relations and stability. britain \u2019 s ultimate goal had to be political, which is why the british shed, in edmund burke \u2019 s phrase, \u201c iron tears \u201d in their efforts to hold on to their colonies with bullets. since britain had to win the allegiance of the colonists in order to bring them back into the empire, the commanders in chief, general william howe and his brother admiral richard, lord howe, believed they could not wage a simple war of conquest and terror. they could not bomb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46509888867885685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0d5c707-71bb-4ab1-b18c-c620168c09cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.303716"}
{"text": "equity park was the 250th playground built in new york city under the direction of parks commissioner robert moses ( 1888 - 1981 ). throughout his tenure in office, moses opened as many as 15 playgrounds in a day, increasing the number of such spaces in the city from 119 to 777. this prolific expansion began with 71 new playgrounds opening in 1935, with 72 more constructed in 1936 and 52 in 1937. of the 119 playgrounds in existence before moses became parks commissioner in 1932, only four were in the lower east side of manhattan, two in harlem, and thirty - two in the entire borough of brooklyn, an average of one playground for every 14, 000 children living in new york city. in addition to building new playgrounds, moses increased the quality of many of the existing sites, since many in existence before his administration were poorly equipped and not surfaced. equipment was so scarce that some children had to wait in line to play in many of the city \u2019 s sandboxes. by 1934 moses had resurfaced every playground in the city and found land for 60 new ones. due to the financial constraints caused by the great depression of the 1930s, the city did not have money to purchase new parkland. moses solved the problem by finding tracts of city - owned land, often in the overcrowded sections most in need of parks, not in use by any city agency. these areas were then converted into playgrounds, frequently with money that moses found through nontraditional means. before president franklin d. roosevelt \u2019 s works progress administration ( wpa ) allowed moses to use workers paid by the federal government, the commissioner found money to pay parks employees and renovate playgrounds through funds that had been overlooked by other departments. this site was acquired by condemnation on may 5, 1926 and was named by local law in 1939. parks obtained jurisdiction over the area on march 6, 1941 and an additional section, formerly owned by brooklyn and queens transit company, was obtained on june 27, 1961. this playground, located next to p. s. 60 in the woodhaven section of queens, contains a comfort station, swings, and a tree - lined seating area. the park underwent a $ 93, 000 renovation in 1997, sponsored by mayor giuliani, which repaired paved surfaces and added new safety surfacing and play equipment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41082269487698914, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:432bddde-f086-474f-8008-1de55b868387>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.305945"}
{"text": "buy a paper copy or browse online access for subscribers to oecd ilibrary access for olis users competitive neutrality means that state - owned and private businesses compete on a level playing field. this is essential to use resources effectively within the economy and thus achieve growth and development. therefore the principle of competitive neutrality is gaining wide support around the world. but how to obtain it in practice, is a much more difficult question. the purpose of this report is to help respond to this question. the report identifies the most important issues that governments need to address in order to achieve competitive neutrality. it is framed around eight building blocks, including choosing the best corporate form, achieving a commercial rate of return, accounting for public service obligations, improving debt neutrality, and making public procurement open and transparent. it provides country examples of how to implement competitive neutrality policies in practice. the report is not about privatisation. rather, it aims to provide guidance to policy makers who want to make sure that the presence of the state owned enterprises in the market place does not thwart private entrepreneurs, skew competition or lead to other inefficiencies. understanding how to avoid unintended economic consequences that may follow from state ownership is particularly important for policy makers that face the challenge to balance the commercial objectives of state owned enterprises with other important policy objectives : a challenge that permeates all levels of government. the book may be read in conjunction with two publicly available stocktaking papers : overview of oecd work on competitive neutrality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5047385644611666, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a1a3423-fa5b-4883-8ef5-d7c67b7e3e86>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.309300"}
{"text": "athens, ohio ( march 6, 2007 ) - - participants in ohio university ' s two - day commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the end of the slave trade were given a thorough history lesson. emory university professor david eltis began his keynote address on thursday evening by asking, \" what is the significance of the abolishment of the slave trade? \" eltis said history shows us the u. s. abolishment of the slave trade in 1807 in reality didn ' t end the slave trade and he used his new online database to show that more than three million slaves were transported from africa after congress abolished the slave trade in 1807. the numbers reveal that the u. s. was a minor player in the slave trading business, well behind spain, uraguay, portugal, brazil and france. \" the united states wasn ' t responsible for a large part of the slave trade, \" eltis said. \" the dutch transported more than two times the amount of the u. s., the spanish four times as many and the english and french about 10 times more. \" eltis said more than 12. 5 million slaves were exported from africa during the approximately 360 years of the slave trade, with about 3. 1 million transported between 1807 and 1867. \" the idea that people changed their attitudes toward african slaves is fascinating, \" eltis said. \" one must wonder how people who once condoned slavery, eventually decided it was immoral. \" eltis ' database, which he debuted off campus for the first time, has records from more than 35, 000 slave voyages across the atlantic ocean and will be made available to the public in the near future. on friday, the commemoration included a morning workshop hosted by eltis that allowed participants to search his database. it was followed by two sets of presentations based on the slave trade and slavery. the first panel discussion included faculty research presentations on thomas jefferson, and the effect slavery had on u. s. western expansion, africa and brazil. department of history professor brian schoen told the audience that thomas jefferson is sometimes viewed as a hypocrite because of his contradictory nature. \" thomas jefferson believed slavery was unjust, but moved slowly to abolish it, \" said schoen. \" he failed to imagine a pluralistic multiracial society where blacks and whites live together. \" department of african studies professor robin jenkins talked about the impact the slave trade had on western expansion in north america. she described how vagrancy and poverty laws often hindered the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4222818150606623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a99eb0e8-b232-42c9-bb6e-329af957d524>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.314239"}
{"text": "a pluralistic multiracial society where blacks and whites live together. \" department of african studies professor robin jenkins talked about the impact the slave trade had on western expansion in north america. she described how vagrancy and poverty laws often hindered the migration of non - whites to the new territories. department of history professor mariana dantas shared the details of the brazilian slave trade. \" slaves were vital to the economic development of brazil because they worked in the sugar and gold industries, \" dantas said. dantas said that according to the numbers in eltis ' database, brazil was involved in about 45 percent of the total african slave trade. department of history professor nicholas creary spoke about the slave trade ' s effect in africa. he said at one point in history, about 30 to 50 percent of the population in the sudan in west africa was slaves. he also presented liberia as a destination point for freed slaves involved with the american colonization society. \" liberia was a tremendous example of colonization, \" he said. during the second set of presentations, ohio university administrator charles fox shared his family ' s story centered on a slave - breeding plantation in jefferson county, w. va., called the bower. he said his great - great - grandmother mary was a brood woman at the plantation who was beaten to death because she hid her children from the plantation ' s master so that they wouldn ' t be sold into slavery. fox has been tracing his family ' s history through books, documents and stories provided by outside sources, and stories from his family and the dandridge family, owners of the bower. deanda johnson, coordinator of ohio university ' s african american research and service institute, provided a glimpse into her large - scale research project titled \" the african - american presence in the ohio river valley. \" she showed interviews from area black family reunions of people talking about the history of slavery in their family. \" i hope this research project gives a voice to the nameless, faceless black people in the area, \" johnson said. african american studies chair vibert cambridge ended the commemoration by saying, \" we have only just begun taking a closer look at the bicentennial of the abolition of the slave trade. \" cambridge said the commemoration runs through august 2008. [ 30 ] media contact : media specialist george mauzy, 740 - 597 - 1794 or firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4568083150331664, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a99eb0e8-b232-42c9-bb6e-329af957d524>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.316624"}
{"text": "from open circuits some notes on microcontroller rs232 communications this is based on one person ' s experience with microcontroller rs232 serial communications on a pic16f877a, i hope others will add to this and correct any mistakes i may have made. these notes cover some issues that are not commonly discussed, at least in the sources i have seen, or all in one place. this is one of a series of articles on microcontroller serial communications, rooted at this site here : microcontroller serial communications articles what hardware : uart or not? a uart is a peripheral that can send and receive serial data and signal the processor when a full character has been sent or received. ( there are similar peripherals with similar names, they support asynchronous communications, many pic ' s have them or variations, so do many other microcontrollers ) having a uart means that microcontroller can ignore the data for a period of one character ( or more if the uart has a character buffer ). if the microcontroller does not have a uart then the processor must time in each bit, normally checking several times a bit to see if the bit is high or low. this is known a \u201c bit banging \u201d because timing is so critical it is normally done in assembler with careful counting of each instruction to make sure the timing is correct. high level languages sometimes have built in facilities that can manage bit - banging. changing the timing is non - trivial. doing much else during the communications process is also difficult. a uart can send and receive at the same time, not so simple with bit banging. in my, russ _ hensel ' s, opinion, the uart is so inexpensive that it is not worth the trouble for a hobbyist to do with out the uart. what language? again, in my russ _ hensel ' s opinion, assembler is just too tedious for the non - professional or non - hard - core. i like c, but other high level languages are good too. some have libraries or built in functions that handle all the low level details for you. some will do it in what is essentially bit - banging, still hiding the details. what handshaking? one of the traditional problems with rs232 is dropping of bytes. this happens when the sender is too fast for the receiver. how you manage this is called handshaking. there are various methods to make sure all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5205056613217318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29762105-f915-49b9-853c-1cbc702b1fd0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.327834"}
{"text": "what handshaking? one of the traditional problems with rs232 is dropping of bytes. this happens when the sender is too fast for the receiver. how you manage this is called handshaking. there are various methods to make sure all the information gets through : - just take it slow and hope it is slow enough \u2013 this may work, do some calculations. works best if a small number of bytes are exchanged only occasionally. this is often the case. - use extra wires to signal when ready ( hardware handshaking ). too complicated for me. - use \u201c x on x off \u201d protocol ( software handshaking ). too complicated for me. - send data to the microcontroller as a short enough \u201c command \u201d so that the pic can buffer the whole thing, then wait for the microcontroller to respond with a signal ( i use a single character cr = ascii 13 ) before sending the next command. usually i have see a carriage return, or a line feed, or both for that response. if you are using a terminal emulation program the cr lf pair can be nice. remember shorter is faster. in general the microcontroller should responds with responses that are short enough so that the pc can manage them ( but it can manage a lot normally, i believe it has fairly fancy hardware / software to buffer a lot of characters ) or at a data rate that is fairly low. more important is that for fast microcontroller activity the less communications time there is the more time there is for other stuff. - the pic waits until it is completely finished executing the command and is ready to accept the next command before it responds, indicating \" ready for the next command \". this is the method that i russ _ hensel normally use, it is pretty simple and has been pretty reliable for me. - the pic immediately responds as soon as it receives a complete, valid command, indicating \" i got the message \". the microcontroller then executes the command - - which may involve sending further information back to the pc. if the pc doesn ' t get a \" i got the message \" response back in a reasonable amount of time it assumes the pic happened to be busy, wasn ' t ready for a command at that time, and tries re - sending the command later. what data to send? typically the pc sends a command and the microcontroller executes it. it makes things vastly easier to debug if a human can type those commands and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5339523764301293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29762105-f915-49b9-853c-1cbc702b1fd0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.328850"}
{"text": "that time, and tries re - sending the command later. what data to send? typically the pc sends a command and the microcontroller executes it. it makes things vastly easier to debug if a human can type those commands and read the response ( with a terminal emulator ). this requires ( a ) using printable ascii characters for everything in both directions ( avoiding unprintable \" control characters \" ), and ( b ) the microcontroller waits until the command has been finished typing ( even if the human types extremely slowly ) before sending back the response. i like 1 character commands because they are so easy to interpret on the microcontroller. usually i make them case insensitive. there are a variety of ways to send numbers : - decimal numbers ( easiest for humans to read and write ) - base 16 \" hex numbers \" ( easiest for microcontrollers to read and write, and still be human - readable ) - binary numbers 01101110 can be useful for the human operator if, for example, a port set up command is being issued. if more than one number is sent or recieved, we typically use some other \" separator character \" between each value. in sending or recieving multiple parameters you should adopt a special character different from the end of response character. common choices are the space character, the tab character, or the comma. if recording data to a file and importing to a spreadsheet, think about what the spreadsheet parses best. out of a misguided quest for \" efficiency \", lots of people have spent a lot of time figuring out ways to sent the same amount of information in fewer transmitted bytes. because many people do this ( even though it the system harder to debug ), i will mention some of those techniques here : - data compression techniques can be used to further reduce the number of bytes required to transmit numbers. but data compression makes latency much worse ( longer ) and requires more code and ram space, so it is not suitable for small embedded systems. - remove the separator character between values. ( after this step, the following ideas * at best * reduce the number of bytes transmitted to 1 / 2 ). - higher bases than base 16, but still using printable ascii characters : base 32 ( numbers plus most upper case alpha ), base64, base91, and other binary - to - text encoding. takes more code on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48595079625401066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29762105-f915-49b9-853c-1cbc702b1fd0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.329817"}
{"text": ". - higher bases than base 16, but still using printable ascii characters : base 32 ( numbers plus most upper case alpha ), base64, base91, and other binary - to - text encoding. takes more code on the pic, makes latency worse. - base 256, also called \" a binary protocol \" : all possible characters, without regard to whether they are printable or not. ( if you ever get off by 1 character, how do you re - sync to the beginning of the next message? ) ( makes debugging far more difficult ). in deciding on the encoding think about the pc side of the system. if you are planning to mainly use a terminal enulator then speed in sending to the microcontroller probably matters not at all, and friendliness to the human operator matters a lot. if you have an application specially written for the microcontroller then a more complicated interface optimized for speed and robustness is an option. all too many times i ( davidcary ) have 2 systems, and i can ' t remember which one ( if either ) has been updated to the latest version of the software. it is convenient if there is some command ( typically \"? \" or \" ver \", perhaps followed by a newline ) that tells the pic to send back a year - month - day - hour : minute timestamp. some programmers make this \" version \" command send back the name of the software, the name of the people involved in the project, and perhaps a couple of lines summarizing the most useful commands. if you are talking to the microcontroller with a dedicated application ( as i tend to do ) then i issue the version command right after the connection is made and display it. if the microcontroller does not respond at all or with the wrong version then i and the software knows that there is a connection problem. i am planning to implement this in a connection routine that scans all ports to look for the one with the correct version response. interrupt driven? you can make your communications interrupt driven either by letting the uart generate interrupts, or by using a timer to generate interrupts where you poll the uart. normally this is most useful on the receive end where if you are too slow you loose data. on the transmit end the worst that normally happens is that you send to slowly. how do you decide if the receive should be interrupt driven? this really depends upon your program. what is the most time critical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5194133724459915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29762105-f915-49b9-853c-1cbc702b1fd0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.331835"}
{"text": "if you are too slow you loose data. on the transmit end the worst that normally happens is that you send to slowly. how do you decide if the receive should be interrupt driven? this really depends upon your program. what is the most time critical part of the program? normally i would give that part of the program the use of the interrupt. an example : i was writing a rc servo program and wanted to time a 1 to 2 ms pulse to an accuracy of a few micro - seconds. so i timed the pulses using one of the timers, this gave me an accuracy of about 1 micro - second. in the main loop i would check the uart reception each time around the loop. i know i am ok if the time around the loop plus the time for interrupts that may have happened is less than the time to receive a character. all this is fairly easy to calculate, and it is not too hard to make it around the loop in one character time. at 9600 baud you have about 1 ms per character. you can also check more than once in the main loop. if you need more time, you may want to lower your baud rate. normally i have found that the character receiving is not the critical task so i have not used the interrupts for communications. your mileage may vary. what speed? faster is better, but only if it works. check the manual for your chip to see how close you can get to the exact baud rate with the crystal you have chosen. try to stay within a few percent. you may want to change your crystal to get a better match. i have used 19. 2 k with 4 and 20 meg hz crystals with good results, i have not tried much with other speeds, could we get reports from other people. if you run too fast for your receive software you may want to drop the baud rate to make reception easier on the microcontroller, also low rates are generally more reliable, how fast do you need to go? : another issue is the length of the wire you use. you can probably google to find advice on the longest wire for each baud rate, but in general use lower speeds for longer wires. if you want to go a real long way consider using rs485 voltage levels ( you will need a converter on the pc as well as the pic ) to go the distance. how many wires? rs232 can run on as few 3 wires, transmit, receive and ground ( maybe even 2 if receive and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4513518270224965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29762105-f915-49b9-853c-1cbc702b1fd0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.333260"}
{"text": "voltage levels ( you will need a converter on the pc as well as the pic ) to go the distance. how many wires? rs232 can run on as few 3 wires, transmit, receive and ground ( maybe even 2 if receive and transmit are shared on one wire ) other wires may be used for additional functions. i have always used just three and think that this is most common. three wires is what i recommend. what voltages? if you take the signals directly from the pic the voltages will be the same as the pic 0 to 5 volts typically, even lower if the supply to the pic is less than 5 volts. these voltages are too close to 0 to be \u201c standard \u201d for rs232 although a few pcs will work with them. normally people will use a conversion circuit. you can put this in each project or build it into the cable ( cables for with this built in can be purchased or you can build them ). the cable approach makes the circuit simpler and you can reuse the cable between projects. the voltage level at the pic uart tx and rx pins ( 0 to 5 v ) is often called \" ttl level \". the voltage level at the ft232 uart tx and rx pins is also \" ttl level \". the voltage level at a pc 9 - pin \" serial port \" tx and rx pins ( - 12 to + 12 v ) is often called \" standard rs232 level \". level shifters we use \" level shifters \" to convert between these different ways of expressing uart \" 1 \" and \" 0 \" bits. any one of the following ways will work : - actually this way may work, just ignore the levels an hook it up to your pc, i have found several references that claim that many pc port will accept the wildly off signals. we are not responsible if anything goes wrong. - some people strongly believe in building these from basic components, google will help you find some circuits for this. - hook a ttl to rs232 level converter chip, such as the max232, between the pic and a standard rs232 level. then either connect the rs232 level side directly to a pc 9 - pin \" serial port \", or use a off - the - shelf \" usb to serial adapter cable \" ( which typically includes * another * rs232 to ttl level converter chip, and a ft232 chip to convert between usb and ttl level ). - build a tt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4666816543287863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29762105-f915-49b9-853c-1cbc702b1fd0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.334211"}
{"text": "- the - shelf \" usb to serial adapter cable \" ( which typically includes * another * rs232 to ttl level converter chip, and a ft232 chip to convert between usb and ttl level ). - build a ttl to rs232 level converter out of 2 cheap mosfets and 2 resistors using the dale n0xas configuration, between the pic and a pc 9 - pin \" serial port \". - directly connect a ft232 between the pic and a pc ' s usb port. - hook a ttl to rs485 level converter chip ( ) to the pic. then use an off - the - shelf \" usb to rs485 adapter cable \" ( which typically includes * another * rs485 to ttl level converter chip, and a ft232 chip to convert between usb and ttl level ). - hook a ttl to rs485 level converter chip to the pic. then use an off - the - shelf \" rs232 to rs485 adapter box \" ( which typically includes * another * ttl to rs485 level convert chip, and a ttl to rs232 level converter chip ). more on level shifters another consideration on level shifters is where to \" build \" them. they can be in your project on its circuit board, but putting the level shifter on a seperate board lets you shift it around between projects. you can consider the level shifter to be part of the cable, or in some cases the are actually built into the cable. there are quite a few around, and often at prices near $ 10. serial adapter looks like it may be the same as assembling a rs232 to ttl serial adapter an instructable using this : p4 rs232 to ttl serial adapter kits also a good price. usb - ttl serial cable usb at the pc end looks like ttl rs232 at the other, great if your pc does not have a serial port. rs232 to ttl serial adapters a great range rs232 to ttl adapters from a uk source. usb to ttl adapters using a silabs ic or a ftdi ft232r ic from a uk source. ( ftdi usb to ttl + 5v & ftdi usb to ttl + 3. 3 ( i / o ) cables ) - microcontroller serial communications articles a root linking to other microcontroller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4542342661249089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29762105-f915-49b9-853c-1cbc702b1fd0>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.335057"}
{"text": "from a uk source. ( ftdi usb to ttl + 5v & ftdi usb to ttl + 3. 3 ( i / o ) cables ) - microcontroller serial communications articles a root linking to other microcontroller serial communications articles. - pc - microcontroller _ communications good info on pc terminal program, often ( always? ) to be preferred over hyperterminal. - serial communications library - - boostc and 16f877a is an example pic program and communications library that uses the techniques discussed here. - universal asynchronous receiver / transmitter from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - wikibooks : serial communication with the atmel avr - microchip an774 : \" asynchronous communications with the picmicro\u00ae usart \" - wikibooks : serial programmming - wikibooks : rs - 485 technical manual - firmata firmata is a generic protocol for communicating with microcontrollers from software on a host computer. it is intended to work with any host computer software package. right now there is a matching object in a number of languages. it is easy to add objects for other software to use this protocol. more complicated than what is described here. - tronisoft : ascii serial port crib sheets handy basic ascii, serial / rs232 port information and decimal / hexadecimal conversion chart your comments : - edit the text - use the discussion page - contact russ _ hensel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5304115129396276, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29762105-f915-49b9-853c-1cbc702b1fd0>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.335654"}
{"text": "father pat ' s pastoral ponderings the sunday after the ascension may 16, 2010 iin biblical historiography few subjects are more ambivalent than israel ' s adoption of monarchy toward the end of the eleventh century. notwithstanding a growing impulse for this form of polity at the time, resistance against it ran deep in the culture and tribal loyalties of the people. the chief spokesman for the resistance was none other than the last of israel ' s \" judges, \" samuel, to whom it ironically fell to anoint the people ' s first kings : saul and david. two reasons supported samuel ' s opposition to the monarchy : first, its proposed adoption was difficult to reconcile with the theological principle that the lord himself was israel ' s king ( 1 samuel 8 : 7 ; 10 : 19 ; 12 : 12 ). the true kingship was theocracy. second, royal government would oppress the people with capricious and onerous demands ( 8 : 11 - 18 ). it was a social evil. samuel was divinely directed, nonetheless, to accede to israel ' s demand for a king ( 8 : 22 ), and the lord himself made the choice ( 9 : 16 ; 10 : 24 ; 11 : 6 ; 12 : 13 ). it is significant that israel ' s first two kings arose from benjamin ( saul ) and judah ( david ), the central and southern tribes, because opposition to the monarchy was strongest in the north. even three centuries later hosea, a northern prophet, bemoaned that decision to have a king. referring to the city where the israelites elected saul ( 1 samuel 11 : 15 ), hosea proclaimed the lord ' s judgment : \" all their wickedness was in gilgal, for there i hated them \" ( 9 : 15 ). the whole business of the throne was rotten at the core : \" they set up kings, but not by me ; they made princes, but i gave no consent \" ( 8 : 4 ). hosea ' s lament testifies that early doubts about the monarchy were settled by neither its adoption nor its subsequent history. samuel ' s initial objections, far from being dispelled by actual experience, proved to be prophetic of future evils ; the oppressions he foretold came to be understood as veritable depictions of solomon ' s policies, taxation, public works, and governmental organization. again, how does one reconcile the bible \u2019 s contradictory assessments of what happened at jabesh gilead? in 1 samuel 11,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44257680055860354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:765fa6dc-7416-42a6-9f88-6afd1fcc8135>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.339840"}
{"text": "to be understood as veritable depictions of solomon ' s policies, taxation, public works, and governmental organization. again, how does one reconcile the bible \u2019 s contradictory assessments of what happened at jabesh gilead? in 1 samuel 11, saul ' s deliverance of the besieged city \u2014 an event leading to his acclamation as king \u2014 is ascribed to \" the spirit of god \" ( 11 : 6 ), while in the following chapter the entire incident is treated as yet another occasion of israel ' s infidelity ( 12 : 12 ). all in all, however, this voice of dissent is heard in the bible ' s historical books only as a subterranean rumble, running deep beneath the prevailing acclamation of the kingship as one of the lord ' s choicest blessings. indeed, starting with the prophetic selection of judah near the end of genesis ( 49 : 8 - 12 ), the bible ' s preponderant historical voice \u2014 bolstered by the poetry of isaiah and the psalms \u2014 finds its dominant chords on the theme of the divine covenant with the davidic throne. it is a fact of incalculable irony that the bible ' s historical voice comes to us through those exilic and post - exilic editors who put the old testament history into its final and canonical form. it is no easy task of the biblical historian to understand how those writers reconciled in their minds a sustained sympathy \u2014 no, enthusiasm! \u2014 for the royal house of david with an undeniable historical fact, which they openly acknowledged : the fall of jerusalem and the babylonian exile came about by reason of the bad rule of the davidic kings. even the chronicler, slightly later \u2014 notwithstanding his ardor for the person of david \u2014 could count the good kings of judah on the fingers of one hand. during the centuries immediately prior to the incarnation, of course, theological reflection on israel ' s royal heritage gave rise to the messianism prevalent at the time of jesus. everyone acknowledges the debt of the gospel to that messianism. it is no slight to the gospel or the messiah, nonetheless, to remark that the biblical kingship, considered solely as a datum of israel ' s political history, remains a great enigma. holy scripture summons little effort to reconcile its own contradictory opinions on the subject. in spite of the theological significance of the covenant with david, hosea ' s negative judgment of the royal houses was allowed to stand. so, in the end, did the decision for a monarchy represent moral in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4822296020227785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:765fa6dc-7416-42a6-9f88-6afd1fcc8135>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.340842"}
{"text": "photo gallery : wwii cartoonsother photo galleries many people have described their wartime experiences in letters home. but very few have chronicled war for the people doing the fighting. bill mauldin, world war ii ' s most famous cartoonist, is one of them. in 1943, when he was 21, mauldin ' s division shipped overseas to north africa. mauldin had been drawing cartoons since he was a boy, and he was quickly assigned to cover the war for the 45th division news, and then for stars and stripes. his cartoons, featuring a scruffy pair of foot soldiers named willie and joe, scored an instant hit with the soldiers who saw them. within two years, mauldin won fame - - and a pulitzer prize - - for capturing foot soldiers ' everyday experiences. as mauldin described his famous gis, \" they matured overseas during the stresses of shot, shell, and k - rations, and grew whiskers because shaving water was scarce in mountain foxholes. \" enjoy this sampling of mauldin ' s work, courtesy of his publisher, presidio press. \" i wuz just kiddin ', joe - you got three letters. \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 02. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 02 _ t. jpg | \" now that ya mention it, it does sound like the patter of rain on a tin roof. \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 03. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 03 _ t. jpg | \" my son. five days old. good - lookin ' kid, ain ' t he? \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4194444296919135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48655753-15a2-4b0d-8bb4-b7198fcfa355>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.345468"}
{"text": "_ gallery _ 03 _ t. jpg | \" my son. five days old. good - lookin ' kid, ain ' t he? \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 04. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 04 _ t. jpg | ( no original caption ) | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 05. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 05 _ t. jpg | \" why ya lookin ' so sad? i got out of it okay. \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 06. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 06 _ t. jpg | ( no original caption ) | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 07. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 07 _ t. jpg | \" it will comfort my ol ' woman to know i have gave up rye whiskey and ten - cent seegars. \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4021327261713751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48655753-15a2-4b0d-8bb4-b7198fcfa355>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.346202"}
{"text": "_ gallery _ 07 _ t. jpg | \" it will comfort my ol ' woman to know i have gave up rye whiskey and ten - cent seegars. \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 08. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 08 _ t. jpg | \" it ' s a habit joe picked up in rome. \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 09. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 09 _ t. jpg | \" i guess it ' s okay. the replacement center says he comes from a long line of infantrymen. \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 10. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 10 _ t. jpg | \" hell! just when i git me practice built up they transfer me to another regiment. \" | bill mauldin ' s army ; http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 11. jpg | http : / / www - tc. pbs. org / wgbh / americanexperience / media / uploads / special _ features / photo _ gallery / warletters _ gallery _ 11 _ t. jpg | \" he thinks the food over there was swell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4058851307534459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48655753-15a2-4b0d-8bb4-b7198fcfa355>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.347000"}
{"text": "china ' s newest supercomputer uses homegrown chips - \u2014 31 october, 2011 15 : 19 china has built its first supercomputer based entirely on homegrown microprocessors, a major step in breaking the country ' s reliance on western technology for high - performance computing. china ' s national supercomputer center in jinan unveiled the computer last thursday, according to a report from the country ' s state - run press. the supercomputer uses 8, 704 \" shenwei 1600 \" microprocessors, which were developed by a design center in shanghai, called the national high performance integrated circuit design center. details of the microprocessors and the design center were not immediately available. the supercomputer has a theoretical peak speed of 1. 07 petaflops ( quadrillion floating - point calculations per second ), and a sustained performance of 0. 79 petaflops when measured with the linpack benchmark. this could place it at number 13 in the world ' s top 500 supercomputing list. photos of the chips used and the supercomputer ' s data center can be found here. china ' s shandong academy of sciences built the computer. officials of the academy could not be immediately reached for comment on monday. a report from the new york times said the supercomputer ' s name in english was the sunway bluelight mpp. china is increasingly investing in supercomputing technology. last november, its tianhe - 1a supercomputer briefly grabbed the spot as the world ' s most powerful, but the computer used chips from intel and nvidia. the tianhe - 1a has a theoretical peak speed of 4. 7 petaflops and a sustained performance of 2. 5 petaflops. china currently has 61 supercomputers on the top 500 list. in comparison, the u. s. has 255 on the list. japan ' s \" k computer \" is currently ranked first in the top 500 list, after bumping tianhe - 1a to the second place. experts have been anticipating that china would build its own supercomputer, using domestically developed chips. chinese state - run press hailed the new supercomputer as a symbol of china ' s strength.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4941282718589033, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76450c48-7811-4d22-baa4-78246576791d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.350263"}
{"text": "by dr. neal halsey, department of international health, johns hopkins school of medicine, and dr. noel rose, autoimmune disease research center, johns hopkins university 1. what is the risk of developing smallpox? smallpox does not exist as a naturally occurring disease anywhere in the world. the only risk of smallpox would come from the use of smallpox as a weapon of bioterrorism. government security experts believe that bioterrorists in several countries may have smallpox. no one knows for certain whether or not they have smallpox or if smallpox will be used as a weapon. most infectious disease experts believe that the risk of any individual being exposed to smallpox is extremely low. 2. how good is this vaccine? no vaccine is perfect. the smallpox vaccine provides approximately 95 percent protection against smallpox. this is about as effective as most other live viral vaccines. 3. what kinds of adverse reactions can occur? the smallpox vaccine causes a local infection on the arm. a small group of blisters or vesicles develop associated with inflammation, swelling and tenderness that lasts for one to two weeks. sur 10 percent of people develop an exaggerated reaction with more marked swelling, redness and tenderness and decreased use of the arm for a few days. some people develop red streaks going around the arm, which resolve spontaneously, but this reaction is sometimes mistakenly assumed to be a secondary bacterial infection. headache, fever, and feeling poorly for a few days occur frequently. about one - third of healthy young adults who were vaccinated reported missing at least one day of work, school, or participating in usual activities. more serious reactions occur much less commonly. the vaccine virus can be transmitted from the vaccination site to some other part of the body or to people who have direct contact with a vaccinated person. the virus is transmitted on hands after touching the vaccine site. there is no evidence that the virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets or that there is any risk from being in the same room as a vaccinated person. if the vaccine virus is put on an area where the skin is broken or on a mucous membrane such as the mouth, eye, vagina, or rectum, then sores develop that are similar to the sore at the vaccination site. this can create serious problems if the viruses are placed in or around the eye or the genital area. the vaccine is not recommended for anybody with acute or chronic skin conditions that could predispose to this problem. people with eczema are at particularly high risk of developing severe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48926565290401625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b94bf468-3989-458c-a998-4496258a0eff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.357009"}
{"text": "the viruses are placed in or around the eye or the genital area. the vaccine is not recommended for anybody with acute or chronic skin conditions that could predispose to this problem. people with eczema are at particularly high risk of developing severe reactions. any person with eczema, atopic dermatitis, or any household member who has these conditions should not be vaccinated. when the smallpox vaccine was given to pregnant women, the vaccine virus was sometimes transmitted to their unborn babies and caused serious infections and sometimes premature birth. when the vaccine was given to children under a year of age, they had a higher risk of developing encephalitis than older children and adults. the risk in adults is about one to two per million and this complication can lead to long - term brain damage or death. 4. are there special risks for patients with immune disorders? yes, patients with immune deficiency disorders and their household contacts should not be vaccinated. persons with defects in lymphocyte function, including people with leukemia and other forms of cancer, are at high risk of developing a serious and frequently fatal complication called progressive vaccinia. although patients with mild defects in the immune system that do not affect lymphocyte function may not be at increased risk, there is no reason for these people to be vaccinated at this time. if there were to be outbreaks of smallpox associated with bioterrorism, these people should check with their doctors before considering smallpox vaccination. 5. i am being treated with prednisone. should i take the vaccine? any person with a condition that requires the use of prednisone or other immunosuppressive agents should not receive the smallpox vaccine at this time. although low doses of prednisone do not usually cause any problems with live viral vaccines, these persons might require higher doses of prednisone if their underlying condition became more severe. we do not have any data on what doses of prednisone might be safe for people who receive the smallpox vaccine. 6. if i have an autoimmune disease, should members of my family take the vaccine? if you have an autoimmune disease that might require the use of steroids or other therapy that could affect the immune system, no one in your family who lives in the same household should receive smallpox vaccine because you might acquire the smallpox vaccine virus from your family member. 7. if i have an autoimmune disease, should i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4606151428703861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b94bf468-3989-458c-a998-4496258a0eff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.358026"}
{"text": "therapy that could affect the immune system, no one in your family who lives in the same household should receive smallpox vaccine because you might acquire the smallpox vaccine virus from your family member. 7. if i have an autoimmune disease, should i stay away from my place of employment if there are people there who have been vaccinated? if so, how long should i stay away? you do not need to stay away from your place of work where people have received the smallpox vaccine. we do not have the same physical contact with people in the workplace that we have with family members. vaccinated individuals in the workplace should have their smallpox vaccine site covered with special bandages that will markedly reduce, if not eliminate, the risk of their transmitting the virus to you. if vaccinated people take appropriate precautions with regard to care of the vaccine site, then they can continue to shake hands and have other minimal contact with other persons. 8. are there any special precautions that i as an autoimmune disease patient should take if there is a national vaccination program? if your disorder puts you at increased risk, you should take care to minimize direct touching contact with people who may have received the smallpox vaccine and who have an open sore that could contain the virus. if your job requires direct physical contact with people, such as people who do massage therapy, then you might consider asking clients who have been vaccinated not to come for therapy during the time when they have an open sore from the vaccine. 9. if i have an autoimmune disease that affects the skin, should i take the vaccine? if you have active lesions from psoriasis, cutaneous vasculitis, bullous pemphigoid, behcet ' s disease, discoid lupus, mooren ' s ulcer, or any other skin disorder, you should not receive the vaccine. if your skin disorder is under control, you do not have any open lesions, and the vaccine is highly recommended for you because of your occupation, then you might consider receiving the vaccine after consultation with your physician. if it is not essential for you to be immunized, then we would advise against it. 10. is there any way of treating the adverse reactions if they occur? some adverse reactions can be treated with a special immune globulin preparation that appears to help patients with eczema vaccinatum, severe inoculation around the eye or other sites, and possibly for progressive vaccinia. there is one anti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46569062294424607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b94bf468-3989-458c-a998-4496258a0eff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.359048"}
{"text": "reactions can be treated with a special immune globulin preparation that appears to help patients with eczema vaccinatum, severe inoculation around the eye or other sites, and possibly for progressive vaccinia. there is one antiviral drug that is available for investigational purposes, but it has a high rate of serious side effects. these drugs are available through the centers for disease control and prevention. 11. is there a safer vaccine available for patients with autoimmune disease? a new smallpox vaccine is currently being tested and should become available sometime during 2003. this vaccine is made from the same virus that is in the current smallpox vaccine. the new vaccine will be grown in cell culture rather than on the calf skin. since the viruses are the same, the new vaccine will probably have the same risk of adverse reactions as the current vaccine. scientists are working on developing safer vaccines against smallpox, but it will take at least five to ten years before these vaccines might become available. 12. is the situation likely to change with regard to the risk of exposure to smallpox? almost all infectious disease experts recommend against routine vaccination of the civilian population because the risks of exposure to smallpox are very small and probably close to zero. experts are constantly reevaluating the potential for exposure from bioterrorism. as the united nations investigations in iraq continue, we should learn whether or not this country has produced smallpox for possible use as a weapon. if there was one small event in a single location, this may not change the equation with regard to balancing the risks and benefits from this vaccine for the general population. experts would contact everyone who had been exposed to be sure that they were immunized, but it would not require immunization of the general population. smallpox vaccine can protect against smallpox even when it ' s administered up to four days after exposure. if someone has a known exposure to smallpox, then there are very few contraindications to using the vaccine and people with skin disorders and mild immune deficiency disorders would be immunized. if there was a confirmed large outbreak in your local community, then many experts believe that almost everyone in that community should receive the vaccine. we must always weigh the potential benefits of vaccines against the potential risks. at this time smallpox vaccination is not warranted for the general public. american autoimmune related diseases association 22100 gratiot avenue eastpointe, mi 48021", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4593634173997604, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b94bf468-3989-458c-a998-4496258a0eff>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.359977"}
{"text": "this text is part of : table of contents : the boundary of the paphlagonians to the east is the river halys, which flows from the south between the syrians and the paphlagonians ; and according to herodotus, 1 ( who means cappadocians, when he is speaking of syrians, ) discharges itself into the euxine sea. even at present they are called leuco - syrians, ( or white syrians, ) while those without the taurus are called syrians. in comparison with the people within the taurus, the latter have a burnt complexion ; but the former, not having it, received the appellation of leuco - syrians ( or white syrians ). pindar says that \u201c \u2018 the amazons commanded a syrian band, armed with spears with broad iron heads ; \u2019 \u201d thus designating the people that lived at themiscyra. 2 themiscyra belongs to the amiseni, 3 and the district of the amiseni to the leuco - syrians settled beyond the halys. the river halys forms the boundary of the paphlagonians to the east ; phrygians and the galatians settled among that people, on the south ; and on the west bithynians and mariandyni ( for the race of the caucones has everywhere entirely disappeared ) ; on the north the euxine. this country is divided into two parts, the inland, and the maritime, extending from the halys as far as bithynia. mithridates eupator possessed the maritime part as far as heracleia, and of the inland country he had the district nearest to heracleia, some parts of which extended even beyond the halys. these are also the limits of the roman province of pontus. the remainder was subject to chiefs, even after the overthrow of mithridates. we shall afterwards speak of those paphlagonians in the inland parts, who were not subject to mithridates ; we propose at present to describe the country which he governed, called pontus. this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 united states license. an xml version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer perseus any modifications you make. perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42489002001867837, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da3aa806-824c-4efd-8c91-9723b806c37d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.362328"}
{"text": "peripheral edema in dogs edema is characterized by swelling due to an excessive accumulation of tissue fluid within the interstitium, which is a small space, or gap, in the substance of the body \u2019 s tissues or organs. this can be localized ( focal ) or generalized ( diffuse ) in location. peripheral edema can occur in both dogs and cats, with some dog breeds believed to be more susceptible, including the poodle, bulldog, old english sheepdog, and labrador retriever. if you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the petmd health library. symptoms and types dogs that develop peripheral edema will often have a history of allergies, or other immune, cardiac, or organic diseases. exposure to toxic or infectious agents, such as poisonous spiders or ticks, and traumatic incidents such as car accidents, are also frequent in the histories of animals that have developed peripheral edema. overall, visible symptoms are almost impossible to detect early on in the development of this condition. a physical examination may reveal unexplained weight gain. the areas in which excess fluid may become first apparent are generally the throat or abdomen. there is a wide range of conditions that can lead to peripheral edema. localized or single - limb edema may result from injury, such as from a car accident, burns, obstruction in an artery ( due to a blood clot ), contact with toxic agents, such as a snake bite or bee sting, abnormal tissue growth ( known as neoplasia ) in the lymphatic tissues of the body, or high pressure in the capillary fluids. regional or generalized edema, which is not focused in a single area or limb, may result from infections, such as a severe bacterial infection, congestive heart failure, kidney failure, the tourniquet effect of a bandage bound too tight, or hypernatremia, a disease in which the kidneys retain excessive amounts of sodium. diagnosis of peripheral edema is often determined by fine - needle aspiration of an affected area, by which a fluid - sample is removed via needle for microscopic evaluation. an examination of the affected tissue samples taken by biopsy may also help determine an underlying cause for the edema. additional diagnostic procedures may include urine analysis, chest and lung x - rays, and an electrocardiogram to measure the heart \u2019 s functionality. treatment will depend on the originating cause of the edema. for dogs that have developed edema secondary to a bodily infection,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48268999448332595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51e24fce-f204-4428-9bd1-ad30773ccbb0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.368441"}
{"text": "include urine analysis, chest and lung x - rays, and an electrocardiogram to measure the heart \u2019 s functionality. treatment will depend on the originating cause of the edema. for dogs that have developed edema secondary to a bodily infection, the application of warm compresses is advised. in some cases, surgery or drainage may be necessary for treating the underlying cause. severely edematous ( swollen ) limbs may require amputation if the condition cannot be resolved. medication to treat the symptoms also depends on the underlying cause for the edema. living and management monitoring after initial treatment on the dog will include complete blood counts, urine tests to check for protein concentrations in urine, and a series of biopsies of affected tissues, such as kidney tissues. lifestyle changes may be necessary depending on the cause of the edema. for example, a dog that has suffered from congestive heart failure should have its activity restricted during the recovery period. the prognosis for dogs with peripheral edema depends on the underlying cause of the condition. some causes of localized edema may be prevented with general safety measures, such as protecting your pet from hazardous areas like roads, where injury may occur, and preventing access to toxic substances and poisonous animals, such as snakes and spiders. anything pertaining to the blood vessel system in the body the prediction of a disease \u2019 s outcome in advance a type of band that is used to assist in the drawing of blood or to stop bleeding high levels of sodium in the blood the collection of fluid in the tissue a large blood vessel that transports blood out of the heart. the process of removing tissue to examine it, usually for medical reasons. the process of removing all or part of a body part ; usually refers to a limb ( arm or leg ) and is done for medical reasons. a record of the activity of the myocardium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49337573491824815, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51e24fce-f204-4428-9bd1-ad30773ccbb0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.369320"}
{"text": "two cars in 2 - dimensional collision collisions between objects are governed by laws of momentum and energy. when a collision occurs in an isolated system, the total momentum of the system of objects is conserved. provided that there are no net external forces acting upon the objects, the momentum of all objects before the collision equals the momentum of all objects after the collision. if there are only two objects involved in the collision, then the momentum change of the individual objects are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. certain collisions are referred to as elastic collisions. elastic collisions are collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. the total system kinetic energy before the collision equals the total system kinetic energy after the collision. if total kinetic energy is not conserved, then the collision is referred to as an inelastic collision. the animation below portrays the inelastic collision between two 1000 - kg cars. the before - and after - collision velocities and momentum are shown in the data tables. in the collision between the two cars, total system momentum is conserved. yet this might not be apparent without an understanding of the vector nature of momentum. momentum, like all vector quantities, has both a magnitude ( size ) and a direction. when considering the total momentum of the system before the collision, the individual momentum of the two cars must be added as vectors. that is, 20 000 kg * m / s, east must be added to 10 000 kg * m / s, north. the sum of these two vectors is not 30 000 kg * m / s ; this would only be the case if the two momentum vectors had the same direction. instead, the sum of 20 000 kg * m / s, east and 10 000 kg * m / s, north is 22 361 kg * m / s at an angle of 26. 6 north of east. since the two momentum vectors are at right angles, their sum can be found using the pythagorean theorem ; the direction can be found using soh cah toa ( specifically, the tangent function ). the value 22 361 kg * m / s is the total momentum of the system before the collision ; and since momentum is conserved, it is also the total momentum of the system after the collision. since the cars have equal mass, the total system momentum is shared equally by each individual car. in order to determine the momentum of either individual car, this total system momentum must be divided by two ( approx. 11 200 kg * m / s ). once the momentum of the individual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5836770774113116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8a8aa99-0acb-4aa2-bee7-a3bc9ac7397b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.372103"}
{"text": "this website introduces a range of power tools \u2013 \u201c how - to \u201d ideas that marginalised people and their allies can use to have a greater positive influence on natural resources policy. this website presents : - 26 power tools based on experience from around the world - start on the guide to the tools page - discussion of power tools in theory and practice - see the what is a power tool? and the strengths and limits of tools in practice pages, plus individual tools - related research on policy tools in action - look at related research pages - a directory of the many other websites that contain policy tool resources - consult directory of tools links page rationale and aims many people \u2019 s lives involve the day - to - day management of natural resources. such intimate interaction creates awareness of the technical, social and political obstacles to good management. yet many of these people never have the opportunity to contribute to the definition of policies and institutions that govern their use of natural resources. the policy gap between the powerful and marginalised does not just involve the lack of available channels for participatory dialogue. even when such channels exist, communication may fail due to fundamental differences in perception, expression and power between groups. the power tools initiative set out to develop, test and circulate existing and new tools to bridge some of the key gaps in policy processes and content. these policy tools \u2013 tips, tactics and approaches \u2013 are designed to provide some practical help to people working to improve the policies and institutions that govern access to and use of natural resources. the international institute for environment and development together with many partner organisations around the world developed the power tools series from experience in working on policies and institutions in natural resource management. the netherlands ministry of foreign affairs ( dgis ) and the german federal ministry for economic cooperation ( bmz ) have provided support for the work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5182807835068353, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ece3a4a-56e5-430a-9b35-448b0f78628c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.375440"}
{"text": "wikimedia commons / sewilco the collapse galvanized national interest in the state of u. s. infrastructure and inspired a swift and remarkably innovative project to replace the fallen roadway. the i - 35w saint anthony falls bridge ( subject of the may 2008 pm cover story ) was open to traffic 13 months after its predecessors collapse, three months ahead of schedule. the new bridge was a role model for efficient project management ; rather than having builders wait months for tweaks, the design allowed them to adapt on the fly to problems encountered during the construction process. and it was a high - tech glimpse of civil engineerings future, lit by durable, energy - efficient leds and embedded with sensors that relay its condition to researchers at the university of minnesota. and nationwide, the collapse of i - 35w inspired a genuine, bipartisan populist outcry and became a major factor in the political discourse. americans demanded shovel - ready projects and, specifically, progress toward repairing the thousands of structurally deficient bridges around the country. but five years later, the crisis has reverted to a nagging sense of dread, and infrastructure is back where it was, where it inevitably seems to wind upon the back burner. thats not a condemnation. when the american society of civil engineers estimates that it could cost some $ 2. 2 trillion over the next five years to repair critical infrastructure, is it any wonder that the public treats the issue as too big and too depressing to face? yet there is cause for hope. and that hope appears to rest with local initiative rather than huge national programs. yesterday, for example, a website called saveourbridges. com went live. it is the brainchild of barry lepatner, who just released the book too big to fall : americas failing infrastructure and the way forward to coincide with the fifth anniversary of the minnesota bridge collapse. on the site lepatner published an interactive map of the nations ailing bridges. it pinpoints some 72, 000 structurally deficient bridgeswhere total traffic must be reduced to avoid further damageas well 18, 000 fracture - critical structures, which are in danger of collapse if a single element fails ( based not on damage or decay, but on their design ). most alarming is where these ratings overlapwhere you have a bridge that is both structurally deficient and fracture - critical. the original i - 35w bridge had this classification. there are 7980 such bridges in the united states. daunting as these numbers are, le", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47717279898011905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91f4c1fa-b473-4d66-9549-c939521914d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.379690"}
{"text": "overlapwhere you have a bridge that is both structurally deficient and fracture - critical. the original i - 35w bridge had this classification. there are 7980 such bridges in the united states. daunting as these numbers are, lepatners map puts the crisis into local perspective, allowing users to identify nearby structures in need of repairs. \" until this map came along, they were only words on a piece of paper, \" lepatner says. \" now for the first time you can decide : do you want your family to use that structurally deficient bridge? businesses can decide whether they want their trucks crossing it. politicians will have to confront a community that says, according to that map, which is based on government - issued ratings, this bridge could fall down. why arent we getting the funding to deal with it? \" lepatners is the kind of tool that pm hinted at in our 2008 feature but had yet to surface until now. and even if national apathy continues to confront our infrastructure woes, the local impact could be substantial. state -, county -, and city - level political platforms could live or die based on a single data point. it offers the potential for infrastructure accountability. and failing any measurable improvements, it might, at the very least, limit the death toll when the next bridge falls. as lepatner points out, the absence of a serious collapse since the i - 35w is misleading. \" over the past 23 years we have had almost 600 bridge failures in this nation alone, \" he says. \" that doesnt mean collapses, but a bridge failure where all of a sudden components fail and it might drop down 8 inches or a foot, and you have to close it. \" those are the near misses. eventually disaster will find its mark. there are other glimmers of hope, some of them directly related to the i - 35w collapse. the minnesota department of transportation, which has become a model of nimble, adaptive management since the 2007 tragedy, has committed to replace or rehabilitate 120 of the states 172 structurally deficient and / or fracture - critical bridges by 2018. figg engineering group, which designed the new i - 35w saint anthony falls bridge, is involved in another innovative bridge - replacement project. when a structurally deficient, 80 - year - old lift bridge that linked chesapeake and portsmouth, va., became unsafe to cross, local authorities couldnt scrape together the public funds to replace it. so figg came in to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46748619208370007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91f4c1fa-b473-4d66-9549-c939521914d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.380878"}
{"text": "when it became apparent that the dry spell many ohio growers experienced last year would become the worst drought in 50 years, david brandt wasn \u2019 t worried about how well corn and soybeans on his 1, 150 - acre farm would fare. the carroll, ohio farmer instead relied upon a natural form of insurance that left the soils in his fields protected against the devastating effects of the record heat and drought that decimated many farmers nationwide in 2012. using conservation tillage methods such as no - till and planting cover crops, including radishes and austrian winter peas in 15 - inch alternating rows and an eight - species cover crop blend, allowed the ground temperatures on his farm to remain in a healthy range of 80 to 90 degrees while bare ground temperatures in tilled fields reached as high as 130 degrees, brandt said. the cover crops also helped retain higher soil moisture levels to help brandt produce 168 bushels of corn per acre, compared to around 100 bushels per acre many growers using conventional tillage produced as a result of drought, he said. \u201c we were impressed with what we saw and i \u2019 m sure that our cover crops helped to create a healthier soil that helped us grow healthy crops during the drought, \u201d brandt said. \u201c whereas growers who used conventional tillage had stressed corn and lower yields, conservation tillage prevented the same from happening to our fields. \u201c cover crops allow us to try to mimic mother nature by keeping the soil covered as long as possible. and adding more species in your cover crops results in more diversity in the soil with deeper root systems, which helped our crops grow better. \u201d brandt is just one of some 900 participants who are expected to attend the conservation tillage and technology conference march 5 - 6 offered by ohio state university extension and the ohio agricultural research and development center. the annual conference will offer the latest research, insight, tips and techniques on conservation tillage, including cover crops, no - till, soil quality, seeding technology, water quality and nutrient management, said randall reeder, a retired osu extension agricultural engineer and a conference organizer. growers \u2019 interest in conservation tillage has increased significantly in recent years as they become more focused on maintaining and building their soils. \u201c too many farmers have taken what goes on below the surface for granted, \u201d reeder said. \u201c they have fertilizer and other inputs to help crops grow, but in the last few years have begun to pay more attention to soil quality, which includes chemical and physical properties and the biology of soil.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4193864815327839, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05ef0732-f09a-4167-8c2f-607a198c3782>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.386876"}
{"text": "the health benefits of acai in our previous article, the nutritional makeup of acai, we learned about what is in the acai berry. in this article, we will look at how the nutritious acai berry can help keep us in excellent health. what will eating acai do for me? the nutrients in acai can help : - maintain the healthy function of bodily systems and organs - increase energy, libido and stamina - promote healthy, glowing skin and hair - promotes healthy sleep - support immune system - act as a powerful anti - inflammatory - help reduce pain and soreness - help rejuvenate your mind, body and spirit how can acai help with all these health issues? if you read our article - the nutritional makeup of acai - you know that acai is one of the healthiest foods you can eat. while there are many nutrients in the acai berry, clearly the antioxidants are the major reason for the health benefits of acai. the us department of agriculture ( usda ) has initiated studies to look at the link between antioxidant rich food and aging. here are some direct quotes from the usda website - \" studies at the jean mayer usda human nutrition research center on aging at tufts university in boston suggest that consuming fruits and vegetables with a high - orac value may help slow the aging process in both body and brain. \" ronald l. prior, the researcher for the usda study went on to suggest that \" the orac measure may help define the dietary conditions needed to prevent tissue damage. \" \" science has long held that damage by oxygen free radicals is behind many of the maladies that come with aging, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. there ' s firm evidence that a high intake of fruits and vegetables reduces risk of cancer and that a low intake raises risk. and recent evidence suggests that diminished brain function associated with aging and disorders such as alzheimer ' s and parkinson ' s diseases may be due to increased vulnerability to free radicals, says joseph, a neuroscientist. \" - \" can foods forestall aging? \", published in the february 1999 issue of agricultural research magazine. it is clear that the potential health benefits of eating high orac value foods should not be underestimated. doesn ' t acai cure every ailment known to man? okay, we admit this question is a little tongue - in - cheek - but if you read through some of the websites it sure seems like acai is a miracle food. while other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4206411460952945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dce6c33e-54f6-4701-96b2-d5207f960aca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.391057"}
{"text": "' t acai cure every ailment known to man? okay, we admit this question is a little tongue - in - cheek - but if you read through some of the websites it sure seems like acai is a miracle food. while other sites will talk about how acai is a miracle fruit that cures every known ailment - we would never say that. there are no miracle cures - period. if you want to stay healthy and feel energetic and young the key is a good diet and exercise. it is true that when it comes to eating a good diet - you really can do no better than starting with a healthy portion of acai. however, we would never give false hope by claiming that acai alone is the cure to any disease. i have heard that acai kills cancer cells - is this true? a university of florida study published in the journal of agricultural and food chemistry on jan 12. 2006 found that acai berries triggered a self - destruct response in up to 86 percent of leukemia cells tested in vitro. while we consider this study a promising start, it is important to understand that the acai killed cultured cancer cells in a test tube - this is very different than killing cancer in the human body. obviously, much more research needs to be done before anyone could make any cancer claims regarding acai in the human body. it is clear that eating foods with high orac values have numerous health benefits. acai is one of the highest orac value foods. while there are no miracles, acai is an incredibly healthy food that can help you maintain healthy bodily functions across the board. ready to start eating acai berries? first you need to get the acai out of the amazon rainforest...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3905529992406677, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dce6c33e-54f6-4701-96b2-d5207f960aca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.391741"}
{"text": "rome - measures to improve regional food security by cutting food losses and waste and by mitigating and adapting to climate change will be considered by fao ' s regional conference for the near east. land and water constraints severely limit the potential for increased food production to feed a near eastern population set to grow from 380 million to 520 million in 2030. in addition to improving land and water management, lower food losses and waste would help provide the extra food without putting additional pressure on limited land and water resources. annual losses in grains are estimated at more than 16 million tones across the region. some 15 percent of vegetables and legumes and more than 30 percent of perishable foods such as fruit, vegetables, dairy products, meat and fish are also wasted annually in the region. the conference, from 14 to 18 may at fao headquarters, is also due to discuss the creation of a regional trust fund for agricultural development to supplement existing international funding. reasons for food losses and waste include poor storage facilities and limited cold storage. as for animal - source foods, losses during handling, storage, processing, packing, distribution and consumption are significantly higher than losses during production. at between 25 and 50 percent, losses in fish and seafood are the highest of any animal - source foods, with more than two thirds of losses incurred during processing, packaging and distribution. much of the problem stems from the limited number of wholesale, supermarket and retail facilities providing suitable storage and sales conditions for food products. wholesale and retail markets in the region are often small, crowded, unsanitary and lacking in cooling equipment. another issue is the lack of paved roads suitable for large vehicles to connect production areas with ports or city centres, as well as a shortage of power and water infrastructure. recommendations before the conference focus on increased investment by the private and public sector in facilities and infrastructure, and effective collaboration between academia, industry, government and business. advancing climate change adds extra urgency for solutions to the food waste problem as it is placing additional pressure on the region ' s land and water resources. the possibility of reduced rainfall and a temperature increase of up to 4 degrees celsius threaten the sustainability of agricultural systems and of forest and rangeland resources in the region. the use and management of natural resources, especially land and water needs to be enormously improved. the near east region is one of the most water - scarce regions in the world. as water scarcity in the region grows, the quality of available water deteriorates : pollution of groundwater and degradation of water bodies and water - related", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4602296608443077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:debbcc33-d73d-4f7d-a3e0-57d413a0769a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.394751"}
{"text": "journalism is a hands - on, professionally oriented major that involves gathering, interpreting, distilling, and reporting information to audiences through a variety of media. journalism majors learn about every conceivable kind of journalism ( including magazine, newspaper, online journalism, photojournalism, broadcast journalism, and public relations ). that ' s not all, though. in addition to specialized training in writing, editing, and reporting, journalism requires a working knowledge of history, culture, and current events. you ' ll more than likely be required to take a broad range of courses that runs the gamut from statistics to the hard sciences to economics to history. there will also be a lot of lofty talk about professional ethics and civic responsibility as well - and you can bet you ' ll be tested on it. to top it all off, you ' ll probably work on the university newspaper or radio station, or perhaps complete an internship with a magazine or a mass media conglomerate. we know it goes without saying but you ' ll also have to write an awful lot of articles if you decide to make journalism your major. this is true even if you ultimately want to work in radio or television. if you don ' t enjoy writing, you probably won ' t like journalism very much. finally, take note : at universities with elite journalism programs, time - consuming weed - out courses abound and you must be formally accepted into the journalism program, which can be ridiculously difficult and competitive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4316724746050163, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2eab7be9-0e33-4caa-ab4a-ec6984f07dec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.396228"}
{"text": "reverberations and revelations : the role of the temple in the new testament heuston literary prize winner by joshua epstein ' 03 the most tragic of events in the hebrew scriptures \u2013 the event that inspired more poetry and song and lamentation than just about any other \u2013 was the fall of the temple in jerusalem to the babylonians. yet in fact, the scriptural rendition of the fall of the temple provided a model for much of the new testament as well. the depictions and reverberations of the temple in the new testament certainly rekindle the hebrew poetry of the post - exilic prophets, particularly jeremiah, isaiah, and ezekiel ; but ~ e role of the temple is, unsurprisingly, vastly different in light of the new covenant borne by jesus, the christ. the role and form of the temple undergoes a great and fascinating transformation from the days of jesus ' testimony to the days of revelation, and such transformations tell us a great deal about the nature and direction of this new faith. to assess the role of the temple in the new testament, it is wise to illuminate the final outcome and destiny of the temple, and the ram ) fications of that destiny. by 70 c. e., jerusalem has been destroyed by rome, temple and all. but in the prophecy of john written after this destruction, commonly termed revelation, the kingdom of god and christ is reborn, in its final and eternal form : a new heaven and earth \u2013 a new paradise, not in a distant, abstruse heaven, but rather on earth itself : then i saw a new heaven and a new earth ; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and the sea was no more. and i saw the holy city, the new jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from god, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. ( 21. 1 ) the final fate of the world must, in order for god ' s eternity to be perfect in its design, resolve the tensions of the creation : the history of life must come full circle. the dissonance, or chaos, of the creation must be resolved to an eternal consonance. the eradication of the sea, for example, is particularly apt, as martin kiddle points out : when john says \" the sea is no more, \" he is both recording the old earth ' s dissolution and giving its reason. [... ] in persian thought that angry element is the dwelling of tiamat, the chaos spirit \u2013 as in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45670519695108974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.420536"}
{"text": "when john says \" the sea is no more, \" he is both recording the old earth ' s dissolution and giving its reason. [... ] in persian thought that angry element is the dwelling of tiamat, the chaos spirit \u2013 as in revelation it is the symbolic lair of the seven - headed beast. ( 411 ) 2 indeed, the name of tiamat, the great goddess figure, whose hollowed carcass forms the vault of earth and heaven in mesopotamian mythology ( harris 98 ), might even be related to the hebrew word tehom, which constitutes the \" primeval substance that elohim proceeds to illuminate, divide, and shape into an orderly system \" ( 98 ). the biblical form of chaos, which also runs through the hebrew post - exilic writings ( most notably job ), is finally tempered with the end of the old order. the new order, including the new heaven and earth, replaces the old order just as prophesied in isaiah : \" i am about to create new heavens and a new earth ; the former things shall not be remembered or come to mind \" ( 65. 17 ). yet, contrary to isaiah, and contrary to much of jewish thought after 70 c. e., john of revelation does not prophesy a rebuilding of the temple. his temple, ultimately, is the lamb ( rev. 21. 22 ). for, by the end - time, the temple concept is inadequate for christian religious philosophy, and it must be replaced. first of all, like the hebrew temple on zion and like the synagogues during the life of jesus, the temple has been corrupted. as god questions in jeremiah, \" has this house, which is called by my name, become a den of robbers in your sight? \" ( 7. 11 ) ; mark adapts this as the cry of jesus against the pharisees ( 11. 17 ). jeremiah offers a beautiful image of the temple as a dying plant : \" when i wanted to gather them, says the lord, there are no grapes on the vine, nor figs on the fig tree ; even the leaves are withered \" ( 8. 13 ), and once more, mark finds this image of note : seeing in the distance a fig tree in lead, [ jesus ] went to see whether perhaps he would find anything on it. when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves, for it was not the season for figs. he said to it, \" may no one ever eat fruit from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5052843607577582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.421508"}
{"text": "[ jesus ] went to see whether perhaps he would find anything on it. when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves, for it was not the season for figs. he said to it, \" may no one ever eat fruit from you again. \" ( 11. 12 ) the fig tree is bearing no fruit \u2013 because \" it was not the season for figs \" \u2013 but this fruitlessness suggests a false trust in the temple, which cannot bear fruit outside of a time frame. any eternal temple will have to find a resolution for this problem, and it turns out that the best solution is no temple at all. this conclusion may seem disproportionate at first, especially to faithful templeworshipers, but one must keep in mind that distrust of the temple is also squarely with the jewish scriptural tradition, from the failure of saul ( 1 sam. 15. 22 ) to the prophecy of hosea : \" i desire steadfast love and not sacrifice, the knowledge of god rather than burnt offerings \" ( 6. 6 ). as the image of the dying plant suggests, the temple cannot bear aufficient spiritual sustenance to merit such pious faith. the inadequacy of the physical temple can be seen, in part, in its consistent need to be cleansed, for example jesus ' driving out the money changers ( matt. 21. 12 - 3 ). thus, in his preaching jesus foretells the destruction of the temple : \" do you see these great buildings? not one of them will be left here upon another ; all will be thrown down \" ( mk. 13. 2 ). what, then, would be alternatives to complete abolition of the temple? it is in viewing these that one can see the aptness of revelation ' s final conclusion. the first view of the possibilities of a new temple suggests a temple in the heart, or spirit : \" this is the covenant that i will make with the house of israel after those days, says the lord : i will put my laws in their minds and write them on their hearts \" ( heb. 8. 10 ). the general trend of jesus ' new covenant is the internalization of the temple ; the transference of law and ritual to the sinner ' s heart is his new salvation. when jesus warns his disciples, \" where your treasure is, there your heart will be also \" ( lk. 12. 34 ), he encourages the cleansing of the temple in this new vestige", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46358696483114614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.422451"}
{"text": "sinner ' s heart is his new salvation. when jesus warns his disciples, \" where your treasure is, there your heart will be also \" ( lk. 12. 34 ), he encourages the cleansing of the temple in this new vestige, the heart. john also summarizes the new temple nicely : \" the hour is coming when you will worship the father neither on this mountain nor in jerusalem [... ] but in spirit and truth \" ( 4. 21, 4. 23 ), as the temple has proven inadequate so frequently \u2013 unfailingly, in fact \u2013 it must be internalized to a new dimension. after jesus ' death, the great apostle paul refers frequently to the circumcision of the heart, an adaptation of deuteronomical law which summarizes the commitment to the heart of god ' s new covenant : \" circumcise, then, the foreskin of your heart, and do not be stubborn any longer \" ( deut. 10. 16 ). again, the imperfection of the temple lies in the failure of its worshipers to engage their spirits therein \u2013 as hosea indicates, sacrifice in the temple is insufficient substitute for loyalty. thus the heart must be circumcised. in this way, the temple is also extended to a new congregation : whereas the circumcision of the israelites distinguished them from their unholy foreign adversaries, this spiritual c * cumcision is offered to israelites and gentiles by mere virtue of their humanity, as long as they are willing to internalize this new faith : for a person is not a jew who is one outwardly, nor is true circumcision something external and physical. rather, a person is a jew who is one inwardly, and real circumcision is a matter of the heart [... ]. ( rom. 2. 29 ) yet again, this new essence of faith echoes jeremiah, by whom god warned that he would \" attend to all those who are circumcised only in the * foreskin [... ]. for all these nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of israel is uncircumcised in heart \" ( 9. 26 ). the temple, insofar as it serves ritual devices, is inadequate \u2013 the worshiper finds it too easy a safety valve for salvation, even when the heart is elsewhere. thus, as jesus proclaims in mark only imp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43535380290329795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.423603"}
{"text": ". 26 ). the temple, insofar as it serves ritual devices, is inadequate \u2013 the worshiper finds it too easy a safety valve for salvation, even when the heart is elsewhere. thus, as jesus proclaims in mark only impurity of spirit can defile a man : only unc * cumcision within is a testament of faithlessness ( 7. 14 ). and in fact, the temple of the heart is never destroyed. yet, it also cannot serve as the only ultimate vestige of god ' s kingdom ; for the communal aspect is lost. if, as jesus mandates, worshipers take their own faith into their \" closets, \" how is god ' s kingdom united as a community \u2013 a single community, like the one in which humankind was created? as a possible alternative, paul offers the temple built on the saints, especially in 2 corinthians : \" for we are the temple of the living god \" ( 2 cor. 6. 16 ). paul urges the purity of the saints \u2013 that sense of exhortation is the entire point, practically, behind his epistles \u2013 because the temple is built in them, within their hearts, and the purity of the temple is essential to its worth as a place of worship. clearly, the temple of the saints is not an endeavor to replace the temple of the heart, but to extend it to a communal base again, a principle underlying paul ' s entire argument. this view of the temple, like the * eternal temple, also makes it clear into revelation, in which the church of philadelphia constitutes an entire pillar of god ' s temple ( 3. 12 ). the most substantial of the new testament ' s answers to the temple problem is the new temple in the body of christ himself. the temple in the heart, even in the hearts of saints, is merely an abstraction, though a profound one, made real through the physicality of christ ' s body. in a sense, this is most famously, and gorgeously, rendered in the first chapter of john ' s gospel : \" and the word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father ' s only son, full of grace and truth \" ( 1. 15 ). god ' s creation, represented by his word, is embodied in jesus, who is made flesh as a manifestation of his etemal plan. john is also the key interpreter of jesus ' promise : \" destroy this temple, and in three days i will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4800949732764716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.424649"}
{"text": "' s creation, represented by his word, is embodied in jesus, who is made flesh as a manifestation of his etemal plan. john is also the key interpreter of jesus ' promise : \" destroy this temple, and in three days i will raise it up. \" the jews then said, \" this temple has been under construction for forty - six years, and will you raise it up in three days? \" but he was speaking of the temple of his body. ( 2. 19 ) thus the new temple is established with the resurrection of christ, three days after his crucifixion. interestingly, these words of jesus in other gospels, for example mark are represented only through the mouths of his accusers, and they read \" i will destroy this temple that is made with hands and in three days i will build another, not made with hands \" ( 14. 58 ) ; the very people who destroy jesus ' body, and who put these words into jesus ' mouth ( while jesus intentionally stays silent ), effect the new covenant themselves. jesus ' other central promise to make himself the new temple is the vineyard parable : as the tenants of the vineyard kill the owner ' s son out of unwillingness to share its produce, \" the stone that the builders rejected becomes the cornerstone \" ( 20. 17 ) ; the death of the vineyard owner ' s son is in essence a promise of his victory. the quote concerning the cornerstone is an adaptation of psalm 118. 22 \u2013 a post - exilic piece, wherein the psalmist no doubt felt that the fall of israel would soon bring about her victory. and jesus ' rejection ensures that he becomes the cornerstone of the new faith. this, in one sense, is a way of legitimizing jesus ' awful death as a culmination of the divine will. moreover, as john points out, it just ) fies jesus ' death as a preparation of the kingdom for his followers : \" i go to prepare a place for you \" ( 14. 2 ). with his death, the church \u2013 the new temple, in the great pauline phrase, \" in christ \" : the body of the crucified and risen lord expands into the ecclesiological body of christ by means of the spirit ; though the latter the lord ( his head ) builds up his church ( his body ) for himself and becomes with it a full unity. ( taylor 222 ) from this paul derives the marriage analogy \u2013 another metaphor that survives through revelation in which the effective replacement of the temple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4721258039924577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.425678"}
{"text": "the lord ( his head ) builds up his church ( his body ) for himself and becomes with it a full unity. ( taylor 222 ) from this paul derives the marriage analogy \u2013 another metaphor that survives through revelation in which the effective replacement of the temple, new jerusalem, is adorned as god ' s bride. paul ( if indeed paul penned ephesians ) exhorts men to love their wives out of a love for christ ' s church : husbands, love your wives, just as christ loved the church and gave himself up for her [... ]. he who loves his wife loves himself. for no one ever hates his own body, but he nourishes it and tenderly cares for it, just as christ does for the church, because we are members of his body. ( eph. 5. 25 ) thus christ ' s body is the new temple \u2013 by extension, christ ' s followers are members of his body. fact, paul extends this metaphor from yet another, likening the followers of christ to his limbs. the community of the church is a manifestation of christ ' s body : [ w ] e must grow up in every way into him who is the head, into christ, from whom the whole body, joined and knit together by every ligament with which it is equipped, as each part is working properly, promotes the body ' s growth in building itself up in love. ( eph. 4. 15 ) thus the followers of christ and the body of christ are united. it is no surprise, in light of this and of paul ' s temple of the saints, that the physical suffering of the saint is offered as a parallel of christ ' s : paul closes his letter to the galatians by saying, \" i carry the marks of jesus branded on my body \" ( 6. 17 ). the view of christ ' s followers as the limbs of his body is a beautiful solution to the problem of community ; it is, as dale b. martin points out, as egalitarian a philosophy as one can imagine. in particular, martin turns to 1 corinthians 12. 22 - 23, in which paul argues that \" the members of the body that seem to be weaker are indispensable, those members of the body that we think less honorable we clothe with greater honor. \" martin proceeds to argue : initially in [ 1. cor. 12. 23 ], paul seems to be saying that we, by our own choosing, accede greater honor to the less honorable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48998135704739615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.426655"}
{"text": "think less honorable we clothe with greater honor. \" martin proceeds to argue : initially in [ 1. cor. 12. 23 ], paul seems to be saying that we, by our own choosing, accede greater honor to the less honorable members. but then, in the second half of the verse, his wording changes [... ]. we must recognize that those who, on the surface, occupy positions of lower status are actually more essential than those of higher status and therefore should be accorded more honor. ( martin 96 ) so, to represent christ ' s body as the temple does profound justice to jesus ' concern for the weak, in particular the child \u2013 a figure whom he indeed deems indispensable to the realization of his covenant. another interpretation is that even in light of the new internal covenant by faith ( or, more emphatically, by faith alone ), to link the follower ' s body to christ ' s is a powerful incentive against sin. god, as paul argues, sent \" his own son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and to deal with sin, he condemned sin in the flesh \" ( rom. 8. 3 ). as such, he argues, \" should i therefore take the members of christ, \" his followers, \" and make them members of a prostitute? never! \" though the term \" member \" has an all - too - fitting double entendre in modern colloquial english, paul ' s greek probably did not \u2013 yet the parallel remains. it is here where paul ' s view of \" body \" and \" flesh \" deserve, well, fleshing out. and it is an expressly pauline, or at least greek, concept, not hebrew : the greek word soma, or \" body, \" translates into \" no less than eleven hebrew words ( with cognates, thirteen ), for none of which is it a true equivalent \" ( robinson 11 ). paul distinguishes soma from sarx ( \" flesh \" ) thus seemingly distinguishing the body of the sinner from that of christ. as romans 8. 7 reads, ' yhe mind of the flesh is enmity against god. \" but as kallistos ware points out, the distinction between \" flesh \" and \" body \" is a matter of totality : for the only instances in which paul \" assert [ s ] a contrast \" between the physical and spiritual, paul chooses sarx, not soma ( 93 ). \" thus the terms ' flesh ' and '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48723993257185993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.427800"}
{"text": "\" is a matter of totality : for the only instances in which paul \" assert [ s ] a contrast \" between the physical and spiritual, paul chooses sarx, not soma ( 93 ). \" thus the terms ' flesh ' and ' spirit ' indicate, not components of the person, but relationships embracing personhood in its totality. ' flesh is the whole person as fallen, spirit the whole person as redeemed \" ( 93 ). hence, the temple of christ ' s body further illuminates the internal redemption of the sinner, even though it is in the \" likeness of human flesh \" : as the person is redeemed, his \" flesh \" is affirmed as a \" living sacrifice to god \" ( rom. 12. 1 ). note, too, how exclusively a new testament phenomenon this is : the old testament only refers to the resurrection of the physical body as united with the soul \u2013 not with immortality of the soul itself, or any transcendence of the spirit ( ware 91 ) ; the covenant has only newly been interiorized to such an extent that body and mind need separation. as paul writes to the corinthians, \" it is sown a spiritual body, it is raised a spiritual body \" ( 1 cor. 15. 44 ). and in taking christ ' s body unto oneself, one intemalizes the temple even further : hence the tradition of the eucharist : eucharistic eating, as a physical act, transfomls and sanctifies the body. whereas in ordinary eating food is changed into the person who consumes it [... ] here the reverse happens : we become what we eat, and through holy communion our bodies are changed into members of christ ' s body. \" ( ware 102 ) so, ware argues, \" sexual promiscuity is so deplorable \u2013 not because the body and its sexuality are unclean, but because they are potentially holy \" ( 93 ). christ ' s body as a temple thus assumes the role of asserting moral law \u2013 certainly a key aspect of the new temple. the letter to the hebrews views jesus ' death not as a preparation of his body to be enshrined as the true temple, but as a sacrifice of atonement, which in tum founds the new covenant. the letter to the hebrews explains his incamation thus : \" he had to become like his brothers and sisters in every respect, so that he might be a merciful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48528942061714686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.428735"}
{"text": "sacrifice of atonement, which in tum founds the new covenant. the letter to the hebrews explains his incamation thus : \" he had to become like his brothers and sisters in every respect, so that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in the service of god, to make a sacrifice of atonement for the sins of his people \" ( 2. 14 ). thus jesus serves the role of a priest, rather than the temple itself. furthermore, hebrews recalls the link of the heavenly sanctuary, where jesus is high priest, to the temple in jerusalem : for moses, when he was about to erect the tent, was wamed, \" see that you make everything according to the pattern that was shown to you on the mountain. [... ] but if that first covenant had been faultless, there would have been no need to look for a second one \" ( 8. 5 ) thus the question why the temple of jesus ' body is inadequate \u2013 why in fact the true temple realized in revelation is, in fact, a mere refashioning of the earth \u2013 is in fact disturbingly utilitarian : god ' s original plan simply didn ' t work out ; had it worked out, whether adam had not fallen or the laws of moses had been followed, there would have been no need for the new temple, in all of its different vestiges and reverberations. thus, we are left with new heaven and new earth. even the first heaven established in revelation is destroyed ; kiddle offers a reasonable explanation why : god is infinitely holy \u2013 that is, he is infinitely withdrawn from men. john has shown us several symbols for god ' s remoteness. the throne is isolated by a crystal sea, which the martyrs alone are finally able to cross [ 4. 6f ]. ( 411 ) when the first heaven is destroyed, the sea is destroyed, as revelation 21. 1 establishes ; thus the boundary between god and man is destroyed ( 411 ). and the new vision, in which god and his kingdom are reunited, is once more an egalitarian vision, another reason why the temple \u2013 any temple \u2013 needed to be destroyed : the temple is part of a symbolic system that divides the world into the sacred and the profane [... ]. the temple is a space which makes possible interaction between the two realms, by means of a special class of persons who can go from one realm to the other ( priests ) [... ]. for revelation the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.479983762048891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.429762"}
{"text": "he confirms his relationship with israel as bride : \" as the bridegroom rejoices over the bride, so shall your god rejoice over you \" ( isa. 62. 5 ). in consummating this marriage with his people, god establishes a kingdom that does, at last, bear eternal fruit. whereas in the pauline view, christ ' s body was a vessel of god to save the souls of his believers \u2013 after which christ was to return the kingdom to god \u2013 revelation allows christ and god to share the glory in the new earth era, meaning that faith in christ is rewarded by the presence and rule of christ, eternally. - chilton, bruce. the temple of jesus : his sacrificial program within a cultural history of sacrif ce. university park, pa : the pennsylvania state up, 1992. - dunnill, john. covenant and sacrifice in the letter to the hebrews. cambridge : cambridge up, 1992. - harris, stephen l. understanding the bible. 5th ed. mountain view, ca : mayfield publishing co., 2000. - heschel, abraham j. the prophets. new york : harper & row, 1962. - kiddle, martin. the revelation of saint john. new york : harper & row, 1940. the moffatt new testament commentary. ed. james moffatt. - luther, martin. commentaries on i corinthans 7, 1 corinthians 15, lectures on l timothy. 1523 - 8. saint louis : concordia publishing house, 1973. vol. 28 of luther ' s works. ed. hilton c. oswald. 56 vols. - martin, dale b. the corinthian body. new haven : yale up, 1995. - the new oxford annotated bible : new revised standard version. ed. michael d. coogan. new york : oxford up, 2001. - robinson, john a. t. the body. a study in pauline theology. london : scm press, 1952. - sloyan, gerald. john. interpretation : a bible commentary for teaching and preaching. atlanta : john knox press, 1988. - stewart, james s. a man in christ : the vital elements of st. paul ' s religion. new york : harper, n. d. - taylor, michael j. a companion to paul : readings in pauline theology. new york : alba house, 1975. - ware, kallistos. \" ' my helper and my enemy ' : the body in greek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42849018474697254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2895fc-4b07-4337-bf28-c0adbc18e3b2>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.432574"}
{"text": "parents in the beaver state have higher labor force participation rates than the average across the nation. nationally, 80. 6 percent of parents with children under 18 were in the labor force in 2011, compared with 82. 6 percent in oregon. men ' s participation doesn ' t differ much from the national norm ; 92. 9 percent of oregon dads are in the labor force, just slightly below the national labor force participation rate of 93. 5 percent. the participation rate of oregon women with children under 18, however, is 3 percentage points above the national level ( 73. 5 % vs. the nation ' s 70. 6 % ). labor force participation of parents differs by gender and the age of children. for parents of children under six years of age, there ' s a big difference in the labor force experiences of men versus women. of the men in this group, 93. 4 percent are in the labor force, compared with 68. 5 percent of oregon mothers of children under age six. that female participation rate of 68. 5 percent in oregon is nearly 5 percentage points above the national participation rate of 63. 9 percent for mothers of children under age six. the gender gap in labor force participation is reduced somewhat for parents of children ages six to 17. for men with children ages six to 17, the participation rate was 92. 5 percent in 2011, and 77. 6 percent of oregon women with children in that age range were in the labor force. for people without children under 18, the genders behave far more similarly in their likelihood of labor force participation. men in this group had a participation rate of 62. 4 percent, just over 5 percentage points higher than the women ' s participation rate of 57. 1 percent. married parents show a wider variation in labor force participation between genders ( graph 2 ). married mothers are less likely to work, and married fathers are more likely to work. parents with any other marital status have more similar labor force participation between genders. women with children under age six are the most likely to work part - time, with 39 percent of employed females in this group reporting part - time status ( graph 3 ). men with children under age six were far less likely to work part time, with only 6 percent reporting such schedules. more than one - third of employed women and 8 percent of employed men with children ages six to 17 work part time. once again, for people without children under the age of 18, the employment experiences of the genders are more similar. in this group, 22 percent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45875489189535096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc58940b-10e6-479f-bd81-dba36a966f7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.435715"}
{"text": "ramsar cop8 doc. 30 : ramsar implementation in the oceania region | \" wetlands : water, life, and culture \" | 8th meeting of the conference of the contracting parties to the convention on wetlands ( ramsar, iran, 1971 ) valencia, spain, 18 - 26 november 2002 ramsar cop8 doc. 30 regional overview of the implementation of the convention and its strategic plan 1997 - 2002 : oceania the national reports upon which this overview is based can be consulted on the ramsar web site, on http : / / ramsar. org / cop8 _ nr _ natl _ rpt _ index. htm contracting parties in oceania : australia, new zealand, papua new guinea contracting parties whose national reports are included in this analysis : australia, new zealand, papua new guinea contracting parties yet to submit national reports : none 1. main achievements since cop7 and priorities for 2003 - 2005 1. 1 main achievements since cop7 the nature of the questions in the cop8 national report format, and the content of the answers provided by contracting parties, make it difficult for many topics to be clear about precise achievements since cop7 as opposed to overall current implementation status. nevertheless, the following achievements, some of which reflect continuing activities initiated prior to cop7, can be highlighted : i ) significant progress towards accession by a number of pacific island countries, with accession assistance provided through environment australia ; ii ) implementation and further development in two countries of policy frameworks, in australia also at provincial level, and in wetlands policy and objectives in relation to water management and biodiversity conservation ; iii ) continuing integration of wetland issues into broader - scale resource planning and management ; iv ) continued progress in wetland restoration, and availability of a number of guidance tools for restoration and rehabilitation ; v ) continuing and strong work in involving local communities and indigenous peoples in all aspects of wetland management and decision - making, and recognition of the cultural significance of wetlands ; vi ) increasing private sector involvement in wetland management and monitoring ; vii ) extensive and developing communication, education and public awareness programmes and activities, especially in and through australia ; viii ) directories of important wetlands ( potential ramsar sites ) in place fully ( australia, new zealand ) or partly ( papua new guinea ) and further evaluations underway ; ix ) a 14 % increase since cop7 in the number of designated ramsar sites in the region ; x ) a high proportion of ramsar sites in the region having management planning processes underway and over 60 % of ramsar sites with a management plan or equivalent in place, measures identified to maintain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41632052074695913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.474055"}
{"text": "in the number of designated ramsar sites in the region ; x ) a high proportion of ramsar sites in the region having management planning processes underway and over 60 % of ramsar sites with a management plan or equivalent in place, measures identified to maintain the ecological character of many sites, and site management committees involving local stakeholders in place in 63 % of ramsar sites ; xi ) further development of, and involvement in, actions for shared migratory species, notably waterbirds through the asia - pacific migratory waterbird conservation strategy 2000 - 2005, and further ramsar site twinning arrangements being developed ; xii ) environmental impact assessments required in all three countries for developments with potential for significant impact on wetlands ; xiii ) national ramsar / wetland committees or their equivalent active in all three countries, though with comprehensiveness of membership varying ; and xiv ) training opportunities increased, and training needs assessments further developed. 1. 2 priorities for 2003 - 2005 the 2nd ramsar oceania meeting ( samoa, may 2002 ) identified a number of key challenges and priorities for future implementation of the convention in order to achieve sustainability of wetland resources of the region. in addressing these challenges it is particularly important in the oceania region to recognize the interdependence of people, their cultures and their livelihoods with the wetlands of the region, and to work within the customary and other relevant land tenure systems widespread within the region if effective planning and management of wetlands is to be achieved. specific challenges which need to be addressed through priority future actions include : i ) reversing the degradation and loss of particular wetland types, notably mangroves and coral reefs, and coastal systems generally ; ii ) achieving the sustainable use of wetlands to meet the needs and aspirations of the pacific island countries and territories ; iii ) addressing the impacts of climate change and of invasive species ; iv ) responding to human pressures, especially those driven by the significant economic and social transformations occurring across the region, including pollution and development pressure ; v ) increasing awareness at all levels of government to improve attitudes towards wetlands ( e. g. shifting the continuing perception that wetlands are wastelands ) ; and vi ) reducing threats to endangered species caused by loss of wetland habitat. the 2nd ramsar oceania regional meeting identified as priorities for future action : i ) enhancing technical expertise and training ; ii ) continuing to review and improve legislative and policy frameworks for wetlands ; iii ) obtaining high level support and recognition for wetland issues, including across all sectors of government ; iv ) improving implementation of integrated approaches to natural resource management, including wetlands ; v ) through communication, education and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4388363901525243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.475377"}
{"text": "improve legislative and policy frameworks for wetlands ; iii ) obtaining high level support and recognition for wetland issues, including across all sectors of government ; iv ) improving implementation of integrated approaches to natural resource management, including wetlands ; v ) through communication, education and public awareness, improving public recognition of wetland values and functions ; vi ) increasing cooperation between countries and territories of the region, including the development of linkages between wetland projects ; vii ) increasing access to funding and resources for capacity building for wetland policy and management ; viii ) strengthening existing local wetland management initiatives by ngos, community based organizations ( cbos ), resource owners ( e. g., in managing wildlife management areas ), individual volunteers and other stakeholders ; and ix ) addressing poverty alleviation in the context of environmentally sustainable use and management of wetlands. for contracting parties in the region, the following additional priorities emerge from the implementation review in section 2 below : i ) complete and / or compile wetland inventories ; ii ) make more comprehensive policy, legislation and institutional capacity reviews ; iii ) strengthen the consistent recognition and management of wetlands in relation to broader scale sustainable use policy and management ; iv ) increase private sector involvement in wetland management ; v ) widen development and application of incentive measures for wetlands ; vi ) apply a more fully strategic approach to identification and designation of ramsar sites, in line with resolution vii. 11 ; vii ) continue to develop and implement management planning processes, including ecological character monitoring at all ramsar sites ; ix ) monitor and report changes, or likely changes, in ecological character of all ramsar sites, in line with article 3. 2 of the convention ; x ) improve coordination of implementation of multilateral environmental agreements, including membership in national ramsar / wetland committees, and wide membership of these committees to involve other sectors and stakeholder representatives ; xi ) continue to pursue twinning arrangements between ramsar sites so as to enhance capacity of wetland managers ; xii ) increase project development capacity in developing countries in the region, and enhance collaboration between development assistance agencies and ramsar administrative authorities concerning wetland - related projects ; xiii ) further develop reviews of training needs and opportunities and develop training programmes as necessary ; and xiv ) continue promotion of convention membership and accession assistance amongst pacific island states. 2. implementation activities undertaken since cop7 the following points should be noted in reading the analysis of implementation activities provided below : a ) for brevity, the following abbreviations and acronyms are used regularly throughout this report : cepa, the convention ' s education and public awareness programme ; cop7, the 7th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44068884211403625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.476613"}
{"text": "noted in reading the analysis of implementation activities provided below : a ) for brevity, the following abbreviations and acronyms are used regularly throughout this report : cepa, the convention ' s education and public awareness programme ; cop7, the 7th meeting of the conference of the parties, costa rica, 1999 ; cop8, the 8th meeting of the conference of the parties, spain, 2002 ; cps, contracting parties ; png, papua new guinea ; ris, information sheet on ramsar wetlands ; sgf, ramsar small grants fund. b ) australia ' s cop8 national report includes a substantial amount of additional information, particularly concerning implementation at the state / territory level. for access to this further detail, see http : / / www. ramsar. org / cop8 _ nrs _ australia1 % 2b2. pdf c ) with just three contracting parties, and these with very substantial differences in their stage of implementation, capacity and resourcing for wetland conservation and wise use, it would be misleading to present numerical statistics concerning implementation status in oceania in comparison with other ramsar regions and globally, and in only a few instances in the summaries below are such statistics provided. d ) from the information provided in the format of the current convention work plan and cop8 national report format, implementation is summarized below under each of the topics of the operational objectives of the draft convention ' s strategic plan 2003 - 2008, with the number of the operational objective given in square brackets [.. ]. 2. 1 inventory and assessment a. wetland inventory [ 1. 1 ] no comprehensive national wetland inventory has yet been made by any of the three countries in the region. the reasons for this differ. for papua new guinea there has been a lack of capacity and resources. new zealand experienced technological difficulties in the earlier development of an inventory, but are now planning to resume work : inventory is available for wetlands in five areas. australia notes the major challenges to undertaking such a comprehensive inventory on a continental scale, and particularly the issues of an appropriate inventory method to cover its many important ephemeral wetlands, as well as the challenge of how to incorporate and appropriately address traditional knowledge and information held by indigenous peoples, taking into account their intellectual property rights. although not compiled into a national - scale inventory, australia has undertaken much wetland inventory work at a sub - national scale, for particular bioregions, and at state and territory level, for which wetland inventories have been made or are under way. information is being collated from these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4906703109951435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.477704"}
{"text": "scale inventory, australia has undertaken much wetland inventory work at a sub - national scale, for particular bioregions, and at state and territory level, for which wetland inventories have been made or are under way. information is being collated from these as part of a national land and water resources audit, whose methodology will aid building a national wetland inventory. information on recognized nationally important wetlands, in the directory of important wetlands in australia, is web - accessible. recent inventory work has added 20 further wetlands to this directory, which includes australia ' s external territories, and assessment is underway for a further 15 data - deficient sites. australia ' s directory of important wetlands in australia is available as an on - line searchable database, regularly updated, as well as in hard copy ( 3rd edition, 2001 ). new zealand ' s earlier database of 3000 important wetlands is to be rebuilt in modern software, and a 1996 database of its ' top 100 wetlands of international importance ' can be made available in pdf format. b. wetland assessment [ 1. 2 ] specific questions concerning wetland assessment in the cop8 national report format largely concerned assessing and reporting change in the ecological character of ramsar sites. this topic is covered in section 2. 11. b. 2. 2 policies and legislation, including impact assessment and valuation a. policy instruments for wetland wise use [ 2. 1 ] a national wetland policy or equivalent is in place in australia and new zealand. new zealand has a 1986 national wetland management policy which will shortly be reviewed prior to its replacement and incorporation into a national policy statement on biodiversity 2002. png is intending to establish a working group to initiate development of a national wetland policy by 2005. in australia, a commonwealth wetlands policy with the goal of conserving, repairing and managing wetlands wisely was established in 1997. in addition, there is a national framework for wetland policies in each jurisdiction, with wetland policies already established in western australia, the northern territory, queensland, new south wales and victoria, and policies due for completion by the end of 2002 in the australian capital territory, tasmania and south australia. all state wetland policies reflect implementation of the ramsar convention. concerning incorporating ramsar obligations into national environmental policies and plans, in new zealand these are addressed through the country ' s biodiversity strategy ( 2000 ), and likewise in png ' s national biodiversity strategy and wetlands are also considered in integrated catchment environment management plans. in australia the council of australian governments have agreed the coag water reform framework, designed to improve the efficiency of the water industry and to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43128129325544495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.478805"}
{"text": ", and likewise in png ' s national biodiversity strategy and wetlands are also considered in integrated catchment environment management plans. in australia the council of australian governments have agreed the coag water reform framework, designed to improve the efficiency of the water industry and to arrest the widespread degradation of natural resources, in particular the unsustainable use of freshwater resources. the country ' s ramsar obligations are addressed through this framework. in addition, in 2001 australia launched its national objectives and targets for biodiversity conservation 2001 - 2005, with targets for 10 priority outcomes, all of which contain specific targets for meeting ramsar obligations, including 85 % of ramsar sites with management plans being implemented ( by 2003 ), all jurisdictions with effective legislation and management plans in place to protect nationally significant wetlands ( by 2005 ), and a number of targets for migratory waterbirds and for coastal and marine systems ( see http : / / chm. environment. gov. au ). b. development, review and amendment of policies, legislation, institutions and practices [ 2. 2 ] both new zealand and png report, without any details, having undertaken reviews of laws and institutions related to wetlands. in australia, a review of water resource management was undertaken in the early 1990s, and in the late 1990s a comprehensive review of all commonwealth of australia environmental legislation was begun - two states have already reviewed, and one state and one territory are currently reviewing and reforming, their wetland - related legislation. the reviews have led, or are now leading to, changes in management practice, particularly in relation to water resource management and the recognition in the 1994 water reform framework that the environment is a legitimate \" user \" of water. from their national reports it is not generally clear for the cps in the region to what extent such reviews have led to institutional changes designed to improve wetland conservation and wise use, but there have not been overall resource reviews of the capacity of wetland - related institutions so as to ensure they can implement the convention ( see also section 2. 18 ). reviews of government plans and policies which may affect wetlands have not been undertaken ( png - lack of capacity ) or are incomplete ( australia and new zealand ). in new zealand only the most important influences have been reviewed ( reviews of others are underway ), but some perverse incentives which affect wetlands have been removed. australia ' s reviews have so far focused only on water resource management, but a comprehensive policy review in new south wales will be completed in 2002. specific issues of legislation and policies concerning environmental impact assessment ( eia ) and wetlands are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43599076863079694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.479876"}
{"text": "have been removed. australia ' s reviews have so far focused only on water resource management, but a comprehensive policy review in new south wales will be completed in 2002. specific issues of legislation and policies concerning environmental impact assessment ( eia ) and wetlands are covered in section 2. 15. b. in no cp is economic valuation a specific overall requirement of eia legislation or policies, but in some cases at least in australia socio - economic issues are assessed, and in new south wales tools and methodologies to assist economic valuations are under development. 2. 3 integration of wetland wise use into sustainable development a. methodogies for wetland conservation and wise use [ 3. 1 ] few actions and related questions in the cop8 national report format specifically addressed this issue, but a review of resource materials for wetland management, policies and practices has been partially undertaken by australia ' s wetland information network ( awin ) as part of its cepa work, and further review ( including how to improve access to such materials ) is now being planned. there are very few resource materials yet available in png. b. peatlands [ 3. 2 ] peatlands as a priority wetland ecosystem for attention is a new element of the proposed strategic plan 2003 - 2008. attention to peatlands in the cop8 national report format relates only to a priority for their ramsar site designation as an under - represented wetland type. during the triennium, one new ramsar site designated in australia included peatlands. c. recognition of wetland values and functions [ 3. 3 ] attention to enhancing recognition of wetland values and functions is broadly covered in the cop8 national reports within actions concerning cepa implementation ( see section 2. 9 below ). d. integration of wetland policies into broader planning and management from local to national scales [ 3. 4 ] during the 2000 - 2002 triennium actions relevant to cps concerned integrated management at river basin and coastal zone scales rather than integration at the policy level itself. such management is at least partly practiced in all three oceania cps. png is divided into seven catchments for implementation of integrated catchment management plans. in new zealand integrated resource management approaches applying to the whole country have been required since 1991, but full implementation has been slow to progress through approvals mechanisms. at least 35 % of australia ' s land area is managed through integrated river basin, coastal zone or catchment management approaches, including a number of major cross - border ( i. e. cross - state ) river systems. a new national coastal policy will promote an integrated catchment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45576591556273754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.481888"}
{"text": "of australia ' s land area is managed through integrated river basin, coastal zone or catchment management approaches, including a number of major cross - border ( i. e. cross - state ) river systems. a new national coastal policy will promote an integrated catchment management approach. 2. 4 restoration and rehabilitation [ 4. 1 ] although australia does not have a national - scale assessment of priority wetlands for restoration, a number of inventories are in place or underway which provide status information which can form a basis for this, and detailed work has been undertaken in some areas, notably the murray wetlands, which has developed methodologies for assessing the feasibility and costs / benefits of restoring different wetlands. other significant approaches to wetland restoration are underway for the great barrier reef, department of defence lands, western australia and the national land and water resources audit, though it is noted for this last that precise assessment is hindered by a lack of inventory and monitoring data. as a result of these assessments, australia has a significant number of actions underway implementing wetland restoration at priority sites. wetland restoration priority assessment has not been emphasized in new zealand, and png note that as most of their wetlands are still pristine, this has likewise not been a priority. australia has a large amount of resource information on wetland restoration, including through web sites ( covering case studies, research and general information ), manuals, fact sheets and management plans. these include a 1996 manual of wetlands management ( victoria ), factsheets on e. g. removal of invasive species, protecting riparian zones, and earthworks around aquatic environments ; and three wetland restoration - related publications by land and water australia, downloadable from http : / / www. lwa. gov. au 2. 5 invasive alien species [ 5. 1 ] the cop8 national report format had few questions specific to invasive species, other than concerning the availability of invasives resource material in support of wise use guidelines implementation. australia has a wide range of resource material available to support actions on invasive species, at national, regional and local levels, including, for example, on alien invasive fish, woody and exotic trees along watercourses, and invasive marine algae. wetland risk assessment methodologies have been applied to wetland invasive species, and case studies on mimosa and on cane toads have been prepared as part of the strp ' s work on invasive species. 2. 6 local communities, indigenous people, and cultural values [ 6. 1 ] ensuring and encouraging full involvement of local communities and particularly indigenous peoples in wetland management and decision - making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4346680886378196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.483107"}
{"text": "prepared as part of the strp ' s work on invasive species. 2. 6 local communities, indigenous people, and cultural values [ 6. 1 ] ensuring and encouraging full involvement of local communities and particularly indigenous peoples in wetland management and decision - making is a major and important issue throughout the region, particularly in relation to tribal authorities and customary land tenure. in png local communities are encouraged to manage their own wetlands under the leadership of wildlife management area ( wma ) committees : wmas are protected areas which are managed by the local people of the area. in new zealand the department of conservation works collaboratively with tribal authorities in wetland planning, management and restoration, and are supporting a pilot work to develop partnership projects with a local sub - tribal authority, with the preparation of a consultation plan. australia reports that a wide range of policies and programmes are in place throughout the country which seek to enhance local community and especially indigenous peoples ' involvement. these include the 1997 wetlands policy of the commonwealth of australia, which includes a guiding principle recognizing the importance of the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous peoples and the contribution these can make to a cooperative approach to wetland conservation and wise use. the national wetlands program ( nwp ), one of 21 environmental and natural resource programmes of the natural heritage trust ( nht ), has provided so far aus $ 17 million to promote wetland conservation, restoration and wise use, through direct funding to almost 200 community - based projects. other significant nht initiatives include the waterwatch australia program, providing a community - based volunteer network for water quality monitoring, and the coastcare program, which supports community involvement in the management of coastal and marine wetlands. a number of initiatives and programmes are also underway which encourage indigenous peoples ' wetland management, including the indigenous land management facilitators project, the indigenous protected areas program, the caring for country unit in northern australia, and the community ranger scheme providing access to training and education. however, australia also notes that despite this wealth of initiatives, there remain significant challenges to ensure a full leading role of indigenous peoples in managing their wetlands, rather than remaining only in advisory roles. local communities are encouraged to undertake monitoring of wetlands - in australia approximately one - third of ramsar sites or their catchments are currently being monitored through the waterwatch australia program, and this programme also includes monitoring at many other non - ramsar wetlands. at png ' s two ramsar sites, local communities undertake the management and monitoring through their wildlife management area committees, and in new zealand local communities are encouraged to take interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45631435204327186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.484192"}
{"text": "and this programme also includes monitoring at many other non - ramsar wetlands. at png ' s two ramsar sites, local communities undertake the management and monitoring through their wildlife management area committees, and in new zealand local communities are encouraged to take interest in the health of their wetlands. representatives of local stakeholders are involved in all 33 of australia ' s ramsar sites which have active site management committees, as they are through the wma committees at png ' s two ramsar sites, and for all five of new zealand ' s ramsar sites. many such committees are reported as involving women or women ' s groups. in all three cps in oceania there is recognition and support by government for the application of traditional knowledge and management practices. in australia this includes both legislative frameworks and programmes designed to assist transfer and application of indigenous knowledge, including the indigenous land management facilitators program and indigenous protected areas program. particular focus on ensuring understanding and use of traditional knowledge in wetlands management has been made in kakadu national park, and for the great barrier reef marine park. png ' s wildlife management area committees have been established through legislation specifically to give local people management control of their natural resources. cooperative traditional management partnerships with the maori in new zealand are encouraged by the department of conservation. 2. 7 private sector involvement [ 7. 1 ] a number of policies are in place in australia which aim to increase private sector understanding of wetland values and functions, including through the wetlands policy of the commonwealth of australia, and several government jurisdictions are encouraging improvement of private sector understanding and involvement. the national landcare programme, established in 1992, has been developing public - local community - private sector partnerships and most of its projects are sponsored by the corporate sector. a good example is the link between this programme and the banrock station winery, through which a royalty from sales provide an ongoing income to fund wetland restoration projects. in recognition of the importance and innovation of this and other contributions to improving wetland awareness and management, banrock station has been selected for one of the three 2002 ramsar awards to be presented at cop8. new zealand is currently running a high profile campaign to engage the farming sector in wetland conservation work, and encourages the private sector be nominate their efforts for national wetland awards. png has been encouraging private sector sponsors to support its wetland work, including world wetlands day materials. there are some interesting examples of the private sector becoming involved in wetland monitoring at particular ramsar sites in the region, notably in australia with the ecosystem health montioring program at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43728726432795845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.485424"}
{"text": "private sector sponsors to support its wetland work, including world wetlands day materials. there are some interesting examples of the private sector becoming involved in wetland monitoring at particular ramsar sites in the region, notably in australia with the ecosystem health montioring program at moreton bay rs, which includes all major organizations discharging nitrogen and which includes incentives to encourage improvement in wastewater treatment and recycling ; and in a paper company contributing to monitoring of impacts of their waste discharge, which has led to improvements in discharge quality. in png particularly the mining sector undertake monitoring programmes, whilst in new zealand, although priorities for private sector involvement concern management and restoration more than monitoring per se, a stream monitoring kit and national community group and landowner water quality monitoring programme is being developed. 2. 8 incentives [ 8. 1 ] some review of incentive measures has been undertaken in new zealand and australia, but incentives have not yet been assessed in png. a two - stage review funded by the commonwealth government of australia may provide valuable information on incentives of relevance to other cps both in the region and more widely. the first stage ( completed ) assessed the private and social values of wetlands, evaluated whether landholders ' management strategies met the requirements of society as a whole, and provided recommendations for improvement. the project used surveys, modeling techniques and cost - benefit analyses, and has identified a number of potential changes to institutional frameworks to provide increased incentives, and removal of disincentives, for improved wetland management by private owners. the review ' s second stage, begun in 2001 ( incentive measures - freshwater ecosystems and private landholdings ) is assessing current incentive measures and drawing upon other countries ' experiences. 2. 9 communication, education, and public awareness [ 9. 1 ] the extent of cepa activity varies greatly among the three cps in the region. australia has a wide - ranging programme of cepa activities, new zealand is focusing on local community and indigenous people ' s awareness, and png lacks capacity and expertise to develop cepa. some assessment of regional cepa needs has been made as part of the asia pacific wetland managers training programme, and some training resource materials are already available on wetland management through this programme ( see also section 2. 20 ). in future it is recognized that such assessment can be facilitated through the sprep - ramsar joint work plan. the wetlands centre, australia, is coordinating development of a communications strategy for wetland link international australia, linking australia ' s wetland centres nationally and internationally, and there is also development of a centres and education contacts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43754711319707573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.486566"}
{"text": "sprep - ramsar joint work plan. the wetlands centre, australia, is coordinating development of a communications strategy for wetland link international australia, linking australia ' s wetland centres nationally and internationally, and there is also development of a centres and education contacts network nationally and internationally in relation to the east asian - australasian shorebird flyway, with input to waterbird flyway work also from new zealand. in terms of national cepa task forces and the development of national action plans, new zealand and australia have task forces, with particularly wide membership in australia, who are implementing an action plan, including holding regional workshops and fora, web links to relevant web sites, resource surveys, etc., and a wide range of cepa activities aimed at different target groups, with further initiatives planned for parts of the action plan. australia has a substantial number of wetland centres and other more general centres featuring wetlands, including 13 at ramsar sites, and new zealand has such centres at two of its ramsar sites. png recognizes the potential for establishing centres at its ramsar sites. many centres and museums in australia and new zealand have exhibits featuring wetlands. detailed information on the extent to which wetland issues are incorporated into school curricula is generally lacking, but in australia wetland issues are covered in primary and secondary general science modules - documenting such curriculum activities has been identified as a future task in australia ' s cepa action plan. no cps in the region have made voluntary contributions to support the bureau implementation of the convention ' s outreach programme. australia and new zealand have appointed both government and ngo cepa focal points, and png has appointed a government focal point but not yet an ngo focal point. all ramsar site managers in new zealand, and all but one in australia, have internet access, but the very high communication costs in png have prevented establishing such access for its site managers. 2. 10 designation of ramsar sites a. application of the strategic framework [ 10. 1 ] australia has a directory of important wetlands in australia ( first published 1993, 3rd edition 2001 ), which will continue to be further updated and is now available on - line. its criteria for inclusion of a wetland include some which are different or additional to the ramsar criteria, notably that the wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance. new zealand has identified a significant number of potential ramsar sites in its 1996 directory of wetlands in new zealand - between 73 and over 100 depending upon the degree of clustering of mosaic and linked systems. png has no national wetland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46554398313820167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.487625"}
{"text": "or cultural significance. new zealand has identified a significant number of potential ramsar sites in its 1996 directory of wetlands in new zealand - between 73 and over 100 depending upon the degree of clustering of mosaic and linked systems. png has no national wetland directory, but the 1993 a directory of wetlands in oceania lists 33 wetland sites in the country. a wholly systematic approach to the designation of coherent national networks of ramsar sites, in the sense of that established by the strategic framrwork and guidelines for the future development of the list of wetlands of international importance ( resolution vii. 11 ), does not appear to be fully in place in any of the three oceania cps. however, a number of activities to apply a systematic approach, including active consideration of ways of increasing the range of wetland types and designation of under - represented wetland types ( see also below ), have been undertaken by australia. a systematic assessment of nationally important wetlands in western australia against the ramsar criteria identified 38 wetlands / wetland systems not currently designated but which met ramsar criteria. to date this has led to designation of three new sites and the extension of four existing sites. new zealand has deferred development of a designation list until full community consultation processes, focusing on involvement of the indigenous maori community, have been developed. although png answered \" yes \" to a systematic approach, no further information was provided. so as to progress further ramsar site designations, australia has examined wetlands within the commonwealth government ' s jurisdiction, and riss have been prepared for a further two sites, with another under consideration. wwf - australia has also been funded to promote site designations in remote parts of the country, and australia has funded work to assist non - parties in oceania towards accession, including first site designations, also funding wetlands international to assist technically in documenting candidate sites in the region. at cop7 ( resolution vii. 12 ), oceania cps indicated that the following site designations were planned for the 2000 - 2002 triennium : australia 4 sites ; new zealand 3 sites, and papua new guinea 2 sites. since cop7, a total of eight new ramsar sites have been designated in the oceania region ( all in australia ), and four other ramsar sites in australia have been extended, covering a total additional area of 179, 372 ha. this represents a 14 % increase in the number of sites, but only a 3 % increase in total area of designated sites, since cop7. thus australia has exceeded its cop8 target for designations, but the targets have not been achieved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4573825365509263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.488690"}
{"text": "and one site in png. improved quality of ramsar site maps is needed for two sites in new zealand and one in png. 2. 11 management planning and monitoring of ramsar sites a. maintenance of the ecological character of all ramsar sites [ 11. 1 ] measures to maintain the ecological character of ramsar sites are understood for some ramsar sites in the region, and documented for some of these. in new zealand they are understood for three sites, but have not been documented separately. australia has appropriate measures documented for 21 ( 37 % ) of its 57 ramsar sites. png reported that measures were documented, but provided no explanatory information. questions and answers in the cop8 national report format concerning the status of management plans in ramsar sites have proved generally difficult to interpret. none of the three cps have management plans in place for all ramsar sites ( cf. 20 % of cps globally ). overall, site management plans are reported as in place for 39 ( 61 % ) of ramsar sites in the region, but management planning processes are underway at a larger number of sites. new zealand has a site management plan for one site ( farewell spit ), but with management planning for its other three sites forming part of broader - scale catchment and / or coastal zone planning and management processes. png ' s two sites do not have specific management plans, since management of the sites is implemented through their local communities ' wildlife management area processes. australia has no management plans in place for 19 sites, but plans are in preparation for eight of these, and plans are being implemented in a total of 28 sites. management planning for a number of sites forms part of broader - scale protected areas management. australia notes that most state / territory government agencies with ramsar site management planning responsibilities consider that insufficient resources are being allocated for this work. zoning measures are reported as in place for 17 % of the region ' s ramsar sites, all in australia. zonation measures are applied to ramsar site management as appropriate in australia, although some states do not apply formal zoning systems. the approach and extent of zoning required necessarily varies considerably depending upon the issues and nature of land tenure of sites, with zoning being regarded has having been a useful management tool for several sites. overall, zoning measures are reported for 11 of australia ' s 57 ramsar sites. png lacks capacity for development and implementation of zoning. in new zealand, precise zoning has been vigorously discouraged since 1991 in favour of a range of planning - based controls,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45890720666487467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.491016"}
{"text": ", zoning measures are reported for 11 of australia ' s 57 ramsar sites. png lacks capacity for development and implementation of zoning. in new zealand, precise zoning has been vigorously discouraged since 1991 in favour of a range of planning - based controls, with some success reported particularly where the sensitivity of an area requires strict protection. strict protection measures to regulate activities in wetlands have been applied by two cps ( australia and new zealand ), with such measure used in the management of 37 ( 58 % ) of ramsar sites in the region. new zealand notes that strict protection measures, whilst necessary, are not always sufficient alone and need to be combined with active management. in both australia and new zealand, strict protection measures are applied to both designated ramsar sites and other wetlands. all three cps have site management committees established at some ( australia, 58 % of sites ) or all ( new zealand and png ) of their ramsar sites : overall 63 % of sites have committees or their equivalent. local stakeholder representatives are involved in all such committees. b. monitoring the condition of ramsar sites, including application of article 3. 2 and montreux record ) [ 11. 2 ] regular reviews to identify factors potentially altering the ecological character of ramsar sites are undertaken by australia and new zealand, whilst resource limitations have precluded this in png other than for one ramsar site through an sgf2001 project. detailed information on changes in ecological character for each ramsar site is provided in australia ' s national report. in victoria, for example, australia notes that there has been little or no further change in ecological character at most ramsar sites since 1982, although long - term threats require ongoing management and restoration initiatives. new zealand has undertaken specific assessment work to assess threats at several sites, as the basis for management responses. australia reports that change or likely change in ecological character has occurred in at least 20 ramsar sites, in many concerning changes in water quantity and quality ( including increasing salinity ) and invasive species, and lists a number of actions taken to address these threats. article 3. 2 of the convention requires cps who detect change or likely change in ecological character in a ramsar site to report this, without delay, to the ramsar bureau. notwithstanding the information provided by australia in its cop8 national report it appears that, in oceania as is the case for other regions, reporting mechanisms are not in place to inform the bureau, since such article 3. 2 reports continue to be almost wholly received from third - parties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4536203109974628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.492108"}
{"text": "by australia in its cop8 national report it appears that, in oceania as is the case for other regions, reporting mechanisms are not in place to inform the bureau, since such article 3. 2 reports continue to be almost wholly received from third - parties and not from administrative authorities. although there are no comprehensive systematic monitoring programmes in place in australia, monitoring of at least some features is undertaken at 37 of its ramsar sites. australia has recently undertaken work on how to more precisely define and document ' ecological character ' as the basis for improving monitoring for change in ecological character, through a pilot project to develop descriptions of the ecological character of eight ramsar sites and work to assess the degree of acceptable change in character for each site. this work will not only assist australia in developing clearer ecological character descriptions for sites, but also has considerable relevance for developing methods that are globally applicable. no ramsar sites in oceania are listed on the montreux record. 2. 12. management of shared water resources, wetlands and wetland species a. inventory and integrated management of shared wetlands and hydrological basins [ 12. 1 ] as islands, such transboundary approaches at national scale are not relevant for new zealand and australia. however, australia ' s integrated river basin, coastal zone and catchment management approaches include a number of major cross - border ( i. e. cross - state ) river systems. b. cooperative monitoring and management of shared wetland - dependent species [ 12. 2 ] questions in the cop8 national report format related only to national - scale monitoring rather than international cooperation on such monitoring and management. png has no resources for waterbird or other wetland - dependent species monitoring. new zealand notes that there is no statutory requirement or financial incentive for such monitoring, but that there is some monitoring of waders and other waterbirds. its focus is largely on endangered or threatened endemic species, but regular wader counts are also undertaken by ngos. in australia, waterbird population monitoring is a priority for groups linked to the national ngo birds australia, which coordinates data collection by around 9, 500 people. a second atlas of australian birds is being compiled, with a special component on monitoring wetlands and waterbirds. the australasian wader studies group is monitoring wader populations throughout the country, with additional surveys ( also by wetlands international ) in remote areas. at international scale, environment australia is supporting wetlands international in a review and updating of wader population estimates for the east asian - australasian flyway. also on an international scale, the implementation of the asia -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4639621679520984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.493161"}
{"text": "international ) in remote areas. at international scale, environment australia is supporting wetlands international in a review and updating of wader population estimates for the east asian - australasian flyway. also on an international scale, the implementation of the asia - pacific migratory waterbird conservation strategy 2000 - 2005 and the development of its three flyway site networks ( for anatidae, cranes, and shorebirds ( waders ) ) contributes to shared management of migratory waterbirds. c. support and promotion of regional arrangements under the convention [ 12. 3 ] none currently relevant to the oceania region. 2. 13 collaboration with other multilateral environmental agreements and institutions [ 13. 1 ] australia has a national level inter - departmental committee on wetlands ( idc ) with a broad membership of different sectors, meeting as necessary to discuss ramsar implementation issues ( and also those concerning bilateral migratory waterbird agreements ). from the national report it is not clear to what extent links have been established between focal points of the different meas. new zealand does not regard such national - level coordination as a priority, and png lacks the capacity to do this. no cp in the region reports having specifically reviewed the cbd - ramsar joint work plan to identify priority areas of cooperation for implementation at the national level, but both australia and new zealand report that wetland issues are linked to their national biodiversity strategic action plan ( nbsap ) developed for cbd implementation. 2. 14 sharing of expertise and information [ 14. 1 ] no cps report exchange of information, technical assistance or expertise with regard to south - south cooperation, although australia ' s support to oceania small island states, through wetlands international and others, for identification and designation of ramsar sites and related work could be regarded as such activity. two australian ramsar sites are twinned with wetland sites in japan, and png is developing a twinning arrangement to support capacity building for enhanced management between their tondu wildlife management area and a site in each of indonesia and australia. 2. 15 financing the conservation and wise use of wetlands a. promoting international assistance to support the conservation and wise use of wetlands [ 15. 1 ] png reports a lack of capacity to prepare project proposals for submission to funding agencies, but two sgf projects have supported ramsar implementation, and capacity building and wetland inventory training has been supported by the evian foundation through the ramsar bureau and through a number of australian funding organizations. the programme of work on asia - pacific migratory waterbirds has core funding support from australia and japan. ausaid alloca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4404404291536935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.494161"}
{"text": "and wetland inventory training has been supported by the evian foundation through the ramsar bureau and through a number of australian funding organizations. the programme of work on asia - pacific migratory waterbirds has core funding support from australia and japan. ausaid allocates funding to wetland - related activities as a development priority, provided they are linked to poverty reduction and achieving sustainable development. during 2000 - 2001 ausaid funding for wetland - related work amounted to aus $ 7. 3 million. australia also contributes funding to multilateral donor agencies which include wetlands in their mandate. new zealand report no regular wetlands funding - projects are assessed on their individual merits. png acts as the south pacific representative to the gef council, and australia is represented on gef council as part of the australia / new zealand / republic of korea constituency. b. environmental safeguards and assessments as part of all development projects ( including foreign and domestic investments ) affecting wetlands [ 15. 2 ] environmental impact assessments are required generally for development projects affecting wetlands if they are of national environmental significance in australia - state and territory jurisdictions have additional legislation concerning specific types of activity in wetlands that require eia, but these vary between different jurisdictions. both new zealand and png report that eias are required for activities potentially affecting wetlands, but provide no details. specific requirements concerning requirement for eias for proposed activities which could affect the ecological character of ramsar sites are not reported by new zealand or png. prior to 2000 there was no such process in australia, but with the coming into force of its environment protection and biodiversity conservation act, ramsar sites are afforded special protection status and eia is required for any action which will have, or is likely to have, a significant impact on the ecological character of a ramsar site. significance criteria have been developed to assist in determining what is a significant impact. 2. 16 financing of the convention [ 16. 1 ] australia and new zealand are up to date with their annual dues payments to the convention. payments have not been received from png for the years 1999 onwards. no oceania country makes regular voluntary contributions to the sgf ( and noted as not a priority by new zealand ). australia has provided additional financial support for convention implementation in oceania through a number of initiatives, including the asia pacific wetlands managers training programme, to wetlands international for the pacific islands liaison officer, and funding to assist pre - accession countries and for the development of the ramsar - sprep moc and joint work plan. australia also funded the 2nd oceania ramsar regional meeting ( samoa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41437537174369404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.495216"}
{"text": ", to wetlands international for the pacific islands liaison officer, and funding to assist pre - accession countries and for the development of the ramsar - sprep moc and joint work plan. australia also funded the 2nd oceania ramsar regional meeting ( samoa, may 2002 ). no country has made voluntary contributions to the convention ' s outreach programme, but report having provided in - kind outreach support particularly in relation to world wetlands day activities. 2. 17 institutional mechanisms of the convention [ 17. 1 ] no cop8 national report format answers were specifically requested on this topic. all three oceania cps have nominated national focal points for the scientific and technical review panel. australia and new zealand have nominated both governmental and non - governmental cepa focal points, but png has yet to nominate its ngo cepa focal point. 2. 18 institutional and financial capacity of contracting parties [ 18. 1 ] training - related capacity is covered under section 2. 20. below. new zealand has not reviewed national institutions related to wetlands so as to ensure that resources are available to implement the convention, and does not consider this a priority. although australia has not conducted such a review, it has established a number of mechanisms at high level to coordinate natural resource management issues, including jointly with new zealand ( the natural resource management ministerial council - nrmmc ), at whose first meeting it was agreed that wetland and migratory waterbird issues would be a standing agenda item. it is anticipated that capacity and resource reviews will be soon undertaken by a number of australian states, and in victoria annual resource reviews are undertaken. png has recognized the need for a wetlands support officer in its ministry responsible for the convention and this post has been established, initially under sgf funding. national ramsar / wetland committees or their equivalents have been established in each of the three oceania cps. in png, this committee is formed only of representatives from the department of environment and conservation, but operates closely with wetlands international, and it is planned to widen this to a cross - sectoral national wetlands committee. new zealand ' s committee involves several ministries, local government, farmers and, since recently, the leading natural environment ngo. australia ' s wetlands and migratory shorebirds taskforce provides specialist advice to the nrmmc and comprises only governmental conservation agency representatives - although ramsar international organization partners generally attend as observers, it does not include other ngos or stakeholder representatives as it is convened under a ministerial council structure. mechanisms for the coordinated implementation of the ramsar convention in relation to other multilateral environmental agreements appear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42776809241504476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.496399"}
{"text": "although ramsar international organization partners generally attend as observers, it does not include other ngos or stakeholder representatives as it is convened under a ministerial council structure. mechanisms for the coordinated implementation of the ramsar convention in relation to other multilateral environmental agreements appear so far limited in the region ( see also section 2. 13 above ). in australia, funds for wetland conservation and wise use are allocated by commonwealth, state and territory governments. at commonwealth level, funding is made through the national wetlands program. some states also have specific wetlands programmes funded as part of a broader allocation for the environment, although others do not have a specific budget line for wetlands. new zealand funds wetlands work through its 2000 biodiversity strategy and purchase agreements by government agencies. png did not provide details of wetland funding allocations. 2. 19 working with international organization partners ( iops ) and others [ 19. 1 ] although no specific questions were asked in the cop8 national report format, in a number of parts of their national reports australia and png indicate a close working relationship with the convention ' s iops, e. g. through involvement in national wetland committees, in waterbird and flyway activities, and in technical and policy assistance to pacific island states in preparing for accession to the convention. iops are also assisting in on - the - ground wetland training and conservation delivery. 2. 20 training [ 20. 1 ] analysis of training needs is not a priority in new zealand, and png lacks appropriately trained personnel to make such an analysis - png has informally identified training needs, however, and this has led to training exercises being conducted by wetlands international. in australia a broad training needs and opportunities analysis, focusing on wetland managers, has been made but overall training needs analyses have not been done at commonwealth or state level. training needs and opportunities have been assessed also for a number of specific issues, and a variety of courses on different aspects of wetlands, and for different personnel levels, have been held, including through the asia pacific wetland managers training program. through this, a training gap has been recognized in wetland management training targeted for indigenous peoples, in australia and throughout the region. a survey of wetland education resources, to be made as part of the cepa action plan ( see section 2. 9 above ), should identify a significant part of available training opportunities. on - the - job training and exchanges for wetland managers to enhance their capacity has taken place in a number of ways in australia, both within states and through some international exchanges. manager exchange training takes place within the department", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.439999080544293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.498722"}
{"text": "significant part of available training opportunities. on - the - job training and exchanges for wetland managers to enhance their capacity has taken place in a number of ways in australia, both within states and through some international exchanges. manager exchange training takes place within the department of conservation in new zealand, but no such training has been undertaken in png. although not established in a manner comparable to the project - based wetlands for the future initiative, the asia pacific wetland managers training program has contributed aus $ 800, 000 to manager training in the region during the 2000 - 2002 triennium. 2. 21 membership of the convention [ 21. 1 ] no new cps from oceania have joined the convention so far during this triennium. however, at the time of writing several pacific island states are actively progressing their accession processes, notably palau ( accession papers completed ), fiji, samoa, the cook islands, the marshall islands, the solomon islands, and vanuatu. this process has been assisted and supported by australia through funding to wetlands international and to former ramsar bureau deputy secretary general bill phillips, with additional support from the world wide fund for nature. new zealand has not reported taking any actions to encourage new cps, but png has used attendance at meetings to share its experiences in joining the convention with non - parties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41369592768193875, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bf0de81-9d05-410f-be2b-5a4d65aca9db>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.501449"}
{"text": "daniel botkin, emeritus professor of ecology at uc santa barbara, argues in the wall street journal ( oct 17, page a19 ) that global warming will not have much impact on life on earth. we \u2019 ll summarize some of his points and then take our turn : botkin : the warm climates in the past 2. 5 million years did not lead to extinctions. response : for the past 2. 5 million years the climate has oscillated between interglacials which were ( at most ) a little warmer than today and glacials which were considerably colder than today. there is no precedent in the past 2. 5 million years for so much warming so fast. the ecosystem has had 2. 5 million years to adapt to glacial - interglacial swings, but we are asking it to adapt to a completely new climate in just a few centuries. the past is not a very good analog for the future in this case. and anyway, the human species can suffer quite a bit before we start talking extinction. botkin : tropical diseases are affected by other things besides temperature response : i \u2019 m personally more worried about dust bowls than malaria in the temperate latitudes. droughts don \u2019 t lead to too many extinctions either, but they can destroy civilizations. it is true that tropical diseases are affected by many things besides temperature, but temperature is important, and the coming warming is certainly not going to make the fight against malaria any easier. botkin : kilimanjaro again. response : been there, done that. the article botkin cites is from american scientist, an unreviewed pop science magazine, and it is mainly a rehash of old arguments that have been discussed and disposed of elsewhere. and anyway, the issue is a red - herring. even if it turned out that for some bizarre reason the kilimanjaro glacier, which is thousands of years old, picked just this moment to melt purely by coincidence, it would not in any way affect the validity of our prediction of future warming. glaciers are melting around the world, confirming the general warming trends that we measure. there are also many other confirmations of the physics behind the predictions. it \u2019 s a case of attacking the science by attacking an icon, rather than taking on the underlying scientific arguments directly. botkin : the medieval optimum was a good time response : maybe it was, if you \u2019 re interested in europe and don \u2019 t mind the droughts in the american southwest. but the business - as - usual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4671373759400935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e427ac79-68aa-493b-b504-a5492682a6f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.519758"}
{"text": "the underlying scientific arguments directly. botkin : the medieval optimum was a good time response : maybe it was, if you \u2019 re interested in europe and don \u2019 t mind the droughts in the american southwest. but the business - as - usual forecast for 2100 is an entirely different beast than the medieval climate. the earth is already probably warmer than it was in medieval times. beware the bait and switch! botkin argues for clear - thinking rationality in the discussion about anthropogenic climate change, against twisting the truth, as it were. we couldn \u2019 t agree more. doctor, heal thyself. for years the wall street journal has been lying to you about the existence of global warming. it doesn \u2019 t exist, it \u2019 s a conspiracy, the satellites show it \u2019 s just urban heat islands, it \u2019 s not co2, it \u2019 s all the sun, it \u2019 s water vapor, and on and on. now that those arguments are losing traction, they have moved on from denying global warming \u2019 s existence to soothing you with reassurances that it ain \u2019 t gonna be such a bad thing. fool me once, shame on \u2026 shame on you. fool me \u2013 you can \u2019 t get fooled again. - george w. bush", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49044445301461503, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e427ac79-68aa-493b-b504-a5492682a6f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.520682"}
{"text": "last week we proposed a bet against the \u201c pause in global warming \u201d forecast in nature by keenlyside et al. and we promised to present our scientific case later \u2013 so here it is. this is why we do not think that the forecast is robust : figure 4 from keenlyside et al \u2019 08. the red line shows the observations ( hadcru3 data ), the black line a standard ipcc - type scenario ( driven by observed forcing up to the year 2000, and by the a1b emission scenario thereafter ), and the green dots with bars show individual forecasts with initialised sea surface temperatures. all are given as 10 - year averages. - their figure 4 shows that a standard ipcc - type global warming scenario performs slightly better for global mean temperature for the past 50 years than their new method with initialised sea surface temperatures ( see also the correlation numbers given at the top of the panel ). that the standard warming scenario performs better is highly remarkable since it has no observed data included. the green curve, which presents a set of individual 10 - year forecasts and is not a time series, each time starts again close to the observed climate, because it is initialised with observed sea surface temperatures. so by construction it cannot get too far away, in contrast to the \u201c free \u201d black scenario. thus you \u2019 d expect the green forecasts to perform better than the black scenario. the fact that this is not the case shows that their initialisation technique does not improve the model forecast for global temperature. - their \u2018 cooling forecasts \u2019 have not passed a the test for their hindcast period. global 10 - year average temperatures have increased monotonically during the entire time they consider \u2013 see their red line. but the method seems to have produced already two false cooling forecasts : one for the decade centered on 1970, and one for the decade centered on 1999. - their forecast was not only too cold for 1994 - 2004, but it also looks almost certain to be too cold for 2000 - 2010. for their forecast for 2000 - 2010 to be correct, all the remaining months of this period would have to be as cold as january 2008 \u2013 which was by far the coldest month in that decade thus far. it would thus require an extreme cooling for the next two - and - a - half years. - even for european temperatures ( their fig. 3c, not part of our proposed bet ), the forecast skill of their method is not impressive. their method has predicted cooling several times since 1970, yet the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5109070901679813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f973850b-0d59-4abe-934c-cc3630e05790>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.559036"}
{"text": "- and - a - half years. - even for european temperatures ( their fig. 3c, not part of our proposed bet ), the forecast skill of their method is not impressive. their method has predicted cooling several times since 1970, yet the european temperatures have increased monotonically since then. remember the forecasts always start near the red line ; almost every single prediction for europe has turned out to be too cold compared to what actually happened. there therefore appears to be a systematic bias in the forecasts. - one of the key claims of the paper is that the method allows forecasting the behaviour of the meridional overturning circulation ( moc ) in the atlantic. we do not know what the moc has actually been doing for lack of data, so the authors diagnose the state of the moc from the sea surface temperatures \u2013 to put it simply : a warm northern atlantic suggests strong moc, a cool one suggests weak moc ( though it is of course a little more complex ). their method nudges the model \u2019 s sea surface temperatures towards the observed ones before the forecast starts. but can this induce the correct moc response? suppose the model surface atlantic is too cold, so this would suggest the moc is too weak. the model surface temperatures are then nudged warmer. but if you do that, you are making surface waters more buoyant, which tends to weaken the moc instead of enhancing it! so with this method it seems unlikely to us that one could get the moc response right. we would be happy to see this tested in a \u2018 perfect model \u2019 set up, where the sst - restoring was applied to try and get the model forecasts to match a previous simulation ( where you know much more information ). if it doesn \u2019 t work for that case, it won \u2019 t work in the real world. - when models are switched over from being driven by observed sea surface temperatures to freely calculating their own sea surface temperatures, they suffer from something called a \u201c coupling shock \u201d. this is extremely hard, perhaps even impossible, to avoid as \u201c perfect model \u201d experiments have shown ( e. g. rahmstorf, climate dynamics 1995 ). this problem presents a formidable challenge for the type of forecast attempted by keenlyside et al., where just such a \u201c switching over \u201d to free sea surface temperatures occurs at the start of the forecast. in response to the \u201c coupling shock \u201d, a model typically goes through an oscillation of the meridional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5447237525447709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f973850b-0d59-4abe-934c-cc3630e05790>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.560453"}
{"text": "see yesterday \u2019 s post. this suggests that the global cooling forecast by keenlyside et al. is outside the range of natural variability found in climate models ( and probably in the real world, too ), and is perhaps an artifact of the initialisation method. our assessment could of course be wrong \u2013 we had to rely on the published material, while keenlyside et al. have access to the full model data and have worked with it for months. but the nice thing about this forecast is that within a few years we will know the answer, because these are testable short term predictions which we are happy to see more of. why did we propose a bet on this forecast? mainly because we were concerned by the global media coverage which made it appear as if a coming pause in global warming was almost a given fact, rather than an experimental forecast. this could backfire against the whole climate science community if the forecast turns out to be wrong. even today, the fact that a few scientists predicted a global cooling in the 1970s is still used to undermine the credibility of climate science, even though at the time it was just a small minority of scientists making such claims and they never convinced many of their peers. if different groups of scientists have a public bet running on this, this will signal to the public that this forecast is not a widely supported consensus of the climate science community, in contrast to the ipcc reports ( about which we are in complete agreement with keenlyside and his colleagues ). some media reports even suggested that the ipcc scenarios were now superseded by this \u201c improved \u201d forecast. framing this in the form of a bet also helps to clarify what exactly was forecast and what data would falsify this forecast. this was not entirely clear to us just from the paper and it took us some correspondence with the authors to find out. it also allows the authors to say : wait, this is not how we meant the forecast, but we would bet on a modified forecast as follows \u2026 by the way, we are happy to negotiate what to bet about \u2013 we \u2019 re not doing this to make money. we \u2019 d be happy to bet about, say, a donation to a project to preserve the rain forest, or retiring a hundred tons of co2 from the european emissions trading market. we thus hope that this discussion will help to clarify the issues, and we invite keenlyside et al. to a guest post here ( and at klimalounge ) to give their view of the matter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5483532378415661, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f973850b-0d59-4abe-934c-cc3630e05790>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.563535"}
{"text": "how to : organize kids \u2019 schoolwork what you need follow these four easy steps purchase as many plastic containers as you have school - age children. choose deep lidded containers that are big enough to lay schoolwork and standard - size artwork flat. label each bin with the child \u2019 s name and grade. if you wish, you can add the names of classroom and art teachers. tip : select containers that come in different colors and designate one color per child. when your child comes home with art or class work, simply drop it in the bin, discarding anything you don \u2019 t wish to save. aha! the only surefire way to preserve your children \u2019 s most special works of art is to frame them using acid - free matting and uv - filtering glass. for items that can \u2019 t be saved \u2014 dioramas or collages made with food products such as macaroni \u2014 and for oversize artwork that doesn \u2019 t fit in the bin, snap a photograph, print it, and pop it in the bin. tip : consider asking your child to hold or stand next to the art project you \u2019 re photographing. the resulting image will bring back even clearer memories of a particular time in your child \u2019 s life. when the school year is over and you have the time and inclination, open the bin and leaf through everything you \u2019 ve saved. you can reminisce while deciding what \u2019 s worth saving for good and what can be discarded. when you \u2019 re finished, close the lid securely and store the bin with the label facing outward.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4256152080363408, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96298532-92ff-4198-9e68-552ef400f03f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.566469"}
{"text": "a tuber vegetable originating from central america that is typically referred to as either a sweet potato or yam in the u. s. it is common for food stores to display and people to refer to the sweet potato as a yam, when it is actually a sweet potato. grilling is a cooking method that uses a dry heat that quickly cooks the surface and then slowly moves to the middle of the meat. when grilled properly, the meat will have a crisp flavorful outside coating with a moist center. grilling infuses the pork with a smoky flavor from the meat juices that drip during the grilling process. potato preparation | grilling potatoes | grilling tips preparing potatoes for grilling skins on | skins off the skin of a potato is edible, so the potato can be prepared with the skins on or with the skins off. pork cooking times and temperatures are extremely important when cooking pork. the optimum flavor and tenderness of various cuts of pork can be consistently achieved when care is taken to follow the recommended pork cooking time and temperature guidelines. tools for preparation | potato preparation | potato cooking | tips the most popular tuber vegetable in the world. it is available in hundreds of varieties, which vary in size, shape, taste, color, and starch content. a small potato blend made from a mixture of ingredients that are formed into various shapes such as stars, baskets, crowns, roses, leaves, or uniquely shaped patties to be served as a garnish to accompany meats and poultry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4463659313795285, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2fc79f5d-5a9f-47a9-8a24-9fb833ee1ead>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.575647"}
{"text": "parasitic wasp genome released parasitic wasps kill pest insects, but their existence is largely unknown to the public. now, scientists led by john h. werren, professor of biology at the university of rochester, and stephen richards at the genome sequencing center at the baylor college of medicine have sequenced the genomes of three parasitoid wasp species, revealing many features that could be useful to pest control and medicine, and to enhance our understanding of genetics and evolution. the study appears in the jan. 15 issue of science. \" parasitic wasps attack and kill pest insects, but many of them are smaller than the head of a pin, so people don \u2019 t even notice them or know of their important role in keeping pest numbers down, \" says werren. \" there are over 600, 000 species of these amazing critters, and we owe them a lot. if it weren \u2019 t for parasitoids and other natural enemies, we would be knee - deep in pest insects. \" parasitoid wasps are like \" smart bombs \" that seek out and kill only specific kinds of insects, says werren. \" therefore, if we can harness their full potential, they would be vastly preferable to chemical pesticides, which broadly kill or poison many organisms in the environment, including us. \" the three wasp genomes werren and richards sequenced are in the wasp genus nasonia, which is considered the \" lab rat \" of parasitoid insects. among the future applications of the nasonia genomes that could be of use in pest control is identification of genes that determine which insects a parasitoid will attack, identification of dietary needs of parasitoids to assist in economical, large - scale rearing of parasitoids, and identification of parasitoid venoms that could be used in pest control. because parasitoid venoms manipulate cell physiology in diverse ways, they also may provide an unexpected source for new drug development. in addition to being useful for controlling pests and offering promising venoms, the wasps could act as a new genetic system with a number of unique advantages. fruit flies have been the standard model for genetic studies for decades, largely because they are small, can be grown easily in a laboratory, and reproduce quickly. nasonia share these traits, but male nasonia have only one set of chromosomes, instead of two sets like fruit flies and people. \" a single set of chromosomes, which is more commonly found in lower single - celled organisms such as yeast, is a handy genetic tool, particularly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44842499276541103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47f59705-072b-4333-866a-a93859662fdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.581991"}
{"text": "male nasonia have only one set of chromosomes, instead of two sets like fruit flies and people. \" a single set of chromosomes, which is more commonly found in lower single - celled organisms such as yeast, is a handy genetic tool, particularly for studying how genes interact with each other, \" says werren. unlike fruit flies, these wasps also modify their dna in ways similar to humans and other vertebrates \u201d \u201d a process called \" methylation, \" which plays an important role in regulating how genes are turned on and off during development. \" in human genetics we are trying to understand the genetic basis for quantitative differences between people such as height, drug interactions and susceptibility to disease, \" says richards. \" these genome sequences combined with haploid - diploid genetics of nasonia allow us to cheaply and easily answer these important questions in an insect system, and then follow up any insights in humans. \" the wasps have an additional advantage in that closely related species of nasonia can be cross - bred, facilitating the identification of genes involved in species \u2019 differences. \" because we have sequenced the genomes of three closely related species, we are able to study what changes have occurred during the divergence of these species from one another, \" says werren. \" one of the interesting findings is that dna of mitochondria, a small organelle that \u2018 powers \u2019 the cell in organisms as diverse as yeast and people, evolves very fast in nasonia. because of this, the genes of the cell \u2019 s nucleus that encode proteins for the mitochondria must also evolve quickly to \u2018 keep up. \u2019 \" it is these co - adapting gene sets that appear to cause problems in hybrids when the species mate with each other. research groups are now busy trying to figure out what specific kinds of interactions go wrong in the hybrid offspring. since mitochondria are involved in a number of human diseases, as well as fertility and aging, the rapidly evolving mitochondria of nasonia and coadapting nuclear genes could be useful research tools to investigate these processes. a second startling discovery is that nasonia has been picking up and using genes from bacteria and pox viruses ( e. g. relatives of the human smallpox virus ). \" we don \u2019 t yet know what these genes are doing in nasonia, \" says werren, \" but the acquisition of genes from bacteria and viruses could be an important mechanism for evolutionary innovation in animals, and this is a striking potential example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5103193417768668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47f59705-072b-4333-866a-a93859662fdf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.583423"}
{"text": "\" we don \u2019 t yet know what these genes are doing in nasonia, \" says werren, \" but the acquisition of genes from bacteria and viruses could be an important mechanism for evolutionary innovation in animals, and this is a striking potential example. \" a companion paper to the science study, published today in plos genetics, reports the first identification of the dna responsible for a quantitative trait gene in nasonia, and heralds nasonia joining the ranks of model genetic systems. the study reveals that changes in \" non - coding dna, \" the portion that does not make proteins but can regulate expression of genes, causes a large developmental difference between closely related species of nasonia. this finding relates to an important ongoing controversy in evolution \u201c \u201c whether differences between species are due mostly to protein changes or regulatory changes. \" emerging from these genome studies are a lot of opportunities for exploiting nasonia in topics ranging from pest control to medicine, genetics, and evolution, \" says werren. \" however, the community of scientists working on nasonia is still relatively small. that is why we are hoping that more scientists will see the utility of these insects, and join in efforts to exploit their potential. \" image 1 : nasonia female. credit : michael e. clark / university of rochester image 2 : chris desjarding and jack werren compare parasitic wasps ( tiny insects in upper tube ) to their hosts flies ( in the lower tube ). credit : university of rochester on the net :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5047220809412961, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47f59705-072b-4333-866a-a93859662fdf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.584246"}
{"text": "amebas constantly change the shape of their bodies as a result of the phenomenon known as ameboid movement, involving the formation of temporary extensions ( pseudopodia, or false feet ) of the body. pseudopodia, used in locomotion and feeding, may be rounded at the tip ( lobopodia ), pointed ( filopodia ), branched and fused together ( rhizopodia ), or somewhat rigid and pointed ( axopodia ). although simple in form, amebas are very successful organisms and are found abundantly in a variety of habitats all over the world. amebas live in freshwater, the oceans, and in the upper layers of the soil, and many have adapted to a parasitic life on the body surface of aquatic animals or in the internal organs of both aquatic and terrestrial animals. few animals escape invasion by some type of ameba. some are harmless, but others are pathogenic and cause serious diseases ; e. g., entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery, which is fatal if untreated. the many genera of amebas were given their common name because of their resemblance to the genus amoeba ( order amoebida ), which includes several large, common species of which the freshwater amoeba proteus is the most familiar. the term ameba is sometimes also used to refer to other unicellular protists ( e. g., slime molds ) that have ameboid features such as pseudopodia. other ameboid protozoans of the phylum sarcodina include the marine radiolarians, which form silicate skeletons ; their freshwater counterparts, the heliozoans ; and the shell - bearing foraminiferans. in a process known as phagocytosis, amebas engulf their prey, or particles of appropriate size, with their pseudopodia, forming food vacuoles. digestive enzymes, manufactured and secreted by the organism, are then poured into these vacuoles, and the particles are digested. useful compounds are subsequently absorbed into the ameba ' s body. useless residues remain in the vacuoles and are ultimately expelled ( egested ) as the vacuole comes in contact with the membrane at the body surface. amebas can distinguish food ( e. g., algae, diatoms, bacteria, and other protozoans ) from other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4941123641427616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85241cda-3c5f-4897-883b-170d37f3bf96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.587145"}
{"text": "expelled ( egested ) as the vacuole comes in contact with the membrane at the body surface. amebas can distinguish food ( e. g., algae, diatoms, bacteria, and other protozoans ) from other material and use different tactics in approaching different food. freshwater amebas take up water constantly through the process of osmosis, and water content is regulated with a pulsating contractile vacuole. marine amebas lack a contractile vacuole. respiration is by diffusion of gases through the cell membrane. under favorable conditions amebas divide by binary fission ( splitting ) to produce two daughter amebas, the nucleus dividing by mitosis. when an ameba is divided artificially, the portion containing the nucleus forms a new cell membrane and continues as a whole animal, while the other portion lives only as long as its present food supply lasts, ultimately dying, since it cannot ingest food or reproduce. if conditions are unfavorable, e. g., in the absence of food and water, amebas secrete a firm protective covering and encyst until conditions are again favorable to active division. learn more about amoeba with a free trial on britannica. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5030543462099997, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85241cda-3c5f-4897-883b-170d37f3bf96>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.587603"}
{"text": "for those of us who design physical environments for children, we tend to think about themes that attract young children : characters from television and children \u2019 s books prove to be popular. there are countless theme parks \u2013 from sesame street to disney world \u2013 that are built around characters and stories ( harry potter comes to mind ). even adults flock to these recreations of place and action ( universal pictures ) or actually create the place and action before the movie ( pirates of the caribbean ). places like this can be the universal melting pot \u2013 engaging the kid in all of us! the sensory situations of these types of places frequently leave much to be desired! crowds, noise, smells and other forms of sensory overload can send kids over the edge. however, most of my child collaborators and their parents have told me that when the child is really interested in something, they will put up with a lot in order to just participate. one young woman, who regularly wears noise - canceling headphones when the lawn is being mowed outside her house, was able to enjoy herself at a professional hockey game where the reverberating noise was an even higher volume \u2013 without the headphones. the difference was she wanted to be at the game with her friends. while the noise was a problem, the experience was worth it. another type of special interest place that proves popular includes anything dinosaurs \u2013 mostly for boys under the age of 12. however, what happens to older children, especially teenagers? two autistic preteens, who attended paleontology talks at the academy of natural sciences in philadelphia, asked questions that kept the lecturers on their toes. after the talk, the lecturers engaged the youths in a discussion and recommended, in earshot of their parents, that they continue their studies \u2013 it \u2019 s hard to find kids who are that interested and knowledgeable about dinosaurs when they get into their teens and young adults. the paleontologists have been there, too, they told me. they continued with their dinosaur love fests into high school, college and graduate school. places such as the academy have started programs where such teens can volunteer as guides or help out behind the scenes while staying in touch with their special interests. other programs / places for teens are found in art centers and nature preserves / centers where they help assist camp instructors and staff. the center for creative arts in yorklyn, delaware, swaps volunteer hours in classes and summer camps for admission into teen / adult courses. the delaware nature society and winterthur museum, gardens and library also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5060535923033951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:adb02051-6616-48b4-a699-94eda1d78e28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.591704"}
{"text": "irobot create is a programmable robot base for entertainment and education. the platform allows you to use the robust roomba - like chassis to create your own robotic creations. it comes fully assembled with 2 powered wheels, 32 built - in sensors, a 25 - pin expansion port for connecting an optional command module and other electronics, a spacious cargo bay with plenty of holes for mounting hardware and 10 pre - programmed behaviors. when using this programmable robot you do not have to worry about mechanical assembly and low level code. you can immediately start programming new behaviors, attaching new sensors or actuators. the well documented serial protocol ( irobot open interface ) provides full access to sensors, actuators, and on - board scripting functionality. the irobot create platform is based on the existing third generation roomba system and therefore can use the same chargers, virtual walls, self - charging home base and remote control. you can use standard alkaline batteries or you can purchase optional rechargeable battery options like irobot rechargeable battery and charger or self - charging home base. the basic backage also includes the fourth wheel to improve stability of larger payloads. the cargo bay connector contains : three digital inputs, an analog input, three digital outputs, three low - side driver outputs ( useful for driving motors ), a charging indicator, a power toggle, serial tx and rx. it comes with a tailgate that enables you to change the center of gravity of the robot, which is useful when running the robot with a payload. access to all of the robot ' s sensors and actuators over a serial port is is accomplished through the irobot open interface. it contains a set of commands for movement, sound, displays ( leds ), sensor inputs, etc. to control the robot you can send individual commands from a pc or write short script of up to 100 open interface commands which can be stored on the robot. advanced users can write custom software using a variety of methods that take advantage of the robot ' s ' streaming sensor data ' mode. the create platform has 10 built - in example programs to get you started. significantly expands your programming possibilities. it plugs right into the cargo bay and is full of ports so you can add additional motors, sensors and even cameras and reticulating arms. it is powered by an 8 - bit, 20 mhz atmel atmega 168 microcontroller, contains four db - 9 ports for your own hardware, and a number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5157985856207512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a899aa1d-8e30-4083-b012-8e222b1f74cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.598623"}
{"text": "\" there ' s nobody home, basically, at this point, \" said turner, an endangered - mammal specialist at the pennsylvania game commission. the agency wants to set up bat protections that threaten human livelihoods, say the state ' s leading business lobby and lumber industry, which accounts for about 5 percent of u. s. jobs in that field. a flesh - eating disease called white - nose syndrome has killed more than 5. 7 million bats in the eastern united states and canada since its discovery in a new york cave in 2006. pennsylvania has had the most commission officials say any restrictions would be the result of compromise. \" pennsylvania has the most controversy, \" said mylea bayless, director the need to preserve animals has conflicted with the needs of humans - and business - for decades. efforts to protect the santa ana sucker fish in california, the jollyville plateau salamanders in texas and the snail darter, a perch - like fish that delayed the construction of the tellico dam in the little tennessee river in 1973, all set off similar discord. pennsylvania ' s bats are threatened by white - nose syndrome, caused by a fungus that penetrates their skin, rousing them during hibernation, depleting fat reserves and killing them by starving or freezing. the disease has spread as far west as missouri. when infected, colonies decline by 95 percent within two to three years, said the u. s. fish and wildlife service, which calls such mortality unprecedented. \" it ' s the most devastating wildlife disease that we know of that has ever hit north america, \" said cal butchkoski, supervisor of the mammal section of pennsylvania ' s wildlife diversity program. the disease, for which there ' s no known cure, was first spotted in the keystone state in december 2008, and massive deaths began the next winter. there has been a near annihilation : since 2008, surveys have shown a 99 percent drop in northern long - eared bats and little brown bats and 98 percent decline in tricolored bats, according to the commission. this throws the ecosystem off balance, as every 1 million bats eat 700 tons of insects a year, according to bat conservation international. the deaths in north america could mean at least $ 3. 7 billion in agricultural losses annually, according to an analysis by biologists published in science magazine in 2011. at durham mine, once pennsylvania ' s second - biggest habitat for hibernating bats, about 10, 000 were counted in 1997, according to the heritage conservancy, a doyle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40433745410690053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f957f8-5794-4eed-ac6e-da42490ecdf0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.603632"}
{"text": "analysis by biologists published in science magazine in 2011. at durham mine, once pennsylvania ' s second - biggest habitat for hibernating bats, about 10, 000 were counted in 1997, according to the heritage conservancy, a doylestown - based nonprofit that owns it. two years ago, surveyors found 180, turner said. he counted just 23 during his feb. 21 trip. by placing three species on pennsylvania ' s endangered list, the commission could monitor survivors and protect winter cave habitats and summer forest shelters, butchkoski said. in april, the commission will hold a hearing on the matter. \" these are the animals that we don ' t want to put more stresses on, \" he said. \" these are the ones that we want to survive and work with in recovery. \" developers and businesses would check a website to see which areas host bats, and if any restrictions, such as requirements to provide buffers around caves during mating season, are in place. the protections would be less stringent than a federal listing, which can have measures such as months - long ban on tree removal, butchkoski said. still, state restrictions could be modified through discussions or set aside if a business agrees to offset any loss of habitat, he said. the commission ' s announcement galvanized opponents. the pennsylvania forest products association is rallying lawmakers and landowners, said paul lyskava, executive director. \" it ' s a very important issue for us, \" he said. protections for the federally endangered indiana bat include a ban on tree removals near hibernation areas from april to mid - november. if such a measure were in place for other species, a majority of the state would be off limits most of the year, he said. \" there ' s not really a lot of time for loggers to practice their professions, or sawmills or paper companies to be able to access the materials to stay in business, \" he said. the industry is still trying to recover from the recession, he said. pennsylvania is the country ' s top producer of hardwood lumber, and in 2012 had $ 1. 2 billion in total hardwood exports, which includes lumber, logs and furniture, said will nichols, a spokesman for the pennsylvania department of agriculture. forestry companies employ 53, 021 people, according to state data. the pennsylvania chamber of business and industry, a harrisburg - based group, sent the commission a letter questioning its power to enforce protections of bats. legislators may have some oversight over the game commission ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40310690664543436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41f957f8-5794-4eed-ac6e-da42490ecdf0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.604706"}
{"text": "a commentary, critical, practical, and explanatory on the old and new testaments, by robert jamieson, a. r. fausset and david brown at sacred - texts. com rut 1 : 1elimelech, driven by famine into moab, dies there. ( rut 1 : 1 - 5 ) in the days when the judges ruled - - the beautiful and interesting story which this book relates belongs to the early times of the judges. the precise date cannot be ascertained. rut 1 : 2elimelech - - signifies \" my god is king. \" naomi - - \" fair or pleasant \" ; and their two sons, mahlon and chilion, are supposed to be the same as joash and saraph ( ch1 4 : 22 ). ephrathites - - the ancient name of beth - lehem was ephrath ( gen 35 : 19 ; gen 48 : 7 ), which was continued after the occupation of the land by the hebrews, even down to the time of the prophet micah ( mic 5 : 2 ). beth - lehem - judah - - so called to distinguish it from a town of the same name in zebulun. the family, compelled to emigrate to moab through pressure of a famine, settled for several years in that country. after the death of their father, the two sons married moabite women. this was a violation of the mosaic law ( deu 7 : 3 ; deu 23 : 3 ; ezr 9 : 2 ; neh 13 : 23 ) ; and jewish writers say that the early deaths of both the young men were divine judgments inflicted on them for those unlawful connections. rut 1 : 6naomi returning home, ruth accompanies her. ( rut 1 : 6 - 18 ) then she arose with her daughters - in - law, that she might return from the country of moab - - the aged widow, longing to enjoy the privileges of israel, resolved to return to her native land as soon as she was assured that the famine had ceased, and made the necessary arrangements with her daughters - in - law. rut 1 : 8naomi said unto her two daughters - in - law, go, return each to her mother ' s house - - in eastern countries women occupy apartments separate from those of men, and daughters are most frequently in those of their mother. the lord deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead - - that is, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49354802765803496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f57674db-9557-4b93-acd0-aef8557111b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.608468"}
{"text": "her mother ' s house - - in eastern countries women occupy apartments separate from those of men, and daughters are most frequently in those of their mother. the lord deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead - - that is, with my sons, your husbands, while they lived. rut 1 : 9the lord grant you that ye may find rest - - enjoy a life of tranquillity, undisturbed by the cares, incumbrances, and vexatious troubles to which a state of widowhood is peculiarly exposed. then she kissed them - - the oriental manner when friends are parting. rut 1 : 11are there yet any more sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands? - - this alludes to the ancient custom ( gen 38 : 26 ) afterwards expressly sanctioned by the law of moses ( deu 25 : 5 ), which required a younger son to marry the widow of his deceased brother. rut 1 : 12turn again, my daughters, go your way - - that naomi should dissuade her daughters - in - law so strongly from accompanying her to the land of israel may appear strange. but it was the wisest and most prudent course for her to adopt : first, because they might be influenced by hopes which could not be realized ; second, because they might be led, under temporary excitement, to take a step they might afterwards regret ; and, third, because the sincerity and strength of their conversion to the true religion, which she had taught them, would be thoroughly tested. rut 1 : 13the hand of the lord is gone out against me - - that is, i am not only not in a condition to provide you with other husbands, but so reduced in circumstances that i cannot think of your being subjected to privations with me. the arguments of naomi prevailed with orpah, who returned to her people and her gods. but ruth clave unto her ; and even in the pages of sterne, that great master of pathos, there is nothing which so calls forth the sensibilities of the reader as the simple effusion he has borrowed from scripture - - of ruth to her mother - in - law [ chalmers ]. rut 1 : 19they come to beth - lehem. ( rut 1 : 19 - 22 ) all the city was moved about them - - the present condition of naomi, a forlorn and desolate widow, presented so painful a contrast to the flourishing state of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46499971945080426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f57674db-9557-4b93-acd0-aef8557111b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.609376"}
{"text": "a celebration of south carolina silver palmetto silver is the first publication in more than a dozen years to showcase the riches of south carolina silver. while silver is a precious metal that can quickly be converted to currency, it has a much more significant cultural value. from utilitarian flatware to decorative trophies, the many pieces included in this book provide an intriguing picture of the individuals and history connected with the crafting of silver wares in the palmetto state. based on a 2002 exhibition by the same name at the university of south carolina ' s mckissick museum, palmetto silver is the result of several years of research and draws heavily on items from private collections throughout the south. while much of the previous research has concentrated primarily on charleston silver made prior to the civil war, the silver featured in this book highlights the work of south carolina craftsmen from colonial times to the twentieth century. although many historians previously theorized that most silver items used in the south were imported from merchants and workshops in new england or even from great britain, palmetto silver presents recent findings that indicate there were many highly skilled silversmiths working throughout the state during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. an introductory essay by rodger stroup, director of the south carolina department of archives and history, sets the historical context for these objects and provides insight into the important role they had in society. palmetto silver includes a comprehensive listing of 216 objects, 69 color images, a directory of silversmiths and merchants, and an illustrated listing of makers ' marks. among the diverse array of objects included and illustrated are military swords, shotguns, walking canes, tea services, award trophies, and presentation pieces. one outstanding example of featured craftsmanship is a hand - chased cream or milk pitcher that was presented to the city of columbia ' s african american fire brigade in 1846. palmetto silver is a treasure trove of such artifacts. mckissick museum was established in 1976 to provide campus and community access to the university of south carolina ' s extensive history, art, and science collections, which originated in 1823 with the purchase of the collections of thomas cooper, the noted professor, scholar, and then president of the university. in the twentieth century the university broadened its collecting to include fine, decorative, and folk arts. in recent years the museum has received numerous awards for its multidisciplinary projects, and its collections have grown to more than 100, 000 objects making it one of the largest university museums in the southeast.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4823923732672719, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d674073-c2c8-48ab-9bfa-7bc3d22caaa2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.612083"}
{"text": "when a heart valve becomes diseased, blood flow is either restricted due to a too - small opening, or blood is allowed to flow backward into the heart. traditionally, replacing any valve has required open - heart surgery. innovations under study new technologies are making it possible to replace the aortic and pulmonary valves via a catheter ( thin, flexible tube ) guided through the arteries to the heart. ( the aortic valve controls blood flow from the heart into the aorta, the main artery to the body ; the pulmonary valve controls blood flow between the heart and the arteries that carry blood between the heart and lungs. ) aortic and pulmonary valve replacement two catheter - delivered devices for replacing aortic and pulmonary valves have been approved in europe, and several hundred patients worldwide have been treated using the catheter - based approach. in the united states, a feasibility trial has been completed for replacing the aortic valve with catheter - based approaches, and a randomized clinical trial has just begun for patients considered at high risk for conventional aortic valve replacement. the procedure under study for aortic valve replacement may also be used to replace the pulmonary valve. mitral valve replacement devices that would enable physicians to replace a diseased mitral valve without open - heart surgery are in the earliest stages of development. much progress is needed in their development before they will be available for use.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44224129132285905, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:428dbc96-dfad-4283-8296-a600a3ec11c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.613482"}
{"text": "time travel made easy - grades : 1 \u2013 2, 3 \u2013 5 * * * if you \u2019 ve ever put money under a kid \u2019 s pillow for the tooth fairy or answered a \u201c dear santa \u201d letter, you \u2019 ve played host at a party that celebrates a child \u2019 s imagination. holidays provide fertile soil for adventures in historical fiction, adventures that develop young imaginations and teach history. use scholastic ' s audio letters from a wampanoag boy and a pilgrim girl to easily harvest a fresh batch of holiday historians in the classroom. read on to learn how our class traveled back in time. scholastic ' s \" first \" thanksgiving letters provide a quick and easy way for my elementary students to jump back in time and engage in substantive discourse on life in the 1620s. we load the letters on an interactive whiteboard, close our eyes, and listen to voices of the past. tales of mice as big as cats on the mayflower, kids ' drinking beer, and the horrors of 17th - century lavatories make reading historical fiction fabulous. scroll to the bottom of any \" first \" thanksgiving letter and click on the audio icon for sound. not familiar with the terms wetu, sachem, or sobaheg? no problem. many of the letters include a small glossary. fun and learning ensues when kids enter their questions and concerns about the time period on our school blog. i then monitor all submissions and answer back in the voice of one of our fictional characters. the blog allows them to begin a digital relationship with lizzy ( an english separatist ) and pometacomet ( a wampanoag from the pokanoket tribe ). the digital relationship also allows me to assess students ' understanding of the period and provide even more lessons via new letters tailored to their needs. below, take a look at a couple of my favorite student posts to pometacomet and lizzy. regarding criminal activity... i know how you felt when the english separatists stole your corn. you must have been like, \" what ' s up?! \" in the 21st century if someone steals, we call the po po. ( that ' s the police! ) i bet the sobaheg is very good. how does it feel to hunt? is it fun and educational? i want to taste sobaheg. my friend jaquan also says that he is sorry that the english separatists stole your corn. he wishes he could have done something to help you. regarding how food magical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4926892821754323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1699b08f-0def-43c6-8258-d82e114bcc80>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.617484"}
{"text": "date : thursday, may 1, 1997 contact : hhs press office ( 202 ) 690 - 6343 hhs challenges communities to invest in the futures of girls and boys overview : today secretary shalala announced the availability of two new grant programs for communities to develop innovative approaches - - one targeted to girls and other to boys - - to prevent teen pregnancy and promote responsible behavior. both grant programs build on the clinton administration ' s comprehensive teen pregnancy prevention strategy and one also supports the department of health human services ( hhs ) girl power! public education campaign. building bright futures for girls as part of hhs ' girl power! public education campaign, hhs will offer a total of $ 1 million in grants to communities to build public - private partnerships to promote healthy behavior, increase confidence and prevent teen pregnancy and other risky behaviors, such as smoking and drug use, among girls 9 to 14 years old. focusing on young girls : recognizing that girls experience adolescence differently than boys and that 9 - 14 year old girls are particularly vulnerable to negative influences, loss of self confidence and mixed messages about health risk behaviors, the projects will address the critical and unique needs, interests and challenges of this age group. offering a comprehensive approach : the projects will take a comprehensive approach by addressing teen pregnancy prevention as it relates to other risky behaviors and within the overall context of health promotion, self confidence, motivation and opportunity. building partnerships : by building strong partnerships with parents, schools, communities, youth groups, religious organizations, media, health providers, businesses and local governments, the grant projects will demonstrate how communities can work together to improve the health, education, and well - being of young girls and their families. promoting volunteerism : responding to the challenge of the presidents ' summit for america ' s future, the projects will utilize community volunteers to serve as mentors to the girls, to encourage the girls to get involved in community service and to spread the messages of delaying sexual activity, staying in school and preparing for the future. expanding the message to boys and young men recognizing that a comprehensive strategy to prevent teen pregnancy and promote responsible behavior must also target boys and young men, hhs announced the availability of $ 1 million in grants to organizations already working with males to add a family planning component to their existing programs. helping to develop long - term strategies : we do not know enough about what influences a boy ' s and young men ' s decisions about abstinence, sexual activity and fatherhood. similarly little is known about what family planning / reproductive health services are appropriate and effective for males", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49890885160677173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb40d981-8fb5-4e9a-a161-a1c39eb59d78>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.622446"}
{"text": "nov. 25, 2002 molting, that periodic ritual in which arthropods shed and replace their outer skeletons, can be a dangerous time for the creatures. just ask the trilobite. research published by a michigan state university paleontologist suggests that an inconsistent molting style, coupled with inefficient physiology, contributed to the demise of these prehistoric relatives of today ' s crabs and lobsters nearly 250 million years ago. \" they would shed their old exoskeleton any way they could, \" said danita brandt, a faculty member in msu ' s department of geological sciences whose findings were published in the australian paleontology journal alcheringa. \" they had to improvise. \" on the other hand, today ' s modern arthropods molt the very same way every time. the same suture opens every time, letting the animal out. \" when the same technique is used, there is less of a chance that things will go wrong, \" she said. \" molting is a very dangerous time for an arthropod. a lot of things can go wrong. \" brandt ' s proposed connection between arthropod molting and evolutionary fate is based on two pieces of evidence : the inconsistency of molting patterns that characterize trilobites, in contrast to the consistent patterns seen in modern arthropods ; and her observation that certain trilobites that had fewer body segments tended to live longer - - evolutionarily speaking - - then those that had many segments. \" trilobites with fewer segments probably had a lower risk of molting - related accidents, and may have shed their old exoskeleton more quickly, \" she said. \" these are traits of modern arthropods that act to minimize the period during which the animals are vulnerable to predators. \" brandt also noted that trilobite molting differed from molting in modern arthropods in another potentially important way : many modern arthropods resorb minerals from the old exoskeleton or consume their molted exoskeleton, thus conserving resources. \" there is no evidence that trilobites used these conservation strategies, \" she said. \" apparently trilobites were faced with the considerable task of rebuilding a heavily calcified skeleton ' from scratch ' with each molt. \" at one time, trilobites were one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4814200004335254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e44e283-1fe3-45ab-800e-b3627b92a0bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.625686"}
{"text": "used these conservation strategies, \" she said. \" apparently trilobites were faced with the considerable task of rebuilding a heavily calcified skeleton ' from scratch ' with each molt. \" at one time, trilobites were one of the more evolutionary successful animals to roam the early world ' s oceans. the crab - like creatures, some of which were as small as a fingernail while others were nearly a foot long, thrived, especially during the cambrian period. it was at the end of the paleozoic era that the trilobite disappeared. for years the trilobite ' s extinction had been blamed on a sudden increase in the numbers of trilobite predators. fossil records show that the number of trilobites began to drop as other aquatic animals, such as fish and squid, began to increase. \" but it ' s highly unlikely that predators ever eliminated an entire group, \" brandt said. \" another argument against predation alone is that other arthropods continue to thrive even today despite the proliferation of predator groups. \" other theories linked to trilobite extinction include climate change, sea - level fluctuation, and even the effects of meteorite impact. however, the correlation between these possible causes and the pattern of trilobite extinctions is not consistent, brandt said. \" i think there is a biological ' wild card ' that complicates the correlation of trilobite extinction with environmental factors, and for the trilobites i think that wild card was the unique challenge they faced during molting, \" she said. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by michigan state university. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4192384028155111, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e44e283-1fe3-45ab-800e-b3627b92a0bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.627965"}
{"text": "sep. 2, 2008 the brain is the key organ in the response to stress. it reacts in a complex, orchestrated manner that is related to the activation and inhibition of neural structures involved in sensory, motor, autonomic, cognitive and emotional processes. it is the brain which finally determines what in the world is threatening and might be stressful for us, and which regulates the stress responses that can be either adaptive or maladaptive. chronic stress can affect the brain and lead into depression : environmental stressors ( e. g. job and family situation, neighborhood ) and especially stressful life events such as trauma or abuse are amongst the most potent factors to induce depression. since the development of novel approaches to antidepressant treatment is based upon an improved neurobiological understanding of this condition, new information about the cellular changes that take place in the brain is required. depression : a growing public health burden depression is a chronic, recurring, multifactorial, and life - threatening disorder, which represents a collection of psychological, neuroendocrine, physiological and behavioural symptoms. chronicity and frequency of these symptoms constitute the clinical condition. depressive disorders affect up to 20 % of people at some time in their life. in primary care, an estimated 20 \u2013 50 % of patients suffer from depression, but often are not diagnosed correctly ( wittchen, 2000 ). depressive disorders are among the most prevalent illnesses worldwide, producing significant public health and socioeconomic problems ( who, 2001 ). the immense costs of depression account for approximately 1 % of the gross domestic product in europe ( approximately 100 billion euro ). depression is affecting more than 120 million people globally, and is set to rise to become one of the leading causes of disability, second only to cardiovascular disease, by the year 2015. brain changes induced by stress and depression the areas of the brain that are most affected by the changes caused by depression are the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus, which are central to emotion, memory and learning. structural and functional changes as a consequence of stress and / or major depression are a reduction in volume, neuronal size and density, associated with changes in cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism. in addition, there is a reduced density of glial support cells that are instrumental in the communication between nerve cells, which is particularly relevant to the reduced volume of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. the shrinkage might explain some of the emotional changes observed in people with depression.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5232828358424201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddbf8c72-1f15-43bb-895e-a1133dca80e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.637933"}
{"text": "). neurogenesis can be influenced by positive and negative modulators. the role of gliogenesis there is increasing evidence that in addition to neurogenesis, stress and antidepressant treatment also induce changes in the formation of specific glial support cells ( = gliogenesis ) that are critical for the survival of the neurons in the brain. there are about 100 times more glial cells than nerve cells, providing energy and nutrition to the neurons. besides their \u00b4housekeeping\u00b4 functions, glial cells are instrumental to neural communication and regarded as dynamic regulators of synaptic strength and synapse formation. they also possess receptors for neurotransmitters and steroid hormones that, similarly to receptors of neurons, can trigger electrical and biochemical events in the cell. therefore, structural changes of glial cells are likely to have an important functional significance for the communication between neurons and between neurons and glial cells. in the adult brain various antidepressant treatment strategies can not only stimulate neurogenesis, but also exert similar stimulatory effects on gliogenesis. moreover, animal studies have recently shown that chronic stress inhibits cell proliferation not only in the hippocampus but also in the prefrontal cortex, and that this inhibitory effect can be counteracted by antidepressant treatment ( czeh et al., 2007 ). the significance of these observations is strengthened by in vivo neuroimaging studies in patients with mood disorders that consistently point to the involvement of prefrontal brain sites in the pathophysiology of the disease. these imaging findings are further supported by reports on human post - mortem tissues revealing that the number of glial cells in the prefrontal cortex is adversely affected in patients with mood disorders. experiments show that stress and depression inhibit the growth of new nerve cells as well as glial support cells, and that this inhibitory effect can be counteracted by antidepressive therapy. within the last two decades, the understanding of the mature brain has changed : neuronal and glial cell networks in the brain are far from being fixed and immutable \u2013 a multitude of factors such as environmental stimulation, learning, growth factors, glucocorticoids, sexual hormones, stress, aging, and several neurotransmitters regulate the generation of new neurons. antidepressants stimulate the growth of neurons and glial cells again so the brain changes that occur as a consequence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5368658925354468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddbf8c72-1f15-43bb-895e-a1133dca80e2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.640266"}
{"text": "mar. 13, 2010 new studies of ripples and dunes shaped by the winds on mars testify to variability on that planet, identifying at least one place where ripples are actively migrating and another where the ripples have been stationary for 100, 000 years or more. patterns of dunes and the smaller ripples present some of the more visually striking landforms photographed by cameras orbiting mars. investigations of whether they are moving go back more than a decade. two reports presented at the 41st lunar and planetary sciences conference near houston recently make it clear that the answer depends on where you look. both reports used images from the high resolution imaging science experiment ( hirise ) camera on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter, which allows examination of features as small as about a meter, or yard, across. one report is by simone silvestro of the international research school of planetary sciences at italy ' s g. d ' annunzio university, and his collaborators. they investigated migration of ripples and other features on dark dunes within the nili patera area of mars ' northern hemisphere. they compared an image taken on oct. 13, 2007, with another of the same dunes taken on june 30, 2007. most of the dunes in the study area are hundreds of meters long. ripples form patterns on the surfaces of the dunes, with crests of roughly parallel ripples spaced a few meters apart. careful comparison of the images revealed places where ripples on the surface of the dunes had migrated about 2 meters ( 7 feet ) - - the largest movement ever measured in a ripple or dune on mars. the researchers also saw changes in the shape of dune edges and in streaks on the downwind faces of dunes. \" the dark dunes in this part of mars are active in present - day atmospheric conditions, \" silvestro said. \" it is exciting to have such high - resolution images available for comparisons that show mars as an active world. \" the other report is by matthew golombek of nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif., and collaborators. they checked whether ripples have been moving in the southern - hemisphere area of mars ' meridiani planum where the mars exploration rover opportunity has been working since 2004. they used observations by opportunity as well as by hirise, surveying an area of about 23 square kilometers ( 9 square miles ). examination of ripples at the edges of craters can show whether the ripples were in place before the crater was excavated or moved after the crater formed. \" hirise images are so good, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48691865890658553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5833fe27-0dfb-4e21-90b8-da2378972590>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.647011"}
{"text": "of about 23 square kilometers ( 9 square miles ). examination of ripples at the edges of craters can show whether the ripples were in place before the crater was excavated or moved after the crater formed. \" hirise images are so good, you can tell if a crater is younger than the ripple migration, \" golombek said. \" there ' s enough of a range of crater ages that we can bracket the age of the most recent migration of the ripples in this area to more than 100, 000 years and probably less than 300, 000 years ago. \" winds are still blowing sand and dust at meridiani. opportunity has seen resulting changes in its own wheel tracks revisited several months after the tracks were first cut. golombek has a hypothesis for why the ripples at meridiani are static, despite winds, while those elsewhere on mars may be actively moving. opportunity has seen that the long ripples in the region are covered with erosion - resistant pebbles, nicknamed \" blueberries, \" which the rover first observed weathering out of softer matrix rocks beside the landing site. these spherules - - mostly about 1 to 3 millimeters ( 0. 04 to 0. 12 inches ) in diameter - - may be too large for the wind to budge. \" the blueberries appear to form a armoring layer that shields the smaller sand grains beneath them from the wind, \" he said. hirise principal investigator alfred mcewen, of the university of arizona, tucson, said, \" the more we look at mars at the level of detail we can now see, the more we appreciate how much the planet differs from one place to another. \" the mars reconnaissance orbiter and the mars exploration rover missions are managed by jpl for nasa ' s science mission directorate in washington. lockheed martin space systems in denver was the prime contractor for the orbiter and supports its operations. the university of arizona operates the hirise camera, which was built by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, colo. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4747805248297512, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5833fe27-0dfb-4e21-90b8-da2378972590>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.649065"}
{"text": "may 21, 2010 researchers at spain ' s centre for genomic regulation ( crg ) demonstrate evidence in support of the common ancestry of life, thanks to a new computational approach to study protein evolution. the work, published in nature, takes its inspiration from the astronomer edwin hubble and uses his approach to study protein evolution. the extrapolation of hubble ' s approach to proteins shows that proteins that share a common ancestor billions of years ago continue to diverge in their molecular composition. the study reveals that protein evolution has not reached its limit and it is still continuing. at the same time, it provides us new information on why this evolution is so slow and conservative, showing that protein structures are more evolutionary plastic than previously thought. almost 100 years ago edwin hubble observed that distant galaxies are moving away from earth faster than those that are closer. this relationship between distance and velocity is widely cited as evidence of the origin of the universe from a big bang. researchers at the centre for genomic regulation used his approach to investigate the divergence between protein sequences. \" we wanted to know if the divergent evolution between proteins was still proceeding. today, we can find proteins that are still similar after almost 3, 5 billion years of evolution. our study showed that their divergence continues with these proteins becoming more and more different despite their incredible level of conservation, \" said fyodor kondrashov, principal investigator of the project and leader of the evolutionary genomics group at the crg. the work done by kondrashov and inna povolotskaya goes beyond similarity studies and discusses the evolution of proteins from the view of evolutionary dynamics, offering a new perspective on how protein structures are maintained in evolution. \" in the same way that hubble ' s observations led to an understanding of the past and the future of our universe, using his approach at a molecular level we get a similar overview that gives us the ability to analyze evolutionary dynamics and get a broad prediction of the possible changes to the proteins in the future, \" says povolotskaya, first author of the work and responsible for obtaining and analyzing all data. proteins are formed through combinations of amino acids, with only 20 types of amino acids are available to form a particular protein. to obtain the data for their study, the crg researchers have compared proteins sequences from different species that were available in genbank, a public database of genetic information. comparing these sequences the authors measured the distance of proteins from each other and devised a method for measuring how fast the proteins are accumulating different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6038047700811644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:437c84e0-4d2f-4478-9de1-d386b61601c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.653518"}
{"text": "researchers have compared proteins sequences from different species that were available in genbank, a public database of genetic information. comparing these sequences the authors measured the distance of proteins from each other and devised a method for measuring how fast the proteins are accumulating different changes. thus, they could replicate hubble ' s approach by correlating the distance between the proteins with the rate of their divergence. the result indicates that even the most distantly - related proteins are still accumulating differences. the study shows how new techniques of bioinformatics and computational analysis can also expand knowledge at a molecular level. \" our work is a good example of how we can learn new and very fundamental things just by analyzing a larger volume of data that can be obtained by one experimental laboratory, \" says kondrashov. most changes in a protein are deleterious because they somehow disrupt its structure or function. the authors observation that even very conservative proteins are still diverging challenges this view, because it implies that most amino acids in a protein can be changes without any ill effects. their explanation is that amino acid changes that are deleterious in one combination can be benign when occurring in a different one. \" thanks to our study we now have a better understanding of protein structure dynamics, \" says kondrashov. it may provide a new perspective to groups working on protein structure to find new targets for design drugs, etc. the povolotskaya and kondrashov study also provides new information on how different interactions between different amino acids in the structure of proteins slows down but does not completely prevent evolution. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - inna s. povolotskaya, fyodor a. kondrashov. sequence space and the ongoing expansion of the protein universe. nature, 2010 ; doi : 10. 1038 / nature09105 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5776365513891251, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:437c84e0-4d2f-4478-9de1-d386b61601c9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.654483"}
{"text": "- the notion of parallel universes leapt out of the pages of fiction into scientific journals in the 1990s. many scientists claim that mega - millions of other universes, each with its own laws of physics, lie out there, beyond our visual horizon. they are collectively known as the multiverse. - the trouble is that no possible astronomical observations can ever see those other universes. the arguments are indirect at best. and even if the multiverse exists, it leaves the deep mysteries of nature unexplained. in the past decade an extraordinary claim has captivated cosmologists : that the expanding universe we see around us is not the only one ; that billions of other universes are out there, too. there is not one universe \u2014 there is a multiverse. in scientific american articles and books such as brian greene \u2019 s latest, the hidden reality, leading scientists have spoken of a super - copernican revolution. in this view, not only is our planet one among many, but even our entire universe is insignificant on the cosmic scale of things. it is just one of countless universes, each doing its own thing. the word \u201c multiverse \u201d has different meanings. astronomers are able to see out to a distance of about 42 billion light - years, our cosmic visual horizon. we have no reason to suspect the universe stops there. beyond it could be many \u2014 even infinitely many \u2014 domains much like the one we see. each has a different initial distribution of matter, but the same laws of physics operate in all. nearly all cosmologists today ( including me ) accept this type of multiverse, which max tegmark calls \u201c level 1. \u201d yet some go further. they suggest completely different kinds of universes, with different physics, different histories, maybe different numbers of spatial dimensions. most will be sterile, although some will be teeming with life. a chief proponent of this \u201c level 2 \u201d multiverse is alexander vilenkin, who paints a dramatic picture of an infinite set of universes with an infinite number of galaxies, an infinite number of planets and an infinite number of people with your name who are reading this article. this article was originally published with the title does the multiverse really exist?.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5839379200156163, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05688a38-675f-4dbd-b31c-ad2f643ed28d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.656794"}
{"text": "when we drive somewhere new, we navigate by referring to a two - dimensional map that accounts for distances only on a horizontal plane. according to research published online in august in nature neuroscience, the mammalian brain seems to do the same, collapsing the world into a flat plane even as the animal skitters up trees and slips deep into burrows. \u201c our subjective sense that our map is three - dimensional is illusory, \u201d says kathryn jeffery, a behavioral neuroscientist at university college london who led the research. jeffery studies a collection of neurons in and around the rat hippocampus that build an internal representation of space. as the animal travels, these neurons, called grid cells and place cells, respond uniquely to distance, turning on and off in a way that measures how far the animal has moved in a particular direction. past research has focused on how these cartographic cells encode two - dimensional space. jeffery and her colleagues decided to look at how they respond to changes in altitude. to do this, they enticed rats to climb up a spiral staircase while the scientists collected electrical recordings from single cells. the firing pattern encoded very little information about height. the finding adds evidence for the hypothesis that the brain keeps track of our location on a flat plane, which is defined by the way the body is oriented. if a squirrel, say, is running along the ground, then scampers straight up a tree, its internal two - dimensional map simply shifts from the horizontal plane to the vertical. astronauts are some of the few humans to describe this experience : when they move in space to \u201c stand \u201d on a ceiling, they report a moment of disorientation before their mental map flips so they feel right side up again. researchers do not know yet whether other areas of the brain encode altitude or whether mammals simply do not need that information to survive. \u201c maybe an animal has a mosaic of maps, each fragment of which is flat but which can be oriented in the way that \u2019 s appropriate, \u201d jeffery speculates. or maybe in our head, the world is simply flat.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5787526300656871, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87a08e2d-8f6c-4dcb-b8cb-c5fc52364d4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.659467"}
{"text": "string theorists had looked at the idea of confining all forces to a brane and having gravity leak, but they had not worked out the mechanism, says physicist joseph lykken of fermilab in batavia, ill. randall and sundrum, he remarks, \" changed people ' s thinking about this stuff entirely. \" as randall and sundrum refined their idea, they realized that if the extra dimension of spacetime were warped in anti - de sitter fashion, it could be infinitely large and what we observe about gravity could still be true. this model came to be known as rs - 2. \" working that out was mind - blowing, \" sundrum recalls. \" we had reason to be dead scared. in each of these cases, there was a distinct fear of making complete fools of ourselves. \" \" it was counterintuitive, \" notes theorist michael j. duff of imperial college london. \" it came as a surprise even to those working in extra dimensions that even though the extra dimension is very large, we wouldn ' t be aware of it. newton ' s law would still be an inverse square law, not an inverse cube law, which is what you might naively expect. \" it took a while for many physicists to realize what randall and sundrum were suggesting, but the time was right for such thinking. anti - de sitter space was popping up in some models, branes were thriving, and in 1998 nima arkani - hamed of harvard, georgi dvali of new york university and savas dimopoulos of stanford university ( or add, for short ) had postulated a three - brane within two large extra dimensions. randall and sundrum offered a new set of options of what went on in the early universe. some of the recent models, be they rs, elaborations of add or others, will be put to the test when the large hadron collider ( lhc ) at cern near geneva fires up in 2007. \" if there is any solution to the hierarchy problem, it should be revealed at the energies the lhc will explore, \" randall enthuses. evidence could include gravitons, supersymmetric partners or evanescent, tiny black holes. \" even if we don ' t know the answer, it should tell us what the answer is, \" she adds. in typical fashion, randall recently took on two things new to her. the first was writing a book about physics, released last month. the second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6755564134212493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43937958-3187-45a2-8098-1365406af8dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.663846"}
{"text": "we don ' t know the answer, it should tell us what the answer is, \" she adds. in typical fashion, randall recently took on two things new to her. the first was writing a book about physics, released last month. the second was participating on a task force formed by harvard president lawrence summers after his comments about women in science. she says she is nervous about the reception of the first project and dislikes talking about the second one. \" i like to solve simple problems like extra dimensions in space, \" randall declares. \" everyone thinks [ women in science ] is a simpler issue, but it is so much more complicated. \" she should know : she was the first female captain of her high school math team, and even though stuyvesant is famous for cultivating science and math whizzes, she did not find it supportive of girls. \" there was one teacher who kept saying that stuyvesant was much better when it was all boys, even though the two best students in his class were girls, and he liked us both. it was this weird cognitive mismatch, \" she says. regarding harvard and the task force, randall is reticent : \" i just want to see a whole bunch more women enter the field so these issues don ' t have to come up anymore. \" the 43 - year - old randall is now collaborating with andreas karch of the university of washington, investigating some of the cosmological implications of branes and extra dimensions. according to randall, we may live in a three - brane, but \" there are regions beyond the horizon that look really entirely different. and we haven ' t fully explored them yet. \" if her ideas don ' t feel obvious to you, don ' t fret. you are in good company. \" i often don ' t understand her, \" karch confesses. \" when she says things, they don ' t make sense and i first think ' she is crazy. ' but i don ' t say anything, because she is usually right. lisa just knows the answer. \" this article was originally published with the title the beauty of branes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5890321118895699, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43937958-3187-45a2-8098-1365406af8dd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.666233"}
{"text": "09 - 01 - 08, 03 : 59 am # 1 hopes raised for block on cancer?????????? page last updated at 23 : 01 gmt, sunday, 31 august 2008 00 : 01 uk e - mail this to a friend printable version hopes raised for block on cancer cancer patient treated with drugs cancer cells keep dividing scientists say they have taken a big step towards blocking a chemical vital to the \" growth of many cancers. they have unpicked the structure of telomerase, an enzyme which, when active, helps keep cells in an \" immortal \" state. the chemical is at work in more than nine out of ten types of tumour. researchers from philadelphia ' s wistar institute, writing in the journal nature, say their efforts could lead to drugs which switch it off. all cells in the body have a natural clock - the telomeres - which shorten every time the cell divides. the idea is that you could convert immortal cancer cells back into mortal ones by blocking telomerase in this way professor rob newbold after a fixed number of divisions in most cells, the telomeres are reduced to a certain length, and the cell cannot continue dividing. this change is responsible for changes within the ageing body, as cell division slows down. some cells, such as stem cells within the embryo, use the chemical telomerase to maintain telomere length. many tumours have hijacked the telomerase system to fuel their uninhibited growth. the wistar team has found a new way to map the structure of the most active part of the chemical. ' few side effects ' dr emmanuel skordalakes said that this detailed picture would help provide molecular targets for drugs. \" telomerase is an ideal target for chemotherapy because it is active in almost all human tumours, but inactive in most normal cells. \" that means that a drug that deactivates telomerase would likely work against all cancers, with few side effects. \" last updated : friday, 5 may 2006, 23 : 37 gmt 00 : 37 uk e - mail this to a friend printable version cancer agent mysteries revealed protein structure with groove highlighted in green the protein has proved difficult to analyse scientists have cracked the structure of an essential part of an enzyme believed to play a key role in the development of many cancers. the university of colorado team hopes its work will help explain how the enzyme, telomerase, acts to make cancer cells \" immortal \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5323981380480894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e268ab9f-c13d-4eb9-8eb8-0b6650072918>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.675429"}
{"text": "the structure of an essential part of an enzyme believed to play a key role in the development of many cancers. the university of colorado team hopes its work will help explain how the enzyme, telomerase, acts to make cancer cells \" immortal \". the scientists also hope it could lead to a new generation of more effective cancer drugs. details are published in the journal nature structural & molecular biology. developing therapies that block the action of telomerase would be a great way to treat many types of cancer dr kat arney it is thought that over - activity of telomerase contributes to the unchecked growth of as many as 90 % of human tumours. the researchers say a lack of detailed information about its structure has hindered attempts to develop agents to block its effect. telomerase plays a key role in the development of the human embryo during pregnancy, by extending important areas at the tips of chromosomes called telomeres. in most healthy adult cells the enzyme is completely shut down. however, cancer cells find a way to turn telomerase back on - triggering uncontrolled cell division. ' difficult to study ' it has previously proved difficult to study telomerase in close detail because the enzyme tends to clump together outside of cells, preventing it from forming the ordered crystals necessary for structural analysis. the colorado team solved the problem by using a fluorescent green protein to highlight rare fragments of the enzyme that did not clump together in the usual way. these came from a single - celled organism called a tetrahymena - the same organism in which telomerase was first discovered. the researchers then used a few more biochemical tricks to crystallise out the protein fragments, and analyse them, eventually producing an extremely detailed three - dimensional atomic map. they found that the protein fragment had a deep groove on its surface. it is thought that this might be used to grab hold of the end of the chromosome in order to extend its telomere region, and trigger uncontrolled genetic division. the researchers tested this theory by making tiny structural changes to this grooved area, and found this seemed to neutralise the enzyme ' s action. lead researcher dr thomas cech said : \" a molecule that would sit in that groove looks like it would completely abolish the ability of telomerase to work. \" dr kat arney, science information officer at cancer research uk, said : \" developing therapies that block the action of telomerase would be a great way to treat many types", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5021744413258165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e268ab9f-c13d-4eb9-8eb8-0b6650072918>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.676569"}
{"text": "abolish the ability of telomerase to work. \" dr kat arney, science information officer at cancer research uk, said : \" developing therapies that block the action of telomerase would be a great way to treat many types of cancer. \" thanks to this research, we now know more about the 3 - d shape of the enzyme, so scientists around the world can get to work designing drugs to fit it precisely. \" i find scientists are a hoot & so are doctors, they pinch eachothers work year in & out & present it as new findings every year. \" they have unpicked the structure of telomerase \" > > > > > ( dated 2008 ) \" scientists have cracked the structure of an essential part of an enzyme believed to play a key role in the development of many cancers. explain how the enzyme, telomerase, acts to make cancer cells \" immortal \". > > > > > ( dated 2006 ) as one in 3 of us will develop cancer at some point in our life, why do we let these parasites mock us with these farcical findings, in both links dated 2 years apart they were saying they will develop new drugs to block telomerase, i have no doubt what so ever that in a year or 2 & another bunch of eggheads will present the same findings in the lancet or british medical journal & once again giving people false hope. every year these morons say there will be a cure for all cancers in five years, i have been hearing that for the last 25 years of my adult life. why are doctors & scientists so detached from reality, the patients, & humanbeings in general, were like lab rats to them all, case in point would be that idiot antrax scientist in america who decided to test it on his fellow citizens in america or lab rats as he would see it. with the exception of doctors without borders, i find all doctors as mercanary bastards who take sadistic glee in telling patients bad news, even when the patient is actually not sick, my mother was given the all clear after cyst removal, only to have a sadistic doctor making her cry by saying she is not out of the woods yet, later the nurses told her that he just enjoys being sadistic with patients much like house md. most doctors actually have mediocre knowledge on alot of diseases & symptoms, you realy can make a fool of them if you spend all of 2 minutes reading up on your disease, as for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4912404777927317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e268ab9f-c13d-4eb9-8eb8-0b6650072918>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.677586"}
{"text": "being sadistic with patients much like house md. most doctors actually have mediocre knowledge on alot of diseases & symptoms, you realy can make a fool of them if you spend all of 2 minutes reading up on your disease, as for cancer unless you have a lump, night sweats most of them say you dont have cancer, but the reality is when you do have that bump or the daily night sweats your immune system is failing & the cancer has spread, what they cant seem to comprehend is your supposed to find it before the patient gets the bump & sweats, continous lymph node inflammation & itching is a ideal canditate for cancer, especially in the neck area. by orleander in forum earth sciencelast post : 01 - 05 - 10, 05 : 14 amreplies : 42 by carcano in forum biology & geneticslast post : 05 - 06 - 09, 12 : 51 pmreplies : 25 by madanthonywayne in forum biology & geneticslast post : 06 - 21 - 08, 10 : 50 pmreplies : 12 by exhumed in forum biology & geneticslast post : 04 - 27 - 08, 08 : 03 pmreplies : 3 by carcano in forum biology & geneticslast post : 01 - 17 - 07, 07 : 37 pmreplies : 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45979567501237517, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e268ab9f-c13d-4eb9-8eb8-0b6650072918>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.678185"}
{"text": "also known as : eye test - color, vision test - color or ishihara color vision test - present from birth ( congenital ) problems in the light - sensitive cells ( cones ) of the retina ( the light - sensitive layer at the back of the eye ) - diseases of the optic nerve ( the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain ) - achromatopsia - - complete color blindness, seeing only shades of gray - deuteranopia - - difficulty telling the difference between red / purple and green / purple - protanopia - - difficulty telling the difference between blue / green and red / green - tritanopia - - difficulty telling the difference between yellow / green and blue / green a color vision test checks your ability to distinguish between different colors. how the test is performed you will sit in a comfortable position in regular lighting, and your health care provider will explain the test to you. you will be shown several cards with multicolored dot patterns. in the patterns, some of the dots will apear to form numbers or symbols. you will be asked to identify the symbols, if possible. as you cover one eye, the tester will hold the test plates 14 inches from your face and ask you to quickly identify the symbol found in each color pattern. depending on the problem suspected, you may be asked to determine the intensity of a color, especially in one eye compared to the other. this is often tested by using the cap of a red eyedrop bottle. how to prepare for the test if your child is having this test performed, it may be helpful to explain how the test will feel, and to practice or demonstrate on a doll. your child will feel less anxious about the test if you explain what will happen and why. usually there is a sample card of multicolored dots that almost everyone can identify, even people with color vision problems. if you or your child normally wears glasses, wear them during the test. small children may be asked to tell the difference between a red bottle cap and caps of a different color. how the test will feel the test is similar to a vision test. why the test is performed this test is done to determine whether you have any problems with your color vision. color vision problems usually fall into two categories : normally, you will be able to distinguish all colors. what abnormal results mean this test can determine the following color vision problems : problems in the optic nerve can show up as a loss of color intensity, although the test may be normal. what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5254192670333617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a194ddaf-506b-4508-a8e4-6922dd918e11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.683643"}
{"text": "categories : normally, you will be able to distinguish all colors. what abnormal results mean this test can determine the following color vision problems : problems in the optic nerve can show up as a loss of color intensity, although the test may be normal. what the risks are there are no risks associated with this test. adams aj, verdon wa, spivey be. color vision. in : tasman w, jaeger ea, eds. duane ' s foundations of clinical ophthalmology. 15th ed. philadelphia, pa : lippincott williams & wilkins ; 2009 : chap 19. american academy of ophthalmology preferred practice patterns committee. preferred practice pattern guidelines. comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. san francisco, ca : american academy of ophthalmology, 2010. accessed january 17, 2011. olitsky se, hug d, smith lp. examination of the eye. in : kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf, eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 618. - review date : - february 10, 2011 - reviewed by : - linda j. vorvick, md, medical director, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington, school of medicine ; and franklin w. lusby, md, ophthalmologist, lusby vision institute, la jolla, california. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - 2008 a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5171603591251281, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a194ddaf-506b-4508-a8e4-6922dd918e11>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.684482"}
{"text": "if you just found out you ' re pregnant, one of the first - and most important - tests you should expect is a blood - type test. this basic test determines your blood type and rh factor. your rh factor may play a role in your baby ' s health, so it ' s important to know this information early in your pregnancy. about the rh factor people with different blood types have proteins specific to that blood type on the surfaces of their red blood cells ( rbcs ). there are four blood types - a, b, ab, and o. each of the four blood types is additionally classified according to the presence of another protein on the surface of rbcs that indicates the rh factor. if you carry this protein, you are rh positive. if you don ' t carry the protein, you are rh most people - about 85 % - are rh positive. but if a woman who is rh negative and a man who is rh positive conceive a baby, there is the potential for a baby to have a health problem. the baby growing inside the rh - negative mother may have rh - positive blood, inherited from the father. approximately half of the children born to an rh - negative mother and rh - positive father will be rh positive. rh incompatibility usually isn ' t a problem if it ' s the mother ' s first pregnancy because, unless there ' s some sort of abnormality, the fetus ' s blood does not normally enter the mother ' s circulatory system during the course of the however, during delivery, the mother ' s and baby ' s blood can intermingle. if this happens, the mother ' s body recognizes the rh protein as a foreign substance and can begin producing antibodies ( protein molecules in the immune system that recognize, and later work to destroy, foreign substances ) against the rh proteins introduced into her blood. other ways rh - negative pregnant women can be exposed to the rh protein that might cause antibody production include blood transfusions with rh - positive blood, miscarriage, and ectopic rh antibodies are harmless until the mother ' s second or later pregnancies. if she is ever carrying another rh - positive child, her rh antibodies will recognize the rh proteins on the surface of the baby ' s blood cells as foreign, and pass into the baby ' s bloodstream and attack those cells. this can lead to swelling and rupture of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4895923261117922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0a8851-c048-42a0-9c1f-8dc89236ecaf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.688493"}
{"text": "child, her rh antibodies will recognize the rh proteins on the surface of the baby ' s blood cells as foreign, and pass into the baby ' s bloodstream and attack those cells. this can lead to swelling and rupture of the baby ' s rbcs. a baby ' s blood count can get dangerously low when this condition, known as of the newborn preventing and treating rh disease of the newborn in generations past, rh incompatibility was a very serious problem. fortunately, significant medical advances have been made to help prevent complications from rh incompatibility and to treat any newborn affected by rh disease. today, when a woman with the potential to develop rh incompatibility is pregnant, doctors administer a series of two shots during her first pregnancy. the first shot is given around the 28th week of pregnancy and the second within 72 hours after giving birth. rh immune - globulin acts like a vaccine, preventing the mother ' s body from producing any potentially dangerous rh antibodies that can cause serious complications in the newborn or complicate any future pregnancies. a dose of rh immune - globulin may also be given if a woman has a miscarriage, an amniocentesis, or any bleeding during if a doctor determines that a woman has already developed rh antibodies, then the pregnancy will be closely monitored to make sure that those levels are not too high. in rare cases, if the incompatibility is severe and the baby is in danger, a series of special blood transfusions ( called exchange transfusions ) can be performed either while the baby is still in the uterus or after exchange transfusions replace the baby ' s blood with rbcs that are rh - negative. this procedure stabilizes the baby ' s level of red blood cells and minimizes further damage caused by circulating rh antibodies already present in the baby ' s because of the success rate of the rh immune - globulin shots, exchange transfusions are needed in fewer than 1 % of rh - incompatible pregnancies in the united states today. if rh disease is not prevented rh incompatibility rarely causes complications in a first pregnancy and does not affect the health of the mother. but rh antibodies that develop during subsequent pregnancies can be potentially dangerous to mother and child. rh disease can result in severe anemia, jaundice, brain damage, and heart failure in a newborn. in extreme cases,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49459796842447834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0a8851-c048-42a0-9c1f-8dc89236ecaf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.689521"}
{"text": "by : michael collins - enviroreporter. com millions of southern californians and tourists seek the region \u2019 s famous beaches to cool off in the sea breeze and frolic in the surf. those iconic breezes, however, may be delivering something hotter than the white sands along the pacific : buckyballs. according to a recent uc davis study, these uranium - filled nanospheres were created from the millions of tons of fresh and salt water used to try to cool down three molten cores of the stricken reactors at japan \u2019 s fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant. the tiny and tough buckyballs are shaped like soccer balls. water hitting the incredibly hot and radioactive, primarily uranium - oxide fuel turns it into peroxide. in this goo mix, buckyballs are formed, loaded with uranium and able to move quickly through water without disintegrating. high radiation readings in santa monica and los angeles air during a 42 - day period from late december to late january strongly suggest that radiation is increasing in the region including along the coast in ventura county. the radiation, detected by this reporter and the us environmental protection agency, separate from each other and using different procedures, does not appear to be natural in origin. the epa \u2019 s radiation station is high atop an undisclosed building in los angeles, while this reporter \u2019 s detection location is near the west la boundary. both stations registered more than 5. 3 times the normal amount, though the methods of sampling and detection differed. the videotaped santa monica sampling and testing allowed for the detection of alpha and beta radiation, while the sensitive epa instrument detected beta only, according to the government web site. a windy alaskan storm front sweeping down the coast the morning of march 31 slammed southern california with huge breakers, a choppy sea with 30 - foot waves and winds gusting to 50 mph. a low - hanging marine layer infused with sea spray made aloft from the chop and carried on the winds that blew inland over the los angeles basin for several miles, bringing with it the highest radiation this reporter has detected in hot rain since the meltdowns began. scientific studies from the united kingdom and europe show that sea water infused with radiation of the sort spewing out of fukushima can travel inland from the coast up to 300 kilometers. these mobile poisons include cesium - 137 and plutonium - 239, the latter of which has a half - life of 24, 400 years. despite the fact that university of california and this reporter \u2019 s tests show high radiation in the air,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5271629468851902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:744f17af-4062-4811-9556-906e9b26d521>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.702799"}
{"text": "mobile poisons include cesium - 137 and plutonium - 239, the latter of which has a half - life of 24, 400 years. despite the fact that university of california and this reporter \u2019 s tests show high radiation in the air, water, food and dairy products in this state, the state and federal governments cut off special testing for fukushima radionuclides more than half a year ago. southern california is still getting hit by fukushima radiation at alarmingly high levels that will inevitably increase as the main bulk of polluted pacific ocean water reaches north america in the next two years. luckily, the area is south of where the jet stream has brought hot rains from across the pacific and fukushima, more than 5, 000 miles away, upwind and up - current of the west coast. those rains have brought extraordinary amounts of radiation to places like st. louis, with multiple rain events detected and filmed, showing incredibly hot rains. unluckily, north america is directly downwind of japan, where the government is having 560, 000 tons of irradiated rubble incinerated with the ash dumped in tokyo bay. the burning began last october and is scheduled to continue through march 2014, enraging american activists for this unwitting double dose. american media coverage of fukushima \u2019 s continuing woes and of contamination spreading across japan and threatening tokyo \u2019 s 30 million residents, while not robust, has been adequate. coverage of contamination in america and southern california has been practically non - existent. that \u2019 s one of the reasons we started radiation station santa monica four days after the meltdowns began on march 11, 2011, transmitting live radiation readings for the los angeles basin 24 / 7 ever since. with nuclear radiation monitoring equipment, investigation team members have performed more than 1, 500 radiation tests in different media throughout four states and in jet airplane cabins where, even accounting for higher radiation at higher altitudes, readings were more than five times the norm, according to the manufacturer of our inspector alert nuclear radiation monitor. those readings, along with the epa \u2019 s, combined with the uc davis study of buckyballs and a european study of sea spray radiation spread, strongly indicate that southern california is being exposed to significant amounts of radiation. the closer to the coast, the more pronounced the radiation in this scenario. other reports of what the likely fukushima fallout will be in areas throughout the southland exist. researchers from hopkins marine station of stanford university and the school of marine and atmospheric sciences, stony brook university, released on may 28 a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4616940336109624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:744f17af-4062-4811-9556-906e9b26d521>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.703782"}
{"text": "the radiation in this scenario. other reports of what the likely fukushima fallout will be in areas throughout the southland exist. researchers from hopkins marine station of stanford university and the school of marine and atmospheric sciences, stony brook university, released on may 28 a study that found 100 percent of 15 samples of pacific bluefin tuna caught off of san diego in august 2011 showed indisputable signs of radiation contamination emanating from fukushima. this suggests that the popular and expensive animal usually carved up for sushi is even more contaminated now \u2014 nearly a year after it was first harvested and tested. meanwhile, at least 1, 000 tons of highly radioactive water used to cool the melted cores and spent fuel ponds is being dumped daily into the ocean, according to recent statements from the nuclear plants owners, tokyo electric power co. the study also suggests that other highly migratory species, like turtles, sharks and marine birds, may also be contaminated with the radiation found in the tuna : cesium - 134 and cesium - 137. heading our way the us geological survey ( usgs ) reported on feb. 21 that los angeles had more cesium - 137 fallout than any other region in the nation during the opening days of the disaster, from march 15 to april 5, 2011. the amount of cs - 137 detected in precipitation at a monitoring station 20 miles east of downtown was 13 times the limit for the toxin in drinking water, according to a report obtained by the pasadena weekly. usgs released another astonishing study feb. 22, with data from measurements taken at its bennington national atmospheric deposition program in vermont, confirming a grim cesium - 137 scenario for southern california. \u201c deposition actually decreased as the air mass traveled east to west, \u201d greg wetherbee, a chemist with usgs, told the brattleboro reformer newspaper. \u201c in the united states, cesium - 134 and cesium - 137 wet dispersion values were higher than for chernobyl fallout, in part due to the us being further downwind, \u201d wetherbee told the paper. \u201c with chernobyl, there was more opportunity for plume dispersion. \u201d this double whammy of cesium - 137, which has a half - life of 30 years, isn \u2019 t even in a uranium - 60 buckyball. but they are both in the unfathomable spread of goo throughout the pacific, riding on the second strongest current in the world and headed right for us. the three reactor meltdowns have spewed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47609679354057904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:744f17af-4062-4811-9556-906e9b26d521>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.704714"}
{"text": "a uranium - 60 buckyball. but they are both in the unfathomable spread of goo throughout the pacific, riding on the second strongest current in the world and headed right for us. the three reactor meltdowns have spewed trillions of becquerels of highly radioactive iodine - 131, cesium - 137, strontium - 90 and plutonium - 239 into the atmosphere and pacific since march 11, 2011. the initial explosions and fires sent untold amounts of radiation high into the atmosphere. a feb. 28 report by the meteorological research institute, just released at a scientific symposium in tsukuba, ibaraki prefecture, japan, says that 40, 000 trillion becquerels, double the amount previously thought, have escaped from the unit 1 reactor alone. this has resulted in fallout around the globe that especially impacts the pacific and parts of america and canada \u2014 two countries downwind of japan on the jet stream. british columbia, the pacific northwest, midwest and ontario have been hit especially hard by rain, sleet and snow, in some cases with dizzying amounts of high radiation. a march 6 department of biological sciences study conducted at california state long beach found that kelp along the coast of california was heavily impacted by radioactive iodine - 131 one month after the meltdowns began. the virulent and deadly isotope was detected at 250 times levels the researchers said were normal in the kelp before the disaster. radioactive fallout in st. louis, mo., rainfall, which has been monitored at potrblog. com since the crisis began, has been repeatedly so hot that levels have been reached that make it unsafe for children and pregnant women. an oct. 17, 2011, st. louis rainstorm was measured on video at 2. 76 millirems per hour, or more than 270 times background levels. the main wave of water - borne radiation from the meltdowns, including highly mobile uranium - 60 buckyballs, is surging across the pacific along the kuroshio current, second only to the gulf stream for power on the planet. millions of tons of seawater and fresh water have been used to cool the melted cores and spent fuel rods, generating millions of tons of irradiated water. the kuroshio current is transporting a significant amount of this escaping radiation from fukushima daiichi across the pacific toward the west coast. the 70 - mile - wide current joins the north pacific current, moving eastward until it splits and flows southward along the california", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5391070689160832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:744f17af-4062-4811-9556-906e9b26d521>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.705627"}
{"text": "done was very troubled. half of the stationary air monitors were broken at the time of the accident. deployable monitors were ordered but not deployed. \u201d even when the government testing did work, increasingly high levels of radiation seem to have been ignored. the paper also learned that the california department of public health halted monitoring of fukushima fallout when its radiologic health branch issued its last report on oct. 10, 2011. that report shows an alarming rise in cesium - 137 in cal poly san luis obispo dairy farm milk beginning june 14, 2011, when it tested 2. 95 picocuries per liter ( pci / l ) and steadily rising in four subsequent tests until it was 5. 91 pci / l. the hot milk was at twice the allowable amount of this radionuclide in drinking water, according to the epa \u2019 s 3. 0 pci / l limit. after that report, the testing suddenly stopped, for no other reason than the government had concluded that nothing from fukushima had sufficiently contaminated anything to merit concern. even detections of radioactive sulphur - 35 in san diego and plutonium - 239 in riverside did nothing to pique the interest of regulators. \u201c the lesson to be learned is that both the u. s. and japan suffer from very lax regulation, a too - cozy relationship between nuclear regulators and the industry they are to regulate, \u201d hirsch said. \u201c this can lead to dangerous outcomes. this was not unanticipated. yet the need for immediate information was undeniable. \u201d sea spray transmission special tests revealed elevated radiation in bryce canyon and grand canyon rain. southwest michigan rain samples were hot. santa monica and los angeles rain and mist were also high. meanwhile, across the ocean, japanese sake, beer, vegetable juice, seaweed, pastries and tea have all registered significant ionization above background. powdered milk, turkey hot dogs and jet travel breathing masks were all part of the specific media tested, many of which were recorded in videotaped radiation detections. the jan. 27, 2012, uc davis report \u201c uranyl peroxide enhanced nuclear fuel corrosion in seawater, \u201d is the first account to analyze what is happening to the gargantuan amount of seawater, as well as fresh water, that has been hosing down the melted reactor cores and flushing into the pacific. the study spells out a horrific scenario in which compromised irradiated fuel turned huge amounts of ocean water into a series of uranium - related peroxide compounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4687341341564507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:744f17af-4062-4811-9556-906e9b26d521>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.707855"}
{"text": "as fresh water, that has been hosing down the melted reactor cores and flushing into the pacific. the study spells out a horrific scenario in which compromised irradiated fuel turned huge amounts of ocean water into a series of uranium - related peroxide compounds containing as many as 60 \u201c uranyl ions \u201d in hardy nanoscale cage clusters that can \u201c potentially transport uranium over long distances \u201d and persist for \u201c at least 294 days without detectable change. \u201d how hot these nano - cage clusters of cancer - causing radiation are depends on what type and ratio of uranium isotopes make up the 60 in each one. \u201c a given isotope has the same radioactivity ( half - life ) regardless of what chemical state it is in \u201d said alexandra navrotsky, phd, director of nanomaterials research at uc davis. \u201c so the radioactivity for a constant number of u atoms depends on the proportion of different isotopes in the sample. \u201d there is a strong possibility that these uranium peroxide buckyballs are already sloshing around in the waters off southern california as this reporter and the epa \u2019 s radiation readings appear to indicate. but if it was the source of our high detections what was the mechanism that was transporting radiation inland? sea spray, perhaps. radioactive sea spray has been shown to blow hundreds of kilometers inland in tests conducted in the united kingdom by british and european researchers. as anyone who has ever smelled the salty ocean air miles from the ocean might expect, salt in sea spray can travel a significant distance. the same holds true for radioactive particles floating in the sea, even if in addition to u60 buckyballs. in the 2008 report \u201c sea to land transfer of radionuclides in cumbria and north wales, \u201d the greatest average concentration of cesium - 137 and plutonium - 239 in soil at a depth of 0 to 15 centimeters was found 10 kilometers from the coast. the highest average amounts found at 15 to 30 centimeters deep were 5 kilometers away from the sea illustrating the unpredictability of radiation fallout. a 62 - page uk study released in december 2011 found that sea spray and marine aerosols created from bubbles forming and popping when the sea is choppy or waves break have increased concentrations of radioactive \u201c actinides. \u201d actinides are chemically alike radioactive metallic elements and include uranium and plutonium. one actinide infused the spray with an 812 times greater concentration of americium - 241 than normal amounts of am - 241 in ambient seawater. the report cited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5366225767905005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:744f17af-4062-4811-9556-906e9b26d521>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.708945"}
{"text": "counseling is professional guidance to help a person, family, or group of individuals recognize and deal with issues that are interfering with their mental well - being. counseling involves regular meetings ( sessions ) with a qualified counselor, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, licensed professional counselor, or clinical social worker. counseling, which may also be called psychotherapy or therapy, can be done on an individual, family, or group basis. counseling is professional guidance to help a person, family, or group of individuals recognize and deal with issues that are interfering with their mental well - being. counseling involves regular meetings ( sessions ) with a qualified counselor, such... more edward guyton answered : what is the saying? ' advice is cheap. ' i sometimes like to tell my clients that if you want me to give advice, i would need to see into the future and that i don ' t do. obviously, there are best, better and bad choices of thinking and acting regarding any issue or concern. we might agree that it is always best to avoid harm and welcome joy and good fortune. but often what is the best way for me to think and act when, say, my boss is just plain mean might be the worst advice or counsel for me to give a client. the focus of counseling tends to be on more matter of fact, daily life issues and presenting possibilities for the client ' s consideration that are tailored to that client ' s psychology and current needs. the focus of psychotherapy tends to be on thought, and behavior. while ' counseling ' may be a part of the experience the idea behind psychotherapy seems to be : if we can possess a greater understanding of ourselves perhaps we might consider uniquely different and better ways to ' look at and react to ' the world around us. the focus of psychoanalysis tends to be on the structures and functions of the unconscious mind - or that part of the mind that is not available to us when we are awake ( or conscious ) but is when we sleep. if we couldn ' t remember our dreams we would not have any conscious access to and therefore awareness of our unconscious thoughts ( mind ). when looking at the unconscious mind it is with a bias towards ' mending ' that aspect of the mind which is problematic to the individual and inaccessible to their awareness. if this inaccessibility to the unconscious mind is the case, then only another person ' s conscious mind may be able to gain access to what is troubling the client. supportive listening, compassion and empathy are priceless whether you are seeking counseling,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.542911954027699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b4598ca-1c49-4450-9ac1-9b7e65a03214>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.714070"}
{"text": "inaccessibility to the unconscious mind is the case, then only another person ' s conscious mind may be able to gain access to what is troubling the client. supportive listening, compassion and empathy are priceless whether you are seeking counseling, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis or a good and trustworthy friend. what is the saying? ' advice is cheap. ' i sometimes like to tell my clients that if you want me to give advice, i would need to see into the future and that i don ' t do. obviously, there are best, better and bad choices of thinking and acting... more raychelle lohmann answered : whether life \u2019 s thrown you a curve ball and you \u2019 re at your wits end, or your past is haunting you, one thing \u2019 s for certain, a counselor can help. counselors are highly trained professionals that have a common goal \u2013 to help people. here are just a few ways they can help. - counselors help people cope with change, positive or negative. change good or bad can lead to stress. sometimes people need coping skills to adjust to change and counselors can with this process. - counselors can help you deal with the skeletons in your closet. if something from your past has been haunting you and it \u2019 s having a negative effect on your life, then a counselor can help you confront it. - counselors can help you if you are suffering from an addiction. whether your addiction is alcohol, drugs, or sex you are not alone. counselors can help you overcome it. - are you having problems with your significant other? oftentimes couples lack skills to work through conflict and the result is miscommunication. counselors can help bridge the communication gap and help you learn more effective ways to express your thoughts and feelings to your partner. - is your kid driving you over the edge and you don \u2019 t know what to do? oftentimes as parents, we fall into a parenting trap ; even though what we do doesn \u2019 t work, we still do it. counselors can help you learn more effective ways to communicate and respond to your child. counseling requires a lot of work on the client \u2019 s part. oftentimes, counseling involves changing thoughts, behavior and learning to cope with your emotions. so needless to say, the counseling process isn \u2019 t easy, but it \u2019 s worth it. the end result may be something that leaves you feeling more content, happier, and most of all having a better understanding of who you are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49562982725538113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b4598ca-1c49-4450-9ac1-9b7e65a03214>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.716843"}
{"text": "one of the characters in the classic 1939 film \" stagecoach \" is a banker named gatewood who lectures his captive audience on the evils of big government, especially bank regulation - \" as if we bankers don ' t know how to run our own banks! \" he exclaims. as the film progresses, we learn that gatewood is in fact skipping town with a satchel full of embezzled cash. as far as we know, jamie dimon, the chairman and ceo of jpmorgan chase, isn ' t planning anything similar. he has, however, been fond of giving gatewood - like speeches about how he and his colleagues know what they ' re doing, and don ' t need the government looking over their shoulders. so there ' s a large heap of poetic justice - and a major policy lesson - in jpmorgan ' s shock announcement that it somehow managed to lose $ 2 billion in a failed bit of financial wheeling - dealing. just to be clear, businessmen are human - although the lords of finance have a tendency to forget that - and they make money - losing mistakes all the time. that in itself is no reason for the government to get involved. but banks are special, because the risks they take are borne, in large part, by taxpayers and the economy as a whole. and what jpmorgan has just demonstrated is that even supposedly smart bankers must be sharply limited in the kinds of risk they ' re allowed to take on. why, exactly, are banks special? because history tells us that banking is and always has been subject to occasional destructive \" panics, \" which can wreak havoc with the economy as a whole. current right - wing mythology has it that bad banking is always the result of government intervention, whether from the federal reserve or meddling liberals in congress. in fact, however, gilded age america - a land with minimal government and no fed - was subject to panics roughly once every six years. and some of these panics inflicted major economic losses. so what can be done? in the 1930s, after the mother of all banking panics, we arrived at a workable solution, involving both guarantees and oversight. on one side, the scope for panic was limited via government - backed deposit insurance ; on the other, banks were subject to regulations intended to keep them from abusing the privileged status they derived from deposit insurance, which is in effect a government guarantee of their debts. most notably, banks with government - guaranteed deposits weren ' t allowed to engage in the often risky speculation characteristic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.434648367402703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2132a5a5-7213-47ed-acf1-613253e2b127>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.721755"}
{"text": "to regulations intended to keep them from abusing the privileged status they derived from deposit insurance, which is in effect a government guarantee of their debts. most notably, banks with government - guaranteed deposits weren ' t allowed to engage in the often risky speculation characteristic of investment banks like lehman brothers. this system gave us half a century of relative financial stability. eventually, however, the lessons of history were forgotten. new forms of banking without government guarantees proliferated, while both conventional and newfangled banks were allowed to take on ever - greater risks. sure enough, we eventually suffered the 21st - century version of a gilded age banking panic, with terrible consequences. it ' s clear, then, that we need to restore the sorts of safeguards that gave us a couple of generations without major banking panics. it ' s clear, that is, to everyone except bankers and the politicians they bankroll - for now that they have been bailed out, the bankers would of course like to go back to business as usual. did i mention that wall street is giving vast sums to mitt romney, who has promised to repeal recent financial reforms? enter dimon. jpmorgan, to its - and his - credit, managed to avoid many of the bad investments that brought other banks to their knees. this apparent demonstration of prudence has made dimon the point man in wall street ' s fight to delay, water down and / or repeal financial reform. he has been particularly vocal in his opposition to the volcker rule, which would prevent banks with government - guaranteed deposits from engaging in \" proprietary trading, \" basically speculating with depositors ' money. just trust us, the jpmorgan chief has in effect been saying ; everything ' s under control. what did jpmorgan actually do? as far as we can tell, it used the market for derivatives - complex financial instruments - to make a huge bet on the safety of corporate debt, something like the bets that insurer aig made on housing debt a few years ago. the key point is not that the bet went bad ; it is that institutions playing a key role in the financial system have no business making such bets, least of all when those institutions are backed by taxpayer guarantees. for the moment dimon seems chastened, even admitting that maybe the proponents of stronger regulation have a point. it probably won ' t last ; i expect wall street to be back to its usual arrogance within weeks if not days. but the truth is that we ' ve just seen an object demonstration of why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46345756168467556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2132a5a5-7213-47ed-acf1-613253e2b127>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.722746"}
{"text": "understanding children ' s sleep habits every living creature needs to sleep. it is the primary activity of the brain during early development. circadian rhythms, or the sleep - wake cycle, are regulated by light and dark and these rhythms take time to develop, resulting in the irregular sleep schedules of newborns. the rhythms begin to develop at about six weeks, and by three to six months most infants have a regular sleep - wake cycle. by the age of two, most children have spent more time asleep than awake and overall, a child will spend 40 percent of their childhood asleep. sleep is especially important for children as it directly impacts mental and physical development. there are two alternating types or states of sleep : sleep and newborns ( 1 - 2 months ) for newborns, sleep during the early months occurs around the clock and the sleep - wake cycle interacts with the need to be fed, changed and nurtured. newborns sleep a total of 10. 5 to 18 hours a day on an irregular schedule with periods of one to three hours spent awake. the sleep period may last a few minutes to several hours. during sleep, they are often active, twitching their arms and legs, smiling, sucking and generally appearing restless. newborns express their need to sleep in different ways. some fuss, cry, rub their eyes or indicate this need with individual gestures. it is best to put babies to bed when they are sleepy, but not asleep. they are more likely to fall asleep quickly and eventually learn how to get themselves to sleep. newborns can be encouraged to sleep less during the day by exposing them to light and noise, and by playing more with them in the daytime. as evening approaches, the environment can be quieter and dimmer with less activity. sleep tips for newborns sleep and infants ( 3 - 11 months ) by six months of age, nighttime feedings are usually not necessary and many infants sleep through the night ; 70 - 80 percent will do so by nine months of age. infants typically sleep 9 - 12 hours during the night and take 30 minute to two - hour naps, one to four times a day \u2013 fewer as they reach age one. when infants are put to bed drowsy but not asleep, they are more likely to become \u201c self - soothers \u201d which enables them to fall asleep independently at bedtime and put themselves back to sleep during the night. those who have become accustomed to parental assistance at bedtime often become \u201c signalers \u201d and cry for their parents to help them return to sleep during the night", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46160238304705553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b29ab445-f852-4a29-94d3-4644f5939efd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.726817"}
{"text": "enables them to fall asleep independently at bedtime and put themselves back to sleep during the night. those who have become accustomed to parental assistance at bedtime often become \u201c signalers \u201d and cry for their parents to help them return to sleep during the night. sleep tips for infants sleep and toddlers ( 1 - 3 years ) toddlers need about 12 - 14 hours of sleep in a 24 - hour period. when they reach about 18 months of age their naptimes will decrease to once a day lasting about one to three hours. naps should not occur too close to bedtime as they may delay sleep at night. many factors can lead to sleep problems. toddlers ' drive for independence and an increase in their motor, cognitive and social abilities can interfere with sleep. in addition, their ability to get out of bed, separation anxiety, the need for autonomy and the development of the child ' s imagination can lead to sleep problems. daytime sleepiness and behavior problems may signal poor sleep or a sleep problem. sleep tips for toddlers : sleep and preschoolers ( 3 - 5 years ) preschoolers typically sleep 11 - 13 hours each night and most do not nap after five years of age. as with toddlers, difficulty falling asleep and waking up during the night are common. with further development of imagination, preschoolers commonly experience nighttime fears and nightmares. in addition, sleepwalking and sleep terrors peak during preschool years. sleep tips for preschoolers sleep and school - aged children ( 5 - 12 years ) children aged five to 12 need 10 - 11 hours of sleep. at the same time, there is an increasing demand on their time from school ( e. g., homework ), sports and other extracurricular and social activities. in addition, school aged children become more interested in tv, computers, the media and internet as well as caffeine products \u2013 all of which can lead to difficulty falling asleep, nightmares and disruptions to their sleep. in particular, watching tv close to bedtime has been associated with bedtime resistance, difficulty falling asleep, anxiety around sleep and sleeping fewer hours. sleep problems and disorders are prevalent at this age. poor or inadequate sleep can lead to mood swings, behavioral problems such as hyperactivity and cognitive problems that impact on their ability to learn in school. sleep tips for school - aged children | children ' s sleep basics | | children ' s sleep problems |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43034936181189043, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b29ab445-f852-4a29-94d3-4644f5939efd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.727846"}
{"text": "guide to public libraries public libraries in western australia the 232 public libraries within western australia offer a wide range of resources and services for people of all ages, including : - books for recreation and information - newspapers and magazines - reference resources, including encyclopedias and directories - access to state library website and a range of online databases - internet facilities - large print books - talking books and dvds - music cds, games and jigsaws - books and other resources in 50 community languages other than english - resources for learning a language - community and local history information - photocopying facilities - resources and services for children and young people - services for seniors - services for a multicultural western australia - services for aboriginal and torres strait islanders - assistance with literacy and numeracy - services to people with disabilities you are entitled to join your local public library. all you will be required to do is show identification and proof of your current address. there is no charge to join your local public library. if you are under 18 years of age your parent or legal guardian may need to be present when you join. please check with your local library for more information on becoming a member and to discover the range of materials and services it provides. if your local public library does not have what you are looking for, the staff may be able to request it for you from another library on inter library loan. you can use our catalogue to find information both at the state library and throughout the public library network by selecting the \" entire state library of wa collection \" option, or just materials in the public library network by selecting \" public library stock \". locating your local public library the australian libraries gateway is a free web - based directory service which has information about more than 6, 300 australian libraries, their collections and services. to find a library using the gateway, enter the library name into the name box, select wa for the location, and select public for the library type. if you do not know the name of your library, simply leave the name box blank ( choose wa and public ) - this will return a list of all public libraries in wa. from this list you will find : - library branch name, & related libraries - address and contact information - library catalogue - opening hours you could also choose to use the map to find libraries in regional australia. click on \" use the map to find libraries in regional australia \", and then select wa and public, then select the region you are interested in. search the australian libraries gateway. public library address labels here is an easily formatted list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37348586715189563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40dccaba-611e-4439-90df-8716a0e7b045>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.732111"}
{"text": "a challenge for active inclusion 1. dignity is human right and when this right is not respected what kind of consequences for mental health? the poverty is not a fatalistic social phenomenon but the consequence of injustice in the redistribution of resources. overcome poverty is not a gesture of charity. it is first of all an act of justice. it is the protection of a fundamental human right, the right to dignity and a decent life. everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate...... and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. decl. hum. right everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity. ( art in order to combat social exclusion and poverty, the union recognises and respects the right to social and housing assistance so as to ensure a decent existence for all those who lack sufficient. ( art 31 1.... 2.... 3 ) everyone has the right of access to preventive health care and the right to benefit from medical treatment under the conditions established by national laws and practices. charter fundamental right of european union ) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = cf. notes down page la democratie contre les pauvres, poverty as a human rights violation inhumanity or injustice?... as a form of oppression... what justice demands today ; responsibility & severe poverty poverty and exclusion february \u2013 march 2007 freedom from poverty as a human right has the right a standard of living adequate of himself, of on poverty & social exclusion reference : memo / 09 / 480 date : 27 / 10 / 2009 and mental illness - and psychic suffering are often both at the beginning of the process of marginalisation and abandonment, which - while being reinforced reciprocally - transform in chronic situation one and other until the exclusion and rupture of social belong of become strictly intertwined in a vicious circle of marginalization leading to a total loss of social links. loneliness, sickness, mental illness, drug abuse and / or alcoholism, may be the cause or the results of this state of alienation and exclusion from society, which in some cases may be irreversible and which could eventually lead to a complete break with society. involvement of all civic society : it ' s possible to insure a concrete progress in this fight against poverty and exclusion when all civic society will be involved shearing and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4773442153200762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7543b074-cc94-47ae-a34c-51ed633f5e6c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.739413"}
{"text": "be irreversible and which could eventually lead to a complete break with society. involvement of all civic society : it ' s possible to insure a concrete progress in this fight against poverty and exclusion when all civic society will be involved shearing and participating. european challenge : despite national differences, in both the nature and severity of the problem, the social exclusion is a structural problem in european society and for this reason must be placed \u2013 as an absolute priority \u2013 at the centre of an urgent call for awareness and deeper consideration particularly with respect to the right and acces to the citizen services, developing an adequate political program at european level : the building of the european community must take place within a framework of citizenship in respect of right and solidarity. smes - europa from beginning operates at the interface, intersection of mental health and social exclusion, on the appalling neglect and abandoned homeless people living in extremely poor health & social conditions and suffering from mental health problems, in order to improve mental, physical & social well - being, and to promote inclusion, citizenship and solidarity in european countries for people living in extreme social and health precariousness. combating stigma and social exclusion eradication of stigma & discrimination, but also of stereotypes against people and families suffering from poverty and mental illness, is still a remote goal for our and the consequences are : extreme poverty, marginalisation, abandonment and lost of social belong. the 5th points of pact for mental health proposed by 1. prevention of suicide and depression mental health in youth and education 3. mental health in workplace settings 4. mental health in older people 5. combating stigma and social exclusion mental health at european level does not appear to be considered a priority on health policy and in romania, the situation seems to be critical. ( cf. green paper on mental health of commission and many doc. online concerning mental health in romania ). poverty and mental illness are both or as beginning or as consequences of the same process of segregation, discrimination : one reinforces and worsens the other until complete exclusion in society. everywhere in europe and particularly in romania the reforms are urgently needed in order to protect and give dignity to the life of most vulnerable people. the european union at the time of accession of romania to the union placed at its disposal meaningful resources to guarantee the right of the patients to receive treatment as much as possible within the in reason of european challenge : lisbon, europe would to make a decisive impact on the eradication of poverty and social exclusion. but until today 2010, the poverty has not been significantly reduced, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5218747792968792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7543b074-cc94-47ae-a34c-51ed633f5e6c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.740435"}
{"text": "the patients to receive treatment as much as possible within the in reason of european challenge : lisbon, europe would to make a decisive impact on the eradication of poverty and social exclusion. but until today 2010, the poverty has not been significantly reduced, and the gap - consequence of unjust redistribution of resources - between rich & poor people, in 2010 the commission and the parliament decided to make the european year of fight against poverty and social exclusion, so having \u201c a radical impact on the eradication of poverty,, based on three inseparable and complementary pillars : 1. sufficient minimum 2. inclusive labour markets, 3. access to quality services. 4th pilar (? ) : : we are thinking that the is a very fondamental pillar of personal & active inclusion. the other 3 are in register of assistence and answer to the needs! participation is in a strict relationship with empowerment and citizenship. for this reason the two key words are : ( ressourcees, aginst poverty ) even with the worsening financial and economic crisis, this situation is rapidly extreme poverty & exclusion : 79 / 80 million people in europe live in and more and more are at risk of social exclusion. in romania \u201c absolute \u201d poverty is widespread and many people are affected by material deprivation and social marginalisation which is intolerable. ( cf. the poverty more than question of statistic and numbers is the question of persons. poverty in europa : 17 % of the european population are poor. the rate goes from 11 % to the netherlands to bulgaria and romania respectively 21 and 23 % the poor, 23 % in romania poverty in romania : the highest rates are to be raised in europe of the east, but several large countries of europe, the united kingdom, italy, spain or greece hardly make better, with a rate of poverty of + / - 20 %.. everywhere in europe and particularly in romania the reforms in mental health systhem are urgently in order to protect and dignify the life of most vulnerable people. the european union at the time of the accession of romania to eu, placed at the disposal important resources to improve the mental health services by guaranteeing the rights of the people to receive a treatment and care adapted in their state, as much as possible with the centre of the community in which they but what is the situation today? 5. aim of conference aim is not to compassionate the poor peoples and making the charity but on one side to recall the fundamental right of all to live the life in dignity and the other the duty and responsibility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4962189012779368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7543b074-cc94-47ae-a34c-51ed633f5e6c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.741461"}
{"text": "which they but what is the situation today? 5. aim of conference aim is not to compassionate the poor peoples and making the charity but on one side to recall the fundamental right of all to live the life in dignity and the other the duty and responsibility of all civic society of redistribution of resources with justice and solidarity. with this conference smes - europa continues the finality of : \u2022 reaffirming personal dignity and human rights the outrageous scenes of people, abandoned on the street, frequently with severly mental health problems are urgent appeals to enforce the respect of basic human rights of this \u2022 preferring innovative and alternative projects the scale of the problem and the ineffectiveness of mere public & private \" assistance \u201d in the long run call for medium / long term innovative and alternative projects. individuals must be seen as people having rights, needs and living in a context where the social / health private and public sectors interact. \u2022 promoting urgent prevention measures unless there is prompt intervention into the causes from which the process originates, the present crisis in the welfare system will inevitably deepen, with disastrous consequences for the young and all those in greatest need. 6. theme of conference theme & topics : \u201c sharing : redistribution of resources for dignity & well - being of all people participating : active inclusion against every segregation & discrimination \" sharing & participating is a challenge for active inclusion, promoting dignity and health, increasing access to health & social services for the most deprived people. \u201d the participants will focus reflections - experiences - evaluations and will present priorities and proposal, in order to humanise this struggle against poverty & disease, in these three topics : 1 ) deinstitutionalization and mental health in the city : from cure in an institution to care in the community. this is first of all is humanistic question, requiring new creativity in daily practices. 2 ) outreach \u2013 going out to meet where they are - aptitude before than method and 3 ) empowerment - capacitating and participation with respect for difference. nb. : your suggestion are very important in order to better specify the theme & topics of the & workshops : the proposed basic theme \" sharing & participating for active inclusion... \", will be analyse in the course of three pathways that will prepare the topics of workshops.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5018108229794002, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7543b074-cc94-47ae-a34c-51ed633f5e6c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.742427"}
{"text": "a fine flower to start withwritten by george ellison one of the best pieces of advice i ever received in regard to learning wildflowers was to \u201c concentrate on one family at a time. \u201d the person advising me didn \u2019 t, of course, intend that i should devote my attention exclusively to the species in a given family and ignore any plants outside that group. but she rightly intuited that making real progress in a systematic manner required some sort of focus. my choice was the lily family ( liliaceae ). in retrospect, i realize that picking this family was a rather grand first choice since it includes many genera and an array of species. i could have started with a less complicated group. but i was attracted by the showy \u2014 sometimes even gaudy \u2014 species represented in the liliaceae : fly poison, wild hyacinth, lily - of - the - valley, trout lily, swamp pink, indian cucumber root, grape hyacinth, bog asphodel, star - of - bethlehem, solomon \u2019 s and false solomon \u2019 s seal, featherbells, rosy twisted stalk, the numerous trillium species, the bellworts, turkey beard, etc. the centerpiece genus of the liliaceae is, of course, lilium or the so - called true lilies. here in the southern mountains this genus is comprised of five quite distinctive species : turk \u2019 s - cap lily ( lilium superbum ), canada lily ( l. canadense ), wood lily ( l. philadelphicum ), michaux \u2019 s or carolina lily ( l. michauxii ), and gray \u2019 s lily ( l. grayi ). of these, only the turk \u2019 s - cap and michaux \u2019 s lilies are, in my experience, commonly encountered. the rarest species is gray \u2019 s lily, also known as bell lily, orange - bell lily, roan lily, and roan mountain lily. it is, for me, not only the most beautiful species in the liliaceae but also the most beautiful wildflower i have encountered in north america. the species is named for asa gray, america \u2019 s first great formal botanist. in 1840, gray and several companions explored the high mountains of north carolina. among the many exciting plants they located was the spectacular red and purple - spotted lily that would, in 1879, be described as a new species and named in gray \u2019 s honor. gray \u2019 s lily is a perennial,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4285627349982038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:499cd793-65bb-4092-a602-886c1ad06b5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.745550"}
{"text": "high mountains of north carolina. among the many exciting plants they located was the spectacular red and purple - spotted lily that would, in 1879, be described as a new species and named in gray \u2019 s honor. gray \u2019 s lily is a perennial, standing from two to four feet tall, with a smooth stem that bears three to eight whorls of narrow leaves. from june into early august, it displays from one to 10 bell shaped, slightly flared flowers on long stalks. the flowers are poised in an almost horizontal position. each flower head is dark red or reddish - orange outside. inside it is somewhat lighter in color and distinctively marked with numerous purple spots. it is a stately, almost regal plant. this rare and endangered species is limited in its natural state to high - elevation, moist, grassy open areas and woodland thickets. its distribution is restricted to a handful of counties in western virginia, east tennessee, and western north carolina. in an open, grassy plot alongside the creek on our property, elizabeth and i once attempted as part of a horticultural experiment to grow several seedlings of gray \u2019 s lily originally propagated from seeds by kim hawks, who was at that time the owner of niche wildflower gardens near chapel hill. they flowered sparsely for several years and then disappeared. if we ever try to raise gray \u2019 s lily again, we \u2019 ll create and place the plants in a moist peat bed in wooded shade.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42048485869087315, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:499cd793-65bb-4092-a602-886c1ad06b5e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.746121"}
{"text": "i have written the matlab code according to the algo given in he tutorials for edge detection. edge detection is a technique to locate the edges of objects in the scene. this can be useful for locating the horizon, the corner of an object, white line following, or for determing the shape of an object. the algorithm is quite simple : sort through the image matrix pixel by pixel for each pixel, analyze each of the 8 pixels surrounding it record the value of the darkest pixel, and the lightest pixel if ( darkest _ pixel _ value - lightest _ pixel _ value ) > threshold ) then rewrite that pixel as 1 ; else rewrite that pixel as 0 ; what the algorithm does is detect sudden changes in color or lighting, representing the edge of an object. \" i want to know how to get the threshold value for best results. if i calculate the threshold according to the original method of finding the mean of all the elements of image matrix, then its too big a value. see, in this algo we find the difference between the largest and smallest neighbour of a matrix element. now for a grayscale image, this difference is not too big, not more than 50 at extreme points and generally around 20 - 30. but as the pixel value is almost same for all pixels in a grayscale image and hence the threshold calculated by the normal method is always greater than the difference and the resulting image is completely black. i ran the code on a 640x480 grayscale image. it gave the best result at threshold = 20 whereas the threshold calculated by computing the mean was coming out to be = 115. now how to calculate the accurate threshold?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5106527765674707, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ec9a08b-9de3-4992-90e5-5a26bd770fbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.750030"}
{"text": "there ' s nothing too special about jennifer wiseman ' s favorite galaxy. about 100 million light years away from earth, ngc \u2013 1309 displays a symmetrical pinwheel shape. its brightest moment may have been in 2002, when light from a supernova ( a powerful star explosion ) inside it reached earth. in the background of the hubble space telescope image of ngc \u2013 1309, many more distant galaxies linger. so why does wiseman, senior project scientist for nasa ' s hubble space telescope, like this particular galaxy? it ' s become my favorite galaxy, not because it ' s special, but because it ' s kind of average, \" she says. \" by seeing the beauty of this one galaxy, and the abundance of other galaxies in that same image, i get a sense of the enormous beauty and magnitude of our universe. \" wiseman ' s fascination with galaxies and stars began early. as a kid growing up on an arkansas farm, she took walks with her family to look at the night sky. later, as a senior at mit, she discovered the comet that now bears her name, 114p / wiseman - skiff. she continued her studies at harvard, earning a doctorate in astronomy in 1995. in her presentation at spu \u2019 s day of common learning, wiseman showed a video of a space shuttle mission launch to service the hubble space telescope. in her current research, wiseman studies the formation of stars. she also directs the dialogue on science, ethics, and religion for the american association for the advancement of science, and she has served as an adult sunday school teacher and lay speaker at her church. wiseman visited seattle pacific university ' s campus on october 19, 2011, to speak to students, faculty, staff, and the public at the 10th annual day of common learning. in her lecture, \" stars, galaxies, planets, and life : an amazing universe to behold, \" she explored \" how science can inspire worship, study, and service. \" she also spoke with response about astronomy ' s latest discoveries, the future of nasa, and why it ' s important for christians to become scientifically educated. especially on the latter, and on questions of faith and science, we asked her to share her own personal reflections. her views do not represent nasa. there is no typical day for me as an oversight scientist for the hubble space telescope project. i have a variety of duties that include being a spokesperson for the scientific discoveries we ' re making with the telescope. i also make sure that we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5210115314348612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c921a499-2841-4d0c-bf3f-70b9b371fd78>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.760924"}
{"text": "nasa. there is no typical day for me as an oversight scientist for the hubble space telescope project. i have a variety of duties that include being a spokesperson for the scientific discoveries we ' re making with the telescope. i also make sure that we have an adequate budget to keep doing the best science, and overseeing how the science instruments on the observatory are used, to make sure that we ' re getting the best scientific return out of the observatory. some people wonder why we should be spending money as a nation on astronomy and telescopes when there are other, more down - to - earth problems that we need to address. i clarify that the fraction of the federal budget spent on nasa, and particularly on space science, is extremely small, and yet the return is enormous in terms of inspiring our young people and lifting the spirits of citizens of our country and people around the world, as we discover our place in a magnificent universe. i think that, as a nation, we need to channel our resources both into solving problems and into advancing good, positive, constructive pursuits. nasa has some exciting plans. though we ' ve retired the space shuttles, the space station is still very much in operation. while nasa plans and develops its follow - up vehicles for the shuttle, we will be hitching a ride on russian spacecraft for a few years to get back and forth from the space station. but before long we plan to have vehicles that could take us not only to the low - earth - orbit area where the space station is, but also beyond, perhaps to the moon, perhaps eventually to mars. we are also in the middle of developing a very large space telescope that will follow hubble. it ' s called the james webb space telescope, and it will see farther back in time and space than we ' ve been able to see with hubble. images from the hubble space telescope allow us to look back in time by showing distant objects. the distance to these objects is measured in light - years, a measurement that tells us how long it takes for that light to reach earth. for instance, when we look at the carina nebula, 7, 500 light - years away, we are seeing how that nebula looked 7, 500 years ago. one of the hottest topics in astronomy right now is the detection of hundreds of planets outside of our own solar system : exoplanets. when i was growing up, it was only science fiction to imagine whether or not stars other than our sun had planets orbiting them. but in the last 20 years, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.529291035468735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c921a499-2841-4d0c-bf3f-70b9b371fd78>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.761941"}
{"text": "of hundreds of planets outside of our own solar system : exoplanets. when i was growing up, it was only science fiction to imagine whether or not stars other than our sun had planets orbiting them. but in the last 20 years, we have detected hundreds of planets around other stars. there are well over 1, 000 candidates that are potential planets orbiting other stars. this is a huge change. it also means that before too long, we ' ll be able to do more detailed analysis of some of these planets to try to understand whether they are like earth, whether they have atmospheres that are compatible with sustaining life. in fact, if we can build the right telescopes and instruments, we might be able \u2014 at some point in the not - too - distant future \u2014 to detect signatures of biological activity on some of these planets, if it ' s there. this is a very exciting, evolving field. everyone immediately remembers their favorite science - fiction movies and starts imagining what alien civilizations might look like. but for scientists, actually the most exciting discovery that we could anticipate is if we could find any evidence of simple life, like bacteria, on another planet. of course, we would be detecting it indirectly. instead of actually seeing the life forms, we would be analyzing the atmosphere and seeing if it gives evidence of there being biological processes on the planet. for example, if we were to leave earth and look back with certain instruments, we could do a spectral analysis of earth ' s atmosphere and see water vapor. that would tell us that earth could sustain life, because we have water. we would also see things like oxygen, and that would be a clue that we have plant life here, because the photosynthesis processes in plants produce oxygen. so these things we call \" biomarkers \" are clues that there might be life on the planet, and that ' s the kind of thing we ' d be looking for on these other planets. if we find life somewhere other than earth \u2014 especially if it were life in a different star system \u2014 that form of life could not have originated from earth. we would call that a second biogenesis, meaning that life, however life got started on earth, was able also to get started other places. that takes a little bit of theological contemplation. however, most people of religious faith after a while seem to conclude that however god created life on this planet, he could have done the same thing elsewhere if he so desired, because god loves life and life is abundant here. the bible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.513526227797924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c921a499-2841-4d0c-bf3f-70b9b371fd78>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.762915"}
{"text": "i believe that it pleases god and glorifies god when we care enough to study the details of his handiwork. also we should remember that the scientific enterprise, as described more formally, is only a few centuries old, and many of the early scientists were people motivated by their faith in god to investigate the details of god ' s handiwork. this enterprise has a profoundly theological root in terms of serving god and honoring the lord. i believe there ' s certainly a foundation for encouraging christians to go into science. science nowadays is a component of almost everything that we as a society do. so science and technology are part of our agriculture, our national defense, our entertainment, our education, our transportation, our media, our little gadgets, and certainly our medicine. we would be foolish to take a backseat in understanding science and technology or to understanding the ethical concerns that come along with our advancements. i think christians should be diligent at all kinds of endeavors, including science and technology, as a means of service. in these fields, we need not only people with bright technical minds, but also people who are thinking deeply about the purpose of scientific exploration and technological development and the bigger picture \u2014 the values and priorities of our society. i think my scientific education has matured my faith in some ways by helping me see that god sometimes works through processes that take patience beyond what the human mind can imagine. in other words, while god can perform instant miracles, his traditional mode of operation has been to set up natural law and processes through which the universe is unfolding. that ' s beautiful. that shows us a god of patience and a god of faithfulness that ' s beyond our ability, with our short life spans and our fast - food mentality, to contemplate. when i look at things like the geologic time span for mountains and canyons to form across the globe, for continents to move, even for planets and new stars to form, i see the kind of drama that ' s taking place under the natural laws that god has ordained. that speaks to a god of grandeur and patience and unfathomable time and space, a god who is more powerful than the kind of quickfix god that we ' re often tempted to imagine. in this hubble space telescope image from 2007, jupiter \u2019 s largest moon, ganymede ( right ), is visible, along with jupiter \u2019 s great red spot, a storm the size of two earths that has been raging for more than 300 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4745944880338999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c921a499-2841-4d0c-bf3f-70b9b371fd78>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.766157"}
{"text": "##ble space telescope image from 2007, jupiter \u2019 s largest moon, ganymede ( right ), is visible, along with jupiter \u2019 s great red spot, a storm the size of two earths that has been raging for more than 300 years. in my lifetime i ' m hoping that we can do two things in particular. i ' m hoping we can explore the moons of jupiter and saturn more thoroughly to find out if there are any life forms on these moons, in particular, for example, in the oceans under the ice of europa. i ' m also hoping that we will at least find out if there are other earth - like planets around other stars that have oceans and continents, and maybe if we can even detect the signature of biological activity from things like plants. that, to me, would be tremendously exciting. when you look at objects with professional telescopes, you really get amazing details. we can see with spatial precision that would be otherwise unobtainable. and we can also see in wavelengths of light that our eyes can ' t otherwise see, infrared light and ultraviolet light. there ' s certainly the scientific advantage of looking at objects with professional telescopes because our eyes see only a tiny fraction of the color range by which things in space emit their light. on the other hand, i would say that my favorite kind of astronomy is going out to a dark place with just my eyes and maybe a pair of binoculars. by seeing the larger - scale grandeur of the sky, i think you get a much better personal sense of the magnitude of the universe that we live in, and the sense of collective beauty of all these stars and planets being apparent at once. i hope that people will take the time to find a dark place on a dark night and look up for a while, because it ' s an experience like no other. online extra : read about jennifer wiseman ' s own research and highlights of other discoveries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5159067778610157, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c921a499-2841-4d0c-bf3f-70b9b371fd78>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.766957"}
{"text": "a cloaking device is a form of stealth technology that uses selective bending of light ( and other forms of energy ) to render a starship or other object completely invisible to the electromagnetic spectrum and most sensors. it has been encountered in varying forms over the centuries. cloaking devices in star trek the purpose of a cloak is to prevent detection before combat and when fleeing combat, and cloaking devices have been able to hide vessels from all but the most advanced scanners and tracking systems. cloaking devices have been usually used for stealth, and its combat use is limited usually to moving into position for an ambush. for example, the early cloaking device was a perfect supplement to the romulan plasma weapon allowing the bird of prey to approach as close as possible to deploy the limited - range weapon for maximum effectiveness. the early cloaks were proprietary technology of the romulans. in the first recorded instance of military use of a cloaking device against a starfleet vessel, the cloaked romulan vessel was completely invisible to visible light and targeting scanners, but she could still be detected on motion sensors and was tracked in this manner by the enterprise throughout the engagement near the neutral zone. this form of tracking proved poor for targeting and precision movement, forcing captain kirk to lay down a pattern of weapon fire in hopes of catching his target. ( tos, \" balance of terror \" ) later on as part of an ongoing technology - sharing program, the klingons gained the cloaking device and romulans abandoned their existing warbird design in favor of klingon vessels like the d - 7 ( tos, \" the enterprise incident \" ). klingons began using cloaking devices on their own bird of prey designs, as seen in the genesis incident when kruge ' s bird of prey penetrated deep into federation space destroying the uss grissom and ambushing the enterprise utilizing the cloaking device. ( star trek iii : the search for spock ) the performance characteristics of cloaking devices have changed over time. for instance, the klingon cloaking device in st3 created a visible distortion effect when the ship was in motion, but it successfully hid the ship from all other forms of detection. as seen in the tng era and onward, the cloaking devices available to the klingons and romulans have grown much more sophisticated. klingons cloaks are so advanced that even when cloaking and decloaking within several kilometers of deep space nine, the sensor suites could not accurately track the klingon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5672095383370769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bbace7a-284b-4094-ad3a-2a2262824daa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.773440"}
{"text": "the klingons and romulans have grown much more sophisticated. klingons cloaks are so advanced that even when cloaking and decloaking within several kilometers of deep space nine, the sensor suites could not accurately track the klingon vessels ( ds9, \" way of the warrior \" ). romulan warbirds were also able to approach the station completely unseen and decloak within several kilometers despite the station being at battle stations, a klingon fleet and federation vessels all within range and expecting a dominion attack. ( ds9, \" by inferno ' s light \" ) one of the most recent evolutions of cloaking technology was seen twice, once by klingon design and another by the romulans. general chang of the klingon empire utilized a bird of prey that could fire while cloaked, a notorious limitation of most cloaking devices. this bird of prey was destroyed over khitomer and was the only known proto - type. we have not seen a cloaked klingon ship accomplish this since. the cloaking device used on the scimitar also allowed the vessel to fire while cloaked and was used with devastating effectiveness against the enterprise - e. this may be the natural progression of the device should greater enhancements be made in the future, but advances in sensor technology may defeat this cloaking system, as apparently occurred with chang ' s now - obsolete cloak. cloaking device politics the federation is banned from developing cloaking devices by the treaty of algeron with the romulan empire. the circumstances under which the federation agreed to hamstring itself by not developing this technology are unknown. despite the ban, the federation did produce one illegal cloaking device - one that is a quantum leap ahead of anything produced by either the romulans or the klingons - a phase cloak that allows a vessel to pass through solid matter. cloaking devices have high power requirements. consequently, depending on their power sources, cloaked vessels are usually weakly shielded, if shielded at all. similarly, cloaked ships have relatively little power available for their weapon systems. because cloaking devices are integrated into a ship ' s shield systems, cloaking and decloaking usually creates a window of vulnerability in which shields are not functional ; commander riker exploited such a weakness in star trek : generations to destroy a klingon bird of prey. the initial romulan cloaking device was so power intensive that it nearly drained the energy reserves of the romulan bird of prey during its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5077594215565762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bbace7a-284b-4094-ad3a-2a2262824daa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.774515"}
{"text": "riker exploited such a weakness in star trek : generations to destroy a klingon bird of prey. the initial romulan cloaking device was so power intensive that it nearly drained the energy reserves of the romulan bird of prey during its battle with the enterprise in \" balance of terror \". one can speculate that the primary reason a cloaked vessel cannot fire while cloaked is that too much power is required for maintaining the cloak to properly power the weapons systems. this is hinted at when captain kruge warns his ship ' s gunner to transfer power to the weapons \" at my command, \" perhaps concerned that power would be transfered too soon, thus compromising the cloak. ( star trek iii : the search for spock ) romulan officers do not consider their cloaking technology sufficient to bypass the prepared defenses at the federation border ( tng, face of the enemy ). a cloaking device can be defeated using a tachyon net ; a cloaked ship trying to pass through the net will still interrupt one of the tachyon beams being transmitted among the ships participating in the net, revealing its location. in certain rare instances, cloaked vessels have been spotted by the naked eye, such as in star trek iii : the search for spock, or the external visuals in star trek : nemesis. cloaking devices in star wars cloaking devices have been mentioned a couple of times in the star wars movies, but they have only been described in use in post - movie novels. in star wars : the empire strikes back, when the isd avenger loses track of the millennium falcon, captain needa dismisses the possibility that his target engaged a cloaking device because the target ship is too small to have one. in the heir to the empire series of novels by timothy zahn, grand admiral thrawn employs cloaking devices in several ways. according to these novels, a ship can avoid detection with a cloaking device, but the cloaked ship is also completely blind, limiting the usefulness of the device. cloaking devices in stargate the goa ' uld posses some level of cloaking technology which can be used on both a human scale as well as on the scale of small spacecraft such as al ' kesh and tel ' taks. for the most part cloaking devices on the scale of capital ships such as ha ' tak are beyond the technical copacity of the goa ' uld, with the notable exception of that of sokar ' s realm. puddle jumpers are also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4730961436596507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bbace7a-284b-4094-ad3a-2a2262824daa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.775541"}
{"text": "mines of guanajuato guanajuato had its beginnings in the discovery of prodigious silver mines, which at the end of the eighteenth century converted the city into the largest silver producer ever known up to that time. the first discoveries are shrouded in legend, making it difficult to distinguish reality from fiction. however, there seems to be no doubt that it was in the year 1558 that work began on the first mineshafts of the rayas and mellado mines, and it was in that same year that the famous mother lode of guanajuato was discovered from those very mineshafts. this generous vein runs through the hills that border the city to the north and northeast, and it has left on the surface a constellation of mines and mineshafts channeling downward to catch the vein in its sinuous trajectory. on the tops of these hills, there are quite a few impressive ruins which signal the presence of mining work. sure enough, nestled in the spaces between these hills one finds the mines of calderones, el cedro, and el cubo, at the south end of the city ; and in the hills at the north end, peregrina, villalpando, penafiel, san nicolas, sirena, la garrapata, rayas - mellado, la cata, tepeyac, valenciana, santa ana, la luz, and many more. the rayas mine : this mine owes its name to the muleteer juan rayas, who discovered it in 1550. this was the first mine in guanajuato. its 1400 foot mineshaft is considered one of the longest in the world. barrio of mellado the cata mine : this mine is the site of a lovely church built in the seventeenth century. its pink cantera stone facade is baroque in style. barrio of cata the valenciana mine : this was the most productive mine in the city, and it is still in operation. at the end of the eighteenth century and the start of the nineteenth, this mine produced two - thirds of all the silver from guanajuato that was exported to spain and asia. the silver from the valenciana mine helped support the spanish empire and its colonies. barrio of valenciana valenciana mine entrance this mine entrance is now under the administration of the santa fe mine engineering cooperative, which has made it into an attraction suitable for visitors. one can go down into the mineshafts and observe the work conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3709993611500183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c32e8299-cbfc-42c8-9122-6773ddd4284d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.778768"}
{"text": "barrio of valenciana valenciana mine entrance this mine entrance is now under the administration of the santa fe mine engineering cooperative, which has made it into an attraction suitable for visitors. one can go down into the mineshafts and observe the work conditions of miners during the viceroyalty period. next to the church of valenciana san ramon mine entrance during the mid - sixteenth century, audacious miners went deep into the earth to extract rock containing precious metals, gold and silver. the silver mother lode is located in the center of mexico, and the city of guanajuato has played a major role in its exploitation, with its valenciana mining district. the san ramon mine entrance leads into the valenciana mine, the most important of the viceroyalty period. some of the mine ' s tunnels go as deep as 450 meters ( 1476 ft. ) below ground. the experimental mine el nopal exploratory work began on this mine before 1868. this was the year in which the nopal mine and annexes mining company was formed, with the objective of exploring and exploiting the silver veins at el nopal and other mines. today, the mine ' s goal is to educate residents and visitors and provide guided tours. tours have trained guides and accident insurance. request more information your comments or questions :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4163892832086374, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c32e8299-cbfc-42c8-9122-6773ddd4284d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.779301"}
{"text": "terrorism is mostly linked to differences in opinion between different sects of a religion, an example being muslim extremists. muslim extremists in the middle east have radical opinions on the details of their religion. the ira in ireland terrorizes anyone who goes against their ideals. terrorism is caused when one group of radicals feels the necessity to attack another group. in addition, terrorism can be caused when one group feels that they are doing the right thing, when in the eyes of someone else, these same actions could be offensive and could cause unrest. like the united states christians who gave aid to the christians in ireland. the un has ways to deal with unrest between countries, and has peacekeeping committees to try to stop terrorism before it starts. in order to stop terrorism in the middle east, there must be a clear separation of secular and state. the sharia in muslim countries does not have laws that provide protection against modern day technology and advances in culture. the middle eastern countries that are ruled by religious laws have to start to regulate weapon usage and the availability of explosives and other dangerous chemicals. an increase in the global population greatly affects many aspects of everyday life for everyone in the world. population increases causes a vicious cycle of urbanization. urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities and a education. urbanization is caused by an increase need for employment. people who live in rural areas have a lesser availability of jobs and resources, so moving to the city... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2010, 09 ). thematic essay - how global issues affect the whole world. studymode. com. retrieved 09, 2010, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / thematic - essay - how - global - issues - affect - 421122. html \" thematic essay - how global issues affect the whole world \" studymode. com. 09 2010. 09 2010 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / thematic - essay - how - global - issues - affect - 421122. html >. \" thematic essay - how global issues affect the whole world. \" studymode. com. 09, 2010. accessed 09, 2010. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / thematic - essay - how - global - issues - affect - 421122. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4709352934773899, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0e0f099-dca6-4db2-8124-89600a5cfb5d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.783462"}
{"text": "how cane sugar is made - extraction there are several important aspects to extraction which involve the energy balance of the factory, the efficiency of extraction and therefore ultimately the profitability of operations : - the manager needs to process the cane as soon as possible if sugar losses are to be avoided yet needs to have a sufficient supply in storage for times when cutting and transport are stopped, whether deliberately or not. typically, cane is processed within 24 hours of cutting ; - cane preparation is critical to good sugar extraction, particularly with diffusion extraction. this is achieved with rotating knives and sometimes hammer mills called \" shredders \". however shredding requires extra energy and more equipment ; - the extraction is actually conducted as a counter - current process using fresh hot water at one end being pumped in the opposite direction to the cane. the more water that is used, the more sugar is extracted but the more dilute the mixed juice is and hence the more energy that is required to evaporate the juice ; - the more accurately that the mills are set [ adjusted ], the drier is the residual fibre and hence the less sugar remaining in the fibre ; a typical mixed juice from extraction will contain perhaps 15 % sugar and the residual fibre, called bagasse, will contain 1 to 2 % sugar, about 50 % moisture and some of the sand and grit from the field as \" ash \". a typical cane might contain 12 to 14 % fibre which, at 50 % moisture content gives about 25 to 30 tons of bagasse per 100 tons of cane or 10 tons of sugar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4165623622275918, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:442eb800-f0bb-4818-9b5a-22d88a695918>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.785243"}
{"text": "repair of rectocele or enterocele a reference rectocele opens new window reference opens new window occurs when the end of the large intestine ( rectum ) pushes against and moves the back wall of the reference vagina opens new window. an enterocele ( small bowel prolapse ) occurs when the reference small bowel opens new window reference opens new window presses against and moves the upper wall of the vagina. reference rectoceles opens new window and reference enteroceles opens new window develop if the lower pelvic muscles become damaged by labor, childbirth, or a previous pelvic surgery or when the muscles are weakened by aging. a rectocele or an enterocele can be present at birth ( congenital ), though this is rare. a rectocele or an enterocele may become large or more obvious when you strain or bear down ( for example, during a bowel movement ). a rectocele and an enterocele may occur together, especially if you have had surgery to remove the uterus ( reference hysterectomy opens new window ). because rectocele and enterocele are defects of the pelvic supporting tissue and not the bowel wall, they are treated most successfully with surgery that repairs the vaginal wall. this surgery pulls together the stretched or torn tissue in the area of prolapse. surgery will also strengthen the wall of the vagina to prevent prolapse from recurring. unless there is another health problem that would require an abdominal incision, rectoceles and enteroceles are usually repaired through the vagina. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : october 9, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference sarah marshall, md - family medicine reference femi olatunbosun, mb, frcsc - obstetrics and gynecology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.450854832856604, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d45d58fb-50a7-4264-b622-2304d2a59a90>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.787210"}
{"text": "exams and tests your doctor will usually diagnose pneumonia with : - your reference medical history. - a reference physical exam. - a chest x - ray, which is almost always done to check for changes in the lungs that may mean pneumonia and to look for other causes of your symptoms. but an x - ray does not always show whether you have pneumonia, especially if it is done when you first get sick. in some cases, the x - ray results may : - suggest the type of organism ( bacterial, viral, or fungal ) causing pneumonia. - show reference complications of pneumonia. - show conditions that may occur with pneumonia, such as fluid in the chest cavity or a collapsed lung. - reveal another condition, such as heart failure, lung cancer, or acute bronchitis. lab tests for pneumonia the need for more tests often depends on how severe your symptoms are, your age, and your overall health. in general, the sicker you are, the more tests you will have. this is especially true for older adults and infants. if you are very ill, have severe shortness of breath, or have a condition that increases your risk ( such as asthma or copd ), your doctor may test your mucus. tests include a reference gram stain and a reference sputum culture. rapid urine test this test can identify some bacteria that cause pneumonia. this can help guide treatment for pneumonia. in people who have reference impaired immune systems opens new window, pneumonia may be caused by other organisms, including some forms of fungi, such as pneumocystis jiroveci ( formally called pneumocystis carinii ). this fungus often causes pneumonia in people who have aids. some doctors may suggest an reference hiv opens new window test if they think that pneumocystis jiroveci is causing the pneumonia. other lung tests if you have severe pneumonia, you may need reference other tests, including tests to check for complications and to find out how well your immune system is working.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4705029176653322, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d93ea38b-1410-45bd-9999-6173eb3f0188>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.789192"}
{"text": "interactive tool : what is your risk for a stroke if you have atrial fibrillation? talk to your doctor about how to lower your risk of stroke if you have atrial fibrillation. medicine and lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking or eating a reference heart - healthy diet, can help lower your risk of stroke. for help deciding if taking an anticoagulant is right for you, see : - opens new window atrial fibrillation : should i take an anticoagulant to prevent stroke? opens new window for help deciding which anticoagulant to take, see : - opens new window atrial fibrillation : which anticoagulant should i take to prevent stroke? opens new window for more information, see the topic reference atrial fibrillation. this tool was derived from wang tj, et al. ( 2003 ). a risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new - onset atrial fibrillation in the community : the framingham heart study. jama, 290 ( 8 ) : 1049 \u2013 1056. the framingham heart study is a project of the national heart, lung, and blood institute, a part of the national institutes of health and the u. s. department of health and human services, and boston university. more information is available online at www. framinghamheartstudy. org. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference november 30, 2010 | | medical review : | | reference e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine reference john m. miller, md, facc - cardiology, electrophysiology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41096308327825704, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c9b4c32-c52b-49e8-9256-9bae7950c807>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.790817"}
{"text": "| by pr newswire | | | january 24, 2013 12 : 02 am est | | san jose, calif., jan. 24, 2013 / prnewswire / - - researchers from ibm ( nyse : ibm ) and the institute of bioengineering and nanotechnology revealed today an antimicrobial hydrogel that can break through diseased biofilms and completely eradicate drug - resistant bacteria upon contact. the synthetic hydrogel, which forms spontaneously when heated to body temperature, is the first - ever to be biodegradable, biocompatible and non - toxic, making it an ideal tool to combat serious health hazards facing hospital workers, visitors and patients. traditionally used for disinfecting various surfaces, antimicrobials can be found in traditional household items like alcohol and bleach. however, moving from countertops to treating drug resistant skin infections or infectious diseases in the body are proving to be more challenging as conventional antibiotics become less effective and many household surface disinfectants are not suitable for biological applications. ibm research and its collaborators developed a remoldable synthetic antimicrobial hydrogel, comprised of more than 90 % water, which, if commercialized, is ideal for applications like creams or injectable therapeutics for wound healing, implant and catheter coatings, skin infections or even orifice barriers. able to colonize on almost any tissue or surface, microbial biofilms - which are adhesive groupings of diseased cells present in 80 % of all infections - persist at various sites in the human body, especially in association with medical equipment and devices. they contribute significantly to hospital - acquired infections, which are among the top five leading causes of death in the united states and account for up to $ 11 billion in healthcare spending each year. despite advanced sterilization and aseptic techniques, infections associated with medical devices have not been eradicated. this is due, in part, to the development of drug - resistant bacteria. according to the cdc, antibiotic drug resistance in the u. s. costs an estimated $ 20 billion a year in healthcare costs as well as 8 million additional days spent in the hospital. through the precise tailoring of polymers, researchers designed macromolecules, a molecular structure containing a large number of atoms, which combine water solubility, positive charge, and biodegradability characteristics. when mixed with water and heated to body temperature the polymers self - assemble, swelling into a synthetic gel that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5192020619957626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87bac01c-8898-4ea3-8270-3d994d3f512e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.795115"}
{"text": "a soyuz rocket launched two galileo satellites into orbit on friday, marking a crucial step for europe \u2019 s planned navigation system, operator arianespace announced. the launch took place at the kourou space base in french guiana, at 3 : 15pm ( 6 : 15pm gmt ). three and three - quarter hours later, the 700kg satellites were placed into orbit. the new satellites add to the first two in the galileo navigation system, which were launched on oct. 21, last year. together they create a \u201c mini - constellation. \u201d four is the minimum number of satellites needed to gain a navigational fix on the ground, using signals from the satellite to get a position for latitude, longitude, altitude and a time reference. galileo will ultimately consist of 30 satellites, six more than the us global positioning system. by 2015, 18 satellites should be in place, which is sufficient for launching services to the public, followed by the rest in 2020, according to the european space agency. it is claimed that the system will be accurate to within one meter. the us global positioning system, which became operational in 1995 and is currently being upgraded, is currently accurate to between three and eight meters. in may, the european commission said the cost by 2015 would be 5 billion euros ( us $ 6. 45 billion ). as a medium - sized launcher, soyuz complements europe \u2019 s heavyweight ariane 5 and lightweight vega rockets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43790624517190063, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:699d891f-bdb8-4b5c-be74-eb4bcd7029f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.798094"}
{"text": "what is pink eye and what are the symptoms? pink eye, or conjunctivitis, is an inflammation of the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. pink eye can be a bacterial or viral infection and may occur with colds or childhood diseases such as measles. another type of conjunctivitis can be caused by environmental allergies. conjunctivitis can be spread from one eye to the other and from one person to another. conjunctivitis is a very common condition in children. frequent signs and symptoms of pink eye include : eye discomfort or pain, gritty feeling in the eye, redness of the eye, clear, green, or yellow discharge from the eye, swollen eyelids, sensitivity to bright light, intense itching ( allergic conjunctivitis only ) and crust that forms on the eyelashes after sleeping. what are styes and what are the symptoms? a stye is an infection or inflammation of the upper or lower eyelid. styes are caused by bacterial infection ( most often staphylococcal or staph ) in a hair follicle or a gland in the corner of the eye. the infection may be limited to the eyelid or may have spread from somewhere else in the body. styes are typically harmless. frequent signs and symptoms of styes include : - a bump on the edge of the eyelid. - the eyelid area is red, swollen, painful, or tender. the head of the stye is usually on the outside, but it may be on the underside of the lid. - eye may be sensitive to bright light. - a gritty feeling in the eye. - eye may water. what is the treatment? visit a take care clinicsm if you think you may have pink eye or a stye. an exam of the affected eye will confirm the diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan can be put into place to help relieve symptoms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49201866174008324, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:608af591-16a5-4fab-9dd9-6f6d6af78fb1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.800728"}
{"text": "messages : packets, frames, datagrams and cells ( page 1 of 2 ) many networking technologies are based on packet switching, which involves the creation of small chunks of data to be sent over a network. even though the word packet appears in the name of this method, the data items sent between networked devices are most generically called messages. packet is one of a variety of similar words that are used in different contexts to refer to messages sent from one device to another. in some cases these different terms can be very useful ; simply the type of name used for the message can tell you something about what the message contains. in particular, different message names are usually associated with protocols and technologies operating at specific layers of the osi reference model. thus, the use of these different names can help clarify discussions that involve multiple protocols operating at different layers. unfortunately, these terms can also cause confusion, because they are not always applied in a universal or even consistent manner. some people are strict about applying particular message designations only to the appropriate technologies where they are normally used, while others use the different terms completely interchangeably. this means that you should be familiar with the different message types and how they are normally used, but be prepared for the unexpected. home - table of contents - contact us the tcp / ip guide ( http : / / www. tcpipguide. com ) version 3. 0 - version date : september 20, 2005 \u00a9 copyright 2001 - 2005 charles m. kozierok. all rights reserved. not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5882178607933992, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aabf0680-54ca-44d4-b474-9f095b010f1c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.803297"}
{"text": "next stop ipad : vannevar bush, shown here with an analog computer he \u2019 d invented, imagined a day when tiny devices contained libraries. in a 1933 essay for tr, vannevar bush, then mit \u2019 s dean of engineering, wrote a sardonic report in which he pretended to be somebody from the distant future who looked back with distaste on the \u201c preposterous \u201d and \u201c grotesque \u201d state of technology in the 1930s. to illustrate his points, he followed a hypothetical professor confronting the various indignities of a typical day. we read of the trials of the men of that day and wonder that they could have been apparently content with their mode of life, its discomforts, and its annoyances. instead, we should admire them for having made the best of a hard situation, and treasure the rugged qualities which they exemplified \u2026 consider, for example, a professor in some northern urban university, and let us attempt to appreciate the sort of life he led, with a sympathetic attempt to evaluate the extent to which his efforts were circumscribed by the hardships and discomforts of his daily existence. in a sense, bush \u2019 s article was just a way to poke fun at himself and his contemporaries. the telephone, he lamented, distorted the professor \u2019 s speech while ensnaring him in a tangle of wires ; the incessant clatter of the typewriter in his office made thought impossible ; he actually had to be present in the classroom to give his lectures rather than broadcast \u201c a much more finished presentation by vocal cinema. \u201d but the essay also demonstrated the visionary intelligence that bush would put to good use during world war ii as director of the office of scientific research and development ( the office \u2019 s support of radar research was critical to the war effort ). his criticism of life in the 1930s sprang from his conviction that future technology would improve things. take the university library, the sheer scale of which made finding relevant information time - consuming and difficult : the library, to which our professor probably turned, was enormous. long banks of shelves contained tons of books, and yet it was supposed to be a working library and not a museum. he had to paw over cards, thumb pages, and delve by the hour. it was time - wasting and exasperating indeed. many well remember the amazing incredulity which greeted the first presentation of the unabridged dictionary on a square foot of film. the idea that one might have the contents of a thousand volumes located in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49554322357537267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e396256a-cd39-4e3d-98e0-ddbb3f3f10e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.810426"}
{"text": "wasting and exasperating indeed. many well remember the amazing incredulity which greeted the first presentation of the unabridged dictionary on a square foot of film. the idea that one might have the contents of a thousand volumes located in a couple of cubic feet in a desk, so that by depressing a few keys one could have a given page instantly projected before him, was regarded as the wildest source of fancy. historians of science see this sentence as bush \u2019 s first description of a device he eventually dubbed the \u201c memex, \u201d which he introduced more fully in a 1945 article for the atlantic monthly. from a technological perspective, the predigital device that he conceived was nothing more than a souped - up microfilm reader. but the idea of a personal information indexing and retrieval device directly inspired the inventors of hypertext, the basic organizing principle of the web. bush \u2019 s idea also foreshadowed the development of intuitive, easy - to - use tablet computers like the ipad. bush saw the development of such devices as inevitable, and he imparted his vision to his students, including claude shannon. four years later, shannon would prove that electrical circuits could be used to perform logic operations, thus initiating the digital revolution that made it all possible. the technologies we now take for granted would have solved many of the problems that bush \u2019 s hapless professor faced. but his accounting of the shortcomings of his own era might just as well be applied to our own. it may be asked why, with all this opportunity, we had to wait so long for the obvious \u2026 perhaps it was ascribable in a measure to the prevailing social code which then forced all men to dress alike and, to some extent, to think alike. or, it may have been that the pressure of advertising propaganda had induced a mass psychology which led people to believe they had arrived at some sort of mechanical utopia with which they were duty bound to be content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.561608695016427, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e396256a-cd39-4e3d-98e0-ddbb3f3f10e9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.811307"}
{"text": "people in the areas affected by wildfires are struggling to survive. the red cross have been distributing meals, snacks drinks and equipment such as shovels and dust masks. they face a huge task as such large areas are affected. oklahoma state is a huge area and in response to the need there the red cross has added an extra 200 workers to help out. in washington there are reports that thousands of acres of land have been lost due to a wiildfire. people have also been evacuated from the area. yesterday, august 14, it was texas affected and today california. the spread of the fires is alarming. the us is no stranger to summer wildfires but 2012 is proving a testing year. other extreme weather has caused problems also. 20 - year - old ann veseth lost her life fighting one fire. she was a forest fire fighter. ann died last sunday in idaho. rip. unless there is a break in the weather the fires covering swathes of land in the western states of america look set to continue for some time. currently there are around 62 reported fires burning. controlling them will be a huge task for the fire services. houses and structures have been damaged beyond repair and it will be a costly and slow process restoring towns and rural areas. the death of ann veseth proves, if you needed proof, just how dangerous fire fighting is. citizens should leave it to the professionals unless there is no alternative.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3859879117140296, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d02802d-1a05-47e4-b3bb-603374c49791>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.814489"}
{"text": "a diaphragmatic hernia is a birth defect in which there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm, the muscle that helps you breathe. the opening allows part of the organs from the belly ( stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines ) to go up into the chest cavity near the lungs. hernia - diaphragmatic ; congenital hernia of the diaphragm causes, incidence, and risk factors : a diaphragmatic hernia is caused by the improper joining of structures during fetal development. as a result, the abdominal organs such as the stomach, small intestine, spleen, part of the liver, and the kidney appear in the chest cavity. the lung tissue on the affected side is thus not allowed to completely develop. congenital diaphragmatic hernia is seen in 1 out of every 2, 200 to 5, 000 live births. most affect the left side. having a parent or sibling with the condition slightly increases your risk. severe breathing difficulty usually develops shortly after the baby is born, because of ineffective movement of the diaphragm and crowding of the lung tissue, which causes collapse. the reason why this occurs is not known. other symptoms include : signs and tests : the pregnant mother may have excessive amounts of amniotic fluid. fetal ultrasound may show abdominal contents in the chest cavity. examination of the infant shows : a chest x - ray may show abdominal organs in chest cavity. a diaphragmatic hernia is an emergency that requires surgery. surgery is done to place the abdominal organs into the proper position and repair the opening in the diaphragm. see : diaphragmatic hernia repair - congenital the infant will need breathing support until he or she recovers from surgery. some infants are placed on a heart / lung bypass machine, which gives the lungs a chance to recover and expand after surgery. if a diaphragmatic hernia is diagnosed during pregnancy ( around 24 to 28 weeks ), fetal surgery may be considered. congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a very serious disorder. the outcome of surgery depends on how well your baby ' s lungs have developed. usually the outlook is very good for infants who have enough lung tissue. with advances in neonatal and surgical care, survival is now greater than 80 %. - lung infections - other congenital problems calling your health care provider : go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number ( such as 911 ). a diaphragmatic hernia is a surgical emergency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47042800938239654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:836a070e-f79e-4cb9-84fd-9c4b84c473da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.819899"}
{"text": "how rioters act like shoppers shortly after the riots that spread across london in the summer of 2011, media outlets in the city began publishing maps trying to make sense of the event. they ran illustrations showing the sites of the worst rioting, as well as other maps cross - referencing the clusters of violence with the known home addresses \u2013 using court records \u2013 of people who \u2019 d been arrested in it. at the time, these maps struck several researchers studying urban systems at university college london. \u201c we thought, \u2018 this is a spatial system, and it looks a bit like something we have looked at before, \u2019 \u201d says toby davies, one of the academics. he and his colleagues were picturing, more specifically, spatial models of how shoppers behave in search of retail. and this got them thinking. \u201c it looks like retail, \" davies says, \" and retail is something we know we can model. \u201d why not try to mathematically model the movement of rioters? their research on this question, just published in the journal scientific reports, yields two curious insights : rioters in search of retail to loot make rational decisions just like shoppers do about where to find the good stuff and how far they \u2019 re willing to travel to get there. and this means that the spatial layout of a city may be just as important as its social dynamics in explaining the rise and spread of riots. most research about london \u2019 s much - studied summer of 2011 has focused instead on the latter, on human behavior rather than urban space. \u201c we \u2019 re encouraging people to think in an explicitly geographic way, \u201d davies says, \u201c to really think about the places where these riots are taking place, to think about how rioters prioritize on that basis. \u201d those 2011 riots were particularly characterized by massive looting, which makes the analogy to shopping particular apt. any time you model a scenario where people have choices, davies says, you have to first consider how attractive a given destination is in the perception of the shopper \u2013 or looter \u2013 considering a trip there. people are hindered by the cost of traveling, but they \u2019 re also lured longer distances by prime targets. you buy your milk from around the corner. but you might drive several miles to a mall that has both an apple store and a brookstone. rioters make very similar calculations. \u201c places where there are more goods to loot, in this context \u2013 or more shopping opportunities in the non - criminal case \u2013 attract people, \u201d davies says. this is an obvious idea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4307592083458574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052cfb1-d2f2-4e0a-8e6e-34840df717d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.825429"}
{"text": "and a brookstone. rioters make very similar calculations. \u201c places where there are more goods to loot, in this context \u2013 or more shopping opportunities in the non - criminal case \u2013 attract people, \u201d davies says. this is an obvious idea : looters will congregate at retail hubs, and so you may want to pinpoint them on your police map. but davies and his colleagues have also looked at the proximity of potential rioters to destinations that might draw them. they examined areas that rank poorly on the u. k. \u2019 s index of multiple deprivation ( a much more complex measure than the u. s. poverty rate of a given community ). \u201c we \u2019 re very careful to say that deprivation isn \u2019 t necessarily a cause of [ rioting ], \u201d davies says. \u201c but there is a clear statistical relationship with deprivation. in more deprived areas, the rate of offending is higher. \u201d this means that if you have a commercial hub but the populations nearby aren \u2019 t particularly deprived, the likelihood of looting there is smaller. likewise, a deprived community with no retail around looks in this mathematical model like a less likely source of rioting. in the model, all of this is also calibrated by one significant difference between looters and shoppers : looting can be contagious. in its present state, davies says, this model isn \u2019 t ready just yet to be deployed by police in a live scenario ( it doesn \u2019 t take into account, for example, london \u2019 s transportation system ). but the researchers hope to continue to refine it to where the system might be used in simulations by officers training or strategizing for how to respond to a future event. such a tool could tell them where an initial outbreak of rioting might spread, the size it could reach, or even which neighborhoods deserve some preventive attention to head off future risk. \u201c one of the challenges that the police face in riots is that they are very rare events, so they don \u2019 t get much chance to practice on how they react to them, \u201d davies says. \u201c if we can produce a way which simply simulates riots properly, then they can, as it were, \u2018 set them off \u2019 in a controlled way and practice how they might respond to them. \u2019 in this spatial system \u2013 as in the london riots in 2011 \u2013 the worst offenses take place at retail sites. but the model could be transposed to other locations. a soccer riot, for instance, might spill out into nearby sports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48774278026413914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052cfb1-d2f2-4e0a-8e6e-34840df717d4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.826512"}
{"text": "researchers at the royal free and university college, london medical school, in the uk, investigated the association. first, the details. - 2038 elderly adults took part in the health survey for england 2005. - blood levels of 25 - hydroxy vitamin d ( 25 ( oh ) d ) levels, glycosylated hemoglobin ( a1c ), and age, sex, social class, season of examination, use of vitamin supplements, and physical health status were recorded. and, the results. - high blood sugar levels were associated with low vitamin d levels ( 25 ( oh ) d less than 25. 0 nmol / l and 25. 0 to 49. 9 nmol / l. - but not for 25 ( oh ) d between 50. 0 to 74. 9 nmol / l. the bottom line? the authors concluded, \u201c the higher - than - expected co - occurrence of low vitamin d levels and hyperglycemia ( a1c at least 6. 5 % ) are important public health concerns for older populations living in northern latitudes because both are common, and both have substantial adverse health consequences. \u201d future research may show that it helps reverse the increasing trend in diabetes mellitus and related complications in older people, say the authors. 11 / 28 / 11 19 : 29 jr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4472828240807857, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f79e93d9-57ec-482e-9648-4fbaf9eab20e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.828799"}
{"text": "here you see what genocide means new project sets out to trace sites of holocaust mass - killings follow the jc on twitter debois, a french priest, has been collecting testimonies since 2001 often desolate, in isolated fields and overgrown forests, many sites of second world war mass - shootings of jews are in danger of being forgotten. and yet locals remember what happened in these places, and can point the way. their memories have formed the basis for a new mission to secure and preserve such sites. of the six million jews killed, more than a million were murdered by mass - killing units, mostly on the outskirts of towns and cities. \" a lot of the mass - graves have been ignored and fallen into the wrong hands. at some sites, people are digging them up, \" said joe shik, 30, a rabbinical supervisor for the london - based committee for the preservation of jewish cemeteries in europe. mr shik recently took part in a pilot project to assess the state of several sites in ukraine, co - ordinated by the american jewish committee, the central council of jews in germany, and the german war graves commission. german ' s foreign ministry has given 300, 000 euros to the project. \" it ' s not like in germany, where you have jewish communities around, \" said jan falbusch, program manager at the american jewish committee office in berlin, who led the recent delegation to ukraine. \" there is nothing. you are walking through empty streets which used to be jewish. you see jewish traces. you walk in an old jewish cemetery that is vandalised. so in a way, you kind of experience what the term genocide really means. \" the project was inspired by the work of the french catholic priest patrick desbois, who since 2001 has visited sites of mass - shootings of jews in ukraine and collected eyewitness testimonies. based on these testimonies, which are preserved in desbois ' s paris - based yahad - in - unum archive and at the us holocaust memorial museum in washington dc, the delegation was able to locate and assess the condition of a handful of sites in december. few people are left who could point the way to such sites, said william mengebier of yahad - in - unum. some elderly ukrainians may not recall dates, but they vividly recall the massacres and often lead researchers to the sites. some need to be marked off with fences, and in some cases, another layer of earth may have to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4756214685235206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e097b20b-8dbe-4856-b6a6-8340ee1eabc8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.832777"}
{"text": "1. entrance to the good food garden. 2. vegetable beds and a colorful mural along the wall. 3. baby lettuces and greens, surrounded by high - tech irrigation hoses. 4. individual projects ready to go in the ground. 5. herbs with their homemade, tongue depressor - stick labels. 7. a tender pea shoot climbing the trellis. 8. sampling something tasty. 9. getting the plot ready for planting. 10. stefania showing some kids the ropes. 11. pointing out plants in the new beds. 12. in the kitchen at the children ' s aid society, sprinkling seeds on chips. 13. chopping veggies in the kitchen workspace. 14. balls of dough, ready for seeds ( and then the oven ). 15. seeds for rolling individual balls of dough. 16. makings of the plant parts salad. our tour guide was stefania patinella, who runs the gardening and cooking programs for the children ' s aid society. on the day we visited, stefania was planning a lesson on the different parts of plants. the kids would first come to the garden to check on the progress of the seeds they ' d planted ( different age groups have their own plots ), then head to the kitchen in the building across the street to chop, cook, and eat some of the foods they ' d just seen growing in the dirt. there isn ' t much to harvest just yet ( although the pea shoots and broccoli were looking quite promising ), so stefania replicated some ingredients from the grocery store. the kids would each get a piece of dough that they could roll in seeds. then they ' d make a \" plant parts salad \" with seeds ( corn ), roots ( carrots ), stalks ( celery ), fruit ( tomatoes and cucumbers ), flowers ( broccoli ) and leaves ( lettuce ). educational and delicious! food network has opened good food gardens across the country, and there ' s a documentary series running right now on food network about the projects. but this is the only one in new york city. east 118th street, where the garden is located, is filled with children ' s aid society buildings and housing, plus other neighborhood revitalization organizations, so it ' s in a perfect spot to charm everyone from toddlers to teens to parents who walk past. and for kids who may not get adequate fresh produce in their diets, learning to grow it themselves is a big step", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40321107625449215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe9d2ec3-dfeb-40e7-8d66-8bc58b276bcc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.835873"}
{"text": "of this area which are truly magnificent and special, \" he said. \" i camped and kayaked there, and i realise why people are so passionate about the area. \" but it is also true that this area is not... entirely pristine, and in some places there is nothing special to be seen. \" the savage river iron ore mine operates within the tarkine ' s boundary. there are also mining \" legacy \" sites where acid leaches into rivers and needs to be cleaned up. mr burke said any new mining operations might need to clean up the pollution of previous mining. \" it is a complex issue and each decision will be made on its merits, \" he said. mining companies and the tasmanian minerals council have joined forces to push for new jobs in their sector. the tarkine became a mining frontier in 1871 when a massive tin deposit was discovered at mt bischoff near waratah. this north - west outpost contributed great wealth to launceston ; and st james church at waratah was the first place in tasmania to use an electric light after the manager of the mt bischoff mine had power for the mine ' s lighting connected to the church. western tasmania soon became the focus of explorers, prospectors and track cutters. however, the environment began to suffer. trees were cut down to provide fuel and structural support at the mines. there are still spots where acid leaches from the sites of these early operations. as early as 1872 chinese gold diggers diverted the arthur river to improve access to mine workings. corinna, which is now marketed as a pristine stepping stone to the tarkine wilderness, was a much rowdier place in the late 1880s when more than 2500 people came to the pieman river to mine for gold. it is the only surviving settlement of remote - area historical mining in the state. trees and buttongrass have reclaimed old towns such as balfour and luina. at balfour, only the chimney of the imperial hotel remains of what was once a thriving tin town of 500. and the only signs of the mining community at luina, on the whyte river, are a few streets, gutters and culverts, and flowers which once had pride of place in gardens. some mining companies hope to start digging next year. venture minerals says its workings near tullah are in an area with more than 120 years of mining history. the roads, railway lines and high - tensile powerlines are already in place. venture says it has also received a mining licence for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41315635192709393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d08859-e6c1-4715-850d-df80fbcd176e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.843904"}
{"text": "year. venture minerals says its workings near tullah are in an area with more than 120 years of mining history. the roads, railway lines and high - tensile powerlines are already in place. venture says it has also received a mining licence for its livingston ore deposit and is working through the environmental approval processes of state and federal authorities for each of its three proposals. venture has attracted the financial backing of tasmanian entrepreneur dale elphinstone. a venture spokesman said 60 jobs had been created in the north - west during the past five years as the company spent $ 1 million a month on developing its mining projects. the mt lindsay project has the potential to deliver $ 250 million in annual revenue, lifting tasmania ' s exports by 5 per cent, and to directly employ 500 - 1000 people during its development phase. the operational workforce would be more than 200. for mining in the tarkine : terry long, tasmanian minerals council the tarkine has a long mining history and new mines will provide economic benefits for 100 years, mr long said. \" in the tarkine ' s present [ area ], it covers about 7 per cent of tasmania ' s land mass and about 80 per cent of it is already covered by formal, statutory reserves, \" he said. mr long said the reserves were declared in multiple - use categories of the international union for the conservation of nature in the 1990s. \" the idea is that resource exploitation and nature can co - exist, \" he said. \" any more restrictions on mining in the tarkine will result in the withdrawal of potential and substantial investment. \" he said tasmanians needed to trust the environmental protection authority to assess mining applications and objectively decide if they could proceed. pointing to widespread support for the industry, mr long said tasmanian mining - - a website promoting the state ' s mining industry - - had up to 5000 visitors a week. the employment and economic benefits of tarkine mining proposals were massive, he said. venture minerals ' mt lindsay project would create about 1000 jobs during its construction phase and more than 200 long - term jobs. \" in addition to the $ 150 million capital outlay, this project will pump $ 250 million a year into the tasmanian economy and boost exports by 5 per cent or more, \" mr long said. against mining in the tarkine scott jordan, tarkine national coalition the tarkine is an amazing wilderness containing many rare and endangered species, mr jordan said. it is also one of the last disease - free refuges of the tasmanian devil, he said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39685486959223104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d08859-e6c1-4715-850d-df80fbcd176e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.844979"}
{"text": "dispensationalism is a theological system that teaches biblical history is best understood in light of a number of successive administrations of god ' s dealings with mankind, which it calls \" dispensations. \" it maintains fundamental distinctions between god ' s plans for national israel and for the new testament church, and emphasizes prophecy of the end - times and a pre - tribulation rapture of the church prior to christ ' s second coming. its beginnings are usually associated with the plymouth brethren movement in the uk and the teachings of john nelson darby. the plymouth brethren movement, basically a reaction against the established church in england and its ecclesiology, became known for its anti - denominational, anti - clerical, and anti - credal stance. while theologically orthodox, the plymouth brethren ( darby in particular ) developed unique ideas regarding the interpretation of scripture while emphasizing prophecy and the second coming of christ. the theology of this movement became known as \" dispensationalism. \" this new teaching spread in america through prophecy conferences such as the niagara bible conferences ( 1883 - 1897 ). james h. brookes ( 1830 - 1898 ), a pastor in st. louis and prominent figure in the niagara conferences, disseminated dispensationalist ideas through his ministry and publications. most importantly, dwight l. moody was sympathetic to the broad outlines of dispensationalism and had as his closest lieutenants dispensationalist leaders such as reuben a. torrey ( 1856 - 1928 ), james m. gray ( 1851 - 1925 ), cyrus i. scofield ( 1843 - 1921 ), william j. eerdman ( 1833 - 1923 ), a. c. dixon ( 1854 - 1925 ), and a. j. gordon ( 1836 - 1895 ). these men were activist evangelists who promoted a host of bible conferences and other missionary and evangelistic efforts. they also gave the dispensationalist movement institutional permanence by assuming leadership of the new independent bible institutes such as the moody bible institute ( 1886 ), the bible institute of los angeles ( 1907 ), and the philadelphia college of the bible ( 1914 ). the network of related institutes that soon sprang up became the nucleus for the spread of american dispensationalism. - the dispensation of innocence ( or freedom ), ( gen. 2 : 8 - 17, 25 ), prior to adam ' s fall, - of conscience, ( gen. 3 : 10 - 18 ; rom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46246026916980687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d3179c8-d265-438f-8800-fad31186537e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.855180"}
{"text": "to these dispensations, the real theological significance can be seen in four basic tenets which underlie classic dispensational teaching. dispensationalism maintains : - a fundamental distinction between israel and the church, i. e. there are two peoples of god with two different destinies, earthly israel and the spiritual church, ^ ^ - a fundamental distinction between the law and grace, i. e. they are mutually exclusive ideas, ^ ^ - the view that the new testament church is a parenthesis in god ' s plan which was not foreseen by the old testament, ^ ^ and - a distinction between the rapture and the second coming of christ, i. e. the rapture of the church at christ ' s coming \" in the air \" ( 1 thess. 4 : 17 ) precedes the \" official \" second coming ( to the earth ) by 7 years of tribulation. these tenets are supposedly derived from the dispensationalists ' insistence on \" consistent literalism \" in their hermeneutic, especially in the literal interpretation of ot prophecies regarding israel. ^ ^ crucial to the dispensationalist reading of biblical prophecy, drawn principally from daniel and revelation, but also, to some degree, from ezekiel, is the assertion that the jewish temple will be rebuilt on the temple mount as a precursor to the lord returning to restore the earthly kingdom of israel centered on jerusalem. the dispensational movement was therefore fueled by the re - establishment of the state of israel in 1948. it has grown in popularity particularly since 1967, coinciding with the arab - israeli six day war, and a few years later in 1970 with the publication of hal lindsey ' s blockbuster book the late great planet earth. dispensationalism teaches that the second coming of jesus christ will be a physical event, by which a world - wide kingdom will be established in human history, geographically centered in jerusalem. dispensationalists teach that the second coming will be a two step process. in the first step, christ returns to resurrect the blessed dead and rapture the living believers from the earth. after this, a seven year period of tribulation occurs, climaxing in the battle of armageddon. in the second step, christ intervenes at the battle of armageddon and establishes a literal 1000 - year millennial kingdom on earth. as such, some dispensationalists are often associated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48252084077244667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d3179c8-d265-438f-8800-fad31186537e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.857335"}
{"text": "- acts dispensationalism other varieties of dispensationalism include the \" acts - 28 dispensationalism \" of e. w. bullinger ( 1837 - 1913 ) and the acts - 13, or mid - acts, dispensationalists, represented by j. c. o ' hair, c. r. stam ( things that differ ), and charles f. baker ( a dispensational theology ). the latter group also refers to itself as \" the grace movement. \" these varieties are discussed in the main article on hyper - dispensationalism. - \u2191 ryrie, c. c., dispensationalism ( moody press, 1995 ), 39 - 40. - \u2191 scofield, c. i., rightly dividing the word of truth, ch. 6, pp. 34, 36. - \u2191 walvoord, j., the millennial kingdom ( zondervan, 1959 ) 227. - \u2191 ryrie, c. c., dispensationalism today ( moody press, 1965 ) 97. - \u2191 zola levitt and dr. thomas mccall, \" the distinctions between the church and israel are purposely blurred, and the doctrine seems to move in the direction of amillennialism which, of course, does away with the pre - tribulation rapture, the whole millennial kingdom, the importance of modern israel and virtually all of the basics of accurate eschatological teaching. they claim to be dispensationalists, but have gutted dispensationalism of some of its most important concepts. \" the levitt letter february 2000 : volume 22, number 2. - bass, clarence b. backgrounds to dispensationalism ( baker books, 1960 ) isbn 0801005353 - blaising, craig a., and darrell l. bock. dispensationalism, israel and the church : the search for definition ( zondervan, 1992 ) isbn 0310346118 - blaising, craig a., and darrell l. bock. progressive dispensationalism ( bridgepoint, 1993 ) isbn 156476138x - boyer, paul. when time shall be no more : prophecy belief in modern american culture ( harvard university press, 1992 ) isbn 0674951298 - crutchfield, larry. origins of dispensationalism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43008459420091594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d3179c8-d265-438f-8800-fad31186537e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.859373"}
{"text": "##138x - boyer, paul. when time shall be no more : prophecy belief in modern american culture ( harvard university press, 1992 ) isbn 0674951298 - crutchfield, larry. origins of dispensationalism : the darby factor ( rowman & littlefield, 1991 ) isbn 0819184675 - dewitt, dale sumner. dispensational theology in america during the twentieth century : theological development and cultural context ( grace bible college, 2002 ) isbn 0912340118 - feinberg, john s. continuity and discontinuity : perspectives on the relationship between the old and new testaments ; essays in honor of s. lewis johnson, jr. ( crossway books, 1988 ) isbn 0891074686 - mangum, r. todd, and lanier burns. the dispensational - covenantal rift : the fissuring of american evangelical theology from 1936 to 1944 ( paternoster, 2007 ) isbn 1842273655 - ryrie, charles c. dispensationalism ( moody, 1965 ; 1995 ) isbn 080242256x / isbn 0802421873 - saucy, robert. the case for progressive dispensationalism ( zondervan, 1993 ) isbn 0310304415 - covenant theology - new covenant theology - plymouth brethren - charles c. ryrie - c. i. scofield - john nelson darby - dispensationalism, by gordon h. clark - dispensationalism ( from monergism. com ) - modern dispensationalism, by oswald t. allis - dispensationalism - a reformed evaluation, by ligon duncan - dispensations by gary kukis - the history of dispensationalism, by kevin hartley - is dispensationalism biblical?, by nathan pitchford - what is dispensationalism?, by michael j. vlac - understanding dispensationalists, by vern poythress - things that differ : the fundamentals of dispensationalism, by cornelius r. stam - bible truth, by charles f. baker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5269240626871368, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d3179c8-d265-438f-8800-fad31186537e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.860126"}
{"text": "the world war ii sb2c - 4 helldiver that was discovered last year by two fishermen using a humminbird fishfinder was pulled aug. 20 from the lower otay lake reservoir. submerged in nearly 90 feet of water, the plane was ditched due to engine problems by navy pilot e. d. frazar on may 28, 1945. the relic was nicknamed by crew members \" the big - tailed beast, \" as it was difficult to fly and crashed often. the plane weighed 11, 000 pounds empty and more than 16, 600 pounds loaded, and could reach up to 281 mph with a range of 1, 110 miles. neither frazar nor his backseat gunner joseph metz were injured that day, although both have since passed away. the helldiver was ordered into large - scale production in 1940 and made its first flight dec. 18. on nov. 11, 1943, it went into action participating in a heavy raid on the major japanese base of rabaul. plans to extract the helldiver were delayed one day, according to general manager and diver taras lyssenko of a & t recovery, who oversaw the project. \" the biggest challenge was having to deal in a biodome, \" lyssenko said. \" we also had to follow city rules that wouldn ' t allow us to work under our conditions. \" diver keith pearson has worked with a & t for more than 20 years and said it ' s important to always be prepared for alternate plans. \" this plane was completely buried in water with only a foot or two of visibility, \" he said. pearson said it was like going in blind. \" salvaging is not a science, it ' s an art, \" lyssenko said. according to lyssenko, the value of the helldiver is around $ 500, 000. a significant amount of money is saved because retired veterans volunteer their time to work on restoring and salvaging the plane. jim kidrick, president and ceo of the san diego air & space museum, said the significance of the helldiver is that it ' s a rarity. \" i believe there are only about five left in the world, \" he said. \" it ' s like one piece to a huge puzzle. we are very fortunate to have a community of world - class restorers, \" kidrick said. developed to replace the douglas sbd dauntless, the helldiver was a carrier - based dive - bomber aircraft produced for the united states navy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.367972679302781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6739765a-59c2-4a42-908a-f91c5c9745ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.863791"}
{"text": "( 3 of 3 ) a more inclusive view is also found in a biblical author ( or authors ) thought by many scholars to be writing shortly after the exile the priestly source. the priestly source, or p, uses internationally communal language and writes not just of god ' s covenant with israel but of an \" everlasting covenant between god and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth. \" a zero - sum, isolationist worldview had moved israel from polytheism to belligerent monotheism, but now, as israel ' s environment grew less threatening, belligerence was turning out not to be an intrinsic part of monotheism. between second isaiah ' s angry exilic exclamations and p ' s more congenial voice, israel had segued from an exclusive to an inclusive monotheism. a millennium later, this same dynamic swings between zero - sum and non - zero - sum would have a similar impact on islamic monotheism, moving it back and forth between belligerence and tolerance. muhammad ' s preaching career started in mecca around 613 c. e., and he seems to have had hopes of drawing jews and christians into a common faith. in the koran which muslims consider the word of god as spoken by muhammad the prophet ' s followers are told to say to fellow abrahamics, \" our god and your god is one. \" this hope of playing a win - win game shows up in overtures to jews in particular, made mainly after muhammad moved to the city of medina and became its political and religious leader. muhammad decided his followers should have an annual 24 - hour fast, as jews did on yom kippur. he even called it yom kippur at least he used the term some arabian jews were using for yom kippur. the jewish ban on eating pork was mirrored in a muslim ban. muhammad also told his followers to pray facing jerusalem. he said god, in his \" prescience, \" chose \" the children of israel... above all peoples. \" as for christians : having denounced polytheists who believed allah had daughters, muhammad couldn ' t now embrace the idea that jesus was god ' s son. but he came close. he said jesus was \" the messiah... the messenger of god, and his word... a spirit from him. \" god, according to the koran, gave jesus the gospel and \" put into the hearts of those who followed him kindness and compassion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49044112332806905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6213a64-a4d1-4acb-b44a-3666891177be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.872264"}
{"text": "was \" the messiah... the messenger of god, and his word... a spirit from him. \" god, according to the koran, gave jesus the gospel and \" put into the hearts of those who followed him kindness and compassion. \" muhammad ' s ecumenical mission seems to have failed. certainly, he sensed rejection from christians and jews. a koranic verse captures his disillusionment. \" o believers! take not the jews or christians as friends. they are but one another ' s friends. \" once you ' re convinced that non - zero - sum collaboration isn ' t in the cards, the bonhomie dries up. in his new, zero - sum mode, muhammad changed the direction of prayer from jerusalem to mecca. according to islamic tradition, he expelled three tribes of jews from medina and killed the adult males in the third tribe, which was suspected of collaborating with meccans in a battle against medina. still, in the end, christians and jews get a favored place in islamic tradition as \" people of the book. \" the koran repeatedly says they ' re eligible for salvation. within years of muhammad ' s death in 632, islamic leaders started conquering lands far and wide. this imperial expansion gave birth to the doctrine of jihad, which mandates battle against unbelievers with the aim of conversion. but once the conquering was done, muslim leaders found that trying to compel uniform belief in a multinational empire was a lose - lose game. doctrines granting freedom of worship to christians and jews emerged promptly. and later, such freedom would also be granted to buddhists and polytheists. meanwhile, the doctrine of jihad would be dulled through amendment. and the notion of a \" greater jihad \" struggle within oneself toward goodness would arise and be attributed to muhammad himself. as in israel after the exile, the abrahamic god, having found himself in a multiethnic milieu rife with non - zero - sumness, underwent moral growth. in neither case had the growth been smoothly progressive, and in both cases, there would be backsliding. still, in both cases, god spent enough time in benevolent mode to leave the scriptures littered with odes to tolerance and understanding, verses that modern believers can focus on, should they choose. will they so choose? maybe the code embedded in the scriptures can help. the key, it suggests, is to arrange things so that relations between muslims and jews are conspicuously non - zero - sum. sometimes this may mean engineering the non -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5258288900970989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6213a64-a4d1-4acb-b44a-3666891177be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.873263"}
{"text": ". will they so choose? maybe the code embedded in the scriptures can help. the key, it suggests, is to arrange things so that relations between muslims and jews are conspicuously non - zero - sum. sometimes this may mean engineering the non - zero - sumness for example, strengthening commerce between israel and the palestinian territories. other times it will mean highlighting a non - zero - sum dynamic that already exists emphasizing, for example, that continued strife between israelis and palestinians will be lose - lose ( as would escalated tensions between the \" muslim world \" and the \" west \" more broadly ). enduring peace would be win - win. this peace would also have been foretold. isaiah ( first isaiah, not the isaiah of the exile ) envisioned a day when god \" shall arbitrate for many peoples \" and \" nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. \" and in a koranic verse dated by scholars to the final years of muhammad ' s life, god tells humankind that he has \" made you into nations and tribes, so that you might come to know one another. \" this happy ending is hardly assured. it can take time for people, having seen that they are playing a non - zero - sum game, to adjust their attitudes accordingly. and this adaptation may never happen if barriers of mistrust persist. but at least we can quit talking as if this adaptation were impossible as if intolerance and violence were inevitable offshoots of monotheism. at least we can quit asking whether islam or judaism or any other religion is a religion of peace. the answer is no. and yes. it says so in the bible, and in the koran.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031730187887231, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6213a64-a4d1-4acb-b44a-3666891177be>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.873968"}
{"text": "moon light world map the map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. the white dot symbolizes the position of the moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. view day and night map - the bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on tuesday, may 8, 2012 at 04 : 30 : 00 utc. - the sun ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the sun will be at its zenith ( directly overhead ) in relation to an observer. - the moon ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the moon. fraction of moon illuminated : 94 % position of the moon on tuesday, may 8, 2012 at 04 : 30 : 00 utc the moon is at its zenith at these coordinates : | latitude : | | 21\u00b0 43 ' | | south | | longitude : | | 38\u00b0 24 ' | | west | the ground speed of the movement is currently 413. 05 meters / second, 1487. 0 km / hour, 924. 0 miles / hour or 802. 9 knots. the table below shows the moon position compared to the time and date above : | time | | longitude difference | | latitude difference | | total | | 1 minute | | 0\u00b0 14 ' 22. 3 \" | | 15. 40 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 00 ' 00. 3 \" | | 0. 01 mi | | south | | 15. 40 mi | | 1 hour | | 14\u00b0 22 ' 17. 8 \" | | 923. 71 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 00 ' 12. 3 \" | | 0. 24 mi | | south | | 923. 70 mi | | 24 hours | | 14\u00b0 50 ' 54. 8 \" | | 954. 34 mi | | east | | 0\u00b0 38 ' 19. 3 \" | | 43. 94 mi | | north | | 957. 45 mi | locations with the moon near zenith the following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. | vitoria | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 255 km | | 158 miles | | 138 nm | | nw | | niteroi | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 502 km | | 312 miles | | 271 nm | | w", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49233721244466677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c285ee8-5dc3-4f36-b1e9-7d771279d1b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.876678"}
{"text": "tue 1 : 30 am | | 255 km | | 158 miles | | 138 nm | | nw | | niteroi | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 502 km | | 312 miles | | 271 nm | | wsw | | rio de janeiro | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 512 km | | 318 miles | | 276 nm | | wsw | | belo horizonte | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 613 km | | 381 miles | | 331 nm | | wnw | | sao paulo | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 871 km | | 541 miles | | 470 nm | | wsw | | salvador | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 968 km | | 602 miles | | 523 nm | | n | | brasilia | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 1195 km | | 742 miles | | 645 nm | | wnw | | recife | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 1553 km | | 965 miles | | 839 nm | | nne | | fortaleza | | tue 1 : 30 am | | 1988 km | | 1235 miles | | 1073 nm | | n | | asuncion | | tue 12 : 30 am | | 2002 km | | 1244 miles | | 1081 nm | | wsw | related time zone tools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40453697822639056, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c285ee8-5dc3-4f36-b1e9-7d771279d1b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.877110"}
{"text": "miscellaneous changes to java. net worth mentioning : noteworthy bug fixes : a bug existed in jdk1. 0. 2 where one could not create an inetaddress out of a ip address string ( e. g., \" 22. 214. 171. 124 \" ) if a corresponding host name ( e. g., \" java. sun. com \" ) could not be found. this resulted in an unknownhostexception. the bug is fixed in jdk1. 1. additionally, when an inetaddress is created from an ip address, the corresponding hostname is not looked up until specifically requested ( via inetaddress. gethostname ( ) ), as a performance enhancement. - serversocket / datagramsocket close ( ) a bug existed in jdk1. 0. 2 where the close ( ) method of serversocket and datagramsocket were synchronized. the result was that if one thread were blocked indefinitely in datagramsocket. receive ( ) or serversocket. accept ( ), another thread couldn ' t break the blocking thread out by calling close ( ). this is fixed in jdk1. 1 by making the close ( ) methods unsynchronized. there was a bug in jdk1. 0. 2 where the methods on urlconnection : etc, did not work. these are fixed in jdk1. 1. binding to local port / address : - socket, serversocket, datagramsocket these classes has overloaded constructors for binding to a specific local address and port. this is useful and necessary for applications like proxy servers that operate on multi - homed machines, and need particular control over which network interfaces are used. - the multicastsocket class was moved from package sun. net into the core api of java. net. - jdk1. 1 introduces a new class, httpurlconnection which extends urlconnection, and provides additional functionality specific to - ability to use all of the request methods with http / 1. 1, like : - control over whether to follow http redirects. last modified : thu dec 5 15 : 09 : 54 pst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47424951984632646, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b53b20b-9e03-4c6a-80cd-324498e06f28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.879176"}
{"text": "this year, may 28 will be memorial day, a government holiday and a day sometimes thought of as the official beginning of summer, with labor day marking the end of summer. memorial day will be a day of family picnics and barbecues, parades, many flags unfurled, the indianapolis 500 auto race, fireworks, baseball games and ceremonies most everywhere. this will include wreath laying and, of course, the annual national memorial day observance to honor america ' s fallen military servicemen and women that will be held at arlington national cemetery. also, there will be a presidential armed forces wreath - laying ceremony at the tomb of the unknowns. this day is a day of remembrance of those who have died in our nation ' s service - this says it all. you see, sometimes, maybe we forget the real meaning of this holiday as we partake in some good old family outings and feasts. are we forgetting those who have fallen for the cause of our country and the true meaning of this sacred holiday? they say that many americans seem to have forgotten the traditions of this day. some towns and cities no longer hold parades. some think that this is a day of honoring all deaths. every family gathering and picnic or whatever the occasion may be on this day should at least have a moment of silence and thanks for those brave men and women who have departed this world in the service of their country, making it possible for all of us to survive. any living veteran and present service person should be given a simple thank you just for their service alone. most of us seniors can remember it being called decoration day. it was originally proclaimed on may 5, 1868, by gen. john logan and was first observed on may 30, 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of both union and confederate soldiers at arlington national cemetery. as they say, the first state to officially recognize the holiday was new york in 1873. waterloo, n. y., was the official birthplace. by 1890, it was recognized by all of the northern states. the south refused to acknowledge the day until after world war i, when the holiday changed to honoring any americans who died fighting in any wars. moina michael was so inspired by the poem \" in flanders field \" by john mccrae, who wrote his poem while serving in the canadian expeditionary force during world war i, that she replied with her own poem, \" we shall keep the faith. \" \" we cherish, too, the poppy red that grows on fields where valor led, it seems to signal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43015898342178843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c29484e0-fb97-425b-a48c-63b93d7cb8fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.882371"}
{"text": "while serving in the canadian expeditionary force during world war i, that she replied with her own poem, \" we shall keep the faith. \" \" we cherish, too, the poppy red that grows on fields where valor led, it seems to signal to the skies, that blood of heroes dies. \" she was the one who conceived the idea to wear red poppies in honor of those who died serving the nation during war. she was also the first to wear one. in 1922, the veterans of foreign wars became the first veterans organization to nationally sell poppies. two years later, their buddy poppy program was selling artificial poppies made by disabled veterans. should we even need to be reminded of the true meaning of memorial day? locally, we can all be proud. there will be many observances, ceremonies and parades on memorial day in many towns and cities in our valley. all veterans groups will be present, plus auxiliaries, scouts, trustees, marching bands, lawmakers, military leaders and military personnel. and, of course, our grand old flag will be flying high with pride. so if you would on memorial day, enjoy your family and the picnics and barbecues, horse shoes and baseball games, but please have a moment of silence and thought to those who have passed on and served so valiantly making this country the greatest of them all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4223469327610182, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c29484e0-fb97-425b-a48c-63b93d7cb8fd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.883918"}
{"text": "named as a place to stay by & national geographic episode 13 season 4 weather in trinity trinity charms visitors on at least two accounts. many newcomers are struck by the natural beauty of the area, a magnificent harbour and the splendid maritime setting. others are touched by a powerful sense of history ( old worldliness ) and the pride of place instilled by the cultural landscape. trinity is a community whose personality has been largely shaped by the sea. the harbour has been proclaimed as one of the best in newfoundland, even one of the finest in the world. the harbour not only provided abundant shelter and good holding ground, but was also spacious. it was once claimed to hold the entire british navy. trinity harbour has provided access to and refuge from the north atlantic since the early 16th century when it was first used by european fishermen. west countrymen from england began using it as a summer station in the migratory fishery in the 1570s, and in 1615 richard whitbourne ( later sir richard ) held a court of the admiralty, the first of its kind in the new world. since then trinity has been the scene of many other significant historical events. - the above is an excerpt from gordon handcock ' s \" the story of trinity \", a publication of the trinity historical society the merchants from poole in the early newfoundland fishery the most prominent merchants were from the seaport of poole, dorset, england. ships sailed from poole to newfoundland with salt and provisions, then carried dried and salted fish to europe and then returned to poole with wine, olive oil, and salt. in the late 16 - hundreds poole merchants had settled in bay verds [ now bay de verde ] near old perlican on the east side of trinity bay. however, the harbour of old perlican is broad and open and not easily defended. under pierre le moyne d ' iberville the french attacked and burned many of the buildings in 1697. fearing further attacks through the early 1700s the taverners, who were prominent poole merchants, relocated their major premises to trinity \u2019 s safer harbour. the lesters were also a poole merchant family and were related, through marriage, to the taveners. they established at trinity in the 1750s. as well they were prominent in a number of other communities in trinity bay buying newfoundland codfish and providing settlers with supplies and provisions. they also employed many men cutting wood, trapping furs, and sealing. by 1793 benjamin lester owned 20 ships, the largest fleet operated by an english - newfoundland merchant in the eighteenth century. benjamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3881135515425659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa16331b-cbfe-42c6-889d-49bb8b01bab5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.887983"}
{"text": "newfoundland codfish and providing settlers with supplies and provisions. they also employed many men cutting wood, trapping furs, and sealing. by 1793 benjamin lester owned 20 ships, the largest fleet operated by an english - newfoundland merchant in the eighteenth century. benjamin \u2019 s daughter amy married george garland and, with time, george garland assumed more direct responsibility for the trade. after 1819, the firm became george garland and sons. the end of the napoleonic wars and the conclusion of the war of 1812 ended britain ' s monopoly over the newfoundland fisheries. poole ' s newfoundland trade decreased and, within a decade, most merchants had ceased trading. george garland operated his business until 1825. the ryan brothers the garland buildings were leased to various firms until 1900 when the ryan brothers acquired the site and operated until 1952. james and dan ryan belonged to the bonavista family of ryan merchants. under the management of their youngest brother edmund the firm ' s chief goal, in trinity, was to profit from supplying trinity and conception bay schooners that were involved in the labrador fishery. the garland / ryan store in trinity was one of the first ryan buildings to be restored during the present era of historic reconstruction. visitors to the bonavista peninsula can now view many ryan buildings, some of which have been only recently restored. trinity harbour today during periods up until the late 1980 \u2019 s trinity was sustained largely by aspects of the fisheries and business families such as the vokey shipbuilders and bartlett \u2019 s plumbing and electrical. however, outport newfoundland fell on hard times with the close of the cod fishery in 1992. during the following decade ships were built, in trinity, for a newly emerging crab fishery and there was diversification in the rural economy. now the trinity area, also known as the trinity bight, is home to theatre and a number of businesses that either serve visitors or are committed to providing new buildings and restoring historic properties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4121625037547545, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa16331b-cbfe-42c6-889d-49bb8b01bab5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.888788"}
{"text": "mexia, jose antonio mexia, jose antonio ( 1800 \u2013 1839 ). jose antonio mexia, mexican military officer, the son of pedro mexia and juana josefa hernandez was, by his own account, born in 1800 in jalapa, although contemporary mexican historians alleged that he was a native of cuba. the deaths of his father and brother in the mexican war of independence forced him to seek refuge in the united states, where he acquired such proficiency in the english language that in november 1822 texas governor jose felix trespalacios named him interpreter for a cherokee indian delegation to mexico city. in 1823 and 1824 he served as secretary of the state congress of tamaulipas, and from 1825 to 1827 as collector of customs in tuxpan. in 1825 \u2013 27 he took an active part in the growth of york rite masonry, and, after 1827, in the affairs of the federalist party. after serving briefly as a captain in the army in 1823, he again entered active service in 1827, when he was named to the staff of gen. vicente guerrero. thereafter he received several promotions - to lieutenant colonel in 1828, to colonel in 1829, and to brigadier general in 1832. mexia served in the united states as secretary of the mexican legation from november 1829 to march 1831. while in the united states he became an agent and lobbyist for the galveston bay and texas land company. as a supporter of antonio lopez de santa anna during the popular disturbances of 1832 in mexico he led liberal army in its capture of matamoros. after the anahuac disturbances in june 1832, he led the so - called mexia ' s expedition to texas to suppress what was thought to be the beginnings of a rebellion. stephen f. austin and other texas leaders convinced him that the settlers were loyal to mexico. while a senator from the state of mexico in 1834, mexia joined federalist forces that rose in protest against santa anna ' s assumption of dictatorial powers. after a two - month campaign, mexia surrendered in the state of jalisco and was ordered into exile by santa anna. in new orleans he devoted most of the next year to organizing and outfitting a volunteer force of some 160 men ( most of whom were from the united states ), who sailed under his command in the tampico expedition of november 1835. with the survivors of this abortive attack on tampico he landed in texas in december. after failing to win the support of texas leaders for his proposal to attack matamoros, he returned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37096629698830197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7f7050c-cc69-4472-9421-36694988be9e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.892966"}
{"text": "in the tampico expedition of november 1835. with the survivors of this abortive attack on tampico he landed in texas in december. after failing to win the support of texas leaders for his proposal to attack matamoros, he returned to new orleans. during his final three years in exile, mexia traveled to cuba and central america for the new orleans export - import company of which he was a partner. he was involved also in negotiating an agreement for the construction of a nicaraguan canal. tempted to return to mexico by the resurgence of the federalists late in 1838, he landed in tampico on january 3, 1839, and joined gen. jose de urrea as second in command. four months later, on may 3, 1839, at acajete, near puebla, urrea ' s undermanned forces were routed by government troops. mexia was captured and executed by a firing squad on the same day on orders of santa anna. in the eyes of his countrymen he had been guilty of unpardonable treason in bringing foreign adventurers into the country. in mexico city on august 5, 1823, mexia married charlotte walker, the twenty - two - year - old, english - born daughter of christopher and elizabeth ( cove ) walker. charlotte died of typhus in mexico city on september 25, 1864. two of the children of this marriage were closely associated with the development of northeastern texas during the last half of the nineteenth century. the first of these, maria adelaida matilda, was born at tuxpan on august 27, 1826. by april 8, 1848, she had married george louis hammeken, an american of danish extraction who was involved in the building of a mexican railroad in the 1850s. adelaida died in mexico city on december 22, 1878. the second of the children, enrique guillermo antonio mexia, was born in mexico city in january 1829. after a career in the mexican military, he managed his and his sister ' s vast estates near the site of present mexia, texas. he died in mexico city on september 19, 1896. in november 1833 the state of coahuila and texas granted mexia ' s daughter adelaida and his son enrique separate titles to eleven - league tracts of land in limestone, freestone, and anderson counties. in 1871 the houston and texas central townsite company named the town of mexia for enrique and the mexia family, thus perpetuating the mexia name in texas geography as well as texas history. eugene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.36870251896859635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7f7050c-cc69-4472-9421-36694988be9e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.893924"}
{"text": "dr. r. scott clark, professor of historical theology at westminster seminary california, has quite a challenging post about musical instruments in worship : \u201c could instruments be idols? \u201d he points out two major problems with the use of musical instruments in worship. the first is that since \u201c instruments and music are affective \u201d in our worship \u201c experience, \u201d they should not really be considered as a \u201c circumstance \u201d but an \u201c element \u201d of worship. these terms are related to the regulative principle of worship, and you can read what they mean in dr. clark \u2019 s article. the second is that \u201c the only biblical ground for instruments also entails the sacrifice of animals. \u201d most of us do not realize that in scriptures, instruments were played in worship only when the old testament temple sacrifices were being offered. over the last several years of working with pastors in the philippines, i have seen the transformation of a couple of churches with fully - equipped bands ( keyboard, guitars, and drums ) \u2013 one to a keyboard - only worship ( they can \u2019 t afford a piano ), and the other to an acapella - singing congregation. against the current evangelical thinking, much of early, medieval, and reformation church history bears much evidence against musical instruments in worship because they saw musical instruments in connection with old testament temple worship. according to church historian philip schaff, organs were not introduced to the church until the 8th century, and they did not become generally used in the churches until the 18th century. church leaders throughout history were against the use of instruments in worship. here \u2019 s a sampling of what they said : clement of alexandria : \u201c leave the pipe to the shepherd, the flute to the men who are in fear of gods and intent on their idol worshiping. such musical instruments must be excluded from our wingless feasts, for they are more suited for beasts and for the class of men that is least capable of reason than for men \u2026 but as for us, we make use of one instrument alone : only the word of peace by whom we a homage to god, no longer with ancient harp or trumpet or drum or flute which those trained for war employ \u201d ( 190 a. d., the instructor, p. 130 ). eusebius of caesarea : \u201c of old at the time those of the circumcision were worshipping with symbols and types it was not inappropriate to send up hymns to god with the psalterion and cithara and to do this on sabbath days \u2026 we render our hymn with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4716918273634526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a637b851-9f1c-4821-8e80-dc3afd422c65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.900989"}
{"text": "the time those of the circumcision were worshipping with symbols and types it was not inappropriate to send up hymns to god with the psalterion and cithara and to do this on sabbath days \u2026 we render our hymn with a living psalterion and a living cithara with spiritual songs. the unison voices of christians would be more acceptable to god than any musical instrument. accordingly in all the churches of god, united in soul and attitude, with one mind and in agreement of faith and piety we send up a unison melody in the words of the psalms \u201d ( 3rd - 4th century, commentary on psalms 91 : 2 - 3 ). augustine : \u201c musical instruments were not used. the pipe, tabret, and harp here associate so intimately with the sensual heathen cults, as well as with the wild revelries and shameless performances of the degenerate theater and circus, it is easy to understand the prejudices against their use in the worship \u201d ( 354 a. d. ). chrysosthom : \u201c david formerly sang songs, also today we sing hymns. he had a lyre with lifeless strings, the church has a lyre with living strings. our tongues are the strings of the lyre with a different tone indeed but much more in accordance with piety. here there is no need for the cithara, or for stretched strings, or for the plectrum, or for art, or for any instrument ; but, if you like, you may yourself become a cithara, mortifying the members of the flesh and making a full harmony of mind and body \u201d ( exposition of psalms 41, 381 - 398 a. d. ). thomas aquinas : \u201c our church does not use musical instruments, as harps and psalteries, to praise god withal, that she may not seem to judaize \u201d ( bingham \u2019 s antiquities, vol. 3, page 137, 13th century ). martin luther : \u201c the organ in the worship is the insignia of baal \u2026 the roman catholic borrowed it from the jews \u201d ( mcclintock & strong \u2019 s encyclopedia, volume vi, page 762, 16th century ). john calvin : \u201c musical instruments in celebrating the praises of god would be no more suitable than the burning of incense, the lighting of lamps, and the restoration of the other shadows of the law. the papists therefore, have foolishly borrowed, this, as well as many other things, from the jews", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39532960340714635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a637b851-9f1c-4821-8e80-dc3afd422c65>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.902957"}
{"text": "would be no more suitable than the burning of incense, the lighting of lamps, and the restoration of the other shadows of the law. the papists therefore, have foolishly borrowed, this, as well as many other things, from the jews. men who are fond of outward pomp may delight in that noise ; but the simplicity which god recommends to us by the apostles is far more pleasing to him ( 16th century, commentary on psalm 33 ). john girardeau : \u201c the church, although lapsing more and more into deflection from the truth and into a corrupting of apostolic practice, had not instrumental music for 1200 years ( that is, it was not in general use before this time ) ; the calvinistic reform church ejected it from its service as an element of popery, even the church of england having come very nigh its extrusion from her worship. it is heresy in the sphere of worship \u201d ( instrumental music, p. 179, 19th century ). charles spurgeon : \u201c \u2018 praise the lord with harp. \u2019 israel was at school, and used childish things to help her to learn ; but in these days when jesus gives us spiritual food, one can make melody without strings and pipes \u2026 we do not need them. that would hinder rather than help our praise. sing unto him. this is the sweetest and best music. no instrument is like the human voice \u201d ( 19th century, commentary on psalm 42 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4559344360144823, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a637b851-9f1c-4821-8e80-dc3afd422c65>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.903527"}
{"text": "apple ipm home apple scouting manual ipm final reports insect and mite pests san jose scale there are two main problems with control of this insect : 1 ) the insect is very small and so goes unnoticed until large populations have built up ; and 2 ) the insect spends much of its life cycle under a protective cover or scale. therefore, timing of insecticide applications becomes of paramount importance. san jose scale the adults are very small and the female does not fly. males will emerge about mid - may and seek out females. mating occurs and then, about early to mid june, live young ( called crawlers ) are born. these tiny yellow insects move over the tree in a seemingly random pattern until they locate a suitable site. once located, the crawler sticks its mouthparts into the tree and secretes a waxy shell over its body. from this point on, female scales will not move. males will remain in one location until maturity at which time, they will seek out females and begin the cycle again. scout : scale, if sampled, will be monitored by 2 methods ( 1 ) adult traps will be monitored for about two months in early spring. ( 2 ) known scale infestations will be watched for appearance of the crawler stage. crawlers can be easily detected by wrapping a small amount of black electrical tape with the sticky side out around a branch. report the date crawlers are first seen. action threshold : any scale calls for an application during crawler movement. see appendices for pheromone trapping and degree day modeling information. apple ipm web site created by kerry kirk - 2001 - maintained by pat dillon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4378952752572425, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d0defb1-eb34-47f6-97bd-2d04465c1ebe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.906382"}
{"text": "dictionary results for commoner | 1. commoner - noun \u00b7 a person who holds no title synonym ( s ) : common _ man, common _ person hypernym ( s ) : person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul 2. common - adjective \u00b7 belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole ; public ; \" for the common good \" ; \" common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community \" 3. common - adjective \u00b7 having no special distinction or quality ; widely known or commonly encountered ; average or ordinary or usual ; \" the common man \" ; \" a common sailor \" ; \" the common cold \" ; \" a common nuisance \" ; \" followed common procedure \" ; \" it is common knowledge that she lives alone \" ; \" the common housefly \" ; \" a common brand of soap \" 4. common - adjective \u00b7 common to or shared by two or more parties ; \" a common friend \" ; \" the mutual interests of management and labor \" 5. common - adjective \u00b7 commonly encountered ; \" a common ( or familiar ) complaint \" ; \" the usual greeting \" 6. common - adjective \u00b7 being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language ; \" common parlance \" ; \" a vernacular term \" ; \" vernacular speakers \" ; \" the vulgar tongue of the masses \" ; \" the technical and vulgar names for an animal species \" synonym ( s ) : vernacular, vulgar 7. common - adjective \u00b7 of or associated with the great masses of people ; \" the common people in those days suffered greatly \" ; \" behavior that branded him as common \" ; \" his square plebeian nose \" ; \" a vulgar and objectionable person \" ; \" the unwashed masses \" synonym ( s ) : plebeian, vulgar, unwashed 8. common - adjective \u00b7 of low or inferior quality or value ; \" of what coarse metal ye are molded \" - shakespeare ; \" produced... the common cloths used by the poorer population \" 9. common - adjective \u00b7 lacking refinement or cultivation or taste ; \" he had coarse manners but a first - rate mind \" ; \" behavior that branded him as common \" ; \" an untutored and uncouth human being \" ; \" an uncouth soldier - - a real tough guy \" ; \" appealing to the vulgar taste for violence \" ; \" the vulgar display of the newly rich \" synonym ( s ) : coarse, rough - cut, uncouth, vulgar 10. common - adjective \u00b7 to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5239005100352258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d4c099e-38b7-4895-abac-e2e898b7ef9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.912109"}
{"text": "atrioventricular ( av ) block is defined as a delay or interruption in the transmission of an impulse, either transient or permanent, from the atria to the ventricles due to an anatomic or functional impairment in the conduction system. the conduction can be delayed, intermittent, or absent. the commonly used terminology includes first degree av block ( slowed conduction without missed beats ), second degree av block ( missed beats, often in a regular pattern, eg, 2 : 1, 3 : 2, or higher degrees of block ), and third degree or complete av block. in second degree av block, some atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles. wenckebach described progressive delay between atrial and ventricular contraction and the eventual failure of an atrial beat to reach the ventricles. mobitz subsequently divided second degree av block into two subtypes, as determined by the findings on the electrocardiogram ( ecg ) : - mobitz type i av block, in which progressive pr interval prolongation precedes a non - conducted p wave. - mobitz type ii av block, in which the pr interval remains unchanged prior to a p wave that suddenly fails to conduct to the ventricles. - advanced second degree av block, in which two or more consecutive p waves are non - conducted. in contrast to third degree or complete heart block, however, some p waves continue to be conducted to the ventricle. mobitz type i ( wenckebach ) av block will be reviewed here. mobitz type ii av block and the etiology of av block are discussed separately. ( see \" second degree atrioventricular block : mobitz type ii \" and \" etiology of atrioventricular block \". ) av block : type i versus type ii for patients with second degree av block with a ratio of atrial to ventricular conduction that is not 2 : 1, the pr interval on the standard ecg can be used to distinguish mobitz type i and mobitz type ii av block :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518291991817021, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92e593e8-5e05-4c4d-9f2b-ac9c43b2f56d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.914389"}
{"text": "heart disease : considering cold relief colds and the flu can be serious for people with heart disease. not only are you at risk for pneumonia, but it \u2019 s hard to tell whether your symptoms are a sign of a cold or of worsening heart failure. and if you do have a cold, you may not be able to take over - the - counter ( otc ) medicines to help you feel better. drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or diclofenac, for example, also called nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ), can cause you to retain fluid and make your heart failure worse. also, many otc cold medicines, including nasal sprays, contain decongestants like phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline, and naphazoline, that can raise blood pressure and interfere with prescription medicines. prevention is the best medicine for a cold or the flu. ask your health care provider about when and how to get a flu and pneumonia vaccine. avoid contact with people who have colds, and wash your hands often. if you feel a cold coming on, talk with your health care provider. he or she can evaluate your symptoms and may recommend a pain reliever like acetaminophen, which is not an nsaid. also ask about cold medicines that don \u2019 t contain decongestants. the bottom line : always talk with your health care provider before taking any new medicine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45138241146174984, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a70c4ac-3a7d-4ee7-8c73-9a35cb9fab54>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.918956"}
{"text": "researchers identify mechanism that maintains stem - cell readiness dallas \u2013 may 31, 2012 \u2013 an immune - system receptor plays an unexpected but crucially important role in keeping stem cells from differentiating and in helping blood cancer cells grow, researchers at ut southwestern medical center report today in the journal nature. \u201c cancer cells grow rapidly in part because they fail to differentiate into mature cells. drugs that induce differentiation can be used to treat cancers, \u201d said dr. chengcheng \u201c alec \u201d zhang, assistant professor in ut southwestern \u2019 s departments of physiology and developmental biology. \u201c our research identified a protein receptor on cancer cells that inhibits differentiation, and knowing the identity of this protein should facilitate the development of new drugs to treat cancers. \u201d the family of proteins investigated in the study could help open a new field of biology integrating immunology with stem cell and cancer research, he added. \u201c the receptor we identified turned out to be a protein called a classical immune inhibitory receptor, which is known to maintain stemness of normal adult stem cells and to be important in the development of leukemia, \u201d he said. stemness refers to the blood stem cells \u2019 potential to develop into a range of different kinds of cells as needed, for instance to replenish red blood cells lost to bleeding or to produce more white blood cells to fight off infection. once stem cells differentiate into adult cells, they cannot go back to being stem cells. current thinking is that the body has a finite number of stem cells and it is best to avoid depleting them, dr. zhang explained. prior to this study, no high - affinity receptors had been identified for the family of seven proteins called the human angiopoetic - like proteins. these seven proteins are known to be involved in inflammation, supporting the activity of stem cells, breaking down fats in the blood, and growing new blood vessels to nourish tumors. because the receptor to which these proteins bind had not been identified, the angiopoetic - like proteins were referred to as \u201c orphans, \u201d he said. the researchers found that the human immune - inhibitory receptor lilrb2 and a corresponding receptor on the surface of mouse cells bind to several of the angiopoetic - like proteins. further studies, dr. zhang said, showed that two of the seven family members bind particularly well to the lilrb2 receptor and that binding exerts an inhibitory effect on the cell, similar to a car \u2019 s brakes. in the case of stem cells, inhibition keeps them in their stem state. they retain their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5224217198413474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e60b186-a44d-458a-b26d-a7ef4d6a0a16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.924054"}
{"text": "members bind particularly well to the lilrb2 receptor and that binding exerts an inhibitory effect on the cell, similar to a car \u2019 s brakes. in the case of stem cells, inhibition keeps them in their stem state. they retain their potential to mature into all kinds of blood cells as needed but they don \u2019 t use up their energy differentiating into mature cells. that inhibition helps stem cells maintain their potential to create new stem cells because in addition to differentiation, self - renewal is the cells \u2019 other major activity, dr. zhang said. he stressed that the inhibition doesn \u2019 t cause them to create new stem cells but does preserve their potential to do so. in future research, the scientists hope to find subtle differences between stem cells and leukemia cells that will identify treatments to block the receptors \u2019 action only in leukemia. other ut southwestern researchers involved in the study from the departments of physiology and developmental biology include postdoctoral researchers dr. changhao cui, dr. xiaoli chen, dr. chaozheng zhang, dr. hoangdinh huynh, and dr. xunlei kang ; senior research associates robert silvany and jiyuan li ; and graduate student xuan wan. researchers from the department of immunology include former technician alberto puig canto and dr. e. sally ward, professor of immunology. former ut southwestern researchers include lead author and former instructor of physiology dr. junke zheng, now at shanghai jiao tong university school of medicine in shanghai, china ; dr. masato umikawa, now at the university of ryukyus in okinawa, japan ; dr. huan - you wang, now at the university of california, san diego ; and dr. jingxiao ye, now at ut dallas. dr. shu - hsia chen, from mount sinai school of medicine in new york city, also collaborated in the study. the study received funding from the national institutes of health ; the american society of hematology junior faculty award ; march of dimes basil o \u2019 connor scholar award ; the department of defense ; the cancer prevention and research institute of texas ; and the gabrielle \u2019 s angel foundation. visit www. utsouthwestern. org / cancer to learn more about ut southwestern \u2019 s clinical services in cancer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4882107056418973, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e60b186-a44d-458a-b26d-a7ef4d6a0a16>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.924899"}
{"text": "taking it home, session 12 : humor ( sandpaper ) in \" toolbox of faith, \" a tapestry of faith program in today ' s session... today ' s toolbox of faith topic is humor and the tool of the day is sandpaper. the sandpaper symbolizes humor, a tool which smoothes the rough edges of life. in this session, participants engaged in and reflected on humor and laughter, and examined their place in helping us survive and enjoy the life we are given. we emphasized that humor can be an affirmation of life and a source of inner spiritual strength that helps us connect to others and look honestly at ourselves. we explored humor to illustrate that : - unitarian universalism is a faith that will help you be affirmed in life and connected to all beings through laughter - unitarian universalism values respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part ( seventh principle ) - unitarian universalism affirms the direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life. ( first source ). the children examined the difference between humor that is cruel \u2014 such as jokes based on stereotypes \u2014 and humor that opens us up to healing laughter. we emphasized that humor can heal when we laugh with others, and can harm when we laugh at others. explore the topic together. talk about... can you think of times when you have encountered humor as an affirmation of life, or to teach or learn a lesson? can you share an example? have you experienced humor that is cruel? what happened? what do you think about humor as a religious tool? have you ever experienced humor in this way? extend the topic together. try... share laughter and humor in as many ways as you can together, by playing silly games, making faces, reading humorous stories out loud, and enjoying humorous family anecdotes. if you notice a moment when you are using humor to soften some pain in life \u2014 even a small hurt or disappointment \u2014 point this out to your child. find out if there is a laughter club in your area and join in for a session. for information and a directory of local laughter clubs, visit the dr. kataria school of laughter yoga website. on the website, find some laughter exercises. go together to the scholastic books website and use dav pilkey ' s name change - o - chart to make silly names", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5439295462969154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8621dfe-2405-4d39-8b50-06a603f43338>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.927583"}
{"text": "birds dive for food despite sub - zero temperatures on the upper chena river in the heart of a cold winter, a songbird appeared on a gravel bar next to gurgling water that somehow remained unfrozen in 20 - below zero air. then the bird jumped in, disappeared underwater, and popped up a few feet upstream. the bird continued snorkeling and diving against the current of the stream, which is so far north that in december direct sunlight never touches it, instead bathing only the tops of spruce trees with a ruby light. soon, two other dark birds with bodies the size of tennis balls landed near the other. bending from their knees, they bobbed up and down and then all three jumped into the stream. it seemed crazy behavior for a cold winter day, but swimming is how american dippers make their living, even here in alaska, where they range as far north as the brooks range. mary willson, a biologist, ecologist and consultant from juneau, might be the only alaska researcher who has studied the american dipper. she has pulled on her chest waders to follow dippers on waterways near juneau \u2019 s road system, and she \u2019 s gotten to know a bit of the character of what she calls \u201c a very cool bird. \u201d the dipper often feeds while flying underwater, using the liquid as it does another fluid, air. the birds also snorkel, swimming on the surface with their heads below the water surface. they sometimes pick up rocks on stream bottoms to find food underneath. dippers depend on clean, open water. in very cold places, the birds appear at openings in ice caused by water upwelling, and dippers can dive through one hole in the ice and emerge from another one. near juneau, dippers sometimes appear at deltas where streams flow into the ocean. dippers eat aquatic and flying insects and are skilled enough to catch small fish, willson said. she has seen a dipper with four tiny fish in its beak at once. another time, she witnessed a dipper catching a four - inch fish called a sculpin. \u201c it had to beat that one on the rocks until it was in enough pieces to eat. \u201d willson thinks the dippers can survive the transition from 32 - degree water to subzero air because of their feathers, which are denser than other songbirds \u2019, and large oil glands near the base of their tails. they dip their beaks in the oil glands and wipe oil on their feathers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4339855816822842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bc6ad2e-a0af-4fa5-9c03-53867c7065f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.931339"}
{"text": "- degree water to subzero air because of their feathers, which are denser than other songbirds \u2019, and large oil glands near the base of their tails. they dip their beaks in the oil glands and wipe oil on their feathers, perhaps to keep themselves waterproof. dippers also have flaps that cover their nostrils while diving. and, according to the birder \u2019 s handbook by paul ehrlich, david dobkin, and darryl wheye, \u201c these birds are able to forage on the bottom of streams in which the current is too fast and the water too deep for people to stand. \u201d nobody knows how dippers survive the cold, dark winter in northern alaska and the yukon. willson said scientists have studied the effects of severe winters on the similar european dipper, which ranges above the arctic circle in scandinavia. they have found that extreme cold spells kill many of the birds. she wonders how dippers in the far north don \u2019 t perish in the frigid air temperatures and during the long nights between the three - to - four hours of twilight. \u201c they are visual hunters, \u201d she said. \u201c in the pits of winter, they \u2019 d have to hurry - scurry to get enough food in the time where there \u2019 s light to hunt. \u201d ( since the late 1970s, the university of alaska fairbanks \u2019 geophysical institute has provided this column free in cooperation with the uaf research community. ned rozell is a science writer for the geophysical institute. this column first appeared in 2006. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4341863469036753, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bc6ad2e-a0af-4fa5-9c03-53867c7065f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.932093"}
{"text": "| catechism of the catholic church | intratext - text ii. the sacrament of holy orders in the economy of salvation the priesthood of the old covenant 1539 the chosen people was constituted by god as \" a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. \" 6 but within the people of israel, god chose one of the twelve tribes, that of levi, and set it apart for liturgical service ; god himself is its inheritance. 7 a special rite consecrated the beginnings of the priesthood of the old covenant. the priests are \" appointed to act on behalf of men in relation to god, to offer gifts and sacrifices for sins. \" 8 1540 instituted to proclaim the word of god and to restore communion with god by sacrifices and prayer, 9 this priesthood nevertheless remains powerless to bring about salvation, needing to repeat its sacrifices ceaselessly and being unable to achieve a definitive sanctification, which only the sacrifice of christ would accomplish. 10 1541 the liturgy of the church, however, sees in the priesthood of aaron and the service of the levites, as in the institution of the seventy elders, 11 a prefiguring of the ordained ministry of the new covenant. thus in the latin rite the church prays in the consecratory preface of the ordination of bishops : god the father of our lord jesus christ, by your gracious word you have established the plan of your church. from the beginning, you chose the descendants of abraham to be your holy nation. you established rulers and priests and did not leave your sanctuary without ministers to serve you.... 12 1542 at the ordination of priests, the church prays : lord, holy father,... when you had appointed high priests to rule your people, you chose other men next to them in rank and dignity to be with them and to help them in their task.... you extended the spirit of moses to seventy wise men.... you shared among the sons of aaron the fullness of their father ' s power. 13 1543 in the consecratory prayer for ordination of deacons, the church confesses : almighty god.... you make the church, christ ' s body, grow to its full stature as a new and greater temple. you enrich it with every kind of grace and perfect it with a diversity of members to serve the whole body in a wonderful pattern of unity. you established a threefold ministry of worship and service, for the glory of your name. as ministers of your tabernacle you chose the sons of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42205185661008215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3497ec68-b53d-4d0b-a74f-20248041dde1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.938327"}
{"text": "and perfect it with a diversity of members to serve the whole body in a wonderful pattern of unity. you established a threefold ministry of worship and service, for the glory of your name. as ministers of your tabernacle you chose the sons of levi and gave them your blessing as their everlasting inheritance. 14 the one priesthood of christ 1544 everything that the priesthood of the old covenant prefigured finds its fulfillment in christ jesus, the \" one mediator between god and men. \" 15 the christian tradition considers melchizedek, \" priest of god most high, \" as a prefiguration of the priesthood of christ, the unique \" high priest after the order of melchizedek \" ; 16 \" holy, blameless, unstained, \" 17 \" by a single offering he has perfected for all time those who are sanctified, \" 18 that is, by the unique sacrifice of the cross. 1545 the redemptive sacrifice of christ is unique, accomplished once for all ; yet it is made present in the eucharistic sacrifice of the church. the same is true of the one priesthood of christ ; it is made present through the ministerial priesthood without diminishing the uniqueness of christ ' s priesthood : \" only christ is the true priest, the others being only his ministers. \" 19 two participations in the one priesthood of christ 1546 christ, high priest and unique mediator, has made of the church \" a kingdom, priests for his god and father. \" 20 the whole community of believers is, as such, priestly. the faithful exercise their baptismal priesthood through their participation, each according to his own vocation, in christ ' s mission as priest, prophet, and king. through the sacraments of baptism and confirmation the faithful are \" consecrated to be... a holy priesthood. \" 21 1547 the ministerial or hierarchical priesthood of bishops and priests, and the common priesthood of all the faithful participate, \" each in its own proper way, in the one priesthood of christ. \" while being \" ordered one to another, \" they differ essentially. 22 in what sense? while the common priesthood of the faithful is exercised by the unfolding of baptismal grace - a life of faith, hope, and charity, a life according to the spirit -, the ministerial priesthood is at the service of the common priesthood. it is directed at the unfolding of the baptismal grace of all christians. the ministerial priesthood is a means by which christ unceasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46324112406487544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3497ec68-b53d-4d0b-a74f-20248041dde1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.939223"}
{"text": "charity, a life according to the spirit -, the ministerial priesthood is at the service of the common priesthood. it is directed at the unfolding of the baptismal grace of all christians. the ministerial priesthood is a means by which christ unceasingly builds up and leads his church. for this reason it is transmitted by its own sacrament, the sacrament of holy orders. in the person of christ the head... 1548 in the ecclesial service of the ordained minister, it is christ himself who is present to his church as head of his body, shepherd of his flock, high priest of the redemptive sacrifice, teacher of truth. this is what the church means by saying that the priest, by virtue of the sacrament of holy orders, acts in persona christi capitis : 23 it is the same priest, christ jesus, whose sacred person his minister truly represents. now the minister, by reason of the sacerdotal consecration which he has received, is truly made like to the high priest and possesses the authority to act in the power and place of the person of christ himself ( virtute ac persona ipsius christi ). 24 christ is the source of all priesthood : the priest of the old law was a figure of christ, and the priest of the new law acts in the person of christ. 25 1549 through the ordained ministry, especially that of bishops and priests, the presence of christ as head of the church is made visible in the midst of the community of believers. 26 in the beautiful expression of st. ignatius of antioch, the bishop is typos tou patros : he is like the living image of god the father. 27 1550 this presence of christ in the minister is not to be understood as if the latter were preserved from all human weaknesses, the spirit of domination, error, even sin. the power of the holy spirit does not guarantee all acts of ministers in the same way. while this guarantee extends to the sacraments, so that even the minister ' s sin cannot impede the fruit of grace, in many other acts the minister leaves human traces that are not always signs of fidelity to the gospel and consequently can harm the apostolic fruitfulness of the church. 1551 this priesthood is ministerial. \" that office... which the lord committed to the pastors of his people, is in the strict sense of the term a service. \" 28 it is entirely related to christ and to men. it depends entirely on christ and on his unique priesthood ; it has been instituted for the good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.442779045671552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3497ec68-b53d-4d0b-a74f-20248041dde1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.940327"}
{"text": "committed to the pastors of his people, is in the strict sense of the term a service. \" 28 it is entirely related to christ and to men. it depends entirely on christ and on his unique priesthood ; it has been instituted for the good of men and the communion of the church. the sacrament of holy orders communicates a \" sacred power \" which is none other than that of christ. the exercise of this authority must therefore be measured against the model of christ, who by love made himself the least and the servant of all. 29 \" the lord said clearly that concern for his flock was proof of love for him. \" 30... \" in the name of the whole church \" 1552 the ministerial priesthood has the task not only of representing christ - head of the church - before the assembly of the faithful, but also of acting in the name of the whole church when presenting to god the prayer of the church, and above all when offering the eucharistic sacrifice. 31 1553 \" in the name of the whole church \" does not mean that priests are the delegates of the community. the prayer and offering of the church are inseparable from the prayer and offering of christ, her head ; it is always the case that christ worships in and through his church. the whole church, the body of christ, prays and offers herself \" through him, with him, in him, \" in the unity of the holy spirit, to god the father. the whole body, caput et membra, prays and offers itself, and therefore those who in the body are especially his ministers are called ministers not only of christ, but also of the church. it is because the ministerial priesthood represents christ that it can represent the church.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4701114367936147, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3497ec68-b53d-4d0b-a74f-20248041dde1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.940978"}
{"text": "history plastic as invention is attributed to leo hendrik baekeland sold the first one called bakelite in 1909. throughout the twentieth century the use of plastic became extremely popular and came to replace other traditional materials in both the domestic, industrial and comercial. propiedades and features plastic bags coca - cola bottle plastic. plastics are composed of organic macromolecules substances called polymers. these polymers are large groups of monomers linked by a chemical process called polymerization. plastics provide the necessary balance of properties that can not be achieved with other materials such as : color, light weight, nice touch and resistance to environmental degradation and biologica. de fact, plastic refers to a condition of the material, but not material itself : synthetic polymers commonly called plastics are actually synthetic materials that can reach the plastic state, ie when the material is viscous or fluid, and has properties of resistance to mechanical stress. this state is reached when the material becomes solid plastic state usually by heating, and is ideal for different production processes and that this state is when the material can be handled in the forms that exist today. so the word plastic is a way to refer to synthetic materials capable of entering into a plastic state, but plastic is not necessarily the group of material that is routinely referred palabra. son characteristic properties of most plastics, but not always met in certain special plastic : they are cheap ( they have a low cost in the market ). densidad. existen they have low permeable and impermeable plastic material, dissemination of materials electricos. son termoplasticos. son insulating thermal insulation, but most do not elevadas. su resist burning temperatures contaminante. son is resistant to corrosion and be at the intemperie. resisten many factors are recycled quimicos. algunos better than others, they are not biodegradable or easy to trabajar. procesos easy reciclar. son development the first part of the production of plastics is the production of polymers in the chemical industry. today, the recovery of post - consumer plastic is also essential. part of the industry - finished plastic directly used as grain or resin. more often, they use various forms of molding ( injection, compression, rotation, inflation, etc.. ) or the extrusion of profiles or wires. part of the largest plastics processing machinery is made in a plastics horneadora. clasificacion you can qualify for the plastics into several categories : according to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5135301934478794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.959228"}
{"text": ", inflation, etc.. ) or the extrusion of profiles or wires. part of the largest plastics processing machinery is made in a plastics horneadora. clasificacion you can qualify for the plastics into several categories : according to the base monomer this classification is considered the origin of the monomer which partly polimero. naturales production : they are polymers whose monomers are derived from natural products with certain characteristics, eg, cellulose, casein, and rubber. in two of these examples there are others which come plastics : cellulose derivatives are : the celluloid, cellophane and rubber products cellon. los are rubber and ebonita. sinteticos : those that can be traced man - made products, mainly derived from its conduct in relation to petroleo. segun calor. termoplasticos a thermoplastic is a plastic which, at room temperature is plastic or deformable, melts to a liquid when heated and hardens a glassy state when cooled sufficiently. most thermoplastics are high molecular weight polymers, those with associated chains via weak van der waals forces ( polyethylene ) ; strong dipole - dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, or even stacked aromatic rings ( polystyrene ). thermoplastic polymers differ from thermosetting polymers that after being heated and molded to form they can overheat and other objects, as in the case of thermoset or thermoduric, its shape after cooling does not change and the preferred fire.. its physical properties change gradually if they melt and mold several veces. los are : cellulosic resins : derived from cellulose, the material component of the woody part of plants. belongs to this group rayon. polietilenos and derivatives used as raw materials for ethylene obtained from oil cracking, discussed later, produces various monomers like vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl chloride, etc.. this part of pvc, polystyrene, methacrylate, etc. derivados of proteins : they belong to this group, nylon and perlon, obtained from the rubber diamidas. derivados : examples of this group called commercially pliofilmes, obtained by adding rubber hydrochlorides hydrochloric acid polymers caucho. termoestables the thermosetting plastics are materials once they have undergone the process of heating - melting - solid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5155950146087169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.960121"}
{"text": "group called commercially pliofilmes, obtained by adding rubber hydrochlorides hydrochloric acid polymers caucho. termoestables the thermosetting plastics are materials once they have undergone the process of heating - melting - solidification and training, they become rigid materials do not melt again. generally for their recovery from a phenol aldehido. polimeros : plastics are hard, insoluble and infusible but if used during manufacture an excess of phenol, obtained termoplasticos. resinas epoxi. resinas melaminicas. baquelita. aminoplasticos : polymers urea and derivatives. belongs to this group melamina. poliesteres : resins from esterification of polyols, which are commonly used in varnishes. if the acid is in excess, we obtain the synthesis reaction termoplasticos. segun they may be classified according to the reaction that produced the polymer : polymers addition always involve breaking or opening of a monomer binding to allow the formation of a chain. as the molecules are longer and heavier paraffinic wax becomes harder and more tenacious. example : 2n h2c = ch2? [ - ch2 - ch2 - ch2 - ch2 - ] npolimeros condensation are those in which the reaction takes place between the reactive functional groups present in the monomers. must have at least two groups reactive monomer to give continuity to the chain. example : r - cooh + r ' - oh? r - co - or ' + h2o. polimeros formed by stages the polymer chain is gradually growing as long as monomers available, adding one monomer at a time. this category includes all carothers condensation polymers and also some other small molecules that do not liberate but build up gradually, such as trained poliuretanos. polimeros chain reaction each individual chain polymer is formed at high speed and then becomes inactive, despite being surrounded by its molecular structure monomero. segun. amorphous are amorphous plastics in which the molecules do not submit any order, are arranged randomly without responding to any order. with no order between chains are created some gaps through which light passes, therefore amorphous polymers are transparentes. semicristalinos the semi - crystalline polymers have areas with some kind of order with amorphous areas. in this case to have an order there are fewer gaps between chains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49433227721016515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.961216"}
{"text": "through which light passes, therefore amorphous polymers are transparentes. semicristalinos the semi - crystalline polymers have areas with some kind of order with amorphous areas. in this case to have an order there are fewer gaps between chains so no light passes unless they have a thickness pequeno. cristalizables as the cooling rate can be lowered ( rapid cooling ) or increase ( slow cooling ) the percentage of crystallinity of a semicrystalline polymer, however, an amorphous polymer, crystallinity although not present cooling rate is extremely lenta. segun the market another way to classify it according to availability and the market sector it supplies. commodities they are those who have a manufacture, availability, and global demand, have a range of international prices and do not require high technology for its manufacturing and engineering procesamiento. de are the materials used in very specific virtually created to serve a particular function, they require specialized technology to manufacturing or processing and relative price alto. elastomeros or rubbers elastomers are characterized by their high elasticity and the ability to stretch and rebound, recovering its original form a after withdrawing the force that deformed. they include natural and synthetic rubber, among the latter are neoprene and polybutadiene. elastomers are materials of large molecules which after being deformed at room temperature, recover more of its size and geometry to be released the force that plastic deformo. codificacion there are a variety of plastics and to classify them there a coding system shown in table 1. the products bear a mark that is the international symbol for recycling with the corresponding code in the middle by material especifico. tabla 1. international code for the different plastics. plastic type : polyethylene terephthalate high density polyethylene polyvinyl chloride low density polyethylene polypropylene polystyrene common uses electrico. aplicaciones used as insulation in industrial and consumer products. ( packaging, garbage bags,... ). construction, plumbing, insulation foam, polystyrene, etc. industrias number : engine parts, body, toys, luggage, sporting goods, textiles, etc. in electricos. reciclaje artifacts. baskets for classification of waste that could be reciclados. es easy to see how plastic waste, eg packaging of liquids such as cooking oil, are not likely to be ass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.536119358143498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.962134"}
{"text": ", etc. in electricos. reciclaje artifacts. baskets for classification of waste that could be reciclados. es easy to see how plastic waste, eg packaging of liquids such as cooking oil, are not likely to be assimilated back into nature, because his material takes approximately degradarse. ante 500 years this fact has been established recycling such plastic products, which mainly consisted of collecting them, cleaning, sorting by type of material and melt again for further use as feedstock, alternative or substitute for other productos. de molding this way mankind has found a way as to avoid contamination of products depending on its composition, materials or components are not easily disposed of convencional. plastico reciclado. reciclar plastico. se can save large amounts of nonrenewable natural resources when the production processes used materials \" recycled. \" renewable resources like trees, can also be saved. the use of recycled products reduces energy consumption. when you use less fossil fuels would generate less co2 and thus will be less acid rain and reduce the effect invernadero. en the financial side, one can say that recycling can generate many jobs. it takes a great work force to collect the materials suitable for recycling and for classification. a good recycling process is able to generate income. for the foregoing reasons, it is imperative to improve and introduce new technologies in terms of recovery processes for plastics and seek a solution to this problem so harmful to society and that every day is increasing environmental deterioration. the following sections are considered the design of a smelter for low density polyethylene, its use, its features, recommendation and impact will provide the biodegradable comunidad. plasticos in the late twentieth century the price of oil dropped, and fell just as interest in biodegradable plastics. in recent years this trend has reversed as well be an increase in the price of oil, has been a growing realization that oil reserves are being depleted at an alarming rate. within this context, there is a marked increase in scientific and industrial interest in research to produce biodegradable plastics or pdes ( environmentally degradable polymers and plastics ). the manufacture of biodegradable plastics from natural materials, is one of the great challenges in various sectors, industrial, agricultural, and materials for various services. against this background, research involving the plastics obtained from other sources have taken a new momentum and the polyhydroxyalkanoates are highly prometedora.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4928495797867284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.963056"}
{"text": "the great challenges in various sectors, industrial, agricultural, and materials for various services. against this background, research involving the plastics obtained from other sources have taken a new momentum and the polyhydroxyalkanoates are highly prometedora. la as an alternative replacement of current plastics for biodegradable plastics is a means by which the polluting effect of those, would be diminished in the environment. biodegradable plastic waste can be treated as organic waste in the tanks and remove devices, where the degradation takes place in periods of time. the meager biodegradable polymers can be classified as follows : polymer extracted or removed directly from biomass : polysaccharides as starch and cellulose. proteins such as casein, keratin, and colageno. polimeros produced by chemical synthesis using classical biological monomers renovables. polimeros sources produced by microorganisms, bacteria producing native or modified geneticamente. dentro the last category are biodegradable plastics produced by bacteria in this group found the phas and polylactic acid ( pla ). the phas due to their origin from renewable sources and the fact of being biodegradable, are called \" doubly green polymers. \" the pla, natural monomer produced by fermentative pathways from elements rich in sugars, cellulose and starch, is polymerized by man. bioplastics have identical physicochemical properties and the thermoplastic polymer made from petroleum, but once placed in favorable conditions, biodegradan. acido polylactide ( pla ). starch is a natural polymer, a high carbohydrate that synthesized during photosynthesis plants that serves as an energy reserve. cereals such as corn and wheat contain large amounts of starch and are the main source for the production of pla. bioplastics produced from this polymer has the characteristic of a resin that can be injected, extruded and production of this biopolymer termoformarse. la begins with starch extracted from corn, then microorganisms transform it into a smaller molecule of lactic acid or 2 hydroxy - propionic ( monomer ), which is the raw material that polymerizes to form chains, with a molecular structure similar to the products of petrochemical origin, which are joined together to form a plastic called pla is one of pla. el biodegradable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.476013911879823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.963926"}
{"text": "), which is the raw material that polymerizes to form chains, with a molecular structure similar to the products of petrochemical origin, which are joined together to form a plastic called pla is one of pla. el biodegradable plastics currently most studied, is available on the market since 1990. it is used in the manufacture of transparent bottles cold drinks, food packaging trays, and many other aplicaciones. polihidroxialcanoatos. historia. los phas are usually produced by gram - negative bacteria, although gram - positive bacteria are also producing a lesser scale. the first pha discovered was the phb, which was described at the pasteur institute in 1925 by microbiologist lemoigne who observed the production of phb by bacillus megaterium. subsequently, in 1958 wildinson macrae and bacillus megaterium noted that the polymer accumulated when glucose / nitrogen in the culture medium was not observed in equilibrium and its degradation when there was lack or deficiency of carbon or energy sources. from this fact, pha inclusions were found in a wide range of bacterial species. at present about 150 different known polihidroxialcanoatos. la phb first patent was requested in the united states by j. n. baptist in 1962. in 1983 there were two major events, first was the discovery by de smet, a strain of pseudomonas oleovorans ( atcc 29 347 ) producing phb, and running the first production was the first commercial use biopoliester. a copolymer formed by monomers of four and five - carbon, known as phb and phv, respectively, this product is known commercially as \" biopol \" generated using ralstonia eutropha, from glucose and propionic acid. this bioplastic at present and is synthesized from a single carbon source in recombinant bacteria, and has a high potential for biodegradability and thermomechanical properties better than the general puro. en phb phas are insoluble in water, biodegradable, nontoxic, therefore one of the main benefits gained from the application of phas is environmental. the use of these products, reduce dependence on oil from the plastic industry, causes a decrease of solid waste reduction and observe the emission of gases that cause the effect invernadero. los points of interest regarding applications bioplastics, according to the ib", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5062885657910288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.966140"}
{"text": "of these products, reduce dependence on oil from the plastic industry, causes a decrease of solid waste reduction and observe the emission of gases that cause the effect invernadero. los points of interest regarding applications bioplastics, according to the ibaw ( international working group and biodegradable polymers ) focus on the areas of packaging, medicine, agriculture and disposable products. however, with the advancement of this industry has expanded the use of biomaterials applied in : cell phones, computers, audio and video devices. according to this information has been established that 10 % of plastics currently used in the electronics industry can be replaced by biopolimeros. problemas related to recycling in modern life the plastic has been a phenomenon of undoubted importance. today man lives surrounded by plastic objects in previous centuries were not necessary for everyday life. plastics are manufactured to meet the demands of a wide variety of applications, resulting in a vast industry where civilization should be called the civilization of plastic, due to the decisive role played by this material in their development, improvement of conditions of human life and the rapid growth of science and tecnologia. en general, people have little knowledge about what is a plastic, how to get, what kinds of plastics and its applications, we are transformation processes of the same. this information is important for those working in the marketing of plastics, and industrial production or processing of plastic, or just curious about the matter. thus arises as a need in this project show a significant proportion of the population of the serious consequences of misuse of plastic that goes from the manner of collection, to the processes used to reciclarlos. cabe noted that the plastic is a substance very important for the development of the industry and its natural or synthetic material containing as essential ingredients organic substances of high molecular mass polimero. asi call itself arises as a problem associated with environmental pollution often waste product of plastics and high low density. currently, these plastics are widely used commercially as containers or wrappers, food substances or articles which are discarded into the environment after use. obviously the disposal of these plastics into the environment with serious consequences for communities such as diseases among which is the dengue produced by the accumulation of garbage and sewage stagnation they serve as mosquito breeding sites white legs. among other important consequences can be mentioned are the blockages of sewers. in addition to this the disposal of these plastic materials into the environment causes decreased beautification of some areas, facilities, municipalities, cities and estados.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49295723102941447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.967297"}
{"text": "sites white legs. among other important consequences can be mentioned are the blockages of sewers. in addition to this the disposal of these plastic materials into the environment causes decreased beautification of some areas, facilities, municipalities, cities and estados. muchas of the advantages of plastic products becomes a disadvantage when it comes to either discard the packaging because it is decarteble or when we throw plastic objects because they are well roto. si plastics could be reused or recycled in the most part, the fact is that today these wastes are a difficult problem, mainly in large cities. it is really a costly and complex for the municipalities responsible for the collection and disposal of waste and that the amount of packaging you must add the volume plastics representan. por characteristics create problems in the collection, transfer and disposal final. some data are alerting us to this. for example, a truck with a capacity to carry 12 tons of common waste, transported only 6 or 7 tons of compacted plastic, and only 2 plastic without compactar. dentro of total disposable plastic will now trash is emphasized in the recent years, the sustained increase in pet containers, primarily from disposable bottles of table water, oils and alcoholic and non alcoholic. the firms have been replacing glass containers for returnable plastic at first, and then non - returnable. this decision implies a permanent change in the composition of the waste. in uruguay this process has accelerated since mid - 1996, worsened in 1997 when, in addition, many glass containers of glass became descartable. de this way, it is clear that the abandonment of these materials into the environment represents a serious environmental problem. therefore, there is the concern of developing a team with the ability to recover these plastics that have been discarded by society, which are considered non reusables. de purpose thus arises as to design a computer that uses induction heat melting the polyethylene low density are held in the same, once fused, bonded and become liquid discharges into a mold to develop other products to be used in other material aplicaciones. un candidate to replace oil is hemp, usable all uses petrochemicals, but it is also 100 % biodegradable and highly recyclable. from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia jump to : navigation, search the term plastic in its broader meaning applies to substances of different structures that lack a fixed point of boiling and held over a temperature range elasticity and flexibility properties that allow mold them and adapt to different forms and applications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4634946995192299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.968358"}
{"text": "free encyclopedia jump to : navigation, search the term plastic in its broader meaning applies to substances of different structures that lack a fixed point of boiling and held over a temperature range elasticity and flexibility properties that allow mold them and adapt to different forms and applications. however, in the narrow sense, is that denotes certain types of synthetic materials obtained by polymerization phenomena or artificial propagation of carbon atoms in the long molecular chains of organic compounds derived from petroleum and other natural substances. the word plastic was originally used as an adjective to denote a degree of mobility and easy to acquire some form, meaning that remains in the term plasticity. the invention of the first plastic arises as a result of a competition held in 1860, when the u. s. manufacturer of billiard balls and collard phelan offered a reward of $ 10, 000 who get a substitute for natural ivory, for the manufacture of billiard balls. one of the people who competed was the american inventor john wesley hyatt, who developed the film dissolving cellulose ( natural material ) in a solution of camphor and ethanol. while hyatt did not win the prize, got a very marketable product that would be vital for the further development of the film industry of late nineteenth - s. in 1909 american chemist leo hendrik baekeland belgian origin synthesized a polymer of high commercial interest, from molecules of phenol and formaldehyde. it gave the name of bakelite and was the first totally synthetic plastic ever, was the first of a series of synthetic resins, which revolutionized modern technology by starting the \" plastic era. \" throughout the twentieth century the use of plastic became extremely popular and came to replace other materials in both the domestic, industrial and commercial. in 1920 there was an event that would set the pace in the development of plastics. the german chemist hermann staudinger ventured that they were in fact composed of giant molecules or macromolecules. efforts to test these claims initiated many scientific research that produced enormous advances in this part of chemistry. properties and characteristics plastics are organic substances formed by macrocells called polymers. these polymers are large groups of monomers linked by a chemical process called polymerization. plastics provide the necessary balance of properties that can not be achieved with other materials such as : color, light weight, nice touch and resistance to environmental and biological degradation. in fact, plastic refers to a condition of the material, but not the material itself : the synthetic polymers commonly called plastics are actually synthetic materials that can reach the plastic state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5526413533512561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.969365"}
{"text": ": color, light weight, nice touch and resistance to environmental and biological degradation. in fact, plastic refers to a condition of the material, but not the material itself : the synthetic polymers commonly called plastics are actually synthetic materials that can reach the plastic state, ie when the material is viscous or fluid, and no resistance properties to mechanical stress. this state is reached when the material becomes solid plastic state usually by heating, ideal for different production processes and that this state is when the material can be handled in the forms that exist today. so the word plastic is a way to refer to synthetic materials capable of entering into a plastic state, but plastic is not necessarily the group of everyday materials to which this word refers. the properties and characteristics of most plastics ( though not always fulfilled in certain special plastics ) are these : * easy to work and shape, * have a low production cost, * have low density * tend to be waterproof, * good electrical insulators, * acceptable acoustic insulation, * good thermal, although most can not withstand very high temperatures * resistant to chemical corrosion and many factors ; * some are not biodegradable or easily recyclable, and if they are burned, are highly polluting. the first part of the production of plastics is the production of polymers in the chemical industry. today, the recovery of post - consumer plastic is also essential. part of the industry - finished plastic directly used as grain or resin. more often, they use various forms of molding ( injection, compression, rotation, inflation, etc.. ) or the extrusion of profiles or wires. part of the largest plastics processing is done on a machine horneadora. classification of plastics according to the base monomer this classification is considered the origin of the monomer from which part of the polymer production. * natural : these are polymers whose monomers are derived from natural products with certain characteristics, eg, cellulose, casein, and rubber. in two of these examples there are other plastic which is obtained from : or cellulose derivatives are : the celluloid, cellophane and cellon. o rubber products are the rubber and ebonite. * synthetic : those that have their origin in man - made products, mainly petroleum products such as polyethylene bags according to their behavior in heat a thermoplastic is a plastic that, at room temperature, is plastic or deformable, it becomes a liquid when heated and hardens into a glassy state when cooled sufficiently. most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5526682301206709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.970351"}
{"text": "##ethylene bags according to their behavior in heat a thermoplastic is a plastic that, at room temperature, is plastic or deformable, it becomes a liquid when heated and hardens into a glassy state when cooled sufficiently. most thermoplastics are high molecular weight polymers, those with associated chains via weak van der waals forces ( polyethylene ) ; strong dipole - dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, or even stacked aromatic rings ( polystyrene ). thermoplastic polymers differ from thermosetting polymers that after being heated and molded to form they can overheat and other objects, as in the case of thermoset or thermoduric, its shape after cooling does not change and the preferred fire.. its physical properties change gradually if they melt and shape several times. the main ones are : * cellulosic resins : derived from cellulose, the material component of the woody part of plants. belongs to this group rayon. * polyethylenes and derivatives used as raw materials for ethylene obtained from oil cracking, discussed later, allows for different monomers such as vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl chloride, etc.. this part pvc, polystyrene, acrylic, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5178181033090548, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5954e612-5e65-4546-b275-12aafae1b666>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:33:41.970852"}